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https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/en/publications/forms-of-density-regulation-and-quasi-stationary-distributions-of
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# Forms of density regulation and (quasi-) stationary distributions of population sizes in birds
B-E. Sæther, S. Engen, V. Grøtan, T. Bregnballe, C. Both, P. Tryjanowski, A. Leivits, J. Wright, A.P. Møller, M.E. Visser, W. Winkel
Research output: Contribution to journal/periodicalArticleScientificpeer-review
## Abstract
The theta-logistic model of density regulation is an especially flexible class of density regulation models where different forms of non-linear density regulation can be expressed by only one parameter, θ. Estimating the parameters of the theta-logistic model is, however, challenging. This is mainly due to the need for information concerning population growth at low densities as well as data on fluctuations around the carrying capacity K in order to estimate the strength of density regulation. Here we estimate parameters of the theta-logistic model for 28 populations of three species of birds that have grown from very small population sizes followed by a period of fluctuations around K. We then use these parameters to estimate the quasi-stationary distribution of population size. There were often large uncertainties in these parameters specifying the form of density regulation that were generally independent of the duration of the study period. In contrast, precision in the estimates of environmental variance increased with the length of the time series. In most of the populations, a large proportion of the probability density of the (quasi-) stationary distribution of population sizes was located at intermediate population sizes relative to K. Thus, we suggest that the (quasi-) stationary distribution of population sizes represents a useful summary statistic that in many cases provides a more robust characterisation of basic population dynamics (e.g. range of variation in population fluctuations or proportion of time spent close to K) than can be obtained from analyses of single model parameters.
Original language English 1197-1208 Oikos 117 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16420.x Published - 2008
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https://zbmath.org/software/7031
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×
## JDQZ
swMATH ID: 7031 Software Authors: D.R. Fokkema; G.L.G. Sleijpen; H.A. van der Vorst Description: Matlab® implementation of the JDQZ algorithm. The JDQZ algorithm can be used for computing a few selected eigenvalues with some desirable property together with the associated eigenvectors of a matrix pencil A-lambda*B. The matrices can be real or complex, Hermitian or non-Hermitian, .... The algorithm is effective especially in case A and B are sparse and of large size. The Jacobi-Davidson method is used to compute a partial generalized Schur decomposition of the pair (A,B). The decomposition leads to the wanted eigenpairs. Homepage: http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~sleij101/index.html Dependencies: Matlab Keywords: Jacobi-Davidson method Related Software: JDQR; ARPACK; eigs; IRAM; lobpcg.m; LAPACK; Matlab; TRLan; mctoolbox; JDCG; SLEPc; PETSc; EIGIFP; SparseMatrix; NLEVP; Eigtool; BLAS; QMRPACK; Harwell-Boeing sparse matrix collection; FEAST Referenced in: 604 Publications
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### Referenced by 842 Authors
18 Jia, Zhongxiao 18 Lin, Wen-Wei 15 Nakatsukasa, Yuji 14 Simoncini, Valeria 13 Mehrmann, Volker 13 Román, Jose E. 12 Bai, Zhaojun 12 Van der Vorst, Henk Albertus 11 Miao, Cun-Qiang 10 Meerbergen, Karl 10 Neymeyr, Klaus 10 Wang, Weichung 10 Wu, Gang 10 Ye, Qiang 9 Saad, Yousef 9 Voss, Heinrich 8 Hochstenbach, Michiel E. 8 Kressner, Daniel 8 Sleijpen, Gerard L. G. 8 Wei, Yimin 7 Bergamaschi, Luca 7 Golub, Gene Howard 7 Jarlebring, Elias 7 Li, Rencang 7 Pan, Victor Yakovlevich 7 Pini, Giorgio 7 Szyld, Daniel B. 6 Baglama, James 6 Huang, Tsungming 6 Hwang, Tsung-Min 6 Sorensen, Danny C. 6 Spence, Alastair 6 Zhou, Yunkai 5 Benner, Peter 5 Knyazev, Andrew V. 5 Liu, Jinn-Liang 5 Ovtchinnikov, Evgueni Eduardovich 5 Ruhe, Axel 5 Schröder, Christian 5 Stathopoulos, Andreas 5 Tisseur, Françoise 5 Wang, Lin-Wang 5 Xue, Fei 5 Zhang, Lei-Hong 5 Zhou, Ming 4 Absil, Pierre-Antoine 4 Aishima, Kensuke 4 Arbenz, Peter 4 Campos, Carmen 4 Dax, Achiya 4 Demmel, James Weldon 4 Dongarra, Jack J. 4 Eldén, Lars 4 Gemignani, Luca 4 Higham, Nicholas J. 4 Lehoucq, Richard B. 4 Lu, Linzhang 4 Marques, Osni A. 4 Michiels, Wim 4 Nechepurenko, Yuri M. 4 Notay, Yvan 4 Plestenjak, Bor 4 Reichel, Lothar 4 Romero, Eloy 4 Sakurai, Tetsuya 4 Vasconcelos, Paulo Beleza 4 Vömel, Christof 4 Wang, Xiang 4 Yang, Chao 4 Yin, Guojian 3 Beattie, Christopher A. 3 Bini, Dario Andrea 3 Bisseling, Rob H. 3 Brandts, Jan H. 3 Embree, Mark 3 Fattebert, Jean-Luc 3 Fokkema, Diederik R. 3 Freitag, Melina A. 3 García, Víctor M. 3 Hernández, Vicente G. 3 Huang, Weiqiang 3 Huhtanen, Marko 3 Lin, Lin 3 Lippert, Ross A. 3 Międlar, Agnieszka 3 Morgan, Ronald B. 3 Niu, Qiang 3 Pang, Hong-Kui 3 Rommes, Joost 3 Sadkane, Miloud 3 Sartoretto, Flavio 3 Su, Yangfeng 3 Tomljanović, Zoran 3 Tomov, Stanimire Z. 3 Van Dooren, Paul M. 3 Vasseur, Xavier 3 Vecharynski, Eugene 3 Vidal, Antonio Manuel 3 Wang, Wei-Cheng 3 Wu, Kesheng ...and 742 more Authors
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### Referenced in 131 Serials
52 Linear Algebra and its Applications 50 SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 50 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 38 Journal of Computational Physics 35 Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 33 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 20 BIT 15 ETNA. Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis 12 Applied Numerical Mathematics 11 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 11 Computer Physics Communications 10 Numerische Mathematik 9 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 9 Numerical Algorithms 9 SIAM Review 8 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 8 Mathematics of Computation 8 Applied Mathematics and Computation 8 Journal of Scientific Computing 6 Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 5 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 4 Computational Mechanics 3 ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 3 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 3 Science in China. Series A 3 Pattern Recognition 3 Computational Optimization and Applications 3 Advances in Computational Mathematics 3 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3 Taiwanese Journal of Mathematics 3 Acta Numerica 3 GAMM-Mitteilungen 3 Science China. Mathematics 3 East Asian Journal on Applied Mathematics 2 Automatica 2 Calcolo 2 Computing 2 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 2 Applications of Mathematics 2 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 2 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 2 SIAM Journal on Optimization 2 Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 2 Computational and Applied Mathematics 2 Russian Journal of Numerical Analysis and Mathematical Modelling 2 Multibody System Dynamics 2 Mathematical Methods of Operations Research 2 ZAMM. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 2 International Journal of Numerical Modelling 2 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 2 The ANZIAM Journal 2 Foundations of Computational Mathematics 2 Computational Methods in Applied Mathematics 2 International Journal of Computational Methods 2 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis 2 Communications in Computational Physics 2 Journal of Mathematics in Industry 2 S$$\vec{\text{e}}$$MA Journal 1 International Journal of Modern Physics A 1 Computers and Fluids 1 Communications in Mathematical Physics 1 Inverse Problems 1 Information Processing Letters 1 Journal of Applied Mechanics 1 Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1 Journal of the Franklin Institute 1 Journal of Mathematical Physics 1 Journal of Statistical Physics 1 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 1 International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 1 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 1 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 1 Theoretical Computer Science 1 Systems & Control Letters 1 Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 1 Physica D 1 Parallel Computing 1 Computers & Operations Research 1 Journal of Cryptology 1 Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 1 Annals of Operations Research 1 Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing 1 M$$^3$$AS. Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences 1 Computational Statistics 1 Annals of Physics 1 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 1 Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 1 Archive of Applied Mechanics 1 Physics of Fluids 1 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 1 Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 1 Abstract and Applied Analysis 1 Optimization Methods & Software 1 Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 1 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 1 Computational Geosciences 1 Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 1 Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 1 Concurrency and Computation: Practice & Experience ...and 31 more Serials
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### Referenced in 42 Fields
503 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 122 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 43 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 31 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 29 Computer science (68-XX) 27 Quantum theory (81-XX) 27 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 25 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 25 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 23 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 21 Statistics (62-XX) 21 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 19 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 13 Operator theory (47-XX) 12 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 10 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 8 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 7 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 7 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 6 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 6 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 6 Geophysics (86-XX) 5 Combinatorics (05-XX) 4 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 3 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 3 Integral equations (45-XX) 3 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 3 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 2 Real functions (26-XX) 2 Special functions (33-XX) 2 Differential geometry (53-XX) 2 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 2 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Number theory (11-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX) 1 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 1 Functional analysis (46-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX)
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http://www.emis.de/classics/Erdos/cit/01201004.htm
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## Zentralblatt MATH
Publications of (and about) Paul Erdös
Zbl.No: 012.01004
Autor: Erdös, Pál
Title: On the density of some sequences of numbers. (In English)
Source: J. London Math. Soc. 10, 120-125 (1935).
Review: Let f(m) be a non-negative arithmetical function satisfying
f(m1m2) = f(m1)+f(m2) if (m1,m2) = 1, (1)
f(p1) \ne f(p2) (2)
for two different primes p1,p2; and let
N(f; c,d) = sum \Sb{m \leq n}
{c \leq f(m) \leq d}\endSb 1, N(f; c) = N(f; c,oo).
The main result of this paper, which constitutes a wide generalization of the author's work on abundant numbers (Zbl 010.10303), is that limn ––> oo N (f; c)/n exists and is a continuous function of c. The case of the abundant numbers is obtained by taking f(m) = log {\sigma(m) \over m}, c = log 2.
Suppose first f(m) satisfies the more stringent conditions: (3) f(p\alpha) = f(p), (4) sump {f(p)\over p} converges. Defining fp(m) = sum{p|m, {p \leq P}} f(p) it is easily seen that limn ––> oo N(fp; c)/n = Ap exists, and as Ap in non-decreasing and \leq 1, limp ––> oo Ap = A exists. That limn ––> oo N(f; c)/n = A follows easily from the two lemmas:
(I) For any \epsilon > 0 there exists a \delta such that N(f; c,c+\delta) < \epsilon n for all sufficiently large n;
(II) For any \epsilon,\delta > 0 there exists a P(\epsilon,\delta) such that for P > P(\epsilon,\delta) and all n, the number of integers m \leq n for which f(m)-fp(m) > \delta is less than \epsilon n. The main difficulty lies in the proof of (I), which uses the same idea as the paper already cited.
The author then sketches the proof when (3) is not assumed. As regards (4), he shows that it can be replaced by a weaker condition (4') and that if (4') does not hold, then limn ––> oo N(f; c)/n = 1.
Reviewer: Davenport (Cambridge)
Classif.: * 11N60 Distribution functions (additive and positive multipl. functions)
Index Words: Number theory
© European Mathematical Society & FIZ Karlsruhe & Springer-Verlag
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https://shibaura.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/on-supersymmetric-fermion-lattice-systems
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# On Supersymmetric Fermion Lattice Systems
Hajime Moriya
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
4 Citations (Scopus)
## Abstract
This note provides a C*-algebraic framework for supersymmetry. Particularly, we consider fermion lattice models satisfying the simplest supersymmetry relation. Namely, we discuss a restricted sense of supersymmetry without a boson field involved. We construct general supersymmetric C*-dynamics in terms of a superderivation and a one-parameter group of automorphisms on the CAR algebra. (We do not introduce Grassmann numbers into our formalism.) We show several basic properties of superderivations on the fermion lattice system. Among others, we establish that superderivations defined on the strictly local algebra are norm-closable. We show a criterion of superderivations on the fermion lattice system for being nilpotent. This criterion can be easily checked and hence yields new supersymmetric fermion lattice models.
Original language English 2199-2236 38 Annales Henri Poincare 17 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00023-016-0461-1 Published - 2016 Aug 1
## ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
• Nuclear and High Energy Physics
• Mathematical Physics
## Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'On Supersymmetric Fermion Lattice Systems'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/7900/scheduling-algorithm-to-minimize-maximum-deadline-overshoot-in-pre-emptive-sched
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Scheduling algorithm to minimize maximum deadline overshoot in pre-emptive scheduler
Suppose there are $n$ tasks, which need to be scheduled by a pre-emptive scheduler. Each task $T_i$ has a deadline $d_i$ and a total processing time $t_i$ associated with it. Now, all $n$ tasks are given a priory to the scheduler. The scheduler can run a task for 1 unit of time in one go. After each unit of time, it can schedule any process (including the current one) for the next 1 unit of time.
The goal of the scheduler is to minimize the maximum overshoot of its deadline by any process. For example, for tasks $T_1: (2, 2)$, $T_2: (1, 1)$ and $T_3: (4, 3)$ are the 3 tasks with their respective $(d_i, t_i)$, then a schedule of $T_2, T_1, T_3, T_1, T_3, T_3$ gives a maximum overshoot of 2. No other schedule can reduce the maximum overshoot.
My solution is to use "Earliest Deadline First Scheduling", with tie-breaks based on most time/work remaining. Further ties are broken arbitrarily. Basically, after each unit of time, the task with the earliest deadline is scheduled first. Any ties are decided on which task has the most work remaining. Further ties are broken arbitrarily. This seems to work on a few small hand-constructed cases. But I could not prove or disprove it.
To make the question more than a yes/no question, I would really appreciate it if someone could prove if this is correct, or provide a correct and efficient (sub-quadratic time) algorithm for this. This is not homework. It was presented to me by someone, and I suspect it might be a popular interview question or a question on a programming forum.
The problem minimizing maximal lateness is discussed in the algorithm book by Kleinberg and Tardos under greedy algorithms. The solution is like yours, ordering the tasks by their deadline. Indeed the length of the tasks is not relevant.
The main ingredient of the proof is that any optimal solution $O$ can be transformed into this greedy one $G$ by swapping two adjacent tasks that do not agree on the greedy ordering.
Assume we have two tasks $(t_i,d_i)$ and $(t_j,d_j)$ with $d_i\le d_j$ and $O$ has scheduled task $j$ just before $i$, while the greedy algorithm wants it the other way. Assume task $i$ starts at time $t$ in $O$. The lateness in $O$ is the maximum $m$ of $t+t_j-d_j$ and $t+t_j+t_i-d_i$.
After swapping we have the maximum of $t+t_i-d_i$ and $t+t_i+t_j-d_j$. This cannot be worse then the performance of $O$ since both these two numbers are at most $t+t_i+t_j-d_i \le m$ (using $d_i\le d_j$). As $O$ is optimal, so must the swapped version, but it looks more like $G$.
This is not the complete proof. E.g., we have to show that always such a pair $i,j$ can be found, to iterate and obtain $G$ from $O$ by swapping. Also we have to consider 'negative values', when actually $i$ or $j$ meet their deadline, and $m=0$.
• I see. Thank you for this proof and the name of the problem. However, the question has the added criteria that jobs need not be completed in one go. They can be swapped out after any unit of time, and some other job can be scheduled. Does this still hold in such a pre-emptive scheduler? – mayank Jan 12 '13 at 17:53
• Preemption is required; otherwise the problem is NP-hard. – SamM Jan 12 '13 at 18:09
• @mayrank. I cannot see how partialy completing a job does help to improve max lateness. But you are right, it does need a formal argument. – Hendrik Jan Jan 12 '13 at 22:04
• @HendrikJan I suppose one could argue that the start of each time step can be treated as a new start time $t_0$ for a new input set. And we always start with the best possible task for the first minute, before the process is interrupted. The argument feels right, but it might be missing some pieces. – mayank Jan 12 '13 at 22:52
• @mayank By reduction to Partition (unless I'm misunderstanding your problem), your problem is NP-hard for two or more processors. On a single processor, EDF is best, which actually implies that preemption is not necessary. (If you process a job with the earliest deadline, that job's deadline remains earliest until it is finished). – SamM Jan 12 '13 at 23:25
Here is a simple proof that the additional criteria that job need not be completed in one go is actually not necessary:
suppose the input is a sequence of tasks $\{(d_i, m_i)\}$, where $d_i$ is the deadline of task $i$ and $m_i$ is the duration of task $i$, for $i$ = 1, 2, ...,$n$. We can transform the input into another instance, where each task $i$ is replaced by $m_i$ "subtasks" $(d_i, 1)$. The optimal solution for the original problem cannot be better than the optimal solution for the transformed problem, as schedule of the original $n$ tasks is also a valid schedule of the transformed problem; on the other hand, if we run the algorithm in the book of Kleinberg and Tardos on the transformed problem (which would produce the optimum schedule for the transformed input), it would naturally put all subtasks consecutively as they have the same deadlines, which in turn is a valid schedule for the original input.
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https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/51456/best-way-to-classify-plots-which-are-overlapping
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Best way to classify plots which are overlapping?
I have an experiment in which it was done under two conditions. For each condition, the experiment was performed 26 times. The output of the experiment is a plot with 70 time indices. I would like to train a classifier to predict, given a plot, to which condition it belongs. The image below shows the output of the conducted experiment under the two conditions recognised by different colors. The actual experiment begins at index 35, and thus it can be seen there is no difference in the outcome of the experiment before that regardless of the condition. The plots represent power spectral density of EEG from one channel (electrode).
I am trying to train an svm classifer ignoring the features below 35. The classifier is having hard time doing so considering the high variability of each condition. One thing is, averaging the red plots and blue plots yield a noticeably different behaviour, as can be seen from the second figure. I would like to improve the accuracy of my classifier, beyond 65%. Is LSTM suitable for this type of problem? Any other suggestions?
• Is it possible to have some information on the physical nature of the experiment so as to have a better understanding? That will help in giving you some constructive feedback. May 6 '19 at 4:29
• The plots represent power spectral densities of EEG data. I edited the question to clarify that May 6 '19 at 4:35
• Hmm... if its PSD of EEG on a single channel, I don't think simply feeding this data to any ML algorithm will not give you any sensible results. From what I understand, that it is an around the normalised frequency beyond 35 (x-axis) the EEG signature is prominent. Physically this simply means the major signal power is at those frequencies. I would rather suggest building some nice frequency related features rather than go for LSTM or even simply feeding in the psd to any ML. You should also use other channels like C1/C2 or even PO3 depending on the type experiment to do a classification. May 6 '19 at 11:29
• Thanks for the recommendation. The experiment was done 96 times for each subject under each condition, averaging out trials improves the SNR and I have done that. The other thing is I am testing the SVM classifier on 58 channels separately, however, many of the channels are irrelevant. I identified 5 to 6 channels which are performing relatively good. They reach mean accuracy of 60%. I am trying to improve my accuracy. Additionally, I am focusing on one frequency band as the rest of the bands seems irrelevant. Note that x-axis is time while y-axis is PSD of certain frequency band. May 6 '19 at 12:49
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https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/publication/2903703
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# A note on the perpetual American straddle
Obradović L (2016) Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers; 559.
Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics.
316.67 KB
Working Paper | Published | English
Author
Abstract
The value and the optimal exercise time of the perpetual American straddle is characterized by the unique solution of a single non-linear equation with one unknown variable.
Publishing Year
ISSN
PUB-ID
### Cite this
Obradović L. A note on the perpetual American straddle. Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers. Vol 559. Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics; 2016.
Obradović, L. (2016). A note on the perpetual American straddle (Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers, 559). Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics.
Obradović, L. (2016). A note on the perpetual American straddle. Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers, 559, Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics.
Obradović, L., 2016. A note on the perpetual American straddle, Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers, no.559, Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics.
L. Obradović, A note on the perpetual American straddle, Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers, vol. 559, Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics, 2016.
Obradović, L.: A note on the perpetual American straddle. Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers, 559. Center for Mathematical Economics, Bielefeld (2016).
Obradović, Lazar. A note on the perpetual American straddle. Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics, 2016. Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers. 559.
Main File(s)
File Name
Access Level
Open Access
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https://blog.mbedded.ninja/programming/operating-systems/linux/linux-serial-ports-using-c-cpp/
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LINUX
Linux Serial Ports Using C/C++
Overview
Unluckily, using serial ports in Linux is not the easiest thing in the world. When dealing with the termios.h header, there are many finicky settings buried within multiple bytes worth of bitfields. This page is an attempt to help explain these settings and show you how to configure a serial port in Linux correctly.
Everything Is A File
In typical UNIX style, serial ports are represented by files within the operating system. These files usually pop-up in /dev/, and begin with the name tty*.
Common names are:
• /dev/ttyACM0 - ACM stands for the ACM modem on the USB bus. Arduino UNOs (and similar) will appear using this name.
• /dev/ttyPS0 - Xilinx Zynq FPGAs running a Yocto-based Linux build will use this name for the default serial port that Getty connects to.
• /dev/ttyS0 - Standard COM ports will have this name. These are less common these days with newer desktops and laptops not having actual COM ports.
• /dev/ttyUSB0 - Most USB-to-serial cables will show up using a file named like this.
• /dev/pts/0 - A pseudo terminal. These can be generated with socat.
To write to a serial port, you write to the file. To read from a serial port, you read from the file. Of course, this allows you to send/receive data, but how do you set the serial port parameters such as baud rate, parity, e.t.c? This is set by a special tty configuration struct.
Basic Setup In C
This code is also applicable to C++.
First we want to include a few things:
// C library headers
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h> // Contains file controls like O_RDWR
#include <errno.h> // Error integer and strerror() function
#include <termios.h> // Contains POSIX terminal control definitions
#include <unistd.h> // write(), read(), close()
Then we want to open the serial port device (which appears as a file under /dev/), saving the file descriptor that is returned by open():
int serial_port = open("/dev/ttyUSB0", O_RDWR);
# Check for errors
if (serial_port < 0) {
printf("Error %i from open: %s\n", errno, strerror(errno));
}
One of the common errors you might see here is errno = 2, and strerror(errno) returns No such file or directory. Make sure you have the right path to the device and that the device exists!
Another common error you might get here is errno = 13, which is Permission denied. This usually happens because the current user is not part of the dialout group. Add the current user to the dialout group with:
$sudo adduser$USER dialout
You must log out and back in before these group changes come into effect.
At this point we could technically read and write to the serial port, but it will likely not work, because the default configuration settings are not designed for serial port use. So now we will set the configuration correctly.
When modifying any configuration value, it is best practice to only modify the bit you are interested in, and leave all other bits of the field untouched. This is why you will see below the use of &= or |=, and never & or | when setting bits.
Configuration Setup
We need access to the termios struct in order to configure the serial port. We will create a new termios struct, and then write the existing configuration of the serial port to it using tcgetattr(), before modifying the parameters as needed and saving the settings with tcsetattr().
// Create new termios struc, we call it 'tty' for convention
struct termios tty;
memset(&tty, 0, sizeof tty);
// Read in existing settings, and handle any error
if(tcgetattr(serial_port, &tty) != 0) {
printf("Error %i from tcgetattr: %s\n", errno, strerror(errno));
}
We can now change tty’s settings as needed, as shown in the following sections.
Control Modes (c_cflags)
The c_cflags member of the termios struct contains control parameter fields.
PARENB (Parity)
If this bit is set, generation and detection of the parity bit is enabled. Most serial communications do not use a parity bit, so if you are unsure, clear this bit.
tty.c_cflag &= ~PARENB; // Clear parity bit, disabling parity (most common)
tty.c_cflag |= PARENB; // Set parity bit, enabling parity
CSTOPB (Num. Stop Bits)
If this bit is set, two stop bits are used. If this is cleared, only one stop bit is used. Most serial communications only use one stop bit.
tty.c_cflag &= ~CSTOPB; // Clear stop field, only one stop bit used in communication (most common)
tty.c_cflag |= CSTOPB; // Set stop field, two stop bits used in communication
Number Of Bits Per Byte
The CS<number> fields set how many data bits are transmitted per byte across the serial port. The most common setting here is 8 (CS8). Definitely use this if you are unsure, I have never used a serial port before which didn’t use 8 (but they do exist).
tty.c_cflag |= CS5; // 5 bits per byte
tty.c_cflag |= CS6; // 6 bits per byte
tty.c_cflag |= CS7; // 7 bits per byte
tty.c_cflag |= CS8; // 8 bits per byte (most common)
Flow Control (CRTSCTS)
If the CRTSCTS field is set, hardware RTS/CTS flow control is enabled. The most common setting here is to disable it. Enabling this when it should be disabled can result in your serial port receiving no data, as the sender will buffer it indefinitely, waiting for you to be “ready”.
tty.c_cflag &= ~CRTSCTS; // Disable RTS/CTS hardware flow control (most common)
tty.c_cflag |= CRTSCTS; // Enable RTS/CTS hardware flow control
Setting CLOCAL disables modem-specific signal lines such as carrier detect. Is also prevents the controlling process from getting sent a SIGHUP signal when a modem disconnect is detected, which is usually a good thing here. Setting CLOCAL allows us to read data (we definitely want that!).
tty.c_cflag |= CREAD | CLOCAL; // Turn on READ & ignore ctrl lines (CLOCAL = 1)
Local Modes (c_lflag)
Disabling Canonical Mode
UNIX systems provide two basic modes of input, canonical and non-canonical mode. In canonical mode, input is processed when a new line character is received. The receiving application receives that data line-by-line. This is usually undesirable when dealing with a serial port, and so we normally want to disable canonical mode.
Canonical mode is disabled with:
tty.c_lflag &= ~ICANON;
Also, in canonical mode, some characters such as backspace are treated specially, and are used to edit the current line of text (erase). Again, we don’t want this feature if processing raw serial data, as it will cause particular bytes to go missing!
Echo
If this bit is set, sent characters will be echoed back. Because we disabled canonical mode, I don’t think these bits actually do anything, but it doesn’t harm to disable them just in case!
tty.c_lflag &= ~ECHO; // Disable echo
tty.c_lflag &= ~ECHOE; // Disable erasure
tty.c_lflag &= ~ECHONL; // Disable new-line echo
Disable Signal Chars
When the ISIG bit is set, INTR, QUIT and SUSP characters are interpreted. We don’t want this with a serial port, so clear this bit:
tty.c_lflag &= ~ISIG; // Disable interpretation of INTR, QUIT and SUSP
Input Modes (c_iflag)
The c_iflag member of the termios struct contains low-level settings for input processing. The c_iflag member is an int.
Software Flow Control (IXOFF, IXON, IXANY)
Clearing IXOFF, IXON and IXANY disables software flow control, which we don’t want:
tty.c_iflag &= ~(IXON | IXOFF | IXANY); // Turn off s/w flow ctrl
Disabling Special Handling Of Bytes On Receive
Clearing all of the following bits disables any special handling of the bytes as they are received by the serial port, before they are passed to the application. We just want the raw data thanks!
tty.c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP|INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL); // Disable any special handling of received bytes
Output Modes (c_oflag)
The c_oflag member of the termios struct contains low-level settings for output processing. When configuring a serial port, we want to disable any special handling of output chars/bytes, so do the following:
tty.c_oflag &= ~OPOST; // Prevent special interpretation of output bytes (e.g. newline chars)
tty.c_oflag &= ~ONLCR; // Prevent conversion of newline to carriage return/line feed
// tty.c_oflag &= ~OXTABS; // Prevent conversion of tabs to spaces (NOT PRESENT IN LINUX)
// tty.c_oflag &= ~ONOEOT; // Prevent removal of C-d chars (0x004) in output (NOT PRESENT IN LINUX)
Both OXTABS and ONOEOT are not defined in Linux. Linux however does have the XTABS field which seems to be related. When compiling for Linux, I just exclude these two fields and the serial port still works fine.
VMIN and VTIME (c_cc)
VMIN and VTIME are a source of confusion for many programmers when trying to configure a serial port in Linux.
An important point to note is that VTIME means slightly different things depending on what VMIN is. When VMIN is 0, VTIME specifies a time-out from the start of the read() call. But when VMIN is > 0, VTIME specifies the time-out from the start of the first received character.
VMIN = 0, VTIME = 0: No blocking, return immediately with what is available
VMIN > 0, VTIME = 0: This will make read() always wait for bytes (exactly how many is determined by VMIN), so read() could block indefinitely.
VMIN = 0, VTIME > 0: This is a blocking read of any number chars with a maximum timeout (given by VTIME). read() will block until either any amount of data is available, or the timeout occurs. This happens to be my favourite mode (and the one I use the most).
VMIN > 0, VTIME > 0: Block until either VMIN characters have been received, or VTIME after first character has elapsed. Note that the timeout for VTIME does not begin until the first character is received.
VMIN and VTIME are both defined as the type cc_t, which I have always seen be an alias for unsigned char (1 byte). This puts an upper limit on the number of VMIN characters to be 255 and the maximum timeout of 25.5 seconds (255 deciseconds).
“Returning as soon as any data is received” does not mean you will only get 1 byte at a time. Depending on the OS latency, serial port speed, hardware buffers and many other things you have no direct control over, you may receive any number of bytes.
For example, if we wanted to wait for up to 1s, returning as soon as any data was received, we could use:
tty.c_cc[VTIME] = 10; // Wait for up to 1s (10 deciseconds), returning as soon as any data is received.
tty.c_cc[VMIN] = 0;
Baud Rate
Rather than use bit fields as with all the other settings, the serial port baud rate is set by calling the functions cfsetispeed() and cfsetospeed():
// Set in/out baud rate to be 9600
cfsetispeed(&tty, B9600);
cfsetospeed(&tty, B9600);
If you want to remain UNIX compliant, the baud rate must be chosen from one of the following:
B0, B50, B75, B110, B134, B150, B200, B300, B600, B1200, B1800, B2400, B4800, B9600, B19200, B38400, B57600, B115200, B230400, B460800
If you are compiling with the GNU C library, you can forgo these enumerations and just specify an integer baud rate directly, e.g.:
// Specifying a custom baud rate when using GNU C
cfsetispeed(&tty, 104560);
cfsetospeed(&tty, 104560);
Not all hardware will support all baud rates, so it is best to stick with one of the standard BXXX rates above if you have the option to do so. If you have no idea what the baud rate is and you are trying to communicate with a 3rd party system, try B9600, then B57600 and then B115200 as they are the most common rates.
For Linux serial port code examples see https://github.com/gbmhunter/CppLinuxSerial.
Saving termios
After changing these settings, we can save the tty termios struct with tcsetattr():
// Save tty settings, also checking for error
if (tcsetattr(serial_port, TCSANOW, &tty) != 0) {
printf("Error %i from tcsetattr: %s\n", errno, strerror(errno));
}
Now that we have opened and configured the serial port, we can read and write to it!
Writing
Writing to the Linux serial port is done through the write() function. We use the serial_port file descriptor which was returned from the call to open() above.
unsigned char msg[] = { 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\r' };
write(serial_port, "Hello, world!", sizeof(msg));
Reading is done through the read() function. You have to provide a buffer for Linux to write the data into.
// Allocate memory for read buffer, set size according to your needs
// how long does it block for?) depends on the configuration
// settings above, specifically VMIN and VTIME
// n is the number of bytes read. n may be 0 if no bytes were received, and can also be negative to signal an error.
Closing
This is a simple as:
close(serial_port)
Full Example
// C library headers
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h> // Contains file controls like O_RDWR
#include <errno.h> // Error integer and strerror() function
#include <termios.h> // Contains POSIX terminal control definitions
#include <unistd.h> // write(), read(), close()
// Open the serial port. Change device path as needed (currently set to an standard FTDI USB-UART cable type device)
int serial_port = open("/dev/ttyUSB0", O_RDWR);
// Create new termios struc, we call it 'tty' for convention
struct termios tty;
memset(&tty, 0, sizeof tty);
// Read in existing settings, and handle any error
if(tcgetattr(serial_port, &tty) != 0) {
printf("Error %i from tcgetattr: %s\n", errno, strerror(errno));
}
tty.c_cflag &= ~PARENB; // Clear parity bit, disabling parity (most common)
tty.c_cflag &= ~CSTOPB; // Clear stop field, only one stop bit used in communication (most common)
tty.c_cflag |= CS8; // 8 bits per byte (most common)
tty.c_cflag &= ~CRTSCTS; // Disable RTS/CTS hardware flow control (most common)
tty.c_cflag |= CREAD | CLOCAL; // Turn on READ & ignore ctrl lines (CLOCAL = 1)
tty.c_lflag &= ~ICANON;
tty.c_lflag &= ~ECHO; // Disable echo
tty.c_lflag &= ~ECHOE; // Disable erasure
tty.c_lflag &= ~ECHONL; // Disable new-line echo
tty.c_lflag &= ~ISIG; // Disable interpretation of INTR, QUIT and SUSP
tty.c_iflag &= ~(IXON | IXOFF | IXANY); // Turn off s/w flow ctrl
tty.c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP|INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL); // Disable any special handling of received bytes
tty.c_oflag &= ~OPOST; // Prevent special interpretation of output bytes (e.g. newline chars)
tty.c_oflag &= ~ONLCR; // Prevent conversion of newline to carriage return/line feed
// tty.c_oflag &= ~OXTABS; // Prevent conversion of tabs to spaces (NOT PRESENT ON LINUX)
// tty.c_oflag &= ~ONOEOT; // Prevent removal of C-d chars (0x004) in output (NOT PRESENT ON LINUX)
tty.c_cc[VTIME] = 10; // Wait for up to 1s (10 deciseconds), returning as soon as any data is received.
tty.c_cc[VMIN] = 0;
// Set in/out baud rate to be 9600
cfsetispeed(&tty, B9600);
cfsetospeed(&tty, B9600);
// Save tty settings, also checking for error
if (tcsetattr(serial_port, TCSANOW, &tty) != 0) {
printf("Error %i from tcsetattr: %s\n", errno, strerror(errno));
}
// Write to serial port
unsigned char msg[] = { 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\r' };
write(serial_port, "Hello, world!", sizeof(msg));
// Allocate memory for read buffer, set size according to your needs
// how long does it block for?) depends on the configuration
// settings above, specifically VMIN and VTIME
// n is the number of bytes read. n may be 0 if no bytes were received, and can also be -1 to signal an error.
if (num_bytes < 0) {
}
// Here we assume we received ASCII data, but you might be sending raw bytes (in that case, don't try and
// print it to the screen like this!)
close(serial_port)
Issues With Getty
Getty can cause issues with serial communication if it is trying to manage the same tty device that you are attempting to perform serial communications with.
To Stop Getty:
Getty can be hard to stop, as by default, if you try and kill the process, and new process will start up immediately.
These instructions apply to older versions of Linux, and/or embedded Linux.
1. Load /etc/inittab in your favourite text editor.
2. Comment out any lines involving getty and your tty device.
3. Save and close the file.
4. Run the command ~\$ init q to reload the /etc/inittab file.
5. Kill any running getty processes attached to your tty device. They should now stay dead!
Exclusive Access
It can be prudent to try and prevent other processes from reading/writing to the serial port at the same time you are.
One way to accomplish this is with the flock() system call:
#include <sys/file.h>
int main() {
// ... get file descriptor here
// Acquire non-blocking exclusive lock
if(flock(fd, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB) == -1) {
throw std::runtime_error("Serial port with file descriptor " +
std::to_string(fd) + " is already locked by another process.");
}
// ... read/write to serial port here
}
Examples
For Linux serial port code examples see https://github.com/gbmhunter/CppLinuxSerial.
External Resources
See http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Terminal-Modes.html for the official specifications of the termios struct configuration parameters.
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|
http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-algebra/93059-determining-matrix-size.html
|
# Math Help - determining matrix size
1. ## determining matrix size
Show that if A is an [m x n] matrix and A(BA) is defined, then B is an [n x m] matrix.
2. If A has order $m\times n$ look at BA first of all
For be BA to be defined B must have order $k\times m$ in turn BA must have order $k\times n$
Now for A(BA) to be defined $k=n$ therefore B has order $n\times m$
3. thank you, easy to understand when its right in front of me
|
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http://www.gtagaming.com/gtagaming/news/archive.php?p=200525
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News Archive
20
JUN
Interview With "CJ"
GTAGaming.com - General News | @ 02:25 PM MDT | By Zidane
The internet radio show, "The Social Crime Syndicate" will have a special guest to interview on their show - Young Maylay, an aspiring rap artist, (better known to us as the voice actor for CJ!) He'll be joining the S.C.S. crew on Thursday at 5 pm Eastern time. There are many different ways to tune in! Don't miss it. Check out the S.C.S. for more.
22
JUN
San Andreas 2 Player
GTA: San Andreas - Community News | @ 10:55 PM MDT | By rappo
It seems like another rendition of a San Andreas multiplayer game is already underway. However, this one is currently a little smaller than the rest that are currently being created, but the authors are planning on chaning that. Here is some information:
He made San Andreas online in two days. Thing is, it's only 2 people. It's like 2 Player for PS2 but online, and 10x better. At the moment, he's trying to get syncing issues down and right. He's currently fixing up bugs with vehicle movement/syncing. He'll finish up the on foot syncing and then vehicle once again. Then off to the animations etc. It should be out soon, publicly. Enjoy the screens I took yesterday. (When he made the mod, so shh if you think it's crap. And NO, you can't have it yet.) Spread the word, another Multiplayer is being made. He will eventually add more players, so don't get angry.
Big thanks to LuigiBrotha for the links!
23
JUN
SA-MP Mod
GTA: San Andreas - General News | @ 11:15 AM MDT | By Zidane
San Andreas multiplayer is becoming a big deal for everyone lately, with people taking the idea into their own hands to create something new and unique, and various GTA communities pitching in ideas and suggestions, which is damn cool. You've seen MTA: SA, and the two-player mod (below), now check out the latest in GTA online play, SA-MP. SA-MP is still in development, and is, of course, a PC release only. Not much is known about their progress for the actual San Andreas engine, but they've managed to practice and test things out on the GTA: LC mod for Vice City. Screenshots of that below.
This will be pretty good when it's out. The developers are planning on a first release within the next 2 or 3 months.
Thanks, SeBsZ, for the heads up on this one!
GTAGaming.com - General News | @ 02:28 PM MDT | By Zidane
Just a reminder, the interview with Young Maylay (CJ) will start in about 30 minutes! You'll need a program that can play internet radio ".pls" files. We recommend Winamp.
Remember, this interview may contain some strong language!
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https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/177326
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Infoscience
Thesis
# Hermitian Forms over Algebras with Involution and Hermitian Categories
This thesis is concerned with the algebraic theory of hermitian forms. It is organized in two parts. The first, consisting of the first two chapters, deals with some descent properties of unimodular hermitian forms over central simple algebras with involution. The second, which consists of the last two chapters, generalizes several classical properties of unimodular hermitian forms over rings with involution to the setting of sesquilinear forms in hermitian categories. The original results established in this thesis are joint work with Professor Eva Bayer-Fluckiger. The first chapter contains an introduction to the algebraic theory of unimodular ε-hermitian forms over fields with involution. One knows that if L/K is an extension of odd degree (where char(K) ≠ 2) then the restriction map rL/K : W(K) →W(L) is injective. In addition, if the extension is purely inseparable then the map rL/K is bijective. In the second chapter we first introduce the basic notions and techniques of the theory of unimodular ε-hermitian forms over algebras with involution, in particular the technique of Morita equivalence. Let L/K be a finite field extension, τ an involution on L and A a finite-dimensional K-algebra endowed with an involution α such that αœK = τœK. E. Bayer-Fluckiger and H.W. Lenstra proved that if L/K is of odd degree and αœK = idK then the restriction map rL/Kε : Wε(A, α) → Wε(A ⊗K L, α ⊗ τ) is injective for any ε = ±1. This holds also if αœK ≠ idK. We prove that if, in addition, L/K is purely inseparable and A is a central simple K-algebra, then the above map is actually bijective. The proof proceeds via induction on the degree of the algebra and uses in an essential way an exact sequence of Witt groups due to R. Parimala, R. Sridharan and V. Suresh, later extended by N. Gernier-Boley and M.G. Mahmoudi. The third chapter contains a survey of the theory of hermitian and quadratic forms in hermitian categories. In particular, we cover the transfer between two hermitian categories, the reduction by an ideal, the transfer into the endomorphism ring of an object, as well as the Krull-Schmidt-Azumaya theorem and some of its applications. In the fourth chapter we prove, adapting the ideas developed by E. Bayer-Fluckiger and L. Fainsilber, that the category of sesquilinear forms in a hermitian category ℳ is equivalent to the category of unimodular hermitian forms in the category of double arrows of ℳ. In order to obtain this equivalence of categories we associate to a sesquilinear form the double arrow consisting of its two adjoints, equipped with a canonical unimodular hermitian form. This equivalence of categories allows us to define a notion of Witt group for sesquilinear forms in hermitian categories. This generalizes the classical notion of a Witt group of unimodular hermitian forms over rings with involution. Using the above equivalence of categories we deduce analogues of the Witt cancellation theorem and Springer's theorem for sesquilinear forms over certain algebras with involution. We also extend some finiteness results due to E. Bayer-Fluckiger, C. Kearton and S.M. J. Wilson. In addition, we study the weak Hasse-Minkowski principle for sesquilinear forms over skew fields with involution over global fields. We prove that this principle holds for systems of sesquilinear forms over a skew field over a global field and endowed with a unitary involution. Two systems of sesquilinear forms are hence isometric if and only if they are isometric over all the completions of the base field. This result has already been known for unimodular hermitian and skew-hermitian forms over rings with involution, under the same hypothesis. Finally, we study the behaviour of the Witt group of a linear hermitian category under extension of scalars. Let K be a field of characteristic different from 2, L a finite extension of K and ℳ a K-linear hermitian category. We define the extension of ℳ to L as being the category with the same objects as ℳ and with morphisms given by the morphisms of ℳ extended to L. We obtain an L-linear hermitian category, denoted by ℳL. The canonical functor of scalar extension ℛL/K : ℳ → ℳL induces for any ε = ±1 a group homomorphism Wε(ℳ) →Wε(ℳL). We prove that if all the idempotents of the category ℳ split and the extension L/K is of odd degree then this homomorphism is injective. This result has already been known in the case when ℳ is the category of finite-dimensional K-vector spaces.
Thèse École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, n° 5371 (2012)
Programme doctoral Mathématiques
Faculté des sciences de base
Institut de mathématiques de géométrie et applications
Chaire des structures algébriques et géométriques
#### Reference
Record created on 2012-05-22, modified on 2017-05-12
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http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/8305/finding-hash-almost-collisions
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Finding hash almost-collisions
A few months ago, XKCD posted a challenge to find a plaintext which hashed (using Skein 1024 1024) to a specified value. Inputs were scored based on the hamming distance between the hash of the specified input and the desired hash.
The top scorer, from Carnegie Mellon, found a plaintext whose hash matched all but 384 bits of the desired hash.
I also tried competing in the contest. I used brute force and just hash many sequential values and submitted the best one I could find. I didn't come close at all. As I expected, it was easy to drop the first few bits and get it down to the mid 400s, but each improvement was harder than the one before.
Is there a better way than brute force? When I was competing, I figured that the Skein hash function seemed pretty secure and that I wouldn't be able to find any weakness to speed up the process. Now I'm doubting that the winner could score so well with brute force, even with immense amounts of computing power.
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I know some people from CMU who do things like this all the time. I'll try to get ahold of them and see how they approached this. – Steel City Hacker May 10 '13 at 16:47
– Paŭlo Ebermann May 10 '13 at 17:51
It looks like there was some cheating ... I suppose for the next such competition, one should have salted the input by the submitter's name (or institution domain name, here), so copying other people's result will not help at all :-) – Paŭlo Ebermann May 10 '13 at 18:00
One problem I ran into when doing this is that the output of the Skein library I was using Skeinfish wasn't the same as what XKCD reported. They were apparently using PySkein which had a newer tweak to the key schedule constants. It took me a while to figure this out. – mikeazo May 10 '13 at 18:30
Since the output of the configuration of Skein is 1024 bits, we would expect to get 512 bits correct just by random hashing. So the question is, what is the probability of getting 640 bits correct? From that we can figure out how long it would take for that to occur.
There are ${1024 \choose 640}\approx 4.16\cdot 10^{292}\approx 2^{972}$ ways this can happen out of $2^{1024}$ different outputs. If we assume the probability of each output is $1/2^{1024}$, then the probability of getting one of those outputs with 640 correct bits is approximately $2^{972}/2^{1024}=1/2^{52}$. So, perform $2^{51}$ hash function calls and you have a $.5$ probability of getting one of those outputs. That sort of work factor should be do able with lots of hardware (supercomputer, GPUs, etc) in 24 hours. As Paulo said, the problem is embarrassingly parallelizable.
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Your math can't be right, $2^{26}$ is far too low to win such a competition. That's less than a CPU minute on a single core. I'd expect them to easily exceed $2^{40}$. I wouldn't be surprised if they managed $2^{51}$ operations with ATI GPUs. – CodesInChaos May 10 '13 at 18:59
I don't get how you go from $2^{52}$ to $2^{26}$, considering this is a near pre-image, not a near collision. – CodesInChaos May 10 '13 at 19:02
@CodesInChaos, this is good. I need all the checking of my math I can get. You are right, it should be $2^{51}$ for a $.5$ probability. Threw in a little birthday problem math by mistake. – mikeazo May 10 '13 at 19:25
Cool! I didn't realize hardware could make all the difference. – 0xFE May 10 '13 at 19:44
@0xFE, if the problem is massively parallelizable, then hardware can make a huge difference. See cs.rit.edu/~ark/parallelcrypto/sha3test01 for more info (including some code). – mikeazo May 10 '13 at 19:45
If there was a better known way than brute force, I suppose someone would already have made a paper about this (or lets this be secret to use it for attacks – but then this person wouldn't enter in such a competition).
So it looks like just brute force. Why are these people better than you? Some guesses (and most likely it is a combination of these):
• They use better hardware, maybe optimized to the task.
• They use more hardware in parallel.
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https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.php?f=50&t=39793&p=135546
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## 7th Edition Problem 5.35
Posts: 82
Joined: Thu Sep 27, 2018 11:16 pm
Been upvoted: 2 times
### 7th Edition Problem 5.35
Does anyone know why all the pressure values are divided by 100 in the K expression in problem 5.35 (7th edition)?
Chem_Mod
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Has upvoted: 349 times
### Re: 7th Edition Problem 5.35
Will you write out the question for those who don't have the 7th edition?
Matthew Tran 1H
Posts: 127
Joined: Thu Sep 27, 2018 11:16 pm
### Re: 7th Edition Problem 5.35
The question showed a graph of the decomposition of compound A into compounds B and C that reach equilibrium. The partial pressure is on the y-axis, in kPa. A changed from a partial pressure of 28 to 18, B from 0 to 5, and C from 0 to 10. Part (a) asked to write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction, but the part in question is part(b), where it asks to calculate K for the reaction. I was initially confused why the pressures had to be divided by 100, but I think it's because the value of Kp depends on the units of pressure. The textbook calculates Kp using atm or bar (1atm ~ 1bar). Since the pressure was given in kPa, you had to convert kPa to atm, and 1kPa ~ 0.01 atm, which is why you had to divide by 100. I'm not sure if we'll be given conversion factors like that on the test though, I had to look it up myself.
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http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=14365&page=6#pid189699
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Sciencemadness Discussion Board » Special topics » Technochemistry » do-it-yourself nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Select A Forum Fundamentals » Chemistry in General » Organic Chemistry » Reagents and Apparatus Acquisition » Beginnings » Responsible Practices » Miscellaneous » The Wiki Special topics » Technochemistry » Energetic Materials » Biochemistry » Radiochemistry » Computational Models and Techniques » Prepublication Non-chemistry » Forum Matters » Legal and Societal Issues
Pages: 1 .. 4 6 8 .. 11
Author: Subject: do-it-yourself nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
un0me2
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That MAX2306 Complete IF Subsystem, has dual synthesizers and dual output. If one were to run one input into the coil post-pulse as a carrier wave, then it could be removed on demodulation, leaving noise + resonance. The sampling rates for the high-resolution sampling come down under the Nyquist boundary if the only thing left in the sample is the resonance and noise.
quam temere in nosmet legem sancimus iniquam
arsphenamine
Hazard to Others
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That MAX2306 is tuned by a RLC tank resonator circuit which
is inferior in accuracy and stability to an OCXO/TCO system.
Can it use an external clock source instead a tank circuit?
not_important
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The MAX23xx uses an external reference, that's where the TCXO/OCXO come in to provide the stability needed. The PLL(s) in the chip take care of short term noise; getting the desired offset for the IF desired may be a problem without using a switchable dividing PLL or DDS. Given that the FID is acquired over 1/2 to 2 seconds, you need around 1 part in 10^8 stability over that interval to get good resolution.
Generally PWMs aren't that good for signal generation, being intended for driving motors and such. In the case of excitation for a FT-NMR it might work, I've seen descriptions of such systems that used effectively narrow band noise for the excitation pulse.
Note that some of the devices you chose have LVPECL outputs.
Also "the simplest possible..." does not necessarily mean the fewest number of chips, particularly if those chips are being pressed into applications on the end of their design space. Attempting to get away with only one coil makes the receiver + signal processing more demanding (hint - it's more than just filtering, saturation and recovery time come into play).
un0me2
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Microchip have dedicated DAC's and ADC's that will solve both resolution problems, high-speed with high-ish bit rates. I'm seriously looking at them with the normal PIC32, the dsPIC's don't have enough benefits to justify getting rid of the memory & processing space (they can be run directly from the PIC32 through the SPI/I2C interfaces as slaved devices).
I have to look further at the outputs, I am seriously going through at the present time looking at how to avoid having parts from too many manufacturers, or the code to run this will be a Frankenstein-type monstrosity.
If I run dedicated high-speed DAC & ADC chips then the PWM channels on the PIC32 could be left alone waiting to be pressed into use as electromagnetic coil drivers.
As to the utility of multiple circuits, etc. I am looking into designing a Quadrature Modulation - Demodulation circuit.
What I am thinking is that with multiple DAC outputs it should be possible to build the circuit that is needed. I was thinking that if the receiver coil was running on the same rf signal as the larger rf pulse, it may cut down on echo & recovery time for the second coil. If the constant signal is run through the output coil to the input coil, then both are running on the same frequency.
It is designing a switchable, much higher magnitude pulsed signal that is going to be the hard part. That said, if the pulsed signal is the same frequency as the rf carrier signal, it should make it easier to filter out the echo from the pulse.
[Edited on 29-9-2010 by un0me2]
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watson.fawkes
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Quote: Originally posted by not_important Attempting to get away with only one coil makes the receiver + signal processing more demanding (hint - it's more than just filtering, saturation and recovery time come into play).
There's also testing involved. I can't imagine how to a single-coil system running without a second coil in the lab somewhere to test and exercise both the pulse generation and receiver circuits. And for a hobbyist who's making exactly one of these, there's no particular reason to make a test coil that won't end up in the final device. I just can't see why using two coils in the device is a downside in this scenario, where a certain amount of the test equipment cost should be considered part of the device cost.
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Coil design is a LOOOONG way down the track, getting hold of the electronic components, etc. is taking time enough. Let's finish the electronics design argument, then we can get into the nitty gritty of the coil design.
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not_important
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Needed electronics depends a little on coil design. Coil impedance affects the transmitter and receiver designs, this isn't an electromagnet connected to the power mains. A single coil needs much better protection of the receiver section.
Quadrature demod is often part of receiver chain chips, the shifted signal may be derived by that or generated in the clock generation section depending on what you pick for each. Building it up from matched transistor such as Tim posted can give a bit better performance at the cost of more components and more tweaking; more fully integrated ones are usually easier to use if you're not experienced in the art.
I've worked on products that used processors from 4 different families, no code nightmare - each is a separate section, data and control signals going between them are interface protocols tht you have to understand anyway no matter how many types of processors.
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Can someone please tell me I'm reading this wrong, I'm tired as hell and have been looking at this shit all day (so it is on the cards), but this Application Note (#2009) "Performance of the MAX2395 PLL with 80kHz Comparison Frequency" seems to me, to be suggesting that with some careful, well, there really isn't a better word for it, hacking of the external circuit - the [url=http://www.maxim-ic.com/datasheet/index.mvp/id/3974[/url] (rated @ 1920-1980MHz) can be made to output at significantly lower frequencies (500Hz-~20MHz). If that is the case, then that really does provide a good solution to the problem.
PS I have noted several online discussions about the utility of the Si5xx series of OX/VXCO's and am wondering if anyone has experience with the Si401x series of programmable (27-960MHz) transmitter on a chip? From what I can see of the diagram, a DAC could provide a high-powered pulsed-tone (for x-nsec) @ the excitation frequency & that would be that?
[Edited on 2-10-2010 by un0me2]
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not_important
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Why are you trying to run this at 500 Hz? I can't see a good reason to do so.
Likewise I'm puzzled by what you're trying to do with the oscillator. For the excitation coil you gate the power amp on for some number of cycles of the excitation frequency, the pulse is a number of cycles long. I.m not fitting that to what you propossed.
What are you hoping to be able to do with the NMR system you want to build? The intended application sets some requirements for things such as resolving power and stability of signals. Are you after measure water content in ice or hydrocarbons? Easy. Analytical and structural determination? Harder. Doing 1D or 2D? You need to set out your target clearly before you start doing designs.
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No, not the point - they are achieving outputs several hundred MHz under what it is rated for.
As for the oscillator, I'm trying to time the DAC output, high powered tone @ the right frequency, added into the RF & then only the programmed period of output from the DAC, gives the power & the pulse, no?
That said, the dual-DAC's and the MCP3901 dual 16-24 ΔΣ ADC's (with dual output), should really improve the signal quality (so should proper separation of the Digital/Analog sections, grounding, etc.). The improvement in the Microchip Library means that the data can be dealt with (DFT/FFT/RADIXn) prior to sending it. Connecting the DAC to the PIC is dealt with in this Application Note, while some of the design considerations are dealt with in this Application Note. The code for several processors, the Texas Instruments one, DSP, etc. are on the web, while these IC's look promising (damn, a discrete chip returning the FFT of signals virtually in real-time? That should change shit)
With the transmission/reception modulation/demodulation, is it possible to transmit a baseband just under the LF, ie.40MHz? Then add the excitation pulse with 2.xxxMHz? That would allow for the same signal processing train...
[Edited on 4-10-2010 by un0me2]
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Quote: As for the oscillator, I'm trying to time the DAC output, high powered tone @ the right frequency, added into the RF & then only the programmed period of output from the DAC, gives the power & the pulse, no?
Still not making sense to me. If you have the RF, what is the DAC output tone for? If your thinking of using that as the pulse gate, it's something you'd use a DAC for given the roughly 4 or 5 orders of magnitude of off vs on times.
And what you want the NMR to be capable of doing is _very_ important, as that drives the design.
1) what do you want it to be able to do?
2) determine needed specifications - field strength and uniformity, frequencies, noise levels, phase stability, ...
3) figure out that hardware you want to use to satisfy 1) and 2)
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Sorry cannot access other account (for anyone who is reading this 2+2 generally does =5, there is always a part of the calculation that comes down to common sense).
not_important,
What I am trying to realise is a high-speed, high accuracy digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital signal train. For the most part (except for one offering from Silabs) there really isn't a whole lot that suggests this is feasible from one manufacturer, which is a bugger. That said I have decided to "evaluate" the AD9852ASTZ for the signal generation and the AD7606 8-channel 16-bit, high-speed ADS (ADC by any other name) for the return signal.
Without using a carrier wave that means there is going to be a god-awful discrepancy between the initial signal strength and the end-strength, so I'm thinking of looking at putting in a switch (to ground presumably), sending the overloaded signal generated immediately upon excitation (and a little while thereafter) into the dirt (so to speak), then passing the lot through a low-pass filter with a cut-off immediately above the highest resonance signal which is likely to be generated.
That would reduce the amplitude of the samples, thereby reducing the effect(s) of the echo/etc, while sacrificing some resonance data.
AD is coming out with a 400MHz Blackfin for ~$3-5 by the end of the year, which would see them squarely in the running for the MCU/MCP (at that speed the FFT/Radix-n of the samples should be almost real time). On the other hand, Microchip are still in with a very good chance, the PIC32MX795F512H (with integral USB 2.0 transceiver), 512kB Flash & 128kB RAM can be used (I2C/SPI) with the MCP3901 Dual-Channel 16/24-Bit ΔΣ ADC's (up to 64ksps, up to 5 on a SPI/I2C IIRC), while the DAC - MCP4728 is not only a DUAL 12-bit DAC, but it is cheap & fast as hell (and according to this paper, should be quite capable of handling the DDS, while they provide a program to design low-pass & stop-pass filters that work up to 10MHz (presumably anything above that is discarded). Working out how to design a decent board that will allow me to separate the analog & digital ground planes while breaking out the 64-100 XXQFP chips is going to be a problem, but I was thinking, once the digital end of this is set up to send analog signals to the analog end and to receive & process the responses to the same, that is a digital spectrometer, right there (actually, given the ability to do the FFT/RADIX-4 on chip, an FT-Spectrometer), which could then be utilized to control a laser (FT-Raman), a UV-Vis Light Source (FT-UV-Vis), an IR light source (FT-IR). The spectrometer is essentially the same (the digital end anyway), digital to analog control signals, analog to digital response signals and digital processing. With some thought, that could be taken way further, the pwm/dac outputs that aren't being used could be used to drive a moving stage, etc. [Edited on 6-10-2010 by aliced25] not_important International Hazard Posts: 3873 Registered: 21-7-2006 Member Is Offline Mood: No Mood Quote: Originally posted by aliced25 ... Without using a carrier wave that means there is going to be a god-awful discrepancy between the initial signal strength and the end-strength, so I'm thinking of looking at putting in a switch (to ground presumably), sending the overloaded signal generated immediately upon excitation (and a little while thereafter) into the dirt (so to speak), then passing the lot through a low-pass filter with a cut-off immediately above the highest resonance signal which is likely to be generated. That would reduce the amplitude of the samples, thereby reducing the effect(s) of the echo/etc, while sacrificing some resonance data. ... If by "initial signal" you mean the excitation bang, that's true. That's also why you isolate the receiver from the pick-up coil and have the pick-up coil at right angles to the driver coil. Isolation is done by several methods, a simple one is to put a diode across the input and run DC through it during the excitation pulse; the DC putting the diode into low-Z conduction mode, no DC and the low amplitude of the desired signal means the diode is a hi-Z shunt that doesn't affect the signal. But it's still not making much sense to me as to what is you are attempting to do. Possibly it's my never made it past systems engineer in the world of electronics. aliced25 National Hazard Posts: 262 Registered: 31-7-2010 Member Is Offline Mood: No Mood OK I'm going to have to do up a diagram showing the concept I've come up with... Can anyone help point me in the direction of where arsphenamine came up with the 160MHz figure? IIRC it was the maximum resonance return that could be expected from a 15ppm shift. I would just like to confirm this (as I am using TI excellent FilterPro Program to design the filter for the analog return signal, I'm thinking put the passband @/~ 160MHz and the stop band @/- 240MHz (that, with a gain of 50v/V or 33.98dB (and a negative gain of -50dB for those wavelengths outside the band), returns as a 4-Stage (8th Order) Chebychev Filter (with a straight line @/~160MHz), so I'd like to make sure that I have it right before I source the components & build it). I then have to determine how to synthesize an accurate frequency (the AD985x series aren't filtered). I also then have to work out which amplifier fits with which ADC combination, the trick is going to be the bandwidth 160MHz is still pretty chunky, especially if the majority of the signals are 1/10th of that. I'm looking toward the fast Delta-Sigma ADC's interfaced to the MCU (whichever variety), with several small (1/2 channel) ADC's running on an I2C/SPI/Parallel bus, sending the data into the processor. As the Delta-Sigma ADC's send, effectively, a noise-reduced, averaged signal, then collecting that will give a truer representation of what is in the mix. But I'll quickly explain the system as I see it, purely the spectrometer end - the analogue end will have to be worked out later. Interface + MCU USB 2.0 Port <==> MCU (with USB Transceiver + SPI/I2C/Parallel buses). Output The output will consist of either dual interleaved DAC's with a sine table & oscillator or a Programmable Integer-N Synthesizer + at least 1 PLL with onboard clock, etc. That should really give a fairly accurate signal (based upon what I've read). As the FGPA's have really only turned the output on and off, I'm confident I can achieve that with the MCU. The output can then be amplified until it meets the needs of the coil. The output will then be passed to a 50 Ohm RF Connector Socket. Input The analogue input will be taken from a 50 Ohm RF Connector Socket & filtered down to 200MHz (max - see attached). The filtered analogue signal will then be further amplified. It will then be passed to the multiple Dual ADC's (either high-speed, high-resolution SAR/Delta-Sigma). The ADC's will then transmit the 16/24 bit signals to the MCU via the relevant bus (all the ADC's will be slaved). Digital Signal Processing The data stream from the ADC's will then be further processed, with 2 filter algorithms, one for echo cancellation, the other for noise cancellation. They will then be averaged across the time domain and the average will be kept. They will also be, best case scenario (according to the application notes it is well within the MCU's capacity), an FFT/DFT will be performed on the entirety of the sample/data-set, giving an accurate FT-NMR result which, with the sample average, can be sent to the PC/Laptop/SD Card/etc. Other Issues I will not know until I can test the board & then try it with a coil in the magnet assembly, whether the level of homogeneity is adequate. If it is not, Golay Coils will be needed, but as no use has been made of the MCU's onboard DAC/PWM, then it should be possible to utilize these controls for the Golay Coils. Attachment: FilterPro.Design.Report.Schematic.Version.1.0.pdf (269kB) This file has been downloaded 570 times arsphenamine Hazard to Others Posts: 236 Registered: 12-8-2010 Location: I smell horses, Maryland, USA Member Is Offline Mood: No Mood Quote: Originally posted by aliced25 Can anyone help point me in the direction of where arsphenamine came up with the 160MHz figure? IIRC it was the maximum resonance return that could be expected from a 15ppm shift. No, because I never wrote that. The signal return is estimated by the ratio of up-down proton spin states and which, at its heart, contains a magnetic field term over a Boltzmann thermal distribution. The ratio is very small, but the great number of protons in organic matter means that it is sufficiently detectable. The NMR wiki has links to good pedagogical material. watson.fawkes International Hazard Posts: 2793 Registered: 16-8-2008 Member Is Offline Mood: No Mood Quote: Originally posted by aliced25 I then have to determine how to synthesize an accurate frequency (the AD985x series aren't filtered). Yeah, that's kind of a problem, isn't it. You're trying to measure frequency shifts in the range of a few parts per million, and you need a frequency reference with stability of less than that. One bad stage anywhere in your transmit/receive chain and you'll lose it all. Since I haven't seen it mentioned before, only hinted at, drink deeply the concept of "error budget". I did a brief search and this introductory article from Electronic Design came up first. It's by Bob Pease, and it's reasonably motivational. Now with this project it's not just a single circuit, but an entire instrumentation chain. Nowhere in this whole thread have I seen any component choice constrained by error analysis. And I don't mean anything about bit lengths or bandwidth queenery. I'm talking about the analog stages. It doesn't matter if you're sampling 24 bits at 1 Ghz if your analog noise is up at 100 ppm. I would heartily recommend doing this project in stages, and to make the first stage be a CW transmit/receive pair at the frequency of interest, paying special attention to frequency error issues. What's your calibration standard going to be for frequency stability? It's a pretty basic question, because it's relatively easy to make an oscillator that looks stable to the naked eye, which really means that it's at least as stable as your oscilloscope. Every oscilloscope has some internal timebase error, so you can't determine stability better than the capability of your scope. So, what's your calibration standard? And I'm not really referred to absolute frequency measurements, because you can eventually determine that with known samples. I'm speaking of calibration for oscillator stability, such things as jitter, phase noise, frequency drift, and the like. You'll need a stable time base somewhere in your lab, or access to one in someone else's lab. You could, for example, build an OCXO unit or buy one. I did a little looking around, and the cheapest one Digi-Key sells near your band, AOCJY-100.000MHZ-F, is$144 retail. It's got +/- 30 ppb stability (that's "b" as in "billion"), so that'd be adequate for measuring. Or you could build one. An OCXO unit all by itself would be a solid little open hardware project. It'd be particularly useful because you could more easily get custom crystal frequencies. But back to the question: what's going to be your metrology standard for frequency stability?
After you've got CW working at some known stability, then you can worry about high power and pulsed switching. This isn't trivial either, since the transients induced by switching definitely have the capacity to wreak havoc with your frequency stability. But you can't possibly know if they are or not in the absence of a measurement and calibration regime.
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Seconding watson.fawkes It's worth getting a highly stable frequency reference. Use a PLL+dividers to get other frequencies (f<sub>r</sub>*M/N ), use a DDS chip to get fine control of frequency and phase and to quickly shift between several pre-selected frequencies. Filter those outputs with bandpass or low pass filters to get good clean sine without higher frequency stuff.
Remember that for many of the applications you want to do, your talking about resolving sub-part-per-million values and collecting data over hundreds of milliseconds; if your base time/frequency reference isn't up to it, it matters not how good the analogue chain is or how fast your ADC and DSP are. A good OCXO is worth it, pick a useful frequency that conveniently supports the other frequencies and time intervals you need (20 MHz gives 50 nsec resolution and all that). This is especially true if you do spin-echo to compensate for inhomogeneity in the magnetic field.
I'd separate the ADC+FFT/DSP section, basically the digital stages, from the analogue front end - put them on separate PCBs with low-Z analogue signals plus SPI/I2C controls and maybe some other simple digital signals; USB goes on the digital board. This makes it easier to get low noise in the front end, keeps all the noise from DSPs and RAM away from it. Also there is fair to considerable differences in the analogue for the applications you listed, it would be simpler to do an application specific front end. FT-NMR needs strong signal generation plus low level amplification and translation to lower frequencies. FT-Raman sees a fairly narrow spectrum, input signals of under a MHz, and ramped or stepped power output; Ft-IR is similar except the spectrum is wider and the signal band of lower frequency due to slower detectors. Doing FT-UV-Vis is somewhat demanding on the optics including sensor, you're talking at least 300 to 800 nm, 200 to 1000 for a good system and sensors for that much range are likely rather pricey - the FT techniques often used for wideband UV-Vis typically use 2D detectors. For the optical stuff you often have a reference channel that is processed the same way as the sample one, twinning the front end. No offsetting from some reference frequency, no IF stages, oftn no I/Q signals.
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re: ppm vs. Hz calculations
Assumption: anything you want to see in 1H NMR is within 15 ppm of the Larmor Frequency,
although most of it is within 8 ppm.
ppm = parts per million from which you infer a 1e-6 multiplier.
15 ppm of a 42.5MHz Larmor Frequency = 15e-6 * 42.5e6 = 637.5 Hz.
The phrase downfield shift was current in pre-FFT (viz., continuous wave) NMR spectroscopy.
Back then, it was easier to decrementally sweep the magnetic field than with an RF oscillator.
A 15 ppm shift in 60MHz 1H NMR is equivalent to a 0.2 Gauss field change.
0.2 Gauss.
A miniscule 0.2 Gauss.
An amount slightly less than the minimum observed Earth magnetic field.
In a 14092 Gauss field.
You need a frequency standard that is at worst 100x as stable over
the measurement interval, i.e., no more than 150 parts per billion.
The fineness of field and frequency control required is extreme
even by today's technological standards.
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Note that you don't need the high quality reference to start with, you can use a simple crystal oscillator to get things debugged, and even see some NMR results. But for any sort of analytical work you'll need to sub in a hig-stab source.
Quote: analog return signal, I'm thinking put the passband @/~ 160MHz and the stop band @/- 240MHz
'The results in your PDF are for KHZ, not MHZ ...
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Quote: Originally posted by watson.fawkes An OCXO unit all by itself would be a solid little open hardware project.
+1
A search on "crystal oven" turns up some delightful projects ranging from
a pure analog design that heat the crystal with a power transistor and sense by thermistor,
to microcontroller PID systems using the venerable LM35 linear temp sensor.
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Quote: Originally posted by not_important
Note that you don't need the high quality reference to start with, you can use a simple crystal oscillator to get things debugged, and even see some NMR results. But for any sort of analytical work you'll need to sub in a hig-stab source.
Quote: analog return signal, I'm thinking put the passband @/~ 160MHz and the stop band @/- 240MHz
'The results in your PDF are for KHZ, not MHZ ...
Um, yeah sorry about that - I was thinking something else entirely and wrote the wrong thing (My bad), the actual filter design was intended to cut-off from 240kHz with the 0-160kHz pass. I do seem to "recall" reading that some of the expected return was in the 150kHz region, if not that makes life easier, the smaller the bandwidth of the signal fed to the ADC, the smaller the reference bandwidth and the better the result.
I'm actually looking for a way to narrow the generated signal - ie a lowpass filter, at the requisite band, which would also help to ensure stability in the bandwidth (but not necessarily the strength transmitted) of interest.
As to physically separating the digital & analog, I was thinking that if separate ground planes were used it should be possible to keep the noise down (especially if the power source is separated), these have everything on one board and I'm presuming the signal integrity would be at least as high. It's also good to see things like that, it helps me to realise that I'm not "inventing the wheel" (for all that I AM reinventing it somewhat)
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Separate grounds is a requirement given the low level signals. But NMR will need a bunch of more-or-less analogue functionality that the other instruments won't, makes more sense to build that into a head for NMR and send the AF-ish signals to the digital section over low-Z twisted pair.
Also note the phase shift for the amp design, that might be important in some applications.
Note that crystal oscillators may have short term jitter and hase instability, syncing a PLL with a rather low pass feedback can improve those factors.
As those pages note, good insulation surrounding the OCXO is helpful. Enclosing that in a container with high volumetric heat capacity (Cu or Fe) can also be helpful as it reduces the impact of sudden changes in external temperature.
Quote: I'm actually looking for a way to narrow the generated signal - ie a lowpass filter, at the requisite band, which would also help to ensure stability in the bandwidth (but not necessarily the strength transmitted) of interest.
Which generated signal? The received one? That's what one of more IFs help with, followed by low pass filtering of the 'audio', high rate oversampling of the signal (means that a wider range of frequencies above the band of interest get properly digitised without folding over) followed by digital low-pass filter.
[Edited on 10-10-2010 by not_important]
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I was actually talking about the 43-44MHz signal, the use of a filter on that to keep the output within a specific narrow bandwidth is what I'm looking for.
As for filtering and amplifying the return signal, if the resonance signal is in the "audio" range, then the number of options in the way of low-cost, high-precision filters, amplifiers, etc. grows exponentially (some go to 100-120kHz). High speed ADC's, including MSPS ΔΣ ADC's with oversampling, are much easier to match to the audio bandwidth than any other (obviously, that is the purpose behind the manufacture thereof). High-end audio components cost next to nothing when dealing with IC's, they are high-volume products.
I'm looking at Digital Interpolating Filters for the DAC's and/or integer-n PLL's (all digital PLL's are available) but fully integrated circuits aren't available at the 40-50MHz range unfortunately (well some are, but they still need cleaning up). High speed interleaved 12-bit Dual DAC's with PLL & a filter would allow for much easier pulse-generation & timing than would be possible with other components. Just pre-program the table look up and the pulse length & subsequent wait period, with the number of pulses also set by programming.
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Quote: Originally posted by aliced25 I was actually talking about the 43-44MHz signal, the use of a filter on that to keep the output within a specific narrow bandwidth is what I'm looking for.
It's called a tuned circuit, or a bandpass filter - both done with inductors and capacitors. With most M/N PLL and DDS chips, the leftovers from generating the target frequency are much higher than the desired output, simply filters take car of them.
Quote: As for filtering and amplifying the return signal, if the resonance signal is in the "audio" range, then the number of options in the way of low-cost, high-precision filters, amplifiers, etc. grows exponentially (some go to 100-120kHz). High speed ADC's, including MSPS ΔΣ ADC's with oversampling, are much easier to match to the audio bandwidth than any other (obviously, that is the purpose behind the manufacture thereof). High-end audio components cost next to nothing when dealing with IC's, they are high-volume products.
The FID signals are standard NMR, plug in your magnetic field and see what the value will be - 10s of MHz for the fields you've been talking about. You need to mix the received signal with the high stability reference to generate the lower frequency stuff. You still need to worry about the image on the other side of the reference, which is why there's generally at least one IF stage - take a, say, 80 MHz FID signal, mix it down to 10.7 MHz, the image frequency is 21.4 MHz away, 10.7 MHz on the other side of the reference, so your RF front end just needs to block that range well (in this case 1/8 the reference or desired signal, no prob). Then demod the IF to AF, or use a second lower frequency IF followed by down-conversion to AF. As noted earlier, generation a reference + 200 Hz (for example) frequency for the down conversion means that the signals you want will all be in the audio range with no DC or really low frequencies to worry about.
Quote: I'm looking at Digital Interpolating Filters for the DAC's and/or integer-n PLL's (all digital PLL's are available) but fully integrated circuits aren't available at the 40-50MHz range unfortunately (well some are, but they still need cleaning up). High speed interleaved 12-bit Dual DAC's with PLL & a filter would allow for much easier pulse-generation & timing than would be possible with other components. Just pre-program the table look up and the pulse length & subsequent wait period, with the number of pulses also set by programming.
I still don't see this, it sounds quite complex for just generating pulses of RF; DACs are just not making sense. Just use a diode bridge or balanced mixer to gate the RF. The RF should be derived from your master reference, and you don't turn oscillators on and off if you're expecting any sort of solid, stable signal out of them. The control pulses come from timers counting at a high enough frequency to give the needed resolution, also derived from the master reference. Some signal generator (PLL/DDS) chip include smart gating that allows near zero-crossing gating; or you can Schmitt trigger the RF and count cycles to generate gating signals locked to the RF.
BTH - the DACs you referenced in a previous message won't hack it - check the settling times, and how long it takes to get a setting into the DAC even at max control line rate.
[Edited on 10-10-2010 by not_important]
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/how-far-can-light-travel.206196/
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# How far can light travel?
1. Dec 27, 2007
### InfinateLoop
I am hoping someone could let me know how far light can travel?
2. Dec 27, 2007
### ok123jump
If light (as in photons) were in a vacuum, it would travel forever in a given direction.
In reality however, it is far more probable that light will experience disturbances (absorption, reflection, refraction, etc..) as it moves through space - thus, it's distance of travel is limited to some finite distance. I do not think that there is any good estimation for this realistic finite distance. Clearly, this finite distance depends on the situation of the light being transmitted, direction and regions of space through which it will travel.
Last edited: Dec 27, 2007
3. Dec 27, 2007
### InfinateLoop
So do these disturbances destroy the light? I'm a little confused to what actually happens to the energy/photons.
4. Dec 27, 2007
### belliott4488
Photons can be "destroyed", although the more usual term is "absorbed". Their energy is then transferred to the material (particles) that absorbed them. They might also be reflected (or re-radiated, if you prefer the quantum-mechanical version), in which case they might have lost some energy to the reflective surface.
Classically, light is simply absorbed, much as a sound wave can be absorbed by a soft material. In Quantum Theory, there are fundamental interactions wherein a photon interacts with a charged particle, e.g. an electron, and the photon is absorbed. Another way this is stated is that "photon number is not conserved", i.e. you can create and destroy photons.
That was somewhat rambling - I hope it helped.
5. Dec 27, 2007
### InfinateLoop
So on a quantum level is this a massive collision? A photon is traveling at c and comes to a screeching halt?
6. Dec 27, 2007
### ok123jump
[Removed Text] I wasn't correct about the facts.
Last edited: Dec 27, 2007
7. Dec 27, 2007
### belliott4488
I'm not sure what you mean by a "massive collision".
Unfortunately, Quantum Field Theory stops short of describing in detail what happens to the fields that correspond to the particles participating in an interaction like this. One thing that is for sure, however, is that you have to leave behind the classical picture of a particle as a discrete object; the photon and the electron are both represented by quantum fields that carry certain properties. The energy and momentum of the photon are transferred to the electron, and the photon field is no more. I'm speaking very loosely here, and if you want a better picture, I think you'll have to post a question specifically about particle interactions in Quantum Field Theory.
Alternatively, you could just stay in the classical realm, where light is only a wave form of an electromagnetic field (no photons). In this case, the EM field exerts forces on the electrons in the absorbent material, which react by absorbing the energy of the incoming field. Since the electrons have EM fields of their own, you could think of these fields as "swallowing up" the incoming field, although I've never heard a physicist describe it this way!
8. Dec 27, 2007
### belliott4488
Sorry, I don't think that's right. EM fields most definitely carry momentum and can transfer it to massive particles. Invoking F=ma isn't quite appropriate since it describes the acceleration of a massive particle, which, as you've said, the photon is not. Better is to use F=dp/dt, i.e. a force produces a proportional change in momentum (which reduces to ma for a particle with constant non-zero mass).
In any case, the momentum transfer from light (i.e. EM waves) to massive objects is well-known, and is responsible for the solar radiation pressure that is exerted on satellites in orbit, or which would drive the solar sails that have been suggested as a form of propulsion in space.
9. May 22, 2010
### thomas pesek
OK so light will stop if some force interacts with it.
but what about light that misses an event, and keeps traveling in the vacuum of space ?
was just wondering, in SETI, instead of searching for sound, wouldn't it be wiser to search for light ? wouldn't that travel farther and faster ?
instead of looking out wards, why don't we look in wards ?
I mean, why not send out messages ourselves, piggy backed on lazer beams ?
if found, maybe they'll reply ?
maybe green men are out there and are just waiting for us to call them first ?
10. May 22, 2010
### dgtech
So then it is possible for the observable universe to be limited by distance rather than time?
11. May 22, 2010
### Kynnath
It's limited by both, in a sense. Light travels at a fixed speed. So you can describe the observable universe in terms of the distance the light we can see travelled, or the time it took it to travel that distance. The result is the same either way.
12. May 22, 2010
### dgtech
But how do we make sure? The only thing we know for sure is light gets absorbed and decays, everything else is just unproven hypothesis.
13. May 22, 2010
### Kynnath
We don't need to be sure, and proving is not possible. So long as the model we have is internally consistent and agrees with observations, it's good enough.
I'm don't know myself, but astronomers have figured out ways to measure the distance of the farthest emissions we can see (observable universe is, after all, how much of the universe we can see). Then again, for astronomers, a couple orders of magnitude of error is 'precise'. But seeing as I don't want to do the math myself, I'm happy to take them at their word.
14. May 22, 2010
### dgtech
Yes, I know that, but those ways of measuring are also based on plenty of assumptions, plus there was so much controversial evidence discovered, which was hurried to be "reevaluated" and reinterpreted in a more convenient form. IMO there is a strong element of "believing" and wishful thinking in that area :)
15. May 22, 2010
### pallidin
Does a photon, given enough space and time(and totally unimpeded), eventually "flat line"?
16. May 22, 2010
### dgtech
It's not a practical question, perfect vacuum likely does not exist
However, even in perfect vacuum gravity will affect photons - a very weak effect but present, at least in the current model
17. May 22, 2010
### pallidin
OK, unimpeded with respect to physical blocking atoms/objects.
What happens to that photon over VERY EXTENDED time? Decrease in wavelength?
18. May 22, 2010
### dgtech
you mean redshift?
19. May 22, 2010
### pallidin
No. Redshift requires that the emmiter and observer be separate and moving away from each other.
I just want to know what happens to a photon if it goes on, and on, and on.
Does it change?
20. May 22, 2010
### dgtech
if there is nothing to take away its energy potential theoretically it shouldn't decay
or at least I think so
I don't really have an idea what the photon actually is made of, maybe it can decay if there are some internal dynamics in it, that interact with each other and displace some form of energy
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https://iohprofiler.github.io/IOHanalyzer/data/
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Specific formats are required to load your benchmark data to IOHanalyzer. If your data sets are generated in the format of
then you could skip this section. Needless to say, you are encouraged to convert your own benchmark data to the format regulated here!
File Structure
In general, when benchmarking IOHs on several test functions/problems and dimensions, the raw data files are grouped by the test function and stored in sub-folders (the same with the COCO/BBOB data format). For example, one example file structure is outlined as follows:
Generally, in the data folder (./ here), the following files are mandatory for IOHanalyzer:
• Meta-data (e.g., IOHprofiler_f1.info) summarizes the algorithmic performance for each problem instance, with naming the following naming convention:
IOHprofiler_f<function ID>[_function name].info
• Here, <function ID> is required. [_function name] is optional.
• function ID: can take either an integer or a string as its value.
• function name is only optional and is typically when the function ID is an integer.
• Raw-data (e.g., IOHprofiler_f1_DIM100.dat) are CSV-like files that contain performance information indexed by the running time. Raw-data files are named in the similar manner as with the meta-data:
IOHprofiler_f<function ID>_DIM_<dimension>.[t|i|c]dat
• dimension must be an integer.
• [t|i|c] indicates three choices for this option.
• Using IOHexperimenter, you could produce four types of raw data files: *.dat, *.idat, *.tdat, and *.cdat, which share exactly the same format and only differ in the logging events at which data are recorded.
Meta-data
The meta data are implemented in a format that is very similar to that in the COCO/BBOB data sets. Note that one meta-data file can consist of several dimensions. Please see the detail below. An example is provided as follows:
suite = 'PBO', funcId = 10, DIM = 100, algId = '(1+1) fGA'
%
data_f10/IOHprofiler_f10_DIM625.dat, 1:1953125|5.59000e+02,
1:1953125|5.59000e+02, 1:1953125|5.59000e+02, 1:1953125|5.54000e+02,
1:1953125|5.59000e+02, 1:1953125|5.64000e+02, 1:1953125|5.54000e+02,
1:1953125|5.59000e+02, 1:1953125|5.49000e+02, 1:1953125|5.54000e+02,
1:1953125|5.49000e+02
suite = 'PBO', funcId = 10, DIM = 625, algId = '(1+1) fGA'
%
data_f10/IOHprofiler_f10_DIM625.dat, 1:1953125|5.59000e+02,
1:1953125|5.59000e+02, 1:1953125|5.59000e+02, 1:1953125|5.54000e+02,
1:1953125|5.59000e+02, 1:1953125|5.64000e+02, 1:1953125|5.54000e+02,
1:1953125|5.59000e+02, 1:1953125|5.49000e+02, 1:1953125|5.54000e+02,
1:1953125|5.49000e+02
...
A three-line structure is used for each dimension:
• The first line stores some meta-information of the experiment as (key, value) pairs. Note that such pairs are separated by commas. Three keys, funcId, DIM, and algId are case-sensitive and mandatory.
• The second line always starts with a single %, indicating what follows this symbol should be the general comments from the user on this experiment. By default, it is left empty.
• The third line starts with the relative path to the actual data file, followed by the meta-information obtained on each instance, with the following format:
$$\underbrace{1}_{\text{instance number}}:\underbrace{1953125}_{\text{#FE}}|\;\underbrace{5.59000\text{e+02}}_{\text{best-so-far f(x)}}$$
$\text{#FE}$ stands for the number of function evaluations.
Raw-data
The format of raw data is illustrated by the example below (with dummy data records):
"function evaluation" "current f(x)" "best-so-far f(x)" "current af(x)+b" "best af(x)+b" "parameter name" ...
1 +2.95000e+02 +2.95000e+02 +2.95000e+02 +2.95000e+02 0.000000 ...
2 +2.96000e+02 +2.96000e+02 +2.96000e+02 +2.96000e+02 0.001600 ...
4 +3.07000e+02 +3.07000e+02 +3.07000e+02 +3.07000e+02 0.219200 ...
9 +3.11000e+02 +3.11000e+02 +3.11000e+02 +3.11000e+02 0.006400 ...
12 +3.12000e+02 +3.12000e+02 +3.12000e+02 +3.12000e+02 0.001600 ...
16 +3.16000e+02 +3.16000e+02 +3.16000e+02 +3.16000e+02 0.006400 ...
20 +3.17000e+02 +3.17000e+02 +3.17000e+02 +3.17000e+02 0.001600 ...
23 +3.28000e+02 +3.28000e+02 +3.28000e+02 +3.28000e+02 0.027200 ...
27 +3.39000e+02 +3.39000e+02 +3.39000e+02 +3.39000e+02 0.059200 ...
"function evaluation" "current f(x)" "best-so-far f(x)" "current af(x)+b" "best af(x)+b" "parameter name" ...
1 +3.20000e+02 +3.20000e+02 +3.20000e+02 +3.20000e+02 1.000000 ...
24 +3.44000e+02 +3.44000e+02 +3.44000e+02 +3.44000e+02 2.000000 ...
60 +3.64000e+02 +3.64000e+02 +3.64000e+02 +3.64000e+02 3.000000 ...
"function evaluation" "current f(x)" "best-so-far f(x)" "current af(x)+b" "best af(x)+b" "parameter name" ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Note that, the columns and header of this format is regulated as follows:
1. [mandatory] each separation line (the line that starts with “function evaluation”) serves as a separator among different independent runs of the same algorithm. Therefore, it is clear that the data block between two separation lines corresponds to a single run a triplet of (dimension, function, instance). The double quotation () in the separation line shall always be kept, and it cannot be replaced with single quotation ().
2. [mandatory] “function evaluation” the current number of function evaluations. In the target-based tracking file (*.dat), a block of records (representing one independent run, separated by the separation line) MUST end with the last function evaluation, if the target value is not reached in this run. This is critical for calculating the correct expected running time (ERT) value: please see the logging events section for the detail.
3. [mandatory] “best-so-far f(x)” keeps track of the best function value observed since the beginning of one run.
4. [optional] “current f(x)” stands for the function value observed when the corresponding number of function evaluations is consumed.
5. [optional] The value stored under “current af(x)+b” and “best af(x)+b”, are so-called transformed function values obtained on each function instances that are generated by translating the original function in its domain and co-domain.
6. [optional] In addition, a parameter value (named “parameter”) is also tracked in this example, and recording more parameter value is also facilitated. In case the quotation symbol is needed in the parameter name, please use the single quotation ().
7. Each data line should contain a complete record. Incomplete data records will be dropped when loading the data into IOHanalyzer.
8. A single space or tab can be used (only one of them should be used consistently in a single data file), to separate the columns.
Two-Column Format
The raw data file comes in its simplest form, if we only keep the mandatory items from the list above:
"function evaluation" "best-so-far f(x)"
1 +2.95000e+02
2 +2.96000e+02
4 +3.07000e+02
23 +3.28000e+02
27 +3.39000e+02
"function evaluation" "best-so-far f(x)"
1 +3.20000e+02
... ...
Logging Events
It is important to decide on which occasions data of the running algorithm should be recorded. On the one hand, it is straightforward to register the information for every function evaluation. However, this might lead to a huge amount of data to store, where some degree of data redundancy would occur since an iterative optimization heuristic would not make progress on every function evaluation. On the other hand, it is also possible to bookkeep the information of the algorithm once in a while, when an “interesting” event happens during the optimization process, e.g., the best function value found so far is improved, or the algorithm yields a numerical error. To make a trade-off here, four different data files (one mandatory and three optional ones) are provided in IOHexperimenter:
• [Mandatory] Target-based tracking (*.dat): a record is collected if an improvement on the “best-so-far f(x)” value is observed. Note that this data file is always generated. In this case, a block of records (representing one independent run) in the raw data MUST end with the last function evaluation, if the target value is not reached in this run. This is critical for calculating the correct expected running time (ERT) value: *.dat is an improvement-based tracking file, where one new line is written only if it is improving “best-so-far f(x)”. If the final target is actually reached, the line of the final FE will be recorded as the algorithm terminates in the same time. If the final target is not reached, we might loose the final number of FEs since the algorithm can stagnate and hence no new line will be written.
• [Optional] Interval tracking (*.idat): a record is collected every $\tau$-th function evaluation, where the interval $\tau$ can be controlled by the user. By default $\tau$ is set to zero and the interval tracking functionality is turned off.
• [Optional] Time-based tracking (*.tdat): a record is collected when the user-specified checkpoints on the running time are reached. These checkpoints are evenly spaced in the $\log_{10}$ scale, taking the following two forms: 1) ${v10^i \mid i = 0, 1,2, \ldots}$ with $v\in {1,2,5}$ by default and 2) ${10^{i / t} \mid i=0, 1,2,\ldots}$ with $t=3$ by default.
• [Optional] Complete tracking (*.cdat): a record is collected for every function evaluation, providing the highest granularity. This functionality is also turned off by default, as it might incur a large volume of data.
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https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-20146-8?error=cookies_not_supported&code=36deaf99-46d9-4b53-8500-ea2dd9864312
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Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.
# Construction and integration of three de novo Japanese human genome assemblies toward a population-specific reference
## Abstract
The complete human genome sequence is used as a reference for next-generation sequencing analyses. However, some ethnic ancestries are under-represented in the reference genome (e.g., GRCh37) due to its bias toward European and African ancestries. Here, we perform de novo assembly of three Japanese male genomes using > 100× Pacific Biosciences long reads and Bionano Genomics optical maps per sample. We integrate the genomes using the major allele for consensus and anchor the scaffolds using genetic and radiation hybrid maps to reconstruct each chromosome. The resulting genome sequence, JG1, is contiguous, accurate, and carries the Japanese major allele at most loci. We adopt JG1 as the reference for confirmatory exome re-analyses of seven rare-disease Japanese families and find that re-analysis using JG1 reduces total candidate variant calls versus GRCh37 while retaining disease-causing variants. These results suggest that integrating multiple genomes from a single population can aid genome analyses of that population.
## Introduction
The complete human genome sequence1,2 has been an invaluable resource for both basic research in human genetics and clinical diagnosis. The complete genome sequence—also called “the reference genome”—is currently used as a target for mapping the enormous number of short reads generated using major next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques3,4. Because the short reads generated in NGS studies are approximately 100–300 bp in length, mapping them to the reference genome is an indispensable step for calling single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and short insertions and deletions (indels) in the sample individuals. The coordinate system of the reference genome is used for biological and medical annotations, such as the position or sequence of specific genes, or sites of causal variants associated with both rare and common diseases. Therefore, the reference genome is one of the most foundational resources in human genetics, and as such, it is maintained and continually updated by the Genome Reference Consortium (GRC). The latest and second-latest versions of the reference genome (GRCh38/hg38 and GRCh37/hg19, published in 2013 and in 2009, respectively) are nearly complete, and both are widely used for NGS analyses and genome annotations5,6.
The reference genome was constructed using a hierarchical shotgun sequencing strategy in which fragmented genomic DNA segments cloned in bacterial (BAC) or P1-derived (PAC) artificial chromosome libraries were arranged into a correct physical map to guarantee that the reference genome was haploid (mosaic)1. The assembled contigs or scaffolds were then anchored on each chromosome using information from genetic and radiation hybrid (RH) maps, which have thousands to tens of thousands of sequence-tagged site (STS) markers in linkage groups (i.e., chromosomes). It should be noted that these genetic and RH maps are original information sources used to construct the reference genome and not derived from the reference genome itself.
Although the reference genome is a resource of unparalleled value, several of its characteristics are not ideal for application to NGS analyses, particularly for some populations7. For example, although the reference genome is constructed using genetic information from multiple donors, each clone comprising the resulting reference genome is derived from either haploid genome of a particular individual. As such, the reference genome inevitably harbors rare or even private variants. Over 90,000 rare variants were used as a reference allele including disease-susceptibility variants for thrombophilia and type 2 diabetes8,9. Inclusion of such variants in the reference can lead to erroneous and confusing results of short-read mapping or variant calling9. As NGS analyses typically assume that the reference allele is the ancestral, healthy, or major allele for any variable site, the inclusion of such rare alleles may also confuse subsequent interpretations.
Another possible problem associated with the reference genome is that the samples used for its construction are biased toward African and European ancestries. For example, > 70% of the reference genome is composed of a BAC library known as RP-11 (aliased RPCI-11)1 from a donor with both African and European ancestry10. With the exception of one donor with an Asian background, all of the donors had a European background resulting in the composition of an Asian haplotype for 4.3% of the reference genome1,10. In addition, recent studies revealed a lack of (population-specific) sequences in the reference genome, and discovered thousands of structural variants (SVs) in worldwide samples11,12,13,14. These issues can also complicate short-read mapping and variant callings.
Several studies have examined ways to overcome the abovementioned drawbacks to the reference genome. Dewey et al.15 proposed modifying the reference genome by substituting its minor variants with the major variants from African, Asian, or European populations15. The resulting modified reference genome was better-suited for genome analyses of sample individuals with matched population backgrounds. Several studies16,17,18,19 utilized a genome graph, which is an extended reference genome represented as a graph harboring known variants. Other studies have proposed the addition of sequences not included in the reference genome11,12,20,21. However, as these proposed adjustments are based largely on variants discovered using the reference genome itself, albeit only partially, in a circular fashion, some reference bias could remain.
One promising approach to address these problems is to construct reference genomes specific to ethnic populations of interest22. Although costly, highly contiguous de novo assembly—independent reconstruction—of the entire human genome is now feasible using, for example, Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) single molecule, real-time (SMRT) long reads (~10 kb in length) and Bionano Genomics (Bionano) optical mapping, which generates a high-resolution physical map20,23,24,25. Combining these approaches is known as ‘hybrid scaffolding,’ which is carried out in three steps: 1) PacBio long reads are de novo assembled to yield primary contigs; 2) Bionano optical maps are also de novo assembled (independent of the PacBio assembly) to yield genome maps; and 3) the PacBio-derived contigs are scaffolded by the Bionano genome maps. This strategy is analogous to the hierarchical shotgun sequencing strategy used in the Human Genome Project1 with arrangements of long sequences from BAC/PAC on a physical map. Although assemblies generated in recent studies were highly contiguous and accurate, the assembled sequences were rarely anchored to a set of chromosomes (i.e., pseudo-molecules), thus making their use as references for NGS analyses impractical. Moreover, a single haploid assembly from a single individual cannot be used to solve the rare reference allele problem. A notable exception is the KOREF genome sequence22, in which a Korean reference genome was constructed by de novo assembly of the genome sequence of a Korean individual, reconstructed as pseudo-molecules, and rare variants were substituted with short reads from 40 Korean individuals. However, the KOREF genome assembly was found to be less contiguous than long read-based assemblies because the primary sequencing platform was a short-read sequencer, and KOREF depended heavily on the reference genome because chromosome building was carried out by sequence-based alignment of scaffolds onto GRCh38.
In this work, using a hybrid scaffolding strategy, we construct a reference genome, JG1, by integrating de novo assemblies of three Japanese individuals. After merging the three haploid assemblies constructed using a hybrid scaffolding strategy, we define major variants among the three (i.e., majority decision) and adopt them as the reference allele. We also position the scaffolds along chromosomes with the aid of conventional genetic and RH maps. We then assess the extent to which JG1 represents the major variants in the Japanese population in terms of SNVs and SVs. As an example potential application, we also demonstrate the utility of using JG1 as a reference genome in NGS analyses aimed at identifying the causal variants of several rare diseases. We demonstrate that the multiple-genome integration strategy is effective in constructing a population-specific genome.
## Results
### Construction of JG1
To construct a genome sequence with population reference-quality, the population background of the reference genome should not significantly diverge from the backgrounds of sample individuals in order to reduce unnecessary variant calls that merely reflect the difference in the population background. In the case of our study, the donor should therefore be chosen from the Japanese population originating from the main island of Japan. In addition, we built the Japanese reference genome independent of the GRC reference genome in order to eliminate known ethnic biases toward African and European backgrounds as well as any other (and possibly unknown) biases. We therefore performed de novo assembly of the Japanese human genome. Majority-based decision-making regarding multiple de novo assemblies was implemented as an effective way to avoid inclusion of rare reference alleles. This majority-based decision-making strategy produced a haploid genome sequence amenable to analyses using currently available and standard bioinformatics tools for NGS data.
We recruited three male Japanese volunteers, and they were given the sample names jg1a, jg1b, and jg1c (jg1a is the same individual as JPN0000121). Principal component analysis (PCA) based on the genotypes inferred by whole-genome sequencing indicated that the subjects were scattered within the cluster of the Japanese population (Fig. 1a). G-banding analyses (Supplementary Fig. 1) indicated that all three individuals had a normal karyotype, although subject jg1a had a common pericentric inversion within chromosome 9, inv(9)(p12q13). Because it was difficult to assemble the pericentric region of chromosome 9 equally for all three subjects, this variation does not appear to have affected the assembly results (Supplementary Fig. 2).
To construct a reference-quality haploid genome sequence, we integrated the three de novo assembled genomes (see Supplementary Fig. 3 for an overview; see Supplementary Tables 13 for materials). For each subject, we sequenced deeply (122× for jg1a, 123× for jg1b, and 128× for jg1c) using PacBio technology (Supplementary Fig. 4 and Supplementary Table 1) and then performed de novo assembly using Falcon software26. The de novo assemblies yielded 2194, 2227, and 2120 primary contigs for jg1a, jg1b, and jg1c, respectively (Supplementary Table 4). The contig N50 value was approximately 20 Mb for the three subjects (Supplementary Table 4). Using ArrowGrid software27, the primary contigs were then error-corrected (polished) with the same long reads used for the initial de novo assembly.
We also obtained deep Bionano optical maps for each subject (123× and 140× for two enzymes for jg1a; 160× and 175× for one enzyme for jg1b and jg1c, respectively; Supplementary Fig. 5 and Supplementary Table 2) and performed de novo assemblies of these optical maps to generate genome maps (Supplementary Table 5). Each de novo assembly of the Bionano optical maps was performed in two rounds (rough and full) to guarantee independence relative to the GRC reference genome (see Methods section). We then performed hybrid scaffolding between the PacBio-derived contigs and the Bionano-derived genome maps. The resulting hybrid scaffolds were then polished with 55×, 59×, and 57× Illumina short reads for subjects jg1a, jg1b, and jg1c, respectively (Supplementary Table 3). The number and N50 value of the resulting hybrid scaffolds were 1911, 1893, and 1797, and 86.28 Mb, 59.38 Mb, and 58.20 Mb for subjects jg1a, jg1b, and jg1c, respectively (Supplementary Table 4). The number and length of gap regions in the hybrid scaffolds were 417, 413, and 380 and 34.3 Mb, 28.3 Mb, and 24.5 Mb, respectively (Supplementary Table 4; see Supplementary Fig. 6a–c for the gap position). These and other assembly statistics were better than or comparable to other published de novo assemblies (Table 1 and Supplementary Tables 4 and 6). The estimated base-error rate of the three sets of polished hybrid scaffolds was 1.02–1.46 × 10–5, being well below the standard base-error rate of 1 × 10–4 for reference quality25 (Supplementary Table 7).
To enhance the quality of our genome assembly, we adopted a meta-assembly strategy in which multiple assemblies were merged to yield a single assembly. In meta-assembly strategies, individual assemblies are aligned, and one best assembly is selected for each aligned segment based on the absence of rare SVs, unresolved sequences, or possible mis-assembly inferred by other experimental evidence, such as mate-pair sequencing data28. For meta-assembly, Metassembler software28 was applied to 37× mate-pair short reads from the three subjects in sum to infer discordance among the individual scaffolds (Supplementary Table 3; see Supplementary Fig. 7 for fragment size distribution). A total of 12 meta-assemblies, or sets of meta-scaffolds, were generated from the three sets of scaffolds, based on the order and combination of the processed sets of scaffolds (see Methods section). Among the 12 possible combinations, we found that one combination (jg1c + (jg1a + jg1b))—which merged the scaffolds of jg1c with the meta-scaffolds generated from those of jg1a and jg1b in this order—exhibited no apparent large chimeric mis-assembly in any autosomes. This combination was chosen for the downstream sophistications; the absence of chimeric mis-assembly was assessed using STS markers described later. This set of meta-scaffolds exhibited better contiguity and accuracy than the original set of scaffolds for subject jg1c (Supplementary Table 4).
Although meta-scaffolds were more contiguous and accurate than individual sets of scaffolds, rare reference alleles should still have been retained in the meta-scaffolds. To eliminate these rare reference alleles, we aligned the three individual sets of scaffolds against the meta-scaffolds, performed variant calling, defined the major allele among the three sets of scaffolds, and substituted the minor allele on the meta-scaffolds for the major allele in terms of SNVs, indels, and SVs (Supplementary Fig. 8a). For tri-allelic sites, we chose one allele randomly among the three as a reference allele. The total number of multi-allelic sites was 120,937, among which it was estimated that erroneous alleles were chosen at only 30 sites via this random choice (see Supplementary Note 1 for more details). We also found that two assemblies among the three contained a 2.6 Mb inversion in the long arm of chromosome 9 (Supplementary Fig. 2), and we confirmed that the meta-scaffolds also contained the inversion.
We next tried to anchor the majority-voted meta-scaffolds on each chromosome. To do so, we utilized a total of 85,386 distinct STS markers from three genetic maps and six RH maps pre-dated the reference genome: the Genethon29, deCODE30, and Marshfield31 genetic maps and the Whitehead-RH32, GeneMap99-GB433, GeneMap99-G333, Stanford-G334, NCBI_RH35, and TNG36 RH maps. We searched for in silico amplification of STS markers by electronic PCR analysis of the meta-scaffolds and used ALLMAPS software37 to order and orient the meta-scaffolds to build chromosomes. The co-linearities between the anchored meta-scaffolds and genetic and RH maps were 0.999 ± 0.004 and 0.986 ± 0.021, respectively (Pearson’s correlation coefficient; mean ± SD). However, we found that ALLMAPS using all nine abovementioned maps did not assign any meta-scaffolds to the Y chromosome, probably because most of the maps did not include the Y chromosome. Nonetheless, we found that ALLMAPS using three of the nine maps (deCODE, TNG, and Stanford-G3) assigned some meta-scaffolds to the Y chromosome as well as autosomes and the X chromosome. Therefore, we adopted the ALLMAPS assignment with the nine maps for autosomal assignment and those with three maps to the sex chromosomes.
After anchoring these meta-scaffolds to chromosomes, we found a chimera in the sex chromosomes. A meta-scaffold harboring the SRY locus, a gene on the Y chromosome, was chimeric and anchored to the long arm of the X chromosome in the selected set of meta-scaffolds. We therefore chose a set of meta-scaffolds from another set of meta-scaffolds (jg1a + (jg1b + jg1c)) for the long arm of the X chromosome that had no apparent chimeric region.
We also manually modified the length of unresolved regions in the telomeric, centromeric, and constitutive heterochromatic regions represented as a stretch of Ns (see Supplementary Methods and Supplementary Table 8). We then masked a pseudo-autosomal region (PAR) in the Y chromosome to guarantee that the resulting sets of sequences represented a haploid. In addition, we shifted the start position of the mitochondrial meta-scaffold to match the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) coordinates38, which provides the reference coordinate system for the mitochondrial genome.
The procedure described above yielded a set of chromosome-level sequences for 22 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes, and 1 mitochondrial chromosome, along with 599 unplaced scaffolds, and we designated this set of sequences JG1 (Fig. 1b). The total length of JG1 was approximately 3.1 Gb, including 473 gap regions of 251 Mb in total length, of which 227 Mb was intentionally inserted to represent telomeric, centromeric, and heterochromatic regions (Table 1, Fig. 1b, Supplementary Fig. 6d, and Supplementary Table 8). Notably, in the JG1 genome assembly, 19 chromosomal arms were successfully represented as single scaffolds (Fig. 1b). After constructing these chromosome-level sequences, we then aligned them to reference genome GRCh38 using minimap2 software39 and found an overall high similarity between the two genomes at the sequence level (Fig. 1c). We also quantified consensus quality using dnadiff software40 and found that JG1 covered 95.53% of the reference with 99.79% average identity (Supplementary Table 9). Because JG1 was built independently from the reference genome GRCh38, this overall high similarity provided strong support for our approach for building JG1 described above.
To further assess the assembly quality of JG1, we counted the number of protein-truncating variants (PTVs) and found that JG1 harbored only 374 protein-truncating SNVs and 407 such indels, even though JG1 covered 95.53% of the reference GRCh38 (Supplementary Table 9). The total number of PTVs of JG1 was the lowest among other high-quality assemblies. Moreover, we assessed whether JG1 can fill the remaining gaps in the reference GRCh3824, and found that JG1 uniquely filled 36 gaps, which was the second-highest number of uniquely filled gaps among other assemblies (Supplementary Table 9). The 36 gap-filling sequences in JG1 did not apparently have genic regions (Supplementary Note 2; see also Supplementary Fig. 9 and Supplementary Table 10).
### Representativeness of the JG1 haplotype in terms of SNVs
To assess whether JG1 is a representative reflection of the SNV composition of the Japanese population, we performed PCA with several settings using JG1, the reference GRCh38, 13 assemblies from diverse populations, and haplotypes constructed from 11 HapMap3 populations (see Methods section and Supplementary Tables 6 and 9 for the derived population of the assemblies). First, we performed PCA with JG1 and 172 Japanese (JPT) haplotypes and confirmed that JG1 was plotted within the Japanese cluster (Fig. 2a; see Supplementary Fig. 10 for plots with PC3). Second, we performed PCA with JG1, 5 other Asian assemblies, and 506 Asian haplotypes constructed from three Asian populations: JPT, Han Chinese (CHB), and Chinese in Denver (CHD) (Fig. 2b). The PCA plot included two distinct clusters (namely, Japanese and others), with the JG1 haplotype associated with the Japanese cluster. Third, we performed PCA with JG1, GRCh38, and world-wide populations, and found that the JG1 haplotype localized near the cluster of Asian populations, whereas the GRCh38 haplotype localized between the African and European populations, as expected, based on the donors’ ancestries (Supplementary Fig. 11a). Notably, the JG1 haplotype localized near but outside of the Asian cluster; it localized to the most distant site both from the European and African populations than any other Asian haplotypes, suggesting an “Asianness” when compared with the other two populations. We reasoned that this occurred because JG1 harbors the major allele among the Japanese population in most SNP sites due to the majority decision procedure that removes the minor allele among the Japanese populations. The removed minor allele among the Japanese population can be the major in European or African populations. That would be why JG1 was plotted most distant from the two populations than any Asian haplotype (for further discussion, see Supplementary Note 3, Supplementary Figs. 11 and 12).
To assess whether JG1 harbors the major allele among the Japanese population across SNV sites, we aligned JG1 against the reference genome hs37d5, detected SNVs, and investigated their allele frequency (AF) using the AF panel of 3552 Japanese individuals (namely, the 3.5KJPNv2 AF panel41). We chose hs37d5 as the reference because the 3.5KJPNv2 AF panel was built on that reference genome; hs37d5 is a reference genome based on GRCh37/hg19 primary sequences amended mainly with those of other high-quality assemblies, and it is thus well-suited and widely used for NGS analyses42. The genome-by-genome alignment and comparison using minimap2 and paftools software39 called 2,501,575 SNVs between hs37d5 and JG1 in the autosomes and X chromosome. Of these SNVs, 93.9–95.9% were validated by two independent mapping analyses, namely MGI DNBSEQ short read and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long-read datasets not used for constructing JG1 (see Supplementary Tables 1113 and Methods section). We then extracted the frequency of the allele employed in JG1 from the 3.5KJPNv2 AF panel to create a site frequency spectrum, in which the horizontal axis indicates the non–hs37d5-type allele and the vertical axis indicates the number of such SNV sites (Fig. 2c). From these data, we found 241,500 SNV sites with an AF = 1.0, indicating that all of the Japanese chromosomes in the AF panel carried the JG1-type allele at the 241,500 sites. This corresponds to 97.99% of all such SNV sites that had an AF = 1.0 (246,464) in the 3.5KJPNv2 AF panel. Similarly, we identified 367,271 and 626,254 SNV sites with an AF ≥ 0.99 or ≥ 0.90, respectively, corresponding to 97.11% and 96.24% of such SNV sites in the 3.5KJPNv2 AF panel, respectively (378,211 and 650,718). A peak observed at an AF of ~0.22 was associated with the SNPs clustered in the XTR region—a region known to harbor complex duplications—within 88.8 to 92.4 Mb on the X chromosome. A peak at an AF of approximately zero could most likely be attributed to artificial SNVs called at the edges of alignments. We also assessed the effectiveness of the majority decision approach. Of the 2,501,575 SNVs, 1,176,922 (47%) and 1,204,762 (48%) were detected in three and two of the three JG1-donor individuals, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 8b).
### Representativeness of the JG1 haplotype in terms of SVs
To investigate differences between JG1 and GRCh38 in terms of SVs, we aligned JG1 against the reference GRCh38 and detected SVs (insertions and deletions) using the minimap2 and paftools software programs39. A genome-by-genome comparison detected 8697 insertions and 6190 deletions > 50 bp in length. The largest insertion and deletion were 15,621 bp and 17,221 bp, respectively; 8 insertions ≥ 10 kb were less reliable because mapping-based orthogonal validation did not detect ones in that range (see below). The length distribution of the SVs exhibited two peaks, at approximately 300 bp and 6 kb (Fig. 3a). We confirmed that the 300-bp and 6-kb peaks were associated with Alu and LINE1, respectively. Most of the SV-associated Alu and LINE1 were classified as AluY and L1HS, respectively, both of which constitute the currently active subclass of these transposable elements (the length distributions of detected transposable elements are shown in Supplementary Fig. 13). In addition, the detected SVs were often observed in the sub-telomere–telomere regions (Fig. 3b), consistent with a previous report12.
To validate the detected SVs, we performed two orthogonal SV analyses based on mapping the PacBio long reads used for constructing JG1 and ONT long reads not used for constructing JG1 (Supplementary Tables 1315). We mapped PacBio and ONT long reads using NGMLR and minimap2, respectively, and detected SVs using Sniffles software43. We found that both mapping-based analyses detected a comparable or larger number of SVs of similar size and chromosomal distribution as well as other types of SVs (Supplementary Tables 14 and 15 and Supplementary Fig. 14), supporting 74.8–90.2% of the detected insertions and 81.3–86.9% of deletions (Supplementary Table 16).
We also compared the detected SVs in JG1 with the other three Asian assemblies: AK1, HX1, and ZF1. Genome-by-genome alignment against GRCh38 detected comparable numbers of both insertions and deletions among the four assemblies, with the exception of slightly lower number in HX1, probably due to its fragmented assembly (Supplementary Fig. 15a). We also performed genome-by-genome alignment-based SV detection using ZF1 as a reference (Supplementary Fig. 15b) and found that fewer insertions and deletions were detected in JG1 compared with using GRCh38 as the reference (4718 vs 8697 insertions and 5341 vs 6190 deletions against ZF1 vs GRCh38, respectively), probably due to their ancestral closeness and/or similarity in assembly strategies.
To investigate the extent to which JG1 represents a Japanese population in terms of SVs, we mapped short reads of 200 Japanese individuals to JG1 and GRCh38 to compare the average read depth among the 200 individuals around the SVs in JG1 and GRCh38. As shown in Fig. 3c, copy-number gains, representing some of the detected insertions, were typically associated with a ‘piling-up’ of the average depth, whereas deletions were typically associated with a depression of the average depth in GRCh38. Neither pattern was clearly evident in the corresponding region in JG1 (Fig. 3c), suggesting that most of the Japanese samples shared the SVs. To determine whether this pattern is common among SVs throughout the genome, we compared the maximum difference in average depth between the SV region and its adjacent upstream region of the same length and found that the difference in the average depth was smaller in JG1 than GRCh38 (Fig. 3d; P = 8.8 × 10–11 for n = 3953 pairs of insertions; P < 2.2 × 10–16 for n = 2767 pairs of deletions; Wilcoxon two-sided signed rank tests).
The reference genome might lack some population-specific sequences13,14, thus might make some short reads from samples in the population unmapped. To determine whether JG1 has Japanese population-specific sequences not present in the reference genome, we collected the unmapped reads of 1070 Japanese individuals44 when mapped to the reference GRCh38 and re-mapped them to JG1. Of the 581 ± 21 × 106 reads per individual, 4.5 ± 1.5 × 106 reads were flagged as unmapped to GRCh38 (n = 1070; mean ± SD). Of these, we found that 98,670 ± 11,798 reads could be successfully mapped to JG1 with high mapping quality (MAPQ ≥ 20). These reads were mapped to 449,549 distinct regions in JG1, and 164 regions had at least one mapped read from every individual (Supplementary Data 1). Among the 164 regions, 128 exhibited similarity to previously reported non-reference sequences13,14. Among the other 36 regions, 34 exhibited 89–100% identity to a previously reported human genome sequences with matched chromosomal origin if known (26/34 regions; Supplementary Data 2)45. One of the remaining two regions was 3 kb in length and exhibited 88.7% identity for approximately only half of the region (1469 bp) with a glucoside xylosyltransferase 1 from Pan paniscus (XM_014347211.2). The other region, which was 1.5 kb in length and found in chromosome 7, exhibited only 85.5% identity to a chimpanzee BAC clone CH251-285G22 sequence (AC190217.3) from a matched chromosome.
### Utility of JG1 as a reference for exome analyses
To evaluate whether JG1 is a suitable reference genome for clinical NGS analyses, we examined exomes of Japanese families with rare diseases46. The sample cohort consisted of 22 individuals from six trio families and one quartet family. All of the families had one child affected with diplegia, and eight causal variants were identified in previous analyses using the reference genome hg19 (Table 2). The diseases exhibited autosomal recessive, compound heterozygous, and autosomal dominant modes of inheritance, including de novo mutations, and the causal variants included both single nucleotide and deletion variants.
To facilitate exome re-analysis with JG1, we lifted over the resource bundles of the Genome Analysis ToolKit (GATK) software (which are used for accurate variant calling) and GENCODE gene annotation information47 to predict variant effects (see Methods section) and performed exome analyses according to GATK best practices. For comparison, we also performed exome analyses using hs37d5 as the reference; we used hs37d5 because the exome capture sequence was designed using the GRCh37/hg19 sequence. The JG1-based exome analyses correctly identified all (8/8) of the previously reported causal variants. In addition, the total number of called variants was lower in JG1 than the reference hs37d5 (Fig. 4a). This comparison was done in the 225,888 exome regions with one-to-one correspondence between JG1 and hs37d5 (87,971,409 bp and 87,997,786 bp for JG1 and hs37d5, respectively). Moreover, the number of both high- and moderate-impact variants (which are the primary causal variant candidates) was also lower in JG1 than hs37d5 (Fig. 4b; 473 ± 16 vs 671 ± 13 high-impact and 8774 ± 97 vs 10,599 ± 89 moderate-impact variants for JG1 and hs37d5, respectively; mean ± SD). These findings suggest that JG1 produces fewer total candidate variants while successfully detecting disease-causing variants in whole-exome analyses.
To validate the variants detected via the exome analysis using JG1 as a reference, we Sanger-sequenced the 8 regions harboring the disease-causing variants of the 22 individuals from 7 families (Supplementary Fig. 16), along with an additional 42 regions of 44 individuals from 24 families. The total Sanger-sequenced length was 25,896 bp, with mean Phred score of 33.9. The sequenced regions corresponded to 50 distinct regions 12,081 bp and 12,088 bp in length for hs37d5 and JG1, respectively. Within these 50 regions, we detected 58 variant calls from both exome analyses, and 57 calls were ascertained by Sanger sequencing for both JG1 and hs37d5, corresponding to a positive predictive value of 98.3% (Supplementary Table 17). The sensitivity was also the same between these two genomes (57/59; 96.6%; Supplementary Table 17). These results suggest that variant calls from JG1 are as accurate as those from the reference hs37d5.
In addition, we compared the variants detected with JG1 and hs37d5 by lifting over the JG1-detected variants to hs37d5 and found ~15,000, ~29,000, and ~51,000 specific to JG1, hs37d5, and both references, respectively (Fig. 4c). Moreover, we extracted the non–GRC-type AF in the JG1-specific, hs37d5-specific, and shared variant sites from the 3.5KJPNv2 AF panel and found that most of the hs37d5-specific variants were major alleles among the Japanese population, whereas the shared and JG1-specific variants tended to be biased toward the minor AFs (Fig. 4d). We also assessed whether JG1 can serve as the reference for whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis by mapping WGS short reads of 1070 Japanese individuals to JG1 and comparing the non–GRC-type AF with those of the reference hs37d5. We found that the non–GRC-type AF was almost equivalent between the two references throughout the wide allele frequency range (R > 0.999) for the 19,772,783 SNV sites called in autosomes of both references (Supplementary Fig. 17).
## Discussion
Here, we report the construction of a Japanese haploid genome sequence, JG1, by integrating three highly contiguous de novo hybrid assemblies from three Japanese donor individuals to build a population-specific (i.e., ethnicity-matched) reference genome. Employing a meta-assembly approach produced a more contiguous and accurate assembly, and relying on majority decision among the three genomes substituted most of the rare reference alleles. The results of both SNV and SV analyses suggested that the JG1 haplotype represents major variation among the Japanese population. Moreover, we demonstrated that JG1 exhibits an advantage as an ethnicity-matched reference, at least for NGS analyses within the clinical context of whole exomes of Japanese samples. Using JG1 could thus facilitate detecting the proverbial needle in a haystack, by reducing the size of the haystack in NGS analyses of the Japanese population.
The accuracy of JG1 was comparable or superior to other high-quality genomes especially in terms of the number of PTVs (Supplementary Table 9). The remaining PTVs, however, might be removed by a genic region-specific indel error-correction pipeline48. Although application of the pipeline to our data reduced PTVs in the individual assemblies (Supplementary Table 18), careful examination of the pipeline revealed that it requires information from the reference GRCh38/hg38. Since our purpose was to construct a genome assembly completely independent of the reference genome, we did not adopt this pipeline. Nonetheless, because our majority decision strategy among the three assemblies was as effective as the pipeline, the current version of JG1 deserves the reference quality assembly.
Integration and majority decision regarding multiple assemblies to yield a single haploid genome can produce a highly contiguous and accurate assembly, thus effectively eliminating most rare reference variations. Haploid representation of the genome is beneficial because it is compatible with many conventional bioinformatics tools developed to date for mapping, variant calling, predicting variant effects, and subsequent interpretations. Although we appreciate that the development of a pan-human genome graph could be the next milestone reached in comprehensively assessing human genetic variations among diverse populations, we expect that population-specific reference genome such as JG1 will prove to be practical and beneficial options for genome analyses of individuals originating from the population.
Several limitations of the current version of JG1 should be noted: (1) sequence incompleteness and gaps/un-localized fragments remain, which could result in erroneous mapping and variant calling; (2) few original annotations on the JG1 coordinates; and (3) incomplete representation of the major variations in the Japanese population. The incompleteness of the genome sequence could be largely overcome by applying other genome sequencing technologies, including ONT ultra-long reads in combination with targeted cloning from whole-genome BAC libraries. Chromosome-scale scaffolding using Hi-C49 could also contribute to the generation of more contiguous assemblies. The genome of a Japanese complete hydatidiform mole, characterized by a duplicated haploid genome, could also contribute to gap-filling due to ease of assembly50. The limitation of few original annotations could be overcome by constructing an AF panel with JG1 as the reference and by more thorough de novo predictions or experimental inference regarding gene regions. More comprehensive lifting-over of many annotations would also be practically important. The representativeness of the major alleles would be improved by adding more assemblies. One approach that could be used for addition is the phased diploid assembly26, which provides a pair of haplotype (i.e., diplotype) assemblies from a single individual. Because the two haploid genomes can be regarded as a random sample from a panmictic population, assembling two haploid genomes per individual can increase the representativeness of variations—especially structural variations—in the population. Despite its limitations described above, the current version of JG1 represents a useful tool for efficient causal variant detection.
Additional samples, for example hundreds of samples from a single population, would be beneficial for constructing population-specific reference genomes in the future, not only with respect to SNVs but also SVs, although less is known regarding the entire repertoire of SVs present in a population than that of SNVs. Both integrative haploid reference genomes such as JG1 and collective genome references developed in the future such as genome graphs—both of which can be constructed from hundreds of de novo assemblies—should advance the accuracy of genome analyses and facilitate development of personalized medicine approaches.
## Methods
### Ethics declarations
This study was approved by the Research Ethical Committee of Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization and the Ethics Committee of Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine.
### Selection and analysis of donor individuals
#### Donor selection
Three adult male Japanese volunteers were recruited (45–59 years old) and participated in this study with written, informed consent. They were self-reportedly healthy without genetic diseases and had Japanese ancestry.
#### G-banding analysis (Supplementary Fig. 1a–c)
G-banding analyses for the three volunteers were performed using phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes at the laboratory of SRL Inc. (Tokyo, Japan).
#### PCA of donors with Japanese samples (Fig. 1a)
Paired-end reads with length of 162 bp from the three donors (jg1a, jg1b, and jg1c) were individually mapped to hs37d5.fa, and variant calling was performed following GATK best practices41. The resulting VCF file was subjected to PCA using EIGENSOFT software (ver. 4.2). We chose 310 Japanese samples from the 3.5KJPNv2 cohort41; 100 from Miyagi Prefecture in northern Japan; 29 from Nagahama City, in western Japan; and 181 from Nagasaki Prefecture, in southern Japan. Variants shared among the 313 samples were selected and filtered using plink software (ver. 1.9) with the ‘--geno 0.05 --maf 0.05 --hwe 0.05’, and ‘--indep-pairwise 1500 150 0.03’ options. The resulting dataset consisted of 18,658 variants.
### Genome analyses
Long-read SMRT sequencing was performed as below. Briefly, genomic DNA from nucleated blood cells was sheared to ~20 kb and used for library preparation with a DNA template prep kit 2.0 (Pacific Biosciences; Menlo Park, CA). Size selection was carried out using the Blue Pippin system (Sage Science; Beverly, MA), targeting 18 kb (10–15 kb for some libraries of jg1a). The libraries were sequenced on a PacBio RSII instrument using P6-C4 chemistry. The long-read dataset of subject jg1a was previously described21.
#### Optical mapping
Optical mapping was performed using the Irys system or Saphyr system, according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Bionano Genomics; San Diego, CA). For sample jg1a, high-molecular-weight genomic DNA from nucleated blood cells was nicked using the endonucleases Nt.BspQI or Nb.BssSI and then labeled with fluorophore-tagged nucleotides. The labeled DNA was imaged on the Irys system. For samples jg1b and jg1c, high-molecular-weight genomic DNA from nucleated blood cells was labeled using direct labeling and staining (DLS) chemistry. The labeled DNA was imaged on the Saphyr system.
Short-read paired-end sequencing on a HiSeq 2500 system (Illumina; San Diego CA) was performed as below. Briefly, genomic DNA from buffy coat samples was fragmented to an average target size of 550 bp, and then subjected to library construction using a TruSeq DNA PCR-Free HT sample prep kit (Illumina). The libraries were sequenced on a HiSeq 2500 system with a TruSeq Rapid PE Cluster kit (Illumina) and TruSeq Rapid SBS kit (Illumina) to obtain 162- or 259-bp paired-end reads.
Short-read paired-end sequencing on a DNBSEQ-G400RS system (MGI; Shenzhen, China) was performed as described below. Fragmented genomic DNA targeted to an average size of 400 bp was used for library preparation using PCR-Free DNA Library Prep set V1.0 (MGI), as directed by the manufacturer. After quantification, the libraries were sequenced on a DNBSEQ-G400RS (MGI) system with a DNBSEQ-G400RS High-throughput Sequencing Set V1.0 (MGI) to obtain 150-bp paired-end reads.
#### Mate-pair sequencing
Genomic DNA from nucleated blood cells was used for library construction with a Nextera Mate Pair Library Preparation kit (Illumina), according to the manufacturer’s gel-free protocol, which produces a broader range of fragment sizes (2–15 kb). The obtained libraries were size-selected to 300–800 bp (peak at 500 bp) using AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter; Indianapolis, IN) and sequenced on a HiSeq 2500 system (Illumina) with a TruSeq Rapid PE Cluster kit (Illumina), and TruSeq Rapid SBS kit (Illumina) to obtain 201-bp paired-end reads.
Genomic DNA extracted from whole blood using Gentra Puregene Blood kit (Qiagen; Hilden Germany) was sheared using a Covaris g-tube device or 26-gauge needle to prepare long or super-long reads, respectively. The sequencing libraries were prepared using an SQK-LSK109 ligation kit (Oxford Nanopore Technologies; Oxford, UK). Sequencing was performed on MinION devices with R9.4.1 flow cells (ONT). The squiggle data obtained from MinION sequencers were subjected to base-calling using Guppy software (version 3.2.4). Reads with Phred-scaled quality > 6 were used after cropping their head and tail 100 bp for mapping.
### Overview of the computational methods for JG1 construction
A diagram showing an overview of the construction of JG1 is provided in Supplementary Fig. 3. JG1 was constructed according to the following steps, which are also described in the download page for the JG1 sequence file from the jMorp website (https://jmorp.megabank.tohoku.ac.jp/dj1/datasets/tommo-jg1.0.0.beta-20190424/files/tech-notes-for-computation.pdf). The computation was carried out by using the Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (ToMMo) Super Computer (https://sc.megabank.tohoku.ac.jp/en/outline).
#### De novo assembly of PacBio subreads
PacBio subreads were assembled using Falcon software26 (build ver. falcon-2017.11.02-16.04-py2.7-ucs2.tar.gz) with the following configurations: reads shorter than 9 kb were used for error-correction of the longer reads (‘length_cutoff = 9000’), and error-corrected reads longer than 15 kb were used for assembly (‘length_cutoff_pr = 15000’). Detailed settings are provided below:
length_cutoff = 9000 length_cutoff_pr = 15000 genome_size = 3200000000
pa_HPCdaligner_option = -v -dal128 -t16 -e.75 -M16 -l4800 -k18 -h480 -w8 -s100 -T1
ovlp_HPCdaligner_option = -v -dal128 -M24 -k24 -h1024 -e.96 -l2500 -s100 -T1
pa_DBsplit_option = -x500 -s400 ovlp_DBsplit_option = -s400
falcon_sense_option = --ouput_multi --min_idt 0.70 --min_cov = 4 --max_n_read 200 --n_core 1 overlap_filtering_setting = --max_diff 60 --max_cov 60 --min_cov 0 --n_core 12
The contigs were then polished with the PacBio subreads using ArrowGrid software27 (ver. 81b03f1; GitHub commit tag), with slight modifications to accommodate our number of data files and UGE settings.
#### De novo assembly of Bionano optical maps
We obtained two sets of Bionano optical maps using two different enzymes, Nt.BspQI and Nb.BssSI, for subject jg1a, and one set of Bionano optical maps was obtained with DLE-1 for jg1b and jg1c. In both cases, the Bionano optical maps were assembled in two steps—a rough assembly step and a full assembly step—to perform de novo assembly as independently as possible from the reference. For the rough assembly step for jg1a, we ran pipelineCL.py software using the following settings:
-T 128 -j 8 -f 0.2 -i 0 -b ${data}/Molecules.bnx -l${work} -V 0 -A -z -u -m
-t ${bin}/Solve3.1_08232017/RefAligner/6700.6920rel/avx/ -a${bin}/Solve3.1_08232017/RefAligner/6700.6920rel/optArguments_nonhaplotype_irys.xml -C ${work}/clusterArguments_${ver}.xml
For the full assembly step for subject jg1a, we ran the software using the following settings:
-T 128 -j 8 -f 0.2 -i 5 -b ${data}/Molecules.bnx -l${work} -V 0 -y -m
-t ${bin}/Solve3.1_08232017/RefAligner/6700.6920rel/avx/ -a${bin}/Solve3.1_08232017/RefAligner/6700.6920rel/optArguments_nonhaplotype_irys.xml -C ${work}/clusterArguments_${ver}.xml -r ${rough_assembly_output}/exp_mrg0/EXP_MRG0A.cmap For the rough assembly step for subjects jg1b and jg1c, we ran the software using the following settings: -f 0 -i 5 -b${data}/all.bnx -l ${work} -V 0 -N 4 -R -t${bin}/Solve3.2.1_04122018/RefAligner/7437.7523rel/avx/ -a ${bin}/Solve3.2.1_04122018/RefAligner/7437.7523rel/avx/optArguments_nonhaplotype_DLE1_saphyr_human.xml -C${work}/clusterArgumentsBG_saphyr_phi_${ver}.xml For the full assembly step of subjects jg1b and jg1c, we ran the software using the following settings: -f 0 -i 5 -b${data}/all.bnx -l ${work} -V 0 -N 4 -R -y -t${bin}/Solve3.2.1_04122018/RefAligner/7437.7523rel/avx/ -a ${bin}/Solve3.2.1_04122018/RefAligner/7437.7523rel/avx/optArguments_nonhaplotype_DLE1_saphyr_human.xml -C${work}/clusterArgumentsBG_saphyr_phi_${ver}.xml -r${rough_assembly_output}/exp_mrg0/EXP_MRG0A.cmap
The ‘-T’ and ‘-j’ options were varied for computational efficiency. The BionanoSolve software suite was used for the above computation. We used BionanoSolve (ver. 3.1) for the assembly for subject jg1a, and ver.3.2 for the assembly for subjects jg1b and jg1c.
#### Hybrid scaffolding
Hybrid scaffolding was performed using BionanoSolve software (ver. 3.2). Hybrid scaffolding for subject jg1a was performed in the two-enzyme hybrid scaffolding mode using the runTGH.R script with the following options:
-N ${jg1a}-p_ctg.arrow.fa -e1 BSPQI -e2 BSSSI -b1${BspQI_work}/contigs/exp_refineFinal1/EXP_REFINEFINAL1.cmap
-b2 ${BssSI_work}/contigs/exp_refineFinal1/EXP_REFINEFINAL1.cmap -O${jg1a_hybscf}/${prefix} -R${bin}/Solve3.2.1_04122018/RefAligner/7437.7523rel/avx/RefAligner
${bin}/Solve3.2.1_04122018/HybridScaffold/04122018/TGH/hybridScaffold_two_enzymes.xml Hybrid scaffolding for subjects jg1b and jg1c was performed in the single-enzyme hybrid scaffolding mode, using the hybridScaffold.pl script with the following options: -n${arrow_work}/${individual}-p_ctg.arrow.fa -b${bionano_work}/contigs/exp_refineFinal1/EXP_REFINEFINAL1.cmap
-c ${hybscf_work}/hybridScaffold_DLE1_config.tmem.xml -r${bin}/Solve3.2.1_04122018/RefAligner/7437.7523rel/avx/RefAligner
-o ${work} -B 2 -N 2 -f -e${bionano_work}/contigs/auto_noise/autoNoise1.errbin
#### Error correction with short reads
Two sets of Illumina paired-end short reads with lengths of 162 bp and 259 bp were mapped to the hybrid scaffolds using BWA-MEM software4 (ver. 0.7.17) with the option ‘-t 22 -K 1000000’. The alignment file was coordinate-sorted and compressed using the Picard tools (ver. 2.18.4) SortSam command. The resulting BAM files for the 162- and 259-bp paired-end reads were merged using the Picard tools MergeSamFiles command. The merged BAM files were then split to each scaffold using SAMtools51 (ver. 1.8) view command, and then each scaffold was polished using Pilon software52 (ver. 1.22, modified to correct the issue reported at https://github.com/broadinstitute/pilon/issues/48) with the option ‘--threads 22 --diploid --changes --vcf --tracks’. The FASTA files for each polished scaffold were then merged into a single multi-FASTA format file.
#### Meta-assembly
The three sets of polished scaffolds were then meta-assembled using Metassembler software28 (ver. 1.5; with modification of the type of ‘totalBases’ variable in the CEstat.hh from int to long to accommodate large genomes). There were 12 possible combinations to meta-assemble the three sets: (a + (b + c)), (a + (c + b)), ((a + b) + c), ((a + c) + b), (b + (a + c)), (b + (c + a)), ((b + a) + c), ((b + c) + a), (c + (a + b)), (c + (b + a)), ((c + a) + b), and ((c + b) + a), where x + y indicates meta-assemble x and y in this order. For each round of meta-assembly, we aligned the two assemblies using the NUCmer command of MUMmer software53 (ver. 4.0.0beta2) with the option ‘--maxmatch -c 50 -l 300’. The resulting DELTA file was filtered using delta-filter software with the option ‘-1’ to extract one-to-one correspondence. Next, the DELTA file was converted to COORDS format using the show-coords command with ‘-clrTH’ option. Short mate-pair reads were classified into four categories (mp, pe, se, and unknown) using NxTrim software54 (ver. 0.4.3), and the resulting set of reads with the correct mate-pair orientation (mp) were mapped using Bowtie2 software55 (ver. 2.3.4.1) with the ‘--minins 1000 --maxins 16000 --rf’ options. The output SAM file was then processed using the mateAn command with ‘-A 2000 -B 15000’ option, indicating that the range of insert length was 2–15 kb. The NUCmer alignment information and the mate-pair mapping information were integrated using the asseMerge command with ‘-i 5 -c 6’ option. Finally, the resulting METASSEM file was converted to FASTA format using the meta2fasta command.
#### Major allele substitution
The three sets of polished hybrid scaffolds were aligned to the 12 sets of meta-scaffolds using minimap2 (ver. 2.12), and variants were called using the paftools call command. After normalizing the manner of variant representation using the BCFtools norm command (ver. 1.8), SNVs and SVs shared by two of the three genomes were detected using the BCFtools isec command, and these were regarded as the major alleles and employed in JG1 using the BCFtools consensus command. For multi-allelic sites, one allele was chosen randomly.
#### Detection of in silico STS marker amplification
We detected in silico amplification of the STS markers in the three genetic and six RH maps (Genethon, Marshfield, and deCODE genetic maps; GeneMap-G3, GeneMap99-GB4, TNG, NCBI_RH, Stanford-G3, and Whitehead-RH maps) from the meta-scaffolds using the in-house electronic PCR software gPCR (ver. 2.6a) with the ‘-S -D’ option (‘-S’ to show amplicon sequence, ‘-D’: to show direction of markers). The STS markers were obtained from the UniSTS database (ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/ProbeDB/legacy_unists/). The results were used to infer the presence of chimeric scaffolds. One set of meta-scaffolds (jg1c + (jg1a + jg1b)) was selected for the primary downstream analysis. In addition, to build the X and Y chromosomes, an additional set of meta-scaffolds (jg1a + (jg1b + jg1c)) was selected.
#### Anchoring scaffolds to chromosomes
The electronic PCR results were converted to BED format files, and the coordinates of some RH maps were scaled to approximately 2000 to fit those for the genetic maps; this was done to make it easier to understand the visualization results of the ALLMAPS software37 (ver. 0.8.12) but did not affect the anchoring results. These maps were merged using the ALLMAPS mergebed command, and then processed using the ALLMAPS path command with the option ‘--gapsize=10000’ to anchor the meta-scaffolds to the chromosomes. The weights of each of the three genetic maps was set to 5, and that of each of the RH maps was set to 1 in the weights.txt file. To anchor the sex chromosomes, three maps (deCODE, TNG, and Stanford-G3) that could anchor some scaffolds to the Y chromosome were used.
#### Manual modification
Consecutive N-gap length for heterochromatic regions was manually modified (see Supplementary Methods for details). The length of consecutive Ns for each chromosome is provided in Supplementary Table 8.
#### Building the X and Y chromosomes
We noted that one set of meta-scaffolds, (jg1c + (jg1a + jg1b)), contained a chimeric scaffold between the long arm of the X chromosome and the SRY locus of the Y chromosome. To reduce the chimeric meta-scaffolds, we chose apparently non-chimeric scaffolds anchored to the long arm of the X chromosome from another set of meta-scaffolds, (jg1a + (jg1b + jg1c)), and linked them to the scaffold of the short arm of the X chromosome.
To locate the pseudo-autosomal regions, we aligned both the X and Y chromosomes from JG1 using minimap2 with the option ‘-cx asm5’, and vice versa. The alignment started from the terminal region of the Y chromosome and ended at 2.26 Mb. This region was regarded as the putative PAR1 region. Other regions such as PAR2 and XTR were probably unresolved for unknown reasons. The putative PAR1 region was masked using the BEDTools software56 (ver. 2.27.1) maskfasta command.
#### Mitochondrial chromosome
We aligned the set of meta-scaffolds to GRCh38, the mitochondrial sequence of which was obtained from the rCRS using minimap2 with the option ‘-cx asm5’ to identify a scaffold that corresponds to the mitochondrial genome. We found a scaffold of 16,568 bp in length corresponding to the mitochondrial sequence in another set of meta-scaffolds (jg1a + (jg1b + jg1c)). The start site of the scaffold and the rCRS sequence differed; therefore, we shifted the start site of the scaffold to match that of the rCRS sequence.
### Assembly assessment
#### Choice of the reference genome
GRCh37/hg19 and GRCh38/hg38 are the two most widely used reference genomes. For analyses using short-read mapping, we used hs37d5, an optimized GRCh37 for NGS analysis, except for the non-reference sequence analysis. For other analyses, we used an analysis-ready version without ALT contigs of the latest reference genome, GRCh38, which was downloaded from the Illumina iGenome website (ftp://ussd-ftp.illumina.com/Homo_sapiens/NCBI/GRCh38/Homo_sapiens_NCBI_GRCh38.tar.gz).
#### Base-error rate estimation
The 162-bp and 259-bp paired-end reads were mapped to draft assemblies for each individual using BWA-MEM software. After marking duplicated reads, variants were called using GATK (ver. 4.1.2.0) HaplotypeCaller (normal mode) with the options ‘--pcr-indel-model NONE’. Variants within the callable region (5 ≤ depth < 150) and GQ ≥ 60 were selected. Sites with a homozygous alternative allele (1/1) genotype were regarded as erroneous for each draft assembly. Read depth was analyzed with mosdepth (ver. 0.2.8) software.
#### Consensus quality
Assemblies were aligned to GRCh38 using the NUCmer command of MUMmer software (ver. 4.0.0beta2). Proportion of covered region and average identity were calculated using dnadiff software40.
#### Protein-truncating variants
Assemblies were aligned to the reference GRCh38 using minimap2 software, and variants were called using the paftools call command. After normalization of indels using the BCFtools norm command, variants were annotated using SnpEff software57 with the GRCh38.86 database. Variants with HIGH impact (e.g., frameshift variants, splice acceptor/donor variants, stop gain variants, etc.) were counted as protein-truncating variants.
#### Gap-filling of the reference genome
The gap-filling ability of each assembly was estimated using uniline software (ver. 99969cc; GitHub commit tag) gfa.pl script24.
### Idiogram drawing (Fig. 1b)
Idiograms were depicted using JG1 BED files scaled to 90% of the original length so that the drawing of JG1 chromosomes longer than that of GRCh38 would be successful using the NCBI Genome Decoration Page (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/tools/gdp). The lengths of the chromosomal arms and the centromeric regions of the idiograms were manually modified to fit the scaffold length of JG1.
### Possible shared large inversion (Supplementary Fig. 2)
Two large scaffolds corresponding to chromosome 9 were extracted from each assembly using the faSomeRecords command. Orientation was carried out by using the seqtk software (ver. 1.3) ‘seq -r’ command. Next, the chromosome 9 sequence from GRCh38 and the two large scaffolds from each subject were aligned using minimap2 (ver. 2.12) with the ‘-t 12 -x asm5 --cs’ option. Harr plots were drawn using the minidot command (bundled with miniasm software58 [ver. 0.2]) with the ‘-L’ option. The idiogram of chromosome 9 was drawn using the NCBI Genome Decoration Page.
### PCA (Fig. 2a, b, and Supplementary Figs. 10–12)
Variants were filtered from 1011 HapMap3 diploid individuals data59 using plink software with ‘--make-bed --geno 0.05 --maf 0.05’. The resulting filter-passed 1,205,633 variants and 1011 diploid individuals were subjected to the following analysis. The variants from all of the 13 haploid assemblies were extracted by first aligning each assembly onto the reference hg18, which was used as the coordinate for the HapMap3 variants, and then processed using a modified LiftMap.py script (https://genome.sph.umich.edu/wiki/LiftMap.py). Nine assemblies without chromosomal-scale scaffolding (AK1, HX1, HG00268, HG00733, HG01352, HG02059, HG02106, HG02818, and HG04217) were scaffolded using GRCh38 before alignment using RaGOO software60 to reduce misalignments and enable selection of autosomal variants. After selecting autosomal variants, removing tri-allelic sites, and merging the 2022 HapMap3 haploids and 13 assemblies, 546,871 variants remained as those shared among the 2035 haploids (for Supplementary Fig. 11a). The 546,871 variants were then filtered and pruned using plink software with the ‘--make-bed --geno 0.05 --maf 0.05’ and ‘--indep-pairwise 1500 150 0.03’ options. The resulting 23,033 variants and 2035 haploids were subjected to PCA using EIGENSOFT software.
For PCA of six haploid assemblies and three HapMap3 Asian populations (for Fig. 2b), 506 haplotypes from the JPT, CHB, and CHD populations were chosen. Four CHD samples were omitted due to apparent inconsistency inferred from a pre-analysis of the PCA plots including these samples. The resulting 26,727 variants and 512 haploids were subjected to PCA.
For PCA of JG1 and 172 HapMap3 JPT haplotypes (for Fig. 2a), 9874 pruned variants and 173 haploids were subjected to PCA.
The other PCAs followed the same quality control procedure. For PCA of JG1 and African and Asian populations (Supplementary Fig. 11b), 20,499 pruned variants and 1023 haploids were subjected to PCA. For PCA of JG1 and European and Asian populations (Supplementary Fig. 11c), 27,360 pruned variants and 913 haploids were subjected to PCA. The NA18138 CHD haploids were excluded from the African-Asian (Supplementary Fig. 11b) and European-Asian analyses (Supplementary Fig. 11c) due to apparent inconsistency. For jg1a, jg1b, and jg1c assemblies and JPT haploids (Supplementary Fig. 11d), 10,258 pruned variants and 175 haploids were subjected to PCA. For jg1a, jg1b, and jg1c assemblies and Asian populations (Supplementary Fig. 11e), 26,840 pruned variants and 514 haploids were subjected to PCA. For jg1a, jg1b, and jg1c assemblies and worldwide populations (Supplementary Fig. 11f), 23,088 pruned variants and 2037 haploids were subjected to PCA. For PCA of mock JG1 and worldwide populations (Supplementary Fig. 12a–e), 2035 haploids and 23,205, 23,211, 23,206, 23,216, and 23,214 pruned variants were used for the mock JG1 harboring replaced alleles for the SNP sites with AF ≥ 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9, respectively.
### SNV validation
#### SNV detection by short-read mapping
The 150-bp paired-end DNBSEQ reads were mapped to the reference hs37d5 using BWA-MEM software. After marking duplicated reads, variants were called using GATK (ver. 4.1.2.0) HaplotypeCaller (normal mode) with the ‘--pcr-indel-model NONE’ option. Examination of whether short-read mapping-based SNV calls supported the genome-by-genome alignment-based SNV calls was performed using the BCFtools software (ver. 1.9) isec command.
#### SNV detection by nanopore long-read mapping
Nanopore super-long and long reads were mapped using minimap2 (ver. 2.17) software with the ‘--MD -ax map-ont -t 20 -L’ options. Variants were ascertained using the Clair software (ver. 2.0.7) callVarBamParallel command with option ‘--vcf_fn ${KNOWN_VARIANTS_VCF} -threshold 0.2’, where${KNOWN_VARIANTS_VCF} indicates the VCF file with genome-by-genome alignment-based SNV variants. We used the pretrained HG002 ONT model “1 + 2 + 2HD + 3 + 4”.
### SV analysis (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Fig. 14)
#### SV detection
The JG1, AK1, HX, and ZF1 sequences were aligned to GRCh38 and JG1, AK1, and HX1 sequences were aligned to ZF1 using minimap2 (ver. 2.12) with the ‘-t 24 -cx asm5 --cs=long’ option. The resulting PAF file was subjected to variant calling using the paftools call command. The VCF file was normalized using the BCFtools (ver. 1.8) norm command with the ‘--threads 4 --multiallelics -both’ option. SVs ≥ 51 bp were subjected to the downstream analyses. The number of shared and unique SVs was determined using the SURVIVOR software61 (ver. 1.0.6) merge command with options ‘1000 1 1 0 0 1’, which indicates regarding two SVs with a distance of both breakpoints ≤ 1000 bp as identical, taking SV type into account. For JG1, SVs detected by comparing the same chromosomes of GRCh38 and JG1 were considered.
#### Average depth analysis
Two hundred Japanese individuals (100 males and 100 females) were selected from the 3552 samples41. The 162-bp paired-end reads were mapped using BWA-MEM software as described41. Next, accessible regions were defined as the regions where the average depth among the 200 individuals was ≥ 5 and ≤ mean + 2SD; mean and SD were computed for each chromosome. SVs detected within the accessible regions and detected by comparing the same autosomes of GRCh38 and JG1 were considered. The mean value of the average depth within the adjacent upstream region of the SV was regarded as the reference value, and the Δ average depth was defined as the difference between the reference value and the value of the position showing the maximum absolute difference within the SV region.
#### Mapping-based SV detection
PacBio long reads were mapped using NGMLR software (ver. 0.2.7) to detect SVs using Sniffles software (ver. 1.0.11) with default settings. Nanopore super-long reads were mapped using minimap2 software (ver. 2.17) to detect SVs using Sniffles software (ver. 1.0.11) with default settings. The proportion of supported SVs was calculated using the SURVIVOR software61 merge command with option ‘1000 1 1 0 0 1’.
### Identification of non-reference sequence
Unmapped reads against the reference GRCh38 from 1070 BAM files were extracted using SAMtools software (ver. 1.9) view command with option ‘-f 12 -F256’ and the bam2fq command. The extracted unmapped reads were re-mapped to JG1 using BWA-MEM software (ver. 0.7.17) with option ‘-t 12 -K 1000000’. After filtering the BAM output file with MAPQ ≥ 20, the non-reference sequences in JG1 were defined as those with non-zero depth in a 500-bp window plus 500-bp upstream and downstream flanking sequences. These sequences were queried using BLAST (ver. 2.10.0 + ) software against the nt database (downloaded from ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/db on 12 Feb. 2020).
### Annotations
#### Lift over
GENCODE (ver. 29) annotations on GRCh38 were lifted over to the JG1 coordinates using an in-house script (liftover-gencode2.py). The chain files, which were required for lifting over, were generated from the results of minimap2 between JG1 and GRCh38 using an in-house script (minimap2-to-liftover-chain.py). The two scripts are provided as Supplementary Software.
#### De novo gene prediction
AUGUSTUS62 (ver. 3.3) were used for gene prediction with ‘--strand=both --genemodel=complete --singlestrand=true --gff3=on --softmasking=on --species=human’ option on the reference genomes with repetitive sequences soft-masked by RepeatMasker software (ver. 4.0.7) with ‘-species human -xsmall’ option after capitalizing all nucleotide letters. Comparison of predicted results and GENCODE dataset was performed using gffcompare software (ver. 0.11.6).
### Rare disease exome analysis (Fig. 4)
Exome analyses were carried out following the GATK best practices for germline variant detection. Short reads were mapped using BWA-MEM software, and the resulting alignment files were sorted and duplication-marked using SAMtools51 software. Variants of the disease cohort families were called using GATK software (ver. 4.0 to 4.1), and the joint calling process was carried out with samples from other Japanese subjects with various rare diseases. The BED files describing the exome capture regions (SureSelect Human All Exon V4, V5, and V6 Agilent) were lifted over using the paftools liftover command or CrossMap software63. The GATK resource bundles were lifted over to the JG1 coordinates using the Picard tools LiftoverVcf command. The SnpEff database57 was constructed using the lifted-over GENCODE annotation file and used for variant effect predictions. Variants called against JG1 were lifted over to the hs37d5 coordinates using the Picard tools LiftoverVcf command. Overlap relationships between the variants were assessed using the BCFtools (ver. 1.9) isec command.
#### Sanger sequencing and validation
Candidate disease-causing variants in genomic DNA were analyzed by Sanger sequencing46. Sequences and Phred quality scores were analyzed using TraceTuner software (sourceforge.net/projects/tracetuner/).
### Allele frequency comparison
The 162-bp paired-end reads from 1070 Japanese individuals were mapped to JG1 or to hs37d5 using BWA-MEM software, and variants were called following GATK best practices41 with the modification of applying base-quality score recalibration using GATK software (ver. 3.7.0). Variants in bi-allelic SNV sites with the following conditions were selected: (1) ‘FILTER = PASS’, (2) variants within an accessible region, defined as the range between 0.5× mean depth and 2.0× mean depth, and (3) variants > 1 Mb apart from gap regions. Variant sites matching between JG1 and hs37d5 were identified using transanno software (github.com/informationsea/transanno).
### Statistical tests and graph drawing
Statistical tests were performed using R software (ver. 3.5.1). Histograms were drawn using R software (ver. 3.5.1) and ggplot2 library (ver. 3.0.0).
### Reporting summary
Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.
## Data availability
The JG1’s 624 sequences were deposited to the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) under accession number AP023461 (https://getentry.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/getentry/na/AP023461)–AP024084. The raw sequence reads and optical maps were deposited to the DDBJ’s Japanese Genotype-phenotype Archive (JGA) under accession number JGAD000362. DDBJ’s BioProject and BioSample accession numbers are PRJDB10452 and SAMD00243993, respectively. The JG1 sequence, chain files and GENCODE annotation files are available from the jMorp website. Other datasets are available from Zenodo repository64. Raw data for the following figures are available as a Source Data: Figs. 1a, 2a, 2b, 3d, 4a, 4b, Supplementary Figs. 10, 11, 12. Databases used were as follows: SnpEff GRCh38.86 database can be downloaded by the SnpEff download command as “java -jar SnpEff.jar download GRCh38.86”; Blast nt database: ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/db UniSTS database ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/ProbeDB/legacy_unists/; GENCODE database. Source data are provided with this paper.
## Code availability
Scripts are available from the Github repository (https://github.com/juntkym/JG1-paper)65.
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## Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by the Tohoku Medical Megabank (TMM) Project from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and the Reconstruction Agency; the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED; Grant Numbers JP20km0105001 and JP20km0105002) for Tohoku University. This work was also supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP19H05200 and JP19K06625. All computational resources were provided by the ToMMo supercomputer system (http://sc.megabank.tohoku.ac.jp/en), which is supported by Facilitation of R&D Platform for AMED Genome Medicine Support conducted by AMED (Grant Number JP20km0405001). We appreciate all the volunteers who participated in the TMM project.
## Author information
Authors
### Contributions
J.T., S.T, K.Y., C.G., T.F., S.M., S.S., and Y.O. performed computational analyses. J.T., A.K., S.K., and G.T. interpreted the results of rare disease re-analyses. F.K., J.K., A.O., and J.Y. designed and conducted experiments. J.T. and G.T. wrote the manuscript with the assistance of the others. M.S.-Y., K.K., M.Y., and G.T. conceived and supervised the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
### Corresponding authors
Correspondence to Kengo Kinoshita or Masayuki Yamamoto or Gen Tamiya.
## Ethics declarations
### Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Bing Su, and the other, anonymous, reviewer for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
## Rights and permissions
Reprints and Permissions
Takayama, J., Tadaka, S., Yano, K. et al. Construction and integration of three de novo Japanese human genome assemblies toward a population-specific reference. Nat Commun 12, 226 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20146-8
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https://support.bioconductor.org/p/98140/
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matrix as a column of mcols of GRanges would not be extracted correctly by lapply
1
0
Entering edit mode
wcstcyx ▴ 30
@wcstcyx-11636
Last seen 4.6 years ago
China/Beijing/AMSS,CAS
Hi,
I used matrix as a column of mcols of GRanges. This kind of structure would be of great value in some case. However, I found the matrix can not be extracted correctly with lapply. I don't know the reason. I can use 'for loop' to get around of it, but this way is not very convenient.
For example,
gr <- GRanges(c("A:1-2", "B:4-5"))
gr$mat <- matrix(1:4, 2) (grl <- GRangesList(gr, gr + 1)) ## GRangesList object of length 2: ## [[1]] ## GRanges object with 2 ranges and 1 metadata column: ## seqnames ranges strand | mat ## <Rle> <IRanges> <Rle> | <matrix> ## [1] A [1, 2] * | 1:3 ## [2] B [4, 5] * | 2:4 ## [[2]] ## GRanges object with 2 ranges and 1 metadata column: ## seqnames ranges strand | mat ## [1] A [0, 3] * | 1:3 ## [2] B [3, 6] * | 2:4 ## ------- ## seqinfo: 2 sequences from an unspecified genome; no seqlengths lapply(grl, function(gr) gr$mat) ## it only takes the first column of mat
## [[1]]
## [1] 1 2
## [[2]]
## [1] 1 2
listMat <- list()
for (i in 1:2) { ## use for loop to avoid that problem
listMat[[i]] <- grl[[i]]$mat } print(listMat) ## [[1]] ## [,1] [,2] ## [1,] 1 3 ## [2,] 2 4 ## [[2]] ## [,1] [,2] ## [1,] 1 3 ## [2,] 2 4 Even attaching the class "AsIs" to the mat does not work. gr$mat <- I(matrix(1:4, 2))
class(gr$mat) <- "AsIs" class(gr$mat) ## "AsIs" is attached
## [1] "AsIs"
(grl_2 <- GRangesList(gr, gr + 1))
GRangesList object of length 2:
## [[1]]
## GRanges object with 2 ranges and 1 metadata column:
## seqnames ranges strand | mat
## <Rle> <IRanges> <Rle> | <matrix>
## [1] A [1, 2] * | 1:3
## [2] B [4, 5] * | 2:4
## [[2]]
## GRanges object with 2 ranges and 1 metadata column:
## seqnames ranges strand | mat
## [1] A [0, 3] * | 1:3
## [2] B [3, 6] * | 2:4
## -------
## seqinfo: 2 sequences from an unspecified genome; no seqlengths
class(grl_2[[1]]$mat) ## "AsIs" is automatically removed! ## [1] "matrix" identical(grl, grl_2) ## [1] TRUE I don't know if it is a proper behavior and the rational behind it. Thanks for your help in advance. Bests, Can sessionInfo() R version 3.4.1 (2017-06-30) Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit) Running under: Windows 7 x64 (build 7601) Service Pack 1 Matrix products: default locale: [1] LC_COLLATE=Chinese (Simplified)_People's Republic of China.936 [2] LC_CTYPE=Chinese (Simplified)_People's Republic of China.936 [3] LC_MONETARY=Chinese (Simplified)_People's Republic of China.936 [4] LC_NUMERIC=C [5] LC_TIME=Chinese (Simplified)_People's Republic of China.936 attached base packages: [1] parallel stats4 stats graphics grDevices utils datasets [8] methods base other attached packages: [1] GenomicRanges_1.28.3 GenomeInfoDb_1.12.2 IRanges_2.10.2 [4] S4Vectors_0.14.3 BiocGenerics_0.22.0 BiocInstaller_1.26.0 [7] cowsay_0.5.0 loaded via a namespace (and not attached): [1] zlibbioc_1.22.0 compiler_3.4.1 rmsfact_0.0.3 [4] XVector_0.16.0 GenomeInfoDbData_0.99.0 RCurl_1.95-4.8 [7] bitops_1.0-6 fortunes_1.5-4 mcols DataFrame GRanges • 847 views ADD COMMENT 3 Entering edit mode @michael-lawrence-3846 Last seen 9 months ago United States This is because > extractROWS(gr$mat, NSBS(IRanges(1,2), gr$mat)) [1] 1 2 which dispatches to extractROWS,vector_or_factor,RangeNSBS() and fails to take into account the dimensions. For now, I've checked in a fallback to S4Vectors:::.extractROWSWithBracket() for arrays, but there would be some inefficiency in converting the ranges to an integer vector. Thoughts, Herve? ADD COMMENT 0 Entering edit mode Hi Michael, Thanks! I tried to understand those functions you had mentioned. And found extractROWS(gr$mat, NSBS(IRanges(1,2), gr$mat)) eventually calls x <- as(x, "vector_OR_factor", strict = FALSE) which would convert a matrix or an array to a numeric vector. And consequently the following extract_ranges_from_vector_OR_factor(x, start, width) would only extract elements corresponding to first column of the original matrix or array. S4Vectors:::.extractROWSWithBracket(gr$mat, NSBS(IRanges(1,2), gr\$mat))
can succeed.
S4Vectors:::.extractROWSWithBracket
is the same with
selectMethod(extractROWS, signature(x="any", i="any"))
So
x="array", i="RangeNSBS"
(inherited from: x="vector_OR_factor", i="RangeNSBS")
x="array", i="RangesNSBS"
(inherited from: x="vector_OR_factor", i="RangesNSBS")
x="matrix", i="RangeNSBS"
(inherited from: x="vector_OR_factor", i="RangeNSBS")
x="matrix", i="RangesNSBS"
(inherited from: x="vector_OR_factor", i="RangesNSBS")
can be changed to inherited from: x="ANY", i="ANY" to avoid the problem.
I think the potential inefficiency you meant may come from
i <- normalizeSingleBracketSubscript(i, x, allow.NAs = TRUE)
in S4Vectors:::.extractROWSWithBracket
It was a long way for me to understand the mechanism you had interpreted. Anyway, thank you very much :)
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http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/6649/geometric-intuition-behind-convergence-of-fourier-series/6674
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# Geometric intuition behind convergence of Fourier series
I've been trying to work out the best way to understand why Fourier series converge, and it's a little embarrassing but I don't even know a rigorous proof. Can someone please help put me on the right track to thinking about these issue's in the proper way? I am especially interested any geometric ways to think about the convergence issue (something I suppose which takes advantage of the fact that each component $e^{in\theta}$ corresponds to some point along the unit circle).
Thanks!
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I would be interested in hearing someone address geometric interpretations of this convergence as well... – angela o. Oct 13 '10 at 2:48
...here is how I've always thought of it. The key thing is to show that no function is orthogonal to all of $\cos(n \theta), \sin (n \theta)$ for all $n$. Thinking of integrals as analogous to Riemann sums, we can think of each orthogonality condition as saying that a certain linear combination of the function values is zero. There is a certain independence among these linear combinations, so that they allow one to conclude that the function itself must be zero. – angela o. Oct 13 '10 at 2:50
...I realize this is quite fuzzy, especially on the integrals vs linear combinations analogy, and I hope someone will give a better answer. – angela o. Oct 13 '10 at 2:55
@angela: I am a little confused by your comment #2; I don't see how the orthogonality is related to convergence. Can you elaborate on why you say "the key thing" is to show that there is no function orthogonal to $cos(n\theta)$ and $sin(n\theta)$ for all n? – Matt Calhoun Oct 13 '10 at 3:20
But Fourier series don't converge; at least in general they don't converge pointwise. You need extra conditions to ensure pointwise convergence. – Robin Chapman Oct 13 '10 at 8:05
I don't know about a geometric interpretation, but here is a brief sketch of a proof. First we need to be precise about what we mean by "convergence." In the naive sense, Fourier series don't always converge - that is, pointwise. (If you change the value of a function at a single point, the Fourier series remains unchanged.) The sense in which they do always converge is in the Hilbert space $L^2([0, 1])$, which has inner product defined by $\langle f, g \rangle = \int_0^1 \overline{g(x)} f(x) dx$ inducing a norm, which induces a metric. In $L^2([0, 1])$ let $X$ be the subspace spanned by the functions $e^{2\pi i nx}, n \in \mathbb{Z}$. It is fairly straightforward to verify that the functions $e^{2\pi i nx}$ are orthogonal and have norm $1$; generally I think about this in a representation-theoretic way, as a special case of the orthogonality relations for characters.
Then the statement that Fourier series converge is equivalent to the statement that $X$ is dense in $L^2([0, 1])$. Why? Given a sequence in $X$ converging to an element of $L^2([0, 1])$ we can compute the Fourier coefficients, which depend continuously on the sequence and hence which converge to a limit. That these coefficients actually represent the element of $L^2([0, 1])$ is a standard Hilbert space argument and you should take a course in functional analysis if you want to learn this kind of stuff thoroughly.
Now, something else you need to know about $L^2([0, 1])$ is that the subspace $Y$ consisting of all step functions is dense in it. (If you have trouble believing this, first convince yourself that $Y$ is dense in the continuous functions on $[0, 1]$ and then believe me that the continuous functions are dense in $L^2([0, 1])$. In fact, $L^2([0, 1])$ can be defined as the completion of $C([0, 1])$ with respect to the $L^2$ norm.) So to show that $X$ is dense, it suffices to show that the closure of $X$ contains $Y$. In fact, it suffices to show that $X$ has as a limit point a step function with a single bump, say
$$a(x) = \begin{cases} 0 \text{ if } 0 \le x \le \frac{1}{3}, \frac{2}{3} \le x \le 1 \\ 1 \text{ otherwise} \end{cases}$$
and to take linear combinations, translations, and dilations of this. In other words, it suffices to prove convergence for square waves. But one can do the computations directly here. There is a standard picture to stare at, and of course if you have ever actually heard a square wave you should believe that audio engineers, at least, are perfectly capable of approximating square waves by sines and cosines.
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This is great! I am going to go through my functional analysis books and make sure I understand this proof thoroughly, thanks for the road map. – Matt Calhoun Oct 13 '10 at 18:44
You can write the partial sum $S_n(x)$ as an integral $${1\over 2\pi}\int_{-\pi}^\pi D_n(t) f(x-t)dt,$$ where the weight function or "kernel" $D_n(t)$ can be easily computed and graphed once and for all. One obtains $$D_n(t)={\sin((n+1/2)t)\over \sin(t/2)}.$$ So $S_n(x)$ is an "average" of $f$-values from the neighborhood of $x$. The essential point is that $D_n(t)$ is heavily concentrated around $t=0$ and oscillates quickly far away from $0$.
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The way I see Fourier series (especially the trigonometric expansions) you simply draw the initial sine and cosine lines at the macro level, and then you start dealing with higher frequencies that correct the smaller details.
So in the case of an infinite sum, you always go about correcting a bit more on a smaller scale, and at the limit point you have your original function.
(I'm pretty sure I wasn't clear about it, and that I need to wave my arms around, so I've set this CW so if anyone gets the idea and thinks they can clarify it will be easier to do so.)
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I see the trigonometric Fourier series in the same way as you. Here is a graph of the square wave expansion problemasteoremas.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/… – Américo Tavares Oct 13 '10 at 11:26
I really like this answer for the "geometric intuition" part of the OP. The lack of rigor is a bit obscene, but my main goal was to find the best way to use geometry to explain the convergence issue to a non-expert. In my opinion, geometric insights like this one should come before rigorous arguments. – Matt Calhoun Oct 13 '10 at 18:50
@Matt: As I wrote, I made it CW so people could somewhat correct and add the much needed rigor. However, intuition was asked upon so that was what I could write about. – Asaf Karagila Oct 13 '10 at 19:41
I think the main issue here is that although the picture of the convergence is nice, it doesn't really explain why an infinite series of sines and cosines should converge. I think a by considering a geometrical interpretation of Christian's answer, regarding the error term of the partial fourier sums, we could argue that adding additional terms will approximate the function more closely. I will have to think about this much more thoroughly before editing this answer however. – Matt Calhoun Oct 14 '10 at 17:24
Since your question was about the geometry behind convergence, I'll chime in with a very geometric way to think about these concepts. However, as Qiaochu Yuan mentions, in order to do so, we must first nail down in what sense we mean convergence. I'll discuss the "big three" types of convergence: pointwise, uniform, and mean-square (also called $L^2$) convergence.
Let's begin with defining a notion of $error$ between $f(x)$ and the $N$th partial sum of its Fourier series, denoted by $F_N(x)$, on $-\ell<x<\ell$. Define the (absolute) pointwise error, $p(x)$, by $$p(x)=|f(x)-F_N(x)|, \quad -\ell<x<\ell.$$ The geometry of the situation belies its name: $p(x)$ represents the point-by-point difference (or error) between $f(x)$ and $F_N(x)$.
We can then define the following three types of convergence based on the behavior of $p(x)$ as $N\to\infty$.
• $F_N(x)$ converges pointwise to $f(x)$ on $-\ell<x<\ell$ if $$p_N(x)\to 0 \text{ as } N\to\infty \text{ for each fixed }x\in(-\ell,\ell).$$
• $F_N(x)$ converges uniformly to $f(x)$ on $-\ell<x<\ell$ if $$\sup_{-\ell<x<\ell}p_N(x)\to 0 \text{ as } N\to\infty.$$
• $F_N(x)$ converges in the mean-square or $L^2$ sense to $f(x)$ on $-\ell<x<\ell$ if $$\int_{-\ell}^\ell p_N^2(x)\,dx\to 0 \text{ as } N\to\infty.$$
Think of each of these in terms of what is happening with the pointwise error as $N\to \infty$. The first says that at a fixed $x$, the difference between $f(x)$ and $F_N(x)$ is going to zero. This may happen for some $x$ in the interval and fail for others. On the other hand, uniform convergence says that the supremum of all pointwise errors tends to zero. Finally, the mean-square error says that the area under $p^2(x)$ must tend to zero as $N\to\infty$.
The first is a very local way to measure error (at a point), whereas the second two are global ways to measure the error (across the entire interval).
We can formulate this in terms of norms by setting $$\|f-F_N\|_\infty:=\sup_{-\ell<x<\ell}|f(x)-F_N(x)|$$ Then, $F_N(x)\to f(x)$ uniformly on $-\ell<x<\ell$ provided $\|f-F_N\|_\infty\to 0$ as $N\to\infty$. (This is why we call it the uniform norm!)
On the other hand, if we set $$\|f-F_N\|_{L^2}:=\sqrt{\int_{-\ell}^\ell |f(x)-F_N(x)|^2\,dx},$$ then $F_N(x)\to f(x)$ in the $L^2$ sense on $-\ell<x<\ell$ provided $\|f-F_N\|_{L^2}\to 0$ as $N\to\infty$. (This is called the $L^2$ norm on $-\ell<x<\ell$.)
To illustrate this geometrically, here's $f(x)=x^2$ (black) and its Fourier sine series $F_N(x)$ (blue) on $0<x<1$ for $N=5,\dots,50$ and the corresponding pointwise error (red). We can see this series converges pointwise but not uniformly on $0<x<1$. You can also get an idea of the $L^2$ convergence by envisioning the area under the square of the red curve and seeing it tend to zero also. I was going to post that picture as well, put the shaded area is so thin it is difficult to see.
These illustrations are of course not a proof of the convergences, but simply a way to interpret them geometrically.
For the sake of completeness, here's an example which does converge uniformly: the same function and interval as above, but $F_N(x)$ is the Fourier cosine series.
Hope that helps.
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https://ufn.ru/en/articles/accepted/38967/
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# Accepted articles
Methodological notes
# Fock theory modification into 4-d coordinate space. Harmonic tensors in quantum Coulomb problem
Bauman Moscow State Technical University, ul. 2-ya Baumanskaya 5/1, Moscow, 105005, Russian Federation
We consider the fundamental Fock theory of hydrogen atom applied to momentum space and conformally bent by him into 3-D sphere. By such way, he created a realization of SO(3) symmetry of the Coulomb problem predicted by physicists earlier. We modify Fock theory to come to the new coordinate 4-D space from 3-D sphere by calculating 4-D Fourier transform and to arrive to Laplace equation. Tensor methods of 3-D and 4-D electrostatics are mathematically effective here to approach the Coulomb problem. Final transformation of the harmonic polinomials into the physical states is algebraic where the fourth vanishing coordinate to be equated with the radius. By the polynomial approach, we find the differential equation for states in momentum space where the integral equation known already. The quadratic Stark effect and Shwinger’s resolvent function are clearly deduced. Vector ladder operators that we found before, are considered for 3-D and 4-D harmonic tensors.
Keywords: Fock theory, quantum Coulomb problem, harmonic tensors, modification into 4-d coordinate space PACS: 02.30.Em, 03.65.Ge, 03.65.Db (all) DOI: 10.3367/UFNe.2021.04.038966 Citation: Efimov S P "Fock theory modification into 4-d coordinate space. Harmonic tensors in quantum Coulomb problem" Phys. Usp., accepted Received: 3rd, April 2021, accepted: 19th, April 2021 Îðèãèíàë: Åôèìîâ Ñ Ï «Òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ òåîðèè Ôîêà â êîîðäèíàòíîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî. Ãàðìîíè÷åñêèå òåíçîðû â êâàíòîâîé çàäà÷å Êóëîíà» ÓÔÍ, ïðèíÿòà ê ïóáëèêàöèè; DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.2021.04.038966
© 1918–2022 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk Email: [email protected] Editorial office contacts About the journal Terms and conditions
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/variation-of-parameters-question.271412/
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# Variation of Parameters Question
1. Nov 12, 2008
### xlzhsteven
Question is attached as Clipboard01.jpg
I have tried the use Variation of Parameters to solve this question, but I kept getting wrong answer.
This is What I get y=(2e^x)(Cos(e^x))+0.5(e^(-x))Cos(e^(-x))-2Sin(e^(-x))
This is the right answer: y=-Sin(e^(-x))-(e^x)Cos(e^(-x))
Procedure is shown in the second jpg file
Can someone help me with this problem?
Thank You
#### Attached Files:
File size:
3.2 KB
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• ###### scan0002.jpg
File size:
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Last edited: Nov 12, 2008
2. Nov 12, 2008
### HallsofIvy
Staff Emeritus
Show how you got that answer and we will try to help.
3. Nov 12, 2008
### xlzhsteven
I have attached my procedure in scan0002.jpg
4. Nov 12, 2008
### xlzhsteven
Can anyone help me? I have math final tomorrow.
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https://github.com/nlpub/dialogue-latex
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# nlpub / dialogue-latex
LaTeX Template for the Dialogue Conference.
TeX Makefile
## Latest commit
Fetching latest commit…
Cannot retrieve the latest commit at this time.
## Files
Type Name Latest commit message Commit time
Failed to load latest commit information.
.gitignore
.latexmkrc
.travis.yml
Makefile
dialogue.bib
dialogue.cls
dialogue.eps
dialogue.tex
splncs.csl
# LaTeX Template for the Dialogue Conference
Proceedings of the Dialogue conference are typeset in the Adobe InDesign suite which is not compatible with LaTeX. However, it is possible to convert LaTeX documents to the InDesign format, ICML, using Pandoc. This conversion process is highly error-prone, so we had to limit the available features strictly.
## Guidelines
Do...
• use the dialogue document class
• make sure that your document compiles with zero errors
• keep the document layout as simple as possible
• use BibTeX to format the bibliography
• run the conversion command on your machine
Do Not...
• modify dialogue.cls in any way
• use any packages or features not included in the template
• use \ref in the document
• use tabular inside tabular
## Conversion
We recommend using the following command for conversion:
pandoc -s -f latex -t icml -o dialogue.icml --bibliography=dialogue.bib --filter pandoc-citeproc --csl=splncs.csl dialogue.tex
This command converts your document dialogue.tex and bibliography dialogue.bib to dialogue.icml. The splncs.csl style is used for bibliography conversion (provided in the repository). Warnings that are related to formulas are OK.
InDesign files are XML documents. Unfortunately, sometimes Pandoc produces non-well-formed XML. Please run the following command to verify this:
xmllint --noout dialogue.icml
If error messages are shown, try modifying the dialogue.icml file in any text editor to ensure that no errors are shown.
## Support
Please use GitHub Issues for getting and offering help.
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/cmb-and-prefered-lorentz-frames.115989/
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# CMB and prefered lorentz frames
1. Mar 30, 2006
### DavidK
Consider two farmes of reference moving relative each other. In one of the frames the CMD is fully isotropic, i.e., it looks the same in all directions. In the other frame however, the CMD should be red shifted in one direction and blue shifted in the other direction. Thus, the first frame can be considered to be at rest relative the CMD, and therefore, in some sence, constitute a prefered lorenz frame.
How can this be?
2. Mar 30, 2006
### marcus
That is perfectly correct.
It is not forbidden to have preferred frames in that sense.
One way to think about why it can be is to say this to yourself:
special relativity says that the LAWS of physics must be Lor. inv.
So we expect the EQUATIONS like the Maxwell eqns. to be Lor. inv.
But we do not expect particular SOLUTIONS of those equations to have this same symmetry.
So, well, the universe is a particular solution to the Einstein General Relativity equation. This solution is approximately the Friedman solution (called various things, Friedman-Lemaitre, FRW metric, various names....)
this particular solution, call it Friedman solution or whatever you like, is NOT Lorentz invariant. It has a concept of being at REST which was already discovered by Hubble back in 1930s (if I remember history right) long before people knew about CMB!
One can be at rest with respect to the expansion------sometimes they call it being at rest with respet to the "Hubble flow". So that the recession speed of distant galaxies looks the same in all directions.
That idea of being at rest turns out to be the SAME as being at rest with respect to the CMB, as you described.
If you are not at rest then it will look to you as if the galaxies in one direction are receding FASTER from you than the galaxies the same distance away in the opposite direction.
If you adjust your velocity so the Hubble expansion looks the same in all directions, then you will also find that the CMB looks on average the same in all directions (I mean has no dipole, it still can have small irregularities but think of them as averaged out).
Last edited: Mar 30, 2006
3. Mar 30, 2006
### DavidK
Thanks for the very informative answer. A natural follow up question is: why is the earth at rest relative the CMB? Is it something one should expect?
4. Mar 30, 2006
### marcus
It is not at rest. If I remember, the solarsystem is moving some 370 km/second with respect CMB.
the direction we are going is in the direction of the constellation Leo.
this motion w.r.t. CMB has to be deducted and compensated when people analyse the data.
The orbital motion of WMAP satellite, which is roughly similar to earth's motion, also has to be deducted but that is only about 30 km/sec and varies seasonally. The main motion thing they need to get rid of is the overall motion of the solar system w.r.t. CMB.
============
Here is a paper about measuring the speed and direction of sun relative CMB
http://arxiv.org/astro-ph/9601151 [Broken]
Sep 1996 The Dipole Observed in the COBE DMR Four-YearData
C. H. Lineweaver et al
"The largest anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the ~3mK dipole assumed to be due to our velocity with respect to the CMB. ..."
this will give the coordinates of the direction and the speed (in case i have forgotten the speed)
Last edited by a moderator: May 2, 2017
5. Mar 31, 2006
### DavidK
Ahhh...now it all makes sence again .
6. Apr 2, 2006
### Chronos
I prefer to think of the CMB as a convenient reference frame, not absolute. The danger of that assumption is buried in Maxwell's equations.
Similar Discussions: CMB and prefered lorentz frames
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http://ficourseworkgevh.laluzsiuna.info/electrophilic-aromatic-substitution-essay.html
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# Electrophilic aromatic substitution essay
The main difference between electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution is that electrophilic aromatic substitution involves the replacement of an atom of the aromatic compound with an electrophile whereas nucleophilic aromatic substitution involves the replacement of an atom of the aromatic compound with a nucleophile. Robert j ouellette, j david rawn, in organic chemistry (second edition), 2018 mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution in the first step of electrophilic aromatic substitution, which resembles the addition of electrophiles to alkenes, the electrophile accepts a pair of electrons from the aromatic ring. Substitution takes place, with difficulty, at the 3-position because this leads to the most stable wheland intermediate (63) the intermediates for 2- and 4-attack (64 and 65, respectively) each has a canonical state in which the charge is located on divalent n a highly unstable,ie high energy, state. Reaction name and kinetics overall reaction electrophilic aromatic substitution (eas) mechanism •carbocation formed •aromaticity lost •carbocation quenched. The mechanism for electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene is the key to understanding electrophilic aromatic substitution you will see similar equations written for nitration, sulphonation, acylation, etc, with the major difference being the identity of the electrophile in each case.
Instead, cyclic aromatic compounds undergo electrophilic substitution reactions (reactions in which the ring acts as an nucleophile to a suitable electrophile) when benzene participates in such substitution reactions, the product retains the stability associated with the aromatic $\pi$ electron system. It is also important to note that when an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is performed on a mono-substituted benzene ring containing an activating group, the new electrophile will add to the ortho and the para positions of the ring (figure 7a. But this is the electrophilic aromatic substitution we substituted one of the hydrogens we substituted this hydrogen right here with this electrophile, or what was previously an electrophile, but then once it got an electron, it's just kind of a group that is now on the benzene ring. Naproxene syntheses: electrophilic aromatic substitution on activated naphthalene 5 mechanism of reaction between substituted aniline and potassium thiocyanate in presence of bromine and glacial acetic acid.
Electrophilic aromatic substition: this video provides an overview of both nucleophilic and electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions first, it provides a list of ortho, para, and meta. Nitrating acetanilide and methyl benzoate: electrophilic aromatic substitution the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is the attack of a benzene ring on an electrophilic species resulting in the substitution of a proton with a functional group. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is one thing that benzene does the mechanisms are getting trickier, no don't worry, practice makes perfect from halogenation to friedel-crafts alkylation. Electrophilic substitution of disubstituted benzene rings when a benzene ring has two substituent groups, each exerts an influence on subsequent substitution reactions the activation or deactivation of the ring can be predicted more or less by the sum of the individual effects of these substituents.
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution - anion intermediate (addition/elimination) addition of nucleophile to an aryl halide ( at the ipso position ) intermediate is a delocalized anion, analogous to the cation in electrophilc substitution. Aromatic amines can undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions on the ring (sec 164) the amino group is one of the most powerful ortho, para-directing groups in elec. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is as follows, where e is the electrophile: (note that in this reaction and in others that follow, only one of the six benzene hydrogens is shown explicitly to emphasize that one hydrogen is lost in the reaction. Eas series: video 1 the topic of eas or electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions is one that covers a key reaction pathways studied in the average organic chemistry course.
Solvent polarity helps to increase the rate of reaction due to the fact that electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is a two- step polar reaction 33 temperature effect in this part of the experiment, the effect of temperature in the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution was tested. Electrophiles are involved in electrophilic substitution reactions and particularly in electrophilic aromatic substitutions: electrophilic reactions to other unsaturated compounds than arenes generally lead to electrophilic addition rather than substitution. Chapter 16: chemistry of benzene: electrophilic aromatic substitution d bromination (which is a type of oxidation) also can occur on the benzylic position of a substituted benzene ring using nbs.
## Electrophilic aromatic substitution essay
Regioselectivity and the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution are affected by the substituents attached to the original benzene in electrophilic aromatic substitution, (eas for short), the rate determining step is the first step of the reaction. Electrophilic aromatic substitution or eas is an organic reaction in which an atom, usually hydrogen, appended to an aromatic system is replaced by an electrophilethe most important reactions of this type that take place are aromatic nitration, aromatic halogenation, aromatic sulfonation, and acylation and alkylating friedel-crafts reactions. Regioselectivity in electrophilic aromatic substitution of benzofuran and indole this response as to the regioselectivity of the electrophilic aromatic substitution of indole left me with a few more questions than it did answers. Substitution reaction (also known as single displacement reaction or single substitution reaction) is a chemical reaction during which one functional group in a chemical compound is replaced by another functional group.
Aromatic compounds tend to undergo electrophilic aromatic substitutions rather than addition reactions - preparation of 4-bromoaniline essay introduction substitution of a new group for a hydrogen atom takes place via a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction between methyl benzoate and a nitrating solution of sulfuric and nitric acids was successful and yielded methyl m-nitrobenzoate the percent yield of the recrystallized product was 93. Discussion aromatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution reactions in these reactions, the aromatic ring acts as a nucleophile (an electron pair donor) and reacts with an electrophilic reagent (an electron pair acceptor) resulting in the replacement of a hydrogen on the aromatic ring with the electrophile. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are characteristic of aromatic compounds, and are important ways of introducing functional groups of benzene rings the other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aliphatic substitution reaction.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution objective the objective of this experiment was to illustrate electrophilic aromatic substitution by synthesizing p-nitroanilide (as well as ortho) from acetanilide by nitration the para form was separated from the ortho form based on solubility properties using recrystallization techniques. The difference is fairly clear: electrophilic aromatic substitution (eas) occurring at carbon-2 gives one more resonance structure than on carbon-3 so that intermediate is more stable thus eas more readily occurs on carbon-2 starting with pure pyrrole.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution essay
Rated 5/5 based on 26 review
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https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/61913/drawing-3d-transformer-with-tikz-or-pstricks?noredirect=1
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# Drawing 3D Transformer with TikZ or PSTricks
Consider the picture of a transformer on the page:
How do I draw this using either TikZ (which I have not used before) or PSTricks?
• You can look at my answer for this question and then you can make an attempt with the gray solid and the green path. After if you have some problems, we can help you for the end of the drawing. – Alain Matthes Jul 2 '12 at 7:32
• Yes I forgot :( tex.stackexchange.com/questions/15079/… – Alain Matthes Jul 2 '12 at 7:59
• As I said, I have not used TikZ before, but I will give it a try. Thank you. – Svend Tveskæg Jul 2 '12 at 8:18
• If you want to learn more about TikZ by seeing some examples I'd suggest giving a shot at TikZ and PGF examples There are many examples there with their source code and the final results – Evangelos Bempelis Jul 2 '12 at 14:28
• Welcome to TEX.SX! Usually, we don't put a greeting or a "thank you" in our posts. While this might seem strange at first, it is not a sign of lack of politeness, but rather part of our trying to keep everything very concise. Upvoting is the preferred way here to say "thank you" to users who helped you. – azetina Jul 2 '12 at 14:37
It's quite easy to set up custom axes in TikZ: for instance, x={(0.707,0.707)} means that the x-vector points in direction of 45° (up right) with length 1 (in general : (r cos angle,r sin angle)). I used 45°, 165° and 90° for x, y and z axes. The hard part is imagining what coordinates to use. Another difficulty is the upper part of the left coil: if you draw it via a foreach loop, then some parts are in front of the front face, while some are behind it, so I used a scope to restrict the drawing.
\documentclass[parskip]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[margin=15mm]{geometry}
\usepackage{tikz}
\newcommand{\innercolor}{gray!80!black}
\newcommand{\outercolor}{gray!80!white}
\newcommand{\leftcoil}{red!75!gray}
\newcommand{\rightcoil}{green!75!gray}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\coilseparation}{0.02}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\halflinewidth}{0.008}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x={(0.707cm,0.707cm)},y={(-0.966cm,0.259cm)},z={(0cm,1cm)}]
\filldraw[fill=\innercolor] (0,1,1) -- (1,1,1) -- (1,4,1) -- (0,4,1) -- cycle;
\filldraw[fill=\innercolor] (1,4,1) -- (0,4,1) -- (0,4,4) -- (1,4,4) -- cycle;
\filldraw[fill=\innercolor] (0,0,0) -- (1,0,0) -- (1,0,5) -- (0,0,5) -- cycle;
\filldraw[fill=\innercolor] (0,0,5) -- (0,5,5) -- (1,5,5) -- (1,0,5) -- cycle;
\filldraw[fill=\outercolor,even odd rule] (0,0,0) -- (0,5,0) -- (0,5,5) -- (0,0,5) --cycle (0,1,1) -- (0,4,1) -- (0,4,4) -- (0,1,4) --cycle ;
\begin{scope}
\clip (0,3,1) -- (0,6,1) -- (0,6,4) -- (0,3,4);
\foreach \z in {1.125,1.375,...,3.875}
{ \draw[\leftcoil,thick] (0,5,\z) -- (-\coilseparation,5,\z) -- (-\coilseparation,4-\coilseparation,\z) -- (1+\coilseparation,4-\coilseparation,\z) -- (1+\coilseparation,4,\z);
}
\end{scope}
\foreach \z in {1.25,1.75,...,3.75}
{ \draw[\rightcoil,thick] (0,1,\z) -- (-\coilseparation,1,\z) -- (-\coilseparation,0-\coilseparation,\z) -- (1+\coilseparation,0-\coilseparation,\z) -- (1+\coilseparation,0,\z);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
Edit 1: To help you figure out where you are in 3D, you can append this in the tikzpicture:
\draw[ultra thick,blue,->] (0,0,0) -- (2.5,0,0) node[below right] {x};
\draw[ultra thick,blue,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,6.5,0) node[below] {y};
\draw[ultra thick,blue,->] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,6.5) node[right] {z};
\foreach \x in {1,2}
{ \draw[ultra thick,blue] (\x,0.1,0) -- (\x,-0.1,0) node[below right] {\x};
}
\foreach \yz in {1,2,3,4,5,6}
{ \draw[ultra thick,blue] (0.1,\yz,0) -- (-0.1,\yz,0) node[below] {\yz};
\draw[ultra thick,blue] (0.1,0,\yz) -- (-0.1,0,\yz) node[right] {\yz};
}
• This is awesome. Thank you. Any chance I can get you (or any other) to draw the rest of the picture? I would like to learn TikZ and I think I will do this best by seeing some examples (and read manuals). – Svend Tveskæg Jul 2 '12 at 10:17
• I am still a tikz beginner, but you could browse questions on the site. (I have asked quite a few questions aswell). And then attempt to improve this image. You learn best by trying yourself. =) – N3buchadnezzar Jul 2 '12 at 14:31
• @Tom Bombadil: Thank you for adding the axes. I am (very!) slowly going through the example starting on page 40 in the TikZ and PGF manual; I guess I have to follow more basic examples before I can draw the transformer. – Svend Tveskæg Jul 2 '12 at 16:45
Along time ago I figured out how to do it using PSTricks by modifying the code taken from here:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{pst-solides3d}
% Subscript as \textnormal
\makeatletter
\begingroup
\catcode\_=\active
\protected\gdef_{\@ifnextchar|\subtextup\sb}
\endgroup
\def\subtextup|#1|{\sb{\textnormal{#1}}}
\AtBeginDocument{\catcode\_=12 \mathcode\_=32768}
\makeatother
%% Parameters
% Windings
\def\lWind{40 }
\def\rWind{80 }
\def\rHelix{1.13}
\def\rWire{0.004}
% Constants
\def\factor{160 } % \factor > \lWind,\rWind
\pstVerb{
/left 2 \lWind mul \factor div def
/right 2 \rWind mul \factor div def
}
%% Colors
\colorlet{wireColor}{red!60}
\colorlet{coreColor}{cyan!50}
%% Wire
\newpsobject{wire}{psSolid}{
object = courbe,
ngrid = 4365 left mul cvi 5,
r = \rWire,
fillcolor = wireColor,
incolor = wireColor
}
\begin{document}
\psset{
unit = 0.87
}
\begin{pspicture}(-6.6,-4.4)(6.6,4.2)
\psset{
algebraic,
solidmemory,
viewpoint = 20 5 10 rtp2xyz,
lightsrc = 20 60 60 rtp2xyz,
Decran = 30,
grid = false,
action = none
}
%%--------- Core ----------
\psSolid[
object = anneau,
h = 1.0,
R = 4,
r = 2.5,
ngrid = 4,
RotX = 90,
RotY = 45,
RotZ = 90,
fillcolor = coreColor,
name = core
]
%%--------- Wire ----------
% Left
\defFunction{heliceA}(t){\rHelix*cos(\factor*t)}{\rHelix*sin(\factor*t)}{t/left}
\wire[
function = heliceA,
range = 0 Pi left mul,
name = wireA
](0,-2.25,-1.5)
% Right
\defFunction{heliceB}(t){\rHelix*cos(\factor*t)}{-\rHelix*sin(\factor*t)}{t/right}
\wire[
function = heliceB,
range = 0 Pi right mul,
name = wireB
](0,2.25,-1.5)
%%------- Assembly --------
\psSolid[
object = fusion,
base = core wireA wireB,
action = draw**
]
%%---- Connecting wire ----
\small
% Left
\psline[
linewidth = 1.5pt
](-6.8,2.71)(-3.705,2.71)(-3.705,2.31)
\psline[
linewidth = 1.5pt
](-6.8,-2.845)(-3.65,-2.845)(-3.65,-2.545)
\pcline[
linewidth = 0.5pt
]{<->}(-6,2.71)(-6,-2.845)
\ncput*{$U_|p|$}
\uput[315](-6,2.71){$+$}
\uput[40](-6,-2.845){$-$}
\psline{->}(-6.8,3.01)(-5.5,3.01)
\uput[0](-5.5,3.01){$I_|p|$}
\rput(-1.3,0){$N_|p|$}
% Right
\psline[
linewidth = 1.5pt
](6.8,2.65)(3.48,2.65)(3.48,2.25)
\psline[
linewidth = 1.5pt
](6.8,-3.0)(3.41,-3)(3.41,-2.7)
\pcline[
linewidth = 0.5pt
]{<->}(6,2.65)(6,-3)
\ncput*{$U_|s|$}
\uput[225](6,2.65){$+$}
\uput[140](6,-3){$-$}
\psline{->}(5.5,2.95)(6.8,2.95)
\uput[180](5.5,2.95){$I_|s|$}
\rput(1.3,0){$N_|s|$}
\end{pspicture}
\end{document}
Note that the compilation from PS to PDF takes some seconds.
Here's another solution (you can rescale, xlant, rotate it without messing up with the figure output):
\documentclass[convert={density=300,size=1080x800,outext=.png}, border=10pt, tikz]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{decorations.markings}
\usetikzlibrary {arrows, positioning}
\begin{document}
%inner square side length
\def\a{3.0}
%outer square side length
\def\b{5.0}
% x displacement of back squares
\def\dx{0.8}
% y displacement of back squares
\def\dy{0.5}
\def\lx{1.0}
\def\ly{1.0}
% round corner correction
\def\dr{0.02}
\begin{tikzpicture}[global scale/.style={scale=1.0}, rotate=-5, xslant=-0.1, thick, every
node/.style={transform shape, scale=0.8}, decoration={markings, mark=at position 0.5 with {\arrow{latex}}}]
\begin{scope}[even odd rule]
\filldraw[rounded corners=2pt, fill=gray, rotate=-0, opacity=1.0] (\dx,
\dy) rectangle ++(5,5) (\lx+\dx,\ly+\dy) rectangle ++(\a, \a);
\fill [rounded corners=2pt, fill=gray] (\b, 0) --++ (0, \dy+\dr+0.02) --++(\dx, 0) --cycle;
\fill [rounded corners=2pt, fill=gray] (0, \b) --++ (\dx+\dr+0.02, 0) --++(0, \dy)--cycle;
\filldraw[rounded corners=2pt, fill=gray!50, rotate=-0] (0,0) rectangle
++(\b, \b) (\lx,\ly) rectangle ++(\a, \a);
\draw (\b-\dr,\dr) --++(\dx, \dy);
\draw (\b-\dr,\b-\dr) --++(\dx, \dy);
\draw (\dr,\b-\dr) --++(\dx, \dy);
\draw [blue, thick, postaction={decorate}] (0, \ly) --++(-1.5,0);
\foreach \z in {0,.24,.48,...,2.5}
{
\draw [rounded corners=2pt,blue, thick]
(-0.0,\ly+\z+0.08)--(-0.09,\ly+\z) -- (\lx, \ly+\z)--++(0.89,0.5)
--++(-0.08, 0.05);
}
\draw [rounded corners=2pt,blue, thick, postaction={decorate}] (-1.5,
\ly+2.8) --++(1.5,0) node[black, above, pos=0.4] {$I_p$};
\draw[latex-latex] (-\lx, \ly) --++(0, 2.8) node[midway, left] {$V_p$};
\draw [rounded corners=2pt,red, thick] (\a+\lx-2*\dr,
\ly+2*\dr)--++(-\dr, -\dr)--++(\lx+\dx+2*\dr, 0);
\draw [red, postaction={decorate}] (\b+\dx-\dr, \ly+\dr)--++(\a/2, 0);
\draw [rounded corners=2pt, red, thick, postaction={decorate}]
(\a+3*\lx-0.2, \ly+3.1) --++(\a/2, 0) node[black, midway, above] {$I_s$};
\foreach \z in {.125,.25,.375,...,2.5}
{
\draw [rounded corners=2pt, red, thick] (\a+\lx,\ly+\z+0.1)--
(\a+\lx-0.07,\ly+\z) -- (\a+2*\lx, \ly+\z)--++(0.87,0.5)--++(-0.06,
0.06);
}
\draw[latex-latex] (2*\a+\lx, \ly) --++(0, 3.1) node[midway, left] {$V_s$};
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
`
|
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|
https://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/handle/2097/32209
|
# Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Differential Sensitivity of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to Mesotrione at Varying Growth Temperatures
## This item appears in the following Collection(s)
Except where otherwise noted, the use of this item is bound by the following: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Center for the
|
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|
http://forums.pctex.com/viewtopic.php?p=37&sid=85c4c9d5d2c0363374df7be8d43d2ba1
|
PCTeX Talk
Discussions on TeX, LaTeX, fonts, and typesetting
Author Message
norbusan
Joined: 27 Oct 2005
Posts: 2
Posted: Wed Dec 07, 2005 4:13 am Post subject: strange \notin ... Hi all! mtpro seems to produce \notin symbols where the upper left part separated by the slash is filled in black. See . It happens in dvi and ps and pdf output. The input code is very simple: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{mtpro} \begin{document} $\notin$ \end{document} and a run through latex: ... (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/article.cls Document Class: article 2004/02/16 v1.4f Standard LaTeX document class (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/size10.clo)) (/usr/local/share/texmf/tex/latex/pctex/mtpro.sty) (./test.aux) (/usr/local/share/texmf/tex/latex/pctex/mpy1mtt.fd) (/usr/local/share/texmf/tex/latex/pctex/mpy2mtt.fd) (/usr/local/share/texmf/tex/latex/pctex/mpy3mtt.fd) [1] (./test.aux) ) Output written on test.dvi (1 page, 260 bytes). mtpro.sty is 2004/09/14 v4.0 and the font mtsyt says: /version(1.000)readonly def /Notice(Copyright (C) Publish or Perish, Inc. 2000-2004.)readonly def Thanks a lot for any comment/suggestion! Best wishes Norbert
kolchin
Joined: 27 Oct 2005
Posts: 15
Location: Moscow, Russia
Posted: Mon Dec 19, 2005 9:09 am Post subject: This depends on the Postscript interpreter you use. Adobe's interpreter installed in my HP LJ 4MP draws the symbol correctly, while ghostscript software fills the \notin exactly as shown in your posting. Best regards Andrei
Michael Spivak
Joined: 10 Oct 2005
Posts: 52
Posted: Mon Dec 19, 2005 6:46 pm Post subject: bad epsilon
kolchin wrote: This depends on the Postscript interpreter you use. Adobe's interpreter installed in my HP LJ 4MP draws the symbol correctly, while ghostscript software fills the \notin exactly as shown in your posting. Best regards Andrei
Actually, I believe that HP uses its own clone, which is different from Adobe's interpreter [which, by the way, has changed in the way it interprets inside and outside] and that you are both using an older version of fonts which were wrong. I'll try sending you newer versions by email, so you can check.
kolchin
Joined: 27 Oct 2005
Posts: 15
Location: Moscow, Russia
Posted: Tue Dec 20, 2005 1:55 am Post subject: tested tested. ok xdvi 22.84.10, gs 8.53, acroread 5.0.5 suse linux 9.1, x86 many thanks!Last edited by kolchin on Tue Dec 20, 2005 3:54 pm; edited 2 times in total
norbusan
Joined: 27 Oct 2005
Posts: 2
Posted: Tue Dec 20, 2005 5:04 am Post subject: I tried a pdf file generated with pdftex 1.30.5 and viewed it in acroread 7.0, and this showed the same effect. So it is not only a PostScript Interpreter problem in my printer, but also in the Adobe Acrobat Viewer. Is there any chance to get a different font version fixing this?
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|
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|
http://planetmath.org/Trigonometry
|
trigonometry
Primary tabs
Defines:
sine,cosine,tangent,secant,cosecant,cotangent
Type of Math Object:
Topic
Major Section:
Reference
Groups audience:
Mathematics Subject Classification
basic trigonometric entry
to my surprise there wasn't an entry defining and dealing and defining the elementary trigonometric functions, so I went and created this.
I know this entry is the kind of entry that will generate a long thread about comments, suggestions criticism and all that jazz, so why don't someone better sets up an asteroidmeta page for this so we can avoid polluting the page (and making it a lot larger and slower to load ;)
It's incomplete as it stands right now, but I'm making it world editable so anyone can work on it directly. Ah, and I'd like it to keep it as real trig mostly entru, so please do not dwell too much into complex analysis (perhaps just some mention and references)
f
G -----> H G
p \ /_ ----- ~ f(G)
\ / f ker f
G/ker f
Re: basic trigonometric entry
Actually, THERE IS already an entry defining elementary trigonometric functions:
http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/DefinitionsInTrigonometry.html
Re: basic trigonometric entry
Another entry defining geometrically the sine and cosine of all real numbers is
Re: basic trigonometric entry
does cyclometric functions one really defines them?
it seems a bit circular to me if you want them to define sin, cos, etc
(unless you use the power series at the bottom to define arcsin first and then define sin as the inverse of arcsin, but then it gets all too contrived)
f
G -----> H G
p \ /_ ----- ~ f(G)
\ / f ker f
G/ker f
Re: basic trigonometric entry
The first section of your entry is a repeat of "definitions in trigonometry" and as a matter of fact the previous entry is a little clearer in the exposition (for my taste). And that entry defines (i.e. they are in the "also defines" list) sine, cosine and the kind.
I like the idea of extending the topic and adding a bunch of things that "defs in trig. " is missing though, that is why I suggested making your entry a child of that one.
Alvaro
Re: basic trigonometric entry
Ok I'll attach it, but keep in mind I said the entry as it stands is far from complete, right now I'm redoing the picture so I can fill the correction you still have opened, and many other things need to be added
f
G -----> H G
p \ /_ ----- ~ f(G)
\ / f ker f
G/ker f
Re: basic trigonometric entry
Thanks!
And again, thanks for adding this entry to the collection, I have also noticed that Planetmath was a little weak in trigonometry.
Alvaro
Re: basic trigonometric entry
As I see it, there really should be both definitions available. The definition in terms of sides and angles is uitable for beginners studying geometry and the definition in terms of power series and invers functions is more suitable for more advanced people.
Hoewever, this discussion should never have happened here, so I am going to build the wiki so we can carry out the discussion in a more suitable place.
Trigonometry discussion page
Please post all further discussion of this entry to the following webpage:
http://oddwiki.taoriver.net/wiki.pl/AsteroidMeta/Discussion_of_Trigonometry
Re: basic trigonometric entry
Maybe, it seems a bit circular. In fact the 'defining' of sine and cosine (for all real numbers) is only a subplot in explaining the old names arcsin and arccos -- you will see it if you read anew the whole article. But possibly I shall improve the order of things there. - The power series here is not any definition of arcsin, but only a formula.
Jussi
Re: basic trigonometric entry
all I pointed is that I can't see the cyclometric entry defining the trig functions, just making use of them
f
G -----> H G
p \ /_ ----- ~ f(G)
\ / f ker f
G/ker f
All right =o)
|
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|
http://blogformathematics.blogspot.com/2011/03/discriminant-of-quadratic-equation.html
|
## Pages
### Discriminant of a quadratic equation
The discriminant can be considered as a property of a quadratic equation. It is calculated from the quadratic equation in the general form. The discriminant value is very important in determining the nature of roots of a quadratic equation, even before calculating the roots themselves. This gives us the advantage of not having to calculate the roots of a quadratic equation, when knowing their nature is sufficient.
The nature of roots of a quadratic equation means the possible set of values that the roots can be. This tells us whether the roots are real numbers, imaginary numbers, complex numbers, or rational numbers, and so on..
Knowing the nature of roots of a quadratic equation is especially useful in graphing parabolas, and in checking the answers.
The discriminant can be calculated when the quadratic equation is in the general form:
ax^2 + bx + c = 0
In the above equation, the discriminant D is calculated by:
D = b^2 - 4ac
Example: In the equation
2x^2 + 3x + 5 = 0,
the discriminant is
D = 3^2 - 4(2)(5) = -31
The discriminant value in a quadratic is especially useful in determining the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation.
|
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|
http://www.ipam.ucla.edu/abstract/?tid=10905&pcode=MDWS3
|
Computations and Experiments of Grain Evolution in Four Dimensions
Peter VoorheesNorthwestern University
Recent advances in computational and experimental techniques now permit the evolution of a microstructure to be determined in three dimensions and as a function of time. It is thus possible to employ an experimentally measured microstructure as an initial condition in a simulation and to then compare the predicted structure to that measured experimentally at some later time. Such an approach is a particularly stringent test of simulation and can be used to identify important phenomena that are lost in an averaging process. We shall illustrate this approach using experiments and simulations of solid-state grain growth. Using an experimentally measured grain structure as an initial condition in a phase field model, we compare the shapes of individual grains measured experimentally to those predicted by the simulation at some later time. We find that the phase field simulations reproduce quite accurately the grain morphology and topology in regions of the sample with isotropic grain boundary properties. However, in other regions, we find a clear influence of grain boundary energy anisotropy on the morphological evolution of grains and a disagreement between simulation and experiment.
Back to Workshop III: Mesoscale and Continuum Scale Modeling of Materials Defects
|
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|
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/rate-of-deceleration-time-required.710022/
|
Rate of Deceleration & Time Required
1. Sep 12, 2013
dgsigala
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
A truck traveling at 40.0 m/s decelerates uniformly to 20.0 m/s over a distance of 100 m. Determine the rate of deceleration and the time required for the truck to travel the 100 m.
2. Relevant equations
Deceleration=(original velocity-final velocity)/Time
3. The attempt at a solution
2. Sep 13, 2013
Basic_Physics
Rather try and use
s=ut + $\frac{1}{2}$at2
or
v2=$\!$$\:$u2+2as
Draft saved Draft deleted
Similar Discussions: Rate of Deceleration & Time Required
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https://www.birs.ca/events/2017/5-day-workshops/17w5059/videos/watch/201711301531-Phan.html
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## Video From 17w5059: Partial Order in Materials: at the Triple Point of Mathematics, Physics and Applications
Thursday, November 30, 2017 15:31 - 16:16
Gradient estimates of weak solutions of quasi-linear parabolic equations with...
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https://www.arxiv-vanity.com/papers/1301.7536/
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UT-13-03
IPMU 13-0024
Axino dark matter with R-parity violation and
130 GeV gamma-ray line
Motoi Endo, Koichi Hamaguchi, Seng Pei Liew,
Kyohei Mukaida and Kazunori Nakayama
Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan
We show that decaying axino dark matter with R-parity violation can explain the observed excess of the 130GeV gamma-ray line from the Galactic center in the Fermi data. The branching fraction of the axino decay into monochromatic photons can be , and constraints from continuum gamma-rays and the anti-proton flux are ameliorated. The Peccei-Quinn scale of GeV and the R-parity violation parameter of are cosmologically favored.
## 1 Introduction
Recently, there is increasing evidence of the excess of the 130 GeV gamma-ray line from the Galactic Center (GC) in the four-year Fermi data [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. This may be interpreted as a signal of the dark matter (DM), which annihilates or decays around the GC. An obstacle to construct a model of the annihilating/decaying DM which explains the observed gamma-ray line excess is that the branching ratio of the monochromatic photon production must be fairly large. It should be larger than around 0.01 [10, 11, 12]. Otherwise, continuum gamma-rays would hide the line gamma, and anti-protons may be overproduced. For instance, if the DM annihilation into photons takes place through loops of the standard model (SM) particles, it is difficult to realize such a large branching ratio [13].
In this letter, we propose a model of the decaying DM which naturally explains the gamma-ray line excess without producing too much continuum gammas and anti-protons. A supersymmetric (SUSY) axion model [14] is considered to solve the strong CP problem in the framework of the minimal SUSY SM (MSSM). The axino, which is a fermionic superpartner of the axion, is a suitable candidate of the DM, if it is the lightest SUSY particle (LSP). By introducing small R-parity violations, the axino decays into a photon plus a neutrino, and the Fermi gamma-ray line excess can be explained. It is stressed that the branching fraction of the axino decay into monochromatic photons typically becomes , and the constraints from the overproductions of the continuum gamma-ray and the antiproton are satisfied. This is in contrast to the decaying gravitino DM scenario, where the branching fraction of the monochromatic photon production is suppressed [10]. Moreover, the present scenario is cosmologically favored, because the lightest SUSY particle of the MSSM (MSSM-LSP), e.g., the lightest neutralino, decays by the R-parity violating effects before the big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) begins. This avoids the cosmological problem associated with a late decay of the MSSM-LSP when the gravitino is lighter than the MSSM-LSP.#1#1#1 Light axino DM with R-parity violations was considered in Refs. [15, 16, 17]. Ref. [18] considered the gravitino LSP with the axino heavier than MSSM-LSP. On the other hand, the morphology of the gamma-ray line signature from the GC seems to favor the annihilating DM scenario rather than that of the decaying DM [10]. Although relatively large gamma-ray signals are expected from the Galactic halo in the decaying DM scenario, no such excesses have been observed. However, since there are potentially large uncertainties in the gamma-ray data and the DM density profile around the GC, it is premature to specify the DM model by the morphology [10, 19].
In the next section, the axino DM model will be introduced, and properties of the model will be explained, particularly paying attention to the R-parity violating effects. We consider the KSVZ axion models [20]. It will be shown that the model can explain the gamma-ray line excess. In addition, several cosmological aspects will be discussed. The last section will be devoted to the conclusion and discussion.
## 2 Axino dark matter with R-parity violation
### 2.1 Axino decay rate with R-parity violation
Let us first introduce R-parity violations. In this letter, we consider a bilinear type of the R-parity violation [21], which is characterized by the superpotential,
W=μiLiHu, (2.1)
where and are chiral superfields of the lepton doublet and the up-type Higgs doublet, respectively. The index denotes the generation, and is a parameter with a mass dimension. Here and hereafter, summation over is implicitly promised. By redefining and the down-type Higgs superfield as and with , where is the higgsino mass parameter appearing in the superpotential as , the R-parity violating superpotential (2.1) is eliminated. Hereafter, for notational simplicity, the primes on the redefined fields are omitted. After the redefinition, the SUSY breaking potential becomes
−LRPV=Bi~LiHu+m2LiHd~LiH∗d+h.c., (2.2)
where is a scalar component of the superfield . The coefficients are and , where , and represent soft SUSY breaking parameters in the MSSM, . Due to the R-parity violating scalar potential (2.2), sneutrinos obtain non-zero vacuum expectation values (VEVs) as
⟨~νi⟩=−m2LiHdcosβ+Bisinβm2~νiv, (2.3)
where is a ratio of the VEVs of the up- and down-type Higgs fields, GeV, and is a sneutrino mass.
Before proceeding to discuss phenomenological aspects, several comments are in order. It is possible to introduce the bilinear R-parity violating soft terms, and in addition to (2.1), before the field redefinition. The coefficients in (2.2) then have additional contributions, but the following analysis will not be affected as far as the R-parity violation is parametrized by the the sneutrino VEV (2.3). Next, trilinear R-parity violating terms, and , are also generated by the field redefinition. They are subdominant and will be ignored in the following study, because the terms are multiplied by the Yukawa couplings.
The sneutrino VEVs (2.3) induce mixings between the SM leptons and the gauginos. The SM neutrinos mix with the bino and the neutral wino, and the SM charged leptons mix with the charged winos. Hence, the R-parity violating parameters are constrained. The neutrinos obtain masses of , where is a bino (wino) mass [22, 23, 24]. For gaugino masses of GeV, is imposed to satisfy the experimental bound on the neutrino masses. Also, the cosmological asymmetry is preserved for [25, 26, 27, 28]. Other constraints are known to be weaker (see e.g., Ref. [21]). As we will see, the size of the R-parity violation favored by the Fermi gamma-ray line excess is much smaller as . #2#2#2 See e.g., Refs. [29, 30, 31] for models to explain such a tiny R-parity violation parameter.
The R-parity violation destabilizes the LSP. In this letter, we consider the axino LSP scenario in the KSVZ axion models [20]. The relevant interaction terms of the axino are
L~aλA=iαYCY16πfa¯~aγ5[γμ,γν]~BBμν+iαWCW16πfa¯~aγ5[γμ,γν]~WaWaμν (2.4)
where and are model-dependent coupling constants of order unity, is the fine structure constant of U(1), is that of SU(2), is the PQ scale, denotes the axino, is the bino (wino), and is the field strength of the U(1) (SU(2)) gauge boson. The axino LSP is stable as long as the R-parity is conserved, whereas it decays via the operators (2.4) with the gaugino mixings with the SM leptons, once the R-parity violation is turned on.
First, let us consider the case of (see Sec. 2.2 for an explicit realization). The first term in (2.4) provides interactions of and . The R-parity violation opens a decay of the axino through the mixing as and . In the limit of , the axino decay rate becomes
Γ(~a→γνi)≃C2Yα2Y128π3m3~af2a(g2Y⟨~νi⟩22m2~Bcos2θW), (2.5)
where is the axino mass, and is the weak mixing angle. Here and hereafter, denotes a sum of the partial decay rates into and . The factor in the parenthesis comes from the bino-neutrino mixing, and from the U(1) gauge boson-photon mixing. Similarly, we obtain
Γ(~a→Zνi)≃C2Yα2Y128π3m3~af2a(g2Y⟨~νi⟩22m2~Bsin2θW)(1−m2Zm2~a)(1−m2Z2m2~a−m4Z2m4~a), (2.6)
where is the mass of the boson. For , the branching fractions are given by . From the above results, the axino lifetime is estimated as
τ~a≃8×1026sec C−2Y(m~a260GeV)−3(fa1013GeV)2(m~B1TeV)2(κ10−11)−2, (2.7)
where the R-parity violating parameter is defined as .
The two-body decay of the axino into a photon contributes to the monochromatic gamma signal of the Fermi observation. If the axino mass is around 260 GeV, the photon produced by has an energy of about 130 GeV. According to Ref. [10], the observed excess of the gamma-ray line is accounted for by a decaying DM, when its lifetime and the branching ratio are in the range of sec and . The astrophysical constraints from the diffuse gamma-rays [32] and neutrinos [33] are also satisfied for such a parameter region. In the present model, the branching ratio is around 0.8 for , while the hadronic branch from is sufficiently small. Thus, the lifetime and the branching fraction which are required to explain the gamma-ray line excess from the GC are realized by the axino DM.
Next, let us focus on the case of and neglect the contribution from the first term in (2.4), i.e., . The second term in (2.4) provides interactions of , and . The decays, and , proceed by these interactions with the mixings of and . In the limit of , the decay rate of the axino into a photon and a neutrino is given by
Γ(~a→γνi)≃C2Wα2W128π3m3~af2a⎛⎝g22⟨~νi⟩22m2~Wsin2θW⎞⎠, (2.8)
where the factor in the parenthesis is the mixing between the wino and the neutrino, and the mixing between and the photon. Similarly, the decay rate of becomes
Γ(~a→Zνi)≃C2Wα2W128π3m3~af2a⎛⎝g22⟨~νi⟩22m2~Wcos2θW⎞⎠(1−m2Zm2~a)(1−m2Z2m2~a−m4Z2m4~a), (2.9)
while that of , which is a sum of the rates of and , is
Γ(~a→Wli)≃C2Wα2W128π3m3~af2a⎛⎝g22⟨~νi⟩2m2~W⎞⎠(1−m2Wm2~a)(1−m2W2m2~a−m4W2m4~a), (2.10)
where is the mass of the boson, and the factor represents the mixing between the charged wino and the lepton. Thus, we obtain for . This results in the branching fraction of of around .
In the case of , both the first and second terms in Eq. (2.4) contribute to the axino decay. The decay rates in such a generic case are summarized in App. A. As shown there, the branching fractions are determined by a combination of for . Fig. 1 shows the branching ratios of the axino decay into , and as a function of for (left) and as a function of for (right). One can confirm that the branching ratio of becomes for , while it becomes for large . In the intermediate regime, the branching ratio of decreases due to an interference effect and eventually vanishes at [cf. Eq. (A.7)]. In most of the parameter space, however, and hence the model can explain the gamma-line without overproducing continuum gamma-ray and antiprotons.
### 2.2 A model of SUSY axion
Here, we briefly describe an explicit model of the SUSY axion. Let us introduce PQ superfields, and , with PQ charges of and , respectively. Also, PQ quarks, and , are added, which have fundamental and anti-fundamental representations of the SM SU(3), respectively, and both of which have a PQ charge of . The superpotential is given by
WPQ=λX(Φ¯Φ−V2)+kΦQ¯Q+W0, (2.11)
where is a singlet superfield, and are coupling constants, and is a constant term with the gravitino mass and the reduced Planck scale . The coupling constants are taken to be real and positive. Including the SUSY breaking terms, and , the relevant terms of the scalar potential are
VPQ=m2Φ|Φ|2+m2¯Φ|¯Φ|2+λ2|Φ¯Φ−V2|2+λ2|X|2(|Φ|2+|¯Φ|2)+(2λm3/2V2X+h.c.), (2.12)
where we have assumed the minimal Kähler potential, for simplicity. The VEVs of the PQ scalars are given by , which is related to the PQ scale as , and the PQ quarks obtain a mass of . The axion, which is a goldstone boson associated with the VEVs of the PQ scalars, has an anomaly-induced coupling to the gluon via PQ quark loops, because the PQ symmetry is anomalous under the QCD. Thus it solves the strong CP problem. The coupling constants, and , depend on assignments of the U(1) and SU(2) charge on the PQ quarks. If they are a singlet under SU(2) but have (opposite) U(1) charges, we obtain and . If they are embedded in the SU(5) representation, both and are nonzero and satisfy . For instance, if the PQ quarks are embedded in of SU(5), the coefficients become .
In this model, the axino, that is a fermionic component of a linear combination of and , obtains a mass of , where the VEV of is derived from (2.12). Several additional effects can make the axino heavier or lighter. There can be other SUSY breaking contributions to the tadpole term of in (2.12), which change the VEV of and hence the axino mass. Radiative correction from the loops can also modify the axino mass [34]. In this letter, we assume that these effects slightly reduce the axino mass, and the axino becomes the LSP.
### 2.3 Cosmology
In this section, we discuss several cosmological constraints on the decaying axino DM scenario.
#### 2.3.1 Lightest neutralino
Let us assume that the lightest neutralino is mostly composed of the bino and that it is the MSSM-LSP. In the presence of the R-parity violation, the bino decays into and due to the sneutrino VEV. The decay rate of the bino is given by [35]
1Γ(RPV)~B≃2×10−3sec(κ10−11)−2(m~B1TeV)−1. (2.13)
In order for the bino decay not to disturb the BBN, i.e., for the bino lifetime shorter than 0.1 sec, we need for .
The bino also decays into the axino through the R-parity conserving operators (2.4) as and . If this dominates the bino decays, the produced axinos may exceed the observed DM abundance. In order to avoid the axino overproduction, the production rate should be much less than . The decay rate of the bino into axinos with photons or bosons is totally given by [36]
1Γ(PQ)~B≃3×102sec C−2Y(fa1015GeV)2(m~B1TeV)−3. (2.14)
The axino abundance produced by the bino decay in terms of the density parameter , where is the present energy density of the axino and is the present critical energy density, becomes
Ω(~B)~ah2=m~am~BΓ(PQ)~BΓ(PQ)~B+Γ(RPV)~BΩ~Bh2, (2.15)
where is the present Hubble parameter in units of 100 km/s/Mpc, and is the bino abundance after the thermal decoupling evaluated as if the bino were stable. Since the bino abundance is large in general, the axion abundance becomes too large, unless the branching ratio of the bino decay into the axino is suppressed, i.e., .
#### 2.3.2 Axino and axion
Axinos are produced by scatterings of the gluons and the gluinos from the thermal bath at the reheating. The thermally produced axino abundance is given by [37, 38]
Ω(th)~ah2≃6×10−3g63ln(3g3)(m~a260GeV)(TR106GeV)(fa1015GeV)−2, (2.16)
where is the running QCD coupling constant at the scale, and is the reheating temperature after the inflation. This is valid as long as is larger than the axino mass. Thus, the axino can be a dominant component of the DM for .
The abundance of the axion coherent oscillation is estimated as [40]
Ωah2≃0.2θ2a(fa1012GeV)1.19, (2.17)
where denotes the axion initial misalignment angle. For GeV, we need in order for the axion abundance to be lower than the DM abundance.
#### 2.3.3 Saxion
The saxion, , belongs to a flat direction in the scalar potential (2.12), which satisfies . It obtains a mass, , from the SUSY breaking effect.
Let us estimate the saxion abundance. The saxion sits around the minimum during the inflation, which is slightly displaced from the low-energy true minimum, and begins to oscillate around the true minimum when the Hubble parameter decreases to with an initial amplitude of . The abundance of saxion coherent oscillation is
ρσs=18TR(σiMP)2≃2×10−2GeV(TR106GeV)(fa1015GeV)2(σifa)2, (2.18)
where is the saxion energy density, and is the entropy density. Here, we have assumed that the saxion oscillation starts before the reheating process of the inflation is finished, which is the case for . The saxion dominantly decays into the axion pair. The lifetime becomes [41]
τσ=(ξ232πm3σf2a)−1≃0.5sec(fa1015GeV)2(mσ500GeV)−3ξ−2, (2.19)
with . Note that the saxion also decays into a pair of the gluons with a branching fraction of [42], but it does not affect the BBN as long as GeV is satisfied for GeV.#3#3#3 We assume that the saxion is lighter than twice the mass of the axino. Otherwise, the axino LSPs are overproduced by the saxion decay, . This indicates GeV.
The axions produced by the saxion decay contribute to the extra effective number of the neutrino species, [43, 44, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49], which is given by
where
with denoting the temperature at which the saxion decays and being the radiation energy density. It is estimated as
ΔNeff≃1.2(fa1015GeV)3(TR104GeV)(mσ500GeV)−3/2(σifa)2ξ−1. (2.22)
The contribution should satisfy . In other words, the recent claims of the existence of the extra light species, [50], can be explained by the non-thermal axions from the saxion decay. We assume for simplicity.
#### 2.3.4 Combined constraints
The combined constraints on a plane of are shown in Fig. 2. In the top panel, we have taken , , GeV, TeV, GeV and . In the light blue band, the Fermi 130 GeV gamma-ray line excess is explained. On the right side of the black dashed line, the bino lifetime is shorter than sec, and the decay has no effects on the BBN. Above the orange dot-dashed line, we have , and the axino abundance produced by the bino decay is sufficiently small. Here, is taken as a reference value of the bino abundance as inferred from Ref. [51]. Below the red horizontal line, is obtained from the axions produced by the saxion decay. In the figure, is set so that is realized for each . Above the blue dotted horizontal line, and the axino DM is thermally produced.
In the bottom panel, we have taken and and assumed that the wino is the MSSM-LSP with its mass of TeV. Note that since the thermal relic wino abundance is small, there is no constraint from the axino overproduction by the wino decay.#4#4#4Similar conclusions hold for the case of the stau MSSM-LSP. In both cases, it is found that the Fermi 130 GeV gamma-ray line excess is accounted for without suffering from the cosmological constraints for and GeV.
Here we briefly mention parameter dependences on these constraints. For larger neutralino mass, the axino lifetime becomes longer and the light-blue band moves to the bottom-right. Also, the axino abundance from the neutralino decay (2.15) becomes larger and the orange dot-dashed line moves to the top-right. For smaller saxion mass or larger initial amplitude of the saxion, the bound from (2.22) becomes stronger and the red line moves to the bottom. For general values of and , the branching ratio of the axino decay into photon may become smaller, as shown in Fig. 1, and hence the light-blue band moves to the bottom-right to make the axino lifetime smaller.
Before closing this section, let us comment on the gravitino. The gravitinos are also produced by scatterings of the gluons and the gluinos from the thermal bath at the reheating. If the gravitino is lighter than the MSSM-LSP, then it dominantly decays into the axino and the axion, and hence there is no BBN constraint [39]. The nonthermal production of axinos by the gravitino decay is negligible, since the abundance of the thermally produced gravitino is less than that of the axino. On the other hand, if the gravitino is heavier than the MSSM-LSP, its decay affects the BBN. The parameter range corresponding to GeV (just below the red horizontal line in Fig. 2) is constrained depending on the gravitino mass and the MSSM mass spectrum [51].
## 3 Conclusion
We have proposed the decaying axino DM scenario as a model to explain the Fermi 130 GeV gamma-ray line excess from the GC. It is based on the SUSY KSVZ axion model with the bilinear R-parity violation. The model realizes a fairly large branching fraction of the axino decay into a photon plus a neutrino. It was found that the Fermi excess is accounted for while satisfying the other cosmological constraints for GeV and .
Compared to another well–motivated decaying DM, i.e., the decaying gravitino DM, the decaying axino DM typically has a larger branching fraction into the monochromatic gamma. The gravitino universally couples to the lepton and the Higgs superfields, and hence the gravitino’s decay into , and cannot be suppressed in the presence of the bilinear R-parity violation. Thus, the decaying gravitino DM is severely constrained by the observation of the antiproton flux [10].
Let us touch on the collider phenomenology. The MSSM-LSP is stable in the detectors for the R-parity violation of (see e.g., Ref. [52]). Thus, when the MSSM-LSP is neutral, the SUSY events would be detected by searching for signals with a large missing transverse momentum. If the MSSM-LSP is a charged particle, it leaves a charged track, which is a characteristic signal in the detector. The sensitivities of the LHC searches are the same as the standard SUSY searches.
As mentioned in the introduction, the morphology of the observed gamma-ray signature is still premature to refute the decaying DM scenario. If the uncertainties will be understood in future, such an analysis can be used for distinguishing the DM models particularly between the decaying and annihilating DM models. If the former scenario will become favored, the decaying axino DM model can be an attractive candidate.
## Acknowledgment
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant No. 23740172 (M.E.), No. 21740164 (K.H.), No. 22244021 (K.H.), No. 22244030 (K.N.) and by the MEXT Grant-in-Aid No. 21111006 (K.N.). The work of K.M. is supported in part by JSPS Research Fellowships for Young Scientists. This work was supported by World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI Initiative), MEXT, Japan.
## Appendix A Formulae for the axino decay rate
In this appendix, we provide the general formulae for the axino decay rate in the presence of the R-parity violation. The interaction between the axion and the SU(2)U(1) gauge supermultiplets is given by
L=αYCY4√2πfa∫d2θAWBWB+αWCW4√2πfa∫d2θAWaWWaW+h.c., (A.1)
where stands for the fine structure constant of U(1) (SU(2)), is the PQ scale, is the axion superfield, , and () is the supersymmetric field strength of U(1) (SU(2)). The coefficients and are model-dependent constants of order unity. In terms of the component fields, the axino interactions become
L=iαYCY16πfa¯~aγ5[γμ,γν]~BBμν+iαWCW16πfa¯~aγ5[γμ,γν]~WaWaμν, (A.2)
where is the axino, () is the gauge boson of U(1) (SU(2)), and and denote the bino and the wino, respectively.
Due to the sneutrino VEV induced by the bilinear R-parity violation, the SM leptons and the gauginos mix with each other, and the axino LSP, , can decay into , and . The mass matrix of the neutralino and the neutrino becomes
MN=⎛⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎝m~B0−mZsWcβmZsWsβ−gY⟨~νi⟩/√20m~WmZcWcβ−mZcWsβg2⟨~νi⟩/√2−mZsWcβmZcWcβ0−μ0mZsWsβ−mZcWsβ−μ00−gY⟨~νi⟩/√2g2⟨~νi⟩/√2000⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠, (A.3)
for with . Here, the subscript stands for the generation, , , and with the weak mixing angle . The upper-left matrix is identical to the neutralino mass matrix of the MSSM, and the neutrino masses are approximated to be zero. On the other hand, the mass matrix of the chargino and the lepton is given by
MC=⎛⎜ ⎜⎝m~W√2mWsβ0√2mWcβμ−Yli⟨~νi⟩g2⟨~νi⟩0mli⎞⎟ ⎟⎠, (A.4)
for with and . Here, is the lepton Yukawa coupling constant, and the upper-left matrix is identical to the chargino mass matrix of the MSSM. Neglecting the small SM lepton masses in the phase space, one finds the decay rates as
Γ(~a→GL)=1128π3m3~af2a(1−m2Gm2~a)(1−m2G2m2~a−m4G2m4~a)FGL(CY,CW,m~B,m~W) (A.5)
with
FGL (CY,CW,m~B,m~W)≡ ⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎨⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩∣∣αYCYcosθWUνi~B+αWCWsinθWUνi~W∣∣2for (G,L)=(γ,νi),∣∣−αYCYsinθWUνi~B+αWCWcosθWUνi~W∣∣2for (G,L)=(Z,νi),α2WC2W(∣∣ULli~W∣∣2+∣∣URli~W∣∣2).for (G,L)=(W,li). (A.6)
where is a mass of the gauge boson, and , and are the mixings that diagonalize the mass matrices of Eqs. (A.3) and (A.4).
In the limit of , the mixings between the gauginos and the higgsinos become irrelevant. Assuming that the R-parity violation is small, , and in Eq. (A.6) are approximated as
FGL (CY,CW,m~B,m~W)≃ ⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎨⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩∣∣ ∣∣αYCYcosθWgY⟨~νi⟩√2m~B−αWCWsinθWg2⟨~νi⟩√2m~W∣∣ ∣∣2for (G,L)=(γ,νi),∣∣ ∣∣αYCYsinθWgY⟨~νi⟩√2m~B+αWCWcosθWg2⟨~νi⟩√2m~W∣∣ ∣∣2for (G,L)=(Z,νi),α2WC2W∣∣∣g2⟨~νi⟩m~W∣∣∣2for (G,L)=(W,li), (A.7)
where is the sneutrino VEV induced by the R-parity violation.
As can be seen from (A.7), the branching fractions are determined by . When either or is sufficiently small, the decay rates are reduced to the expressions in Sec. 2.1. If the PQ quarks are embedded in a complete vector-like multiplet of the GUT, they become . Moreover, if the GUT relation is assumed for the gaugino masses, they satisfy
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https://rupress.org/jem/article/79/3/267/4766/THE-SIZE-OF-INFLUENZA-VIRUS
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The sedimentation behavior of influenza virus in dilute solutions of electrolyte was found to be quite variable. At times the virus activity appeared to sediment at a rate comparable with that of particles about 80 to 120 mµ in diameter, at other times at a rate comparable with that of particles about 10 mµ in diameter, and at still other times the bulk of the activity appeared to sediment at a rate comparable with that of the larger particles and the residual activity at a rate comparable with that of the smaller particles. However, in the presence of a sucrose density gradient, the virus activity was always found to sediment with a rate comparable to that of particles about 80 to 120 mµ in diameter; hence it appeared that the variable sedimentation behavior in dilute electrolyte solution was due to convection or mechanical disturbances during centrifugation.
About 30 per cent of the high molecular weight protein present in the allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with the F 12 strain of influenza virus was found to consist of a component having a sedimentation constant of about 30 S, and hence a probable particle diameter of about 10 mµ. The residual protein of high molecular weight was present in the form of a component having a sedimentation constant of about 600 S, and hence a probable particle diameter of about 70 mµ. The proportion of the 30 S component in allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with the PR8 strain of influenza virus was found to be considerably less. The 600 S and 30 S components of F 12 allantoic fluid were purified and separated by differential centrifugation. The purified preparations of the 600 S component were found to possess a specific virus activity from 100 to over 10,000 times that of the purified preparations of the 30 S component, the difference in activity apparently depending only on the degree of fractionation of the two components. The purified 30 S component was found to sediment normally in the presence of 12 per cent sucrose, whereas the small residual virus activity of such preparations was found to sediment in the presence of a sucrose density gradient with a rate comparable to that of much heavier particles. It is concluded that influenza virus activity is not associated with material having a particle diameter of about 10 mµ, but is associated solely with material having a sedimentation constant of about 600 S and hence a probable particle diameter of about 70 mµ.
This content is only available as a PDF.
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https://www.iacr.org/cryptodb/data/paper.php?pubkey=21779
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## CryptoDB
### Paper: Conjunctive, Subset, and Range Queries on Encrypted Data
Authors: Dan Boneh Brent Waters URL: http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/287 Search ePrint Search Google We construct public-key systems that support comparison queries ($x \geq a)$ on encrypted data as well as more general queries such as subset queries $(x \in S)$. These systems also support arbitrary conjunctive queries ($P_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge P_\ell$) without leaking information on individual conjuncts. We present a general framework for constructing and analyzing public-key systems supporting queries on encrypted data.
##### BibTeX
@misc{eprint-2006-21779,
title={Conjunctive, Subset, and Range Queries on Encrypted Data},
booktitle={IACR Eprint archive},
keywords={public-key cryptography / search},
url={http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/287},
note={ [email protected] 13593 received 22 Aug 2006, last revised 21 Mar 2007},
author={Dan Boneh and Brent Waters},
year=2006
}
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https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/124862/how-to-draw-a-diagram-that-forks-out-then-joins-in-the-middle-then-forks-out-ag
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# how to draw a diagram that forks out, then joins in the middle then forks out again?
Update:
ref comments: I've slightly corrected the terminology and the title. I am using the term diagram now, instead of tree, and I am just asking on how to draw this diagram in Tikz. Any tool or library would be OK. I used qtree since that is what I know now, any other method is welcome.
end of update
I'd like help/hint on how to draw this diagram
The part I am having problem with is how to make it go from B C children to one node D then fork out again.
This is latest attempt. I tried also to use grow'=up in the middle, but could not figure the syntax without splitting it into two pictures. I wanted it all to be one picture.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}
\begin{document}
\tikzset{font=\small,
edge from parent path={(\tikzparentnode.south) -- +(0,-8pt) -| (\tikzchildnode)}}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree [.A
[.B ]
[.C ]
]
\begin{scope}[xshift=0in,yshift=-1.5cm]
\Tree [.D
[.E ]
[.F ]
]
\end{scope}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
update 7/21/13 1 AM
Here is a general diagram as requested. But I am not really asking someone to draw all of this for me in Tikz, I was just asking for the technique on how to join then fork in a middle of building a general diagram since all the examples I've seen seem to show forks at each node.
• Technically that's not a tree anymore, so I'm not hopeful the library provides for this. – Sean Allred Jul 21 '13 at 4:35
• I agree here with @SeanAllred, at least for the library part. Is this the only tree you want to draw? How much un-tree-y would your diagrams get? In this simple case (i.e. one tree down, one tree up where the last generation connects to one node) you could use the link tree style from my answer to How to reflect duplicating a tree horizontally? – Qrrbrbirlbel Jul 21 '13 at 4:44
• @Qrrbrbirlbel This is an example. The actual tree can and will contain many parts in it that can fork/join like this in many places. So looking for a general solution I can use in a more general tree constructions. thanks. ps. will look at your link tree style, it seems like it might be what I wanted. – Nasser Jul 21 '13 at 5:04
• That’s what I feared. Could you add images of one or two of the “trees” you want to draw? Depending on the complexity and the treeiness I can see solutions using tikz-qtree (or any tree-growing packages/libraries), chains, purely the positioning library and a little manual labor or maybe even a matrix/tikz-cd with manually drawn lines. – Qrrbrbirlbel Jul 21 '13 at 5:30
• @Qrrbrbirlbel I put the example with the idea that if I know how to do that one diagram, then I can incorporate the idea in any diagram I want to make later on, since I know I would need to do this all the time. I do not have a specific diagram at this moment to show, but will update the above and add few additional parts to it. I wanted to keep the example simple. I was not really looking for someone to draw the whole diagrams for me, but only to learn how to do the fork/join in the middle of a diagram. I looked at forest package also, but need to learn it more... thanks – Nasser Jul 21 '13 at 6:09
In addition to the solution suggested by @Qrrbrbirlbel in the comments, playing around a little bit with \usetikzlibrary{positioning}, defining some \node's in the trees that you had already provided, and using \coordinate allows you to get the output that you want.
It might not be the most elegant way to do so, but as has already been pointed out in the comments, this is not really one tree.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning}
\begin{document}
\tikzset{font=\small,
edge from parent path={(\tikzparentnode.south) -- +(0,-8pt) -| (\tikzchildnode)}}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree [.A
[.\node(B){B}; ]
[.\node(C){C}; ]
]
\begin{scope}[xshift=0in,yshift=-2cm]
\Tree [.\node(D){D};
[.E ]
[.F ]
]
\end{scope}
\coordinate [above=.2cm of D] (D') {};
\draw[-] (B) |- (D');
\draw[-] (C) |- (D');
\draw[-] (D') -- (D);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
Here is an idea for the second, bigger diagram.
It uses (unfortunately) only TikZ. I have used my paths.ortho library for the |-| path (which has been improved with the from center option for the hvvh family in combination with the ratio option) and my positioning-plus library.
The latter is used for two different/improved usages of the below key.
As the children’s position are determined in relation to the parent and their anchors (and not like the positioning library’s below=of that uses the border), we can mimic this behavior by using the on grid option of positioning. The positioning-plus library checks for a factor delimited by : before the of part. This makes it possible to place a node double the usual node distance apart from another node. This is used for the placement of the E node (in relation to A). This will fail for the L node as this is not centered below E but below G and H. Thus below=of (E-2)(E-3) can be used (this works by creating a pseudo node around E-2 and E-3 similar to the fit key).
The connection is done by an edge style that is kind of reversed to the edge from parent path that is used with child automatically. The parents style helps us to connect many parent-children.
The text depth has been set to zero due to Q’s depth.
### References
• paths.ortho
• positioning-plus
## Code
\documentclass[tikz]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning-plus,paths.ortho}
\tikzset{
parents/.style 2 args={
@parents/.style={insert path={edge[edge from children path] (#1-##1)}},
@parents/.list={#2}},
edge from parent path={
(\tikzparentnode\tikzparentanchor) |-| (\tikzchildnode\tikzchildanchor)},
edge from children path/.style={
to path={
(\tikztostart\tikzchildanchor) |-| (\tikztotarget\tikzparentanchor) \tikztonodes}}
}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
node distance=\tikzleveldistance and \tikzsiblingdistance,
on grid,
text depth=+0pt,
hvvh=from center
]
\node (A) {A}
child {node {B}}
child {node {C}};
\node[below=2:of A] (E) {E} [parents={A}{1,2}]
[sibling distance/.expanded=2*\the\tikzsiblingdistance]
child {node {F}
child {coordinate
[anchor=center,sibling distance/.expanded=.5*\the\tikzsiblingdistance]
child {node {N}}
child {node {Q}}
}
child {node {R}}
}
child {node {G}}
child {node {H}};
\node[below=of (E-2)(E-3)] (L) {L} [parents={E}{2,3}]
child {node {M}}
child {node {N}}
child {node {K}}
;
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
## Output
• Will your ortho library be incorporated into TexLive distribution at sometime in the future? thanks – Nasser Jul 21 '13 at 22:19
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/plasma-frequency.311444/
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# Plasma frequency
1. May 3, 2009
### Thierry12
Why are electromagnetic waves reflected when they comme in contact with a plasma ( with a frequency lower then the plasma frequency, and im trying to find precisely why the wave cannot pass ). I was also wondering if conductors (metals) are considered to have a plasma frequency
ty
2. May 3, 2009
### Born2bwire
A plasma is a sea of ions and electrons that is generally neutral in charge. Generally, we assume that the ions have much larger mass than the negative charges, being that the ions are the nucleus and electrons of an ionized atom and the negative charges the stripped electrons. When an electromagnetic wave hits a conductor, the electric and magnetic fields induce currents in the conductor. These currents produce their own electromagnetic waves that cancel the incident wave. In a perfect conductor, there is no resistance to these currents and so they perfectly cancel the incident wave in the conductor, causing the incident wave to reflect.
When an electromagnetic wave travels through a plasma, the electric field also induces currents due to the Lorentz force, just like with a conductor. We do not consider the ions to move though, because the frequency of the fields are too high. The heavy ions have too much inertia to move along with the high frequency fields. However, the light electrons do move with the fields. The electrons thus induce the same currents as we would find in a conductor giving rise to the cancelling and reflected fields.
However, there are secondary effects on the electrons in the plasma from the magnetic field of the electromagnetic wave. This gives rise to what is called the ponderamotive force. If I recall correctly, the ponderamotive force is what allows the wave to eventually propagate. The ponderamotive force is like a dispersion force, it is a force that acts on the electrons towards the volume of weakest electric field. So without the ponderamotive force, the electrons will be able to produce the wave cancelling currents willy-nilly. However, the ponderamotive force will create a drift in the electrons, upsetting the desired currents and thus allow higher frequency waves to propagate.
Yes, some metals, I don't know if all, do behave as plasmas. The plasma frequency is very high though, for example, silver has a plasma frequency in the terahertz. As I recall most of the plasma modes are surface modes though.
Last edited: May 3, 2009
3. May 3, 2009
### Thierry12
ty for the information
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https://planetmath.org/exampleoffibreproduct
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example of fibre product
Let $G$, $G^{\prime}$, and $H$ be groups, and suppose we have homomorphisms $f:G\to H$ and $f^{\prime}:G^{\prime}\to H$. Then we can construct the fibre product $G\times_{H}G^{\prime}$. It is the following group:
$\left\{(g,g^{\prime})\in G\times G^{\prime}\text{ such that }f(g)=f^{\prime}(g% ^{\prime})\right\}.$
Observe that since $f$ and $f^{\prime}$ are homomorphisms, it is closed under the group operations.
Note also that the fibre product depends on the maps $f$ and $F^{\prime}$, although the notation does not reflect this.
Title example of fibre product ExampleOfFibreProduct 2013-03-22 14:08:38 2013-03-22 14:08:38 archibal (4430) archibal (4430) 4 archibal (4430) Example msc 14A15 Group Homomorphism CartesianProduct
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http://steamcommunity.com/app/219890/discussions/0/864970668181712854/?l=romanian
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Antichamber
### Antichamber
Antichamber > Discuții generale > Detaliile subiectului
o.O worky 16 iun., 2013 @ 21:09
Best anti-alias settings?
I'd like to get rid of the jaggies in game, but all the settings I've tried in the "AMD VISION Engine Control Center" (needs a longer name imo) just make the situation worse, sometimes resulting in two black lines with some with separating them, where there should just be one black line.
Is anyone happy with their settings? What exactly did you do?
Se afișează 1-4 din 4 comentarii
Kif 17 iun., 2013 @ 8:34
if you look in C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\SteamApps\common\Antichamber\Engine\Config and open BaseEngine.ini you will find "MobileEnableMSAA=False" in there.
I'm not sure if it works or not though, so Good luck!
o.O worky 17 iun., 2013 @ 18:46
I was hoping to find settings that someone is actually using.
Sealio 21 iun., 2013 @ 23:09
Postat inițial de Kif:
if you look in C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\SteamApps\common\Antichamber\Engine\Config and open BaseEngine.ini you will find "MobileEnableMSAA=False" in there.
I'm not sure if it works or not though, so Good luck!
It doesn't work that well, but it really improves framerate if all the MSAA's are on. Mine went from about 45 to about 60.
draeath 23 iun., 2013 @ 17:39
I use an SMAA injector (mrhaandi) and it works decently enough. The game uses the DX9 renderer.
Se afișează 1-4 din 4 comentarii
Per pagină: 15 30 50
Antichamber > Discuții generale > Detaliile subiectului
Data postării: 16 iun., 2013 @ 21:09
Mesaje: 4
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|
https://strawberryfields.readthedocs.io/en/stable/code/api/strawberryfields.utils.extract_unitary.html
|
sf.utils.extract_unitary¶
extract_unitary(prog, cutoff_dim, vectorize_modes=False, backend='fock')[source]
Numerical array representation of a unitary quantum circuit.
Note that the circuit must only include operations of the strawberryfields.ops.Gate class.
• If vectorize_modes=True, it returns a matrix.
• If vectorize_modes=False, it returns an operator with $$2N$$ indices, where N is the number of modes that the Program is created with. Adjacent indices correspond to output-input pairs of the same mode.
Example:
This shows the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect by extracting the unitary of a 50/50 beamsplitter, and then computing the output given by one photon at each input (notice the order of the indices: $$[out_1, in_1, out_2, in_2,\dots]$$). The result tells us that the two photons always emerge together from a random output port and never one per port.
>>> prog = sf.Program(num_subsystems=2)
>>> with prog.context as q:
>>> BSgate(np.pi/4) | q
>>> U = extract_unitary(prog, cutoff_dim=3)
>>> print(abs(U[:,1,:,1])**2)
[[0. 0. 0.5]
[0. 0. 0. ]
[0.5 0. 0. ]])
Parameters
• prog (Program) – quantum program
• cutoff_dim (int) – dimension of each index
• vectorize_modes (bool) – If True, reshape input and output modes in order to return a matrix.
• backend (str) – the backend to build the unitary; 'fock' (default) and 'tf' are supported
Returns
numerical array of the unitary circuit
as a NumPy ndarray ('fock' backend) or as a TensorFlow Tensor ('tf' backend)
Return type
array, tf.Tensor
Raises
TypeError – if the operations used to construct the circuit are not all unitary
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https://errorcorrectingcodes.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/lecture-1-summary/
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# Introduction to coding theory (CMU, Spr 2010)
## January 13, 2010
### Lecture 1 summary
Filed under: Lecture summary — Venkat Guruswami @ 4:42 pm
In today’s lecture, we discussed some administrative aspects concerning problem sets and scribing. (For those who are taking the class for credit and couldn’t make it to lecture today, I expect there will be about 3 problem sets that can be solved and written up in pairs, and each student will be responsible for scribing in detail lectures for one week starting in about two weeks.)
We discussed some historical context of Shannon’s and Hamming’s work, informally stated the nosieless and noisy coding theorems of Shannon (a formal statement and proof of the latter for a special channel will be covered probably next week), introduced the length 7 Hamming code, made a few basic definitions (Hamming distance, rate, distance, etc.), and argued why distance combinatorially captures the error/erasure correcting capabilities of codes. There was discussion led by student questions/comments about using the fact that an error-correcting decoder also recovers the identity of error locations to limit the rate of ${t}$-error-correcting codes, leading to the Hamming/Volume upper bound on rate.
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https://uwaterloo.ca/graduate-studies-academic-calendar/node/7140
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# Symmetric Functions
Subject:
Combinatorics & Optimization (CO)
Catalog number:
631
Unit weight:
0.50
Meet type:
LEC
NUM
Cross-listing(s):
N/A
Requisites:
N/A
Description:
The ring of symmetric functions, standard bases, the Hall inner product. Young tableaux. The Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence, the hook-length formula, the Jacobi-Trudi formula, the Pieri rule, the Littlewood-Richardson rule. Representation theory of the symmetric groups. Enumeration of plane partitions. Enumeration of maps on surfaces. Other topics.
Topic titles:
N/A
Faculty:
Mathematics (MAT)
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https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/595893/browse?view=list&rpp=20&etal=-1&sort_by=1&type=title&starts_with=R&order=ASC
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Now showing items 7232-7251 of 9676
• #### Rab14 specifies the apical membrane through Arf6-mediated regulation of lipid domains and Cdc42
The generation of cell polarity is essential for the development of multi-cellular organisms as well as for the function of epithelial organs in the mature animal. Small GTPases regulate the establishment and maintenance of polarity through effects on cytoskeleton, membrane trafficking, and signaling. Using short-term 3-dimensional culture of MDCK cells, we find that the small GTPase Rab14 is required for apical membrane specification. Rab14 knockdown results in disruption of polarized lipid domains and failure of the Par/aPKC/Cdc42 polarity complex to localize to the apical membrane. These effects are mediated through tight control of lipid localization, as overexpression of the phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase a [PtdIns(4) P5K] activator Arf6 or PtdIns(4) P5K alone, or treatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdInsI3K) inhibitor wortmannin, rescued the multiple-apical domain phenotype observed after Rab14 knockdown. Rab14 also co-immunoprecipitates and colocalizes with the small GTPase Cdc42, and Rab14 knockdown results in increased Cdc42 activity. Furthermore, Rab14 regulates trafficking of vesicles to the apical domain, mitotic spindle orientation, and midbody position, consistent with Rab14' s reported localization to the midbody as well as its effects upon Cdc42. These results position Rab14 at the top of a molecular cascade that regulates the establishment of cell polarity.
• #### Rab27a plays a dual role in metastatic propensity of pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignancy, often diagnosed at metastatic stages. Several studies have implicated systemic factors, such as extracellular vesicle release and myeloid cell expansion, in the establishment of pre-metastatic niches in cancer. The Rab27a GTPase is overexpressed in advanced cancers, can regulate vesicle trafficking, and has been previously linked to non-cell autonomous control of tumor growth and metastasis, however, the role of Rab27a itself in the metastatic propensity of pancreatic cancer is not well understood. Here, we have established a model to study how Rab27a directs formation of the pre-metastatic niche. Loss of Rab27a in pancreatic cancer cells did not decrease tumor growth in vivo, but resulted in altered systemic myeloid cell expansion, both in the primary tumors and at the distant organ sites. In metastasis assays, loss of Rab27a expression in tumor cells injected into circulation compromised efficient outgrowth of metastatic lesions. However, Rab27a knockdown cells had an unexpected advantage at initial steps of metastatic seeding, suggesting that Rab27a may alter cell-autonomous invasive properties of the tumor cells. Gene expression analysis of gene expression revealed that downregulation of Rab27a increased expression of genes involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition pathways, consistent with our findings that primary tumors arising from Rab27a knockdown cells were more invasive. Overall, these data reveal that Rab27a can play divergent roles in regulating pro-metastatic propensity of pancreatic cancer cells: by generating pro-metastatic environment at the distant organ sites, and by suppressing invasive properties of the cancer cells.
• #### Race and BMI modify associations of calcium and vitamin D intake with prostate cancer
Background: African Americans have disproportionately higher burden of prostate cancer compared to European Americans. However, the cause of prostate cancer disparities is still unclear. Several roles have been proposed for calcium and vitamin D in prostate cancer pathogenesis and progression, but epidemiologic studies have been conducted mainly in European descent populations. Here we investigated the association of calcium and vitamin D intake with prostate cancer in multiethnic samples. Methods: A total of 1,657 prostate cancer patients who underwent screening and healthy controls (888 African Americans, 620 European Americans, 111 Hispanic Americans, and 38 others) from Chicago, IL and Washington, D.C. were included in this study. Calcium and vitamin D intake were evaluated using food frequency questionnaire. We performed unconditional logistic regression analyses adjusting for relevant variables. Results: In the pooled data set, high calcium intake was significantly associated with higher odds for aggressive prostate cancer (ORQuartile (1 vs. Quartile) (4) = 1.98, 95% C.I.: 1.01-3.91), while high vitamin D intake was associated with lower odds of aggressive prostate cancer (ORQuartile 1 vs. Quartile (4) = 0.38, 95% C.I.: 0.18-0.79). In African Americans, the association between high calcium intake and aggressive prostate cancer was statistically significant (ORQuartile 1 vs. Quartile 4 = 4.28, 95% C.I.: 1.70-10.80). We also observed a strong inverse association between total vitamin D intake and prostate cancer in African Americans (ORQuartile 1 vs. Quartile 4 = 0.06, 95% C.I.: 0.02-0.54). In European Americas, we did not observe any significant associations between either calcium or vitamin D intake and prostate cancer. In analyses stratifying participants based on Body Mass Index (BMI), we observed a strong positive association between calcium and aggressive prostate cancer and a strong inverse association between vitamin D intake and aggressive prostate cancer among men with low BMI (<27.8 kg/m(2)), but not among men with high BMI (>= 27.8 kg/m(2)). Interactions of race and BMI with vitamin D intake were significant (P-Interaction < 0.05). Conclusion: Calcium intake was positively associated with aggressive prostate cancer, while vitamin D intake exhibited an inverse relationship. However, these associations varied by race/ethnicity and BMI. The findings from this study may help develop better prostate cancer prevention and management strategies.
• #### Race and Class: A Randomized Experiment with Prosecutors
Disparities in criminal justice outcomes are well known, and prior observational research has shown correlations between the race of defendants and prosecutors' decisions about how to charge and resolve cases. Yet causation is questionable: other factors, including unobserved variation in case facts, may account for some of the disparity. Disparities may also be driven by socioeconomic class differences, which are highly correlated with race. This article presents the first blinded, randomized controlled experiment that tests for race and class effects in prosecutors' charging decisions. Case vignettes are manipulated between subjects in five conditions to test effcts of defendants' race and class status. In the control condition, race and class are omitted, which allows baseline measures for bias and pilot testing of a blinding reform. Primary outcome variables included whether the prosecutor charged a felony, whether the prosecutor would pursue a fine or imprisonment, and the amounts thereof. With 467 actual prosecutors participating nationwide, we found that race and class did not have detectable prejudicial effects on prosecutorial decisions. This finding, contrary to the majority of observational studies, suggests that other causes drive known disparities in criminal justice outcomes.
• #### Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Renal Cell Carcinoma: An Analysis of Clinical Characteristics
Racial/ethnic minority groups, including Hispanic Americans (HAs) and Native Americans (NAs), have a heavier burden of kidney cancer than European Americans (EAs). We investigated variations in clinical characteristics of HA and NA patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who were previously underrepresented. Clinical records of 294 patients with RCC (151 EAs, 95 HAs, 22 NAs, and 26 others) without prior diagnosis of cancer were reviewed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to understand patients' clinical characteristics. HAs had about 5 years younger average age at diagnosis than EAs (55.8 vs. 60.5 years) and an almost 3-fold increased odds of diagnosis before age 50 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-5.54). The mean age of diagnosis among NAs was 49.7 years, and NAs had an over 6-fold higher odds of diagnosis at a younger age (OR, 6.23; 95% CI, 2.00-19.46). Clear-cell RCC (ccRCC) was more common in HAs and NAs than EAs. Over 90% of HA patients had ccRCC, whereas only 78.8% of EA patients had ccRCC. HAs had increased odds of diagnosis with ccRCC compared with EAs (OR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.15-6.80). Among HAs, older patients and patients who spoke Spanish as their primary language were more likely to have advanced stage RCC at diagnosis (OR, 10.48; 95% CI, 1.69-64.89 and OR, 4.61; 95% CI, 1.38-15.40). HA and NA patients with RCC had different clinical characteristics than EA patients. It is necessary to better understand the clinical characteristics of these underserved HA and NA populations with high kidney cancer burden.
• #### Racial and ethnic disparities in the control of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Southwest American veterans with type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Outcomes in Veterans Study
BACKGROUND:Racial/ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease complications have been observed in diabetic patients. We examined the association between race/ethnicity and cardiovascular disease risk factor control in a large cohort of insulin-treated veterans with type 2 diabetes.METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional observational study at 3 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in the American Southwest. Using electronic pharmacy databases, we randomly selected 338 veterans with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. We collected medical record and patient survey data on diabetes control and management, cardiovascular disease risk factors, comorbidity, demographics, socioeconomic factors, psychological status, and health behaviors. We used analysis of variance and multivariate linear regression to determine the effect of race/ethnicity on glycemic control, insulin treatment intensity, lipid levels, and blood pressure control.RESULTS:The study cohort was comprised of 72 (21.3%) Hispanic subjects (H), 35 (10.4%) African Americans (AA), and 226 (67%) non-Hispanic whites (NHW). The mean (SD) hemoglobin A1c differed significantly by race/ethnicity: NHW 7.86 (1.4)%, H 8.16 (1.6)%, AA 8.84 (2.9)%, p = 0.05. The multivariate-adjusted A1c was significantly higher for AA (+0.93%, p = 0.002) compared to NHW. Insulin doses (unit/day) also differed significantly: NHW 70.6 (48.8), H 58.4 (32.6), and AA 53.1 (36.2), p < 0.01. Multivariate-adjusted insulin doses were significantly lower for AA (-17.8 units/day, p = 0.01) and H (-10.5 units/day, p = 0.04) compared to NHW. Decrements in insulin doses were even greater among minority patients with poorly controlled diabetes (A1c greater than or equal to] 8%). The disparities in glycemic control and insulin treatment intensity could not be explained by differences in age, body mass index, oral hypoglycemic medications, socioeconomic barriers, attitudes about diabetes care, diabetes knowledge, depression, cognitive dysfunction, or social support. We found no significant racial/ethnic differences in lipid or blood pressure control.CONCLUSION:In our cohort, insulin-treated minority veterans, particularly AA, had poorer glycemic control and received lower doses of insulin than NHW. However, we found no differences for control of other cardiovascular disease risk factors. The diabetes treatment disparity could be due to provider behaviors and/or patient behaviors or preferences. Further research with larger sample sizes and more geographically diverse populations are needed to confirm our findings.
• #### Racial and gender disparities in the incidence of anal cancer: analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS)
Background: Racial and gender disparities have been shown in other gastrointestinal cancers. However, there is a paucity of data on racial and gender disparities in anal cancer (AC). The aim of this study was to assess racial and gender disparities among patients with AC. Methods: We analyzed data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2011 database of patients diagnosed with AC with age >= 18. Demographic data including age, race and gender were assessed. Patients were stratified based on race and gender. Log binomial regression was used to generate risk ratios. Results: A total of 6,013,105 patients were assessed and 1,956 (0.03%) patients had AC. Female patients were more at risk of developing AC [relative risk (RR): 1.14, P=0.02]. Whites and Blacks had the highest incidence followed by Asians/Pacific Islanders. Black males had increased risk of AC (RR: 1.43, P<0.01). Amongst Hispanics; both males (RR: 0.69, P=0.05) and females (RR: 0.46, P<0.0001) had decreased risk of developing AC. Finally, we saw that Asian females had a much lower risk of developing AC (RR: 0.33, P<0.01). Conclusions: Racial disparities and gender differences exist in the incidence of AC. Potential causes for this disparity are disparate access to healthcare, lack of education, and lack of awareness. Greater understanding of the racial disparity in AC can help identify at risk population and eventually lead to improved preventative measures to ultimately reduce the incidence of AC.
• #### Racial disparities in the incidence of colon cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Background: Studies have explored the relationship between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD)] and colon cancer (CC). Additionally, racial disparities in the incidence of CC is well known. However, the impact of racial disparity in IBD patients who develop CC remains unclear. The aim of this study is to address the knowledge gap in this particular group of patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was done using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2011. We included patients with IBD over age >= 18 years with a diagnosis of CC. Patients were stratified by race, gender, age, presence of IBD and CC. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the groups. Results: A total of 57,542 patients were included (CD: 36,357, UC: 21,001). Of all patients with and without IBD, advanced age, Black and Asian race conferred an increased risk of developing CC, whereas female gender, Hispanic and Native American race conferred a protective effect. In patients with IBD, advanced age conferred an increased risk for developing CC while female gender conferred a protective effect. In this subset of patients, black race conferred a protective effect. Conclusions: Racial disparity exists in the overall incidence of CC and among patients with IBD who develop CC. Interestingly, black race conferred a protective effect for patients with IBD, contrary to what is seen in the general population. These findings could be attributed to the environmental factors and genetic makeup between racial groups. Further studies are warranted to better understand these disparities.
• #### Racial/ethnic disparities in renal cell carcinoma: Increased risk of early-onset and variation in histologic subtypes
Background Racial/ethnic minority groups have a higher burden of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but RCC among Hispanic Americans (HAs) and American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIs/ANs) are clinically not well characterized. We explored variations in age at diagnosis and frequencies of RCC histologic subtypes across racial/ethnic groups and Hispanic subgroups using National Cancer Database (NCDB) and Arizona Cancer Registry Data. Methods Adult RCC cases with known race/ethnicity were included. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate odds and 95% confidence interval (CI) of early-onset (age at diagnosis <50 years) and diagnosis with clear cell RCC (ccRCC) or papillary RCC. Results A total of 405 073 RCC cases from NCDB and 9751 cases from ACR were identified and included. In both datasets, patients from racial/ethnic minority groups had a younger age at diagnosis than non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients. In the NCDB, AIs/ANs had twofold increased odds (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.88-2.59) of early-onset RCC compared with NHWs. HAs also had twofold increased odds of early-onset RCC (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.79-2.55) in the ACR. In NCDB, ccRCC was more prevalent in AIs (86.3%) and Mexican Americans (83.5%) than NHWs (72.5%). AIs/ANs had twofold increased odds of diagnosis with ccRCC (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.85-2.58) in the NCDB, but the association was stronger in the ACR (OR, 2.83; 95% CI, 2.08-3.85). Similarly, Mexican Americans had significantly increased odds of diagnosis with ccRCC (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.78-2.23) in the NCDB. Conclusions This study reports younger age at diagnosis and higher frequencies of ccRCC histologic subtype in AIs/ANs and Hispanic subgroups. These variations across racial/ethnic groups and Hispanic subgroups may have potential clinical implications.
• #### Racioethnic Differences in Human Posterior Scleral and Optic Nerve Stump Deformation
PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to quantify the biomechanical response of human posterior ocular tissues from donors of various racioethnic groups to better understand how differences in these properties may play a role in the racioethnic health disparities known to exist in glaucoma. METHODS. Sequential digital image correlation (S-DIC) was used to measure the pressure-induced surface deformations of 23 normal human posterior poles from three racioethnic groups: African descent (AD), European descent (ED), and Hispanic ethnicity (HIS). Regional in-plane principal strains were compared across three zones: the optic nerve stump (ONS), the peripapillary (PP) sclera, and non-PP sclera. RESULTS. The PP scleral tensile strains were found to be lower for ED eyes compared with AD and HIS eyes at 15 mm Hg (P = 0.024 and 0.039, respectively). The mean compressive strains were significantly higher for AD eyes compared with ED eyes at 15 mm Hg (P = 0.018). We also found that the relationship between tensile strain and pressure was significant for those of ED and HIS eyes (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively), whereas it was not significant for those of AD (P = 0.392). CONCLUSIONS. Our results suggest that, assuming glaucomatous nerve loss is caused by mechanical strains in the vicinity of the optic nerve head, the mechanism of increased glaucoma prevalence may be different in those of AD versus HIS. Our ONS strain analysis also suggested that it may be important to account for ONS geometry and material properties in future scleral biomechanical analysis.
• #### Radar Reflectivity as a Proxy for the Dust Content of Individual Layers in the Martian North Polar Layered Deposits
The stratigraphy of the north polar layered deposits (NPLD) of Mars is believed to contain a climate record of the recent Amazonian period. However, full utilization of this record is difficult without detailed information regarding the physical properties of the constituent layers. Here we present a method for determining the fractional dust content of individual layers using a combination of orbital radar reflectivity measurements and physical modeling. We apply this method to the upper 500 m of the NPLD at 10 study sites and compare the results to a cap-wide radar-mapped surface. Our results show that reflectivity can vary drastically both geographically and with depth, a result we attribute to changing dust content, though the impact of variable layer thickness cannot be totally discounted. These findings imply large-scale regional patterns in ice and dust accumulation do not remain consistent through time. We also find that current models of Mars's dust cycle and polar ice accumulation consistently underpredict the dust content of layers, indicating that our understanding of dust transport, dust sequestration, or dust preservation remains incomplete. Comparisons of study sites on the NPLD also show that some locations contain fewer radar reflectors than others, meaning they may contain a less complete record of the planet's recent paleoclimate, and any future efforts to use the polar layered deposits as a climate proxy, including in situ measurements, should take this into account by choosing study sites wisely.
• #### Radial abundance gradients in the outer Galactic disk as traced by main-sequence OB stars
Context. Elemental abundance gradients in galactic disks are important constraints for models of how spiral galaxies form and evolve. However, the abundance structure of the outer disk region of the Milky Way is poorly known, which hampers our understanding of the spiral galaxy that is closest to us and that can be studied in greatest detail. Young OB stars are good tracers of the present-day chemical abundance distribution of a stellar population and because of their high luminosities they can easily be observed at large distances, making them suitable to explore and map the abundance structure and gradients in the outer regions of the Galactic disk. Aims. Using a sample of 31 main-sequence OB stars located between galactocentric distances 8.4-15.6 kpc, we aim to probe the present-day radial abundance gradients of the Galactic disk. Methods. The analysis is based on high-resolution spectra obtained with the MIKE spectrograph on the Magellan Clay 6.5-m telescope on Las Campanas. We used a non-NLTE analysis in a self-consistent semi-automatic routine based on TLUSTY and SYNSPEC to determine atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances. Results. Stellar parameters (effective temperature, surface gravity, projected rotational velocity, microturbulence, and macroturbulence) and silicon and oxygen abundances are presented for 28 stars located beyond 9 kpc from the Galactic center plus three stars in the solar neighborhood. The stars of our sample are mostly on the main-sequence, with effective temperatures between 20800-31300 K, and surface gravities between 3.23-4.45 dex. The radial oxygen and silicon abundance gradients are negative and have slopes of -0.07 dex kpc(-1) and -0.09 dex kpc(-1), respectively, in the region 8.4 <= R-G <= 15.6 kpc. Conclusions. The obtained gradients are compatible with the present-day oxygen and silicon abundances measured in the solar neighborhood and are consistent with radial metallicity gradients predicted by chemodynamical models of Galaxy Evolution for a subsample of young stars located close to the Galactic plane.
• #### Radial Evolution of Stochastic Heating in Low-β Solar Wind
We consider the radial evolution of perpendicular ion heating due to the violation of magnetic moment conservation caused by Alfven and kinetic Alfven wave turbulence. This process, referred to as stochastic heating (SH), can be quantified by the ratio between the average velocity fluctuations at the ion gyroradius and the perpendicular ion thermal speed epsilon delta v/v(t perpendicular to). Using 17 yr of Helios observations, we constrain how much energy could be dissipated by this mechanism between 0.29 and 0.98 au. We find that SH likely operates throughout the entire inner heliosphere, but that its radial dependence is steeper than that of empirically derived dissipation rates, with r(-2.5) being compared with r(-2.08). This difference is significantly increased in fast solar wind streams to r(-3.1) compared with r(-1.8).
• #### Radial velocities of K–M dwarfs and local stellar kinematics
Aims. The goal of this paper is to present complete radial-velocity data for the spectroscopically selected McCormick sample of nearby K-M dwarfs and, based on these and supplementary data, to determine the space-velocity distributions of late-type stars in the solar neighborhood. Methods. We analyzed nearly 3300 measurements of radial velocities for 1049 K-M dwarfs, that we obtained during the past decade with a CORAVEL-type instrument, with a primary emphasis on detecting and eliminating from kinematic calculations the spectroscopic binaries and binary candidates. Combining radial-velocity data with HIPPARCOS/Tycho-2 astrometry we calculated the space-velocity components and parameters of the galactic orbits in a three-component model potential for the stars in the sample, that we use for kinematical analysis and for the identification of possible candidate members of nearby stellar kinematic groups. Results. We present the catalog of our observations of radial velocities for 959 stars which are not suspected of velocity variability, along with the catalog of U, V, W velocities and Galactic orbital parameters for a total of 1088 K-M stars which are used in the present kinematic analysis. Of these, 146 stars were identified as possible candidate members of the known nearby kinematic groups and suspected subgroups. The distributions of space-velocity components, orbital eccentricities, and maximum distances from the Galactic plane are consistent with the presence of young, intermediate-age and old populations of the thin disk and a small fraction (similar to 3%) of stars with the thick disk kinematics. The kinematic structure gives evidence that the bulk of K-M type stars in the immediate solar vicinity represents a dynamically relaxed stellar population. The star MCC 869 is found to be on a retrograde Galactic orbit (V = -262 km s(-1)) of low inclination (4 degrees) and can be a member of stellar stream of some dissolved structure. The Sun's velocity with respect to the Local Standard of Rest, derived from the distributions of space-velocity components, is (U-circle dot, V-circle dot, W-circle dot) = (9.0 +/- 1.4, 13.1 +/- 0.6, 7.2 +/- 0.8) km s(-1). The radial solar motion derived via the Stromberg's relation, V-circle dot = 14.2 +/- 0.8 km s(-1), agrees within the errors with the value obtained directly from the V distribution of stars on nearly circular orbits.
• #### Radial Velocity Discovery of an Eccentric Jovian World Orbiting at 18 au
Based on two decades of radial velocity (RV) observations using Keck/High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) and McDonald/Tull, and more recent observations using the Automated Planet Finder, we found that the nearby star HR 5183 (HD 120066) hosts a 3 ${M}_{{\rm{J}}}$ minimum mass planet with an orbital period of ${74}_{-22}^{+43}$ yr. The orbit is highly eccentric (e sime 0.84), shuttling the planet from within the orbit of Jupiter to beyond the orbit of Neptune. Our careful survey design enabled high cadence observations before, during, and after the planet's periastron passage, yielding precise orbital parameter constraints. We searched for stellar or planetary companions that could have excited the planet's eccentricity, but found no candidates, potentially implying that the perturber was ejected from the system. We did identify a bound stellar companion more than 15,000 au from the primary, but reasoned that it is currently too widely separated to have an appreciable effect on HR 5183 b. Because HR 5183 b's wide orbit takes it more than 30 au (1'') from its star, we also explored the potential of complimentary studies with direct imaging or stellar astrometry. We found that a Gaia detection is very likely, and that imaging at 10 μm is a promising avenue. This discovery highlights the value of long-baseline RV surveys for discovering and characterizing long-period, eccentric Jovian planets. This population may offer important insights into the dynamical evolution of planetary systems containing multiple massive planets.
• #### Radial Velocity Measurements of HR 8799 b and c with Medium Resolution Spectroscopy
High-contrast medium resolution spectroscopy has been used to detect molecules such as water and carbon monoxide in the atmospheres of gas giant exoplanets. In this work, we show how it can be used to derive radial velocity (RV) measurements of directly imaged exoplanets. Improving upon the traditional cross-correlation technique, we develop a new likelihood based on joint forward modeling of the planetary signal and the starlight background (i.e., speckles). After marginalizing over the starlight model, we infer the barycentric RV of HR 8799 b and c in 2010 yielding ?9.20.5 km s(?1) and ?11.60.5 km s(?1), respectively. These RV measurements help to constrain the 3D orientation of the orbit of the planet by resolving the degeneracy in the longitude of an ascending node. Assuming coplanar orbits for HR 8799 b and c, but not including d and e, we estimate Omega = 89 degrees(27)(-17+) and i = 20 degrees.8(-3.7)(+4.5).
• #### A radial velocity survey of the Carina Nebula's O-type stars
We have obtained multi-epoch observations of 31 O-type stars in the Carina Nebula using the CHIRON spectrograph on the CTIO/SMARTS 1.5-m telescope. We measure their radial velocities to 1-2 km s(-1) precision and present new or updated orbital solutions for the binary systems HD 92607, HD 93576, HDE 303312, and HDE 305536. We also compile radial velocities from the literature for 32 additional O-type and evolved massive stars in the region. The combined data set shows a mean heliocentric radial velocity of 0.6 km s(-1). We calculate a velocity dispersion of <= 9.1 km s(-1), consistent with an unbound, substructured OB association. The Tr 14 cluster shows a marginally significant 5 km s(-1) radial velocity offset from its neighbour Tr 16, but there are otherwise no correlations between stellar position and velocity. The O-type stars in Cr 228 and the South Pillars region have a lower velocity dispersion than the region as a whole, supporting a model of distributed massive star formation rather than migration from the central clusters. We compare our stellar velocities to the Carina Nebula's molecular gas and find that Tr 14 shows a close kinematic association with the Northern Cloud. In contrast, Tr 16 has accelerated the Southern Cloud by 10-15 km s(-1), possibly triggering further massive star formation. The expansion of the surrounding HII region is not symmetric about the O-type stars in radial velocity space, indicating that the ionized gas is constrained by denser material on the far side.
|
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|
https://soatok.blog/2020/08/27/soatoks-guide-to-side-channel-attacks/
|
Categories
# Soatok’s Guide to Side-Channel Attacks
If you’re ever tasked with implementing a cryptography feature–whether a high-level protocol or a low-level primitive–you will have to take special care to ensure you’re not leaking secret information through side-channels.
The descriptions of algorithms you learn in a classroom or textbook are not sufficient for real-world use. (Yes, that means your toy RSA implementation based on GMP from your computer science 101 class isn’t production-ready. Don’t deploy it.)
But what are these elusive side-channels exactly, and how do you prevent them? And in cases where you cannot prevent them, how can you mitigate the risk to your users?
Contents
## Cryptographic Side-Channels
The concept of a side-channel isn’t inherently cryptographic, as Taylor Hornby demonstrates, but a side-channel can be a game over vulnerability in a system meant to maintain confidentiality (even if only for its cryptography keys).
Cryptographic side-channels allow an attacker to learn secret data from your cryptography system. To accomplish this, the attacker doesn’t necessarily study the system’s output (i.e. ciphertext); instead, they observe some other measurement, such as how much time or power was spent performing an operation, or what kind of electromagnetic radiation was emitted.
Important: While being resistant to side-channels is a prerequisite for implementations to be secure, it isn’t in and of itself sufficient for security. The underlying design of the primitives, constructions, and high-level protocols needs to be secure first, and that requires a clear and specific threat model for what you’re building.
Constant-time ECDSA doesn’t help you if you reuse k-values like it’s going out of style, but variable-time ECDSA still leaks your secret key to anyone who cares to probe your response times. Secure cryptography is very demanding.
### Timing Leaks
Timing side-channels leak secrets through how much time it takes for an operation to complete.
There are many different flavors of timing leakage, including:
• Fast-failing comparison functions (memcmp() in C)
• Cache-timing vulnerabilities (e.g. software AES)
• Memory access patterns
• Conditional branches controlled by secrets
The bad news about timing leaks is that they’re almost always visible to an attacker over the network (including over the Internet (PDF)).
The good news is that most of them can be prevented or mitigated in software.
### Power Usage
Different algorithms or processor operations may require different amounts of power.
For example, squaring a large number may take less power than multiplying two different large numbers. This observation has led to the development of power analysis attacks against RSA.
Power analysis is especially relevant for embedded systems and smart cards, which are easier to extract a meaningful signal from than your desktop computer.
Some information leakage through power usage can be prevented through careful engineering (for example: BearSSL, which uses Montgomery multiplication instead of square-and-multiply).
But that’s not always an option, so generally these risks are mitigated.
### Electromagnetic Emissions
Your computer is a reliable source of electromagnetic emissions (such as radio waves). Some of these emissions may reveal information about your cryptographic secrets, especially to an attacker with physical proximity to your device.
The good news is that research into EM emission side-channels isn’t as mature as side-channels through timing leaks or power usage. The bad news is that mitigations for breakthroughs will generally require hardware (e.g. electromagnetic shielding).
## Side-Channel Prevention and Mitigation
Now that we’ve established a rough sense of some of the types of side-channels that are possible, we can begin to identify what causes them and aspire to prevent the leaks from happening–and where we can’t, to mitigate the risk to a reasonable level.
Note: To be clear, I didn’t cover all of the types of side-channels.
### Prevention vs. Mitigation
Preventing a side-channel means eliminating the conditions that allow the information leak to occur in the first place. For timing leaks, this means making all algorithms constant-time.
There are entire classes of side-channel leaks that aren’t possible or practical to mitigate in software. When you encounter one, the best you can hope to do is mitigate the risk.
Ideally, you want to make the attack more expensive to pull off than the reward an attacker will gain from it.
### What is Constant-Time?
When an implementation is said to be constant-time, what we mean is that the execution time of the code is not a function of its secret inputs.
Vulnerable AES uses table look-ups to implement the S-Box. Constant-time AES is either implemented in hardware, or is bitsliced.
### Malicious Environments and Algorithmic Constant-Time
One of the greatest challenges with writing constant-time code is distinguishing between algorithmic constant-time and provably constant-time. The main difference between the two is that you cannot trust your compiler (especially a JIT compiler), which may attempt to optimize your code in a way that reintroduces the side-channel you aspired to remove.
John Regehr, possibly with apologies to Arthur C. Clarke
For compiled languages, this is a tractable but expensive problem to solve: You simply have to formally verify everything from the source code to the compiler to the silicon chips that the code will be deployed on, and then audit your supply chain to prevent malicious tampering from going undetected.
For interpreted languages (e.g. PHP and JavaScript), this formal verification strategy isn’t really an option, unless you want to formally verify the runtime that interprets scripts and prove that the operations remain constant-time on top of all the other layers of distrust.
Is this level of paranoia really worth the effort?
For that reason, we’re going to assume that algorithmic constant-time is adequate for the duration of this blog post.
If your threat model prevents you from accepting this assumption, feel free to put in the extra effort yourself and tell me how it goes. After all, as a furry who writes blog posts in my spare time for fun, I don’t exactly have the budget for massive research projects in formal verification.
### Mitigation with Blinding Techniques
The best mitigation for some side-channels is called blinding: Obfuscating the inputs with some random data, then deobfuscating the outputs with the same random data, such that your keys are not revealed.
Two well-known examples include RSA decryption and Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman. I’ll focus on the latter, since it’s not as widely covered in the literature (although several cryptographers I’ve talked with were somehow knowledgeable about it; I suspect gatekeeping is involved).
#### Blinded ECDH Key Exchange
In typical ECDH implementations, you will convert a point on a Weierstrass curve $(X, Y)$ to a Jacobian coordinate system $(x, y)$.
The exact conversion formula is ($x = X / Z^{2}$, $y = X / Z^{3}$). The conversion almost makes intuitive sense.
Where does $Z$ come from though?
It turns out, the choice for $Z$ is totally arbitrary. Libraries typically set it equal to 1 (for best performance), but you can also set it to a random number. (You cannot set it to 0, however, for obvious reasons.)
Choosing a random number means the calculations performed over Jacobian coordinates will be obscured by a randomly chosen factor $Z$ (and thus, if $Z$ is only used once per scalar multiplication, the bitwise signal the attackers rely on will be lost).
I think it’s really cool how one small tweak to the runtime of an algorithm can make it significantly harder to attack.
## Design Patterns for Algorithmic Constant-Time Code
Mitigation techniques are cool, but preventing side-channels is a better value-add for most software.
To that end, let’s look at some design patterns for constant-time software. Some of these are relatively common; others, not so much.
If you prefer TypeScript / JavaScirpt, check out Soatok’s constant-time-js library on Github / NPM.
### Constant-Time String Comparison
Rather than using string comparison (== in most programming languages, memcmp() in C), you want to compare cryptographic secrets and/or calculated integrity checks with a secure compare algorithm, which looks like this:
1. Initialize a variable (let’s call it D) to zero.
2. For each byte of the two strings:
1. Calculate (lefti XOR righti)
2. Bitwise OR the current value of D with the result of the XOR, store the output in D
3. When the loop has concluded, D will be equal to 0 if and only if the two strings are equal.
In code form, it looks like this:
``````<?php
function ct_compare(string \$left, string \$right): bool
{
\$d = 0;
\$length = mb_strlen(\$left, '8bit');
if (mb_strlen(\$right, '8bit') !== \$length) {
return false; // Lengths differ
}
for (\$i = 0; \$i < \$length; ++\$i) {
\$leftCharCode = unpack('C', \$left[\$i])[1];
\$rightCharCode = unpack('C', \$right[\$i])[1];
\$d |= (\$leftCharCode ^ \$rightCharCode);
}
return \$d === 0;
}``````
In this example, I’m using PHP’s unpack() function to avoid cache-timing leaks with ord() and chr(). Of course, you can simply use hash_equals() instead of writing it yourself (PHP 5.6.0+).
### Alternative: “Double HMAC” String Comparison
If the previous algorithm won’t work (i.e. because you’re concerned your JIT compiler will optimize it away), there is a popular alternative to consider. It’s called “Double HMAC” because it was traditionally used with Encrypt-Then-HMAC schemes.
The algorithm looks like this:
1. Generate a random 256-bit key, K. (This can be cached between invocations, but it should be unpredictable.)
2. Calculate HMAC-SHA256(K, left).
3. Calculate HMAC-SHA256(K, right).
4. Return true if the outputs of step 2 and 3 are equal.
This is provably secure, so long as HMAC-SHA256 is a secure pseudo-random function and the key K is unknown to the attacker.
In code form, the Double HMAC compare function looks like this:
```<?php
function hmac_compare(string \$left, string \$right): bool
{
static \$k = null;
if (!\$k) \$k = random_bytes(32);
return (
hash_hmac('sha256', \$left, \$k)
===
hash_hmac('sha256', \$right, \$k)
);
}
```
### Constant-Time Conditional Select
I like to imagine a conversation between a cryptography engineer and a Zen Buddhist, that unfolds like so:
• CE: “I want to eliminate branching side-channels from my code.”
• ZB: “Then do not have branches in your code.”
And that is precisely what we intend to do with a constant-time conditional select: Eliminate branches by conditionally returning between one of two strings, without an IF statement.
This isn’t as tricky as it sounds. We’re going to use XOR and two’s complement to achieve this.
The algorithm looks like this:
1. Convert the selection bit (TRUE/FALSE) into a mask value (-1 for TRUE, 0 for FALSE). Bitwise, -1 looks like 111111111…1111111111, while 0 looks like 00000000…00000000.
2. Copy the right string into a buffer, call it tmp.
3. Calculate left XOR right, call it x.
4. Return (tmp XOR (x AND mask)).
Once again, in code this algorithm looks like this:
``````<?php
function ct_select(
bool \$returnLeft,
string \$left,
string \$right
): string {
\$length = mb_strlen(\$left, '8bit');
if (mb_strlen(\$right, '8bit') !== \$length) {
throw new Exception('ct_select() expects two strings of equal length');
}
// X
\$x = (string) (\$left ^ \$right);
// Output = Right XOR (X AND Mask)
\$output = '';
for (\$i = 0; \$i < \$length; \$i++) {
\$rightCharCode = unpack('C', \$right[\$i])[1];
\$xCharCode = unpack('C', \$x[\$i])[1];
\$output .= pack(
'C',
);
}
return \$output;
}``````
You can test this code for yourself here. The function was designed to read intuitively like a ternary operator.
#### A Word of Caution on Cleverness
In some languages, it may seem tempting to use the bitwise trickery to swap out pointers instead of returning a new buffer. But do not fall for this Siren song.
If, instead of returning a new buffer, you just swap pointers, what you’ll end up doing is creating a timing leak through your memory access patterns. This can culminate in a timing vulnerability, but even if your data is too big to fit in a processor’s cache line (I dunno, Post-Quantum RSA keys?), there’s another risk to consider.
Virtual memory addresses are just beautiful lies. Where your data lives on the actual hardware memory is entirely up to the kernel. You can have two blobs with contiguous virtual memory addresses that live on separate memory pages, or even separate RAM chips (if you have multiple).
If you’re swapping pointers around, and they point to two different pieces of hardware, and one is slightly faster to read from than the other, you can introduce yet another timing attack through which pointer is being referenced by the processor.
If you’re swapping between X and Y before performing a calculation, where:
• X lives on RAM chip 1, which takes 3 ns to read
• Y lives on RAM chip 2, which takes 4 ns to read
…then the subsequent use of the swapped pointers reveals whether you’re operating on X or Y in the timing: It will take slightly longer to read from Y than from X.
The best way to mitigate this problem is to never design your software to have it in the first place. Don’t be clever on this one.
### Constant-Time String Inequality Comparison
Sometimes you don’t just need to know if two strings are equal, you also need to know which one is larger than the other.
To accomplish this in constant-time, we need to maintain two state variables:
1. gt (initialized to 0, will be set to 1 at some point if left > right)
2. eq (initialized to 1, will be set to 0 at some point if left != right)
Endian-ness will dictate the direction our algorithm goes, but we’re going to perform two operations in each cycle:
1. gt should be bitwise ORed with (eq AND ((right – left) right shifted 8 times)
2. eq should be bitwise ANDed with ((right XOR left) – 1) right shifted 8 times
If right and left are ever different, eq will be set to 0.
If the first time they’re different the value for lefti is greater than the value for righti, then the subtraction will produce a negative number. Right shifting a negative number 8 places then bitwise ANDing the result with eq (which is only 1 until two bytes differ, and then 0 henceforth if they do) will result in a value for 1 with gt. Thus, if (righti – lefti) is negative, gt will be set to 1. Otherwise, it remains 0.
At the end of this loop, return (gt + gt + eq) – 1. This will result in the following possible values:
• left < right: -1
• left == right: 0
• left > right: 1
The arithmetic based on the possible values of gt and eq should be straightforward.
• Different (eq == 0) but not greater (gt == 0) means left < right, -1.
• Different (eq == 0) and greater (gt == 1) means left > right, 1.
• If eq == 1, no bytes ever differed, so left == right, 0.
A little endian implementation is as follows:
``````<?php
function str_compare(string \$left, string \$right): int
{
\$length = mb_strlen(\$left, '8bit');
if (mb_strlen(\$right, '8bit') !== \$length) {
throw new Exception('ct_select() expects two strings of equal length');
}
\$gt = 0;
\$eq = 1;
\$i = \$length;
while (\$i > 0) {
--\$i;
\$leftCharCode = unpack('C', \$left[\$i])[1];
\$rightCharCode = unpack('C', \$right[\$i])[1];
\$gt |= ((\$rightCharCode - \$leftCharCode) >> 8) & \$eq;
\$eq &= ((\$rightCharCode ^ \$leftCharCode) -1) >> 8;
}
return (\$gt + \$gt + \$eq) - 1;
}``````
Demo for this function is available here.
### Constant-Time Integer Multiplication
Multiplying two integers is one of those arithmetic operations that should be constant-time. But on many older processors, it isn’t.
Fortunately, there is a workaround. It involves an algorithm called Ancient Egyptian Multiplication in some places or Peasant Multiplication in others.
Multiplying two numbers $x$ and $y$ this way looks like this:
1. Determine the number of operations you need to perform. Generally, this is either known ahead of time or $max(ceil(\log_2 x), ceil(\log_2 y))$.
2. Set $z$ to 0.
3. Until the operation count reaches zero:
1. If the lowest bit of $y$ is set, add $x$ to $z$.
2. Left shift $x$ by 1.
3. Right shfit $y$ by 1.
4. Return $z$.
The main caveat here is that you want to use bitwise operators in step 3.1 to remove the conditional branch.
Rather than bundle example code in our blog post, please refer to the implementation in sodium_compat (a pure PHP polyfill for libsodium).
For big number libraries, implementing Karatsuba on top of this integer multiplying function should be faster than attempting to multiply bignums this way.
### Constant-Time Integer Division
Although some cryptography algorithms call for integer division, division isn’t usually expected to be constant-time.
However, if you look up a division algorithm for unsigned integers with a remainder, you’ll likely encounter this algorithm, which is almost constant-time:
``````if D = 0 then error(DivisionByZeroException) end
Q := 0 -- Initialize quotient and remainder to zero
R := 0
for i := n − 1 .. 0 do -- Where n is number of bits in N
R := R << 1 -- Left-shift R by 1 bit
R(0) := N(i) -- Set the least-significant bit of R equal to bit i of the numerator
if R ≥ D then
R := R − D
Q(i) := 1
end
end``````
If we use the tricks we learned from implementing constant-time string inequality with constant-time conditional selection, we can implement this algorithm without timing leaks.
Our constant-time version of this algorithm looks like this:
``````if D = 0 then error(DivisionByZeroException) end
Q := 0 -- Initialize quotient and remainder to zero
R := 0
for i := n − 1 .. 0 do -- Where n is number of bits in N
R := R << 1 -- Left-shift R by 1 bit
R(0) := N(i) -- Set the least-significant bit of R equal to bit i of the numerator
compared := ct_compare(R, D) -- Use constant-time inequality
-- if R > D then compared == 1, swap = 1
-- if R == D then compared == 0, swap = 1
-- if R < D then compared == -1, swap = 0
swap := (1 - ((compared >> 31) & 1))
-- R' = R - D
-- Q' = Q, Q[i] = 1
Rprime := R - D
Qprime := Q
Qprime(i) := 1 -- The i'th bit is set to 1
-- Replace (R with R', Q with Q') if swap == 1
R = ct_select(swap, Rprime, R)
Q = ct_select(swap, Qprime, Q)
end``````
It’s approximately twice as slow as the original, but it’s constant-time.
### Constant-Time Modular Inversion
Modular inversion is the calculation of $1/x \pmod{p}$ for some prime $p$. This is used in a lot of places, but especially in elliptic curve cryptography and RSA.
Daniel J. Bernstein and Bo-Yin Yang published a paper on fast constant-time GCD and Modular Inversion in 2019. The algorithm in question is somewhat straightforward to implement (although determining whether or not that implementation is safe is left as an exercise to the rest of us).
A simpler technique is to use Fermat’s Little Theorem: $1/x = x^{p-2} mod p$ for some prime $p$. This only works with prime fields, and is slower than a Binary GCD (which isn’t necessarily constant-time, as OpenSSL discovered).
BearSSL provides an implementation (and accompanying documentation) for a constant-time modular inversion algorithm based on Binary GCD.
(In the future, I may update this section of this blog post with an implementation in PHP, using the GMP extension.)
### Constant-Time Null-Byte Trimming
Shortly after this guide first went online, security researchers published the Raccoon Attack, which used a timing leak in the number of leading 0 bytes in the pre-master secret–combined with a lattice attack to solve the hidden number problem–to break TLS-DH(E).
To solve this, you need two components:
1. A function that returns a slice of an array without timing leaks.
2. A function that counts the number of significant bytes (i.e. ignores leading zero bytes, counts from the first non-zero byte).
A timing-safe array resize function needs to do two things:
1. Touch every byte of the input array once.
2. Touch every byte of the output array at least once, linearly. The constant-time division algorithm is useful here (to calculate x mod n for the output array index).
3. Conditionally select between input[x] and the existing output[x_mod_n], based on whether x >= target size.
I’ve implemented this in my constant-time-js library:
## Further Reading and Online Resources
If you’re at all interested in cryptographic side-channels, your hunger for knowledge probably won’t be sated by a single blog post. Here’s a collection of articles, papers, books, etc. worth reading.
## Errata
• 2020-08-27: The original version of this blog post incorrectly attributed Jacobian coordinate blinding to ECDSA hardening, rather than ECDH hardening. This error was brought to my attention by Thai Duong. Thanks Thai!
• 2020-08-27: Erin correctly pointed out that omitting memory access timing was a disservice to developers, who might not be aware of the risks involved. I’ve updated the post to call this risk out specifically (especially in the conditional select code, which some developers might try to implement with pointer swapping without knowing the risks involved). Thanks Erin!
I hope you find this guide to side-channels helpful.
Follow my blog for more Defense Against the Bark Arts posts in the future.
## 13 replies on “Soatok’s Guide to Side-Channel Attacks”
Like
fuzzymuzzysays:
you’ve got a syntax error on https://3v4l.org/rjqb1 right before the closing parenthesis and right after the png of a purple fox that looks like he just swallowed a load
Like
fuzzymuzzysays:
line 35 if that helps
Like
fuzzymuzzysays:
Understood, I realize trailing commas were tolerated in function calls as of version 7.3; the page you link to by default includes the 7.2 version so I thought I’d let you know about it.
Like
[…] CBC+HMAC is usually implemented in application-layer code, but the security of such a construction depends heavily on the availability and utilization of constant-time functions. […]
Like
[…] mitigate these vulnerabilities, one needs look no further than the guide to side-channel attacks I published last […]
Like
anonsays:
Critical error. Did not read article in constant time. Need audio or video? Oh no, a constant-time video player would probably be very slow! Can the blinding factors save us?
Like
[…] The security of digital signature algorithms depends entirely on the secrecy of the signing key and the security of the asymmetric cryptographic transformation used to generate a signature. (And its resilience to side-channel attacks.) […]
Like
[…] best be performing a separate HMAC-SHA256 over the ciphertext (and verifying this HMAC with a secure comparison function before decrypting). Additionally, you should consider using an extended nonce construction to split […]
Like
[…] August, I wrote a somewhat in-depth guide to side-channel attacks and how to mitigate them, which caused Reddit moderators to come to terms with a lot of their communities’ […]
Like
[…] Because ARX ciphers only use the Add, Rotate, and XOR operations (where Rotate can be implemented with bit-shifts and bitwise OR), it’s very easy to implement ARX constructions in constant-time. […]
Like
[…] (Anyone who’s looked at older versions of OpenSSL’s BigNum library after reading my guide to side-channel attacks knows […]
Like
|
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http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/89/20/10.1063/1.2387120
|
• journal/journal.article
• aip/apl
• /content/aip/journal/apl/89/20/10.1063/1.2387120
• apl.aip.org
1887
No data available.
No metrics data to plot.
The attempt to plot a graph for these metrics has failed.
Mechanism analysis of periodicity and weakening surge of GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches
USD
10.1063/1.2387120
Wei Shi1,a) and Liqiang Tian1
View Affiliations Hide Affiliations
Affiliations:
1 Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
a) Electronic mail: [email protected]
Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 202103 (2006)
/content/aip/journal/apl/89/20/10.1063/1.2387120
http://aip.metastore.ingenta.com/content/aip/journal/apl/89/20/10.1063/1.2387120
View: Figures
## Figures
FIG. 1.
Schematic diagram of GaAs PCSS.
FIG. 2.
Wave form of linear periodicity and weakening surge.
FIG. 3.
Superposed wave form of ten times nonlinear periodicity and weakening surge.
FIG. 4.
Basic resonant circuit.
FIG. 5.
Illustration of the quenched domain mode: (a) The velocity-electric field characteristic of the GaAs device: (b) The ac electric field wave form arisen by self-excitation of the circuit: (c) The current wave form of output: (d) The track of one cycle characteristic curve.
FIG. 6.
Illustration of the delay domain mode: (a) The velocity-electric field characteristic of the GaAs device: (b) The ac electric field wave form arisen by self-excitation of the circuit: (c) The current wave form of output: (d) The track of one cycle characteristic curve.
/content/aip/journal/apl/89/20/10.1063/1.2387120
2006-11-13
2014-04-23
Article
content/aip/journal/apl
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http://www.quantopia.net/credit-default-swaps/
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# Credit Default Swaps Pt I: A Default Model for Firms
In today’s post I’m going to discuss a simple model for default of a firm, and in Part II I’ll discuss the price of insuring against losses caused by the default. As usual, the model I discuss today will be a vast over-simplification of reality, but it will serve as a building block for development. Indeed, there are many people in the credit derivatives industry who take these things to a much higher level of complexity.
Modelling the default of a firm is an interesting challenge. Some models are based around ratings agencies, giving firms a certain grade and treating transitions between grades as a Markov chain (similar to a problem I discussed before). I’m going to start with a simpler exponential default model. This says that the event of a given firm defaulting on all of its liabilities is a random event obeying a Poisson process. That is, it is characterised by a single parameter $\inline&space;\lambda$ which gives the likelihood of default in a given time period. We make a simplifying assumption that this is independent of all previous time periods, so default CAN’T be foreseen (this may be a weakness of the model, but perhaps not… discuss!).
Also, the firm can’t default more than once, so the process stops after default. A generalisation of the model will treat $\inline&space;\lambda$ as a function of time $\inline&space;\lambda(t)$ and even potentially a stochastic variable, but we won’t think about that for now.
Mathematically, the probability of default time tau occurring in the small window
$\inline&space;[t,t+dt]$ is
$\lim_{dt&space;\to&space;0}&space;p(&space;\tau&space;<&space;t&space;+&space;dt\&space;|\&space;\tau&space;>&space;t&space;)&space;=&space;\lambda&space;dt$
If we start at $\inline&space;t=0$ with the firm not yet having defaulted, this tells us that
$p&space;(&space;\tau&space;<&space;dt\&space;|\&space;\tau&space;>&space;0&space;)&space;=&space;\lambda&space;dt$
and in a second and third narrow window, using the independence of separate time windows in the Poisson process and taking a physicist’s view on the meaning of $\inline&space;2dt$ and similar terms,
$\begin{matrix}&space;p&space;(&space;dt&space;<&space;\tau&space;<&space;2dt&space;)&space;&&space;=&space;&&space;p&space;(&space;\tau&space;<&space;2dt\&space;|\&space;\tau&space;>&space;dt&space;)\cdot&space;p(\tau&space;>&space;dt&space;)&space;\\&space;&=&&space;\lambda&space;dt&space;\cdot&space;(1-&space;\lambda&space;dt)&space;\end{matrix}$$\begin{matrix}&space;p&space;(\&space;2dt&space;<&space;\tau&space;<&space;3dt\&space;)&space;&=&&space;\lambda&space;dt&space;\cdot&space;\bigl(1&space;-&space;\lambda&space;dt&space;\cdot(1&space;-&space;\lambda&space;dt)&space;-&space;\lambda&space;dt&space;\bigr)\\&space;&=&&space;\lambda&space;dt&space;\cdot&space;(1&space;-&space;2\lambda&space;dt&space;-&space;\lambda^2&space;dt^2)\\&space;&=&&space;\lambda&space;dt&space;\cdot&space;(1&space;-&space;\lambda&space;dt)^2\end{matrix}$
and in general
$p&space;(\&space;t&space;<&space;\tau&space;<&space;t+dt\&space;)&space;=&space;(1-&space;\lambda&space;dt)^n\cdot&space;\lambda&space;dt$where $\inline&space;n&space;=&space;{t&space;\over&space;dt}}$ and we must take the limit that $\inline&space;dt&space;\to&space;0$, which we can do by making use of the identity
$\lim_{a\to&space;\infty}&space;(1&space;+&space;{x&space;\over&space;a})^a&space;=&space;e^x$
we see that
$\begin{matrix}&space;\lim_{dt&space;\to&space;0}p&space;(\&space;t&space;<&space;\tau&space;<&space;t+dt\&space;)&space;&&space;=&space;&&space;\lambda&space;e^{-\lambda&space;t}\\&space;&&space;=&space;&&space;p(\tau&space;=&space;t)&space;\end{matrix}$
and its cumulative density function is
${\rm&space;F}(t)&space;=&space;\int_0^t&space;p(\tau&space;=&space;u)&space;du&space;=&space;1&space;-&space;e^{-\lambda&space;t}$which gives the probability that default has happened before time $\inline&space;t$ (the survival function $\inline&space;{\rm&space;S}(t)&space;=&space;1&space;-&space;{\rm&space;F}(t)$ gives the reverse – the chance the firm is still alive at time $\inline&space;t$) *another derivation of $\inline&space;p(\tau=t)$ is given at the bottom
A few comments on this result. Firstly, note that the form of $\inline&space;p(\tau=t)$ is the Poisson distribution for $\inline&space;n=1$, which makes a lot of sense since this was what we started with! It implies a mean survival time of $\inline&space;\lambda^{-1}$, which gives us some intuition about the physical meaning of lambda. The CDF (and consequently the survival function) are just exponential decays, I’ve plotted them below.
Having characterised the default probability of the firm, in Part II I will think about how it affects the price of products that they issue.
*Another derivation of $\inline&space;p(\tau=t)$ is as follows:
$\lambda&space;dt&space;=&space;p&space;(&space;\tau&space;<&space;t+dt\&space;|\&space;\tau&space;>&space;t&space;)&space;=&space;{p(t&space;<&space;\tau&space;<&space;t+dt)\over&space;p(\tau&space;>&space;t)}$
the first of these terms is approximately $\inline&space;p(\tau=t)dt$, while the second is simply the survival function $\inline&space;S(t)$, which by definition obeys
$p(\tau=t)&space;=&space;-{\partial&space;S&space;\over&space;\partial&space;t}$
combining this we have
$\lambda&space;=&space;-{1\over&space;S}\cdot&space;{\partial&space;S&space;\over&space;\partial&space;t}$
and integrating gives
$-\lambda&space;t&space;=&space;\ln&space;{S(t)&space;\over&space;S(0)}$from which we get the result above, that
$S(t)&space;=&space;e^{-\lambda&space;t}$
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https://socratic.org/questions/5995250611ef6b429fd6779c
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Chemistry
Topics
# What is the concentration of hydroxyl ions in a solution of pH 8 ?
Feb 5, 2018
${10}^{- 6}$ mol per litre
#### Explanation:
$p H$ is $- {\log}_{10}$ of the hydrogen ion concentration (actually hydronium ${H}_{3} {O}^{+}$ concentration).
$p O H$ is $- {\log}_{10}$ of the hydroxyl ($O {H}^{-}$) ion concentration.
To say $p H + p O H = 14$ is to say that the product of the ${H}_{3} {O}^{+}$ and $O {H}^{-}$ ion concentrations is ${10}^{-} 14$.
If a solution has $p H = 8$, then its $p O H$ is $14 - 8 = 6$ and the corresponding concentration of hydroxyl $O {H}^{-}$ ions is ${10}^{- 6}$ mol per litre.
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https://gytukisibefu.wiztechinplanttraining.com/effects-of-diurnal-glycogen-fluctuation-on-endurance-book-18744yc.php
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Last edited by Nikogor
Saturday, May 9, 2020 | History
2 edition of Effects of diurnal glycogen fluctuation on endurance found in the catalog.
Effects of diurnal glycogen fluctuation on endurance
James Hoyt Clark
# Effects of diurnal glycogen fluctuation on endurance
## by James Hoyt Clark
• 201 Want to read
• 6 Currently reading
Published .
Written in English
Subjects:
• Glycogen -- Metabolism,
• Rats,
• Exercise -- Physiological aspects
• Edition Notes
The Physical Object ID Numbers Statement by James Hoyt Clark Pagination vi, 59 leaves : Number of Pages 59 Open Library OL14457705M
The importance of muscle glycogen as a metabolic substrate in sustaining prolonged exercise is well acknowledged. Being stored in proximity to the site of contraction and able to sustain high rates of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) phosphorylation, glycogen is viewed as the primary fuel for the maintenance of exercise of a moderate to intense by: The stored form of carbohydrates is called glycogen. Glycogen is the limiting fuel for exercise. It is needed to fuel muscles, supply glucose to the brain, and burn fat. Glycogen is most quickly depleted with higher intensity exercise such as Vo2 intervals or long, hard efforts.
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of medium-chain triglyceride (MCTG) supplementation on energy metabolism and endurance performance capacity in well-trained runners. Seven men (age ± years, maximal O 2 uptake ± ml min −1 kg −1) were tested before and after MCTG as well as placebo consumption daily for Cited by: The Normal ("Average") Versus Normal ("Physiologic") Diurnal Blood Glucose Pattern E. Cheraskin, M.D., i Introduction There seems to be no question that blood measures carbohydrate metabolism, specifically blood sugar and Wood glucose, are among the most commonly studied biochemical parameters in clinical Size: KB.
The effects of endurance training are broad, involving many enzymes and pathways Muscle mitochondria become more numerous and bigger Bramble . Your body utilizes liver glycogen to keep your blood sugar levels up and muscle glycogen during high-intensity workouts. An untrained person who takes in 45 percent of her calories from carbohydrates is capable of storing grams of glycogen in the liver and grams of glycogen in : Michelle Fisk.
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### Effects of diurnal glycogen fluctuation on endurance by James Hoyt Clark Download PDF EPUB FB2
Get this from a library. Effects of diurnal glycogen fluctuation on endurance. [James Hoyt Clark]. Muscle and liver glycogen content: diurnal variation and endurance. Clark JH, Conlee RK. The purpose of this study was to Effects of diurnal glycogen fluctuation on endurance book the influence of diurnal variations of muscle and liver glycogen stores on exercise endurance in male albino by: Total glycogen synthase activity and the percentage of glycogen synthase I were not significantly different before and after training at 15 min, 6 h, and 48 h after exercise.
We conclude that endurance exercise training enhances the capacity of human skeletal muscle to accumulate glycogen after glycogen-depleting by: on muscle glycogen supercompensation in rats.
Appl. Physiol. 82(2): 71 1 –—The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the rate and extent of glycogen. diets. Interestingly, the starting glycogen levels did not affect the endurance performance. The subjects were able to perform as much work (Kavouras, ; Phinney, ) and in some cases more prolonged work (Lambert, ) with the lower glycogen levels from a high fat diet.
The average glycogen store is grams in muscle and File Size: 1MB. Since the introduction of the muscle biopsy technique in the late s, our understanding of the regulation of muscle glycogen storage and metabolism has advanced considerably.
Muscle glycogenolysis and rates of carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation are affected by factors such as exercise intensity, duration, training status and substrate availability. Such changes to the Cited by: The hepatic glycogen content and glycogen synthase activity of the IUGR-MR pigs were % and % higher than those of the IUGR-CON pigs (P.
Despite its limited storage capacity, glycogen is the body’s predominant source of energy during moderate to high-intensity exertion. Importance of High Muscle Glycogen High muscle glycogen content allows athletes in both endurance sports and intermittent sprint sports (i.e., team games) to perform at a higher intensity level.
To test whether skeletal muscle glycogen concentration is related to food consumption, glycogen content was determined in red (R) and white (W) vastus lateralis and in soleus (S) muscles from six groups of ad libitum-fed rats killed at 4-h intervals and Cited by: Glycogen burns rapidly but is refilled at a drip, usually replenishing at a rate of two to five percent per hour after exercise.
Empty glycogen stores can take a full day or more to restore. Three ways glycogen is important for endurance athletes. Glycogen fuels performance for. ydrate-electrolyte solution (CHO-7), an artificially sweetened placebo(CON), or the placebo for the first 90 min then a 21% glucose solution(CHO-0/21).
At the start of the performance ride, plasma glucose averaged ±±and ± mmol.l-1 in CON, CHO-7, and CHO-0/21, respectively (all different, P. During activities requiring aerobic endurance A) glycogen and glycolysis are the primary sources of reserve energy.
B) carbon dioxide debts are common. C) most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria. D) fatigue occurs in a few minutes. E) oxygen is not required. It's not just endurance athletes who should worry about running out of glycogen, Peng says.
How this affects you, though, will depend on your fitness level. If you're new to exercise, you can run out within 5 or 10 minutes. Here's why: "It takes training for your muscles to increase their glycogen stores, so someone just starting out likely has. Effects of moderate exercise (20 min at 65% V̇ o 2 peak).
The muscle glycogen used by the depletion group during the 20 min of cycle exercise on day 3 of CHO loading and on day 5 (2nd day of maintenance diet) averaged 11 ± 3 and 9 ± 3 mmol/l, by: Mechanism - CNS effects - perception of effort, muscle conractility, increases fat oxidation and is glycogen sparing Effects - performance benefits in: end of exercise (mod, int >60 min), high intensity aerobic exercise (20 min), short term high intensity exercise (5 min) Dose - mg/kg (1 hr pre-exercise).
REVIEW Open Access Glycogen availability and skeletal muscle adaptations with endurance and resistance exercise Pim Knuiman1*, Maria T. Hopman1,2 and Marco Mensink1 Abstract It is well established that glycogen depletion affects endurance exercise performance by: Six men were studied during exercise to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer at 73% of $$\\dot V_{O_{2max} }$$ following ingestion of glycerol, glucose or placebo.
Five of the subjects exercised for longer on the glucose trial compared to the placebo trial (p<; vs min). Exercise time to exhaustion on the glucose trial was longer (p<) than on the Cited by: Diurnal carbohydrate and fat distribution modulates glycaemic control in rodents.
In humans, the optimal timing of both macronutrients and its Cited by: Avoid carbs for at least 12 hours. Eat low-carb vegetables, meat, fat. Nothing starchy, nothing sweet. End your “carb fast” with a hike, walk, or play session.
Nothing too strenuous. Now eat some carbs. Keep that gram carb range going. The implications of the study from last week are that you can eat the same amount of carbs as long.
Key Words: midfollicular, midluteal, performance, muscle glycogen, substrate utilization Carbohydrate loading has been shown to enhance muscle-glycogen stores and improve the endurance capacity (2, 29) and performance (23, 24) of men exercising longer than 90 min.
Although these studies primarily examined male subjects, andFile Size: KB. to spare muscle glycogen and increase aerobic endurance. Furthermore, the addition of protein to a carbohydrate supplement will enhance the insulin re-sponse of a carbohydrate supplement.
The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of a carbohydrate and a carbohydrate-protein supplement on aerobic endurance performance.An insulation layer to go over the base layer when it is cold but not windy, or between the base and shell in cold and windy conditions, also great for putting on when to stay warm between activities.
This should be soft and pliable for the best insulating properties, softshell or hardshell provide some wind and rain resistance but at the cost of less insulation and some degree of. For mice, too much muscle glycogen impairs endurance exercise performance Date: July 5, Source: Cell Press Summary: The basics of glycogen biology are thought to be well established, but a.
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https://hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-13292-post-118807.html
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The Ramanujan Machine
07-17-2019, 01:24 AM
Post: #1
telemachos Junior Member Posts: 17 Joined: Apr 2017
The Ramanujan Machine
This "machine," described in the abstract here:
<https://phys.org/news/2019-07-ramanujan-machine-automatically-conjectures-fundamental.html>
has generated continued fractions for many fundamental constants. Two examples are given in the abstract, one for e, and another for π [actually, for 4/(π – 2)]. (Where π means pi, not the letter n.)
They might be worth exploring on your favorite HP calculator.
I haven't attempted to access the full paper, which may be behind a paywall anyway. The amusement may have exhausted itself with e and π, however.
07-17-2019, 01:48 AM
Post: #2
Valentin Albillo Senior Member Posts: 815 Joined: Feb 2015
RE: The Ramanujan Machine
(07-17-2019 01:24 AM)telemachos Wrote: I haven't attempted to access the full paper, which may be behind a paywall anyway.
It isn't.
Quote:The amusement may have exhausted itself with e and π, however.
It hasn't.
V.
.
All My Articles & other Materials here: Valentin Albillo's HP Collection
07-17-2019, 10:32 AM
Post: #3
SlideRule Senior Member Posts: 1,324 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: The Ramanujan Machine
The Ramanujan Machine: Automatically Generated Conjectures on Fundamental Constants is non-pay downloadable at arxiv.
BEST!
SlideRule
07-21-2019, 10:25 AM
Post: #4
BruceH Senior Member Posts: 390 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: The Ramanujan Machine
Thank-you for this. That new e one is beautiful.
07-21-2019, 07:57 PM
Post: #5
Gerson W. Barbosa Senior Member Posts: 1,465 Joined: Dec 2013
RE: The Ramanujan Machine
(07-21-2019 10:25 AM)BruceH Wrote: That new e one is beautiful.
I’ve tried a variant on the wp34s:
Code:
001 LBL A 002 FILL 003 INC X 004 RCL/ Y 005 1/x 006 RCL+ Y 007 DSE Y 008 BACK 004 009 1/x 010 2 011 + 012 END
27 A 1 e^x - —> 0.
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J Environ Monit. 2012 Jan;14(1):71-8. doi: 10.1039/c1em10697j. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
# Assessment of sorbent impregnated PUF disks (SIPs) for long-term sampling of legacy POPs.
### Author information
1
Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
### Abstract
Two field studies were conducted for one year using sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disks for PCB and PBDE air sampling. SIP disks were introduced by Shoeib et al. (2008) as an alternative passive air sampling medium to the polyurethane foam (PUF) disk and have the advantage of a higher holding capacity for organic chemicals. The first study on SIP disks confirmed their application for measuring volatile perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and their ability to maintain time-integrated (linear) air sampling. In this study, the suitability of the SIP disks for long-term sampling of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was assessed. SIP disks were deployed at a rural site in the UK and harvested after periods ranging from 35-350 days. Atmospheric POP concentrations were monitored with a high-volume air sampler during the deployment period. Linear uptake was observed for all monitored PCBs and PBDEs over the full exposure time. Air-sampler equilibrium was observed for HCB after 6 months. In a second field study, SIP disks were deployed for one year at 10 sites on a latitudinal transect in the UK and Norway, at which air sampling has been undertaken previously with different passive air sampling media since 1994. The estimated concentrations and spatial distributions derived from the SIP disks were largely in agreement with previously reported data.
PMID:
22072220
DOI:
10.1039/c1em10697j
[Indexed for MEDLINE]
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https://www.imsi.institute/videos/interleaving-by-parts-for-persistence-in-a-poset/
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This was part of Topological Data Analysis
## Interleaving by parts for persistence in a poset
Woojin Kim, Duke University
Tuesday, April 27, 2021
Abstract: Metrics in computational topology are often either (i) themselves in the form of the interleaving distance d(F,G) between certain order-preserving maps F and G between posets or (ii) admit d(F,G) as a tractable lower bound. In this talk, assuming that the target poset of F and G admits a join-dense subset, we propose certain join representations of F and G which facilitate the computation of d(F,G). We leverage this result in order to (i) elucidate the structure and computational complexity of the interleaving distance for poset-indexed clusterings (i.e. poset-indexed subpartition-valued functors), (ii) to clarify the relationship between the erosion distance by Patel and the graded rank function by Betthauser, Bubenik, and Edwards, and (iii) to reformulate and generalize the tripod distance by the second author. This is joint work with Facundo Memoli and Anastasios Stefanou. https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.04366
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http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/114908/change-position-of-figure-in-beamer/114917
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# change position of figure in beamer
I need to put a figure in a specific position in a beamer presentation ... Does it have a solution using X and Y coordinate or another thing? What do I need to change in the following code?
\begin{figure}
\hspace{4cm} \vspace{1cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth,natwidth=69,natheight=87]{images/logo.jpg}
\end{figure}
-
You could also use the textpos package.
\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
\begin{textblock*}{5cm}(3cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords)
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{images/logo.jpg}
\end{textblock*}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
-
Welcome to TeX.SX! You may have a look on our starter guide. – mafp May 18 '13 at 10:08
beamer doesn't really support floats as they don't make sense in a presentation. The figure environment is allowed but doesn't really do much.
\vspace*{2cm}
\hspace*{3cm}\includegraphics[width=0.15\textwidth,natwidth=69,natheight=87]{images/logo.jpg}
would probably do what you want, adjust the lengths to fit. Leave blank lines before and after these two lines to ensure you are in vertical mode, otherwise the \vspace will do the wrong thing.
-
It worked .thank u – Emalka May 18 '13 at 8:46
|
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http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-algebra/20031-what-kind-problem-print.html
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# What kind of a problem is this?
• Oct 5th 2007, 08:36 AM
alexthedon
What kind of a problem is this?
I have the following problem to solve but don't recognise what type of problem this actually is let alone how to solve it:
Determine those values of k for which
| k k | = 0
| 8 4k |
the | are supposed to be continuous lines.
Is this comething to do with eigenvectors/eigenvalues? or maybe complex numbers?
Cheers,
Alex.
• Oct 5th 2007, 08:43 AM
Plato
Given the matrix $\left( {\begin{array}{cc} a & b \\ c & d \\\end{array}} \right)$ then its determinant is $\left| {\begin{array}{cc} a & b \\ c & d \\
\end{array}} \right| = ad - bc$
|
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|
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/907/type-of-stationary-point-in-hamiltons-principle/955
|
# Type of stationary point in Hamilton's principle
In this question it is discussed why by Hamilton's principle the action integral must be stationary. Most examples deal with the case that the action integral is minimal: this makes sense - we all follow the path with the least resistance.
However, a stationary point can be a maximal or minimal extremum or even a point of inflexion (rising or falling). Can anybody give examples from theory or practice where the action integral takes on a maximal extremum or a point of inflexion?
-
The (timelike) geodesics in space-time (GR) are precisely the curves that maximize the proper time. Also, it depends on your definition: If you change the sign of the action (just changing your convention), what is a minimum turns out now to be a maximum – Ronaldo Nov 16 '10 at 13:17
Does Fermat's principle count? en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_principle#Modern_version – KennyTM Nov 16 '10 at 13:50
If you look at (anti-)self-duality, you get exactly inflection points.
Also, you can think in terms of the WKB-approximation of Feynman Path Integrals, and classify your extrema accordingly. Behind this, there's a whole story about Morse Theory and manifold classification/decomposition, etc... but, the bottom line is that you can think of these WKBs of the Path Integral as the tool to classify the extrema of your Action.
-
If you have in mind a mechanical system and if you are really referring to the Hamilton's principle (which tells how to find the actual trajectory the system follows between the fixed initial and final times at fixed initial conditions), then I doubt you can find such an example. The reason is that a mechanical system contains the kinetic term in its lagrangian, which is unbounded from above. That is, you can always construct a trajectory $\{x(t), {\dot x}(t)\}$ with as large action as you wish; so there is no maximum, not even a local one.
In his answer above, Mark refers to an optical example that sort of maximizes, not minimizes the action. The example can be reformulated in mechanical form using small balls rolling on a surface instead of light rays, but I don't think it really refers to the Hamilton's principle. In this example you send light rays (or small balls) from a fixed initial point into different directions and search for caustics in balls' trajectories. That is, you vary the initial condition (the direction of initial velocity) and at the same time you assume that each trajectory (for each choice of the velocity) is already known. That's not what the Hamilton's principle is about (there you fix all the initial conditions and solve for the trajectory).
-
|
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http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/28515-linear-factors-polynomial.html
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# Thread: Linear factors of polynomial
1. ## Linear factors of polynomial
Find the linear factors of $6 + 5x - 2x^2 - x^3$
2. first look here:
Rational root theorem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
now armed with this new knowledge we can see that x = -1 is a possible root of the polynomial, and after substituting it in the polynomial we see that it's indeed a root, now all we have to do is reduce the polynomial to second degree by long division
3. Originally Posted by nerdzor
Find the linear factors of $6 + 5x - 2x^2 - x^3$
The rational root theorem tell us that if this has a linear factor with rational
coeficients it is one of: $(x \pm 1),\ (x \pm 2),\ (x \pm 3),\ (x \pm 6)$.
Working our way through these shows that $(x+1)$ is in fact a factor and:
$6 + 5x - 2x^2 - x^3=(x+1)(-x^2-x+6)$
|
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https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/33834/using-car-charger-for-small-sealed-type-lead-acid-batteries/33836
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# Using car charger for small sealed-type lead-acid batteries
I want to charge a couple of small (1Ah 12V) sealed-type lead-acid batteries. I have a Bosh KL 1204 car battery charger. The charger's nominal current is fixed at 2.3A, while on my batteries it is said "Initial charge current <= 0.39A.
Is it possible that I use the said charger for the said batteries? If so, what are the steps to modify the charger to suit the batteries?
$$\mathrm{2.3 A > 0.39 A}$$
End of story.
Whereas other rechargeable batteries most often use a fixed current, lead cell batteries are charged with a fixed voltage, combined with a current limiter. Usually current limit is 1/10 of the battery's capacity (/h), so a 1 Ah battery is charged at 100 mA maximum. You can use the charger if you place a 100 mA current limiter in series with it.
• The first line was a bit sharp, but I liked it - it made your answer more memorable. Another point: the manufacturer says 0.4A, you say 0.1A. Which maximum current should I use? – Vorac Jun 14 '12 at 8:39
• Mine, of course! ;-). The 100 mA is a rule of thumb for long time charging. "Initial charge" refers to the higher current when the battery's voltage is really low. That will decrease as the battery's voltage rises. – stevenvh Jun 14 '12 at 8:43
• ugh, from what i've learned about lead acid batteries, if battery is totaly flat (voltage below 12V in general, but it depends on amount of cells and properties of those), you should charge it with very little current untill it reaches nominal voltage (above 12V in general) and then you boost it with 1/10 C or more (again, depending on properties of cells). If battery specs say 0.39A i would assume, it's safe to feed it this current. At least if it's not totally flat. batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/… – miceuz Jun 14 '12 at 9:22
• @miceuz - You could be right. By "really low" I didn't mean completely depleted. I've never used lead acid under those conditions. – stevenvh Jun 14 '12 at 9:24
• @steventh yeah, and by initial charge they could mean high current bulk charge :) – miceuz Jun 14 '12 at 9:27
Is it possible that I use the said charger for the said batteries?
No, the car chargers current will likely damage your battery.
If so, what are the steps to modify the charger to suit the batteries?
In theory, a resistor or incandescent light bulb in series to the battery could work. I however suggest charging the battery by connecting it to a constant voltage (13.8 volts for a 12 V battery). A bench power supply then can limit the charging current to 0.4A.
This method is obviously simple but comes with a price: It is slower than other methods and can decrease the batteries capacity over time. But I really like it because you don't have to worry about overcharging the battery.
• The light bulb idea is cool. However, it it seems it will take a load of those, connected in parallel. 12V / 0.4A = 30 Ohm ; 220V * 220V / 30 Ohm = 1613 W – Vorac Jun 14 '12 at 6:31
• @Vorac: I thought of connecting the light bulb in series to the charger. A single bulb with a 1W rating will limit the current to 80mA if 13V are applied. However, both the resistance of the light bulb and also the internal resistance of the transformer are non-linear, so you can use these type of calculations only for a rough estimate. – 0x6d64 Jun 14 '12 at 11:12
The easiest thing would probably be to use something like a LM317 because of it being cheap and its quite low maximum current. If you can find an internally limited regulator limited at a lower current, that would be even better.
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|
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/107735/valid-use-of-laplaces-method?sort=oldest
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# Valid use of Laplace's method?
I am trying to say something about the asymptotics of $$\int_{\mathbb{R}} e^{cx - x^{4/3}}dx$$ as $c \to +\infty$, and need a sanity check. As I understand it, Laplace's method is to write $$q(x) = x-c^{-1}x^{4/3}$$ and note that $q(x)$ has a global maximum at $x_{0} = \frac{27c^{3}}{81}$. Then it follows $$\int_{\mathbb{R}}e^{cq(x)}dx \lesssim e^{c q(x_{0}})\int_{\mathbb{R}} e^{-c|q''(x_{0})|(x-x_{0})^{2}/2}dx$$ And because the right hand integral is a Gaussian, in fact $$\int_{\mathbb{R}}e^{cq(x)}dx \lesssim e^{c q(x_{0})}\sqrt{\frac{2\pi}{c|q''(x_{0})|}}$$ So explicitly in my case $$\int_{\mathbb{R}} e^{cx - x^{4/3}}dx \lesssim \frac{9\sqrt{2\pi}}{8}ce^{\frac{27}{256}c^{4}}$$ My concern is about $q''(x) = -\frac{4}{9c}x^{-2/3}$. The proofs of Laplace's method I have seen only APPEAR to require $q''(x)$ be continuous in a neighborhood of $x_{0}$, with $q''(x_{0}) < 0$. This will certainly hold for me when $c > 0$. But am I missing something?
-
I've used Laplace's Method on a single function $q$ rather than a family varying with $c$. If you let $q$ depend on $c$, don't you need some sort of uniform bound on the rest of the function that is automatic when $q$ doesn't depend on $c$? By the way, I think that should be $\exp(\frac{27}{256}c^4)$ in the last line, as $\exp(cq(x_0)) \ne\exp(cx_0).$ – Douglas Zare Sep 21 '12 at 10:54
You can transform this to a problem with a fixed function q(x) by first substituting $x=c^3y$ and then applying Laplace's method to the transformed problem. – Michael Renardy Sep 21 '12 at 14:19
@Douglas - corrected, thank you! @Michael - true. I just ordered Bleistein and Handelsman's Asymptotic Expansions of Integrals, which will hopefully lead to a fuller understanding of this technique. – Michael Tinker Sep 21 '12 at 17:38
@Douglas - the issue of uniformity bothers me a lot as well, since I also need to estimate things like $\int_{\mathbb{R}}e^{\eta x -\sigma x^{2} - \tau x^{4}}dx$ where $\eta,\sigma \in \mathbb{R}$ and $\tau \in \mathbb{R}^{+}$. – Michael Tinker Sep 21 '12 at 17:52
In addition to @Michael's comment, this seems to be a standard Watson's lemma integral. – Igor Rivin Oct 6 '12 at 1:16
The version of Laplace's Method I know uses that $q(x)$ does not depend on $c$. If you try to extend it, you need some extra uniformity condition to show that the rest of the function does not contribute. Here is a counterexample when you only assume that the maximum is always at $x_0$ and the second derivative is constant there.
Let the interval be $[-1,1]$ and let $q(x,c) = \max (-x^2,-1/c^2).$ This means $q(x,c) = -x^2$ in a neighborhood of $0$ whose width depends on $c$, $[-1/c, 1/c]$ and it is flat outside. Let $f(x,c) = c q(x,c).$
For each $c$, $q(x,c)$ has a global maximum at $x=0$ and the second derivative with respect to x there is -2. However,
$$\int_{-1}^1 e^{f(x,c)} dx ~\large{\nsim} ~ e^{c q(x_0,c)} \sqrt{\frac{2\pi}{c|q''(x_0,c)|}}= \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{c}}.$$
In fact,
$$\lim_{c \to \infty}\int_{-1}^1 e^{f(x,c)} dx = 2.$$
The part of $\exp(f(x,c))$ near $0$ doesn't dominate the integral.
-
@Douglas - appreciated. My professor, when recommending Bleistein's book, said he had vague memories of such a uniformity condition. (I.e. a condition for when $\int_{\mathbb{R}}e^{f(x,c)}dx$ admits an asymptotic estimate in the parameter $c$.) In some days or weeks I will report back with a verdict on the accuracy of his recollection. :) – Michael Tinker Sep 22 '12 at 6:10
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https://math.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_equivalent_fraction_for_1824
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0
# What is the equivalent fraction for 1824?
Wiki User
2017-11-28 17:57:45
1824 is an integer and so there is no sensible way of writing it as a fraction or mixed number.
Wiki User
2017-12-24 11:27:24
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https://www.scielo.br/j/csc/a/DFMQSpjFJn5WWzyrg3rLqkp/?format=html&lang=en
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# Resumo
Palavras-chave
Atenção Primária à Saúde; Iniquidades em saúde; Provisão de médicos; Avaliação de sistemas de saúde
# Abstract
This article aims to propose an adaptation of the methodology used by Starfield and Shy (2002) to assess the quality of health care in the municipalities which joined the Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program. The indicators were adapted for each one of the nine criteria proposed in the methodology and were applied to medium and large municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre before and after they were integrated in the Mais Médicos Program. In 2014, the municipalities were grouped into three groups according to their scores. An analysis concerning any correlations between the different group scores for the municipalities and the health indicators that were evaluated, did not reveal anything significant. However the averages of the evaluated indicators were better in the group of municipalities characterized through having the best APS scores. In relation to the income indicator, the highest amount of money spent per capita in health is related to the best APS performance in the municipalities. An adaption of this methodology may be able to provide a better understanding of the policies related to health care.
Key words
Primary Health Care; Income Inequality and Health; Medical Provision; Evaluation of Health Systems
# Introduction
Based on the objective of dealing with the lack of doctors in priority regions that work in SUS and to reduce regional inequalities in health care, the Federal Government set up the Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program (hereafter PMM) in Brazil. This Program is part of a wider project aimed at improving the service given to users of the Brazilian National Health Service (hereafter SUS) that also involves: more investment in basic health centers, increasing the numbers of medical school vacancies to train more doctors and having more medical residencies to improve the quality of teaching for doctors in Brazil, all of which are directed towards Primary Health Care (hereafter APS)11. Brasil. Presidência da República. Casa Civil. Lei n° 12.871, de 22 de outubro de 2013. Institui o Programa Mais Médicos, altera as Leis n° 8.745, de 9 de dezembro de 1993, e n° 6.932, de 7 de julho de 1981, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União 2013; 23 out..
The metropolitan region of Porto Alegre is made up of 12 medium and large municipalities in the region, and has 31.6% of the state's population. Before the implementation of the PMM for primary health care, this area had one of the lowest coverages for doctors in the country, being 20.7% and two of the municipalities did not even have one designated medical team until 2012. The objective of this analysis was to use the criteria created by Starfield and Shy22. Starfield B, Shi L. Policy relevant determinants of health: an international perspective. Health Policy 2002; 60(3):201-218., which was used to compare the operational effectiveness of 13 primary health care centers in industrialized countries and then adapt and apply them to the 12 municipalities in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre/RS. The purpose was to measure the characteristics of primary health care and their relations with the level of health care in the population before and after the implementation of PMM. 244 doctors were working in these areas in 2013.
According to Starfield, having a large number of doctors working in the primary health care network will: reduce the adverse effects of social inequality, increase the amount of doctors available in the primary health care network and increase the number of available specialists doctors. This will result in better health care indicators for the population33. Starfield B. New paradigms for quality in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2001; 51(465):303-309.. In studies carried out in developed countries, the findings showed that good APS meant lower costs in the general health care system which in turn has a beneficial impact on the health of the population44. Saltman RB, Rico A, Boerma W, editors. Primary care in the driver's seat? Organizational reform in European Primary Care. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill; 2011.. The adaption of this tool to evaluate the operational effectiveness of APS at a infra-national level, in this case, was relative since from the outset there were low coverage levels for APS and a high level of social vulnerability which was the reason why the PMM was implemented in the region. The proposal was to use the aforementioned methodology as a starting point to make subsequent comparisons between the municipalities and regions and to search for the cutting off point for the score results that would mean an alteration in the quality of primary health care using the classic indicators such as: post-neonatal mortality rates, reductions in admissions and avoidable deaths.
# Methods
The data used to assess the operational effectiveness of the APS in the municipalities took into account macro characteristics which are indicative of a Health System based on primary care. The characteristics of an APS service are not being considered in this paper as there are other studies that will provide this type of analysis using tools such as PCATool to do this.
The original criteria used to classify Health Systems guided by APS that was used by Starfield included: extending regulations for the health system from the perspective of APS, the type of APS professional, the percentage of active doctors that are specialists, APS doctors earnings in relation to specialists, a division of APS costs, the registration and list of patients, the existence of 24 hour service coverage and the importance of family health care being covered in medical school courses22. Starfield B, Shi L. Policy relevant determinants of health: an international perspective. Health Policy 2002; 60(3):201-218..
In order to classify the positions and states of APS for each municipality, a points based criteria was developed based on 8 characteristics of health systems. They were adapted for use at local levels in Brazilian municipalities. Each characteristic was given a numerical point from 0 (not having it or very poor performance in relation to this characteristic) to 2 (high level of development in this characteristic). A point of 1 was given where the development of the characteristic was considered to be moderate. All the points were added up and the averages were taken, in order to obtain the total scores for the primary health care networks in each municipality for 2012 covering the introduction of the PMM and then in 2014 after the program was implemented (Table 1).
Table 1
Scores covering the characteristics of the Health System related to the operational effectiveness of the primary health care network and total scores, 2012 and 2014.
The indicators that were adapted for each of the 8 criterion are below:
Criterion 1: Coverage of Family Health Strategy. In order to characterize the regulation of the municipal health system through APS, the population ought to access the health system services from the services or professionals in APS. This criterion takes into account the population coverage for Family Health (between 0 and 40% = 0, between 41 and 60% = 1 and above 60% = 2).
Criterion 2: Public resources per capita. This criterion deals with financing in the health system in Brazil which is a mix system with part of the population being catered for by the private sector whilst the majority rely on financing from tax revenues, which leaves the system underfunded. For the financing score we used the figure of expenditure per capita in health. We then discounted all those from the population who were served through supplementary health. If it was less than R$500.00 = 0, between R$ 501.00 and 1,000.00 = 1, and more than R$1,000.00 = 2. Criterion 3: Type of APS Professional. According to the data from the National Register of Health Establishments, the following doctors needed to be considered: doctors from APS, doctors from the health strategy for families and family/community health center doctors. The scores were given based on the ratio of doctors per inhabitant compared with the total amount of doctors in outpatient units in the municipality. Ratios considered less than 0.1 = 0, between 0.15 to 0.29 = 1 and > 0.3 = 2. Criterion 4: Percentage of active doctors that were specialists. The number of specialists were considered to be all those other doctors in the APS, outpatients units and policlinics taken from the total amount of general practitioners in the aforementioned medical areas. Above 70% = 0, from 51 to 69% = 1 and < 50% = 2. Criterion 5: Co-payment in APS. This criterion entered into the scores as it substituted the salary relations of APS doctors and specialists doctors because we did not have any sources of information to undertake these calculations. In the Brazilian model of primary health care there is, in theory, no co-payment for services. However, due to low investment in health care in some municipalities, patients often have to pay from their own pockets for essential medication. In order to evaluate co-payment, we used the per capita value of pharmaceutical assistance to get an idea of the expenditure from peoples own pockets. If the expenditure per capita, taking into account Pharmaceutical Assistance was less than R$ 5.00 = 0, from R\$ 5.1 to 10.00 = 1 and greater than 10 = 255. Barros AJD, Bertoldi AD. Out-of-pocket health expenditure in a population covered by the Family Health Program in Brazil. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37(4):758-765..
Criterion 6: List and register of the patients. We considered having a defined area according to the information from the Supervision of the PMM Report whose sources were tutors from the municipalities. No area defined = 0, having an area that was defined and registered with a number of inhabitants greater than desired for doctors/team = 1 and having a defined and registered population and an information system = 2.
Criterion 7: Coverage 24 hours. We considered whether there were excellent Accident and Emergency (A & E) and Primary Health Care Units in the municipalities. If there were no 24 hour services in the municipality = 0. If the general hospitals covered A & E and primary health care services but this coverage was insufficient for the entire population in the municipality = 1. If there were decentralized emergency services and other important services were decentralized with reference to the use of APS teams = 2.
Criterion 8: Medical Schools with Departments/Professors from the area of Family and Community Health Care (hereafter MFC). This criterion was included due to its importance and evidence obtained in other contexts66. Giovanella L. A Atenção primária à saúde nos países da União Europeia: configurações e reformas organizacionais da década de 90. Cad Saude Publica 2006; 22(5):951-964.. If there were no medical school students in the APS = 0. If there were experiences of students having worked in APS units in the municipalities becoming professionals = 1. If there were obvious examples of those becoming qualified in MFC at Universities using the municipal services as an area for becoming medically qualified = 2.
The purpose was to evaluate the relation between income inequalities and the levels of health amongst the different municipalities. The idea was that reductions in inequalities would be the prerequisite for the allocation of doctors in the poorest municipalities as the distribution of income was based on the Gini Coefficiency for 201077. Observatório da Realidade e das Políticas Públicas do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - ObservaSinos. [acessado 2015 set 29]. Disponível em: http://www.ihu.unisinos.br/
http://www.ihu.unisinos.br/...
. All of the expenditure was used on health and the spending per capita was on health care in the municipalities88. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria Executiva. Departamento de Economia da Saúde, Investimentos e Desenvolvimento. Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde (SIOPS). [acessado 2015 set 29]. Disponível em: http://www.siops.datasus.gov.br/consExecFinanceira.php?Ano
http://www.siops.datasus.gov.br/consExec...
. In relation to the health indicators, the low weight at birth was used as well as: the infant mortality rates, the rate of avoidable mortalities in those less than 5 years old, the rate of premature mortality for those with chronic, transmissible diseases for those who were between 30 and 69 years old and the rate of mortality due to External Causes. Information on the rate of admissions for sensitive conditions for APS was considered. All of the above was obtained from the Health Ministry's Information System99. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria Executiva. DATASUS. Informações de saúde. Informações Epidemiológicas e morbidade. [acessado 2015 set 29]. Disponível em: http://www.datasus.gov.br
http://www.datasus.gov.br...
.
Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to measure the inter-correlations between the effectiveness scores for the primary health care networks and the distribution of expenditure in health. Also Spearman's correlation was used to measure the relation between APS rankings in the municipalities and the health indicators. The level of significance was determined as p < 0.05.
# Results
In Table 1 are the score figures for each criterion and the total scores for 2012 covering before the PMM and 2014 after the PMM was implemented. We noted that before the PMM the scores were very low in these municipalities, where only two groups had been formed. The average total scores were 1.8 amongst 7 municipalities and 5.2 in the other 5 municipalities giving a total of 16 points. Later in 2014 the municipalities could be grouped into three groups with average scores being 3, 5.6 and 7.7. The improvements in the scores were principally due to: the increase in coverage of Family Health (criterion 1), a greater amount of doctors in APS (criterion 2), an increase in spending in pharmaceutical assistance (criterion 5), the demarcation of the population to receive APS services (criterion 6) and widening the services network through Accident and Emergency units (criterion 7). This was similar to what occurred in the medical schools with increases in residencies in MFC and using APS services in the municipalities for training those in the medical profession (criterion 8).
Table 2 shows the final scores based on the criteria used to evaluate the operational effectiveness of the primary health care network in the municipalities that were analyzed one year after the arrival of the first and second phases of the Mais Médicos Program in 2014. The municipalities were grouped into three similar groups in relation to the results of the final scores and covering expenditure per capita on health in these municipalities in 2014. Gini's coefficient was used corresponding to the year 2010 and the Gross Domestic Product per capita for the year 2012.
Table 2
Municipalities grouped by APS scores and economic indicators: Expenditure per capita in health, GDP per capita and Gini Coefficient*.
In Figure 1 we noted that spending values per capita that are very low, were associated with the municipalities with the worse APS scores. The highest amount of spending per capita in health is related to the best APS performances (r = 0.74, p < 0.001) in these municipalities. This is in accordance with the last studies in relation to European countries which showed a direct correlation between good primary health care and the health of the population. This resulted in fewer unnecessary hospitalizations and relatively low socioeconomic inequalities. Overall spending on health care was higher in the countries with the best APS structures1010. Kringos DS, Boerma W, van der Zee J, Groenewegen P. Europe's Strong Primary Care Systems Are Linked To Better Population Health But Also To Higher Health Spending. Health Aff 2013; 32(4):686-694..
Figure 1
Scores for the Primary Health Care Network à Health and Expenditure per capita in Health, 2014.
An analysis of the correlations between the three different groups of scores from the municipalities and the health indicators that were evaluated did not show anything significant. However, as can be seen in the Table 3, the percentage indicators for: low weight at birth, infant mortality rates, rates of premature deaths by DCNT and the rates of ICSAP are better in municipalities with good scores. The averages in the indicators that were evaluated were better in the municipality groups characterized by having better APS scores compared with the groups having the worse scores for avoidable mortalities for the under 5s.
Table 3
Averages for the Indicators of children's health, mortality for Chronic non-transmissible Diseases in adults between the ages of 30 and 69 years old, mortality rate due to external causes and rates of Hospital Admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions in the Primary Health Care Network, for municipalities grouped by their APS scores.
Our analysis did not show anything significant when we analyzed the differences between the municipality groups and the results of the health indicators. Nevertheless one can see a tendency where the best APS scores are associated with the best health indicators.
# Discussion
20 years ago there was the creation of the Brazilian APS model that we know as Family Health in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre which covers 40% of the population in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. At this time it started with the development of an organized health care system based around primary health care for the population. Innumerable international studies have shown that better health indicators in health care systems occur where they are based on the guiding force of APS. The studies have shown better cost benefits even in regions with high levels of inequalities1111. Mackenbach JP. An Analysis of the Role of Health Care in Reducing Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health: The Case of the Netherlands. Int J Health Serv 2003; 33(3):523-541.,1212. Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of Primary Care to Health Systems and Health. Milbank Q 2005; 83(3):457-502.. This was not the case in the region that we studied. The program for bringing in more doctors to work in APS services in the state of RS which started in 2012 with PROVAB and then in 2013 with the PMM, brought to light the needs of the municipalities that were either starting to or continuing in reforming their health systems through bolstering their APS. The PMM has clearly shown the need for more doctors in the country particularly in the municipalities with the lowest rates of doctors per inhabitant where there is extreme poverty and high necessity rates for health care. There was a reduction by 53.5% in the number of municipalities with a scarcity of health care1313. Oliveira FP, Vanni T, Pinto HA, Santos JTR, Figueiredo AM, Araújo SQ, Matos MFM, Cyrino EG. Mais Médicos: um programa brasileiro em uma perspectiva internacional. Interface (Botucatu) 2015; 19(54):623-634.1515. Estação de Pesquisa de Sinais de Mercado (EPSM). Dados Estatísticos sobre o impacto do Programa Mais Médicos no cenário de escassez de médicos em atenção primária no Brasil. Belo Horizonte: EPSM/NESCON/FM/UFMG; 2015 [acessado 2015 set 29]. Disponível em: http://epsm.nescon.medicina.ufmg.br/epsm/Pesquisa_Andamento/Impacto_Programa_Mais_Medicos.pdf
http://epsm.nescon.medicina.ufmg.br/epsm...
professionals in the year after the program was launched1515. Estação de Pesquisa de Sinais de Mercado (EPSM). Dados Estatísticos sobre o impacto do Programa Mais Médicos no cenário de escassez de médicos em atenção primária no Brasil. Belo Horizonte: EPSM/NESCON/FM/UFMG; 2015 [acessado 2015 set 29]. Disponível em: http://epsm.nescon.medicina.ufmg.br/epsm/Pesquisa_Andamento/Impacto_Programa_Mais_Medicos.pdf
http://epsm.nescon.medicina.ufmg.br/epsm...
. It also brought to light the deficiencies in the infrastructure and the organization of the services geared towards meeting the needs of the population.
When we analyzed the municipalities in RM in Porto Alegre, the results from the indicators suggested different stages in the organization of primary health care even though they were in no way significant when we also analyzed the differences between the municipality groups. This was because the intermediate stages values were very close to those that had low scores. In the municipalities with lower populations linked to APS, the indicators were worse, whereas the municipalities with relatively stable access to APS showed better scores and better health indicator results.
There were some potential limitations with this type of analysis. These include: using indicators that only cover one year after the implementation of the PMM, subjectively analyzing the score criteria, the use of secondary data that may be limited with reference to what they register (or not showing results that we had not found) and a lack of specific indicators that measures the effectiveness of the APS services where the doctors were placed. Out of indicators that are normally used to evaluate health care systems only some of them reflected good primary health care, which was the case for post-neonatal mortality rates. These rates could not be analyzed in detail this study as the data from the Mortality System was not available for the year 2014.
In relation to the financing criterion, areas designated for cuts were underestimated if we consider what is adequate financing for APS based on international examples or using good examples from Brazil. In large municipalities that had the groups with the best scores, financing of APS competed with financing of other specialities in the large third party hospitals and A & E units. We suggest that expenditure per capita in primary health care in relation to any remaining expenditure should be done in subsequent evaluations. Bearing in mind the criteria in the current scenario for the evaluated municipalities, they would have scored better for diagnosis, admissions and emergency services as nearly all of the spending in these services in these areas would be covered in primary health care (as is the case for Cachoeirinha and Esteio).
Including analysis of the health care system indicators for income (GDP per capita and spending per capita in health) and inequalities (Gini rates), they reinforce the importance in using these indicators in any analysis on the evaluation of health systems. The majority of municipalities with a Gini rate of 0.4 that were not a part of the group with the lowest APS scores, showed low income inequalities, however, due to the GDP per capita the other rates were also very low. In other words, low rates do not necessarily mean that these municipalities showed good economic development. There was a lack of any correlations when the municipalities were considered to be very poor performers. The importance of this aspect in our analysis is that the PMM with Federal funding for these municipalities took the onus from the municipalities to spend in health care which is important. Where there are economic crises, one can infer that the absence of this program would leave the municipalities even more vulnerable in relation to access to medical care and for having good health care outcomes for the wider population. Subsequent studies in this area should look at the impacts of the above, comparing these municipalities with others that do not have the program and which have similar economic vulnerabilities.
In the context of the PMM which Brazil intends to fully introduce through APS in the municipalities, it is important to focus on the aspects in the health care systems that are more related to the best health care results for the population. If, in other studies in different countries, the operational effectives of the APS is related to how much is spent in health care, this study has demonstrated that a minimum spending threshold exists that needs to be surpassed in order to obtain better indicators. Out of the 8 characteristics that we evaluated, upon using the original study from the OECD, three of them made a difference in countries showing low scores for APS in two areas: universal financing/the equitable distribution of resources and the absence of payment by users of the APS services. We can therefore use this data that is available, which is important, in order to establish priorities and implement necessary changes.
The health services can contribute to reducing inequalities in health care1010. Kringos DS, Boerma W, van der Zee J, Groenewegen P. Europe's Strong Primary Care Systems Are Linked To Better Population Health But Also To Higher Health Spending. Health Aff 2013; 32(4):686-694.,1111. Mackenbach JP. An Analysis of the Role of Health Care in Reducing Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health: The Case of the Netherlands. Int J Health Serv 2003; 33(3):523-541. particularly when these services are needed in shaping the primary health care networks in the municipalities. It is therefore necessary to use a methodology that monitors these scores with the inclusion of other indicators that are more specific for APS services in order to evaluate to what extent the municipalities are following the APS.
The creation of a methodology that permits comparisons between and inside of municipalities over a period of time, in spite of their limitations, have become fundamental in demonstrating the importance of continuity in investments for the achieving of better organized APS services and the coordination of primary health care networks for the population. This is principally in the context of major social inequalities as is the case in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre.
# References
• 1
Brasil. Presidência da República. Casa Civil. Lei n° 12.871, de 22 de outubro de 2013. Institui o Programa Mais Médicos, altera as Leis n° 8.745, de 9 de dezembro de 1993, e n° 6.932, de 7 de julho de 1981, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União 2013; 23 out.
• 2
Starfield B, Shi L. Policy relevant determinants of health: an international perspective. Health Policy 2002; 60(3):201-218.
• 3
Starfield B. New paradigms for quality in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2001; 51(465):303-309.
• 4
Saltman RB, Rico A, Boerma W, editors. Primary care in the driver's seat? Organizational reform in European Primary Care Berkshire: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
• 5
Barros AJD, Bertoldi AD. Out-of-pocket health expenditure in a population covered by the Family Health Program in Brazil. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37(4):758-765.
• 6
Giovanella L. A Atenção primária à saúde nos países da União Europeia: configurações e reformas organizacionais da década de 90. Cad Saude Publica 2006; 22(5):951-964.
• 7
Observatório da Realidade e das Políticas Públicas do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - ObservaSinos. [acessado 2015 set 29]. Disponível em: http://www.ihu.unisinos.br/
» http://www.ihu.unisinos.br/
• 8
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria Executiva. Departamento de Economia da Saúde, Investimentos e Desenvolvimento. Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde (SIOPS). [acessado 2015 set 29]. Disponível em: http://www.siops.datasus.gov.br/consExecFinanceira.php?Ano
» http://www.siops.datasus.gov.br/consExecFinanceira.php?Ano
• 9
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde (MS). Secretaria Executiva. DATASUS. Informações de saúde. Informações Epidemiológicas e morbidade. [acessado 2015 set 29]. Disponível em: http://www.datasus.gov.br
» http://www.datasus.gov.br
• 10
Kringos DS, Boerma W, van der Zee J, Groenewegen P. Europe's Strong Primary Care Systems Are Linked To Better Population Health But Also To Higher Health Spending. Health Aff 2013; 32(4):686-694.
• 11
Mackenbach JP. An Analysis of the Role of Health Care in Reducing Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health: The Case of the Netherlands. Int J Health Serv 2003; 33(3):523-541.
• 12
Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of Primary Care to Health Systems and Health. Milbank Q 2005; 83(3):457-502.
• 13
Oliveira FP, Vanni T, Pinto HA, Santos JTR, Figueiredo AM, Araújo SQ, Matos MFM, Cyrino EG. Mais Médicos: um programa brasileiro em uma perspectiva internacional. Interface (Botucatu) 2015; 19(54):623-634.
• 14
Santos LMP, Costa AM, Girardi SN. Programa mais Médicos: uma ação efetiva para reduzir iniquidades em saúde. Cien Saude Colet 2015; 20(11):3547-3552.
• 15
Estação de Pesquisa de Sinais de Mercado (EPSM). Dados Estatísticos sobre o impacto do Programa Mais Médicos no cenário de escassez de médicos em atenção primária no Brasil. Belo Horizonte: EPSM/NESCON/FM/UFMG; 2015 [acessado 2015 set 29]. Disponível em: http://epsm.nescon.medicina.ufmg.br/epsm/Pesquisa_Andamento/Impacto_Programa_Mais_Medicos.pdf
» http://epsm.nescon.medicina.ufmg.br/epsm/Pesquisa_Andamento/Impacto_Programa_Mais_Medicos.pdf
# Publication Dates
• Publication in this collection
Sept 2016
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03/27/17
# Using pipes while running external programs in Julia
Recently I was using Julia to run ffprobe to get the length of a video file. The trouble was the ffprobe was dumping its output to stderr and I wanted to take that output and run it through grep. From a bash shell one would typically run:
ffprobe somefile.mkv 2>&1 |grep Duration
This would result in an output like
Duration: 00:04:44.94, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 128 kb/s
This works because we used 2>&1 to redirect stderr to stdout which would in be piped to grep.
If you were try to run this in Julia
julia> run(ffprobe somefile.mkv 2>&1 |grep Duration)
you will get errors. Julia does not like pipes | inside the backticks command (for very sensible reasons). Instead you should be using Julia’s pipeline command. Also the redirection 2>&1 will not work. So instead, the best thing to use is and instance of Pipe. This was not in the manual. I stumbled upon it in an issue discussion on GitHub. So a good why to do what I am after is to run.
julia> p=Pipe()
Pipe(uninit => uninit, 0 bytes waiting)
julia> run(pipeline(ffprobe -i somefile.mkv,stderr=p))
This would create a pipe object p that is then used to capture stderr after the execution of the command. Next we need to close the input end of the pipe.
julia> close(p.in)
Finally we can use the pipe with grep to filter the output.
julia> readstring(pipeline(p,grep Duration))
" Duration: 00:04:44.94, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 128 kb/s\n"
We can then do a little regex magic to get the duration we are after.
julia> matchall(r"(\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}.\d{2})",ans)[1]
"00:04:44.94"
01/13/17
# Kaperkar’s Constant
I was recently introduced to Kaperkar’s Constant.
It is quite magical. You take any four digit number $A$, sort the digits from highest to lowest to create a new number $A^{\text{high}}$, sort the digits from lowest to highest to get $A^{\text{low}}$, and calculate and new number $A= A^{\text{high}}- A^{\text{low}}$. You repeat this procedure enough times and you end up with $A=6174$.
I made a nifty implementation of that in Julia below.
09/25/16
# Julia calling C: A minimal example
This blog is a “Hello World” example of Julia calling C.
We start of by at bit of C code we want to call from Julia. We write the following in calc_mean.c
double mean(double a, double b) {
return (a+b) / 2;
}
To build the library, we need to create a Makefile
CC=gcc
CFLAGS=-c -Wall -fPIC
SOURCES=calc_mean.c
OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.c=.o) .c.o:$(CC) $(CFLAGS)$< -o $@ lib:$(OBJECTS)
$(CC) -shared -fPIC -o libmean.so$(OBJECTS)
clean:
rm *.o *.so
The option fPIC and -shared are essential for Julia to be able to resolve the function in our library. Now we are almost ready to build our library. From the bash terminal we invoke:
make lib
This will generate a libmean.so file.
In Julia we call the function in our c library by
x=ccall((:mean,"libmean"),Float64,(Float64,Float64),2.0,5.0)
println(x)
3.5
For this to work,
• Julia must be running either on the same path where libmean.so resides,
• the path to libmean.so is in LD_LIBRARY_PATH, or
• the path to the library is pushed to Libdl.DL_LOAD_PATH via
push!(Libdl.DL_LOAD_PATH,"path_to_libmean.so")
P.S. Thanks to Christopher Rackauckas for tips on Julia highlighting.
05/2/15
# Monkeys and Coconuts
Here is my attempt to solve the monkeys and coconuts problem. The story goes
that five sailors were stranded on an island and had decided to gather some
coconuts for their provisions. They put all the coconuts in one large pile and
went to sleep. One sailor got up and fearing that there could be problems when the
time to came to divide the pile, he divided the pile five ways and noticing that
he has an extra coconut, he gave it to a monkey, and then hid his stash. The other
four sailor repeated the same procedure. When they woke up they noticed that
they had a smaller pile and proceeded to divide into five equal piles, this time
around there were no extra coconut left for the monkey. So the question is: what was
the size of the original pile?
We will denote by $x_i$ as the size of the
pile after the $i$th sailor has carried out his procedure. In this system $x_0$
is original size of the pile. So following this procedure we then proceed as
follows:
$x_1=\frac{4(x_0-1)}{5}$
$\cdots$
$x_i=\frac{4(x_{i-1}-1)}{5}$
$\cdots$
$x_5=\frac{4(x_4-1)}{5}$
It is important to note that $x_i \in \mathbb{N}_0$ for $i=0\ldots5$, also $\frac{x_5}{5}\in \mathbb{N}_0$. Alternatively, we think of the reverse procedure and express the above as
$x_4=\frac{5x_5}{4}+1$
$\cdots$
$x_i=\frac{5x_{i+1}}{4}+1$
$\cdots$
$x_0=\frac{5x_1}{4}+1$
Observing that $x_5$ has to be divisible by 4 and 5 (last equation in the first system and first equation in the second), one can brute force the solution(s) by the following Julia code:
Which results in
[2496,1996,1596,1276,1020]
m=51, x₀= 3121
[14996,11996,9596,7676,6140]
m=307, x₀= 18746
[27496,21996,17596,14076,11260]
m=563, x₀= 34371
[39996,31996,25596,20476,16380]
m=819, x₀= 49996
This corresponds nicely to the answers that were obtained by rigorous derivation in the video, however it shows how programming can easily find such solutions by brute force.
If one would like to avoid the negative or blue concocts suggested in the video and also preserve the monkey. Below is an alternative derivation. Working through the first system, one gets:
$x_{5}={{4\,\left({{4\,\left({{4\,\left({{4\,\left({{4\,\left(x_{0}- 1\right)}\over{5}}-1\right)}\over{5}}-1\right)}\over{5}}-1\right) }\over{5}}-1\right)}\over{5}}=\frac{4^5x_0}{5^5}-\frac{8404}{5^5}$
Hence,
$5^5x_5=4^5x_0-8404$.
Realizing the $x_5$ has to be necessarily divisible by 5, we denote the final share that each sailor gets in the last division by $s$. So our Diophantine equation becomes
$5^6s=4^5x_0-8404$.
It will have solutions at $x_0=3121, 18746, 34371 \ldots= 3121+n5^6 \text{ for } n \in \mathbb{N}_0$.
|
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|
https://mapleprimes.com/users/Christopher2222/answers?page=4
|
## 4635 Reputation
9 years, 219 days
## One way...
After 4 rides there is really no best possible time, that much variablity in the data you're almost at the limit. Meaning the spread of times after 4 rides is almost 30 minutes saying it doesn't really matter when you show up after 2 hours, you're just as likely to arrive for a ride as any other time. Nevertheless, here's one way using random selections from the given data.
monte-carlo_2_test.mw
## functions...
So here's a start, for example x is some function of t
x := t -> t^2+t-3
x(5)
27
and y is some other function of t
y:=t->3*t^3-4*t
y(2)
16
t going from -n to n could be something like
for i from -5 to 5 do
x(t):
end do;
or
seq(x(i),i=-5..5)
17, 9, 3, -1, -3, -3, -1, 3, 9, 17, 27
## writedata...
writedata is another command you could use.
## Linux settings...
Sounds like an operating system setting. On windows you can change the icon setting sizes.
## graphics 256 colors...
Definitely some sort of graphics issue. Looks like it's gone to 256 colors. See if you can manually change your graphics in windows.
On what system are you using and what operating system? It looks like windows 7. Maybe you used some sort of compatibility mode or something.
## nops...
nops will give a basic idea of the number of operands in an expression.
I think readdata is the most efficient way to read a file.
## grid=[m,n]...
Try grid=[100,100].
## exp(y)...
Use exp(y).
exp^(y) and e^y mean something different in Maple
## Physics package...
You could also use diff from the Pysics package
Physics[diff](L,diff(theta2(t),t))
## seq...
y:=x+k:
plot([seq(y,k=1..4)])
## try map or transform...
You could try a couple of ways
1/ Alter the data going into the plot on the fly with map
a:=[[2,4],[5,6],[2,8],[13,65]]:
with(plots):
pointplot(map(a-> [a[1], -a[2]], a))
2/ transform the plot with plottools
coordchange:=plottools:-transform((x,y)->[x,-y]):
coordchange(pointplot(a))
## palletes...
Oh, I see custom components are in the pallete off to the left side. So then all I do is drag and drop a component in the cell and modify from there. I was looking in the file insert and everywhere but the pallete and couldn't find anything.
## I posted to this effect already, but I g...
I posted to this effect already, but I got no responses or no one cared, I don't know.
It happened I believe Friday or Saturday during an update to mapleprimes - there was a period of time when the site was inaccessible at which time I believe an update was being applied.
Maplesoft should reply to these effects. As a workaround I copy paste in Paint and copy from there.
## A start...
Here's a start ...
Quantum mechanics using maple http://www.springer.com/la/book/9783642795404
Quantum mechanics using computer Algebra http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/7751
Maple package for computation in Lie algebras http://people.math.carleton.ca/~billig/maple/
# Mathematics of CLIFFORD - A Maple package for Clifford and Grassmann algebras https://arxiv.org/abs/math-ph/0212031
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Last Page 4 of 41
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|
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/157423/blowing-up-rational-singularities
|
# Blowing up rational singularities
Let $X$ be a projective surface embedded into $\mathbb{P}^n_{\mathbb{C}}$ having at most rational singularities. Let $\tilde{X} \to X$ be the minimal resolution of $X$. Is it possible to embed $\tilde{X}$ into $\mathbb{P}^n$ for the same integer $n$? If not, is there any additional condition we can impose on $X$ so that this is possible?
Certainly not. The simplest example is the quadratic cone in $\mathbb{P}^3$; the minimal resolution is the surface $\mathbb{F}_2$, which is not isomorphic to a smooth surface in $\mathbb{P}^3$. The same can be done with any rational double point. On the other hand any smooth surface can be embedded in $\mathbb{P}^5$, so the answer is positive for $n\geq 5$. But I do not see any relation between embeddings of $X$ and those of $\tilde{X}$.
|
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|
http://www.nag.com/numeric/fl/nagdoc_fl24/html/D04/d04conts.html
|
D04 Chapter Contents (PDF version)
D04 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual
# NAG Library Chapter ContentsD04 – Numerical Differentiation
### D04 Chapter Introduction
RoutineName Mark ofIntroduction Purpose D04AAF Example Text 5 nagf_numdiff Numerical differentiation, derivatives up to order 14, function of one real variable D04BAF Example Text 23 nagf_numdiff_rcomm Numerical differentiation, user-supplied function values, derivatives up to order $14$, derivatives with respect to one real variable D04BBF 23 nagf_numdiff_sample Generates sample points for function evaluations by D04BAF
D04 Chapter Contents (PDF version)
D04 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual
|
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|
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/103469/defining-nextslide-in-overprint-environment-in-beamer
|
# Defining \nextslide in overprint environment in beamer
We all use the \onslide command inside the overprint environment in beamer. However, I find that assigning hard coded slide values, like \onslide<5> in this environment is really cumbersome. This situation becomes difficult whenever we have to insert a new slide in the middle of twenty some overlay slides. We have to manually renumber every subsequent slide after a new slide is inserted. That is why, I tried to define a \nextslide command in beamer.
The idea is very simple, the \nextslide command will increment a predefined counter and will use this value with the \onslide command.
\documentclass{beamer}
\newcounter{slidecounter}
\setcounter{slidecounter}{0}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}{Title}
\begin{overprint}
\nextslide
On one
\nextslide
On two
\end{overprint}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
I understand that I still need to implement resetting the counter at the start of overprint environment once I am successful with this part.
However, whenever I run the code with pdflatex, it keeps on generating page after page, which I have to interrupt with Ctrl-C.
[1{/var/lib/texmf/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map}] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74]^C ! Interruption. \pgfsysprotocol@literalbuffered ...tocol@temp {{#1 \space }}\expandafter \pgf... l.20 \end{frame} ? x
The beamer code is too myriad for me to find out where this infinite loop is happening.
Any suggestion will be appreciated.
-
That's what the + overlay specification is made for (cf. the beamer user guide, section 9.6.4):
The effect of the +-sign is the following: You can use it in any overlay specification at any point where you would usually use a number. If a +-sign is encountered, it is replaced by the current value of the LaTeX counter beamerpauses, which is 1 at the beginning of the frame. Then the counter is increased by 1, though it is only increased once for every overlay specification, even if the specification contains multiple +-signs (they are replaced by the same number).
So your MWE can be solved with
\documentclass{beamer}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}{Title}
\begin{overprint}
\onslide<+>
On one
\onslide<+>
On two
\onslide<+>
On three
\end{overprint}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
-
Oh, goodness, I feel like a fool. Still, I would like to know what caused the infinite loop. – Masroor Mar 20 '13 at 17:22
@MMA The problem is that the slide is compiled each time an overlay is typeset, so slidecounter is increased by 2 and such produces new overlays: For example, on the second overlay, \onslide<3> and \onslide<4> are executed, such creating two new pages etc. If you use \setcounter{slidecounter}{0} at the beginning of the frame, this won't happen and your MWE will produce the expected result. – diabonas Mar 20 '13 at 17:36
|
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|
https://academic.oup.com/acn/article-abstract/10/5/463/1516/Construct-validity-of-the-WCST-in-normal-elderly
|
Abstract
Separate principle component analyses of the WCST were conducted on 187 normal elderly and 181 persons with Parkinson's disease (PD). Adequate construct validity was found for “conceptualization/problem solving” and “failure to maintain set” factors in both groups. Perseverative and nonperseverative errors were related for the normal group, but not for the PD subjects. This may reflect the frontal systems deficit observed in PD. Additional principle component analyses were conducted with the WCST and measures of memory and attention. In neither the normal nor the PD group did the WCST significantly load with the memory and attention measures. This suggests that the WCST provides information about problem solving relatively independent of memory and attention functions for elderly persons.
|
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|
https://blog.hotwhopper.com/2013/10/hotwhopper-fodder-denier-don.html
|
.
## HotWhopper Fodder: Denier Don Easterbrook tells more lies, damned lies and statistics at WUWT
Sou | 8:18 PM
Psst - A kind horse racing fan from downunder might tell oneonesit about this HotWhopper article or any of these :) 16 October 2013
Anti-science blogger, Anthony Watts has put up another article by Denier Don Easterbrook (archived here). Denier Don is always good fodder for HotWhopper, where we demolish disinformation :)
I don't think that Don Easterbrook told the truth once in his entire, very long article. It's just one big lie from beginning to end. And it's so easy to disprove his claims.
Don starts off his article with this:
Mark Twain popularized the saying “There are liars, damn liars, and statisticians.”
Denier Don couldn't even get that right. I believe the quote is:
There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics.
Don accuses the IPCC of telling lies but as HotWhopper readers know, Denier Don could barely write a sentence without telling a lie. Don writes:
When compared to the also recently published NIPCC (Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change) 1000+-page volume of data on climate change with thousands of peer-reviewed references, the inescapable conclusion is that the IPCC report must be considered the grossest misrepresentation of data ever published.
Yeah, right. The Heartland Institute paid a few deniers (not proper climate scientists) to put together a pack of climate disinformation and Don reckons it's the IPCC that "misrepresents" data!
### Don's magical Little Ice Age bounce
Don writes this:-
After all these years, IPCC still doesn’t get it—we’ve been thawing out from the Little Ice Age for several hundred years but still are not yet back to pre-Little Ice Age temperatures that prevailed for 90% of the past 10,000 years. Warming and cooling has been going on for millions of years, long before CO2 could have had anything to do with it, so warming in itself certainly doesn’t prove that it was caused by CO2.
As well as implying that the climate is a bouncing magical ball, Don claims that the earth is not yet back to pre-little ice age temperatures. And he thinks the Little Ice Age finished "several hundred years ago"?
On what does he base this particular set of lies? Well, nothing as it turns out. He doesn't provide one skerrick of evidence that the global surface temperature was hotter than now for "90% of the past 10,000 years". Why? Because there is none. The longest record of temperatures for the Holocene is that provided by the Marcott et al study. Here is the data from that research:
Data Sources: Marcott et al (2013) and NASA GISTemp
Even allowing for uncertainty ranges in Marcott et al, the current surface temperature is likely to be at or above any previously seen in the entire Holocene or any time in more than 20,000 years, looking at the chart below (including Shakun et al (2012).
### Satellite temperatures in 1908?
Denier Don goes onto deny global warming, writing:
Their misrepresentation of data is ridiculous. In Fig. 1, the IPCC report purports to show warming of 0.5°C (0.9°F) since 1980, yet surface temperature measurements indicate no warming over the past 17 years (Fig. 2) and satellite temperature data shows the August 13 temperature only 0.12°C (0.21°F) above the 1908 temperature (Spencer, 2013). IPCC shows a decadal warming of 0.6°C (1°F) since 1980 but the temperature over the past decade has actually cooled, not warmed.
Denier Don is barmy! He refers to 1980, which is 33 years ago and says "no warming over the past 17 years". And what's he going on about with his satellite temperature data from 1908? Is he completely nuts, or maybe it's a typo and he meant 1980. Even so, in referring to UAH temperature, he's wrong! He's also obviously very wrong when he says that earth has cooled. It hasn't cooled at all over the past decade, or over the past century!
Here's both 1980 and 17 years ago:
Data Source: NASA GISTemp
Here is Roy Spencer's UAH data of the temperature of the lower troposphere. Unlike what Don implies, the temeperature of the lower troposphere has risen quite a lot since 1980:
Data Source: UAH
The fact that Denier Don puts up charts from Christopher "not a climate scientist" Monckton doesn't help Don's credibility. He'd be better off doing what I do and go to the source directly.
### Denier Don goes to Icy Greenland Again
Then Don goes completely bonkers and, quoting this statement from the Summary for Policy Makers (page SPM-3):
Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.
...Denier Don accuses the IPCC of telling "an outright lie", claiming that
A vast published literature exists showing that recent warming is not only not unusual, but more intense warming has occurred many times in the past centuries and millennia. As a reviewer of the IPCC report, I called this to their attention, so they cannot have been unaware of it. For example, more than 20 periods of warming in the past five centuries can be found in the Greenland GISP2 ice core (Fig. 3) (Easterbrook, 2011), the Medieval and Roman Warm Periods were warmer than recent warming (Fig. 4), and about 90% of the past 10,000 years were warmer than present (Fig. 5).
Thing is, the IPCC was writing about "global" warming, not warming of an ice sheet on the top of a summit in Central Greenland. Don has put up this shonky chart as his "proof"! Don doesn't say, but I am guessing it is his usual favourite chart of temperatures in Central Greenland! The earth as a whole is a whole lot hotter than minus 36 degrees Celsius. (Click image for larger version.)
Don Easterbrook's Shonky Chart of Central Greenland (presumably) - from WUWT
Denier Don also puts up a chart from Ljungqvist (2010), showing a temperature reconstruction of part of the Northern Hemisphere - from Latitude 30 to 90 North only. Even when Don selects a part of the world that was quite warm in the recent past, it is still warmer today than it was in times past! I've done an animation so you can compare the actual chart with Don's version (click to enlarge):
Don, however, doesn't appear to "believe" Dr Ljungqvist himself, even though he borrows his chart. The Ljungqvist paper states that even in that part of the world it's now hotter than than it was back in the Roman Warm Period and the Medieval Warm Period (my bold italics):
Substantial parts of the Roman Warm Period, from the first to the third centuries, and the Medieval Warm Period, from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries, seem to have equalled or exceeded the AD 1961–1990 mean temperature level in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere. Since AD 1990, though, average temperatures in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere exceed those of any other warm decades the last two millennia, even the peak of the Medieval Warm Period, if we look at the instrumental temperature data spliced to the proxy reconstruction. However, this sharp rise in temperature compared to the magnitude of warmth in previous warm periods should be cautiously interpreted since it is not visible in the proxy reconstruction itself.
I'm surprised someone as deep in denial as Don could bring himself to open the Ljungqvist paper, given the very next sentence in it refers (favourably) to Michael Mann's 2008 temperature reconstruction:
Although partly different data and methods have been used in our reconstruction than in Moberg et al. (2005) and Mann et al. (2008), the result is surprisingly similar. The inclusion of additional records would probably not substantially change the overall picture of the temperature variability.
### Denier Don spends Winter in the Snow
Do I need to go on? There is more of the same where all that came from. Oh, okay. I'll just show one more deception from Denier Don. He claims that the IPCC is wrong when it writes about Northern Hemisphere snow cover:
The statement that Northern Hemisphere snow cover has “continued to decrease in extent extent” is false (despite the IPCC claim of ‘high confidence’ is false. Snow extent in the Northern Hemisphere shows no decline since 1967 and five of the six snowiest winters have occurred since 2003 (Fig. 7).
This time, unlike with every other lie he's told, Don doesn't quote directly from the IPCC report, because it would spoil his story. This is what was written in the IPCC report (my bold italics):
Over the last two decades, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have been losing mass, glaciers have continued to shrink almost worldwide, and Arctic sea ice and Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover have continued to decrease in extent (high confidence) (see Figure SPM.3). {4.2–4.7}
No wonder Don didn't quote the IPCC. It doesn't say what he wants to deny! Don puts up a chart of winter snow cover, whereas the IPCC statement was about spring snow cover! Here is Figure SPM-3 from the IPCC Summary for Policy Makers:
Source: IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policy Makers
### Denier Don denies CO2
And a footnote - Don says that CO2 only started to rise after 1945! What a nutter.
### What was Anthony Watts Thinking?
Anthony Watts is playing his part in denying climate science. To put up an article like that one shows that the sole purpose of his little blog is to publish disinformation propaganda. No standards are too low for Anthony. He exists to throw bones to his 8% dismissives. Kenji is probably missing out today.
Anthony Watts' Right Wing Authoritarians and 8% Dismissives love Denier Don and his lies. Here is a sample of comments, most from people who probably don't have a clue about what Don has written, they agree with him just the same (archived here).
Larry Hamlin says:
October 3, 2013 at 5:31 pm
Excellent article. It will probably take months if not years to expose the outright lies and distortions that U.N. IPCC AR5 report contains. What is astounding is that this obvious propaganda is never uncovered by the main stream media who are so blinded by their clear bias in climate alarmist beliefs that they are a actually a major part of this global wide scientific scandal. The deapth of this scandal is reflected in that it is supported actively by the President of the U.S.
David talks about minutia wonders if the "alarmists" will claim that Don has made up stuff! (excerpt):
October 3, 2013 at 5:39 pm
Brilliant summation. It’s a good idea to address the big flaws in the claims and theories of the alarmists. Too often people are drawn into technical minutia regarding localised precipitation events or obscure papers full of maths and measurements trying to reveal small anomalies and get confused by the barrage of information coming out.
I’m wondering if it’s possible to have links to all the graphs provided tracing them back to the measurement source because if you show one of these graphs the alarmists will claim it’s made up.
philjourdan says:
October 3, 2013 at 5:51 pm
Outstanding point by point rebuttal!
Fabi says:
October 3, 2013 at 7:01 pm
Thank you, Dr. Easterbrook, for labeling their outright lies as such. Refreshing…
john piccirilli hasn't heard of the Marcott paper or probably any other climate science paper, but he knows for sure that wuwt is right and that climate science is b.s!:
October 3, 2013 at 8:01 pm
Pippen tell us, what is marcott paper, and give evidence it is proven . I believe the blogs and posts
On wuwt . The ipcc’s report is total b.s. agw is total b.s.
BW2013 is going to support the US postal service and send spam to politicians, he says:
October 3, 2013 at 8:05 pm
This needs to be sent to every politician in every country.
I am sending it to the folks in Washington Stte, USA. We have some of the loudest climate screamers in the world….
Don finds science quite perplexing. He call it "gibberish" and writes:
October 3, 2013 at 8:35 pm
Professor, thank you for an outstanding rebuttal of the IPCC gibberish. Very glad you hail from Bellingham, WA. Go Vikings!
richardscourtney restrains himself from shouting, but not from chastising as "trolls" anyone who criticises Don for telling big fat lies. He says (excerpt):
October 4, 2013 at 2:00 am
Friends:
Easterbrook provides a clear, powerful and cogent scientific destruction of the latest piece of political propaganda from the IPCC.
The effectiveness and clarity of that destruction is demonstrated by the rapidity of trolls running to fill ‘the breach’.
There is the occasional rational comment which gets howled down by the WUWT illiterati, for example, Jeff Alberts (who AFAIK is himself a science denier) says:
October 3, 2013 at 6:59 pm
In Fig. 1, the IPCC report purports to show warming of 0.5°C (0.9°F) since 1980, yet surface temperature measurements indicate no warming over the past 17 years (Fig. 2) and satellite temperature data shows the August 13 temperature only 0.12°C (0.21°F) above the 1908 temperature (Spencer, 2013).
Whether or not there has been warming [of] .5c since 1980 is not answered by “yet surface temperature measurements indicate no warming over the past 17 years”. And you’re comparing the temp of a single day (august 13th) against some non-specific 1908 temperature? Very weak argument. Perhaps you meant to write this differently, but as a skeptic, it’s laughable.
Nick Kermode picks up on the snow deception and says:
October 3, 2013 at 11:18 pmMr Easterbrook, you do realise you are debunking the IPCC’s spring ice claim with the winter ice record? And very smugly too. Well that just makes you look even more foolish I’m afraid. Epic fail, but you will probably get hundreds of comments cheering you on from the sceptics so keep it up.
1. Funnily, the claim about we "are not yet back to pre-Little Ice Age temperatures that prevailed for 90% of the past 10,000 years" is disproven by the Ljungqvist chart, which shows 20% of the past 10,000 years, and at most a few decades with temperatures that are comparable to the present ones. (Of course, the Ljungqvist chart is only for extratropical NH).
2. " Kenji is probably missing out today."
Kenji is probably raiding the neighbours bins as I type and finding that they throw away more wholesome fare than Watts posts.
3. Actually a statistic is a number, not a statement with a truth value. Those who invoke 'There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics.' are either totally ignorant or, more likely, they will misuse statistics to lie with.
4. I wince every time I read this stuff about 90% of the Holocene (or whatever - it wasn't that much but disnae matter) was warmer than the present. Yes, sure, of course it was - at least in the NH - because precessional forcing was much greater during the earlier part of the Holocene that it is today. 'Greater' as in summer NH insolation was ~30W/m^2 higher than present values. The somewhat misnomered Holocene Optimum began to wane about ~6ka as precessional forcing abated. Pretending that early Holocene temperatures are the norm that should apply now is simply ignorant.
5. As for the bouncing ball climate crap... unforced return to a 'normal' climate state that existed pre-LIA... it's magical thinking.
6. Jct: I'll bet you $100 that global warming continues. I'm betting on Dr. Don. Pop on over to the Global Warming Bets FaceBook page and lay down your action. I'll also bet another$100 that the Dirty Thirties will prove to have had the warmest years in the last 100 years. So come put your money where your foul mouth is. Not enough to hurt your bankroll but enough to sting your pride.
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https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/LewisPulsipher/20120404/167987/Games_of_Maneuver_vs_games_of_quotcombat_dominancequot.php
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# Games of Maneuver vs. games of "combat dominance"
by Lewis Pulsipher on 04/04/12 10:18:00 am
The following blog post, unless otherwise noted, was written by a member of Gamasutra’s community.
The thoughts and opinions expressed are those of the writer and not Gamasutra or its parent company.
One of the first things I do with beginning game design students is give them sets of "Clout Fantasy" pieces and a large vinyl chessboard, in groups, to have them make up games. I have water-soluble markers so that they can draw on the chessboards if they choose. They enjoy the exercise, they get used to working in groups (which also helps them get to know one another), and ultimately they learn that designing a good game isn't as easy as they thought it would be. It also teaches them to work under constraints.
"Clout" pieces are very nice clay chips (like high quality poker chips) with artwork and two numbers on them (and also zero to four dots, but students rarely use the dots). I bought a bunch very cheap ($8 for 12 starter sets listing at$14.95 each) because Clout failed strikingly in the marketplace (production ended April 2007). I give each group four differently-colored sets of 15 pieces--two starter sets. The sets are standard, but the pieces differ between each color. Students are free to use the numbers and dots or not as they choose.
So checkers is a game they could play immediately with the sets. I don't give them dice, but they often ask sooner or later to use them , and I agree.
So much for preliminaries. Students often make some kind of wargame, given what they have, and I find that the students often don't understand how maneuver and combat methods work together.
When I say "maneuver", I mean that the location of pieces matters, and separates good play from bad, rather than how they fight. Chess and checkers are games of maneuver. Go is a game of maneuver, even though the maneuver comes through placement of pieces rather than actual movement. Even Tic-Tac-Toe is a game of maneuver, in this sense.
Games of "combat dominance" are defined mainly by the rules of how pieces conflict/fight. This often involves dice. Yes, there is conflict in chess, but the rule for it is very simple, whoever moves into the square, wins. Checkers is similarly simple, Go nearly so.
The most typical dice combat I've seen from beginners is that each side rolls a die, and highest wins. There is no provision for one side to gain an advantage from local superiority of numbers. So if one side has 10 pieces and the other 3, the odds in combat are still 50-50. Unit strength may modify this (say, with the numbers on the Clout pieces). Consequently, maneuver is *pointless*. Why bother to get numerical superiority in an area when it makes no difference to your success? And you have a game that absolutely amounts to dice rolling and no more, when unit strengths do not vary.
About the time three units defeat nine thanks to a run of luck, students will get this, if not before. The ideal to be impressed on the students is that maneuver ought to be important just as the strength of unit can be important.
Of course, combat rules can be quite intricate, though rarely are in the context of this exercise. Shooters and fighting games can have quite complex combat rules, though they are also games of maneuver.
It might be interesting to go through the typical list of military "principles of war" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_War) and try to apply to simple games. "Maneuver" is one, as is "economy of force" and "mass", if I recall correctly.
(Note: Civilization I-IV (computer versions) use one-on-one combat, ignoring other forces present, but I think this is intended to emphasize differences in technology, so that one really good unit can defeat many lower-tech units. Nonetheless, maneuver IS important in Civ., but in a very large context--strategic movement, not tactical movement.)
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http://philpapers.org/s/Gabor%20Hofer-Szabo
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## Works by Gabor Hofer-Szabo
14 found
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1. In the paper it will be shown that Reichenbach’s Weak Common Cause Principle is not valid in algebraic quantum field theory with locally finite degrees of freedom in general. Namely, for any pair of projections A, B supported in spacelike separated double cones ${\mathcal{O}}_{a}$ and ${\mathcal{O}}_{b}$ , respectively, a correlating state can be given for which there is no nontrivial common cause (system) located in the union of the backward light cones of ${\mathcal{O}}_{a}$ and ${\mathcal{O}}_{b}$ and commuting with the both (...)
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2. This paper is the philosopher-friendly version of our more technical work. It aims to give a clear-cut definition of Bell's notion of local causality. Having provided a framework, called local physical theory, which integrates probabilistic and spatiotemporal concepts, we formulate the notion of local causality and relate it to other locality and causality concepts. Then we compare Bell's local causality with Reichenbach's Common Cause Principle and relate both to the Bell inequalities. We find a nice parallelism: both local causality and (...)
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3. Gábor Hofer-Szabó & Péter Vecsernyés (2013). Bell Inequality and Common Causal Explanation in Algebraic Quantum Field Theory. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 44 (4):404-416.
Bell inequalities, understood as constraints between classical conditional probabilities, can be derived from a set of assumptions representing a common causal explanation of classical correlations. A similar derivation, however, is not known for Bell inequalities in algebraic quantum field theories establishing constraints for the expectation of specific linear combinations of projections in a quantum state. In the paper we address the question as to whether a ‘common causal justification’ of these non-classical Bell inequalities is possible. We will show that although (...)
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4. The aim of this paper is to give a sharp definition of Bell's notion of local causality. To this end, first we unfold a framework, called local physical theory, integrating probabilistic and spatiotemporal concepts. Formulating local causality within this framework and classifying local physical theories by whether they obey local primitive causality---a property rendering the dynamics of the theory causal, we then investigate what is needed for a local physical theory, with or without local primitive causality, to be locally causal. (...)
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5. Gábor Hofer-Szabó (2015). Relating Bell’s Local Causality to the Causal Markov Condition. Foundations of Physics 45 (9):1110-1136.
The aim of the paper is to relate Bell’s notion of local causality to the Causal Markov Condition. To this end, first a framework, called local physical theory, will be introduced integrating spatiotemporal and probabilistic entities and the notions of local causality and Markovity will be defined. Then, illustrated in a simple stochastic model, it will be shown how a discrete local physical theory transforms into a Bayesian network and how the Causal Markov Condition arises as a special case of (...)
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6. Gábor Hofer-Szabó & Miklós Rédei (2006). Reichenbachian Common Cause Systems of Arbitrary Finite Size Exist. Foundations of Physics 36 (5):745-756.
A partition $\{C_i\}_{i\in I}$ of a Boolean algebra Ω in a probability measure space (Ω, p) is called a Reichenbachian common cause system for the correlation between a pair A,B of events in Ω if any two elements in the partition behave like a Reichenbachian common cause and its complement; the cardinality of the index set I is called the size of the common cause system. It is shown that given any non-strict correlation in (...)
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7. Gábor Hofer-Szabó, Miklós Rédei & László E. Szabó (2002). Common-Causes Are Not Common Common-Causes. Philosophy of Science 69 (4):623-636.
A condition is formulated in terms of the probabilities of two pairs of correlated events in a classical probability space which is necessary for the two correlations to have a single (Reichenbachian) common-cause and it is shown that there exists pairs of correlated events probabilities of which violate the necessary condition. It is concluded that different correlations do not in general have a common common-cause. It is also shown that this conclusion remains valid even if one weakens slightly Reichenbach's definition (...)
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8. A partition $\{C_i\}_{i\in I}$ of a Boolean algebra $\cS$ in a probability measure space $(\cS,p)$ is called a Reichenbachian common cause system for the correlated pair $A,B$ of events in $\cS$ if any two elements in the partition behave like a Reichenbachian common cause and its complement, the cardinality of the index set $I$ is called the size of the common cause system. It is shown that given any correlation in $(\cS,p)$, and given any finite size $n>2$, the probability space (...)
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9. The Borel-Kolmogorov Paradox is typically taken to highlight a tension between our intuition that certain conditional probabilities with respect to probability zero conditioning events are well defined and the mathematical definition of conditional probability by Bayes' formula, which looses its meaning when the conditioning event has probability zero. We argue in this paper that the theory of conditional expectations is the proper mathematical device to conditionalize, and this theory allows conditionalization with respect to probability zero events. The conditional probabilities on (...)
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10. Gabor Hofer-Szabo, Miklos Redei & Laszlo E. Szabo (2002). Common-Causes Are Not Common Common-Causes. Philosophy of Science 69 (4):623-636.
A condition is formulated in terms of the probabilities of two pairs of correlated events in a classical probability space which is necessary for the two correlations to have a single (Reichenbachian) common-cause and it is shown that there exists pairs of correlated events probabilities of which violate the necessary condition. It is concluded that different correlations do not in general have a common common-cause. It is also shown that this conclusion remains valid even if one weakens slightly Reichenbach's definition (...)
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11. Gábor Hofer-Szabó (2015). On the Relation Between the Probabilistic Characterization of the Common Cause and Bell׳s Notion of Local Causality. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 49:32-41.
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12. Gábor Hofer-Szabó (2007). Separate- Versus Common -Common-Cause-Type Derivations of the Bell Inequalities. Synthese 163 (2):199 - 215.
Standard derivations of the Bell inequalities assume a common common cause system that is a common screener-off for all correlations and some additional assumptions concerning locality and no-conspiracy. In a recent paper (Grasshoff et al., 2005) Bell inequalities have been derived via separate common causes assuming perfect correlations between the events. In the paper it will be shown that the assumptions of this separate-common-cause-type derivation of the Bell inequalities in the case of perfect correlations can be reduced to the assumptions (...)
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13. This paper aims to implement Bell’s notion of local causality into a framework, called local physical theory, which is general enough to integrate both probabilistic and spatiotemporal concepts and also classical and quantum theories. Bell’s original idea of local causality will then arise as the classical case of our definition. First, we investigate what is needed for a local physical theory to be locally causal. Then we compare local causality with Reichenbach’s common cause principle and relate both to the Bell (...)
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https://brainmass.com/math/basic-algebra/basic-algebra-simplifying-radicals-577380
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Explore BrainMass
# Basic Algebra - Simplifying radicals
This content was COPIED from BrainMass.com - View the original, and get the already-completed solution here!
See the attached file.
Problem 66.
y^1/3 y^1/3
Now we have to simplify the problem. Looking at the problem and identifying what every part of the problem is we get that "y" is the principal root and it is being raised to an nth root, the 1 in the exponent is the power and the 3 in the exponent is the root. So for my first problem I will have to use the product rule to add the exponents and then I would simplify for a final solution.
= y^2/3 Final simplified solution
Problem 84.
9^-1* 9^1/2
The second problem is a little different that the first one. For this one we will use the quotient rule. The 9 is the principle root, the 1 is the power and the 2 is the root. The negative symbol represents the reciprocal to get the negative away and make it a positive number we will make
9^-1 = 1/9 To continue with the problem now we have changed it too
1/9 * 9^1/2 Since it is a ½ we will look for the sqrt of 9.
1/9 * √9 = 1/9 * 3/1 Use cross multiply and result is 3/9
3/9 = 1/3 Simplified is the final answer.
That concludes my problems for week 3.
References
Dugopolski, M. (2012). Elementary and intermediate algebra (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Publishing.
Simplifying Expressions Using the Rules of Exponentials
The following are the rules of exponential (Clark & Anfinson, 2011).
Rule one: To multiply expressions with bases, which are identical, add their exponents. This is known as the product rule.
Rule two: To divide expressions with identical bases, subtract their exponents. This is referred to Quotient rule.
Rule three: multiply the exponents for expressions with one base, but with two or more exponents.
To simplify the two expressions given, the above rules of exponentials shall be applied as illustrated below;
Number 42; 〖27〗^(〖-2〗_3 )/〖27〗^(〖-1〗_3 )
Solution
To divide identical bases, the rule of exponent stipulates that we subtract the respective exponents. Therefore, the above fraction will be simplified to;
=〖27〗^((-2)⁄3+1⁄3) Solving the exponential part of the fraction we obtain;
= -2/3+1/3=-1/3 Substituting the solution ( - 1/3) in the above equation we obtain〖27〗^((-1)⁄3). The reciprocal of this can be written as1/〖27〗^(1⁄3) .This is equivalent to finding the cube root of 1/27 i.e.( 1/(∛27) ). This will give;
1/(∛27)= 1/3
Therefore, the answer will be1⁄3, which is the principal cube root of 1⁄27. In this case, 3 is also the 3rd root of 27.
No. 101; (a^(1_2 ) b)^(1_2 ) (〖ab〗^(1⁄2) )
Solution
Applying rule three, the above expression can be simplified to;
a^(1⁄4) b^(1⁄2) ab^(1⁄2)
Rearranging the above equation we obtain;
a^(1⁄4) 〖ab〗^(1⁄2) b^(1⁄2)
Applying rule one, we obtain;
a^(1_4 ) +1b^(1_2+1_2 )
Simplifying the exponentials we obtain;
1/4 +1= ( 1+4)/4 = 5/4 and
1/2+1/2=2/2 = 1
Substituting in the above equation we obtain;
a^(5⁄4) b
Therefore the answer will be a^(5⁄4) b.
#### Solution Preview
See attachment.
Problem 66.
y^1/3 y^1/3
Now we have to simplify the problem. Looking at the problem and identifying what every part of the problem is we get that "y" is the principal root and it is being raised to an nth root, the 1 in the exponent is the power and the 3 in the exponent is the root. So for my first problem I will have to use the product rule to add the exponents and then I would simplify for a final solution.
= y^2/3 Final simplified solution
Problem 84.
9^-1* 9^1/2
The second problem is a little different that the first one. For this one we will use the quotient rule. The 9 is the principle root, the 1 is the power and the 2 is the root. The negative symbol represents the reciprocal to get the negative away and make it a ...
#### Solution Summary
The solution assists with simplifying radicals in basic algebra.
\$2.49
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https://www.bartleby.com/solution-answer/chapter-3-problem-28beb-managerial-accounting-the-cornerstone-of-business-decision-making-7th-edition/9781337115773/brief-exercise-3-28-using-high-low-to-calculate-predicted-total-variable-cost-and-total-cost-for-a/a023d6c0-7ed5-11e9-8385-02ee952b546e
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# Brief Exercise 3-28 Using High-Low to Calculate Predicted Total Variable Cost and Total Cost for a Time Period that Differs from the Data Period Refer to the information for Speedy Pete’s on the previous page. Assume that this information was used to construct the following formula for monthly delivery cost. Total Delivery Cost = $41 , 850 + ($ 12.00 × Number of Deliveries) Required: Assume that 3,000 deliveries are budgeted for the coming year. Use the total delivery cost formula to make the following calculations: 1. Calculate total variable delivery cost for the coming year. 2. Calculate total fixed delivery cost for the year. 3. Calculate total delivery cost for the year. Use the following information for Brief Exercises 3-26 through 3-29: Speedy Pete’s is a small start-up company that delivers high-end coffee drinks to large metropolitan office buildings via a cutting-edge motorized coffee cart to compete with other premium coffee shops. Data for the past 8 months were collected as follows:
### Managerial Accounting: The Corners...
7th Edition
Maryanne M. Mowen + 2 others
Publisher: Cengage Learning
ISBN: 9781337115773
### Managerial Accounting: The Corners...
7th Edition
Maryanne M. Mowen + 2 others
Publisher: Cengage Learning
ISBN: 9781337115773
#### Solutions
Chapter 3, Problem 28BEB
Textbook Problem
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https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/0-9/2-hour+urokinase+regime.html
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Sample records for 2-hour urokinase regime
1. Efficacy and safety of 2-hour urokinase regime in acute pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial
Huang Kewu
2009-12-01
Full Text Available Abstract Backgrounds Urokinase (UK 2 200 U/kg·h for 12 hours infusion(UK-12 his an ACCP recommended regimen in treating acute pulmonary embolism (PE. It is unclear whether this dose and time can be reduced further. We compared the efficacy and safety of 20, 000 U/kg for 2 hours (UK-2 h with the UK-12 h regime in selected PE patients. Methods A randomized trial involving 129 patients was conducted. Patients with acute PE were randomly assigned to receive either UK-12 h (n = 70, or UK-2 h (n = 59. The efficacy was determined by the improvement of right heart dysfunction and perfusion defect at 24 h and 14 d post UK treatment. The bleeding incidence, death rate and PE recurrence were also evaluated. Results Similarly significant improvements in right heart dysfunction and lung perfusion defects were observed in both groups. Overall bleeding incidents were low in both groups. Major bleeding directly associated with UK infusion occurred in one patient in the UK-2 h group and one in the UK-12 h group. Mortality rates were low, with one reported fatal recurrent in the UK-12 h group and none in the UK-2 h group. When the rate of bleeding, death and PE recurrence were compared separately in the hemodynamic instability and the massive anatomic obstruction subgroups, no significant difference was found. Conclusions The UK-2 h regimen exhibits similar efficacy and safety as the UK-12 h regimen for acute PE. Trial Registration Clinical trial registered with http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00799968 (Identifier: NCT 00799968
2. 7 positions in 2 hours
Jessica Ackerman
2013-07-01
Full Text Available 7 positions in 2 hours (2013 is a drawing that documents the process of making the short film Role Reversal Rehearsal. It became quickly apparent that the process of making the work was more dynamic and interesting than the finished piece itself. Relationships between the childcare arrangements of the participants and the collective working process brought about the necessity of collaboration for parent artists. Each participant gave their time, energy and creative insight towards filming a series of birthing positions with roles reversed. The male performer became the central figure in an attempt to prompt empathy, humour, and to embody the importance of the male role in childbirth. There were two hours to choreograph, rehearse, and film the sequence. The drawing by Ackerman encapsulates the 'rhizomatic' approach to producing creative work under the constraints of parenthood. The 'arborescent' structure of hierarchy encouraged in industrial filmmaking is subsumed in favour of a horizontal structure. This new structure allows for the creative input, and flow of collaboration between all people involved - including the 3 and 5 year olds, who contributed ideas for camera and soundtrack in situ.
3. Quantitative method of measuring cancer cell urokinase and metastatic potential
Morrison, Dennis R. (Inventor)
1993-01-01
The metastatic potential of tumors can be evaluated by the quantitative detection of urokinase and DNA. The cell sample selected for examination is analyzed for the presence of high levels of urokinase and abnormal DNA using analytical flow cytometry and digital image analysis. Other factors such as membrane associated urokinase, increased DNA synthesis rates and certain receptors can be used in the method for detection of potentially invasive tumors.
4. Urokinase-catalysed cleavage of the urokinase receptor requires an intact glycolipid anchor
Høyer-Hansen, G; Pessara, U; Holm, A;
2001-01-01
Urokinase (uPA) has the striking ability to cleave its receptor, uPAR, thereby inactivating the binding potential of this molecule. Here we demonstrate that the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor of uPAR, which is attached to the third domain, is an important determinant in governing this ...
5. The intact urokinase receptor is required for efficient vitronectin binding
Høyer-Hansen, G; Behrendt, N; Ploug, M;
1997-01-01
The urokinase receptor (uPAR) is a receptor for both urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and the adhesion protein vitronectin. There are two forms of cell surface-bound uPAR; intact uPAR and a cleaved form, uPAR(2+3), which is formed by uPA-catalyzed cleavage of uPAR. In ligand-blotting experim...
6. Using urokinase to restore patency in double lumen catheters.
Northsea, C
1994-08-01
All hemodialysis patients with temporary or permanent double lumen catheters are at risk for catheter occlusion. Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of using urokinase, a thrombolytic agent, to declot occluded double lumen dialysis catheters were evaluated for 2 years. Patency was restored in 95 of 102 catheters. These data support the use of urokinase to safely and effectively restore patency, thereby extending the length of time a catheter can be used for dialysis.
7. Urokinase, urokinase receptor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression on podocytes in immunoglobulin A glomerulonephritis
Lee, Ji-Hye; Oh, Mee-Hye; Park, Jae-seok; Na, Gyoung-Jae; Gil, Hye-Wook; Yang, Jong-Oh; Lee, Eun-Young; Hong, Sae-Yong
2014-01-01
Background/Aims The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor (uPAR), and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 on podocytes in immunoglobulin A (IgA) glomerulonephritis (GN). Methods Renal biopsy specimens from 52 IgA GN patients were deparaffinized and subjected to immunohistochemical staining for uPA, PAI-1, and uPAR. The biopsies were classified into three groups according to the expression of uPA and uPAR on podo...
8. The urokinase receptor associated protein (uPARAP/endo180)
Engelholm, L H; Nielsen, B S; Danø, K
2001-01-01
of this proteolytic system. uPARAP is a high molecular weight type-1 membrane protein, belonging to the macrophage mannose receptor protein family. On the surface of certain cells, uPARAP forms a ternary complex with the pro-form of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its primary receptor (uPAR). While...
9. [The fibrinolytic treatment with urokinase of acute arterial thrombosis].
Ballester, A; Donato di Paola, M; Saccà, A; Cappello, I; D'Addato, M
1993-01-01
We present our experiences on 86 patients with acute arterial thrombosis of the legs, undergoing a fibrinolytic treatment with urokinase. Results from the treatment are analyzed according to: the administration way (systemic, locoregional, intrathrombotic), the level of thrombosis (upper or lower legs), the associated morbidity and mortality.
10. The pro-urokinase plasminogen-activation system in the presence of serpin-type inhibitors and the urokinase receptor
Behrendt, Niels; List, Karin; Andreasen, Peter A;
2003-01-01
The reciprocal pro-enzyme activation system of plasmin, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and their respective zymogens is a potent mechanism in the generation of extracellular proteolytic activity. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) acts as a negative regulator. This system ...
11. Method and tool for prognosticating HIV infection in a subject by measuring soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, degradation products thereof, and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor
2000-01-01
Method of diagnosing and/or prognosticating HIV infection in a subject comprising the steps of: (a) performing in vitro a measurement of the level of a marker in the form of (i) urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), (ii) soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), (iii......) urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), (iv) one or more degradation products of (i), (ii), or (iii), and/or (v) an mRNA for (i), (ii) or (iii), in a biological fluid sample from a subject, and (b) using the measurement value obtained to evaluate the state of the subject....
12. Plasma soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in children with urinary tract infection
Wittenhagen, Per; Andersen, Jesper Brandt; Hansen, Anita
2011-01-01
In this prospective study we investigated the role of plasma levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in children with urinary tract infection.......In this prospective study we investigated the role of plasma levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in children with urinary tract infection....
13. Urokinase receptor forms in serum from non-small cell lung cancer patients
Almasi, Charlotte Elberling; Christensen, Ib Jarle; Høyer-Hansen, Gunilla;
2011-01-01
To study the prognostic impact of the different forms of the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR) in serum from 171 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.......To study the prognostic impact of the different forms of the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR) in serum from 171 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients....
14. A urokinase receptor-associated protein with specific collagen binding properties
Behrendt, N; Jensen, Ole Nørregaard; Engelholm, L H
2000-01-01
membrane-bound lectin with hitherto unknown function. The human cDNA was cloned and sequenced. The protein, designated uPARAP, is a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family and contains a putative collagen-binding (fibronectin type II) domain in addition to 8 C-type carbohydrate recognition......The plasminogen activation cascade system, directed by urokinase and the urokinase receptor, plays a key role in extracellular proteolysis during tissue remodeling. To identify molecular interaction partners of these trigger proteins on the cell, we combined covalent protein cross-linking with mass...... spectrometry based methods for peptide mapping and primary structure analysis of electrophoretically isolated protein conjugates. A specific tri-molecular complex was observed upon addition of pro-urokinase to human U937 cells. This complex included the urokinase receptor, pro-urokinase, and an unknown, high...
15. Ionospheric effects during first 2 hours after the Chelyabinsk meteorite impact
Berngardt, O I; Zherebtsov, G A; Kusonski, O A; Grigorieva, S A
2013-01-01
This paper presents the analysis of ionospheric effects in the region close to the Chelyabinsk meteorite explosion at 03:20UT 2013 February 15 from the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ISTP SB RAS) EKB radar data, and from the Institute of Geophysics of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (IG UB RAS) PARUS ionosonde data. Both instruments are located within the IG UB RAS Arti Observatory approximately 200 km northward from the estimated explosion site. According to the data obtained, the ionospheric disturbance caused by the meteorite flyby, explosion, and impact had high dynamics and amplitude. However, it obviously did not lead to a variation in the ionosphere mean parameters in the region above the disturbance center during the first 2 hours. Essential effects, however, were observed at more than 100-200 km from the explosion site and farther up to 1500 km.
16. Urokinase treatment for arteriovenous fistulae declotting in dialyzed patients.
Mangiarotti, G; Canavese, C; Thea, A; Segoloni, G P; Stratta, P; Salomone, M; Vercellone, A
1984-01-01
Urokinase treatment, previously employed with success in the declotting of deep venous thrombosis and arteriovenous shunts in patients undergoing regular dialytic treatment (RDT), was used in 23 cases of arteriovenous fistula thrombotic occlusion in 18 RDT patients. The treatment was successful in 65.2% of the cases without any negative side effects, except 1 case which may have developed a pulmonary embolism. Patients with severe hypofibrinolysis may need larger doses or may have a recurrence of the thrombotic episode. All therapeutic failures correlated with the presence of fibrosis or sclerosis.
17. A Novel Gene Delivery System Targeting Urokinase Receptor
Xing-Hui SUN; Li TAN; Chun-Yang LI; Chang TONG; Jin FAN; Ping LI; Yun-Song ZHU
2004-01-01
Recombinant proteins that combine different functions required for cell targeting and intracellular delivery of DNA present an attractive approach for the development of nonviral gene delivery vectors. Here, we described a novel protein termed ATF-lys10 which facilitated cell-specific gene transfer via receptor-mediated endocytosis. ATF-lys 10 was composed of the amino-terminal fragment of urokinase and ten lysines at the carboxyl terminus. Bacterially expressed ATF-lys 10 protein existed in soluble form, and had antigenicity of human urokinase. Purified ATF-lys 10 specifically bound to uPAR-expressing cells and formed protein-DNA complexes with plasmid pGL3-control. After neutralization of excess negative charge with poly-L-lysine, these complexes served as a specific gene delivery vector for uPAR-expressing cells. Lysosomotropic compounds, such as chloroquine, drastically increased the ATF-lysl0 mediated gene delivery efficiency. Our results suggest that the recombinant protein ATF-lys 10 with the properties of DNA binding and tumor cell targeting represents a promising method for gene transfer and expression in tumor cells.
18. Transgenic chickens expressing human urokinase-type plasminogen activator.
Lee, Sung Ho; Gupta, Mukesh Kumar; Ho, Young Tae; Kim, Teoan; Lee, Hoon Taek
2013-09-01
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator is a serine protease that is clinically used in humans for the treatment of thrombolytic disorders and vascular diseases such as acute ischemic stroke and acute peripheral arterial occlusion. This study explored the feasibility of using chickens as a bioreactor for producing human urokinase-type plasminogen activator (huPA). Recombinant huPA gene, under the control of a ubiquitous Rous sarcoma virus promoter, was injected into the subgerminal cavity of freshly laid chicken eggs at stage X using the replication-defective Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV)-based retrovirus vectors encapsidated with VSV-G (vesicular stomatitis virus G) glycoprotein. A total of 38 chicks, out of 573 virus-injected eggs, hatched and contained the huPA gene in their various body parts. The mRNA transcript of the huPA gene was present in various organs, including blood and egg, and was germ-line transmitted to the next generation. The level of active huPA protein was 16-fold higher in the blood of the transgenic chicken than in the nontransgenic chicken (P pharming of the huPA drug but also be useful for studying huPA-induced bleeding and other disorders.
19. Macroeconomic regimes
Baele, L.T.M.; Bekaert, G.R.J.; Cho, S.; Inghelbrecht, K.; Moreno, A.
2015-01-01
A New-Keynesian macro-model is estimated accommodating regime-switching behavior in monetary policy and macro-shocks. A key to our estimation strategy is the use of survey-based expectations for inflation and output. Output and inflation shocks shift to the low volatility regime around 1985 and 1990
20. Enhanced levels of urokinase plasminogen activator and its soluble receptor in common variable immunodeficiency
Fevang, Børre; Eugen-Olsen, Jesper; Yndestad, Arne;
2009-01-01
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by defective immunoglobulin production and high frequency of bacterial infections, autoimmunity and manifestations of chronic inflammation. The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its cell bound and soluble recep...
1. Expression of urokinase receptors by human trophoblast. A histochemical and ultrastructural analysis
Multhaupt, H A; Mazar, A; Cines, D B
1994-01-01
BACKGROUND: Through their ability to invade endometrium, remodel the uterine spiral arteries, and sustain placental blood fluidity, trophoblast cells play a central role in establishing and maintaining the integrity of the uteroplacental vasculature. The expression of urokinase receptors by troph...
2. Activation of human pro-urokinase by unrelated proteases secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Beaufort, N.; Seweryn, P.; Bentzmann, S. de; Tang, A.; Kellermann, J.; Grebenchtchikov, N.J.; Schmitt, M.; Sommerhoff, C.P.; Pidard, D.; Magdolen, V.
2010-01-01
Pathogenic bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, interact with and engage the host plasminogen (Plg) activation system, which encompasses the urokinase (uPA)-type Plg activator, and is involved in extracellular proteolysis, including matrilysis and fibrinolysis. We hypothesized that secreted b
3. Continuous quality improvement: improving hemodialysis catheter patency using urokinase.
Northsea, C
1996-12-01
Opportunities for improvements in patient outcomes through applied continuous quality improvement (CQI) programs are endless and exciting. Improving vascular access outcomes has been a long-standing clinical problem for hemodialysis patients and the nephrology team. During the past few years there has been a dramatic increase in the use of dialysis catheters as permanent accesses for hemodialysis patients. All hemodialysis with dialysis catheters are at risk for catheter occlusion. An innovative, 2-year CQI program was developed, implemented, and designed to improve dialysis catheter patency rates with the use of urokinase. The CQI program resulted in a number of clinical outcomes that were beneficial to the patients and dialysis staff, and were cost-effective to the program.
4. Bicyclic Peptide Inhibitor of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator
Roodbeen, Renée; Paaske, Berit; Jiang, Longguang;
2013-01-01
The development of protease inhibitors for pharmacological intervention has taken a new turn with the use of peptidebased inhibitors. Here, we report the rational design of bicyclic peptide inhibitors of the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), based on the established...... monocyclic peptide, upain-2. It was successfully converted to a bicyclic peptide, without loss of inhibitory properties. The aim was to produce a peptide cyclised by an amide bond with an additional stabilising across-the-ring covalent bond. We expected this bicyclic peptide to exhibit a lower entropic...... burden upon binding. Two bicyclic peptides were synthesised with affinities similar to that of upain-2, and their binding energetics were evaluated by isothermal titration calorimetry. Indeed, compared to upain-2, the bicyclic peptides showed reduced loss of entropy upon binding to uPA. We also...
5. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein/endo180 is coexpressed with its interaction partners urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and matrix metalloprotease-13 during osteogenesis
Engelholm, L H; Nielsen, B S; Netzel-Arnett, S;
2001-01-01
The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein/Endo180 (uPARAP/Endo180) is a newly discovered member of the macrophage mannose receptor family that was reported to interact with ligand-bound urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), matrix metalloprotease-13 (MMP-13), and ......, uPARAP/Endo180 expression was detected only in a mesenchymal condensation of the midbrain and in the developing lungs. The data suggest a function of this novel protease receptor in bone development, possibly mediated through its interactions with uPAR, MMP-13, or collagen V....
6. Efficacy of 2-hour post glucose insulin levels in predicting insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome with infertility
Pikee Saxena
2011-01-01
Full Text Available Background : Insulin resistance (IR is central to the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS, but tests for determining IR are elaborate, tedious and expensive. Aims : To evaluate if "2-hour post-glucose insulin level" is an effective indicator of IR and can aid in diagnosing IR in infertile PCOS women. Settings and Design : Observational study at infertility clinic of a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods : 50 infertile women with PCOS and 20 females with tubal/male factor infertility were evaluated for the presence of IR, as defined by the fasting/2-hour post-glucose insulin levels cutoffs of >25/>41 μU/mL, respectively. The clinical, metabolic and endocrinologic profile was determined in both the groups. Statistical Analysis : Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Chicago, IL, USA. Results : Body mass index, post load glucose, insulin, glucose/insulin ratio, area under curve (AUC of glucose and insulin and insulinogenic index were significantly lower in the controls as compared to the PCOS group. "2-hour post-glucose insulin levels" were elevated in 88% of PCOS individuals but were normal in all females not suffering from PCOS. These levels significantly correlated with AUC of glucose and insulin, and insulinogenic index and inversely correlated with 2-hour glucose to insulin ratio (r=0.827, 0.749 and −0.732, respectively. Conclusions : "2-hour post-glucose insulin levels" appears to be a good indicator of IR. It can be a useful tool, especially in low resource setting where a single sample can confirm the diagnosis, thus reducing cost and repeat visits.
7. Usefulness of intracavitary urokinase injection under sonographic guidance in treatment for periappendiceal abscess
Ha, Jong Soo; Cha, Sang Hoon; Kim, Beak Hyun; Jung, Hwan Hoon; Kim, Taik Kun [Ansan Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Ansan (Korea, Republic of); Seo, Bo Kyoung; Chung, Kyoo Byung [Anam Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Park, Cheol Min [Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul (Korea, Republic of)
2002-12-15
To evaluate usefulness of intracavitary urokinase injection for the treatment of small sized periappendiceal abscess which was not unsuitable for percutaneous catheter drainage. From December 1997 to December 1999, we performed intracavitary injection of urokinase as a treatment of periappendiceal abscess in six patients. Initially, aspiration of the abscess was done using a 18 G needle under sonographic guidance. We measured the maximal length of residual abscess and injected 5000 IU of urokinase per centimeter of the diameter of the residual abscess. 24 hours after the injection of urokinase, repeated aspiration of the residual abscess was done, and follow-up sonographic examination was performed. The size of initial abscesses in each patients was ranged from 1.6 X 1.2 to 5.8 X 3.4 cm (mean=3.9 X 2.4 cm), and initial volume of aspirated pus was ranged from 3 to 31 cc (mean=11.8 cc).24 hour after the injection, the volume of respirated pus was ranged from 4 to 13.5 cc (mean=10.4 cc). Follow-up sonography performed 3 to 10 days later revealed no residual abscess. The mean duration of hospitalization was 5.5 days. Intracavitary urokinase injection under the sonographic guidance can be a useful method for the treatment of small sized periappendiceal abscess which is not suitable for percutaneous catheter drainage.
8. Prolonged radiation damage in rat colon and urokinase expression in epithelium
Hayashida, Masayuki; Minami, Kazunori; Okimoto, Tomoaki [Nagasaki Univ. (Japan). School of Medicine; Shichijo, Kazuko; Matsuu, Mutsumi; Nakayama, Toshiyuki; Sekine, Ichiro
2001-12-01
Although radiation therapy plays important role in the treatment of gynecological tumors, it may cause radiation injury as a late effect. Several recent reports show that urokinase such as urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) contributes to the repair of ulcerative lesions of the colon epithelium. We studied radiation induced enterocolitis using rat animal models. Seventy-two female Wistar rats were irradiated by a single fraction dose of 36 Gy at laparotomy. Histological changes and activity of urokinase system were investigated after irradiation. Ulcers were observed in irradiated field in 12 of 19 animals (63%) even at 60th week after irradiation. Urokinase expressions were observed in the margins of active ulcer. Urokinase was thought to play important role in exacerbation of ulcer formation. Expression of uPA was also observed in submucosal glands. Ischaemic changes were not observed in irradiated colon despite sclerosing vasculitis. It is suggested that uPA played reciprocal roles in radiation induced enterocolitis: healing and aggravation of ulcer. (author)
9. Application of Molecular Modeling to Urokinase Inhibitors Development
V. B. Sulimov
2014-01-01
Full Text Available Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA plays an important role in the regulation of diverse physiologic and pathologic processes. Experimental research has shown that elevated uPA expression is associated with cancer progression, metastasis, and shortened survival in patients, whereas suppression of proteolytic activity of uPA leads to evident decrease of metastasis. Therefore, uPA has been considered as a promising molecular target for development of anticancer drugs. The present study sets out to develop the new selective uPA inhibitors using computer-aided structural based drug design methods. Investigation involves the following stages: computer modeling of the protein active site, development and validation of computer molecular modeling methods: docking (SOL program, postprocessing (DISCORE program, direct generalized docking (FLM program, and the application of the quantum chemical calculations (MOPAC package, search of uPA inhibitors among molecules from databases of ready-made compounds to find new uPA inhibitors, and design of new chemical structures and their optimization and experimental examination. On the basis of known uPA inhibitors and modeling results, 18 new compounds have been designed, calculated using programs mentioned above, synthesized, and tested in vitro. Eight of them display inhibitory activity and two of them display activity about 10 μM.
10. Adsorption and Step Elution of Urokinase Using, Affinity Chromatography -Comparison of Data with Rate Model Simulation
2004-01-01
A non-equilibrium chromatographic rate model was employed to simulate the affinity chromatography of urokinase. The chromatography process was developed to a yield of high purity product of urokinase from crude materials. The affinity gel used in the process was prepared by an epichlorohydrin-activation method using epichlorohydrin activated Sepharose 4B as a matrix and p-aminobenzamidine as a ligand. The chromatographic process were numerically simulated and analyzed with the aid of VERSE-LC computer simulator. Considering the basic principles, rate model with the back mixing in column inlet was utilized in simulating and studying the effect of the column inlet pattern on other parameters. Comparison of the simulation results with the experimental data showed that the rate model can be used to describe the affinity chromatography of urokinase in a fixed bed column with satisfactory accuracy.
11. Intracavitary urokinase in the treatment of multiloculated liver abscess : a case report
Lee, Jeong Min; Lee, Mi Suk; Lee, Jin Hee; Ym, Seong Hee [Namwon Medical Center, Namwon (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Chong Soo; Han, Young Min; Choi, Ki Chul [Chonbuk National Univ. College of Medicine, Chonju (Korea, Republic of)
1997-08-01
Radiologically-guided percutaneous abscess drainage has been preferred as a therapeutic modality for hepatic abscesses, though where these have been septated or multilocular, its success rate has often been low. The results of several clinical and in vitro studies have recently suggested that in difficult cases, where abscesses occur in the peritoneal cavity and retroperitoneum, or multiloculated empyema of the thorax, urokinase may be useful. To our knowledge, however, there has been only one report of a case of liver abscess in which intracavitary urokinase was administered. The authors therefore report a case of multiseptated hepatic abscess occuring in a 53-year-man. Conventional percutaneous tube drainage failed, but the use of transcatheter intracavitary urokinase was successful. Diagnosis and continuing assessment involved a combination of ultrasound and CT scanning.
12. Two distinct expression patterns of urokinase, urokinase receptor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in colon cancer liver metastases
Illemann, Martin; Bird, Nigel; Majeed, Ali;
2009-01-01
Metastatic growth and invasion by colon cancer cells in the liver requires the ability of the cancer cells to interact with the new tissue environment. Plasmin(ogen) is activated on cell surfaces by urokinase-type PA (uPA), and is regulated by uPAR and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1......). To compare the expression patterns of uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 in colon cancer with that in their liver metastases, we analysed matched samples from 14 patients. In all 14 primary colon cancers, we found upregulation of uPAR, uPA mRNA and PAI-1 in primarily stromal cells at the invasive front. In 5 of the 14......, whereas 8 of the remaining 9 showed direct contact between the cancer cells and the liver parenchyma. We conclude that there are 2 distinct patterns of expression of uPAR, uPA and PAI-1 in colon cancer liver metastases and that these correlate closely with 2 morphological growth patterns. These findings...
13. Effects of acute and 2-hour postphysical activity on the estimation of body fat made by the bod pod.
Harrop, Bradley J; Woodruff, Sarah J
2015-06-01
The Bod Pod has been found to be reliable/valid against several criterion methods, including hydrostatic weighing and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and under different conditions, such as clothing, dehydrated states, and body temperature changes. However, questions remain regarding the effects of an acute bout of exercise. Therefore, the purpose was to determine the effects of an acute bout of exercise on the estimations made by the Bod Pod. Participants (15 men and 22 women) were of age 18-27 years and were currently exercising. Baseline Bod Pod measures were completed followed by a 30-minute cycling trial at 75% of maximum heart rate. Bod Pod measures were taken immediately after exercise and 2 hours after exercise. Differences between men and women were found at baseline between height (p Bod Pod testing seems to alter the estimate of %BF, and continues to affect the prediction 2 hours after exercise in women.
14. Regimes internacionais
Meireles, André Bezerra
2004-01-01
Dissertação (mestraddo) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito. Qual o papel dos regimes internacionais com relação ao comportamento dos agentes das relações internacionais contemporâneas, em especial, o Estado? Dentro das negociações de uma esfera internacional caracterizada por uma forte interdependência econômica, verificada a existência de múltiplos canais de conexões entre as sociedades, e uma tendência contínua p...
15. Neuroprotection by urokinase plasminogen activator in the hippocampus.
Cho, Eunsil; Lee, Kyung Jin; Seo, Jung-Woo; Byun, Catherine Jeonghae; Chung, Sun-Ju; Suh, Dae Chul; Carmeliet, Peter; Koh, Jae-Young; Kim, Jong S; Lee, Joo-Yong
2012-04-01
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), which are both used for thrombolytic treatment of acute ischemic stroke, are serine proteases that convert plasminogen to active plasmin. Although recent experimental evidences have raised controversy about the neurotoxic versus neuroprotective roles of tPA in acute brain injury, uPA remains unexplored in this context. In this study, we evaluated the effect of uPA on neuronal death in the hippocampus of mice after kainate-induced seizures. In the normal brain, uPA was localized to both nuclei and cytosol of neurons. Following severe kainate-induced seizures, uPA completely disappeared in degenerating neurons, whereas uPA-expressing astrocytes substantially increased, suggesting reactive astrogliosis. uPA-knockout mice were more vulnerable to kainate-induced neuronal death than wild-type mice. Consistent with this, inhibition of uPA by intracerebral injection of the uPA inhibitor UK122 increased the level of neuronal death. In contrast, prior administration of recombinant uPA significantly attenuated neuronal death. Collectively, these results indicate that uPA renders neurons resistant to kainate-induced excitotoxicity. Moreover, recombinant uPA suppressed cell death in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons exposed to H2O2, zinc, or various excitotoxins, suggesting that uPA protects against neuronal injuries mediated by the glutamate receptor, or by oxidation- or zinc-induced death signaling pathways. Considering that tPA may facilitate neurodegeneration in acute brain injury, we suggest that uPA, as a neuroprotectant, might be beneficial for the treatment of acute brain injuries such as ischemic stroke.
16. Jet and ultrasonic nebulization of single chain urokinase plasminogen activator (scu-PA)
Münster, Anna-Marie; Bendstrup, E; Jensen, J.I.
2000-01-01
Recent studies have indicated that the deposition of intra-alveolar fibrin may play a central role in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Our aim was to study whether the indigenous fibrinolytic agent (urokinase) normally present in the alveoli can be administered...
17. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor forms in plasma as markers of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability
Olson, Fredrik J; Thurison, Tine; Ryndel, Mikael;
2009-01-01
OBJECTIVES:: To test if circulating forms of the soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) are potential biomarkers of plaque vulnerability. DESIGN AND METHODS:: Plasma concentrations of suPAR(I-III), suPAR(II-III) and uPAR(I) were measured by time-resolved fluorescence immuno...
18. Characterization of human endothelial cell urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor protein and messenger RNA
Barnathan, E S; Kuo, A; Karikó, K
1990-01-01
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture (HUVEC) express receptors for urokinase-type plasminogen activators (u-PA). The immunochemical nature of this receptor and its relationship to u-PA receptors expressed by other cell types is unknown. Cross-linking active site-blocked u-PA to HUVEC...
19. A sensitive bioimmunoassay for thrombin-cleaved two-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (abstract)
Braat, E.A.M.; Nauland, U.; Dooijewaard, G.; Rijken, P.C.
1996-01-01
Thrombin cleaves single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scu-PA) into a virtually inactive two-chain form (tcu-PA/T). Little is known about the physiological importance of tcu-PA/T. To examine the occurrence of tcu-PA/T in vivo, we developed a sensitive and specific bioimmunoassay (BIA) f
20. The urokinase receptor (uPAR) facilitates clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi
Hovius, J.W.R.; Bijlsma, M.F.; van der Windt, G.J.W.; Wiersinga, W.J.; Boukens, B.J.D.; Coumou, J.; Oei, A.; de Beer, R.; de Vos, A.F.; van 't Veer, C.; van Dam, A.P.; Wang, P.; Fikrig, E.; Levi, M.M.; Roelofs, J.J.T.H.; van der Poll, T.
2009-01-01
The causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, has been shown to induce expression of the urokinase receptor (uPAR); however, the role of uPAR in the immune response against Borrelia has never been investigated. uPAR not only acts as a proteinase receptor, but can also
1. Reduction of mouse atherosclerosis by urokinase inhibition or with a limited-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
Hu, Jie Hong; Touch, Phanith; Zhang, Jingwan;
2015-01-01
AIMS: Elevated activity of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and MMPs in human arteries is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, aneurysms, and plaque rupture. We used Apoe-null mice with macrophage-specific uPA overexpression (SR-uPA mice; a well-characterized model of protease-accele...
2. Circulating intact and cleaved forms of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor
Sørensen, Tine Thurison; Christensen, Ib J; Lund, Ida K;
2015-01-01
BACKGROUND: High levels of circulating forms of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) are significantly associated to poor prognosis in cancer patients. Our aim was to determine biological variations and reference intervals of the uPAR forms in blood, and in addition, to test t...
3. Regulation of urokinase receptors in monocytelike U937 cells by phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate
Picone, R; Kajtaniak, E L; Nielsen, L S
1989-01-01
A specific surface receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) recognizes the amino-terminal growth factor-like sequence of uPA, a region independent from and not required for the catalytic activity of this enzyme. The properties of the uPA receptor (uPAR) and the localization and distribu...
4. Urokinase mediates endothelial cell survival via induction of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
Prager, Gerald W; Mihaly, Judit; Brunner, Patrick M;
2008-01-01
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) additionally elicits a whole array of pro-angiogenic responses, such as differentiation, proliferation, and migration. In this study, we demonstrate that in endothelial cells uPA also protects against apoptosis by transcriptional up-regulation and partia...
5. Proteolytic modulation of thrombopoietin activity: comparison of thrombin, plasmin, and urokinase.
Reiner, A P; Aramaki, K M
2000-06-01
Several observations suggest that limited proteolysis of full-length 70 kD human thrombopoietin (Tpo) may be important for Tpo biology. Recently, it was reported that thrombin cleaves full-length recombinant human Tpo (rhTpo) sequentially at two sites, Arg(195) within the glycan domain followed by Arg(117) within the cytokine domain, and that these cleavages modulate Tpo activity in vitro. We demonstrate that urokinase and plasmin also cleave rhTpo in a time-dependent manner. Urokinase cleavage is confined to the glycan domain, and generates a 35 kD N-terminal fragment that contains the intact cytokine domain, and is associated with increased Tpo activity. In contrast, plasmin cleaves Tpo sequentially at two specific sites (Arg(205) within the glycan domain followed by Lys(52) within the cytokine domain), and is associated with a marked decrease in Tpo activity. These proteolytic events have potential implications for regulation of Tpo activity in vivo.
6. Urokinase Separation from Cell Culture Broth of a Human Kidney Cell Line
Vibha Bansal, Pradip K. Roychoudhury, Ashok Kumar
2007-01-01
Full Text Available A single step ion-exchange chromatography on a sulfo-propyl (SP- Sepharose column was performed to separate both the high molecular weight (HMW- and low molecular weight (LMW- forms of enzymatically active urokinase type plasminogen activator from human kidney (HT1080 cell culture media. The level of urokinase secreted by the cell line reached to about 145 Plough units/ml culture broth within 48 h of cultivation. The conditioned cell culture media was applied directly to the column without any prior concentration steps. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the column eluates in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate showed that the cell line secretes three forms of two-chain high molecular weight (HMW urokinase of molecular weights (Mr 64,000, 60,900 and 55,000. In addition, two low molecular weight (LMW forms of Mr 22,000 and 20,000; proteolytic cleavage products of HMW, were also found. The HMW and LMW forms had intrinsic plasminogen dependent proteolytic activity as judged by zymographic analysis. The specific activity of the pooled peak fractions increased (approximately 93-fold to values as high as 1481 Plough units/ mg protein. Both HMW as well as LMW forms were obtained in significantly high yields.
7. Anterograde Intra-Arterial Urokinase Injection for Salvaging Fibular Free Flap
Dae-Sung Lee
2013-05-01
Full Text Available We present a case of a 57-year-old male patient who presented with squamous cell carcinoma on his mouth floor with cervical and mandibular metastases. Wide glossectomy with intergonial mandibular ostectomy, and sequential reconstruction using fibular osteomyocutaneous free flap were planned. When the anastomosis between the peroneal artery of the fibular free flap and the right lingual artery was performed, no venous flow was observed at the vena comitans. Then re-anastomosis followed by topical application of papaverine and lidocaine was attempted. However, the blood supply was not recovered. Warm saline irrigation over 30 minutes was also useless. Microvascular thromboses of donor vessels were clinically suspected, so a solution of 100,000 units of urokinase was infused once through a 26-gauge angiocatheter inserted into the recipient artery just at the arterial anastomotic site, until the solution gushed out through the flap vena comitans. Immediately after the application of urokinase, arterial flow and venous return were restored. There were no complications during the follow-up period of 11 months. We believe that vibrating injuries from the reciprocating saw during osteotomies and flap insetting might be the cause of microvascular thromboses. The use of urokinase may provide a viable option for the treatment of suspicious intraoperative arterial thrombosis.
8. Anterograde intra-arterial urokinase injection for salvaging fibular free flap.
Lee, Dae-Sung; Jung, Sun-Il; Kim, Deok-Woo; Dhong, Eun-Sang
2013-05-01
We present a case of a 57-year-old male patient who presented with squamous cell carcinoma on his mouth floor with cervical and mandibular metastases. Wide glossectomy with intergonial mandibular ostectomy, and sequential reconstruction using fibular osteomyocutaneous free flap were planned. When the anastomosis between the peroneal artery of the fibular free flap and the right lingual artery was performed, no venous flow was observed at the vena comitans. Then re-anastomosis followed by topical application of papaverine and lidocaine was attempted. However, the blood supply was not recovered. Warm saline irrigation over 30 minutes was also useless. Microvascular thromboses of donor vessels were clinically suspected, so a solution of 100,000 units of urokinase was infused once through a 26-gauge angiocatheter inserted into the recipient artery just at the arterial anastomotic site, until the solution gushed out through the flap vena comitans. Immediately after the application of urokinase, arterial flow and venous return were restored. There were no complications during the follow-up period of 11 months. We believe that vibrating injuries from the reciprocating saw during osteotomies and flap insetting might be the cause of microvascular thromboses. The use of urokinase may provide a viable option for the treatment of suspicious intraoperative arterial thrombosis.
9. Correlation of 2 hour, 4 hour, 8 hour and 12 hour urine protein with 24 hour urinary protein in preeclampsia.
Savita Rani Singhal
2014-09-01
Full Text Available To find shortest and reliable time period of urine collection for determination of proteinuria.It is a prospective study carried out on 125 pregnant women with preeclampsia after 20 weeks of gestation having urine albumin >1 using dipstick test. Urine was collected in five different time intervals in colors labeled containers with the assistance of nursing staff; the total collection time was 24 hours. Total urine protein of two-hour, four-hour, eight-hour, 12-hour and 24-hour urine was measured and compared with 24-hour collection. Data was analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient.There was significant correlation (p value < 0.01 in two, four, eight and 12-hour urine protein with 24-urine protein, with correlation coefficient of 0.97, 0.97, 0.96 and 0.97, respectively. When a cut off value of 25 mg, 50 mg. 100 mg, and 150 mg for urine protein were used for 2-hour, 4-hours, 8-hour and 12-hour urine collection, a sensitivity of 92.45%, 95.28%, 91.51%, and 96.23% and a specificity of 68.42%, 94.74%, 84.21% and 84.21% were obtained, respectively.Two-hour urine proteins can be used for assessment of proteinuria in preeclampsia instead of gold standard 24-hour urine collection for early diagnosis and better patient compliance.
10. Structure, function and expression on blood and bone marrow cells of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, uPAR
Plesner, T; Behrendt, N; Ploug, M
1997-01-01
Several important functions have been assigned to the receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator, uPAR. As implied by the name, uPAR was first identified as a high affinity cellular receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). It mediates the binding of the zymogen, pro-uPA, to the ...
11. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression in early focal cerebral infarction following urokinase thrombolysis in rats
Yuqiang Song; Hongli Zou; Guofeng Wang; Hongxia Yang; Zhaohong Xie; Jianzhong Bi
2012-01-01
Activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 increases following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, and is associated with cerebral microvascular permeability, blood-brain barrier destruction, inflammatory cell infiltration and brain edema. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 also likely participates in thrombolysis. A rat model of middle cerebral artery infarction was established by injecting autologous blood clots into the internal carotid artery. At 3 hours following model induction, urokinase was injected into the caudal vein. Decreased neurological severity score, reduced infarct volume, and increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 were observed in the cerebral cortex 24 hours after urokinase thrombolysis. These results suggest that urokinase can suppress damage in the acute-early stage of cerebral infarction.
12. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor affects bone homeostasis by regulating osteoblast and osteoclast function
Furlan, Federico; Galbiati, Clara; Jørgensen, Niklas R;
2007-01-01
reorganization in mature osteoclasts. INTRODUCTION: Urokinase receptor (uPAR) is actively involved in the regulation of important cell functions, such as proliferation, adhesion, and migration. It was previously shown that the major players in bone remodeling, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, express u...... with other osteoblasts markers. On the resorptive side, the number of osteoclasts formed in vitro from uPAR KO monocytes was decreased. Podosome imaging in uPAR KO osteoclasts revealed a defect in actin ring formation. CONCLUSIONS: The defective proliferation and differentiation of bone cells, coincident...
13. Comparison of intravenous urokinase plus heparin versus heparin alone in acute myocardial infarction. Urochinasi per via Sistemica nell'Infarto Miocardico (USIM) Collaborative Group.
Rossi, P; Bolognese, L
1991-09-01
In a randomized trial of the effects on in-hospital mortality of intravenous urokinase plus heparin versus heparin alone, 2,531 patients with acute myocardial infarction in 89 coronary care units were enrolled for greater than 30 months. Patients admitted within 4 hours of the onset of pain were randomized to receive either intravenous urokinase (a bolus dose of 1 million U repeated after 60 minutes) plus heparin (a bolus dose of 10,000 U followed by 1,000 IU/hour for 48 hours) or heparin alone (infused at the same rate). Complete data were obtained in 2,201 patients (1,128 taking urokinase and 1,073 taking heparin). At 16 days, overall hospital mortality was 8% in the urokinase and 8.3% in the heparin group (p = not significant). Among patients with anterior infarction, mortality was 10.3% in the urokinase and 13.9% in the heparin group (p = 0.09; relative risk = 0.73). The incidence of major bleeding (urokinase 0.44%, heparin 0.37%) as well as the overall incidence of stroke (urokinase 0.35%, heparin 0.20%) was similar in the 2 groups. The rates of major in-hospital cardiac complications (reinfarction, postinfarction angina) were also similar.
14. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and hypertension among black South Africans after 5 years
Botha, Shani; Fourie, Carla Mt; Schutte, Rudolph;
2015-01-01
Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a biomarker that links inflammation with cardiovascular risk. However, studies linking suPAR and hypertension are scant. First, we determined whether baseline suPAR is elevated in normotensive black South Africans who developed hypertens......Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a biomarker that links inflammation with cardiovascular risk. However, studies linking suPAR and hypertension are scant. First, we determined whether baseline suPAR is elevated in normotensive black South Africans who developed...... hypertension over 5 years, compared with those who remained normotensive; and second, whether hypertension is associated with suPAR. This substudy is embedded in the South African leg of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study, performed in the North West Province. We investigated 429 normotensive......PAR with hypertensive status. This study highlights the need for more research on the role of suPAR in hypertension and cardiovascular disease development in black South Africans....
15. A sensitive bioimmunoassay for thrombin-cleaved two-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator in human body fluids
Braat, E.A.M.; Nauland, U.; Dooijewaard, G.; Rijken, D.C.
1996-01-01
Thrombin cleaves single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scu-PA) into a two-chain form (tcu-PA/T), which is virtually inactive in plasminogen activator assays. Little is known about the physiological importance of tcu-PA/T. To examine the occurrence of tcu-PA/T in vivo, we developed a sen
16. The plasma level of soluble urokinase receptor is elevated in patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia and predicts mortality
Wittenhagen, p; Kronborg, Gitte; Nielsen, H
2004-01-01
This multicentre prospective study was conducted to investigate whether the level of the soluble form of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is elevated during pneumococcal bacteraemia and is of predictive value in the early stage of the disease. Plasma levels of suPAR were incr...
17. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is a marker of dysmetabolism in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy
Andersen, Ove; Eugen-Olsen, Jesper; Kofoed, Kristian;
2008-01-01
Circulating soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) reflects the immune and pro-inflammatory status of the HIV-infected patient. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) suppresses suPAR. Independent of the immune response to HAART, suPAR remains elevated in some HIV-infected...
18. Soluble urokinase receptor is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with purulent meningitis and is associated with fatal outcome
Ostergaard, Christian; Benfield, Thomas; Lundgren, Jens D;
2004-01-01
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system has been suggested to play a pathophysiological role in brain damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate CSF levels of suPAR in 183 patients clinically suspected of having meningitis on admission. Of these, 54 patients were found to have purulent...
19. Genetic association of urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene rs2227564 site polymorphism with sporadic Alzheimer's disease in the Han Chinese population
Xuelian Ji; Longfei Jia; Jianping Jia; Li Qi
2012-01-01
A missense C/T polymorphism in exon 6 (the NCBI rsID is rs2227564) of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene has been identified as a possible hot spot for Alzheimer's disease risk.The present study analyzed urokinase-type plasminogen gene polymorphisms of rs2227564 with sporadic Alzheimer's disease by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism.Results showed that CC,CT and TT genotype distribution frequencies had significant differences between sporadic Alzheimer's disease patients and healthy controls.In-depth analysis of the association between urokinase-type plasminogen gene rs2227564 polymorphisms and sporadic Alzheimer's disease indicated that people with the C-positive genotype CC + CT were at a higher risk for developing sporadic Alzheimer's disease.These results support the contribution of the polymorphisms of rs2227564 in the urokinase-type plasminogen gene to the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease in the Han Chinese population.
Quitzau, Maj-Britt; Jensen, Jens Stissing; Elle, Morten;
2013-01-01
The endogenous agency that urban governments increasingly portray by making conscious and planned efforts to adjust the regimes they operate within is currently not well captured in transition studies. There is a need to acknowledge the ambiguity of regime enactment at the urban scale. This direc...
1. Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator-like Proteases in Teleosts Lack Genuine Receptor-binding Epidermal Growth Factor-like Domains
Bager, René; Kristensen, Thomas Kielsgaard; Jensen, Jan Kristian
2012-01-01
Plasminogen activation catalyzed by urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) plays an important role in normal and pathological tissue remodeling processes. Since its discovery in the mid-1980s, the cell membrane-anchored urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has been believed...... mammals and uPA-catalyzed plasminogen activation in fish may occur mainly in solution. Studies with nonmammalian vertebrate species are needed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of plasminogen activation....
2. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor on invasive cancer cells: A prognostic factor in distal gastric adenocarcinoma
Alpizar, Warner Enrique Alpizar; Christensen, Ib Jarle; Santoni-Rugiu, Eric
2012-01-01
Gastric cancer is the second cancer causing death worldwide. The five-year survival for this malignancy is below 25% and few parameters have shown an impact on the prognosis of the disease. The receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR) is involved in extracellular matrix degradation...... by mediating cell surface associated plasminogen activation, and its presence on gastric cancer cells is linked to micrometastasis and poor prognosis. Using immunohistochemistry, the prognostic significance of uPAR was evaluated in tissue samples from a retrospective series of 95 gastric cancer patients. u...... association between the expression of uPAR on tumor cells in the peripheral invasion zone and overall survival of gastric cancer patients (HR = 2.16; 95% CI: 1.13-4.14; p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis showed that uPAR immunoreactivity in cancer cells at the invasive front is an independent prognostic factor...
3. Quantitation of the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Rønne, E; Behrendt, N; Ploug, M;
1994-01-01
variant of uPAR, suPAR, has been constructed by recombinant technique and the protein content of a purified suPAR standard preparation was determined by amino acid composition analysis. The sensitivity of the assay (0.6 ng uPAR/ml) is strong enough to measure uPAR in extracts of cultured cells and cancer......Binding of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) to a specific cell surface receptor (uPAR) plays a crucial role in proteolysis during tissue remodelling and cancer invasion. An immunosorbent assay for the quantitation of uPAR has now been developed. This assay is based on two monoclonal...... tissue. Recent studies have shown that a high uPA level in tumor extracts is in some cancers associated with poor prognosis. The present assay will now allow similar prognostic studies of uPAR levels....
4. [Thrombolytic efficacy of a Lys-plasminogen-urokinase combination: studies in experimental animals and humans].
Latorre, J; Foncuberta, J; Rosendo, A; Elez, J
1990-01-01
During animal experimental phase, lis-pg combined with UK produced a thrombolysis of about a 62.5%. This effect is accompanied by an important fibrinolytic system activation, a decrease in fibrinogen levels (0.37 +/- 0.2 gr/l) and an increase PDF/Fg (120.5 +/- 30 ng/ml). Such thrombolytic stage produced diverse hemorrhagic complications in experimental animals. During human clinical trial stage, then patients with Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) at proximal lower limbs level were submitted to diverse treatment protocols with Lis-Plasminogen (Lis-plg) and Urokinase (UK). After preliminary outcomes we can conclude that administration of Lis-plg followed by UK increases the fibrinolytic activity but also increases the risk of hemorrhagic complications. This second effect is not probably caused by an specific absorption on the thrombo surface, but by an increase of circulating plasminogen levels Lis-plg exogenous-induced.
5. Targeting of peptide conjugated magnetic nanoparticles to urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expressing cells
Hansen, Line; Unmack Larsen, Esben Kjær; Nielsen, Erik Holm
2013-01-01
Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles are currently being used as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent in vivo, mainly by their passive accumulation in tissues of interest. However, a higher specificity can ideally be achieved when the nanoparticles are targeted...... towards cell specific receptors and this may also facilitate specific drug delivery by an enhanced target-mediated endocytosis. We report efficient peptide-mediated targeting of magnetic nanoparticles to cells expressing the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), a surface biomarker for poor...... to nanoparticles carrying a non-binding control peptide. In accordance with specific receptor-mediated recognition, a low uptake was observed in the presence of an excess of ATF, a natural ligand for uPAR. The uPAR specific magnetic nanoparticles can potentially provide a useful supplement for tumor patient...
6. Activation of pro-urokinase and plasminogen on human sarcoma cells
Stephens, R W; Pöllänen, J; Tapiovaara, H
1989-01-01
Human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells produce urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). We found that after incubation of monolayer cultures with purified native human plasminogen in serum-containing medium, bound plasmin activity could be eluted...... from the cells with tranexamic acid, an analogue of lysine. The bound plasmin was the result of plasminogen activation on the cell surface; plasmin activity was not taken up onto cells after deliberate addition of plasmin to the serum-containing medium. The cell surface plasmin formation was inhibited...... to inhibition by endogenous PAI-1 and by added PAI-2, while the cell-bound plasmin was inaccessible to serum inhibitors, but accessible to added aprotinin and an anticatalytic monoclonal antibody. A model for cell surface plasminogen activation is proposed in which plasminogen binding to cells from serum medium...
7. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in acute care
Rasmussen, Line Jee Hartmann; Ladelund, Steen; Haupt, Thomas Huneck
2016-01-01
with age, admission time, admission to intensive care unit and Charlson score. CONCLUSIONS: In this large unselected population of acute medical patients, suPAR is strongly associated with disease severity, readmission and mortality after adjusting for all other risk factors, indicating that suPAR adds....... METHODS: This registry-based retrospective cohort study included 4343 consecutively admitted patients from the Acute Medical Unit at a large Danish university hospital. Time to readmission and death were analysed by multiple Cox regression. Results were reported as HRs for 30-day and 90-day follow......OBJECTIVE: Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is an inflammatory biomarker associated with presence and progression of disease and with increased risk of mortality. We aimed to evaluate the unspecific biomarker suPAR as a prognostic marker in patients admitted to acute care...
8. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor affects bone homeostasis by regulating osteoblast and osteoclast function
Furlan, Federico; Galbiati, Clara; Jørgensen, Niklas R;
2007-01-01
reorganization in mature osteoclasts. INTRODUCTION: Urokinase receptor (uPAR) is actively involved in the regulation of important cell functions, such as proliferation, adhesion, and migration. It was previously shown that the major players in bone remodeling, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, express u...... to mechanical tests. UPAR KO calvaria osteoblasts were characterized by proliferation assays, RT-PCR for important proteins secreted during differentiation, and immunoblot for activator protein 1 (AP-1) family members. In vitro osteoclast formation was tested with uPAR KO bone marrow monocytes in the presence...... a proliferative advantage with no difference in apoptosis, higher matrix mineralization, and earlier appearance of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Surface RANKL expression at different stages of differentiation was not altered. AP-1 components, such as JunB and Fra-1, were upregulated in uPAR KO osteoblasts, along...
9. Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor Levels in Patients With Schizophrenia
Nielsen, Jimmi; Røge, Rasmus; Pristed, Sofie Gry;
2015-01-01
BACKGROUND: The etiology of schizophrenia remains largely unknown but alterations in the immune system may be involved. In addition to the psychiatric symptoms, schizophrenia is also associated with up to 20 years reduction in life span. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (su......PAR) is a protein that can be measured in blood samples and reflects the levels of inflammatory activity. It has been associated with mortality and the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. METHODS: suPAR levels in patients with schizophrenia were compared to healthy controls from the Danish...... Blood Donor Study. SuPAR levels were dichotomized at >4.0 ng/ml, which is considered the threshold for low grade inflammation. A multiple logistic regression model was used and adjusted for age, sex, and current smoking. RESULTS: In total we included 1009 subjects, 105 cases with schizophrenia (10...
10. Ligand binding alters dimerization and sequestering of urokinase receptors in raft-mimicking lipid mixtures.
Ge, Yifan; Siegel, Amanda P; Jordan, Rainer; Naumann, Christoph A
2014-11-01
Lipid heterogeneities, such as lipid rafts, are widely considered to be important for the sequestering of membrane proteins in plasma membranes, thereby influencing membrane protein functionality. However, the underlying mechanisms of such sequestration processes remain elusive, in part, due to the small size and often transient nature of these functional membrane heterogeneities in cellular membranes. To overcome these challenges, here we report the sequestration behavior of urokinase receptor (uPAR), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, in a planar model membrane platform with raft-mimicking lipid mixtures of well-defined compositions using a powerful optical imaging platform consisting of confocal spectroscopy XY-scans, photon counting histogram, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy analyses. This methodology provides parallel information about receptor sequestration, oligomerization state, and lateral mobility with single molecule sensitivity. Most notably, our experiments demonstrate that moderate changes in uPAR sequestration are not only associated with modifications in uPAR dimerization levels, but may also be linked to ligand-mediated allosteric changes of these membrane receptors. Our data show that these modifications in uPAR sequestration can be induced by exposure to specific ligands (urokinase plasminogen activator, vitronectin), but not via adjustment of the cholesterol level in the planar model membrane system. Good agreement of our key findings with published results on cell membranes confirms the validity of our model membrane approach. We hypothesize that the observed mechanism of receptor translocation in the presence of raft-mimicking lipid mixtures is also applicable to other glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins.
11. Exchange rate regime choice
Beker Emilija
2006-01-01
Full Text Available The choice of an adequate exchange rate regime proves to be a highly sensitive field within which the economic authorities present and confirm themselves. The advantages and disadvantages of fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes, which have been quite relativized from the conventional point of view, together with simultaneous, but not synchronized effects of structural and external factors, remain permanently questioned throughout a complex process of exchange rate regime decision making. The paper reflects the attempt of critical identification of the key exchange rate performances with emphasis on continuous non-uniformity and (uncertainty of shelf life of a relevant choice.
12. Measuring autocratic regime stability
Joseph Wright
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Researchers measure regime stability in autocratic contexts using a variety of data sources that capture distinct concepts. Often this research uses concepts developed for the study of democratic politics, such as leadership change or institutionalized authority, to construct measures of regime breakdown in non-democratic contexts. This article assesses whether the measure a researcher chooses influences the results they obtain by examining data on executive leadership, political authority, and autocratic regimes. We illustrate the conceptual differences between these variables by extending recent studies in the literature on the political consequences of non-tax revenue and unearned foreign income.
13. Immunohistochemical localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and α2-antiplasmin in human corneal perforation: a case report
Sugioka Koji
2012-11-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Corneal ulceration leading to perforation is associated with infectious and non-infectious destructive conditions in the cornea. The fibrinolytic (plasminogen/plasmin system is considered to contribute to tissue remodeling in the wound healing process and it is believed to play an important role in proteolysis and fibrosis. To determine the localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA, u-PA receptor (u-PAR and α2-antiplasmin (α2AP in the tissue of a corneal perforation, we investigated immunohistochemical expressions of u-PA, u-PAR, α2AP, CD68, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA in a patient with corneal perforation that developed from an ulcer of no clear cause. Case presentation The patient was a 77-year-old woman who presented with a perforated corneal ulcer in her right eye. The cause of her corneal ulcer was unknown. Double immunohistochemistry was performed for the combinations of u-PA with u-PAR, CD68 or α-SMA and α2AP with CD68 or α-SMA to detect the localization of u-PA and α2AP. u-PA and u-PAR co-localization was seen in the corneal ulceration area. u-PA was mainly observed in CD68-positive cells and in some α-SMA positive cells. On the other hand, α2AP was not expressed in CD68-positive cells, but was expressed in α-SMA positive cells. Conclusion We identified expression of the u-PA/u-PAR complex and α2AP in a patient with a corneal ulcer. These two molecules are believed to play a crucial role in inflammatory cell recruitment, ECM synthesis and degradation during corneal wound healing.
14. Quantitative PET of human urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor with 64Cu-DOTA-AE105
2012-01-01
Expression levels of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) represent an established biomarker for poor prognosis in a variety of human cancers. The objective of the present study was to explore whether noninvasive PET can be used to perform a quantitative assessment of expressi...... levels of uPAR across different human cancer xenograft models in mice and to illustrate the clinical potential of uPAR PET in future settings for individualized therapy.......Expression levels of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) represent an established biomarker for poor prognosis in a variety of human cancers. The objective of the present study was to explore whether noninvasive PET can be used to perform a quantitative assessment of expression...
15. Altered expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor in high-risk soft tissue sarcomas
Benassi, M S; Ponticelli, F.; Azzoni, E.; Gamberi, G.; Pazzaglia, L.; Chiechi, A.; Conti, A; Spessotto, P.; Scapolan, M; Pignotti, E; P Bacchini; Picci, P.
2007-01-01
In recent years, classification of soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) has improved with cytogenetic analyses, but their clinical behavior is still not easily predictable. The aim of this study was to detect alterations in the urokinase-type plasminogen system, involved in tumor growth and invasion, by comparing mRNA levels of its components with those of paired normal tissues, and relating them with patient clinical course. Real-time PCR was performed on human STS cell lines a...
16. Administration of Recombinant Soluble Urokinase Receptor Per Se Is Not Sufficient to Induce Podocyte Alterations and Proteinuria in Mice
Cathelin, Dominique; Placier, Sandrine; Ploug, Michael
2014-01-01
Circulating levels of soluble forms of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) are generally elevated in sera from children and adults with FSGS compared with levels in healthy persons or those with other types of kidney disease. In mice lacking the gene encoding uPAR, forced increa...... in increased glomerular proteinuria or altered podocyte architecture. Our findings suggest that glomerular deposits of suPAR caused by elevated plasma levels are not sufficient to engender albuminuria....
17. Urokinase-targeted recombinant bacterial protein toxins-a rationally designed and engineered anticancer agent for cancer therapy
Yizhen LIU; Shi-Yan LI
2009-01-01
Urokinase-targeted recombinant bacterial protein toxins are a sort of rationally designed and engineered anticancer recombinant fusion proteins representing a novel class of agents for cancer therapy.Bacterial protein toxins have long been known as the primary virulence factor(s) for a variety of pathogenic bacteria and are the most powerful human poisons.On the other hand,it has been well documented that urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR),making up the uPA system,are overexpressed in a variety of human tumors and tumor cell lines.The expression of uPA system is highly correlated with tumor invasion and metastasis.To exploit these characteristics in the design of tumor cell-selective cytotoxins,two prominent bacterial protein toxins,i.e.,the diphtheria toxin and anthrax toxin are deliberately engineered through placing a sequence targeted specifically by the uPA system to form anticancer recombinant fusion proteins.These uPA system-targeted bacterial protein toxins are activated selectively on the surface of uPA systemexpressing tumor cells,thereby killing these cells.This article provides a review on the latest progress in the exploitation of these recombinant fusion proteins as potent tumoricidal agents.It is perceptible that the strategies for cancer therapy are being innovated by this novel therapeutic approach.
18. 纳米尿激酶的性状研究%Characterization of urokinase chitosan nanoparticles
金海将; 张皓; 张柏根; 孙敏莉
2011-01-01
背景:尿激酶半衰期短,需持续大量给药,并发症也不小,故有必要研制具有缓释作用的溶栓药物.目的:了解包载尿激酶的水溶性壳聚糖纳米粒子的性状.方法:将壳聚糖和三聚磷酸钠以离子凝集法制备尿激酶纳米粒子后,用透射电镜观察其形态,采用粒径仪测纳米粒子粒径,酶标仪比色法测粒子包封率,纳米粒子冻干法测其载药量,并检测体内外纳米粒子缓释特性.结果与结论:当壳聚糖、三聚磷酸钠、尿激酶的质量比为7∶1∶1时,不仅溶液稳定,形成的纳米粒子粒径小,而且包封率和载药量均合适.制备出包封率最高达94.8%的尿激酶纳米粒子,载药量为14.5%,此时平均粒径236 nm,透射电镜观察示粒子形态较规则,呈球形;粒子具有较好的缓释性能;表明将尿激酶包被于纳米粒子中,避免了消化酶的直接作用,延长了半衰期,不仅在体内能保持较长时间的活性,而且具有明显的缓释效果.%BACKGROUND: Because urokinase has a short half-life, and has a sustained large dose, resulting in in negligible complications,it is necessary to develops low- release thrombolytic drugs .OBJECTIVE: To study the characterization of urokinase chitosan nanoparticles.METHODS: The nanoparticles were prepared via the self-assembly of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate. Themorphololywas observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Particle size was measured with particle size instrument Theencapsulation efficiency was tested by ELISA Reader. Drug loading efficiency was measured by the way of weighing lyophiizedpowder. Release characteristics of the nanoparticles were investigated both in vitro and in vivo.RESULT SAND CONCLUSION: When the mass ratio of chitosan, sodium trip olyphosph ate, and ur ok in as was 7:1:1, the solutionwas stable, the nanoparticle size was small, and drug encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency were appropriate. When thehighest encapsulation
19. Targeting of peptide conjugated magnetic nanoparticles to urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expressing cells
Hansen, Line; Unmack Larsen, Esben Kjær; Nielsen, Erik Holm; Iversen, Frank; Liu, Zhuo; Thomsen, Karen; Pedersen, Michael; Skrydstrup, Troels; Nielsen, Niels Chr.; Ploug, Michael; Kjems, Jørgen
2013-08-01
Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles are currently being used as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent in vivo, mainly by their passive accumulation in tissues of interest. However, a higher specificity can ideally be achieved when the nanoparticles are targeted towards cell specific receptors and this may also facilitate specific drug delivery by an enhanced target-mediated endocytosis. We report efficient peptide-mediated targeting of magnetic nanoparticles to cells expressing the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), a surface biomarker for poor patient prognosis shared by several cancers including breast, colorectal, and gastric cancers. Conjugation of a uPAR specific targeting peptide onto polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated USPIO nanoparticles by click chemistry resulted in a five times higher uptake in vitro in a uPAR positive cell line compared to nanoparticles carrying a non-binding control peptide. In accordance with specific receptor-mediated recognition, a low uptake was observed in the presence of an excess of ATF, a natural ligand for uPAR. The uPAR specific magnetic nanoparticles can potentially provide a useful supplement for tumor patient management when combined with MRI and drug delivery.Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles are currently being used as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent in vivo, mainly by their passive accumulation in tissues of interest. However, a higher specificity can ideally be achieved when the nanoparticles are targeted towards cell specific receptors and this may also facilitate specific drug delivery by an enhanced target-mediated endocytosis. We report efficient peptide-mediated targeting of magnetic nanoparticles to cells expressing the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), a surface biomarker for poor patient prognosis shared by several cancers including breast, colorectal, and gastric cancers. Conjugation of a uPAR specific
20. World Nonproliferation Regime
Ouyang Liping; Wu Xingzuo
2007-01-01
2006 witnessed an intense struggle between nuclear proliferation and nonproliferation. Iran's nuclear issue and North Korea's nuclear test have cast a deep shadow over the current international nonproliferation regime. The international contest for civil nuclear development became especially fierce as global energy prices went up. Such a situation , to some extent, accelerated the pace of nuclear proliferation. Furthermore, the existing international nonproliferation regime, based upon the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), was affected by loopholes, and the U.S. failed in its ambition to unite other forces to mend fences. The international community needs to come up with a comprehensive and long-term strategy to meet the demand for an effective future nonproliferation regime in a healthy nuclear order.
1. Identification of a Novel Nucleus Protein Involved in the Regulation of Urokinase in 95D Cells
Chang TONG; Li TAN; Ping LI; Yun-Song ZHU
2005-01-01
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) plays an important role in cellular invasion.By using the downstream part of a 74 bp DNA region called the cooperation mediator (COM) of the uPA promoter as a bait sequence in the yeast one-hybrid screen, a gene called PBK1 was previously cloned from the cDNA library of the 95D lung cancer cell strain. In this study, the intracellular distribution of PBK1 was studied by using the transient transfection of pEGFP-C3-PBK1, and PBK1 was found to be localized in the nucleus. Co-transfection of pEGFP-C3-PBK1 and the deletion mutants of the pGL3-uPA promoter indicated that PBK1 can increase the uPA promoter activity by about 25% and this effect is uPA enhancer-dependent.Western blotting and Enzyme-linked immunoadsordent assay further confirmed that PBK1 can upregulate the expression of uPA. Our results suggest that PBK1 is involved in the regulation of uPA expression, which might provide a new clue to further understanding the regulation mechanism of uPA expression.
2. Homocysteine and its thiolactone impair plasmin activity induced by urokinase or streptokinase in vitro.
Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, Joanna; Talar, Beata; Nowak, Pawel; Olas, Beata; Wachowicz, Barbara
2012-04-01
Mechanisms of homocysteine (Hcy) contribution to thrombosis are complex and only partly recognized. The available data suggest that the prothrombotic activity of homocysteine may be not only a result of the changes in coagulation process and endothelial dysfunction, but also the dysfunction of fibrinolysis. The aim of the present work was to assess the effects of homocysteine (10-100 μM mM) and its thiolactone (HTL, 0.1-1 μM) on plasminogen and plasmin functions in vitro. The amidolytic activity of generated plasmin in Hcy or HTL-treated plasminogen and plasma samples was measured by the hydrolysis of chromogenic substrate. Effects of Hcy and HTL on proteolytic activity of plasmin were monitored electrophoretically, by using of fibrinogen as a substrate. The exposure of human plasma and purified plasminogen to Hcy or HTL resulted in the decrease of urokinase-induced plasmin activity. In plasminogen samples treated with the highest concentration of homocysteine (100 μM) or thiolactone (1 μM), the activity of plasmin was inhibited by about 50%. In plasma samples, a reduction of amidolytic activity by about 30% (for 100 μM Hcy) and 40% (for 1 μM HTL), was observed. Both Hcy and HTL were also able to diminish the streptokinase-induced proteolytic activity of plasmin. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study demonstrate that Hcy and HTL may affect fibrinolytic properties of plasminogen and plasma, leading to the decrease of plasmin activity.
3. Interferon-alpha (Intron A) upregulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor gene expression.
Wu, Shanshan; Murrell, George A C; Wang, Yao
2002-07-01
The regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) gene expression by interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha, or Intron A) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was studied in a HCT116 colon cancer cell line. uPAR mRNA levels were increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner in cells stimulated with IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma. uPAR protein levels reflected IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma induction of uPAR mRNA production. Cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, also induced uPAR mRNA accumulation either alone or in combination with IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma, suggesting that the effect on uPAR mRNA levels activated by IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma does not require de novo protein synthesis. Both sodium butyrate and amiloride inhibited the uPAR mRNA levels induced by IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma. These results may provide useful information for the treatment of patients receiving IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma.
4. Monocyte-expressed urokinase regulates human vascular smooth muscle cell migration in a coculture model.
Kusch, Angelika; Tkachuk, Sergey; Lutter, Steffen; Haller, Hermann; Dietz, Rainer; Lipp, Martin; Dumler, Inna
2002-01-01
Interactions of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) with monocytes recruited to the arterial wall at a site of injury, with resultant modulation of VSMC growth and migration, are central to the development of vascular intimal thickening. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expressed by monocytes is a potent chemotactic factor for VSMC and might serve for the acceleration of vascular remodeling. In this report, we demonstrate that coculture of human VSMC with freshly isolated peripheral blood-derived human monocytes results in significant VSMC migration that increases during the coculture period. Accordingly, VSMC adhesion was inhibited with similar kinetics. VSMC proliferation, however, was not affected and remained at the same basal level during the whole period of coculture. The increase of VSMC migration in coculture was equivalent to the uPA-induced migration of monocultured VSMC and was blocked by addition into coculture of soluble uPAR (suPAR). Analysis of uPA and uPAR expression in cocultured cells demonstrated that monocytes are a major source of uPA, whose expression increases in coculture five-fold, whereas VSMC display an increased expression of cell surface-associated uPAR. These findings indicate that upregulated uPA production by monocytes following vascular injury acts most likely as an endogenous activator of VSMC migration contributing to the remodeling of vessel walls.
5. Involvement of urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer: an overview.
Mekkawy, Ahmed H; Pourgholami, Mohammad H; Morris, David L
2014-09-01
Currently, there are several studies supporting the role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system in cancer. The association of uPA to its receptor triggers the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin. This process is regulated by the uPA inhibitors (PAI-1 and PAI-2). Plasmin promotes degradation of basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM) components as well as activation of ECM latent matrix metalloproteases. Degradation and remodeling of the surrounding tissues is crucial in the early steps of tumor progression by facilitating expansion of the tumor mass, release of tumor growth factors, activation of cytokines as well as induction of tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Hence, many tumors showed a correlation between uPA system component levels and tumor aggressiveness and survival. Therefore, this review summarizes the structure of the uPA system, its contribution to cancer progression, and the clinical relevance of uPA family members in cancer diagnosis. In addition, the review evaluates the significance of uPA system in the development of cancer-targeted therapies.
6. Soluble Urokinase Receptors in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Review on the Scientific Point of View
Andreas Kronbichler
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS is one of the primary glomerular disorders in both children and adults which can progress to end-stage renal failure. Although there are genetic and secondary causes, circulating factors have also been regarded as an important factor in the pathogenesis of FSGS, because about 40% of the patients with FSGS have recurrence after renal transplantation. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR is a soluble form of uPAR, which is a membrane-bound protein linked to GPI in various immunologically active cells, including podocytes. It has recently been suggested as a potential circulating factor in FSGS by in vitro podocyte experiments, in vivo mice models, and human studies. However, there have also been controversies on this issue, because subsequent studies showed conflicting results. suPAR levels were also increased in patients with other glomerular diseases and were inversely correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. Nevertheless, there has been no balanced review on this issue. In this review, we compare the conflicting data on the involvement of suPAR in the pathogenesis of FSGS and shed light on interpretation by taking into account many points and the potential variables and confounders influencing serum suPAR levels.
7. Augmented expression of urokinase plasminogen activator and extracellular matrix proteins associates with multiple myeloma progression.
Khan, Rehan; Gupta, Nidhi; Kumar, Raman; Sharma, Manoj; Kumar, Lalit; Sharma, Alpana
2014-06-01
Multiple myeloma (MM) represents a B cell malignancy, characterized by a monoclonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells. Interactions between tumor cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) are of importance for tumor invasion and metastasis. Protein levels of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and fibulin 1, nidogen and laminin in plasma and serum respectively and mRNA levels of these molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined in 80 subjects by using ELISA and quantitative PCR and data was analyzed with severity of disease. Pearson correlation was determined to observe interrelationship between different molecules. A statistical significant increase for ECM proteins (laminin, nidogen and fibulin 1) and uPA at circulatory level as well as at mRNA level was observed compared to healthy controls. The levels of these molecules in serum might be utilized as a marker of active disease. Significant positive correlation of all ECM proteins with uPA was found and data also correlates with severity of disease. Strong association found between ECM proteins and uPA in this study supports that there might be interplay between these molecules which can be targeted. This study on these molecules may help to gain insight into processes of growth, spread, and clinical behavior of MM.
8. EFFECT OF GLYCOSYLATION AT ASN302 OF PRO-UROKINASE ON ITS STABILITY IN CULTURE SUPERNATANT
2006-01-01
Objective To investigate the effect of glycosylation at Asn302 of pro-urokinase (pro-UK) on the stability in culture supernatant.Methods Nonglycosylated pro-UK was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis of Asn302 to Ala302. The proUK mutant and native pro-UK were transfected into dhfr-CHO cells, and serum-free culture supernatant was harvested and incubated at 4℃ and 37℃, respectively. The pro-UK activity in culture supernatant was measured by the optical density (OD) increase with time ( 12 hours) at 405 nm. Without thermolysin activation, the percentage of single chain pro-UK was measured.Results After 48 hours of incubation at 4℃, the activities of pro-UK mutant and native pro-UK decreased 3.7%and 2. 9% respectively, and at 37℃ decreased 37.9 % and 23.5 %, respectively. The total activity of native pro-UK was significantly higher than that of nonglycosylated mutant at 37℃. The single-chain percentage of native pro-UK was higher than that of nonglycosylated mutant at both 4℃ and 37℃.Conclusion Higher temperature increases the proteolysis of pro-UK. The glycosylation site on Asn302 is beneficial to pro-UK stability in culture supernatant.
9. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a marker for use of antidepressants.
Eva Haastrup
Full Text Available OBJECTIVES: Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of depression. A few cross-sectional population-based studies have found that depression is associated with increased levels of inflammatory markers. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activation receptor (suPAR is known to be a stable marker for inflammation. We investigated the bidirectional association between suPAR levels and use of antidepressants. METHODS: suPAR level was measured in 9305 blood donors and analysed in relation to 5-years follow-up data on purchase of antidepressants and hospital diagnoses of depression from a nationwide Danish register. RESULTS: For men and women without prior use of antidepressants we found a significantly higher risk for incident use of antidepressants with higher suPAR values. For men, the risk of first use of antidepressants increased by 72% from the 1st to the 4th quartile (HR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.11-2.69. For women, it increased by 108% from the 1st to the 4th quartile (HR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.45-2.98. Previous use of antidepressants was also significantly associated with higher suPAR levels (p = 0.002. CONCLUSIONS: High suPAR levels are associated with an increased risk for both previous and future use of antidepressants in healthy men and women. High suPAR are also associated with increased risk for a hospital diagnosis of depression.
10. The modified pulse-spray method using Urokinase in subacute and chronic thrombotic arterial occlusion
Kim, Youn Kil; Hahn, Seong Tae; Baek, Jee Hee; Kim, Choon Yul; Shinn, Kyung Sub [The Catholic Univ. College of Medicine, Seoul (Korea, Republic of)
1996-01-01
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the modified pulse-spray method using Urokinase(UK) in subacute and chronic thrombotic arterial occlusion. Modified pulse-spray methods using UK were performed in seven patients with subacute (1 week-1month) to chronic (1month-5years) occlusive symptoms such as limb pain, claudication and impotence. Angiographic examination revealed thrombotic occlusion of the aorta, common iliac arteries, brachial arterio-venous hemodialysis graft and femoro-popliteal bypass graft. The patients underwent thrombolysis using modified pulse-spray and additional constant infusion of UK. In the presence of underlying stenosis or organized clots, balloon angioplasty or stent placement was performed. Complete lysis was obtained in five of seven patients. For initial lysis, the mean dose of UK was 420,000 units, and the mean modified pulse-spray time was 50 minutes. Mean total dose of UK and mean total time for complete lysis were 800,000 units and 161 minutes, respectively. Thrombolysis of the femoro-popliteal bypass graft failed due to severe occlusion of the distal anastomosis. Partial lysis was achieved in one patient with aorto-illac occlusion, but further thrombolysis was stopped due to bleeding at the puncture site. The modified pulse-spray method using UK is effective in treating subacute and chronic arterial thrombotic occlusion. It augments the speed, safety and efficacy of thrombolysis. When underlying stenosis or organized clots remain after thrombolysis, ballon angioplasty or stent placement would be helpful.
11. Endovascular Treatment of Left Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis Using Urokinase Thrombolysis and Adjunctive Aspiration Thrombectomy
Suh, Sang Hyun; Lee, Do Yun; Won, Jong Yun [Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul (Korea, Republic of)
2010-02-15
To evaluate the efficacy of adjunctive aspiration thrombectomy for the treatment of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT). 24 patients (9 males and 15 females; mean age, 53 years), treated by aspiration thrombectomy were enrolled in this study. The day after undergoing urokinase (UK) thrombolysis, any residual thrombus over a long segment was treated by aspiration thrombectomy using a 12 Fr long sheath. Residual short-segment (< 10 cm) iliac vein thrombus and/or stenosis were treated with a stent. The evaluation of venous patency was conducted by color Doppler ultrasonography, venography and/or computed tomography. The technical and clinical success rates were 100% and 92%, respectively. Twenty-three patients were treated by UK thrombolysis and iliac stent. The overall patency rate at 1, 2 and 3 years was 85%, 82% and 81%, respectively. Over the course of the follow-up period, occlusion was observed in 4 cases (1 acute and 3 chronic cases). Periprocedural complication occurred in 4 cases (17%) in the form of a minimal hematoma or pain on the puncture site as well as a case of pulmonary embolism at one month after treatment. The adjunctive aspiration thrombectomy with conventional thrombolysis and stent placement can be an effective and safe method in the treatment of left iliofemoral DVT
12. EXPRESSION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR IN BREAST CANCER
XIAO Jiping; ZHANG Guangde; XIA Wenhua; CHENG Deji
1999-01-01
Objective: To study the expression and clinical significance of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in breast cancer. Methods: Applying streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC) immunohistochemical technique, expression of uPA was studied in 100 patients with primary breast cancer. Results: There were 55 patients with high uPA expression, and 45 with lower expression. There was significant correlation between uPA expression and TNM stage, lymph node status, and the tumor size. Neither age, menopausal status, nor ER status was significantly related with level of uPA expression. The patients with high expression of uPA had significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS)and overall survival (OS) than did those with low expression of uPA. Univariate analysis showed that uPA as a prognostic factor was of similar magnitude to lymph node status and TNM stage, but stronger than that of ER status and tumor size. UPA was an independent prognostic factor affecting disease-free survival and overall survival. Conclusion: uPA appears to be a strong and independent biologic marker for predicting prognosis of breast cancer.
13. Electroanalysis of pM-levels of urokinase plasminogen activator in serum by phosphorothioated RNA aptamer.
Jarczewska, Marta; Kékedy-Nagy, László; Nielsen, Jesper S; Campos, Rui; Kjems, Jørgen; Malinowska, Elżbieta; Ferapontova, Elena E
2015-06-01
Protein biomarkers of cancer allow a dramatic improvement in cancer diagnostics as compared to the traditional histological characterisation of tumours by enabling a non-invasive analysis of cancer development and treatment. Here, an electrochemical label-free assay for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), a universal biomarker of several cancers, has been developed based on the recently selected uPA-specific fluorinated RNA aptamer, tethered to a gold electrode via a phosphorothioated dA tag, and soluble redox indicators. The binding properties of the uPA-aptamer couple and interference from the non-specific adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were modulated by the electrode surface charge. A nM uPA electroanalysis at positively charged surfaces, complicated by the competitive adsorption of BSA, was tuned to the pM uPA analysis at negative surface charges of the electrode, being improved in the presence of negatively charged BSA. The aptamer affinity for uPA displayed via the binding/dissociation constant relationship correspondingly increased, ca. three orders of magnitude, from 0.441 to 367. Under optimal conditions, the aptasensor allowed 10(-12)-10(-9) M uPA analysis, also in serum, being practically useful for clinical applications. The proposed strategy for optimization of the electrochemical protein sensing is of particular importance for the assessment and optimization of in vivo protein ligand binding by surface-tethered aptamers.
14. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and urokinase plasminogen activator mediate interleukin-1-induced neurotoxicity.
Thornton, Peter; Pinteaux, Emmanuel; Allan, Stuart M; Rothwell, Nancy J
2008-01-01
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases known to mediate acute neuronal injury, but it is unclear whether these proteases are induced by the primary insult or by inflammation associated with injury. We have reported recently that interleukin-1 (IL-1) induces neurotoxicity by an astrocyte-dependent mechanism. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that MMPs mediate IL-1 neurotoxicity in rat, glial-neuronal cocultures. IL-1beta induced the release of astrocytic MMP-9 in cocultures, whilst an antagonist of MMP-9 inhibited IL-1beta-induced neuronal death. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) was constitutively expressed on neuronal membrane fractions, and amiloride (an antagonist of uPA) or plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 significantly reduced IL-1beta-induced neurotoxicity. Thus, neuronal uPA contributes to IL-1 neurotoxicity, and may be responsible for activating MMP-9 released from IL-1-primed astrocytes. In summary, IL-1-induced neurotoxicity is dependent on extracellular protease activity, and these mechanisms may contribute to neuronal cell death in CNS diseases.
15. The immune marker soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is associated with new-onset diabetes in non-smoking women and men
Haugaard, S B; Andersen, O; Hansen, T W
2012-01-01
Aim: To explore the putative association of new-onset diabetes and the soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), which is a new and stable plasma marker of immune function and low-grade inflammation. This association has been previously suggested by using the less sensitive...... International Classification of Disease system to detect incident diabetes in the Danish MONICA 10 cohort. Methods: The Danish National Diabetes Register enabled more accurate identification of incident diabetes during a median follow-up of 13.8 years in the Danish MONICA 10 cohort (n = 2353 generally healthy...... individuals). The soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor was measured by the ELISA method. To fulfil model assumptions, outcome analyses were stratified by age, and further by smoking, owing to the interaction between the soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and smoking on new...
16. Plasminogen-independent initiation of the pro-urokinase activation cascade in vivo. Activation of pro-urokinase by glandular kallikrein (mGK-6) in plasminogen-deficient mice
List, K; Jensen, O N; Bugge, T H;
2000-01-01
, and as for other cascade systems, understanding the physiological initiation mechanism is of central importance. The attempts to identify initiation routes for activation of the proform of the key enzyme urokinase-type plasminogen activator (pro-uPA) in vivo have been hampered by the strong activator potency...... kallikrein). The pro-uPA converting activity of the mGK-6 enzyme, as well as its ability to cleave a synthetic substrate for glandular kallikrein, was inhibited by the serine proteinase inhibitor leupeptin but not by other serine proteinase inhibitors such as aprotinin, antithrombin III, or alpha(1...
17. Fibrin sheaths in central venous port catheters: treatment with low-dose, single injection of urokinase on an outpatient basis
Chang, De-Hua; Mammadov, Kamal; Hickethier, Tilman; Borggrefe, Jan; Hellmich, Martin; Maintz, David; Kabbasch, Christoph
2017-01-01
Purpose Evaluation of the efficacy of single-shot, low-dose urokinase administration for the treatment of port catheter-associated fibrin sheaths. Methods Forty-six patients were retrospectively evaluated for 54 episodes of port catheter dysfunction. The presence of a fibrin sheath was detected by angiographic contrast examinations. On an outpatient basis, patients subsequently received thrombolysis consisting of a single injection of urokinase (15.000 IU in 1.5 mL normal saline) through the port system. A second attempt was made in cases of treatment failure. Patients were followed up for technical success, complications and long-term outcome. Results Port dysfunction occurred at a median of 117 days after implantation (range: 7–825 days). The technical success after first port dysfunction by thrombolysis was 87% (40/46); thereof, initial thrombolysis was effective in 78% (36/46). Nine patients (20%) received a second dose of urokinase after previous treatment failure. Follow-up was available for 26 of 40 patients after successful thrombolysis. In 8 of these, rethrombosis occurred after a median of 98 days (range: 21–354 days), whereby rethrombolysis was effective in 5 of 7 (63%) patients. The overall success of all thrombolyses performed was 70% (45/64). No procedure-related technical or clinical complications occurred. After first favorable thrombolysis, a Kaplan–Meier analysis yielded a 30-, 90- and 180-day probability of patency of 96%, 87% and 81%. Conclusion Thrombolytic therapy on an outpatient basis appears to be a safe and efficient. Three-month patency rates are comparable to more invasive treatment options, including catheter exchange over a guide wire and percutaneous fibrin sheath stripping. PMID:28182117
18. Mimicry of the regulatory role of urokinase in lamellipodia formation by introduction of a non-native interdomain disulfide bond in its receptor
Gårdsvoll, Henrik; Kjærgaard, Magnus; Jacobsen, Benedikte;
2011-01-01
The high-affinity interaction between the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its glycolipid-anchored receptor (uPAR) plays a regulatory role for both extravascular fibrinolysis and uPAR-mediated adhesion and migration on vitronectin-coated surfaces. We have recently proposed that the ......The high-affinity interaction between the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its glycolipid-anchored receptor (uPAR) plays a regulatory role for both extravascular fibrinolysis and uPAR-mediated adhesion and migration on vitronectin-coated surfaces. We have recently proposed...
19. Regimes Of Helium Burning
Timmes, F X
2000-01-01
The burning regimes encountered by laminar deflagrations and ZND detonations propagating through helium-rich compositions in the presence of buoyancy-driven turbulence are analyzed. Particular attention is given to models of X-ray bursts which start with a thermonuclear runaway on the surface of a neutron star, and the thin shell helium instability of intermediate-mass stars. In the X-ray burst case, turbulent deflagrations propagating in the lateral or radial directions encounter a transition from the distributed regime to the flamlet regime at a density of 10^8 g cm^{-3}. In the radial direction, the purely laminar deflagration width is larger than the pressure scale height for densities smaller than 10^6 g cm^{-3}. Self-sustained laminar deflagrations travelling in the radial direction cannot exist below this density. Similarily, the planar ZND detonation width becomes larger than the pressure scale height at 10^7 g cm^{-3}, suggesting that a steady-state, self-sustained detonations cannot come into exista...
20. The urokinase receptor (uPAR) and the uPAR-associated protein (uPARAP/Endo180)
Behrendt, Niels
2004-01-01
processes involve a highly organized interplay between proteases and their cellular binding sites as well as specific substrates and internalization receptors. This review article is focused on two components, the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and the uPAR-associated protein (uPARAP, also...... designated Endo180), that are considered crucially engaged in matrix degradation. uPAR and uPARAP have highly diverse functions, but on certain cell types they interact with each other in a process that is still incompletely understood. uPAR is a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein...
1. Serum soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor levels in male patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.
Genc, Abdullah; Kalelioglu, Tevfik; Karamustafalioglu, Nesrin; Tasdemir, Akif; Genc, Esra Sena; Akkus, Mustafa; Emul, Murat
2016-02-28
Inflammatory abnormalities have been shown in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a protein that is measurable in the circulating blood and reflects the inflammation in the body. We aimed to investigate serum suPAR levels in patients with schizophrenia who were in acute state and to compare with healthy controls. Forty five patients and 43 healthy controls were included in the study. We found no significant difference in suPAR levels between patients and controls, suggesting that suPAR as an inflammatory marker does not have a role in the inflammatory process of acute schizophrenia.
2. Antibody-mediated targeting of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator proteolytic function neutralizes fibrinolysis in vivo
Lund, Ida K; Jögi, Annika; Rønø, Birgitte
2008-01-01
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) plays a central role in tissue remodeling processes. Most of our understanding of the role of uPA in vivo is derived from studies using gene-targeted uPA-deficient mice. To enable in vivo studies on the specific interference with uPA functionality in mouse...... models, we have now developed murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against murine uPA by immunization of uPA-deficient mice with the recombinant protein. Guided by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, surface plasmon resonance, and enzyme kinetic analyses, we have selected two...
3. A conserved TATA-less proximal promoter drives basal transcription from the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor gene
Soravia, E; Grebe, A; De Luca, P;
1995-01-01
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) focuses at the cell surface the activation of pro-uPA and, hence, the formation of plasmin, thus enhancing directional extracellular proteolysis. To characterize the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control receptor expression, we...... have cloned an uPAR DNA segment containing upstream regulatory sequences from both the human and murine genomes. We report that a proximal promoter, contained within 180 bp from the major transcription start sites of the human uPAR gene, drives basal transcription. This region lacks TATA and CAAT boxes...
4. Uncharged isocoumarin-based inhibitors of urokinase-type plasminogen activator
Deck Lorraine M
2006-02-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA plays a major role in extracellular proteolytic events associated with tumor cell growth, migration and angiogenesis. Consequently, uPA is an attractive target for the development of small molecule active site inhibitors. Most of the recent drug development programs aimed at nonpeptidic inhibitors targeted at uPA have focused on arginino mimetics containing amidine or guanidine functional groups attached to aromatic or heterocyclic scaffolds. There is a general problem of limited bioavailability of these charged inhibitors. In the present study, uPA inhibitors were designed on an isocoumarin scaffold containing uncharged substituents. Results 4-Chloro-3-alkoxyisocoumarins were synthesized in which the 3-alkoxy group contained a terminal bromine; these were compared with similar inhibitors that contained a charged terminal functional group. Additional variations included functional groups attached to the seven position of the isocoumarin scaffold. N- [3-(3-Bromopropoxy-4-chloro-1-oxo-1H-isochromen-7-yl]benzamide was identified as an uncharged lead inhibitor of uPA, Ki = 0.034 μM. Molecular modeling of human uPA with these uncharged inhibitors suggests that the bromine occupies the same position as positively charged arginino mimetic groups. Conclusion This study demonstrates that potent uncharged inhibitors of uPA can be developed based upon the isocoumarin scaffold. A tethered bromine in the three position and an aromatic group in the seven position are important contributors to binding. Although the aim was to develop compounds that act as mechanism-based inactivators, these inhibitors are competitive reversible inhibitors.
5. The urokinase receptor (uPAR facilitates clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi.
Joppe W R Hovius
2009-05-01
Full Text Available The causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, has been shown to induce expression of the urokinase receptor (uPAR; however, the role of uPAR in the immune response against Borrelia has never been investigated. uPAR not only acts as a proteinase receptor, but can also, dependently or independently of ligation to uPA, directly affect leukocyte function. We here demonstrate that uPAR is upregulated on murine and human leukocytes upon exposure to B. burgdorferi both in vitro as well as in vivo. Notably, B. burgdorferi-inoculated C57BL/6 uPAR knock-out mice harbored significantly higher Borrelia numbers compared to WT controls. This was associated with impaired phagocytotic capacity of B. burgdorferi by uPAR knock-out leukocytes in vitro. B. burgdorferi numbers in vivo, and phagocytotic capacity in vitro, were unaltered in uPA, tPA (low fibrinolytic activity and PAI-1 (high fibrinolytic activity knock-out mice compared to WT controls. Strikingly, in uPAR knock-out mice partially backcrossed to a B. burgdorferi susceptible C3H/HeN background, higher B. burgdorferi numbers were associated with more severe carditis and increased local TLR2 and IL-1beta mRNA expression. In conclusion, in B. burgdorferi infection, uPAR is required for phagocytosis and adequate eradication of the spirochete from the heart by a mechanism that is independent of binding of uPAR to uPA or its role in the fibrinolytic system.
6. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels reflect organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Enocsson, Helena; Wetterö, Jonas; Skogh, Thomas; Sjöwall, Christopher
2013-11-01
Assessments of disease activity and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remain challenging because of the lack of reliable biomarkers and disease heterogeneity. Ongoing inflammation can be difficult to distinguish from permanent organ damage caused by previous flare-ups or medication side effects. Circulating soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has emerged as a potential marker of inflammation and disease severity, and an outcome predictor in several disparate conditions. This study was done to evaluate suPAR as a marker of disease activity and organ damage in SLE. Sera from 100 healthy donors and 198 patients with SLE fulfilling the 1982 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria and/or the Fries criteria were analyzed for suPAR by enzyme immunoassay. Eighteen patients with varying degree of disease activity were monitored longitudinally. Disease activity was assessed by the SLE disease activity index 2000 and the physician's global assessment. Organ damage was evaluated by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology damage index (SDI). Compared with healthy control subjects, serum suPAR levels were elevated significantly in patients with SLE. No association was recorded regarding suPAR levels and SLE disease activity in cross-sectional or consecutive samples. However, a strong association was observed between suPAR and SDI (P < 0.0005). Considering distinct SDI domains, renal, neuropsychiatric, ocular, skin, and peripheral vascular damage had a significant effect on suPAR levels. This study is the first to demonstrate an association between serum suPAR and irreversible organ damage in SLE. Further studies are warranted to evaluate suPAR and other biomarkers as predictors of evolving organ damage.
7. Probing binding and cellular activity of pyrrolidinone and piperidinone small molecules targeting the urokinase receptor.
Mani, Timmy; Liu, Degang; Zhou, Donghui; Li, Liwei; Knabe, William Eric; Wang, Fang; Oh, Kyungsoo; Meroueh, Samy O
2013-12-01
The urokinase receptor (uPAR) is a cell-surface protein that is part of an intricate web of transient and tight protein interactions that promote cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Here, we evaluate the binding and biological activity of a new class of pyrrolidinone and piperidinone compounds, along with derivatives of previously-identified pyrazole and propylamine compounds. Competition assays revealed that the compounds displace a fluorescently labeled peptide (AE147-FAM) with inhibition constant (Ki ) values ranging from 6 to 63 μM. Structure-based computational pharmacophore analysis followed by extensive explicit-solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and free energy calculations suggested the pyrazole-based and piperidinone-based compounds adopt different binding modes, despite their similar two-dimensional structures. In cells, pyrazole-based compounds showed significant inhibition of breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell proliferation, but piperidinone-containing compounds exhibited no cytotoxicity even at concentrations of 100 μM. One pyrazole-based compound impaired MDA-MB-231 invasion, adhesion, and migration in a concentration-dependent manner, while the piperidinone inhibited only invasion. The pyrazole derivative inhibited matrix metalloprotease-9 (gelatinase) activity in a concentration-dependent manner, while the piperidinone showed no effect suggesting different mechanisms for inhibition of cell invasion. Signaling studies further highlighted these differences, showing that pyrazole compounds completely inhibited ERK phosphorylation and impaired HIF1α and NF-κB signaling, while pyrrolidinones and piperidinones had no effect. Annexin V staining suggested that the effect of the pyrazole-based compound on proliferation was due to cell killing through an apoptotic mechanism. The compounds identified represent valuable leads in the design of further derivatives with higher affinities and
8. Chemotactic effect of urokinase-type plasminogen activator on mouse spermatozoa in vitro
2008-01-01
The aim of this study is to investigate the chemotactic effect of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)on mouse spermatozoa.Capillary assays were applied to study the chemotactic activity of ascending and descending gradients of uPA.Firstly,the chemotactic effect of an ascending gradient of uPA on mouse spermatozoa was observed by counting the number of spermatozoa that migrated into the capillary after incubation with uPA for 5,10,20,and 30 min,respectively,compared with that after incubation with F10.Twenty minutes was a suitable incubation time to obtain a plateau of sperm accumulation.Meanwhile,to confirm the specific effect of uPA on mouse sperm chemotaxis,uPA inhibitor (PAI-1)and anti-uPAR rabbit IgG were added to the test solution containing 20 U/mL uPA,respectively.To exclude the possibility that PAI-1 and anti-uPAR rabbit IgG may affect sperm accumulation nonspecifically,PAIl and anti-uPAR rabbit IgG were added to F10,respectively.It was found that the chemotactic effect of uPA was neutralized completely by PAI-1 and anti-uPAR rabbit IgG.PAI-1 and anti-uPAR rabbit IgG had no neutralizing effect on the sperm chemotactic effect.Lastly,the sperm chemotaxis response to a descending gradient of uPA was also observed.Taken together,the results suggest that uPA can induce sperm chemotaxis in vitro by binding to its receptor on the sperm membrane and may act as a chemoattractant in precontacting sperm-egg communication thereby increasing the chance encounter of spermatozoa and eggs.
9. Urokinase receptor promotes ovarian cancer cell dissemination through its 84-95 sequence.
Bifulco, Katia; Votta, Giuseppina; Ingangi, Vincenzo; Di Carluccio, Gioconda; Rea, Domenica; Losito, Simona; Montuori, Nunzia; Ragno, Pia; Stoppelli, Maria Patrizia; Arra, Claudio; Carriero, Maria Vincenza
2014-06-30
The clinical relevance of the urokinase receptor (uPAR) as a prognostic marker in ovarian cancer is well documented. We had shown that the uPAR sequence corresponding to 84-95 residues, linking D1 and D2 domains (uPAR84-95), drives cell migration and angiogenesis in a protease-independent manner. This study was aimed at defining the contribution of uPAR84-95 sequence to invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Now, we provide evidence that the ability of uPAR-expressing ovarian cancer cells to cross extra-cellular matrix and mesothelial monolayers is prevented by specific inhibitors of the uPAR84-95 sequence. To specifically investigate uPAR84-95 function, uPAR-negative CHO-K1 cells were stably transfected with cDNAs coding for uPAR D2 and D3 regions exposing (uPARD2D3) or lacking (uPAR∆D2D3) the 84-95 sequence. CHO-K1/D2D3 cells were able to cross matrigel, mesothelial and endothelial monolayers more efficiently than CHO-K1/∆D2D3 cells, which behave as CHO-K1 control cells. When orthotopically implanted in nude mice, tumor nodules generated by CHO-K1/D2D3 cells spreading to peritoneal cavity were more numerous as compared to CHO-K1/∆D2D3 cells. Ovarian tumor size and intra-tumoral microvessel density were significantly reduced in the absence of uPAR84-95. Our results indicate that cell associated uPAR promotes growth and abdominal dissemination of ovarian cancer cells mainly through its uPAR84-95 sequence.
10. The “Lipid Accumulation Product” Is Associated with 2-Hour Postload Glucose Outcomes in Overweight/Obese Subjects with Nondiabetic Fasting Glucose
Malavazos, Alexis Elias; Cereda, Emanuele; Ermetici, Federica; Caccialanza, Riccardo; Briganti, Silvia; Rondanelli, Mariangela; Morricone, Lelio
2015-01-01
“Lipid accumulation product” (LAP) is a continuous variable based on waist circumference and triglyceride concentration previously associated with insulin resistance. We investigated the accuracy of LAP in identifying oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) abnormalities and compared it to the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in a population of overweight/obese outpatients presenting with nondiabetic fasting glucose. We studied 381 (male: 23%) adult (age: 18–70 years) overweight/obese Caucasians (body mass index: 36.9 ± 5.4 Kg/m2) having fasting plasma glucose < 7.0 mmol/L. OGTT was used to diagnose unknown glucose tolerance abnormalities: impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2-DM). According to OGTT 92, subjects had an IGT and 33 were diagnosed T2-DM. Logistic regression analysis detected a significant association for both LAP and HOMA-IR with single (IGT and T2-DM) and composite (IGT + T2-DM) abnormal glucose tolerance conditions. However, while the association with diabetes was similar between LAP and HOMA-IR, the relationship with IGT and composite outcomes by models including LAP was significantly superior to those including HOMA-IR (P = 0.006 and P = 0.007, resp.). LAP seems to be an accurate index, performing better than HOMA-IR, for identifying 2-hour postload OGTT outcomes in overweight/obese patients with nondiabetic fasting glucose. PMID:25792981
11. The “Lipid Accumulation Product” Is Associated with 2-Hour Postload Glucose Outcomes in Overweight/Obese Subjects with Nondiabetic Fasting Glucose
Alexis Elias Malavazos
2015-01-01
Full Text Available “Lipid accumulation product” (LAP is a continuous variable based on waist circumference and triglyceride concentration previously associated with insulin resistance. We investigated the accuracy of LAP in identifying oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT abnormalities and compared it to the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR in a population of overweight/obese outpatients presenting with nondiabetic fasting glucose. We studied 381 (male: 23% adult (age: 18–70 years overweight/obese Caucasians (body mass index: 36.9 ± 5.4 Kg/m2 having fasting plasma glucose < 7.0 mmol/L. OGTT was used to diagnose unknown glucose tolerance abnormalities: impaired glucose tolerance (IGT and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2-DM. According to OGTT 92, subjects had an IGT and 33 were diagnosed T2-DM. Logistic regression analysis detected a significant association for both LAP and HOMA-IR with single (IGT and T2-DM and composite (IGT + T2-DM abnormal glucose tolerance conditions. However, while the association with diabetes was similar between LAP and HOMA-IR, the relationship with IGT and composite outcomes by models including LAP was significantly superior to those including HOMA-IR (P=0.006 and P=0.007, resp.. LAP seems to be an accurate index, performing better than HOMA-IR, for identifying 2-hour postload OGTT outcomes in overweight/obese patients with nondiabetic fasting glucose.
12. Altered expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor in high-risk soft tissue sarcomas.
Benassi, M S; Ponticelli, F; Azzoni, E; Gamberi, G; Pazzaglia, L; Chiechi, A; Conti, A; Spessotto, P; Scapolan, M; Pignotti, E; Bacchini, P; Picci, P
2007-09-01
In recent years, classification of soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) has improved with cytogenetic analyses, but their clinical behavior is still not easily predictable. The aim of this study was to detect alterations in the urokinase-type plasminogen system, involved in tumor growth and invasion, by comparing mRNA levels of its components with those of paired normal tissues, and relating them with patient clinical course. Real-time PCR was performed on human STS cell lines and tissues from highly malignant STS, including leiomyosarcomas and malignant fibrous histiocytomas, to evaluate the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor (uPAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Immunohistochemistry of gene products was also performed. Median mRNA values of all genes studied were higher in tumors than in paired normal tissues. In agreement with data on STS cell lines, significant up-regulation for uPA and PAI-1 genes compared to reference values was seen. Moreover, different levels of expression were related to histotype and metastatic phenotype. There was accordance between uPA mRNA and protein expression, while immunodetection of PAI-1 product was weak and scattered. Clearly, the controversial role of PAI-1 protein requires further biological analyses, but evident involvement of uPA/PAI-1 gene overexpression in STS malignancy may highlight a molecular defect useful in discriminating STS high-risk patients.
13. Interleukin-6 infusion during human endotoxaemia inhibits in vitro release of the urokinase receptor from peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Ostrowski, S R; Plomgaard, P; Fischer, C P
2005-01-01
Leucocyte expression of the urokinase receptor [urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)] is regulated by inflammatory mediators. This study investigated the in vivo effect of endotoxin, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha on uPAR-release in vivo and in vitro...... in humans. Healthy subjects received intravenous endotoxin injection [high-dose, 2 ng/kg (n=8) and low-dose, 0.06 ng/kg (n=7)], coadministration of 0.06 ng/kg endotoxin and 3 h recombinant human (rh)IL-6 infusion (n=7) or 3 h infusion of rhIL-6 (n=6), rhTNF-alpha (n=6) or NaCl (n=5). Soluble uPAR (su......PAR) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in plasma and supernatants from unstimulated and phytohaemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures incubated for 24 h. The spontaneous and stimulated uPAR-release from PBMC cultures was enhanced 5 h after...
14. Design, synthesis, biochemical studies, cellular characterization, and structure-based computational studies of small molecules targeting the urokinase receptor.
Wang, Fang; Eric Knabe, W; Li, Liwei; Jo, Inha; Mani, Timmy; Roehm, Hartmut; Oh, Kyungsoo; Li, Jing; Khanna, May; Meroueh, Samy O
2012-08-01
The urokinase receptor (uPAR) serves as a docking site to the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) to promote extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and tumor invasion and metastasis. Previously, we had reported a small molecule inhibitor of the uPAR·uPA interaction that emerged from structure-based virtual screening. Here, we measure the affinity of a large number of derivatives from commercial sources. Synthesis of additional compounds was carried out to probe the role of various groups on the parent compound. Extensive structure-based computational studies suggested a binding mode for these compounds that led to a structure-activity relationship study. Cellular studies in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines that include A549, H460 and H1299 showed that compounds blocked invasion, migration and adhesion. The effects on invasion of active compounds were consistent with their inhibition of uPA and MMP proteolytic activity. These compounds showed weak cytotoxicity consistent with the confined role of uPAR to metastasis.
15. Safety and Efficacy of Low Dosage of Urokinase for Catheter-directed Thrombolysis of Deep Venous Thrombosis
Xiao-Long Du; Ling-Shang Kong; Qing-You Meng; Aimin Qian; Wen-Dong Li; Hong Chen; Xiao-Qiang Li
2015-01-01
Background:Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) has been a mainstay in treating deep venous thrombosis (DVT).However,the optimal dosage of a thrombolytic agent is still controversial.The goal of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of low dosage urokinase with CDT for DVT.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed using data from a total of 427 patients with DVT treated with CDT in our single center between July 2009 and December 2012.Early efficacy of thrombolysis was assessed with a thrombus score based on daily venography.The therapeutic safety was evaluated by adverse events.A venography or duplex ultrasound was performed to assess the outcome at 6 months,1 year and 2 years postoperatively.Results:The mean total dose of 3.34 (standard deviation [SD] 1.38) million units of urokinase was administered during a mean of 5.18 (SD 2.28) days.Prior to discharge,Grade Ⅲ (complete lysis) was achieved in 154 (36％) patients;Grade Ⅱ (50-99％ lysis) in 222 (52％);and Grade Ⅰ (50％ lysis) in 51 (12％).The major complications included one intracranial hemorrhage,one hematochezia,five gross hematuria,and one pulmonary embolism.Moreover,no death occurred in the study.Conclusions:Treatment of low-dose catheter-directed thrombosis is an efficacious and safe therapeutic approach in patients with DVT offering good long-term outcomes and minimal complications.
16. Combined use of serum adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 2 levels was comparable to 2-hour post-load glucose in diabetes prediction.
Yu-Cho Woo
17. Comparison of the inhibition of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) activity by monoclonal antibodies specific for u-PA as assessed by different assays
Boheemen, P.A. van; Hoogen, N.M. van den; Koolwijk, N.
1995-01-01
Six murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) were tested for their ability to inhibit u-PA activity in three different assays with respect to amidolytic activity, plasminogen activation and fibrinolytic activity. Two of the MAbs were able to inhibi
18. Renin angiotensin system blockade reduces urinary levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in patients with type 2 diabetes
2016-01-01
Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is associated with faster decline in kidney function and the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. However, little is known about the impact of treatment on plasma and urinary levels of suPAR. We aimed to investigate the impact of renin ang...
19. Extracellular matrix biomarker, fibulin-1, is closely related to NT-proBNP and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in patients with aortic valve stenosis (the SEAS study)
Kruger, Ruan; Rasmussen, Lars M; Argraves, William S;
2014-01-01
BACKGROUND: Fibulin-1, a circulating extracellular matrix glycoprotein, has been associated with arterial disease and elevated N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in diabetes. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), a marker of inflammation, has been ass...
20. Exploring soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and its relationship with arterial stiffness in a bi-ethnic population: the SAfrEIC-study
Schutte, Aletta E; Myburgh, Anélda; Olsen, Michael Hecht;
2012-01-01
INTRODUCTION: Elevated soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) indicates an inflammatory state caused by conditions such as HIV and cancer. Recently suPAR was identified as an indicator of cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is highly prevalent in black South Africans, but the...
1. Prognostic value of plasma soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in Danish patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (REOC)
Begum, Farah Diba; Høgdall, Estrid V S; Riisbo, Rikke
2006-01-01
The level of the soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is elevated in tumour tissue from several types of cancer. This is the first study aiming to predict the prognosis for survival by the use of a pre-chemotherapeutic plasma suPAR value in 71 patients with recurrent epithelial...
2. MMP-9 and MMP-2 activities in stomach and breast tumours, as measured by a novel MMP activity assay using modified urokinase as a substrate
Hanemaaijer, R.; Visser, H.; Duffy, J.; Verspaget, H.W.; Verheijen, J.H.; Maguire, T.
1998-01-01
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in many pathological processes. However, MMP activities are difficult to determine since no simple specific and/or chromogenic substrates exist. Therefore, we have developed a novel MMP activity assay using a modified urokinase as a substrate.
3. Characterisation of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor variants in human airway and peripheral cells
Sayers Ian
2009-07-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (UPAR has been shown to have clinical relevance in various cancers. We have recently identified UPAR as an asthma susceptibility gene and there is evidence to suggest that uPAR may be upregulated in lung diseases such as COPD and asthma. uPAR is a key receptor involved in the formation of the serine protease plasmin by interacting with uPA and has been implicated in many physiological processes including proliferation and migration. The current aim was to determine key regulatory regions and splice variants of UPAR and quantify its expression in primary human tissues and cells (including lung, bronchial epithelium (HBEC, airway smooth muscle (HASM and peripheral cells. Results Using Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE a conserved transcription start site (-42 to -77 relative to ATG was identified and multiple transcription factor binding sites predicted. Seven major splice variants were identified (>5% total expression, including multiple exon deletions and an alternative exon 7b (encoding a truncated, soluble, 229aa protein. Variants were differentially expressed, with a high proportion of E7b usage in lung tissue and structural cells (55–87% of transcripts, whereas classical exon 7 (encoding the GPI-linked protein was preferentially expressed in peripheral cells (~80% of transcripts, often with exon 6 or 5+6 deletions. Real-time PCR confirmed expression of uPAR mRNA in lung, as well as airway and peripheral cell types with ~50–100 fold greater expression in peripheral cells versus airway cells and confirmed RACE data. Protein analysis confirmed expression of multiple different forms of uPAR in the same cells as well as expression of soluble uPAR in cell supernatants. The pattern of expression did not directly reflect that seen at the mRNA level, indicating that post-translational mechanisms of regulation may also play an important role. Conclusion We have
4. Opposite modulation of cell migration by distinct subregions of urokinase connecting peptide.
Franco, Paola; Carotenuto, Alfonso; Marcozzi, Cristina; Votta, Giuseppina; Sarno, Ciro; Iaccarino, Ingram; Brancaccio, Diego; De Vincenzo, Anna; Novellino, Ettore; Grieco, Paolo; Stoppelli, Maria Patrizia
2013-05-10
Functional analysis of isolated protein domains may uncover cryptic activities otherwise missed. The serine protease urokinase (uPA) has a clear-cut motogen activity that is catalytically independent and resides in its amino-terminal growth factor domain (GFD, residues 1-49) and connecting peptide region (CP, residues 132-158). To functionally dissect the CP region, we analysed the biological activity of two synthetic peptides corresponding to the N-terminal [uPA-(135-143), residues 135-143] and C-terminal [uPA-(144-158), residues 144-158] CP subregions. Most of the chemotactic activity of connecting peptide-derived peptide (CPp, [uPA-(135-158)]) for embryonic kidney HEK293/uPAR-25 cells is retained by uPA-(144-158) at nanomolar concentrations. In contrast, uPA-(135-143) inhibits basal, CPp -, vitronectin- and fibronectin-induced cell migration. Radioreceptor binding assays on intact HEK293 cells revealed that uPA-(135-143) and uPA-(144-158) are both able to compete with [(125)I]-CPp, albeit with different binding affinities. The consequences of phospho-mimicking, S138E substitution, were studied using [138E]uPA-(135-158) and [138E]uPA-(135-143) peptides. Unlike CPp, [138E]uPA-(135-158) and [138E]uPA-(135-143) exhibit remarkable inhibitory properties. Finally, analysis of the conformational preferences of the peptides allowed to identify secondary structure elements exclusively characterising the stimulatory CPp and uPA-(144-158) versus the inhibitory uPA-(135-143), [138E]uPA-(135-158) and [138E]uPA-(135-143) peptides. In conclusion, these data shed light on the cryptic activities of uPA connecting peptide, revealing the occurrence of two adjacent regions, both competing for binding to cell surface but conveying opposite signalling on cell migration.
5. Inhibition of establishment of primary and micrometastatic tumors by a urokinase plasminogen activator receptor antagonist.
Ignar, D M; Andrews, J L; Witherspoon, S M; Leray, J D; Clay, W C; Kilpatrick, K; Onori, J; Kost, T; Emerson, D L
1998-01-01
Tumor establishment and metastasis are dependent on extracellular matrix proteolysis, tumor cell migration, and angiogenesis. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor are essential mediators of these processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a recombinant human uPAR antagonist on growth, establishment, and metastasis of tumors derived from human cancer cell lines. A noncatalytic recombinant protein, consisting of amino acids 1-137 of human uPA and the CH2 and CH3 regions of mouse IgG1 (uPA-IgG), was expressed, purified, and shown to bind specifically to human uPAR and to saturate the surface of human tumor cells which express uPAR. Daily i.p. administration of uPA-IgG to nude mice extended latencies of unstaged tumors derived from Lox melanoma and SW48 colon carcinoma cells by 7.7 and 5.5 days, respectively. uPA-IgG treatment did not affect the growth of Lox or KB tumors staged to 200 mg before antagonist treatment commenced. The effect of uPA-IgG on the establishment of micrometastases was assessed in SCID mice. KB head/neck tumor cells were injected in the tail vein and allowed to seed for 48 h before initiation of daily i.p. injections of uPA-IgG for 24 days. The number of lung colonies ranged between 5 and 30% of vehicle-treated mice in two separate experiments. Furthermore, a single 800 microg dose of uPA-IgG administered 1 h prior to tail vein injection of KB cells reduced lung colony formation to just 3.5% of vehicle-treated SCID mice. These data demonstrate that antagonism of uPAR arrested metastasis and inhibited the establishment of primary tumors and micrometastases. Thus, small molecule uPAR antagonists may serve as useful adjuvant agents in combination with existing cancer chemotherapy.
6. Supply regimes in fisheries
Nielsen, Max
2006-01-01
Supply in fisheries is traditionally known for its backward bending nature, owing to externalities in production. Such a supply regime, however, exist only for pure open access fisheries. Since most fisheries worldwide are neither pure open access, nor optimally managed, rather between the extremes......-economic supply model with mesh sizes is developed. It is found that in the presence of realistic management schemes, the supply curves are close to vertical in the relevant range. Also, the supply curve under open access with mesh size limitations is almost vertical in the relevant range, owing to constant...... recruitment. The implications are that the effects on supply following from e.g. trade liberalisation and reductions of subsidies are small in several and probably most fisheries worldwide. Keywords: backward-bending supply, regulated open access, regulated restricted access, mesh size regulation, Beverton...
7. Resilience of river flow regimes.
Botter, Gianluca; Basso, Stefano; Rodriguez-Iturbe, Ignacio; Rinaldo, Andrea
2013-08-06
Landscape and climate alterations foreshadow global-scale shifts of river flow regimes. However, a theory that identifies the range of foreseen impacts on streamflows resulting from inhomogeneous forcings and sensitivity gradients across diverse regimes is lacking. Here, we derive a measurable index embedding climate and landscape attributes (the ratio of the mean interarrival of streamflow-producing rainfall events and the mean catchment response time) that discriminates erratic regimes with enhanced intraseasonal streamflow variability from persistent regimes endowed with regular flow patterns. Theoretical and empirical data show that erratic hydrological regimes typical of rivers with low mean discharges are resilient in that they hold a reduced sensitivity to climate fluctuations. The distinction between erratic and persistent regimes provides a robust framework for characterizing the hydrology of freshwater ecosystems and improving water management strategies in times of global change.
8. Serum levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is associated with parasitemia in children with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection
Perch, M; Kofoed, Pe; Fischer, Torge;
2004-01-01
days after treatment. Children younger than 6 years who presented with fever or other symptoms compatible with malaria were enrolled. Blood films and samples were collected on day 0 and day 7. Twenty-five children were allocated to each of three groups according to the amount of Plasmodium falciparum......Serum levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) are significantly elevated and of prognostic value in patients suffering from serious infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis. Our objective was to investigate suPAR levels during symptomatic malaria infection and 7...... in group 1 after 7 days of treatment. All became malaria negative in their blood slides and all decreased in suPAR level to median 3.48 ng/mL (IQR: 3.08-3.91) (P
9. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels are elevated and associated with complications in patients with type 1 diabetes
Theilade, S; Lyngbaek, S; Hansen, T W
2015-01-01
OBJECTIVES: Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a marker of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. We investigated the associations between suPAR and diabetes, including diabetes duration and complications, in patients with type 1 diabetes. DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS......: From 2009 to 2011, 667 patients with type 1 diabetes and 51 nondiabetic control subjects were included in a cross-sectional study at Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark. suPAR levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The investigated diabetic...... of arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity ≥10 m s(-1) ). Analyses were adjusted for gender, age, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, UAER, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c ), total cholesterol, body mass index, C-reactive protein, antihypertensive treatment and smoking. RESULTS: Soluble...
10. The complex between urokinase (uPA) and its type-1 inhibitor (PAI-1) in pulmonary adenocarcinoma: Relation to prognosis
Pappot, Helle; Pedersen, Anders N; Brünner, Nils
2006-01-01
In a lung cancer population comprising tumor tissue from 99 pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients, the relationship between tumor tissue level of the complex formed of urokinase (uPA) and its type-1 inhibitor (PAI-1) and survival was studied. The study included patient material previously investigated....... The amounts of uPA-PAI-1 complex measured in pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissue were within the same range as previously reported in breast cancer tissue (0.11-5.74 ng/mg protein). uPA and PAI-1 levels were weakly correlated to the uPA-PAI-1 complex, r = 0.52 and r = 0.47, respectively, and no relation was found...... these interactions and the clinical importance of the tissue levels of uPA, PAI-1 and uPA-PAI-1 complex, the results suggest further exploratory studies of the components in pulmonary adenocarcinomas and other cancers....
11. The complex between urokinase (uPA) and its type-1 inhibitor (PAI-1) in pulmonary adenocarcinoma
Pappot, Helle; Pedersen, Anders N.; Brünner, Nils
2006-01-01
In a lung cancer population comprising tumor tissue from 99 pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients, the relationship between tumor tissue level of the complex formed of urokinase (uPA) and its type-1 inhibitor (PAI-1) and survival was studied. The study included patient material previously investigated....... The amounts of uPA-PAI-1 complex measured in pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissue were within the same range as previously reported in breast cancer tissue (0.11-5.74 ng/mg protein). uPA and PAI-1 levels were weakly correlated to the uPA-PAI-1 complex, r = 0.52 and r = 0.47, respectively, and no relation was found...... these interactions and the clinical importance of the tissue levels of uPA, PAI-1 and uPA-PAI-1 complex, the results suggest further exploratory studies of the components in pulmonary adenocarcinomas and other cancers....
12. The plasma level of soluble urokinase receptor is elevated in patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia and predicts mortality
Wittenhagen, P; Kronborg, G; Weis, N;
2004-01-01
This multicentre prospective study was conducted to investigate whether the level of the soluble form of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is elevated during pneumococcal bacteraemia and is of predictive value in the early stage of the disease. Plasma levels of suPAR were...... (n = 117; p cerebral symptoms and high serum concentrations of protein YKL-40 and suPAR were associated significantly with mortality (p ....05). In multivariate analysis, only suPAR remained a significant predictor of death (mortality rate of 13 for suPAR levels of > 10 ng/mL; 95% CI: 1.1-158). The increase in suPAR levels may reflect increased expression by vascular or inflammatory cells in the setting of pneumococcal sepsis. This plasma protein may...
13. Soluble urokinase receptor levels in plasma during 5 years of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients
Ostrowski, Sisse R; Katzenstein, Terese L; Piironen, Timo;
2004-01-01
High blood levels of the soluble urokinase receptor (suPAR) strongly predict increased mortality in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients. This study investigated the plasma concentration of suPAR in 29 treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients during 5 years treatment with highly...... active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Plasma suPAR decreased after introducing HAART, most pronounced during the first treatment year. The change in plasma suPAR was independent of changes in viral replication and CD4+ cells but it was strongly correlated with plasma levels of the soluble TNF receptor...... is linked to inflammation in untreated as well as HAART-treated HIV-1-infected patients....
14. Construction, Expression, and Characterization of a Recombinant Annexin B1-Low Molecular Weight Urokinase Chimera in Escherichia coli
Hong-Li YAN; Wei-Ting WANG; Yan HE; Zhuan-You ZHAO; Yuan-Jian GAO; Yi ZHANG; Shu-Han SUN
2004-01-01
To produce a thrombi-targeting plasminogen activator,low molecular weight single-chain urokinase gene(scuPA32k)was spliced with the full-length cDNA of annexin B 1 gene(anxB1)by overlap extension method.The fused gene anxBlscuPA was ligated into pET28a vector,transformed into E.coli BL21-RIL,and then induced to express under the control of T7 promoter.The AnxB 1ScuPA protein expressed amounted to 22% of the total bacterial proteins.The product was refolded,and then purified by using DEAE Sepharose fast flow ion-exchange column and Superdex S-200 gel-filtration column.HPLC analysis revealed that the final purity is about 95%.The specific activity ofAnxB 1ScuPA,measured as amidolytic activity,reached 100,000 IU/mg.It had a similar S2444 catalytic efficiency(kcat/Km)to ScuPA32k,and also showed high activated-platelet membrane-binding activity and anticoagulant activity,indicating that the chimera fully retained the components of enzymatic and membrane-binding activities of the parent molecules.In vivo test revealed that,the dogs administered with AnxB 1ScuPA had less reperfusion time,higher reperfusion ratio,and less bleeding effects than those with urokinase.These findings indicated that AnxB 1ScuPAmight have advantages over current available thrombolytic agents.
15. Inhibition of migration and invasion of carcinoma cells by urokinase-derived antagonists of alphavbeta5 integrin activation.
Vocca, Immacolata; Franco, Paola; Alfano, Daniela; Votta, Giuseppina; Carriero, Maria Vincenza; Estrada, Yeriel; Caputi, Mario; Netti, Paolo A; Ossowski, Liliana; Stoppelli, Maria Patrizia
2009-01-15
We previously showed that, while binding to urokinase receptor (uPAR) through its growth factor domain (GFD, residues 1-49), urokinase (uPA) can engage alphavbeta5 integrin through an internal domain (CP, residues 132-158). This novel uPA/alphavbeta5 interaction promotes cytoskeletal rearrangements and directional cell migration (Franco et al., J Cell Sci 2006;119:3424-34). We now show that treatment of cells with phosphomimic uPA (uPA138E/303E, serine 138 and 303 substituted with glutamic acid) strongly inhibits matrix-induced cell migration. Unlike uPA, binding of uPA138E/303E to cell surface did not induce F-actin enriched protruding structures and caused a 5-fold reduction in cell translocation speed, as determined by video tracking of living cells. Inhibition of migration was found to be independent of uPAR, since uPA variants lacking the GFD domain, but carrying the relevant Ser to Glu substitutions were as effective inhibitor as uPA138E/303E. Through several independent approaches, we established that the phosphomimics specifically bind to alphavbeta5 integrin through the CP region carrying the S138E mutation. This interaction blocks integrin activation, as determined by a decreased affinity of alphavbeta5 to vitronectin and a reduced association of the beta5 cytoplasmic tail with talin. Finally, stable expression of uPA138E/303E in human squamous carcinoma cells prevented tumor cell invasion in vivo. Thus, when expressed in cancer cells, the inhibitory phosphomimic effect was dominant over the effect of endogenously produced uPA. These results shed light on the regulation of cell migration by uPA phosphorylation and provide a realistic opportunity for a novel antiinvasive/metastatic therapeutic intervention.
16. Effect of low-molecular-weight heparin and urokinase on pulmonary arteries involved in pulmonary embolism
WU Jun-ping; SUN Xin; WU Qi; DU Zhong-zhen; LI Li; WU Qian; SUN Hong-fen
2013-01-01
Background Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common and often fatal disease.Early after pulmonary thromboembolism,inflammation and associated intimal hyperplasia occur within the pulmonary arteries,similar to what is observed with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.This study tested the hypothesis that thrombolytic and anticoagulant agents would have anti-inflammatory effects or inhibit intimal hyperplasia of involved pulmonary arteries.Methods Seventy-two male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups (54 rabbits in the PE group and 18 in the sham group).Experimental PE was induced in 54 rabbits by femoral vein injection of autologous blood clots and confirmed with pulmonary angiography,and other 18 rabbits underwent sham operations.Fifty-four rabbits in the PE group were randomly divided into three groups:a control group (treated with normal saline),a low-molecularweight heparin (LMWH) group (treated with LMWH),and a urokinase (UK) group (treated with UK).Arterial blood gas was analyzed at 2,7,and 28 days (n=6 per time point by random group division),then lung tissues were removed and were analyzed for pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines,and were stained for intimal hyperplasia.Results The overall survival of rabbits undergoing PE was 100％.PE distribution detected on digital signal angiography (DSA) and histopathology was shown in 67％ of rabbits (36/54) in the bilateral low lobar pulmonary arteries (PAs).The results showed that alveolar-arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) difference (PA-aO2) significantly increased and PO2 decreased in the control group compared with the sham group.Compared with controls,the UK group had a decreased level of PA-aO2 on day 2 (P ＜0.05),however,there was no significant difference in the LMWH group.Compared with controls,the LMWH group had a decreased level of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in affected tissue and serum samples on days 7 and 28 (P ＜0.05),and the UK group had
17. Preclinical evaluation of a urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-targeted nanoprobe in rhesus monkeys
Chen Y
2015-10-01
Full Text Available Yushu Chen,1 Li Gong,2 Ning Gao,3 Jichun Liao,1 Jiayu Sun,1 Yuqing Wang,1 Lei Wang,1 Pengjin Zhu,1 Qing Fan,1 Yongqiang Andrew Wang,4 Wen Zeng,2 Hui Mao,3 Lily Yang,5 Fabao Gao11Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 2Sichuan Primed Bio-Tech Group Co, Ltd, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 4Ocean NanoTech, LLC, San Diego, CA, 5Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USAPurpose: To translate a recombinant peptide containing the amino-terminal fragment (ATF of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-targeted magnetic iron oxide (IO nanoparticles (uPAR-targeted human ATF-IONPs into clinical applications, we conducted a pilot study to evaluate the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of this nanoparticle in normal rhesus monkeys.Methods: We assessed the changes in the following: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI signals from pretreatment stage to 14 days posttreatment, serum iron concentrations from 5 minutes posttreatment to 12 weeks posttreatment, routine blood examination and serum chemistry analysis results from pretreatment stage to 12 weeks after administration, and results of staining of the liver with Perls’ Prussian Blue and hematoxylin–eosin at 24 hours and 3 months posttreatment in two rhesus monkeys following an intravenous administration of the targeted nanoparticles either with a polyethylene glycol (ATF-PEG-IONP or without a PEG (ATF-IONP coating.Results: The levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, and direct bilirubin in the two monkeys increased immediately after the administration of the IONPs but returned to normal within 20 days and stayed within the normal reference range 3 months after the injection. The creatinine levels of the two monkeys stayed within the normal range during the study. In addition, red blood cells
18. 'Regime shopping' across (blurring) boundaries
Houwerzijl, M.S.; Evju, Stein
2014-01-01
This book chapter identifies and explores the (blurring) boundaries between the legal regimes for labour mobility across the EU. In the context of - what is sometimes called - 'regime shopping' a close look is taken into the law on freedom of movement within the EU. Several categories of transnation
19. Regime shifts in resource management
de Zeeuw, A.J.
2014-01-01
Resource management has to take account of the possibility of tipping points and regime shifts in ecological systems that provide the resources. This article focuses on the typical model of regime shifts in the ecological literature and analyzes optimal management and common-property issues when tra
20. Unitary Housing Regimes in Transition
Bengtsson, Bo; Jensen, Lotte
2013-01-01
to the Danish and Swedish housing regimes are analysed and the responses and outcomes in terms of policy change and/or institutional continuity (path dependence) are compared. Overall, the more decentralized Danish housing regime seems to have resisted pressures for change and retrenchment better so far than...
1. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1 in breast cancer - correlation with traditional prognostic factors
Lampelj Maja
2015-12-01
Full Text Available Background. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1 play a key role in tumour invasion and metastasis. High levels of both proteolytic enzymes are associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between traditional prognostic factors and uPA and PAI-1 expression in primary tumour of breast cancer patients.
2. 一种简易的尿激酶活性测定方法%A Simple Method for Determination of Urokinase Activity
李岩
2013-01-01
The study improved the method of plate thrombolytic enzyme screening, established a new method to test the urokinase activity. The method with agarose as carrier, activated fibrinogen into fibrin clots by thrombin, then dissolve it by urokinase, forming a transparent circle, transparent circle size was positively correlated with urokinase activity. compared with the method of bubble method in Pharmacopoeia, plate method has the superiority of low cost, simple operation, good repeatability.%本研究改良了溶栓酶筛选采用的平板法，建立了一种新的尿激酶活性测定方法。该方法以琼脂糖为载体，纤维蛋白原经凝血酶激活后转变为纤维蛋白形成凝块，再经尿激酶作用使其溶解，形成透明圈，透明圈的面积与尿激酶的活性大小呈正相关。与《药典》中使用的气泡法测定尿激酶活性相比该方法成本低、操作简单、重复性好。
3. The Choice of Monetary Regime
Østrup, Finn
, a comparisonbetween monetary regimes suggests that welfare is highest under nominalincome targeting where the nominal income target is determined to bring aboutprice stability.Keywords: Monetary regimes; fiscal policy; monetary non-neutrality.JEL classicification: E42, E61, E62.......The article examines how government spending is determined in a closedeconomy where the nominal wage is pre-set through contracts and the wage settershave perfect foresight regarding subsequent policy decisions. The monetaryregime affects government spending because: (i) with a pre-set nominal wage......, agiven change in government spending has different effects on employment andinflation under different monetary regimes, and (ii) the authorities' inclinationto expand government spending is affected by the inflation rate which dependson the monetary regime. If the costs related to inflation are high...
4. MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL REGIMES
BENEA Ciprian-Beniamin
2014-12-01
Full Text Available The history of diplomacy can by divided in three main periods: one is that of occasional diplomacy peculiar to Middle Ages, while other belong to permane diplomacy, peculiar to modern times. But this one can be divided in two parts, too: one with a bilateral character, previos to 1st World War, and one with a multilateral character, manifested especially after the end on 1st World War. This third type is the focus of present paper. And it cannot be separated from the newly international constructs: international regimes, and international organizations. International instritutions the area where international regimes are belonging to – are legal constructs which provide the formal (and legal framework for continous negotiations. They are the most visible part of the new diplomacy – the one which has a permanent character, and it has an more open face. Anyway, the most important connection has to do with the international institutions, international regimes, and multilateral international negotiations. In the era of the new diplomacy, they all have a permanent character. International institutions help international negotiations carring on; while in their turn, they provide the base for international regimes’ creation, and especially for their evolution. The international regimes’ evolution is an inseparable part of a permanent international framework. And if there is missing a permanent international framework (international organization connected to a specific regime, this regime is a difuse one, its members have only informal relations among them, while they survey each other, looking at their behavior, but they don’t have a formal relationship among them, which could help them solving their future common interests, and protect them from their common fears. International regimes are very important in the era when evrithing touches, and influences everything. In the same time, the complexity of our present world can be successfully
5. Great Lakes' regional climate regimes
Kravtsov, Sergey; Sugiyama, Noriyuki; Roebber, Paul
2016-04-01
We simulate the seasonal cycle of the Great Lakes' water temperature and lake ice using an idealized coupled lake-atmosphere-ice model. Under identical seasonally varying boundary conditions, this model exhibits more than one seasonally varying equilibrium solutions, which we associate with distinct regional climate regimes. Colder/warmer regimes are characterized by abundant/scarce amounts of wintertime ice and cooler/warmer summer temperatures, respectively. These regimes are also evident in the observations of the Great Lakes' climate variability over recent few decades, and are found to be most pronounced for Lake Superior, the deepest of the Great Lakes, consistent with model predictions. Multiple climate regimes of the Great Lakes also play a crucial role in the accelerated warming of the lakes relative to the surrounding land regions in response to larger-scale global warming. We discuss the physical origin and characteristics of multiple climate regimes over the lakes, as well as their implications for a longer-term regional climate variability.
6. Comparison of Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery and Intrapleural Urokinase as an Initial Treatment for Parapneumonic Effusion and Thoracic Empyema
Shungo Yukumi
2014-05-01
Full Text Available Introduction: The treatment of complicated parapneumonic effusion (PPE and thoracic empyema (TE is controversial; and the choice of treatment after confirming the failure of simple drainage remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of intrapleural urokinase (UK administration and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS as initial treatment options for PPE and TE. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed and compared the data of 20 patients with PPE and TE diagnosed between January 2010 and December 2012 at our hospital, dividing them on the basis of the initial treatment into a video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS group (n=9 and UK group (n=11. Results: Age was the only statistically different parameter between both groups (P=0.025; with the mean age of the VATS and UK groups being 64 and 76 years, respectively. There was no significant difference in the duration of drainage or success rate between the UK or VATS groups. Although no statistically significant differences (P=0.20 were observed, duration of hospital stay was longer in the UK group (21 and 28 day for VATS and UK, respectively. Conclusion: VATS for PPE and TE may shorten the duration of hospital stay.However, UK administration may be used for selective patients because it is considered to yield outcomes similar to VATS.
7. Soluble urokinase receptor (suPAR) predicts microalbuminuria in patients at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Guthoff, Martina; Wagner, Robert; Randrianarisoa, Elko; Hatziagelaki, Erifili; Peter, Andreas; Häring, Hans-Ulrich; Fritsche, Andreas; Heyne, Nils
2017-01-01
Early identification of patients at risk of developing diabetic nephropathy is essential. Elevated serum concentrations of soluble urokinase receptor (suPAR) associate with diabetes mellitus and predict onset and loss of renal function in chronic kidney disease. We hypothesize, that suPAR may be an early risk indicator for diabetic nephropathy, preceding microalbuminuria. The relationship of baseline suPAR and incident microalbuminuria was assessed in a prospective long-term cohort of subjects at increased risk for type 2 diabetes (TULIP, n = 258). Association with albuminuria at later stages of disease was studied in a cross-sectional cohort with manifest type 2 diabetes (ICEPHA, n = 266). A higher baseline suPAR was associated with an increased risk of new-onset microalbuminuria in subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio 5.3 (95% CI 1.1–25.2, p = 0.03) for the highest vs. lowest suPAR quartile). The proportion of subjects with prediabetes at the end of observation was higher in subjects with new-onset microalbuminuria. suPAR consistently correlated with albuminuria in a separate cohort with manifest type 2 diabetes. Elevated baseline suPAR concentrations independently associate with new-onset microalbuminuria in subjects at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. suPAR may hence allow for earlier risk stratification than microalbuminuria. PMID:28091558
8. ELISA for complexes between urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor in lung cancer tissue extracts
de Witte, H; Pappot, H; Brünner, N;
1997-01-01
A sandwich-type ELISA has been developed for the assessment of complexes between urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) in extracts of squamous cell lung carcinomas. The assay is based on a combination of rabbit polyclonal anti-uPA antibodies and a biotinylated mouse...... extraction of uPAR yields the highest amounts of uPA:uPAR complexes. Absorption of tumor extracts with anti-uPA or anti-uPAR MAbs results in a complete disappearance of the ELISA signal, demonstrating the specificity of the ELISA. The recovery of chemically cross-linked uPA:uPAR complexes added to tumor...... extracts varies between 80% and 105%. The intra- and inter-assay variation coefficients are 5.3% and 9.8%, respectively. Furthermore, a peptide antagonist for uPAR was employed to evaluate de novo uPA:uPAR complex formation during tumor tissue extraction and the immunoassay procedure. Our results strongly...
9. The co-operative action of hyaluronidase and urokinase on the isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats.
Borrelli, F; Antonetti, F; Martelli, F; Caprino, L
1986-04-15
The effects of the intravenous administration of hyaluronidase (HY; 2,500 IU/kg) and urokinase (UK; 20,000 and 40,000 IU/kg), alone or in combination, on the isoproterenol (ISP) induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats, were studied. The severity of infarction was determined by measuring the levels of serum enzymes (CPK, GOT, LDH) and by evaluating the extent of the injured areas and the incidence of mortality. Plasma thromboxane B2 (TXB2) levels were also determined. All the treatments reduced the infarction area and the enzyme levels (increased by ISP) to a varying degree. However, a definite potentiating activity was obtained when HY was combined with the highest dose of UK. This combination was also capable of reducing the mortality rate. Finally, both HY and UK or the combined preparation brought the plasma TXB2 levels back to normal. These findings suggest the possibility of complementary activities of HY and UK in the treatment of experimental MI.
10. Friction Regimes in the Lubricants Solid-State Regime
Schipper, D.J.; Maathuis, O.; Dowson, D.; Taylor, C.M.; Childs, T.H.C.; Dalmaz, G.
1995-01-01
Friction measurements were performed in the lubricant's solid-state regime to study the transition from full-film lubrication, in which the separation is maintained by a solidified lubricant, to mixed lubrication. Special attention is paid to the influence of temperature (inlet viscosity) and roughn
11. On the regimes of premixing
Angelini, S.; Theofanous, T.G.; Yuen, W.W. [California Univ., Santa Barbara, CA (United States). Center for Risk Studies and Safety
1998-01-01
The conditions of the MAGICO-2000 experiment are extended to more broadly investigate the regimes of premixing, and the corresponding internal structures of mixing zones. With the help of the data and numerical simulations using the computer code PM-ALPHA, we can distinguish extremes of behavior dominated by inertia and thermal effects - we name these the inertia and thermal regimes, respectively. This is an important distinction that should guide future experiments aimed at code verification in this area. Interesting intermediate behaviors are also delineated and discussed. (author)
12. Monetary regimes in open economies
Korpos, A.
2006-01-01
This thesis presents a two-country open economy framework for the analysis of strategic interactions among monetary authorities and wage bargaining institutions. From this perspective, the thesis investigates the economic consequences of replacing flexible and fixed exchange rate regimes with a mone
13. Gene expression changes of urokinase plasminogen activator and urokinase receptor in rat testes at postnatal stages%出生后不同发育阶段大鼠睾丸uPA/uPAR基因表达的变化
D.H. Huang; H. Zhao; Y.H.Tian; H. G.Li; X. F. Ding; C. L.Xiong
2007-01-01
目的:为探讨uPA/uPAR系统在大鼠精子发生中的作用,研究出生后不同发育阶段大鼠睾丸组织中uPA/uPARmRNA表达的变化.方法:分别取出生后0、5、10、15、21、28、35、42、49、56天大鼠的睾丸组织,用实时定量聚合酶链反应法(PCR)检测各年龄组uPA/uPAR mRNA的表达变化.结果:除了出生后0天外,在其它大多数时间点uPA与uPAR mRNA表达趋势很相似.在出生后0天,大鼠睾丸组织中uPAR mRNA表达水平相对来说高于uPA mRNA表达水平,后逐渐减少,在出生后21天表达水平最低,到28天急剧增加,35天到达高峰,42天迅速下降,之后维持一个低表达水平.结论:uPA/uPAR系统可能通过调节生精细胞迁移及增殖、促进精子排放及残余胞体从成熟精子中脱落等方式与精子排放和精子发生密切相关.%Aim: To investigate the gene expression changes of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)/urokinase receptor (uPAR)in rat testes at postnatal stages and explore the effects of uPA/uPAR system on the rat spermatogenesis. Methods:The mRNAs of uPA and uPAR in rat testes were measured by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at postnatal days 0, 5, 10, 15, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56, respectively. Results: The tendencies of uPA and uPAR mRNA expression were similar at most postnatal stages except for D0. The expression of uPAR mRNA in rats testes was relatively higher than that of uPA at postnatal D0, and both were decreased until D21, increased obviously at postnatal D28, reached a peak at postnatal D35, then declined sharply at postnatal D42 and retained at a low level afterwards. Conclusion: The uPA/uPAR system may be strongly linked to spermiation and spermatogenesis via regulating germ cell migration and proliferation, as well as promoting the spermiation and detached residual bodies from the mature spermatids. (Asian J Androl 2007 Sep; 9: 679-683)
14. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator deficiency has little effect on seizure susceptibility and acquired epilepsy phenotype but reduces spontaneous exploration in mice.
Rantala, J; Kemppainen, S; Ndode-Ekane, X E; Lahtinen, L; Bolkvadze, Tamuna; Gurevicius, K; Tanila, H; Pitkänen, A
2015-01-01
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), a serine protease, converts plasminogen to plasmin. Activation of plasmin leads to degradation of the extracellular matrix, which is critical for tissue recovery, angiogenesis, cell migration, and axonal and synaptic plasticity. We hypothesized that uPA deficiency would cause an abnormal neurophenotype and would lead to exacerbated epileptogenesis after brain injury. Wild-type (Wt) and uPA-/- mice underwent a battery of neurologic behavioral tests evaluating general reactivity, spontaneous exploratory activity, motor coordination, pain threshold, fear and anxiety, and memory. We placed particular emphasis on the effect of uPA deficiency on seizure susceptibility, including the response to convulsants (pentylenetetrazol, kainate, or pilocarpine) and kainate-induced epileptogenesis and epilepsy. The uPA-/- mice showed no motor or sensory impairment compared with the Wt mice. Hippocampus-dependent spatial memory also remained intact. The uPA-/- mice, however, exhibited reduced exploratory activity and an enhanced response to a tone stimulus (p<0.05 compared with the Wt mice). The urokinase-type plasminogen activator deficient mice showed no increase in spontaneous or evoked epileptiform electrographic activity. Rather, the response to pilocarpine administration was reduced compared with the Wt mice (p<0.05). Also, the epileptogenesis and the epilepsy phenotype after intrahippocampal kainate injection were similar to those in the Wt mice. Taken together, uPA deficiency led to diminished interest in the environmental surroundings and enhanced emotional reactivity to unexpected aversive stimuli. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator deficiency was not associated with enhanced seizure susceptibility or worsened poststatus epilepticus epilepsy phenotype.
15. Camptothecin induces urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene-expression in human RC-K8 malignant lymphoma and H69 small cell lung cancer cells.
Shibakura M; Niiya K; Kiguchi T; Nakata Y; Tanimoto M
2002-01-01
We previously reported that anthracyclines, which could generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), could induce the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) gene expression in human RC-K8 malignant lymphoma cells and in H69 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. In screening other uPA-inducible anti-cancer agents, we found that camptothecin (CPT) and its derivative, SN38, could induce uPA in RC-K8 and H69 cells. CPT and SN38, which are also used for the treatment of lymphoma and SCLC, significan...
16. Prognostic value of intact and cleaved forms of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in a retrospective study of 518 colorectal cancer patients
Lomholt, Anne Fog; Christensen, Ib J; Høyer-Hansen, Gunilla
2010-01-01
The levels of the soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in blood have been shown to correlate with prognosis in various cancers. Plasma levels of the combined suPAR forms have previously shown to be a strong prognostic marker in the present cohort of CRC patients and could...... potentially identify high-risk patients among those with early stage disease. In order to investigate whether the individual suPAR forms are stronger prognostic markers than the combined amount we measured the different uPAR forms in serum from the same cohort and evaluated their prognostic significance....
17. 重组人尿激酶原的体外变复性研究%In vitro renaturation of recombinant human pro-urokinase expressed in Escherichia coli
朱慧; 刘伟; 史蔚; 薛宇鸣; 蒯乐天; 马忠
2001-01-01
Objective Recombinant human pro-urokinase forms insoluble inclusion body when overexpressed in Escherichia coli. It must be denatured and renatured in vitro so that it can acquire activity. This study aimed at increasing the renaturation yield of denaturant pro-urokinase. Methods We evaluated the basic renaturation conditions of pro-urokinase through qualitative and quantitative analysis of pH, temperature, denatured concentration, protein concentration, and the ratio of reduced and oxidized thiol reagents. We also compared the effects of nonspecific additives, step-wise dilution and urea gradient dialysis. Results We defined the optimal conditions of pro-urokinase renaturation with a yield of about 20%-30%. Conclusion Different recombinant denatured proteins have different renaturation conditions due to their different molecular sizes, molecular constructions, disulfide bond numbers, and hydrophobicity. The renaturation yield can be increased by optimizing the renaturation conditions of a specific protein.%目的 重组人尿激酶原在大肠杆菌中过量表达时形成不溶物包涵体，需经体外变复性后才能获得生物活性。本文旨在提高包涵体中变性尿激酶原的复性效率。 方法 通过对pH、温度、变性剂种类及浓度、蛋白浓度、以及巯基氧化还原对比率等的定性定量分析，研究重组人尿激酶原体外变复性的基本条件，并比较了添加一些非特异有效成分、脉冲稀释、梯度透析等方法对提高重组人尿激酶原体外变复性效率的作用。 结果 确定了重组人尿激酶原体外变复性的基本方法，其复性效率可达30%左右。 结论 不同的包涵体蛋白的体外变复性效率因蛋白的分子大小、二巯键数目、疏水程度等而异，对特定蛋白复性条件的优化可提高其复性效率。
18. Elevated soluble urokinase receptor values in CSF, age and bacterial meningitis infection are independent and additive risk factors of fatal outcome
Tzanakaki, G; Paparoupa, M; Kyprianou, M;
2012-01-01
outcome. Patients with levels of suPAR above the cut-off values and age ≥51 years, or patients in which either Neisseria meningitis or Streptococcus pneumoniae were detected were categorized as high risk patients. The combination of the above three predictors (suPAR, age and infectious agent......The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential role of cerebrospinal fluid soluble urokinase receptor (suPAR) level, infection and age as risk factors for fatal outcome in patients suspected of having meningitis and/or bacteraemia on admission to hospital. A total of 545 cerebrospinal...
19. Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis with a Continuous Infusion of Low-Dose Urokinase for Non-Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis of the Lower Extremity
Gao, Binbin; Zhang, Jingyong; Wu, Xuejun; Han, Zonglin; Zhou, Hua; Dong, Dianning; Jin, Xing [Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Ji' nan (China)
2011-02-15
We wanted to evaluate the feasibility of catheter-directed thrombolysis with a continuous infusion of low-dose urokinase for treating non-acute (less than 14 days) deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity. The clinical data of 110 patients who were treated by catheter-directed thrombolysis with a continuous infusion of low-dose urokinase for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis was analysed. Adjunctive angioplasty or/and stenting was performed for the residual stenosis. Venous recanalization was graded by pre- and posttreatment venography. Follow-up was performed by clinical evaluation and Doppler ultrasound. A total of 112 limbs with deep venous thrombosis with a mean symptom duration of 22.7 days (range: 15-38 days) were treated with a urokinase infusion (mean: 3.5 million IU) for a mean of 196 hours. After thrombolysis, stent placement was performed in 25 iliac vein lesions and percutaneous angioplasty (PTA) alone was done in fi ve iliac veins. Clinically significant recanalization was achieved in 81% (90 of 112) of the treated limbs: complete recanalization was achieved in 28% (31 of 112) and partial recanalization was achieved in 53% (59 of 112). Minor bleeding occurred in 14 (13%) patients, but none of the patients suffered from major bleeding or symptomatic pulmonary embolism. During followup (mean: 15.2 months, range: 3-24 months), the veins were patent in 74 (67%) limbs. Thirty seven limbs (32%) showed progression of the stenosis with luminal narrowing more than 50%, including three with rethrombosis, while one revealed an asymptomatic iliac vein occlusion: 25 limbs (22%) developed mild post-thrombotic syndrome, and none had severe post-thrombotic syndrome. Valvular reflux occurred in 24 (21%) limbs. Catheter-directed thrombolysis with a continuous infusion of low-dose urokinase combined with adjunctive iliac vein stenting is safe and effective for removal of the clot burden and for restoration of the venous flow in patients with non-acute lower
20. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1 and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA in sputum of allergic asthma patients.
Sebastian Zukowski
2008-06-01
Full Text Available Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA and its inhibitor (PAI-1 have been associated with asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate concentration of uPA and PAI-1 in induced sputum of house dust mite allergic asthmatics (HDM-AAs. The study was performed on 19 HDM-AAs and 8 healthy nonatopic controls (HCs. Concentration of uPA and PAI-1 was evaluated in induced sputum supernatants using ELISA method. In HDM-AAs the median sputum concentration of uPA (128 pg/ml; 95% CI 99 to 183 pg/ml and PAI-1 (4063 pg/ml; 95%CI 3319 to 4784 pg/ml were significantly greater than in HCs (17 pg/ml; 95%CI 12 to 32 pg/ml; p<0.001 and 626 pg/ml; 95%CI 357 to 961 pg/ml; p<0.001 for uPA and PAI-1 respectively. The sputum concentration of uPA correlated with sputum total cell count (r=0.781; p=0.0001 and with logarithmically transformed exhaled nitric oxide concentration (eNO (r=0.486; p=0.035 but not with FEV1 or bronchial reactivity to histamine. On the contrary, the sputum PAI-1 concentration correlated with FEV1 (r=-0,718; p=0.0005 and bronchial reactivity to histamine expressed as log(PC20 (r=-0.824; p<0.0001 but did not correlate with sputum total cell count or eNO. The results of this study support previous observations linking PAI-1 with airway remodeling and uPA with cellular inflammation. Moreover, the observed effect of uPA seems to be independent of its fibrynolytic activity.
1. Proteomic Identification of LASP-1 Down-regulation After RNAi Urokinase Silencing in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells
Alessandro Salvi
2009-02-01
Full Text Available In human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, the high expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA is an unfavorable prognostic factor and a therapeutic target. To identify the downstream effects of uPA silencing by RNA interference, we studied proteome modifications of uPA-inhibited SKHep1C3 cells, an HCC-derived cell line. The study with two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry showed Lim and SH3 protein 1 (LASP-1, cytokeratin 1 (CK-1, cytokeratin 10 (CK-10, and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 down-modulation after uPA inhibition. LASP-1, CK-1, and CK-10 are involved in cytoskeleton dynamics as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 takes part in the mRNA processing and stability. We first confirmed the proteomic data by Western blot and immunoflorescence and then explored the link between uPA and LASP-1. The ectopic expression of uPA and LASP-1 supported the proteomic results and showed that uPA up-regulation increased LASP-1 expression and that both were implicated in SKHep1C3 motility. siRNA LASP-1 inhibition showed that LASP-1 was involved in actin microfilaments organization of SKHep1C3 cells. The disruption of the actin microfilaments after LASP-1 depletion increased uPA secretion and SKHep1C3 motility. Our results would suggest the hypothesis that uPA and LASP-1 expression may be coordinated in HCC-derived cells. In summary, the proteomic identification of a set of uPA downstream proteins provides new insight into the function of uPA in HCC cells.
2. A key role for the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in invasive Group A streptococcal infection.
Sanderson-Smith, Martina L; Zhang, Yueling; Ly, Diane; Donahue, Deborah; Hollands, Andrew; Nizet, Victor; Ranson, Marie; Ploplis, Victoria A; Walker, Mark J; Castellino, Francis J
2013-01-01
Recruitment of the serine protease plasmin is central to the pathogenesis of many bacterial species, including Group A streptococcus (GAS), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. A key process in invasive GAS disease is the ability to accumulate plasmin at the cell surface, however the role of host activators of plasminogen in this process is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) contributes to plasmin recruitment and subsequent invasive disease initiation in vivo. In the absence of a source of host plasminogen activators, streptokinase (Ska) was required to facilitate cell surface plasmin acquisition by GAS. However, in the absence of Ska, host activators were sufficient to promote cell surface plasmin acquisition by GAS strain 5448 during incubation with plasminogen or human plasma. Furthermore, GAS were able mediate a significant increase in the activation of zymogen pro-uPA in human plasma. In order to assess the contribution of uPA to invasive GAS disease, a previously undescribed transgenic mouse model of infection was employed. Both C57/black 6J, and AlbPLG1 mice expressing the human plasminogen transgene, were significantly more susceptible to invasive GAS disease than uPA-/- mice. The observed decrease in virulence in uPA-/-mice was found to correlate directly with a decrease in bacterial dissemination and reduced cell surface plasmin accumulation by GAS. These findings have significant implications for our understanding of GAS pathogenesis, and research aimed at therapeutic targeting of plasminogen activation in invasive bacterial infections.
3. A key role for the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA in invasive Group A streptococcal infection.
Martina L Sanderson-Smith
Full Text Available Recruitment of the serine protease plasmin is central to the pathogenesis of many bacterial species, including Group A streptococcus (GAS, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. A key process in invasive GAS disease is the ability to accumulate plasmin at the cell surface, however the role of host activators of plasminogen in this process is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA contributes to plasmin recruitment and subsequent invasive disease initiation in vivo. In the absence of a source of host plasminogen activators, streptokinase (Ska was required to facilitate cell surface plasmin acquisition by GAS. However, in the absence of Ska, host activators were sufficient to promote cell surface plasmin acquisition by GAS strain 5448 during incubation with plasminogen or human plasma. Furthermore, GAS were able mediate a significant increase in the activation of zymogen pro-uPA in human plasma. In order to assess the contribution of uPA to invasive GAS disease, a previously undescribed transgenic mouse model of infection was employed. Both C57/black 6J, and AlbPLG1 mice expressing the human plasminogen transgene, were significantly more susceptible to invasive GAS disease than uPA-/- mice. The observed decrease in virulence in uPA-/-mice was found to correlate directly with a decrease in bacterial dissemination and reduced cell surface plasmin accumulation by GAS. These findings have significant implications for our understanding of GAS pathogenesis, and research aimed at therapeutic targeting of plasminogen activation in invasive bacterial infections.
4. Cambodian Phellinus linteus inhibits experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice via regulation of urokinase type plasminogen activator.
Lee, Hyo-Jung; Lee, Hyo-Jeong; Lim, Eu-Soo; Ahn, Kyoo-Seok; Shim, Beom-Sang; Kim, Hyung-Min; Gong, Soo-Ja; Kim, Dae-Keun; Kim, Sung-Hoon
2005-01-01
Phellinus linteus (PL) is a fungus mainly found in tropical America, Africa and Asian countries including Korea, Japan and China. PL has been traditionally used for the treatment of arthritis, liver damage and cancer. However, little was known on the biological activity and characterization of Phellinus species in Cambodia. Thus, in the present study, the anti-metastatic mechanism of aqueous extract of Cambodian Phellinus linteus (CPL) was evaluated. Cambodian mushroom was identified as a Phellinus species with 99% homology of Phellinus linteus by DNA sequence analysis and comparison by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. CPL did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity against B16BL6 cells, invasive melanoma cells at 1 mg/ml. However, CPL inhibited platelet aggregation induced by B16BL6 cells and also disrupted the adhesion to gelatin and invasion of B16BL6 cells in a concentration dependent manner. Similarly, CPL dose-dependently inhibited the pulmonary metastatic colonies in C57BL/6 mice intravenously injected by B16BL6 cells up to 55.5% at a dose of 50 mg/kg compared with untreated control. CPL also down-regulated the expression of urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), one of key proteins associated with invasion and metastasis of tumor cells in a concentration dependent fashion, while CPL didn't significantly affect the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Taken together, these findings indicate that Cambodian Phellinus linteus may inhibit metastasis at least partly via regulation of uPA associated with tumor cell induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA) and also suggest a further study for isolation of active ingredients and the involvement of adhesion molecule signaling pathway.
5. Influence of irbesartan combined with low dose urokinase on treatment effect and serologic indexes in elderlyisolated systolic hypertension patients
Gui-Peng Wang; Xiao-Mei Luo
2017-01-01
To study the influence of irbesartan combined with low dose urokinase on treatment effect and serologic indexes in elderly isolated systolic hypertension patients. Methods: One hundred and ten cases of elderly isolated systolic hypertension patients in our hospital during January 2013–January 2016 were randomly divided into observation group with 55 cases and control group with 55 cases. Patients in observation group received irbesartan combined with low dose hydrochlorothiazide treatment and those in control group received amlodipine combined with low dose hydrochlorothiazide treatment, each lasted for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks treatment, non-invasive blood pressure and blood pressure variability indexes were measured, serum endothelial function, inflammatory factors and oxidative stress indexes were measured. Results: After 4 weeks treatment, patients systolic blood pressure (SBP), 24 h mean systolic blood pressure (24 h SBP), 24 h systolic blood pressure standard deviation (24 h SSD) were significantly lower in observation group than in control group (P<0.05); serum endothelial function index EF-1 was lower in observation group than in control group, while NO and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were higher in observation group than in control group (P<0.05); serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) contents were lower in observation group than in control group (P<0.05); serum oxidation index such as malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in observation group than in control group, while antioxidant indexes such as total anti-oxidative capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH were higher in observation group than in control group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Irbesartan combined with low dose hydrochlorothiazide can effectively reduce systolic hypertension and blood pressure variability in elderly isolated systolic hypertension patients, while optimizing the systemic inflammation and
6. The Concept of Truth Regime
Lorna Weir
2008-07-01
Full Text Available “Truth regime” is a much used but little theorized concept, with the Foucauldian literature presupposing that truth in modernity is uniformly scientific/quasi-scientific and enhances power. I argue that the forms of truth characteristic of our present are wider than Foucault recognized, their relations to power more various, and their historicity more complex. The truth regime of advanced modernity is characterized by multiple, irreducible truth formulae that co-exist and sometimes vie for dominance. A truth formula stabilizes a network of elements: a relation between representation and presentation (words and things, truth and non-truth, and the place of the subject in discourse. Our contemporary truth regime comprises radically heterogeneous truthful knowledges – science, governance, religion/politics, and common culture – that have distinct histories and relations to power.
7. Exchange rate regimes and monetary arrangements
Ivan Ribnikar
2005-06-01
Full Text Available There is a close relationship between a country’s exchange rate regime and monetary arrangement and if we are to examine monetary arrangements then exchange rate regimes must first be analysed. Within the conventional and most widely used classification of exchange rate regimes into rigid and flexible or into polar regimes (hard peg and float on one side, and intermediate regimes on the other there, is a much greater variety among intermediate regimes. A more precise and, as will be seen, more useful classification of exchange rate regimes is the first topic of the paper. The second topic is how exchange rate regimes influence or determine monetary arrangements and monetary policy or monetary policy regimes: monetary autonomy versus monetary nonautonomy and discretion in monetary policy versus commitment in monetary policy. Both topics are important for countries on their path to the EU and the euro area
8. Detecting spatial regimes in ecosystems
Sundstrom, Shana M.; Eason, Tarsha; Nelson, R. John; Angeler, David G.; Barichievy, Chris; Garmestani, Ahjond S.; Graham, Nicholas A.J.; Granholm, Dean; Gunderson, Lance; Knutson, Melinda; Nash, Kirsty L.; Spanbauer, Trisha; Stow, Craig A.; Allen, Craig R.
2017-01-01
Research on early warning indicators has generally focused on assessing temporal transitions with limited application of these methods to detecting spatial regimes. Traditional spatial boundary detection procedures that result in ecoregion maps are typically based on ecological potential (i.e. potential vegetation), and often fail to account for ongoing changes due to stressors such as land use change and climate change and their effects on plant and animal communities. We use Fisher information, an information theory-based method, on both terrestrial and aquatic animal data (U.S. Breeding Bird Survey and marine zooplankton) to identify ecological boundaries, and compare our results to traditional early warning indicators, conventional ecoregion maps and multivariate analyses such as nMDS and cluster analysis. We successfully detected spatial regimes and transitions in both terrestrial and aquatic systems using Fisher information. Furthermore, Fisher information provided explicit spatial information about community change that is absent from other multivariate approaches. Our results suggest that defining spatial regimes based on animal communities may better reflect ecological reality than do traditional ecoregion maps, especially in our current era of rapid and unpredictable ecological change.
9. Reversibility of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced in breast cancer cells by activation of urokinase receptor-dependent cell signaling.
Jo, Minji; Lester, Robin D; Montel, Valerie; Eastman, Boryana; Takimoto, Shinako; Gonias, Steven L
2009-08-21
Hypoxia induces expression of the urokinase receptor (uPAR) and activates uPAR-dependent cell signaling in cancer cells. This process promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). uPAR overexpression in cancer cells also promotes EMT. In this study, we tested whether uPAR may be targeted to reverse cancer cell EMT. When MDA-MB 468 breast cancer cells were cultured in 1% O(2), uPAR expression increased, as anticipated. Cell-cell junctions were disrupted, vimentin expression increased, and E-cadherin was lost from cell surfaces, indicating EMT. Transferring these cells back to 21% O(2) decreased uPAR expression and reversed the signs of EMT. In uPAR-overexpressing MDA-MB 468 cells, EMT was reversed by silencing expression of endogenously produced urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), which is necessary for uPAR-dependent cell signaling, or by targeting uPAR-activated cell signaling factors, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Src family kinases, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells express high levels of uPA and uPAR and demonstrate mesenchymal cell morphology under normoxic culture conditions (21% O(2)). Silencing uPA expression in MDA-MB-231 cells decreased expression of vimentin and Snail, and induced changes in morphology characteristic of epithelial cells. These results demonstrate that uPAR-initiated cell signaling may be targeted to reverse EMT in cancer.
10. Urokinase plasminogen receptor and the fibrinolytic complex play a role in nerve repair after nerve crush in mice, and in human neuropathies.
Cristina Rivellini
Full Text Available Remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM is a critical step in peripheral nerve regeneration. In fact, in human neuropathies, endoneurial ECM enriched in fibrin and vitronectin associates with poor regeneration and worse clinical prognosis. Accordingly in animal models, modification of the fibrinolytic complex activity has profound effects on nerve regeneration: high fibrinolytic activity and low levels of fibrin correlate with better nerve regeneration. The urokinase plasminogen receptor (uPAR is a major component of the fibrinolytic complex, and binding to urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA promotes fibrinolysis and cell movement. uPAR is expressed in peripheral nerves, however, little is known on its potential function on nerve development and regeneration. Thus, we investigated uPAR null mice and observed that uPAR is dispensable for nerve development, whereas, loss of uPAR affects nerve regeneration. uPAR null mice showed reduced nerve repair after sciatic nerve crush. This was a consequence of reduced fibrinolytic activity and increased deposition of endoneurial fibrin and vitronectin. Exogenous fibrinolysis in uPAR null mice rescued nerve repair after sciatic nerve crush. Finally, we measured the fibrinolytic activity in sural nerve biopsies from patients with peripheral neuropathies. We showed that neuropathies with defective regeneration had reduced fibrinolytic activity. On the contrary, neuropathies with signs of active regeneration displayed higher fibrinolytic activity. Overall, our results suggest that enforced fibrinolysis may facilitate regeneration and outcome of peripheral neuropathies.
11. Quantitative RT-PCR assays for the determination of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 mRNA in primary tumor tissue of breast cancer patients: comparison to antigen quantification by ELISA.
Biermann, J.C.; Holzscheiter, L.; Kotzsch, M.; Luther, T.; Kiechle-Bahat, M.; Sweep, F.C.; Span, P.N.; Schmitt, M.; Magdolen, V.
2008-01-01
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) play a key role in tumor-associated processes such as the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, tissue remodeling, cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. High antigen levels of uPA an
12. The pro-inflammatory biomarker soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is associated with incident type 2 diabetes among overweight but not obese individuals with impaired glucose regulation
Heraclides, A; Jensen, T M; Rasmussen, S S;
2013-01-01
Recent evidence links the soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), a stable biomarker of systemic immune activation, to several chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. suPAR is also associated with adiposity and smoking. We hypothesised that this biomarker would be linked to...
13. Accommodating human values in the climate regime
Cook, Rosalind; Tauschinsky, Eljalill
2008-01-01
The climate regime addresses one of the most important challenges facing humankind today. However, while the environmental and economic sides of the problem are well represented, it lacks the inclusion of social and human aspects. The human rights regime, in contrast, is a regime which has been esta
14. Adaptation in Collaborative Governance Regimes
Emerson, Kirk; Gerlak, Andrea K.
2014-10-01
15. Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor Plasma Concentration May Predict Susceptibility to High Altitude Pulmonary Edema
Zügel, Stefanie; Schoeb, Michele; Auinger, Katja; Dehnert, Christoph; Maggiorini, Marco
2016-01-01
Introduction. Acute exposure to high altitude induces inflammation. However, the relationship between inflammation and high altitude related illness such as high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and acute mountain sickness (AMS) is poorly understood. We tested if soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) plasma concentration, a prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease and marker for low grade activation of leukocytes, will predict susceptibility to HAPE and AMS. Methods. 41 healthy mountaineers were examined at sea level (SL, 446 m) and 24 h after rapid ascent to 4559 m (HA). 24/41 subjects had a history of HAPE and were thus considered HAPE-susceptible (HAPE-s). Out of the latter, 10/24 HAPE-s subjects were randomly chosen to suppress the inflammatory cascade with dexamethasone 8 mg bid 24 h prior to ascent. Results. Acute hypoxic exposure led to an acute inflammatory reaction represented by an increase in suPAR (1.9 ± 0.4 at SL versus 2.3 ± 0.5 at HA, p < 0.01), CRP (0.7 ± 0.5 at SL versus 3.6 ± 4.6 at HA, p < 0.01), and IL-6 (0.8 ± 0.4 at SL versus 3.3 ± 4.9 at HA, p < 0.01) in all subjects except those receiving dexamethasone. The ascent associated decrease in PaO2 correlated with the increase in IL-6 (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), but not suPAR (r = 0.27, p = 0.08); the increase in IL-6 was not correlated with suPAR (r = 0.16, p = 0.24). Baseline suPAR plasma concentration was higher in the HAPE-s group (2.0 ± 0.4 versus 1.8 ± 0.4, p = 0.04); no difference was found for CRP and IL-6 and for subjects developing AMS. Conclusion. High altitude exposure leads to an increase in suPAR plasma concentration, with the missing correlation between suPAR and IL-6 suggesting a cytokine independent, leukocyte mediated mechanism of low grade inflammation. The correlation between IL-6 and PaO2 suggests a direct effect of hypoxia, which is not the case for suPAR. However, suPAR plasma concentration measured before hypoxic exposure may predict
16. Prognostic value analysis of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study
Rocchetti Romina
2008-08-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC represents the most common oral malignancy. Despite recent advances in therapy, up to 50% of the cases have relapse and/or metastasis. There is therefore a strong need for the identification of new biological markers able to predict the clinical behaviour of these lesions in order to improve quality of life and overall survival. Among tumour progression biomarkers, already known for their involvement in other neoplasia, a crucial role is ascribed to the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR, which plays a multiple role in extracellular proteolysis, cell migration and tissue remodelling not only as a receptor for the zymogen pro-uPA but also as a component for cell adhesion and as a chemoattractant. The purpose of this study was to gain information on the expression of uPAR in OSCC and to verify whether this molecule can have a role as a prognostic/predictive marker for this neoplasia. Methods In a retrospective study, a cohort of 189 OSCC patients was investigated for uPAR expression and its cellular localization by immunohistochemistry. As standard controls, 8 normal oral mucosal tissues free of malignancy, obtained from patients with no evidence or history of oral cavity tumours, were similarly investigated. After grouping for uPAR expression, OSCCs were statistically analyzed for the variables age, gender, histological grading (G, tumour size, recurrence, TNM staging and overall survival rate. Results In our immunohistochemical study, 74 cases (39.1% of OSCC showed a mostly cytoplasmic positivity for uPAR, whereas 115 were negative. uPAR expression correlated with tumour differentiation grade and prognosis: percentage of positive cases was the greatest in G3 (70.4% and patients positives for uPAR expression had an expectation of life lower than those for uPAR negatives. Conclusion The results obtained in this study suggest a role of uPAR as a potential biomarker useful to
17. Role of Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator in the Precontact Sperm-egg Communication and Fertility of Mice in vitro
2005-01-01
Objective To explore the role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator(uPA) in precontact sperm-egg communication and fertility of mice in vitro.Methods Firstly, sperm chemotaxis (SC) induced by uPA was assayed by measuring the sperm densities in capillaries with a descending gradient or no gradient of uPA respectively. Secondly, the role of uPAR that exists in sperm plasma membrane in SC was studied by examining the change of sperm density in capillary after incubating spermatozoa with anti-uPAR antibody. Thirdly, SC induced by eggs, which had been treated with uPA, PAI-1 and anti-uPAR beforehand respectively, was assayed to study the role of uPA in PSEC. Lastly, the fertilization capability of spermatozoa treated with uPA was examined by counting the number of fertilized eggs.Results 1)The density of spermatozoa that migrated down the gradient of uPA into the capillary was significantly lower than that into the capillary containing no-gradient uPA. 2) When uPAR of spermatozoa was inhibited by anti-uPAR antibody, the density of spermatozoa that migrated into the capillary with ascending gradient of uPA decreased correspondingly. 3) The density of spermatozoa attracted by eggs, which were treated with uPA beforehand, increased significantly than that of attracted by non-treated eggs. On the contrary, the sperm density decreased correspondingly when the egg was treated with PAI-1. 4) The number of fertilized eggs increased significantly after the spermatozoa used here was treated with uPA beforehand.Conclusion uPA could induce SC of mice sperm in vitro through the uPAR on its membrane, enhance the capability of egg inducing SC, and promote spermatozoa to fertilize eggs. Thus, uPA may act as an attractant in PSEC, increase the chance encounter of spermatozoa and eggs, therefore, enhance the fertility success correspondingly.This study, in some degree, provides an evidence that uPA may be used as a new medicine and diagnostic reagent for male infertility.
18. Tumour microenvironments induce expression of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR and concomitant activation of gelatinolytic enzymes.
Synnøve Magnussen
Full Text Available The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR is associated with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC, and increased expression of uPAR is often found at the invasive tumour front. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the role of uPAR in invasion and metastasis of OSCC, and the effects of various tumour microenvironments in these processes. Furthermore, we wanted to study whether the cells' expression level of uPAR affected the activity of gelatinolytic enzymes.The Plaur gene was both overexpressed and knocked-down in the murine OSCC cell line AT84. Tongue and skin tumours were established in syngeneic mice, and cells were also studied in an ex vivo leiomyoma invasion model. Soluble factors derived from leiomyoma tissue, as well as purified extracellular matrix (ECM proteins, were assessed for their ability to affect uPAR expression, glycosylation and cleavage. Activity of gelatinolytic enzymes in the tissues were assessed by in situ zymography.We found that increased levels of uPAR did not induce tumour invasion or metastasis. However, cells expressing low endogenous levels of uPAR in vitro up-regulated uPAR expression both in tongue, skin and leiomyoma tissue. Various ECM proteins had no effect on uPAR expression, while soluble factors originating from the leiomyoma tissue increased both the expression and glycosylation of uPAR, and possibly also affected the proteolytic processing of uPAR. Tumours with high levels of uPAR, as well as cells invading leiomyoma tissue with up-regulated uPAR expression, all displayed enhanced activity of gelatinolytic enzymes.Although high levels of uPAR are not sufficient to induce invasion and metastasis, the activity of gelatinolytic enzymes was increased. Furthermore, several tumour microenvironments have the capacity to induce up-regulation of uPAR expression, and soluble factors in the tumour microenvironment may have an important role in the regulation of posttranslational
19. Measuring the effectiveness of international environmental regimes
Helm, C.; Sprinz, D.F.
1999-05-01
While past research has emphasized the importance of international regimes for international governance, systematic assessments of regime effects are missing. This article derives a standardized measurement concept for the effectiveness of international environmental regimes by developing an operational rational choice calculus to evaluate actual policy simultaneously against a non-regime counterfactual and a collective optimum. Subsequently, the empirical feasibility of the measurement instrument is demonstrated by way of two international treaties regulating transboundary air pollution in Europe. The results demonstrate that the regimes indeed show positive effects - but fall substantially short of the collective optima. (orig.)
20. Hall effect in hopping regime
Avdonin, A., E-mail: [email protected] [Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa (Poland); Skupiński, P. [Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa (Poland); Grasza, K. [Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa (Poland); Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, ul. Wólczyńska 133, 01-919 Warszawa (Poland)
2016-02-15
A simple description of the Hall effect in the hopping regime of conductivity in semiconductors is presented. Expressions for the Hall coefficient and Hall mobility are derived by considering averaged equilibrium electron transport in a single triangle of localization sites in a magnetic field. Dependence of the Hall coefficient is analyzed in a wide range of temperature and magnetic field values. Our theoretical result is applied to our experimental data on temperature dependence of Hall effect and Hall mobility in ZnO. - Highlights: • Expressions for Hall coefficient and mobility for hopping conductivity are derived. • Theoretical result is compared with experimental curves measured on ZnO. • Simultaneous action of free and hopping conduction channels is considered. • Non-linearity of hopping Hall coefficient is predicted.
1. Purification of c-phycocyanin from Spirulina fusiformis and its effect on the induction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator from calf pulmonary endothelial cells.
Madhyastha, H K; Radha, K S; Sugiki, M; Omura, S; Maruyama, M
2006-09-01
c-Phycocyanin (c-pc), a blue coloured, fluorescent protein was purified from blue-green alga, Spirulina fusiformis and its effect on fibrinolytic system in vascular endothelial cells was investigated. The c-pc consisted of two subunits, alpha and beta, whose molecular masses were 16 and 17 kDa, respectively. N-terminal sequences of both subunits were well conserved compared with other blue green algal phycobiliproteins. Fibrinolytic activity in the medium conditioned by calf pulmonary arterial endothelial cells was measured by the fibrin plate method. The c-pc increased the fibrinolytic activity in dose- and time-dependent manners. Fibrin zymographic studies indicated that c-pc-induced urokinase-type plasminogen activator in the cells. These in vitro results suggest that c-pc from S. fusiformis is a potent profibrinolytic protein in the vascular endothelial system.
2. Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Level Is an Independent Predictor of the Presence and Severity of Coronary Artery Disease and of Future Adverse Events
Eapen, Danny J; Manocha, Pankaj; Ghasemzedah, Nima;
2014-01-01
(Plevel ≥3.5 ng/mL (cutoff by Youden's index) predicted future risk of MI (hazard ratio [HR]=3.2; Pstatistic......INTRODUCTION: Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is an emerging inflammatory and immune biomarker. Whether suPAR level predicts the presence and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD), and of incident death and myocardial infarction (MI) in subjects with suspected CAD......, is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We measured plasma suPAR levels in 3367 subjects (67% with CAD) recruited in the Emory Cardiovascular Biobank and followed them for adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes of death and MI over a mean 2.1±1.1 years. Presence of angiographic CAD (≥50% stenosis in ≥1 coronary...
3. Levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in non-small cell lung cancer as measured by quantitative ELISA and semiquantitative immunohistochemistry
Pappot, Helle; Skov, Birgit Guldhammer; Pyke, Charles;
1997-01-01
, results in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) studies obtained by quantitative ELISA and semiquantitative immunohistochemistry differ. If the prognostic value of the components of the plasminogen activation system is to be exploited clinically in the future, it is important to choose an easy and valid......PAR with the aim of predicting prognosis. In conclusion, a larger comparative study is needed to clarify the relationship between ELISA and immunohistochemical results, before a methodology for clinical use can be chosen in non-small cell lung cancer....... methodology. In the present study we investigated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-I) and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), as quantitated by ELISA in tumour extracts from 64 NSCLC patients (38 squamous cell carcinomas, 26 adenocarcinomas), and compared them to staining...
4. Mapping the topographic epitope landscape on the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) by surface plasmon resonance and X-ray crystallography
Zhao, Baoyu; Gandhi, Sonu; Yuan, Cai
2015-01-01
as a dynamic modular protein structure composed of three homologous Ly6/uPAR domains (LU).This internally flexible protein structure of uPAR enables an allosteric regulation of the interactions with its two principal ligands: the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the provisional...... matrix protein vitronectin (Vn) (Mertens et al., 2012; Gårdsvoll et al., 2011; Madsen et al., 2007 [2-4]). The data presented here relates to the non-covalent trapping of one of these biologically relevant uPAR-conformations by a novel class of monoclonal antibodies (Zhao et al., 2015 [5......]) and to the general mapping of the topographic epitope landscape on uPAR. The methods required to achieve these data include: (1) recombinant expression and purification of a uPAR-hybrid protein trapped in the desired conformation [patent; WO 2013/020898 A12013]; (2) developing monoclonal antibodies with unique...
5. Plasma soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor level is independently associated with coronary microvascular function in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease
Mekonnen, Girum; Corban, Michel T; Hung, Olivia Y;
2015-01-01
, medications profiles and hs-CRP, suPAR remained an independent predictor of CFR (B = -0.30, p = 0.04), indicating an independent association between suPAR level and coronary microvascular function. CONCLUSIONS: In this cross-sectional study, plasma suPAR level was an independent predictor of coronary......BACKGROUND: Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a novel biomarker released from leukocytes and endothelial cells that has been associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that plasma suPAR level is an independent predictor of coronary...... microvascular function. METHODS: Coronary blood flow velocity and plasma suPAR levels were evaluated in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to basal average peak blood flow velocity and coronary microvascular dysfunction...
6. Aberrant glomerular filtration of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in nephrotic syndrome leads to amiloride-sensitive plasminogen activation in urine
Staehr, Mette; Buhl, Kristian B; Andersen, René F
2015-01-01
(uPA) in vitro. It was hypothesized that uPA is abnormally filtered to pre-urine and is inhibited in urine by amiloride in nephrotic syndrome. This was tested by determination of Na+-balance, uPA protein and activity and amiloride concentration in urine from rats with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN......In nephrotic syndrome, aberrant glomerular filtration of plasminogen and conversion to active plasmin in pre-urine is thought to activate proteolytically ENaC and contribute to sodium retention and edema. The ENaC blocker amiloride is an off-target inhibitor of urokinase-type plasminogen activator......) induced nephrotic syndrome. Urine samples from 6 adult and 18 pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome were analyzed for uPA activity and protein. PAN-treatment induced significant proteinuria in rats which coincided with increased urine uPA protein and activity, increased urine protease activity...
7. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is in contrast to high-sensitive C-reactive-protein associated with coronary artery calcifications in healthy middle-aged subjects
Sørensen, Mette Hjortdal; Gerke, Oke; Eugen-Olsen, Jesper;
2014-01-01
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to investigate the association between two markers of low-grade inflammation; soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP); and coronary artery calcification (CAC) score detected by cardiac...... computed tomography (CT) scan. DESIGN: A cross sectional study of 1126 randomly sampled middle-aged men and women. METHODS: CAC score was measured by a non-contrast cardiac CT scan and total 10-year cardiovascular mortality risk was estimated using the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE). Plasma...... samples were analysed for suPAR and hs-CRP. The association of suPAR and hs-CRP to CAC was evaluated by logistic regression analyses adjusting for categorised SCORE. The additive effect of suPAR to SCORE was evaluated by comparing area under curve (AUC) and net reclassification improvement (NRI). RESULTS...
8. Extracellular collagenases and the endocytic receptor, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein/Endo180, cooperate in fibroblast-mediated collagen degradation
Madsen, Daniel H; Engelholm, Lars H; Ingvarsen, Signe
2007-01-01
The collagens of the extracellular matrix are the most abundant structural proteins in the mammalian body. In tissue remodeling and in the invasive growth of malignant tumors, collagens constitute an important barrier, and consequently, the turnover of collagen is a rate-limiting process...... in these events. A recently discovered turnover route with importance for tumor growth involves intracellular collagen degradation and is governed by the collagen receptor, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein (uPARAP or Endo180). The interplay between this mechanism and extracellular...... collagenolysis is not known. In this report, we demonstrate the existence of a new, composite collagen breakdown pathway. Thus, fibroblast-mediated collagen degradation proceeds preferentially as a sequential mechanism in which extracellular collagenolysis is followed by uPARAP/Endo180-mediated endocytosis...
9. Equilibrium yield curves under regime switching
García-Verdú, Santiago
2010-01-01
This paper studies how inflation as a macroeconomic indicator affects nominal bond prices. I consider an economy with a representative agent with Epstein- Zin preferences. Regime switching affects the state-space capturing inflation and consumption growth. Thus, the agent is concerned about the intertemporal distribution of risk, which is affected by the persistence of the variables and the regimes. Regime switching allows for structural changes in the volatility of unexpected shocks. To the ...
10. Gene expression of fibrinolytic factors urokinase plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in rabbit temporo-mandibular joint cartilage with disc displacement
ZHAN Jing; GU Zhi-yuan; WU Li-qun; ZHANG Yin-kai; HU Ji-an
2005-01-01
Background The urokinase plasminogen activator system is believed to play an important role in degradation of the extracellular matrix associated with cartilage and bone destruction; however its precise roles in temporomandibular disorders have not yet been clarified. The aims of this study were to investigate the gene expression of fibrinolytic factors urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the articular cartilage of rabbit temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with disc displacement (DD) and to probe the relationship between fibrinolytic activity and cartilage remodeling. Methods Disc displacement of right joints was performed in 36 of 78 rabbits under investigation. The animals were sacrificed at 4 days and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery, respectively. The right joints of these animals were harvested and processed for the examination of mRNA expression of uPA and PAI-1 in articular cartilage using in situ hybridization techniques. Results The expression of uPA and PAI-1 was co-expressed weakly in the chondrocytes from transitive zone to hypertrophic zone and mineralized zone, while no hybridizing signals were shown in proliferative zone and superficial zone in control rabbits. The most striking was the up-regulation of uPA and PAI-1 mRNA in 4-day rabbits postoperatively at the onset of cartilage degeneration. The strongest hybridizing signals for uPA and PAI-1 were seen in 2-week rabbits postoperatively. After 2 weeks, the expression of uPA and PAI-1 began to decrease and reached nearly normal level at 12 weeks. Conclusions The expression of the uPA/PAI-1 system coincides with the pathological changes in condylar cartilage after DD. The uPA/PAI-1 system may be one of the essential mediators in articular cartilage remodeling.
11. Transcriptional Regulation of Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Receptor by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Is Crucial for Invasion of Pancreatic and Liver Cancer
Peter Büchler
2009-02-01
Full Text Available Angioinvasion is critical for metastasis with urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR and tumor hypoxia-activated hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1 as key players. Transcriptional control of uPAR expression by HIF has never been reported. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to test whether tumor hypoxia-induced HIF expression may be linked to transcriptional activation of uPAR and dependent angioinvasion. We used human pancreatic cancer cells and a model of parental and derived HIF-1β-deficient mouse liver cancer cell lines and performed Northern blot analysis, nuclear runoff assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, polymerase chain reaction-generated deletion mutants, luciferase assays, Matrigel invasion assays, and in vivo angioinvasion assays in the chorioallantoic membrane of fertilized chicken eggs. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor promoter analysis resulted in four putative HIF binding sites. Hypoxia strongly induced de novo transcription of uPAR mRNA. With sequential deletion mutants of the uPAR promoter, it was possible to identify one HIF binding site causing a nearly 200-fold increase in luciferase activity. Hypoxia enhanced the number of invading tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, HIF-1β-deficient cells failed to upregulate uPAR expression, to activate luciferase activity, and to invade on hypoxia. Taken together, we show for the first time that uPAR is under transcriptional control of HIF and that this is important for hypoxia-induced metastasis.
12. Bacterial endotoxin enhances colorectal cancer cell adhesion and invasion through TLR-4 and NF-kappaB-dependent activation of the urokinase plasminogen activator system.
Killeen, S D
2009-05-19
Perioperative exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is associated with accelerated metastatic colorectal tumour growth. LPS directly affects cells through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and the transcription factor NF-kappaB. The urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) system is intimately implicated in tumour cell extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions fundamental to tumour progression. Thus we sought to determine if LPS directly induces accelerated tumour cell ECM adhesion and invasion through activation of the u-PA system and to elucidate the cellular pathways involved. Human colorectal tumour cell lines were stimulated with LPS. u-PA concentration, u-PA activity, active u-PA, surface urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR) and TLR-4 expression were assessed by ELISA, colorimetric assay, western blot analysis and flow cytometry respectively. In vitro tumour cell vitronectin adhesion and ECM invasion were analysed by vitronectin adhesion assay and ECM invasion chambers. u-PA and u-PAR function was inhibited with anti u-PA antibodies or the selective u-PA inhibitors amiloride or WXC-340, TLR-4 by TLR-4-blocking antibodies and NF-kappaB by the selective NF-kappaB inhibitor SN-50. LPS upregulates u-PA and u-PAR in a dose-dependent manner, enhancing in vitro tumour cell vitronectin adhesion and ECM invasion by >40% (P<0.01). These effects were ameliorated by u-PA and u-PAR inhibition. LPS activates NF-kappaB through TLR-4. TLR-4 and NF-kappaB inhibition ameliorated LPS-enhanced u-PA and u-PAR expression, tumour cell vitronectin adhesion and ECM invasion. LPS promotes tumour cell ECM adhesion and invasion through activation of the u-PA system in a TLR-4- and NF-kappaB-dependent manner.
13. The construction and expression of chimeric urokinase-type plasminogen activator genes containing kringle domains of human plasminogen.
Boutaud, A; Castellino, F J
1993-06-01
A series of chimeric urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) genes, which contain combinations of kringle domains of human plasminogen (HPg) in place of the uPA kringle (KuPA), has been constructed and expressed. Some of the resulting recombinant (r) variant uPA chimeras contain modules that potentially mediate the macroscopic binding of HPg to its activation effectors, fibrin(ogen) and 6-aminohexanoic acid (EACA). Such binding sites are not possessed by KuPA, but are present in certain of the HPg kringles, viz., kringle 1 (K1HPg), kringle 4 (K4HPg), and kringle 5 (K5HPg). The recombinant (r) chimeras constructed included molecules with replacements of KuPA with K1HPg (r-[KuPA-->K1HPg]uPA), and with KuPA replaced by double kringle combinations of K1HPgK4HPg (r-[KuPA-->K1HPgK4HPg]uPA), K2HPgK3HPg (r-[KuPA-->K2HPgK3HPg]uPA), and K4HPgK5HPg (r-[KuPA-->K4HPgK5HPg]uPA). All of these variant genes, along with their wild-type (wt) r-uPA counterparts, were expressed in human kidney 293 cells. In cases wherein EACA-binding kringles from HPg have been placed in uPA, this property has been retained in the chimeric molecule and employed as an essential part of the purification procedures for the variants. The steady state amidolytic activity of two-chain (tc) wtr-uPA toward the chromogenic substrate, H-D-pyroglutamyl-Gly-L-Arg-p-nitroanilide (S2444), is characterized by a kcat/KM (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) of 120 s-1 mM-1. This value ranges from 92 s-1 mM-1 (tcr-[KuPA-->K1HPg]uPA) to 166 s-1 mM-1 (tcr-[KuPA-->K1HPgK4HPg]uPA) for each of the variants, demonstrating that the catalytic efficiency of the active site is altered only in a small way by changes in the noncatalytic domain of uPA. Small differences are also observed in the abilities of these tcr variants to interact with the fast-acting plasma inhibitor of uPA, viz., plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). The second-order rate constant for the interaction of PAI-1 with tcr-uPA, 0.46 x 10(7) M-1s-1 (pH 7.4, 10 degrees
14. High-dose urokinase via minimally invasive approach for the treatment of 90 cases of ventricular hemorrhage%微创大剂量尿激酶治疗脑室出血90例临床分析
左毅; 王海燕; 陈尚军
2013-01-01
Objective To analyze the clinical effect of high-dose urokinase via minimally invasive approach for the treatment of ventricular hemorrhage.Methods A total of 90 cases of ventricular hemorrhage were divided into control group and treatment group randomly.Lateral ventricular injection of urokinase after external ventricular drainage plus drainage of lumbar cistern were performed in control group,and lateral ventricular injection of urokinase after external ventricular drainage plus drainage of lumbar cistern with injection of urokinase were performed in treatment group.Results In treatment group,the time of lumbar cistern drainage was 6 d in average,and the time of ventricular hematoma elimination was (5 ±1.47) d.In control group,the average time of lumbar cistern drainage was 12 d and the time of ventricular hematoma elimination was (11 ±3.76) d.Conclusion Compared with control group,ventricular injection of urokinase after external ventricular drainage plus lumbar cistern injection of urokinase are helpful for the hematoma elimination and increase of survival rate.%目的 分析微创大剂量尿激酶对脑室出血的临床治疗作用.方法 90例脑室出血患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组:脑室外引流术后侧脑室注入尿激酶+腰大池引流术；治疗组:脑室外引流术后侧脑室注入尿激酶+腰大池引流术后经引流管注入尿激酶.结果 治疗组腰大池置管持续引流平均时间为6d,脑室内血肿消失时间平均为(5±1.47)d.对照组腰大池置管持续引流平均时间为12 d,脑室内血肿消失时间平均为(11±3.76)d.结论 较单纯腰大池置管引流,微创超大剂量尿激酶双向治疗重度脑室出血,能显著加快脑室血肿溶解,提高生存率.
15. Multiscale regime shifts and planetary boundaries
Hughes, T.P.; Carpenter, S.; Rockstrom, J.; Scheffer, M.; Walker, B.
2013-01-01
Life on Earth has repeatedly displayed abrupt and massive changes in the past, and there is no reason to expect that comparable planetary-scale regime shifts will not continue in the future. Different lines of evidence indicate that regime shifts occur when the climate or biosphere transgresses a ti
16. LEGAL MATRIMONIAL REGIME IN B&H
Boris Krešić
2011-12-01
Full Text Available Matrimonial regime between spouses or between extramarital partners, and between parents and children is regulated by the Family Law Act of Bosnia and Herzegovina Federation, hereinafter FLA B&HF (SG FBiH 35/05, 41/05, Family Law Act of the Republic of Srpska, hereinafter FLA RS (SG RS”54/02, 41/08 and the Family Law Act of Brčko District, hereinafter FLA BD (SG RS, 66/07. Legal rules used for the regulation of the matrimonial regime between spouses, as well as between spouses and third parties make matrimonial regime (Ponjavić, 2005, p. 361. Matrimonial regime between spouses in family legislation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H is regulated in two following ways: as legal matrimonial regime and as contract matrimonial regime. Legal regime is the one which applies on spouses if not arranged otherwise prior to contracting marriage or during marriage. In this paper the author indicates the differences between the legal matrimonial regimes of the two entities as well as those between the entities and Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
17. LOW DOSE MAGNESIUM SULPHATE REGIME FOR ECLAMPSIA
Bangal V
2009-09-01
Full Text Available Pre- eclampsia is one of the commonest medical complications seen during pregnancy. It contributes significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Dr.J.A.Pritchard in 1955, introduced magnesium sulphate for control of convulsions in eclampsia and is used worldwide. Considering the low body mass index of indian women, a low dose magnesium sulphate regime has been introduced by some authors. Present study was carried out at tertiary care centre in rural area. Fifty cases of eclampsia were randomly selected to find out the efficacy of low dose magnesium sulphate regime to control eclamptic convulsions. Maternal and perinatal outcome and magnesium toxicity were analyzed. It was observed that 86% cases responded to initial intravenous dose of 4 grams of 20% magnesium sulphate . Eight percent cases, who got recurrence of convulsion, were controlled by additional 2 grams of 20% magnesium sulphate. Six percent cases required shifting to standard Pritchard regime, as they did not respond to low dose magnesium sulphate regime. The average total dose of magnesium sulphate required for control of convulsions was 20 grams ie. 54.4% less than that of standard Pritchard regime. The maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in the present study werecomparable to those of standard Pritchard regime. The study did not find a single case of magnesium related toxicity with low dose magnesium sulphate regime. Low dose magnesium sulphate regime was found to be safe and effective in eclampsia.
18. Framing of regimes and transition strategies
Jensen, Jens Stissing
2012-01-01
This article suggests that transition strategies are always formulated in the context of specific representations of the regime and the challenges it faces. It is argued that the framing of a regime affects the envisioning of transition strategies. An analysis of the current development agenda...... for the housing construction sector in Denmark reveals the relevance and impacts of different regime framings. It is proposed that the ability to cope with framing issues as situated and political processes is at the core of the governance of transitions....
19. Earth Regime Network Evolution Study (ERNESt)
2016-01-01
Speaker and Presenter at the Lincoln Laboratory Communications Workshop on April 5, 2016 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, MA. A visual presentation titled Earth Regimes Network Evolution Study (ERNESt).
20. US Forest Service LANDFIRE Historical Fire Regimes
US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture — Historical fire regimes, intervals, and vegetation conditions are mapped using the Vegetation Dynamics Development Tool (VDDT). These data support fire and landscape...
1. Regimes of validity for balanced models
Gent, Peter R.; McWilliams, James C.
1983-07-01
Scaling analyses are presented which delineate the atmospheric and oceanic regimes of validity for the family of balanced models described in Gent and McWilliams (1983a). The analyses follow and extend the classical work of Charney (1948) and others. The analyses use three non-dimensional parameters which represent the flow scale relative to the Earth's radius, the dominance of turbulent or wave-like processes, and the dominant component of the potential vorticity. For each regime, the models that are accurate both at leading order and through at least one higher order of accuracy in the appropriate small parameter are then identified. In particular, it is found that members of the balanced family are the appropriate models of higher-order accuracy over a broad range of parameter regimes. Examples are also given of particular atmospheric and oceanic phenomena which are in the regimes of validity for the different balanced models.
2. FLOW REGIMES BELOW AERATORS FOR DISCHARGE TUNNELS
MA Fei; WU Jian-hua
2012-01-01
The flow regimes below an aerator influence directly the air entrainment and the cavitation damage control.Based on the theoretical considerations,the experiments of the aerator for a discharge tunnel were conducted,and the relationships between the flow regime and hydraulic and geometric parameters were investigated.The results showed that,there are two kinds of threshold values for the flow regime conversions.One is Fr1-2 standing for the conversion from the fully filled cavity to the partially filled cavity,and the other is Fr2-3 which shows the change from the partially filled cavity to the net air cavity.Two empirical expressions were obtained for the conversions of the flow regimes,which can be used in the designs of the aerators.
3. Exchange rate regimes and external financial stability
Stoica Ovidiu
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Financial stability within the framework of the global financial crisis has become a common topic for researchers and practitioners. In order to analyse the impact of exchange rate regimes on financial stability we use both the de jure and de facto exchange rate classifications. We apply the model to a 1999-2010 annual data sample for 135 countries and territories, grouped by the level of economic development. Our second focus is the investigation of the effects of the exchange rate regimes in three economic integration areas (member countries of the European Union 27, the Southern Common Market, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations on financial stability. Our results generally support the central banks’ concerns that the flexibility of exchange rate regimes should be reduced in order to sustain financial stability; however, the findings are not robust when using alternative regime classifications.
4. Portfolio Selection with Jumps under Regime Switching
Lin Zhao
2010-01-01
Full Text Available We investigate a continuous-time version of the mean-variance portfolio selection model with jumps under regime switching. The portfolio selection is proposed and analyzed for a market consisting of one bank account and multiple stocks. The random regime switching is assumed to be independent of the underlying Brownian motion and jump processes. A Markov chain modulated diffusion formulation is employed to model the problem.
5. International Experiences with Different Monetary Policy Regimes
Mishkin, Frederic S.
1999-01-01
In recent years a growing consensus has emerged for price stability as the overriding, long-run goal of monetary policy. However, despite this consensus, the following question still remains: how should monetary policy be conducted to achieve the price stability goal? This paper examines the experience with different monetary policy regimes currently in use in a number of countries to shed light on this question. A central feature of all of the monetary regimes discussed here is the ise of a ...
6. Fiscal Policy and Welfare under Different Exchange Rate Regimes
Østrup, Finn
regime in whichthe monetary authority optimises preferences which include an employment targetand an inflation target. As government spending affects the representativeindividual's utility, the choice of exchange rate regime has an impact on welfare.Keywords: exchange rate regimes; fiscal policy...
7. Causas estruturais e consequências dos regimes internacionais: regimes como variáveis intervenientes
Stephen D. Krasner
2012-01-01
Os regimes internacionais são definidos como princípios, normas, regras e procedimentos de tomada de decisões ao redor dos quais as expectativas dos atores convergem em uma dada área-tema. Como ponto de partida, os regimes são conceituados como variáveis intervenientes, estando entre fatores causais básicos e os resultados e comportamentos relacionados. Há três visões a respeito da importância dos regimes: as orientações estruturais convencionais desvalorizam os regimes como sendo, na melhor ...
8. Camptothecin induces urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene-expression in human RC-K8 malignant lymphoma and H69 small cell lung cancer cells.
Shibakura M
2002-10-01
Full Text Available We previously reported that anthracyclines, which could generate reactive oxygen species (ROS, could induce the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA gene expression in human RC-K8 malignant lymphoma cells and in H69 small cell lung cancer (SCLC cells. In screening other uPA-inducible anti-cancer agents, we found that camptothecin (CPT and its derivative, SN38, could induce uPA in RC-K8 and H69 cells. CPT and SN38, which are also used for the treatment of lymphoma and SCLC, significantly increased the uPA accumulation in the conditioned media of both cells in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum induction of uPA mRNA levels was observed 24 h after stimulation. Pretreatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, an anti-oxidant, inhibited the CPT-induced uPA mRNA expression. Thus, CPT induces uPA through gene expression, and, therefore, CPT may influence the tumor-cell biology by up-regulating the uPA/plasmin system.
9. Camptothecin induces urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene-expression in human RC-K8 malignant lymphoma and H69 small cell lung cancer cells.
Shibakura, Misako; Niiya, Kenji; Kiguchi, Toru; Nakata, Yasunari; Tanimoto, Mitsune
2002-10-01
We previously reported that anthracyclines, which could generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), could induce the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) gene expression in human RC-K8 malignant lymphoma cells and in H69 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. In screening other uPA-inducible anti-cancer agents, we found that camptothecin (CPT) and its derivative, SN38, could induce uPA in RC-K8 and H69 cells. CPT and SN38, which are also used for the treatment of lymphoma and SCLC, significantly increased the uPA accumulation in the conditioned media of both cells in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum induction of uPA mRNA levels was observed 24 h after stimulation. Pretreatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an anti-oxidant, inhibited the CPT-induced uPA mRNA expression. Thus, CPT induces uPA through gene expression, and, therefore, CPT may influence the tumor-cell biology by up-regulating the uPA/plasmin system.
10. Short-Term Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis with Low-Dose Urokinase Followed by Aspiration Thrombectomy for Treatment of Symptomatic Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis
Jung, Se Hee; Lim, Nam Yeul; Song, Jang Hyeon [Dept. of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Jae Kyu; Lim, Jae Hoon [Dept. of Radiology, Hospital, Ulsan University School of Medicine, Gweangju (Korea, Republic of); Chang, Nam Kyu [Dept. of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun (Korea, Republic of); Choi, Soo Jin Na; Chung, Sang Young [Dept. of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University School of Medicine, Gwangju (Korea, Republic of)
2011-10-15
To evaluate the venous patency in patients treated by catheter-directed thrombolysis with low-dose urokinase (UK) for symptomatic lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Eighty-nine consecutive patients (46 women and 43 men; mean age, 58.1 years), treated by catheter-directed thrombolysis with low-dose UK were included in this study. Immediate venous patency was evaluated in terms of technical success (successful restoration of antegrade in-line flow in the treated vein with residual stenosis rate of less than 30%) and clinical success (significant reduction of clinical symptoms before hospital discharge). Late venous patency was evaluated in terms of primary patency rate and clinical success. Immediate technical success was achieved in all patients and immediate clinical success in 80 (90%) patients. There was no major systemic bleeding complication. The primary patency rate at 6 months and 12 months was 84% and 79%, respectively. Fifty-six (63%) patients were asymptomatic after a median clinical follow-up of 18 months, eleven (12%) patients improved moderately, seven (8%) patients remained unchanged, and fifteen (17%) patients had no clinical follow-up. Short-term catheter-directed thrombolysis with low-dose UK can be an effective, safe method to manage DVT of the lower extremities.
11. Expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and its ligand (uPA) in brain tissues of human immunodeficiency virus patients with opportunistic cerebral diseases.
Nebuloni, Manuela; Cinque, Paola; Sidenius, Nicolai; Ferri, Angelita; Lauri, Eleonora; Omodeo-Zorini, Elisabetta; Zerbi, Pietro; Vago, Luca
2009-01-01
The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and its ligand (uPA) play an important role in cell migration and extracellular proteolysis. We previously described uPAR/uPA overexpression in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissues of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related cerebral diseases. In this study, we examined uPAR/uPA expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in brains of HIV patients with opportunistic cerebral lesions and in HIV-positive/negative controls. uPAR was found in macrophages/microglia with the highest levels in cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis, toxoplasmosis, and lymphomas; in cryptococcosis and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) cases, only a few positive cells were found and no positivity was observed in controls. uPA expression was demonstrated only in a few macrophages/microglia and lymphocytes in all the cases and HIV-positive controls without different pattern of distribution; no uPA immunostaining was found in cryptococcosis and HIV-negative controls. The higher expression of uPAR/uPA in most of the opportunistic cerebral lesions supports their role in these diseases, suggesting their contribution to tissue injury.
12. A 55,000-60,000 Mr receptor protein for urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Identification in human tumor cell lines and partial purification
Nielsen, L S; Kellerman, G M; Behrendt, N;
1988-01-01
The iodinated Mr approximately equal to 15,000 amino-terminal fragment (ATF) of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) molecule bound specifically to the cell surface of all of seven cultured human tumor cell lines studied. Cross-linking of iodinated ATF to the cell surface using...... a bifunctional amino-reactive reagent followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography revealed with the four cell lines studied the occurrence of a single band migrating with an Mr of 70,000-75,000, indicating complex formation with an Mr of 55,000-60,000 u-PA receptor......-PA-R consists of one polypeptide chain. Two forms of u-PA-R, which differed with respect to affinity to concanavalin A, were identified. u-PA-R retained its ability to bind to ATF after cell lysis, and it was purified approximately 2,200-fold from biosynthetically labeled U937 cells by affinity chromatography...
13. Signalling networks associated with urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-1 in breast cancer tissues: new insights from protein microarray analysis.
Wolff, Claudia; Malinowsky, Katharina; Berg, Daniela; Schragner, Kerstin; Schuster, Tibor; Walch, Axel; Bronger, Holger; Höfler, Heinz; Becker, Karl-Friedrich
2011-01-01
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the main uPA inhibitor PAI-1 play important roles in cell migration and invasion in both physiological and pathological contexts. Both factors are clinically applicable predictive markers in node-negative breast cancer patients that are used to stratify patients for adjuvant chemotherapy. In addition to their classical functions in plasmin regulation, both factors are key components in cancer-related cell signalling. Such signalling cascades are well described in cell culture systems, but a better understanding of uPA- and PAI-1-associated signalling networks in clinical tissues is needed. We examined the expression of uPA, PAI-1, and 21 signalling molecules in 201 primary breast cancer tissues using protein microarrays. Expression of uPA was significantly correlated with the expression of ERK and Stat3, while expression of PAI-1 was correlated with the uPA receptor and Akt activation, presumably via integrin and HER-receptor signalling. Analysis of uPA expression did not reveal any significant correlation with staging, grading or age of the patients. The PAI-1 expression was correlated with nodal stage. Network monitoring for uPA and PAI-1 in breast cancer reveals interactions with main signalling cascades and extends the findings from cell culture experiments. Our results reveal possible mechanisms underlying cancer development.
14. Urokinase receptor mRNA level and gene transcription are strongly and rapidly increased by phorbol myristate acetate in human monocyte-like U937 cells
Lund, L R; Rønne, E; Roldan, A L;
1991-01-01
We have studied the effect of the tumor promotor phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) on the level of mRNA for the receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PAR) in the human monocyte-like cell line U937. PMA causes an early increase in the u-PAR mRNA level which reaches a maximal 50-fold...... enhancement after 24 h of treatment. Half-maximal stimulation occurs at approximately 5 nM PMA. The effect is observed only with phorbol esters that also act as tumor promotors. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (10 micrograms/ml) also increases the level of u-PAR mRNA. Nuclear run-on experiments...... show a time-dependent increase in the u-PAR gene transcription rate after exposure of the cells to PMA. The PMA-induced increase in u-PAR mRNA is paralleled by a time-dependent increase in u-PAR protein as detected by cross-linking studies with radiolabeled ligand. We conclude that PMA stimulates...
15. Reactive oxygen species regulate urokinase plasminogen activator expression and cell invasion via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways after treatment with hepatocyte growth factor in stomach cancer cells
Kim Jae-Ryong
2009-06-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS are closely associated with the intracellular signal cascade, thus strongly implicating involvement in tumor progression. However, the mechanism by which ROS are generated and how ROS target downstream molecules to trigger tumor metastasis is unclear. In this study, we investigated the underlying signal pathways in ROS-induced urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA expression in the human gastric cancer cells, NUGC-3 and MKN-28. Methods and Results Intracellular ROS, as determined using the fluorescent probe, 2'-7' dichlorofluorescein diacetate, decreased after treatment with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF. We confirmed that Rac-1 regulated ROS production after activation of the AKT pathway with HGF. Exogenously added H2O2 promoted the expression of HGF, but not in a dose-dependent manner and also showed negative expression of HGF after co-treatment with H2O2 and HGF. Treatment with NAC, an intracellular free radical scavenger, decreased the enhancement of uPA production and tumor invasion in both cells. We clarified the downstream pathways regulated by ROS after treatment with H2O2, which showed negative control between FRK and p38 kinase activities for uPA regulation. Conclusion HGF regulates Rac-1-induced ROS production through the Akt pathway and ROS regulates uPA production and invasion via MAP kinase, which provides novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the progression of gastric cancer.
16. The diagnostic value of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor compared with C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in children with febrile neutropenia.
Sirinoglu, Melis; Soysal, Ahmet; Karaaslan, Ayşe; Kepenekli Kadayifci, Eda; Cinel, Ismail; Koç, Ahmet; Tokuç, Gülnur; Yaman, Ali; Haklar, Goncagül; Şirikçi, Önder; Turan, Serap; Altınkanat Gelmez, Gülşen; Söyletir, Güner; Bakır, Mustafa
2016-04-01
The aim of the present study was to determine the diagnostic value of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in pediatric patients with febrile neutropenia. A prospective case-control study was performed. Patients included 29 children with febrile neutropenia (FN) and 27 control subjects without any infection or immunosuppressive condition. Blood samples were obtained on the day of admission and on the 4th to 7th days of the hospital stay. The median (minimum-maximum) serum levels of suPAR obtained on the first day of the admission were 2.08 (0.93-9.42) and 2.22 (1.08-5.13) ng/mL for the FN group and the control group, respectively. The median serum levels of suPAR in the FN and control groups were not significantly different (P = .053). The mean serum suPAR level was significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors in the FN group (P febrile neutropenia; however, persistent high serum suPAR level may predict mortality in FN in children.
17. TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 1, MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 9, ALPHA-1 ANTITRYPSIN, METALLOTHIONEIN AND UROKINASE TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR RECEPTOR IN SKIN BIOPSIES FROM PATIENTS AFFECTED BY AUTOIMMUNE BLISTERING DISEASES
Ana Maria Abreu Velez
2013-07-01
Full Text Available Introduction: Proteinases and proteinase inhibitors have been described to play a role in autoimmune skin blistering diseases. We studied skin lesional biopsies from patients affected by several autoimmune skin blistering diseases for proteinases and proteinase inhibitors. Methods: We utilized immunohistochemistry to evaluate biopsies for alpha-1-antitrypsin, human matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9, human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1, metallothionein and urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR. We tested 30 patients affected by endemic pemphigus, 30 controls from the endemic area, and 15 normal controls. We also tested 30 biopsies from patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP, 20 with pemphigus vulgaris (PV, 8 with pemphigus foliaceus, and 14 with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH. Results: Contrary to findings in the current literature, most autoimmune skin blistering disease biopsies were negative for uPAR and MMP9. Only some chronic patients with El Bagre-EPF were positive to MMP9 in the dermis, in proximity to telocytes. TIMP-1 and metallothionein were positive in half of the biopsies from BP patients at the basement membrane of the skin, within several skin appendices, in areas of dermal blood vessel inflammation and within dermal mesenchymal-epithelial cell junctions.
18. Interpreting MAD within multiple accretion regimes
Mocz, Philip
2014-01-01
19. Regimes of turbulence without an energy cascade
Barenghi, C F; Baggaley, A W
2016-01-01
Experiments and numerical simulations of turbulent $^4$He and $^3$He-B have established that, at hydrodynamic length scales larger than the average distance between quantum vortices, the energy spectrum obeys the same 5/3 Kolmogorov law which is observed in the homogeneous isotropic turbulence of ordinary fluids. The importance of the 5/3 law is that it points to the existence of a Richardson energy cascade from large eddies to small eddies. However, there is also evidence of quantum turbulent regimes without Kolmogorov scaling. This raises the important questions of why, in such regimes, the Kolmogorov spectrum fails to form, what is the physical nature of turbulence without energy cascade, and whether hydrodynamical models can account for the unusual behaviour of turbulent superfluid helium. In this work we describe simple physical mechanisms which prevent the formation of Kolmogorov scaling in the thermal counterflow, and analyze the conditions necessary for emergence of quasiclassical regime in quantum tu...
20. Regimes, Non-State Actors and the State System: A 'Structurational' Regime Model
Arts, B.J.M.
2000-01-01
Regime analysis has become a popular approach in International Relations theory and in international policy studies. However, current regime models exhibit some shortcomings with regard to (1) addressing non-state actors, and in particular nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), (2) the balancing of a
1. Causas estruturais e consequências dos regimes internacionais: regimes como variáveis intervenientes
Stephen D. Krasner
2012-06-01
Full Text Available Os regimes internacionais são definidos como princípios, normas, regras e procedimentos de tomada de decisões ao redor dos quais as expectativas dos atores convergem em uma dada área-tema. Como ponto de partida, os regimes são conceituados como variáveis intervenientes, estando entre fatores causais básicos e os resultados e comportamentos relacionados. Há três visões a respeito da importância dos regimes: as orientações estruturais convencionais desvalorizam os regimes como sendo, na melhor das hipóteses, ineficazes; as orientações grocianas vêem os regimes como componentes íntimos do sistema internacional; as perspectivas estruturalistas modificadas vêem os regimes como significativos somente em certas condições restritas. Para os argumentos grociano e estruturalista modificado - que concordam com a visão de que os regimes podem influenciar resultados e comportamentos - , o desenvolvimento de regimes é visto como uma função de cinco variáveis causais básicas: auto-interesse egoísta; poder político; normas e princípios difusos; usos e costumes; conhecimento.
2. The oil tax regime of Azerbaijan
Anderson, Gerard
1998-07-01
Azerbaijan has a long history in the oil business and a chance of a spectacular future. To understand why the oil tax regime evolved into its present form and how it is likely to develop, it is necessary to know something of the country's history and the commercial environment. Consequently the presentation begins by discussing these items. It then outlines the Production Sharing Agreement regime in Azerbaijan and then deals with the Kazakh and Georgian Tax Codes, as these are likely to be the basis of a new general tax law in Azerbaijan from 1999. The presentation includes comments on the New Draft Tax Code of 1998.
3. Supercurrent in the quantum Hall regime
Amet, F.; Ke, C. T.; Borzenets, I. V.; Wang, J.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Deacon, R. S.; Yamamoto, M.; Bomze, Y.; Tarucha, S.; Finkelstein, G.
2016-05-01
A promising route for creating topological states and excitations is to combine superconductivity and the quantum Hall (QH) effect. Despite this potential, signatures of superconductivity in the QH regime remain scarce, and a superconducting current through a QH weak link has been challenging to observe. We demonstrate the existence of a distinct supercurrent mechanism in encapsulated graphene samples contacted by superconducting electrodes, in magnetic fields as high as 2 tesla. The observation of a supercurrent in the QH regime marks an important step in the quest for exotic topological excitations, such as Majorana fermions and parafermions, which may find applications in fault-tolerant quantum computing.
4. Light focusing in the Anderson Regime
Leonetti, Marco; Mafi, Arash; Conti, Claudio
2014-01-01
Anderson localization is a regime in which diffusion is inhibited and waves (also electromagnetic waves) get localized. Here we exploit adaptive optics to achieve focusing in disordered optical fibers in the Anderson regime. By wavefront shaping and optimization, we observe the generation of a propagation invariant beam, where light is trapped transversally by disorder, and show that Anderson localizations can be also excited by extended speckled beams. We demonstrate that disordered fibers allow a more efficient focusing action with respect to standard fibers in a way independent of their length, because of the propagation invariant features and cooperative action of transverse localizations.
5. Coulomb drag in the mesoscopic regime
Mortensen, N. Asger; Flensberg, Karsten; Jauho, Antti-Pekka
2002-01-01
means such as perturbation theory or random matrix theory. The physics of Coulomb drag in the mesoscopic regime is very different from Coulomb drag between extended electron systems. In the mesoscopic regime we in general find fluctuations of the drag comparable to the mean value. Examples are vanishing......We present a theory for Coulomb drug between two mesoscopic systems which expresses the drag in terms of scattering matrices and wave functions. The formalism can be applied to both ballistic and disordered systems and the consequences can be studied either by numerical simulations or analytic...
6. Coulomb drag in the mesoscopic regime
Mortensen, N.A.; Flensberg, Karsten; Jauho, Antti-Pekka
2002-01-01
means such as perturbation theory or random matrix theory. The physics of Coulomb drag in the mesoscopic regime is very different from Coulomb drag between extended electron systems. In the mesoscopic regime we in general find fluctuations of the drag comparable to the mean value. Examples are vanishing......We present a theory for Coulomb drag between two mesoscopic systems which expresses the drag in terms of scattering matrices and wave functions. The formalism can be applied to both ballistic and disordered systems and the consequences can be studied either by numerical simulations or analytic...
7. WELFARE REGIMES IN LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN
Melisa Campana-Alabarce
2015-06-01
Full Text Available This article provides a characterization of Latin American and Caribbean Welfare regimes in historiographical perspective. Firstly, it makes a review of the emergence conditions of Welfare States in Western Europe and its core features, with particular emphasis on its role as a method to regulate inequalities in industrial capitalism. Dialoguing with it, then stops in the specific configurations that welfare regimes have taken in Latin America during the course of the twentieth century. Finally, it provides a map of its contemporary features and the major challenges that the States of the region face in his capacity as right guarantors for the future.
8. Markovian quantum master equation beyond adiabatic regime
Yamaguchi, Makoto; Yuge, Tatsuro; Ogawa, Tetsuo
2017-01-01
By introducing a temporal change time scale τA(t ) for the time-dependent system Hamiltonian, a general formulation of the Markovian quantum master equation is given to go well beyond the adiabatic regime. In appropriate situations, the framework is well justified even if τA(t ) is faster than the decay time scale of the bath correlation function. An application to the dissipative Landau-Zener model demonstrates this general result. The findings are applicable to a wide range of fields, providing a basis for quantum control beyond the adiabatic regime.
9. Early detection of ecosystem regime shifts
Lindegren, Martin; Dakos, Vasilis; Groeger, Joachim P.;
2012-01-01
methods may have limited utility in ecosystem-based management as they show no or weak potential for early-warning. We therefore propose a multiple method approach for early detection of ecosystem regime shifts in monitoring data that may be useful in informing timely management actions in the face......Critical transitions between alternative stable states have been shown to occur across an array of complex systems. While our ability to identify abrupt regime shifts in natural ecosystems has improved, detection of potential early-warning signals previous to such shifts is still very limited...
10. Bank Liquidity and Exchange Rate Regimes
Bunda, Irina; Desquilbet, Jean-Baptiste
2003-01-01
International audience; Combining panel data on bank liquidity at the individual level and data on their macroeconomic environment, for a sample of commercial banks in emerging countries between 1995 and 2000, we show that their exists a “bank liquidity smile across exchange rate regimes”. In extreme regimes at both ends of the line, i.e. for pure floating exchange rate regimes at one end and currency boards and dollarized economies at the other end, bank assets are more liquid than in interm...
11. Optimal dividend distribution under Markov regime switching
Jiang, Z.; Pistorius, M.
2012-01-01
We investigate the problem of optimal dividend distribution for a company in the presence of regime shifts. We consider a company whose cumulative net revenues evolve as a Brownian motion with positive drift that is modulated by a finite state Markov chain, and model the discount rate as a determini
12. Can Old Regimes Handle New Wars?
Henningsen, Troels
2017-01-01
Research on New Wars argues that since the 1980s states and regimes have become more vulnerable to violence from non-state actors. Two developments in the Sahel region support the New Wars thesis: an increase in Islamist radicalization and new access to the global black market, both of which stre...
13. A Global Classification of Contemporary Fire Regimes
Norman, S. P.; Kumar, J.; Hargrove, W. W.; Hoffman, F. M.
2014-12-01
Fire regimes provide a sensitive indicator of changes in climate and human use as the concept includes fire extent, season, frequency, and intensity. Fires that occur outside the distribution of one or more aspects of a fire regime may affect ecosystem resilience. However, global scale data related to these varied aspects of fire regimes are highly inconsistent due to incomplete or inconsistent reporting. In this study, we derive a globally applicable approach to characterizing similar fire regimes using long geophysical time series, namely MODIS hotspots since 2000. K-means non-hierarchical clustering was used to generate empirically based groups that minimized within-cluster variability. Satellite-based fire detections are known to have shortcomings, including under-detection from obscuring smoke, clouds or dense canopy cover and rapid spread rates, as often occurs with flashy fuels or during extreme weather. Such regions are free from preconceptions, and the empirical, data-mining approach used on this relatively uniform data source allows the region structures to emerge from the data themselves. Comparing such an empirical classification to expectations from climate, phenology, land use or development-based models can help us interpret the similarities and differences among places and how they provide different indicators of changes of concern. Classifications can help identify where large infrequent mega-fires are likely to occur ahead of time such as in the boreal forest and portions of the Interior US West, and where fire reports are incomplete such as in less industrial countries.
Smith, S.L. [National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, Ottawa, ON (Canada)
2001-07-01
15. Regime Change and the Role of Airpower
2006-08-01
that connects the target sets with anticipated actions that lead to defeat of the regime. The theory’s mechanism relies on collective action theory as...collective action theory and Ted Gurr’s deprived actor theory to offer a theory of collective dissent. 7. Bueno de Mesquita et al., “Policy Failure
16. Proliferation Control Regimes: Background and Status
2012-10-25
discovery of the nuclear black market network run by A.Q. Khan spurred new thinking about how to strengthen the regime, including greater...24 Nunn- Lugar /Cooperative Threat Reduction Program Legislation...scientist A.Q. Khan sold nuclear technology on the black market with or without Pakistani government acquiescence. Revelations in 2004 of centrifuge
17. Developmental Regimes in Africa synthesis report
Booth, D.; Dietz, A.J.; Golooba-Mutebi, F.; Fuady, A.H.; Henley, D.; Kelsall, T.; Leliveld, A.H.M.; Donge, van J.K.
2015-01-01
Many African countries have experienced sustained economic growth, but few have achieved the type of structural change, driven by rising productivity, that has transformed mass living standards in parts of Asia. In the Developmental Regimes in Africa Synthesis Report, editor David Booth examines how
18. In Search of the Chiral Regime
Beane, S R
2004-01-01
A critical appraisal is given of a recent analysis of the quark-mass and finite-size dependence of unquenched lattice QCD data for the nucleon mass. We use this forum to estimate the boundary of the chiral regime for nucleon properties.
19. The Forex Regime and EMU Expansion
P.W. van Foreest; C.G. de Vries (Casper)
2002-01-01
textabstractThis paper provides empirical evidence that, irrespective of the foreign exchange rate regime, countries with high monetary volatility have lower relative output growth rates. It is argued that due to the forward looking nature of the foreign exchange market, exchange rate stability hing
20. Regimes of flow past a vortex generator
Velte, Clara Marika; Okulov, V.L.; Naumov, I.V.
2012-01-01
A complete parametric investigation of the development of multi-vortex regimes in a wake past simple vortex generator has been carried out. It is established that the vortex structure in the wake is much more complicated than a simple monopole tip vortex. The vortices were studied by stereoscopic...
1. Urokinase receptor-associated protein (uPARAP) is expressed in connection with malignant as well as benign lesions of the human breast and occurs in specific populations of stromal cells
Schnack Nielsen, Boye; Rank, Fritz; Engelholm, Lars H;
2002-01-01
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the uPA receptor (uPAR) are key components in the plasminogen activation system, serving to promote specific events of extracellular matrix degradation in connection with tissue remodeling and cancer invasion. We recently described a new uPAR-ass...... lesions. Whereas the normal breast tissue was uPARAP-negative, all benign lesions and ductal carcinoma in situ lesions showed immunoreactivity in fibroblast-like cells and myoepithelial cells associated with the lesion. In invasive carcinoma, uPARAP immunoreactivity was limited to tumor...
2. 尿激酶和肝素钠在断指再植术后的应用%Comparison of curative effect of urokinase and heparin sodium after digital replantation
吴晓华; 樊涛; 严明忠
2013-01-01
Objective To contrast the curative effect of urokinase and heparin sodium after digital replantation.Methods All of 259 patients were randomly divided into urokinase group with 130 cases(217 fingers) and Heparin sodium group with 129 cases (199 fingers).Two groups received the same basic therapy,and respectively injected with urokinase and heparin sodium.The incidence rate of vascular crisis,survival percent of fingers and the recovery of finger function of two group were compared.Results The incidence rate of vascular crisis was 26.7 ％ and 36.7 ％ (P ＜ 0.05),the survival percent of fingers was 88.9 ％ and 81.9 ％ (P ＜ 0.05),the excellent and good rate of finger function was 69.3 ％ and 53.8％ (P ＜ 0.05),in 2 groups respectively.Conclusion Urokinase has more advantages than heparin sodium in treatment after digital replantation,with reducing the occurrence of vascular crisis,improving the survival rate of replantation of finger and promoting the finger function recovery.%目的 对比分析尿激酶和肝素钠应用在断指再植术后的治疗效果.方法 将259例断指伤患者随机分成尿激酶组130例(217指)和肝素钠组129例(199指),在基础治疗相同的情况下,分别使用尿激酶、肝素钠对再植术后断指进行治疗,比较2组的血管危象发生率、患指成活率、功能恢复等情况.结果 在尿激酶组、肝素钠组中,血管危象发生率分别为26.7％和36.7％(P＜0.05),患指成活率分别为88.9％和81.9％ (P ＜0.05),活动功能优良率分别为69.3％和53.8％ (P ＜0.05).结论 在断指再植术后治疗中,尿激酶较肝素钠更能减少血管危象的发生率,提高患指的成活率,促进患指功能恢复.
3. 尿激酶治疗结核性胸腔积液的研究进展%Urokinase therapy for tuberculous pleural effusion
黄超文; 冯起校
2010-01-01
近年来结核病发病率未见下降趋势.虽然目前研究显示早期积极抗结核治疗、开放引流可有效避免胸膜肥厚、粘连,然而结核病起病隐匿,由于患者发现迟、就诊时间晚或疗程不足,胸腔积液处理不及时,容易产生胸水包裹、分房等,即使在影像学辅助下也难以抽液、充分引流,引起患者治疗难度增加,住院时间增加,最终引起肺功能下降、限制性通气功能障碍等不可逆改变,造成生活质量下降.临床上有用胸腔注入激素、抗结核药的方法 ,但仅仅是减轻炎症渗出而未处理已渗出的积液.近年来临床发现胸腔注入尿激酶可以防治胸膜肥厚、粘连.本文结合近年来研究进展,对结核性胸腔积液病理及尿激酶治疗结核性胸腔积液、预防胸膜肥厚的作用机理做一综述.%The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has not declined in recent years.Although recent studies have shown that early,aggressive anti-TB treatment combined with tube thoracostomy can effectively prevent pleural thickening and adhesion,pleural effusion is easy to be enveloped and separated because of late medical diagnosis,inadequate treatment,or prolonged pleural effusion.The fluid is difficult to be fully removed even with the assistance of radiology,resulting in the increases in the difficulties of treatment and length of hospital stay,and in eventually the decrease in lung function and in the development of restrictive ventilation dysfunction and other irreversible changes; quality of life in patients declines.Available therapies with pleural injections of hormones or anti-tuberculosis agents only reduce inflammatory infiltration but not completely control the existing effusion.Recent research shows pleural effusion of urokinase can prevent and treat pleural thickening and adhesion.This literature narrates the pathology of tubercular pleural effusion and the mechanism of action of urokinase for effusion to prevent pleural
4. The Determinants of Exchange Rate Regimes in Emerging Market Economies
Mehmet Guclu
2008-01-01
The choice of exchange rate regime has become one of the most important issues one more time in many economies after the financial crises in recent years. In the wake of the financial crises, many countries, especially emerging market economies, opted for floating exchange rate regimes by forsaking the pegged regimes. Consequently, an old debate on the choice and determinants of exchange rate regimes has been triggered. Economists have started to debate what appropriate exchange rate regime f...
5. The receptor for urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPAR) controls plasticity of cancer cell movement in mesenchymal and amoeboid migration style.
Margheri, Francesca; Luciani, Cristina; Taddei, Maria Letizia; Giannoni, Elisa; Laurenzana, Anna; Biagioni, Alessio; Chillà, Anastasia; Chiarugi, Paola; Fibbi, Gabriella; Del Rosso, Mario
2014-03-30
The receptor for the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR) is up-regulated in malignant tumors. Historically the function of uPAR in cancer cell invasion is strictly related to its property to promote uPA-dependent proteolysis of extracellular matrix and to open a path to malignant cells. These features are typical of mesenchymal motility. Here we show that the full-length form of uPAR is required when prostate and melanoma cancer cells convert their migration style from the "path generating" mesenchymal to the "path finding" amoeboid one, thus conferring a plasticity to tumor cell invasiveness across three-dimensional matrices. Indeed, in response to a protease inhibitors-rich milieu, prostate and melanoma cells activated an amoeboid invasion program connoted by retraction of cell protrusions, RhoA-mediated rounding of the cell body, formation of a cortical ring of actin and a reduction of Rac-1 activation. While the mesenchymal movement was reduced upon silencing of uPAR expression, the amoeboid one was almost completely abolished, in parallel with a deregulation of small Rho-GTPases activity. In melanoma and prostate cancer cells we have shown uPAR colocalization with β1/β3 integrins and actin cytoskeleton, as well integrins-actin co-localization under both mesenchymal and amoeboid conditions. Such co-localizations were lost upon treatment of cells with a peptide that inhibits uPAR-integrin interactions. Similarly to uPAR silencing, the peptide reduced mesenchymal invasion and almost abolished the amoeboid one. These results indicate that full-length uPAR bridges the mesenchymal and amoeboid style of movement by an inward-oriented activity based on its property to promote integrin-actin interactions and the following cytoskeleton assembly.
6. Serum Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor Is Associated with Low Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Elevated Plasma Brain-Type Natriuretic Peptide Level
Fujita, Shu-ichi; Tanaka, Suguru; Maeda, Daichi; Morita, Hideaki; Fujisaka, Tomohiro; Takeda, Yoshihiro; Ito, Takahide; Ishizaka, Nobukazu
2017-01-01
Background Recent studies have suggested that soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), a biomarker of subclinical levels of inflammation, is significantly correlated with cardiovascular events. Purpose We investigated the association between suPAR and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) among cardiac inpatients. Methods and Results In total, 242 patients (mean age 71.3 ± 9.8 years; 70 women) admitted to the cardiology department were enrolled in the study. suPAR was significantly correlated with LVEF (R = -0.24, P 3236 pg/mL) was associated with low LVEF ( 300 pg/mL) with an odds ratio of 3.84 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22–12.1) and 5.36 (95% CI, 1.32–21.8), respectively, after adjusting for age, sex, log-transformed estimated glomerular filtration rate (log(eGFR)), C-reactive protein, and diuretic use. The association between suPAR and LVMI was not statistically significant. In multivariate receiver operating characteristic analysis, addition of log(suPAR) to the combination of age, sex, log(eGFR) and CRP incrementally improved the prediction of low LVEF (area under the curve [AUC], 0.827 to 0.852, P = 0.046) and BNP ≥ 300 pg/mL (AUC, 0.869 to 0.906; P = 0.029). Conclusions suPAR was associated with low LVEF and elevated BNP, but not with left ventricular hypertrophy, independent of CRP, renal function, and diuretic use among cardiac inpatients who were not undergoing chronic hemodialysis. PMID:28135310
7. Modulation of Cellular Migration and Survival by c-Myc through the Downregulation of Urokinase (uPA) and uPA Receptor▿ †
Alfano, Daniela; Votta, Giuseppina; Schulze, Almut; Downward, Julian; Caputi, Mario; Stoppelli, Maria Patrizia; Iaccarino, Ingram
2010-01-01
It has been proposed that c-Myc proapoptotic activity accounts for most of its restraint of tumor formation. We established a telomerase-immortalized human epithelial cell line expressing an activatable c-Myc protein. We found that c-Myc activation induces, in addition to increased sensitivity to apoptosis, reductions in cell motility and invasiveness. Transcriptome analysis revealed that urokinase (uPA) and uPA receptor (uPAR) were strongly downregulated by c-Myc. Evidence is provided that the repression of uPA and uPAR may account for most of the antimigratory and proapoptotic activities of c-Myc. c-Myc is known to cooperate with Ras in cellular transformation. We therefore investigated if this cooperation could converge in the control of uPA/uPAR expression. We found that Ras is able to block the effects of c-Myc activation on apoptosis and cellular motility but not on cell invasiveness. Accordingly, the activation of c-Myc in the context of Ras expression had only minor influence on uPAR expression but still had a profound repressive effect on uPA expression. Thus, the differential regulation of uPA and uPAR by c-Myc and Ras correlates with the effects of these two oncoproteins on cell motility, invasiveness, and survival. In conclusion, we have discovered a novel link between c-Myc and uPA/uPAR. We propose that reductions of cell motility and invasiveness could contribute to the inhibition of tumorigenesis by c-Myc and that the regulation of uPA and uPAR expression may be a component of the ability of c-Myc to reduce motility and invasiveness. PMID:20123981
8. Structure-based design of an urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-derived peptide inhibiting cell migration and lung metastasis.
Carriero, Maria Vincenza; Longanesi-Cattani, Immacolata; Bifulco, Katia; Maglio, Ornella; Lista, Liliana; Barbieri, Antonio; Votta, Giuseppina; Masucci, Maria Teresa; Arra, Claudio; Franco, Renato; De Rosa, Mario; Stoppelli, Maria Patrizia; Pavone, Vincenzo
2009-09-01
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays a central role in sustaining the malignant phenotype and promoting tumor metastasis. The Ser(88)-Arg-Ser-Arg-Tyr(92) is the minimum chemotactic sequence of uPAR required to induce the same intracellular signaling as its ligand uPA. Here, we describe the generation of new peptide inhibitors of cell migration and invasion derived from SRSRY by a drug design approach. Ac-Arg-Glu-Arg-Phe-NH(2) (i.e., RERF), which adopts a turned structure in solution, was selected for its ability to potently prevent SRSRY-directed cell migration. Fluorescein-RERF associates with very high affinity to RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cells expressing the human formyl peptide receptor (FPR). Accordingly, femtomolar concentrations of RERF prevent agonist-dependent internalization of FPR and inhibit N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-dependent migration in a dose-dependent manner. In the absence of FPR, fluorescein-RERF binds to cell surface at picomolar concentrations in an alphav integrin-dependent manner. The involvement of vitronectin receptor is further supported by the findings that 100 pmol/L RERF selectively inhibits vitronectin-dependent RBL-2H3 cell migration and prevents SRSRY-triggered uPAR/alphav association. Furthermore, RERF reduces the speed of wound closure and the extent of Matrigel invasion by human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells without affecting cell proliferation. Finally, a 3- to 5-fold reduction of lung metastasis number and size in nude mice following i.v. injection of green fluorescent protein-expressing HT1080 cells in the presence of 3.32 mg/kg RERF is observed. Our findings indicate that RERF effectively prevents malignant cell invasion in vivo with no signs of toxicity and may represent a promising prototype drug for anticancer therapy.
9. Modulation of cellular migration and survival by c-Myc through the downregulation of urokinase (uPA) and uPA receptor.
Alfano, Daniela; Votta, Giuseppina; Schulze, Almut; Downward, Julian; Caputi, Mario; Stoppelli, Maria Patrizia; Iaccarino, Ingram
2010-04-01
It has been proposed that c-Myc proapoptotic activity accounts for most of its restraint of tumor formation. We established a telomerase-immortalized human epithelial cell line expressing an activatable c-Myc protein. We found that c-Myc activation induces, in addition to increased sensitivity to apoptosis, reductions in cell motility and invasiveness. Transcriptome analysis revealed that urokinase (uPA) and uPA receptor (uPAR) were strongly downregulated by c-Myc. Evidence is provided that the repression of uPA and uPAR may account for most of the antimigratory and proapoptotic activities of c-Myc. c-Myc is known to cooperate with Ras in cellular transformation. We therefore investigated if this cooperation could converge in the control of uPA/uPAR expression. We found that Ras is able to block the effects of c-Myc activation on apoptosis and cellular motility but not on cell invasiveness. Accordingly, the activation of c-Myc in the context of Ras expression had only minor influence on uPAR expression but still had a profound repressive effect on uPA expression. Thus, the differential regulation of uPA and uPAR by c-Myc and Ras correlates with the effects of these two oncoproteins on cell motility, invasiveness, and survival. In conclusion, we have discovered a novel link between c-Myc and uPA/uPAR. We propose that reductions of cell motility and invasiveness could contribute to the inhibition of tumorigenesis by c-Myc and that the regulation of uPA and uPAR expression may be a component of the ability of c-Myc to reduce motility and invasiveness.
10. Targeting urokinase and the transferrin receptor with novel, anti-mitotic N-alkylisatin cytotoxin conjugates causes selective cancer cell death and reduces tumor growth.
Vine, K L; Indira Chandran, V; Locke, J M; Matesic, L; Lee, J; Skropeta, D; Bremner, J B; Ranson, M
2012-01-01
Tumor-specific delivery of ligand-directed prodrugs can increase the therapeutic window of chemotherapeutics by maintaining efficacy whilst decreasing toxic side effects. We have previously described a series of synthetic N-alkylated isatin cytotoxins that destabilize microtubules and induce apoptosis with 10-fold greater potency than conventional anti-mitotics in vitro. Here, we report the characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo efficacy of a lead compound, 5,7-dibromo-N-(p-hydroxymethylbenzyl)isatin (N-AI) conjugated via an esterase-labile linker (N-AIE) to two proven targeting ligands, transferrin (Tf) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2/serpinB2). N-AI was released from N-AIE and the targeting ligands Tf/PAI-2 in an esterase-dependent manner at 37 C and both Tf- and PAI-2-N-AIE conjugates were stable at physiological pH. Human cancer cell lines which vary in their expression levels of Tf receptor (TfR/CD71) and PAI-2 target, receptor bound urokinase (uPA) selectively internalized the conjugates. Tf-N-AIE was up to 24 times more active than the free drug and showed clear selectivity patterns based on TfR levels. PAI-2-N-AIE showed equivalent activity compared to the parent drug and strong selectivity patterns for uPA levels. In preliminary in vivo experiments, the PAI-2- and Tf-N-AIE conjugates were efficacious at 1/20(th) and 1/10(th) of the dose of the free N-AI, respectively, in a metastatic, orthotopic human breast tumor xenograft mouse model. Thus, this strategy specifically delivers and concentrates a novel class of isatin-based, tubulin destabilizing agents to tumors in vivo and warrants further detailed preclinical investigation.
11. [Can mannose-binding lectin and plasma level of soluble urokinase receptor be used in diagnosis and treatment monitorization of brucellosis patients?].
Karsen, Hasan; Cesur, Salih; Karaağaç, Leman; Binici, Irfan; Fidan, Yasemin; Oğüş, Elmas; Demiröz, Ali Pekcan
2012-07-01
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of serum mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and plasma soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (SuPAR) levels in monitoring the treatment in patients with brucellosis, by comparing their levels before and after treatment with the values obtained from healthy control group. Thirty brucellosis patients (mean age: 25.8 ± 12.2 years; 15 were male) and 28 healthy controls (mean age: 29.3 ± 12.3 years; 15 were male) were included in the study. Patients were diagnosed with brucellosis according to the characteristic clinical findings and by brucella standard tube agglutination test (SAT) titer ≥ 1/160 and/or blood culture positivity. Serum MBL (Antibodyshop, Denmark) and plasma SuPAR (Virogates, Denmark) levels were investigated with commercial ELISA kits. In our study, no statistical significance was observed between the pre-treatment (13.8 ± 13.4 ng/ml) and post-treatment (12.4 ± 13.1 ng/ml) MBL levels of the patient group and MBL levels of the control group (16.5 ± 14.8 ng/ml) (p> 0.05). Moreover, the mean SuPAR levels measured in pre-treatment and post-treatment plasma samples of the brucellosis patients was 5.1 ± 1.9 ng/ml and 2.9 ± 1.3 ng/ml, respectively, while the mean SuPAR level was 1.8 ± 0.5 ng/ml in the control group. The difference between mean SuPAR levels of patients in pre- and post-treatment samples was found statistically significant (p 0.001). In conclusion, plasma SuPAR level would be a useful marker for the diagnosis and treatment follow up of the patients with brucellosis.
12. The receptor for urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPAR) controls plasticity of cancer cell movement in mesenchymal and amoeboid migration style
Taddei, Maria Letizia; Giannoni, Elisa; Laurenzana, Anna; Biagioni, Alessio; Chillà, Anastasia; Chiarugi, Paola; Fibbi, Gabriella; Rosso1, Mario Del
2014-01-01
The receptor for the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR) is up-regulated in malignant tumors. Historically the function of uPAR in cancer cell invasion is strictly related to its property to promote uPA-dependent proteolysis of extracellular matrix and to open a path to malignant cells. These features are typical of mesenchymal motility. Here we show that the full-length form of uPAR is required when prostate and melanoma cancer cells convert their migration style from the “path generating” mesenchymal to the “path finding” amoeboid one, thus conferring a plasticity to tumor cell invasiveness across three-dimensional matrices. Indeed, in response to a protease inhibitors-rich milieu, prostate and melanoma cells activated an amoeboid invasion program connoted by retraction of cell protrusions, RhoA-mediated rounding of the cell body, formation of a cortical ring of actin and a reduction of Rac-1 activation. While the mesenchymal movement was reduced upon silencing of uPAR expression, the amoeboid one was almost completely abolished, in parallel with a deregulation of small Rho-GTPases activity. In melanoma and prostate cancer cells we have shown uPAR colocalization with β1/β3 integrins and actin cytoskeleton, as well integrins-actin co-localization under both mesenchymal and amoeboid conditions. Such co-localizations were lost upon treatment of cells with a peptide that inhibits uPAR-integrin interactions. Similarly to uPAR silencing, the peptide reduced mesenchymal invasion and almost abolished the amoeboid one. These results indicate that full-length uPAR bridges the mesenchymal and amoeboid style of movement by an inward-oriented activity based on its property to promote integrin-actin interactions and the following cytoskeleton assembly. PMID:24681666
13. Decreased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is associated with tumor cell spreading in vivo.
Donadio, Ana C; Remedi, María M; Frede, Silvia; Bonacci, Gustavo R; Chiabrando, Gustavo A; Pistoresi-Palencia, María C
2002-01-01
The development of an effective antitumor immune response to control tumor growth is influenced by the tumor cell itself and/or by the tumor microenvironment. Tumor invasion and tumor cell spreading require a finely tuned regulation of the formation and loosening of adhesive contacts of tumor cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM). In our laboratory, a rat tumor cell line derived from a spontaneous rat sarcoma revealed, by flow cytometry, a high frequency of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, 70.1 +/- 8.7%) and urokinase-type plaminogen activator receptor (uPAR, 51.2 +/- 5.2%) positive cells, while a weak expression of MHC class II (IA, 2.2 +/- 0.2% and IE, 17.4 +/- 3.7%) and B7 (12.1 +/- 2.2%) antigens was detected. In our tumor experimental model, after implantation of tumor cells, visible tumor masses were present at days 5-7 with a relatively fast tumor growth until day 15 (progressive phase) followed by a suppression of the tumor growth (regressive phase). Here we present data that correlates a significant decrease in the frequency of ICAM-1 and uPAR expressing tumor cells with the appearance of tumor cells in sites distant from that of the primary tumor. In addition we describe the development of a cellular immune response which controls the tumor progression and is associated with an increase in the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II IA antigen during tumor development. The histological examination at tumor progressive and regressive time points revealed the relevant presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) evidencing colliquative necrosis in tumor growth areas. Taken together, these results support the idea that the balance between adhesive interactions, proteolytic activity and tumorigenicity may lead to a tumor invasive phenotype.
14. Choice of exchange rate regimes for African countries: Fixed or Flexible Exchange rate regimes?
Simwaka, Kisu
2010-01-01
The choice of an appropriate exchange rate regime has been a subject of ongoing debate in international economics. The majority of African countries are small open economies and thus where the choice of the exchange rate regime is an important policy issue. Aside from factors such as interest rates and inflation, the exchange rate is one of the most important determinants of a country’s relative level of economic health. For this reason, exchange rates are among the most watched analyzed and ...
15. Regime variance testing - a quantile approach
gajda, Janusz; Wyłomańska, Agnieszka
2012-01-01
This paper is devoted to testing time series that exhibit behavior related to two or more regimes with different statistical properties. Motivation of our study are two real data sets from plasma physics with observable two-regimes structure. In this paper we develop estimation procedure for critical point of division the structure change of a time series. Moreover we propose three tests for recognition such specific behavior. The presented methodology is based on the empirical second moment and its main advantage is lack of the distribution assumption. Moreover, the examined statistical properties we express in the language of empirical quantiles of the squared data therefore the methodology is an extension of the approach known from the literature. The theoretical results we confirm by simulations and analysis of real data of turbulent laboratory plasma.
16. Online recognition of the multiphase flow regime
2008-01-01
The key reasons that the present method cannot be used to solve the industrial multi- phase flow pattern recognition are clarified firstly. The prerequisite to realize the online recognition is proposed and recognition rules for partial flow pattern are obtained based on the massive experimental data. The standard templates for every flow regime feature are calculated with self-organization cluster algorithm. The multi-sensor data fusion method is proposed to realize the online recognition of multiphase flow regime with the pressure and differential pressure signals, which overcomes the severe influence of fluid flow velocity and the oil fraction on the recognition. The online recognition method is tested in the practice, which has less than 10 percent measurement error. The method takes advantages of high confidence, good fault tolerance and less requirement of single sensor performance.
17. Online recognition of the multiphase flow regime
BAI BoFeng; ZHANG ShaoJun; ZHAO Liang; ZHANG XiMin; GUO LieJin
2008-01-01
The key reasons that the present method cannot be used to solve the industrial multi-phase flow pattern recognition are clarified firstly. The prerequisite to realize the online recognition is proposed and recognition rules for partial flow pattern are obtained based on the massive experimental data. The standard templates for every flow regime feature are calculated with self-organization cluster algorithm. The multi-sensor data fusion method is proposed to realize the online recognition of multiphase flow regime with the pressure and differential pressure signals, which overcomes the severe influence of fluid flow velocity and the oil fraction on the recognition. The online recognition method is tested in the practice, which has less than 10 percent measurement error. The method takes advantages of high confidence, good fault tolerance and less requirement of single sensor performance.
18. Regimes de espaço
Eric Landowski
2015-06-01
Full Text Available Space Regimes - Based on a general model of interaction, the present analysis attempts to account for the diversity of the ways space may be apprehended in lived experience. It leads to the definition of four configurations that correspond to as many regimes of relation with the environing world. The conventional space of the circulation of values takes the archetypical shape of the net (incarnated today by Internet. The operational space is that of our dealing with objects within a material environment seen as a tissue of stable and intelligible relations. The experienced space of bodies’ movement, to which one may give as an emblem the spiral, expresses the dynamics of sensitive relationships between the self and the other. The existential space is that of our presence in a universe without boundaries, which no one can properly represent oneself but that nonetheless haunts art and thought: its figure is the abyss.
19. Flamelet Regime Diagram for Turbulent Combustion Simulations
Chan, Wai Lee; Ihme, Matthias; Kolla, Hemanth; Chen, Jacqueline
2016-11-01
The flamelet model has been widely used in numerical combustion investigations, particularly for the closure of large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent reacting flows. In most cases, the simulation results demonstrated good agreements with their experimental counterparts. However, a systematic analysis of the flamelet model's applicability, as well as its potential limitations, is seldom conducted, and the model performance is usually based only on a-posteriori comparisons. The objective of this work is to derive a metric that can formally quantify the suitability of the flamelet model in different flame configurations. For this purpose, a flamelet regime diagram has been developed and studied in the context of direct numerical simulations (DNS) of a turbulent lifted jet flame. The implementation of the regime diagram in LES has been investigated through explicit filtering of the DNS results.
20. Ion Acceleration in the Laser Transparency Regime
Steinke, Sven
2011-01-01
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden neue, verbesserte Ansätze zur Ionenbeschleunigung mit kurzen, intensiven Laser Pulsen untersucht und charakterisiert. Die verwendeten Laser Pulse mit relativistischer Intensität und sehr hohem Intensitätskontrast ermöglichten die Verwendung von Folien-Targets mit Dicken unterhalb der Eindringtiefe des Laserspulses (~nm) und somit erstmals Experimente im sog transparenten Regime. Im Gegensatz zu undurchsichtigen, dicken Folientargets, erlauben transparente Target...
1. Dynamic Regime of Ignition of Solid Propellant
Zolotorev Nikolay
2016-01-01
Full Text Available This article presents a dynamic regime of exposure of the radiant flux on the sample of gun-cotton. Obtained time the ignition of gun-cotton in the heating conditions of increasing heat flux in the range from 0.2 W/cm2 to 22 W/cm2. A comparison of the delay times of the ignition when heated variable and constant heat flux.
2. Effect of water regime on poplar cultivation
Letić Ljubomir
2006-01-01
Full Text Available The effect of water regime on the growth and development of plantations of hydrologically conditioned species, poplars was researched in the alluvial plain of the river Tamiš. The investigations were carried out during the period 2000-2003 on the area of FA "Opovo", KO Sakule, and the study results elucidate the very complex relationships between the hydrological conditions of the site and the growth and increment of the study poplar plantations, cl. I-214. .
3. Economic Performance and North Korean Regime Legitimacy
2014-06-01
As Cha and Anderson note, free markets have become the reliable means of survival in North Korea and these “markets create entrepreneurship , and... entrepreneurship creates an individualist way of thinking alien to the government.”9 If this case is true, the regime’s demise could very well be at...arguments on how the regime works, what has driven its survival, and the social and economic situations that have developed as a result. D. THESIS
4. Deuteron structure in the deep inelastic regime
Canal, C A Garcìa; Vento, V
2016-01-01
We study nuclear effects on the deuteron in the deep inelastic regime using the newest available data analyzing their $Q^2$ dependence. We conclude that precise EMC ratios for large $Q^2$ (> 30, GeV$^2$) cannot be obtained without considering these nuclear effects. For this purpose we use a scheme which parametrizes these effects in a simple manner and compare our results with other recent proposals.
5. Stochastic Functional Differential Equation under Regime Switching
Ling Bai
2012-01-01
Full Text Available We discuss stochastic functional differential equation under regime switching dx(t=f(xt,r(t,tdt+q(r(tx(tdW1(t+σ(r(t|x(t|βx(tdW2(t. We obtain unique global solution of this system without the linear growth condition; furthermore, we prove its asymptotic ultimate boundedness. Using the ergodic property of the Markov chain, we give the sufficient condition of almost surely exponentially stable of this system.
6. Lubrication regimes in lumbar total disc arthroplasty.
Shaheen, A; Shepherd, D E T
2007-08-01
A number of total disc arthroplasty devices have been developed. Some concern has been expressed that wear may be a potential failure mode for these devices, as has been seen with hip arthroplasty. The aim of this paper was to investigate the lubrication regimes that occur in lumbar total disc arthroplasty devices. The disc arthroplasty was modelled as a ball-and-socket joint. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory was used to calculate the minimum film thickness of the fluid between the bearing surfaces. The lubrication regime was then determined for different material combinations, size of implant, and trunk velocity. Disc arthroplasties with a metal-polymer or metal-metal material combination operate with a boundary lubrication regime. A ceramic-ceramic material combination has the potential to operate with fluid-film lubrication. Disc arthroplasties with a metal-polymer or metal-metal material combination are likely to generate wear debris. In future, it is worth considering a ceramic-ceramic material combination as this is likely to reduce wear.
7. Utilizing Surface Sensors to Identify Wake Regimes
Wang, Mengying; Hemati, Maziar S.
2016-11-01
Marine swimmers often exploit external flow structures to reduce locomotive effort. To achieve this advantage, these swimmers utilize mechanosensory organs on the surface of their bodies to detect hydrodynamic signals from the surrounding fluid, which can then be used to inform the control task. Recently, there has been a growing interest in developing similar flow sensing systems to achieve enhanced propulsive efficiency and maneuverability in human-engineered underwater vehicles. In particular, much attention has been given to the problem of wake sensing; however, these investigations have concentrated on a restricted class of wakes-i.e., Kármán-type vortex streets-whereas more complicated wake structures can arise in practice. In this talk, we will explore the possibility of identifying wake regimes through the use of surface sensors. Potential flow theory is adopted to simulate the interactions of various wakes with a fish-like body. Wakes in different dynamical regimes impart distinct hydrodynamic signatures on the body, which permits these regimes to be distinguished from one another in an automated fashion. Our results can provide guidance for improving flow sensing capabilities in human-engineered systems and hint at how marine swimmers may sense their hydrodynamic surroundings.
8. Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in synovial fluid of patients with temporomandibular disorders%颞下颌关节紊乱病关节液中尿纤溶酶原激活物及其受体的表达
胡蕾; 梁新华; 朱桂全; 胡静; 史宗道
2008-01-01
Objective To investigate the level of urokinase-type plasminogen activator(uPA)and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor(uPAR)in synovial fluid of patients with temporomandibular disorders and to analyze their relation with temporomandibular disorders(TMD).Methods Synovial fluid was obtained from 64 sides of 56 TMD patients and from 16 sides of 10 asymptomatic healthy volunteers(control).The concentrations of uPA and uPAR in the synovial fluid were measured by ELISA.Forty-eight sides of TMD were divided into 3 groups:arthrosis,structure disorder and osteoarthrosis,each including 16 sides.Resuits The levels of uPA and uPAR were significantly higher in the synovial fluid of TMD patients than that in the control group(P＜0.05),and the level of uPA and uPAR in osteoarthrosis group was significantly higher than that in arthrosis and structure disorder group(P＜0.05).However,there was no difference in expression of uPA and uPAR between arthrosis and structure disorder groups(P＞0.05).Conclusions uPA and uPAR in the synovial fluid may play a role in the pathogenesis of TMD.and the lever of uPA and uPAR in synovial fluid of TMD could be used as a biochemical markers to reflect pathological degree of TMD.%目的 检测颞下颌关节(TMJ)关节液中尿纤溶酶原激活物(urokinase-type plasminogen activator,uPA)及受体(urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor,uPAR)的分泌量,探讨TMJ液中uPA及uPAR与颞下颌关节紊乱病(TMD)的关系.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附实验法检测56例TMD患者的64侧关节和10名健康志愿者的16侧关节的关节液标本中的uPA及uPAR的量.将符合纳入标准的48侧TMD患者的关节液标本根据临床诊断分为关节炎性组(A组)、结构紊乱组(B组)、骨关节病组(C组),每组16侧;10名健康志愿者的16侧关节液设为对照组(D组).结果 TMD中A组、B组、C组、D组uPA的检出量分别为(51.200±8.786)ng/L、(53.667±11.894)ng/L、(81.278±25.828)ng/L、(17.960±9.859)ng
9. Autonomia e relevância dos regimes The autonomy and relevance of regimes
Gustavo Seignemartin de Carvalho
2005-12-01
10. Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge water regime map
US Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior — Water regime map for Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge. This map of water regimes on the refuge was created along with the National Vegetation Classification...
11. Nicotine stimulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor expression and cell invasiveness through mitogen-activated protein kinase and reactive oxygen species signaling in ECV304 endothelial cells
Khoi, Pham Ngoc; Park, Jung Sun; Kim, Nam Ho; Jung, Young Do, E-mail: [email protected]
2012-03-01
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression is elevated during inflammation, tissue remodeling and in many human cancers. This study investigated the effect of nicotine, a major alkaloid in tobacco, on uPAR expression and cell invasiveness in ECV304 endothelial cells. Nicotine stimulated uPAR expression in a dose-dependent manner and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1/2 (Erk-1/2), c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). Specific inhibitors of MEK-1 (PD98059) and JNK (SP600125) inhibited the nicotine-induced uPAR expression, while the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 did not. Expression vectors encoding dominant negative MEK-1 (pMCL-K97M) and JNK (TAM67) also prevented nicotine-induced uPAR promoter activity. The intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H{sub 2}O{sub 2}) content was increased by nicotine treatment. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine prevented nicotine-activated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and uPAR expression. Furthermore, exogenous H{sub 2}O{sub 2} increased uPAR mRNA expression. Deleted and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated the involvement of the binding sites of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and activator protein (AP)-1 in the nicotine-induced uPAR expression. Studies with expression vectors encoding mutated NF-κB signaling molecules and AP-1 decoy confirmed that NF-κB and AP-1 were essential for the nicotine-stimulated uPAR expression. MAPK (Erk-1/2 and JNK) and ROS functioned as upstream signaling molecules in the activation of AP-1 and NF-κB, respectively. In addition, ECV304 endothelial cells treated with nicotine displayed markedly enhanced invasiveness, which was partially abrogated by uPAR neutralizing antibodies. The data indicate that nicotine induces uPAR expression via the MAPK/AP-1 and ROS/NF-κB signaling pathways and, in turn, stimulates invasiveness in human ECV304 endothelial cells. -- Highlights: ► Endothelial cells
12. A combination of desmopressin and docetaxel inhibit cell proliferation and invasion mediated by urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in human prostate cancer cells
Sasaki, Hiroshi; Klotz, Laurence H. [Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON (Canada); Sugar, Linda M. [Department of Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON (Canada); Kiss, Alexander [Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON (Canada); Venkateswaran, Vasundara, E-mail: [email protected] [Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON (Canada)
2015-08-28
Background: This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of a combination treatment using both desmopressin and docetaxel in prostate cancer treatment. Desmopressin is a well-known synthetic analogue of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin. It has recently been demonstrated to inhibit tumor progression and metastasis in in vivo models. Docetaxel is widely used for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. However, durable responses have been uncommon to date. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effect of desmopressin in combination with docetaxel in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Two prostate cancer cells (PC3, LNCaP) were treated with different concentrations of desmopressin alone, docetaxel alone, and a combination of desmopressin and docetaxel. Cell proliferation was determined by MTS assay. The anti-invasive and anti-migration potential of desmopressin and in combination with docetaxel were examined by wound healing assay, migration chamber assay, and matrigel invasion assay. Results: The combination of desmopressin and docetaxel resulted in a significant inhibition of PC3 and LNCaP cell proliferation (p < 0.01). Additionally, cell migration and invasion were also inhibited by the combination when compared to that of either treatment alone in PC3 cells (p < 0.01). The anti-tumor effect of this combination treatment was associated with down-regulation of both urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in PC3 cells. Conclusions: We are the first to elucidate the anti-tumor and anti-metastatic potential of desmopressin in combination with docetaxel in a prostate cancer model via the uPA-MMP pathway. Our finding could potentially contribute to the therapeutic profile of desmopressin and enhance the efficacy of docetaxel based treatment for CRPC. - Highlights: • Desmopressin inhibits cell proliferation in prostate cancer cells. • The expression of cyclin A and CDK2
13. Urokinase plasminogen activator inhibits HIV virion release from macrophage-differentiated chronically infected cells via activation of RhoA and PKCε.
Francesca Graziano
Full Text Available BACKGROUND: HIV replication in mononuclear phagocytes is a multi-step process regulated by viral and cellular proteins with the peculiar feature of virion budding and accumulation in intra-cytoplasmic vesicles. Interaction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA with its cell surface receptor (uPAR has been shown to favor virion accumulation in such sub-cellular compartment in primary monocyte-derived macrophages and chronically infected promonocytic U1 cells differentiated into macrophage-like cells by stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA. By adopting this latter model system, we have here investigated which intracellular signaling pathways were triggered by uPA/uPAR interaction leading the redirection of virion accumulation in intra-cytoplasmic vesicles. RESULTS: uPA induced activation of RhoA, PKCδ and PKCε in PMA-differentiated U1 cells. In the same conditions, RhoA, PKCδ and PKCε modulated uPA-induced cell adhesion and polarization, whereas only RhoA and PKCε were also responsible for the redirection of virions in intracellular vesicles. Distribution of G and F actin revealed that uPA reorganized the cytoskeleton in both adherent and polarized cells. The role of G and F actin isoforms was unveiled by the use of cytochalasin D, a cell-permeable fungal toxin that prevents F actin polymerization. Receptor-independent cytoskeleton remodeling by Cytochalasin D resulted in cell adhesion, polarization and intracellular accumulation of HIV virions similar to the effects gained with uPA. CONCLUSIONS: These findings illustrate the potential contribution of the uPA/uPAR system in the generation and/or maintenance of intra-cytoplasmic vesicles that actively accumulate virions, thus sustaining the presence of HIV reservoirs of macrophage origin. In addition, our observations also provide evidences that pathways controlling cytoskeleton remodeling and activation of PKCε bear relevance for the design of new antiviral strategies aimed
14. Urokinase receptor mediates osteoclastogenesis via M-CSF release from osteoblasts and the c-Fms/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in osteoclasts.
Kalbasi Anaraki, Parnian; Patecki, Margret; Tkachuk, Sergey; Kiyan, Yulia; Haller, Hermann; Dumler, Inna
2015-02-01
Bone remodeling is a dynamic process based on a fine-tuned balance between formation and degradation of bone. Osteoblasts (OBLs) are responsible for bone formation and bone resorption is mediated by osteoclasts (OCLs). The mechanisms regulating the OBL-OCL balance are critical in health and disease; however, they are still far from being understood. We reported recently that the multifunctional urokinase receptor (uPAR) mediates osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to OBLs and vascular calcification in atherosclerosis. Here, we address the question of whether uPAR may also be engaged in regulation of osteoclastogenesis. We show that uPAR mediates this process in a dual fashion. Thus, uPAR affected OBL-OCL interplay. We observed that osteoclastogenesis was significantly impaired in co-culture of monocyte-derived OCLs and in OBLs derived from MSCs lacking uPAR. We show that expression and release, from OBLs, of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which is indispensable for OCL differentiation, was inhibited by uPAR loss. We further found that uPAR, on the other hand, controlled formation, differentiation, and functional properties of macrophage-derived OCLs. Expression of osteoclastogenic markers, such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K, was impaired in OCLs derived from uPAR-deficient macrophages. The requirement of uPAR for osteoclastogenesis was further confirmed by immunocytochemistry and in bone resorption assay. We provide evidence that the underlying signaling mechanisms involve uPAR association with the M-CSF binding receptor c-Fms followed by c-Fms phosphorylation and activation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in OCLs. We further show that uPAR uses this pathway to regulate a balance between OCL differentiation, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Our study identified uPAR as an important and multifaceted regulator of OBL-OCL molecular interplay that may serve as an attractive target in bone disease
15. Production of a urokinase plasminogen activator-IgG fusion protein (uPA-IgG) in the baculovirus expression system.
Kost, T A; Ignar, D M; Clay, W C; Andrews, J; Leray, J D; Overton, L; Hoffman, C R; Kilpatrick, K E; Ellis, B; Emerson, D L
1997-04-29
Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor, uPAR, in the processes of tumor progression and metastasis. Thus, the uPA/uPAR interaction may represent an important target for inhibiting metastatic disease. The baculovirus expression system was used to produce high levels of a secreted uPA-Immunoglobulin G fusion protein (uPA-IgG) which could then be used for displacing uPA from the surface of tumor cells. The recombinant uPA-IgG fusion protein was placed under the control of either the viral polyhedrin promoter or a copy of the viral basic protein promoter. Recombinant viruses were then used to infect Sf9 and BTI-Tn-5B1-4 cells. Infection of both cell types resulted in the production of secreted uPA-IgG. The molecular mass of the secreted protein as determined by SDS-PAGE was approximately 40 kDa. The highest level of secreted uPA-IgG, 444 microg/ml, was found in the culture medium of BTI-Tn-5B1-4 cells 72 h post-infection with the basic protein promoter-uPA-IgG virus. In the case of Sf9 cells, the highest level of secreted protein was 195 microg/ml. The amount of cell-associated uPA-IgG in infected BTI-Tn-5B1-4 cells was significantly less than that of infected Sf9 cells, reflecting the superior secretory capability of the BTI-Tn-5B1-4 cells. The uPA-IgG was readily purified using a combination of zinc chelate and sephacryl S-100 column chromatography. Routinely, greater than 100 mg of greater than 95% pure protein could be obtained per liter of culture medium collected at 72 h post-infection of BTI-Tn-5B1-4 cells with the basic protein promoter virus. BIAcore analysis and competition binding assays using LOX human malignant melanoma cells expressing uPAR indicated that the purified recombinant protein possessed similar ligand binding characteristics to that of human uPA.
16. The discrete regime of flame propagation
Tang, Francois-David; Goroshin, Samuel; Higgins, Andrew
The propagation of laminar dust flames in iron dust clouds was studied in a low-gravity envi-ronment on-board a parabolic flight aircraft. The elimination of buoyancy-induced convection and particle settling permitted measurements of fundamental combustion parameters such as the burning velocity and the flame quenching distance over a wide range of particle sizes and in different gaseous mixtures. The discrete regime of flame propagation was observed by substitut-ing nitrogen present in air with xenon, an inert gas with a significantly lower heat conductivity. Flame propagation in the discrete regime is controlled by the heat transfer between neighbor-ing particles, rather than by the particle burning rate used by traditional continuum models of heterogeneous flames. The propagation mechanism of discrete flames depends on the spa-tial distribution of particles, and thus such flames are strongly influenced by local fluctuations in the fuel concentration. Constant pressure laminar dust flames were observed inside 70 cm long, 5 cm diameter Pyrex tubes. Equally-spaced plate assemblies forming rectangular chan-nels were placed inside each tube to determine the quenching distance defined as the minimum channel width through which a flame can successfully propagate. High-speed video cameras were used to measure the flame speed and a fiber optic spectrometer was used to measure the flame temperature. Experimental results were compared with predictions obtained from a numerical model of a three-dimensional flame developed to capture both the discrete nature and the random distribution of particles in the flame. Though good qualitative agreement was obtained between model predictions and experimental observations, residual g-jitters and the short reduced-gravity periods prevented further investigations of propagation limits in the dis-crete regime. The full exploration of the discrete flame phenomenon would require high-quality, long duration reduced gravity environment
17. Reconfigurable photoinduced metamaterials in the microwave regime
Rizza, Carlo; De Paulis, Francesco; Palange, Elia; Orlandi, Antonio; Columbo, Lorenzo; Prati, Franco
2014-01-01
We investigate optically reconfigurable dielectric metamaterials at gigahertz frequencies. More precisely, we study the microwave response of a subwavelength grating optically imprinted into a semiconductor slab. In the homogenized regime, we analytically evaluate the ordinary and extraordinary component of the effective permittivity tensor by taking into account the photo-carrier dynamics described by the ambipolar diffusion equation. We analyze the impact of semiconductor parameters on the gigahertz metamaterial response which turns out to be highly reconfigurable by varying the photogenerated grating and which can show a marked anisotropic behavior.
18. Ultracold Molecules: Physics in the Quantum Regime
Doyle, John [Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States). Dept. of Physics
2014-11-17
Our research encompasses approaches to the trapping of diatomic molecules at low temperature plus the cooling and detection of polyatomic molecules in the kelvin temperature regime. We have cooled and trapped CaF and/or CaH molecules, loaded directly from a molecular beam. As part of this work, we are continuing to develop an important trapping technique, optical loading from a buffer-gas beam. This method was invented in our lab. We are also studying cold polyatomic molecules and their interactions with cold atoms.
19. Efficiency of Rectification: Reversible vs. Irreversible Regimes
Sokolov, I. M.
2002-11-01
Both man-made locomotive devices and molecular motors use gears to transform a reciprocating motion into a directed one. One of the most common gears is a rectifier, a mechanically irreversible appliance. The maximal energetic efficiency of an isothermic gear is bounded by unity, as a consequence of the Second Law. However, approaching this ideal efficiency does not imply approaching reversibility. We discuss what properties of a rectifier mostly influence the transduction efficiency and show that an appliance which locks under backward force is just the one which can approach the ideal efficiency either in the reversible or in the irreversible regime.
20. Langmuir wave filamentation in the kinetic regime
Silantyev, Denis A; Rose, Harvey A
2016-01-01
Nonlinear Langmuir wave in the kinetic regime $k\\lambda_D\\gtrsim0.2$ has a transverse instability, where $k$ is the wavenumber and $\\lambda_D$ is the Debye length. The nonlinear stage of that instability development leads to the filamentation of Langmuir waves. Here we study the linear stage of transverse instability of both Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal (BGK) modes and dynamically prepared BGK-like initial conditions to find the same instability growth rate suggesting the universal mechanism for the kinetic saturation of stimulated Raman scatter in laser-plasma interaction experiments. Multidimensional Vlasov simulations results are compared to the theoretical predictions.
1. Quality Regimes in Agro-Food Industries
Staricco, Juan Ignacio; Ponte, Stefano
2015-01-01
In this article, we examine the transformative potential of changing quality regimes in agro-food industries through the analysis of whether Fair Trade wine in Argentina provides a meaningful economic alternative that goes beyond the impact it has on direct beneficiaries. The wine sector has a lo...... producing table wine for the domestic market, Fair Trade is actually further marginalizing them......., challenge and re-interpretation of different quality content. Through the lenses of a sector-adjusted version of regulation theory, we show that the Fair Trade wine sector does not substantially deviate from the conventional wine economy in Argentina. Instead of empowering the most vulnerable groups, those...
2. Muscle's Motion in an Overdamped Regime
AI Bao-Quan; WANG Xian-Ju; LIU Liang-Gang; M. Nakano; H. Matsuura
2002-01-01
Based on the stochastic inclined rods model proposed by H. Matsuura et al., we study the motion of actin myosin system in an overdamped regime. Our model is composed ofan inclined spring (rod), a myosin head and a myosin filament. The results of calculation show that the modelcan convert the random motion to one-directional motion, and the myosin head works as a resonator of random noise, which absorbs the energy through a stochastic resonance. The results show that the inclined rod and the intermolecular potential are very important for the system to move.
3. REVIEW OF REGIME THEORY OF ALLUVIAL CHANNELS
2002-01-01
One of the most important problems in river engineering is to determine a stable cross section geomenry and slope for an alluvial channel. This has been the subject of considerable research for about a century and continues to be of great practical interest. Lgnoring plan geometry, an alluvi-al channel can adjust its slope, depth and width, to develop a dynamic stable condition in which it can transport a certain a-mount of water and sediment. The brief history of regime the-ory and its new development are reviewed in this paper.
4. Low-frequency regime transitions and predictability of regimes in a barotropic model
2016-01-01
Predictability of flow is examined in a barotropic vorticity model that admits low frequency regime transitions between zonal and dipolar states. Such transitions in the model were first studied by Bouchet and Simonnet (2009) and are reminiscent of regime change phenomena in the weather and climate systems wherein extreme and abrupt qualitative changes occur, seemingly randomly, after long periods of apparent stability. Mechanisms underlying regime transitions in the model are not well understood yet. From the point of view of atmospheric and oceanic dynamics, a novel aspect of the model is the lack of any source of background gradient of potential-vorticity such as topography or planetary gradient of rotation rate (e.g., as in Charney & DeVore '79). We consider perturbations that are embedded onto the system's chaotic attractor under the full nonlinear dynamics as bred vectors---nonlinear generalizations of the leading (backward) Lyapunov vector. We find that ensemble predictions that use bred vector per...
5. Hard and Soft Excitation Regimes of Kerr Frequency Combs
Matsko, Andrey B; Ilchenko, Vladimir S; Seidel, David; Maleki, Lute
2011-01-01
We theoretically study the stability conditions and excitation regimes of hyper-parametric oscillation and Kerr frequency comb generation in continuously pumped nonlinear optical resonators possessing anomalous group velocity dispersion. We show that both hard and soft excitation regimes are possible in the resonators. Selection between the regimes is achieved via change in the parameters of the pumping light.
6. Level-ARCH Short Rate Models with Regime Switching
Christiansen, Charlotte
This paper introduces regime switching volatility into level- ARCH models for the short rates of the US, the UK, and Germany. Once regime switching and level effects are included there are no gains from including ARCH effects. It is of secondary importance exactly how the regime switching is spec...
7. The relationship between void waves and flow regime transition
Lahey, R.T. Jr.; Drew, D.A.; Kalkach-Navarro, S.; Park, J.W.
1992-12-31
The results of an extensive experimental and analytical study on the relationship between void waves and flow regime transition are presented, in particular, the bubbly/slug flow regime transition. It is shown that void wave instability signals a flow regime transition.
8. Characterizing multistationarity regimes in biochemical reaction networks.
Irene Otero-Muras
Full Text Available Switch like responses appear as common strategies in the regulation of cellular systems. Here we present a method to characterize bistable regimes in biochemical reaction networks that can be of use to both direct and reverse engineering of biological switches. In the design of a synthetic biological switch, it is important to study the capability for bistability of the underlying biochemical network structure. Chemical Reaction Network Theory (CRNT may help at this level to decide whether a given network has the capacity for multiple positive equilibria, based on their structural properties. However, in order to build a working switch, we also need to ensure that the bistability property is robust, by studying the conditions leading to the existence of two different steady states. In the reverse engineering of biological switches, knowledge collected about the bistable regimes of the underlying potential model structures can contribute at the model identification stage to a drastic reduction of the feasible region in the parameter space of search. In this work, we make use and extend previous results of the CRNT, aiming not only to discriminate whether a biochemical reaction network can exhibit multiple steady states, but also to determine the regions within the whole space of parameters capable of producing multistationarity. To that purpose we present and justify a condition on the parameters of biochemical networks for the appearance of multistationarity, and propose an efficient and reliable computational method to check its satisfaction through the parameter space.
9. Variety of synchronous regimes in neuronal ensembles
Komarov, M. A.; Osipov, G. V.; Suykens, J. A. K.
2008-09-01
We consider a Hodgkin-Huxley-type model of oscillatory activity in neurons of the snail Helix pomatia. This model has a distinctive feature: It demonstrates multistability in oscillatory and silent modes that is typical for the thalamocortical neurons. A single neuron cell can demonstrate a variety of oscillatory activity: Regular and chaotic spiking and bursting behavior. We study collective phenomena in small and large arrays of nonidentical cells coupled by models of electrical and chemical synapses. Two single elements coupled by electrical coupling show different types of synchronous behavior, in particular in-phase and antiphase synchronous regimes. In an ensemble of three inhibitory synaptically coupled elements, the phenomenon of sequential synchronous dynamics is observed. We study the synchronization phenomena in the chain of nonidentical neurons at different oscillatory behavior coupled with electrical and chemical synapses. Various regimes of phase synchronization are observed: (i) Synchronous regular and chaotic spiking; (ii) synchronous regular and chaotic bursting; and (iii) synchronous regular and chaotic bursting with different numbers of spikes inside the bursts. We detect and study the effect of collective synchronous burst generation due to the cluster formation and the oscillatory death.
10. Pulse regime in formation of fractal fibers
Smirnov, B. M.
2016-11-01
The pulse regime of vaporization of a bulk metal located in a buffer gas is analyzed as a method of generation of metal atoms under the action of a plasma torch or a laser beam. Subsequently these atoms are transformed into solid nanoclusters, fractal aggregates and then into fractal fibers if the growth process proceeds in an external electric field. We are guided by metals in which transitions between s and d-electrons of their atoms are possible, since these metals are used as catalysts and filters in interaction with gas flows. The resistance of metal fractal structures to a gas flow is evaluated that allows one to find optimal parameters of a fractal structure for gas flow propagation through it. The thermal regime of interaction between a plasma pulse or a laser beam and a metal surface is analyzed. It is shown that the basic energy from an external source is consumed on a bulk metal heating, and the efficiency of atom evaporation from the metal surface, that is the ratio of energy fluxes for vaporization and heating, is 10-3-10-4 for transient metals under consideration. A typical energy flux ( 106 W/cm2), a typical surface temperature ( 3000 K), and a typical pulse duration ( 1 μs) provide a sufficient amount of evaporated atoms to generate fractal fibers such that each molecule of a gas flow collides with the skeleton of fractal fibers many times.
11. Microgravity two-phase flow regime modeling
Lee, D.; Best, F.R.; Faget, N.
1987-01-01
A flow pattern or flow regime is the characteristics spatial distribution of the phases of fluid in a duct. Since heat transfer and pressure drop are dependent on the characteristic distribution of the phases, it is necessary to describe flow patterns in an appropriate manner so that a hydrodynamic or heat transfer theory applicable to that pattern can be chosen. The objective of the present analysis is to create a flow regime map based on physical modeling of vapor/liquid interaction phenomena in a microgravity environment. In the present work, four basic flow patterns are defined: dispersed flow, stratified flow, slug flow, and annular flow. Fluid properties, liquid and vapor flow rates, and pipe size were chosen as the principal parameters. It is assumed that a transition from one flow pattern to another will occur when there is a change in the dominant force which controls that flow pattern. The forces considered in this modeling are surface tension force, both force, inertial force, friction, and turbulent fluctuations.
12. Essence and Prospect of International Export Control Regimes
2005-01-01
@@ International export control regimes are referring to the regimes and systems concerning limitation of export and transference of military-use and dual-use items and related parts as well as technologies. In the past couple of years, the control regimes have shown a strengthening posture. In addition, a new global export control regime is brewing. Hence export control has caught the attention of the international community, and particularly of the circles of armament control and commerce. The author would like to make some analyses of the posture and then try to predict the trend of international export control regimes.
13. Distinct transport regimes for two elastically coupled molecular motors.
Berger, Florian; Keller, Corina; Klumpp, Stefan; Lipowsky, Reinhard
2012-05-18
Cooperative cargo transport by two molecular motors involves an elastic motor-motor coupling, which can reduce the motors' velocity and/or enhance their unbinding from the filament. We show theoretically that these interference effects lead, in general, to four distinct transport regimes. In addition to a weak coupling regime, kinesin and dynein motors are found to exhibit a strong coupling and an enhanced unbinding regime, whereas myosin motors are predicted to attain a reduced velocity regime. All of these regimes, which we derive by explicit calculations and general time scale arguments, can be explored experimentally by varying the elastic coupling strength.
14. 胸腔微管引流并注入尿激酶治疗结核性胸膜炎%Curative Effect of Chest Micro-tube Drainage and Injection of Urokinase in Treatment of Tuberculous Pleuritic
王伟莉
2016-01-01
Objective To study the curative effect of chest micro-tube drainage and injection of urokinase in treatment of tuberculous pleuritic. Methods 81 cases of patients with tuberculous pleuritic treated in our institute from January 2010 to January 2014 were selected as the research objects, both groups were given regular antituberculotic treatment, the treatment group (45 cases) were given conventional intrathoracic micro-tube indwelling for pleural effusion drainage, the thoracic cavity was clipped for 12h after injection of 20 mL normal saline and 100,000-unit urokinase and then opened, the control group (36 cases) received conventional thoracocentesis twice a week, and the total treatment effective rate and adverse re-actions were compared between the two groups. Results The effective rate in the treatment group was better than that in the control group, (94.6% vs 75%),P<0.05. Conclusion The curative effect of chest micro-tube drainage and injection of uroki-nase in treatment of tuberculous pleuritic is good, and it is safe and convenient.%目的：探讨胸腔微管引流并注入尿激酶治疗结核性胸膜炎的疗效。方法方便选取该所2010年1月—2014年1月的81例结核性胸膜炎患者为研究对象,在正规抗结核治疗下,治疗组45例常规胸腔内留置微管引流胸腔积液,20 mL生理盐水+尿激酶10万U胸腔注入夹闭12 h后打开；对照组36例行常规胸腔穿刺术,2次/周。对比两组患者治疗总有效率和不良反应。结果治疗组有效率94.6%,对照组有效率75%。治疗组优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论胸腔微管引流并注入尿激酶治疗结核性胸膜炎安全,简便,疗效好。
15. Effect of intrapleural injection with urokinase in treatment of tuberculous pleuritis%胸腔注入尿激酶治疗结核性胸膜炎的疗效观察
王卫阳
2012-01-01
Objective To investigate the effects of intrapleural injection with urokinase in prevention and treatment of tuberculous pleuri-tis. Methods Eighty patients with tuberculous pleuritis were divided into two groups by random allocation. Therapeutic group of 40 cases received intrapleural injection with urokinase 10 4 added into 0. 9 % sodium chloride injection 20 ml after each thoracic drainage,and control group of 40 cases received intrapleural isoniazid 0. 1 g injection added into 0. 9% sodium chloride injection 20 ml after each thoracic drainage. After the end of treatment we compared catheter detaining time, pleural thickness, chest water absorption and pleural adhesion of the two groups. Results The curative effect was significantly lower in therapeutic group than control group. Conclusions Intrapleural injection with urokinase has certain prevention and treatment in pleural thickening and adhesion due to tuberculous pleuritis. There is no obvious adverse reaction. It has the advantage of simple operation, which is worthy of clinical application.%目的 探讨胸腔内注射尿激酶治疗结核性胸膜炎的临床疗效.方法将90例结核性胸膜炎患者随机分为两组,治疗组45例,用0.9%氯化钠注射液10 ml加尿激酶10万U于每次抽液后行胸腔内注射;对照组45例,用0.9%氯化钠注射液10 ml加异烟肼0.1 g于每次抽液后行胸腔内注射,治疗结束后进行比较,观察两组的导管留置时间、胸膜厚度、胸水吸收以及胸膜黏连情况.结果 治疗组的疗效明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义.结论 胸腔内注射尿激酶能够促进胸腔积液吸收,使胸膜肥厚减轻、黏连减少,可以缩短静脉导管在胸腔内留置时间;该方法不良反应较少,操作简单,值得临床推广应用.
16. 尿激酶在老年急性心肌梗死中溶栓效果观察%Efifcacy of Urokinase on Thrombolysis in Elderly Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
邵军军; 辛建文
2016-01-01
Objective To observe the thrombolysis effect of urokinase in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods 45 cases of elderly patients with AMI in our hospital were divided into observation group (n=23) and control group (n=22) according to medication, control group received conventional treatment, treatment group was given urokinase based on control group. Results The IRA opening time of observation group was shorter than that of control group, the difference was statistically significant (P0.05). The clinical recanalization rate of observation group was higher, and the incidence of arrhythmia and bleeding complications were signiifcantly lower than that of control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Urokinase for the treatment of AMI has high clinical recanalization rate, with low incidence of arrhythmia and fewer bleeding complications, worthy of clinical application.%目的：观察尿激酶在老年急性心肌梗死患者中的溶栓效果。方法选取我院45例急性心肌梗死老年患者作为研究对象，根据不同用药，分为观察组（n=23）和对照组（n=22），对照组给予常规治疗，观察组在对照组治疗基础上给予尿激酶。结果观察组IRA开通时间短于对照组（P＜0.05）。观察组CK、CK-MB峰值时间与对照组比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。观察组临床再通率高于对照组，心率失常发生率及出血并发症发生率均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论尿激酶对治疗老年急性心肌梗死有临床再通率高，心率失常发生率及出血并发症少优。
17. Cointegration and causal linkages in fertilizer markets across different regimes
Lahmiri, Salim
2017-04-01
Cointegration and causal linkages among five different fertilizer markets are investigated during low and high market regimes. The database includes prices of rock phosphate (RP), triple super phosphate (TSP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), urea, and potassium chloride (PC). It is found that fertilizer markets are closely linked to each other during low and high regimes; and, particularly during high regime (after 2007 international financial crisis). In addition, there is no evidence of bidirectional linear relationship between markets during low and high regime time periods. Furthermore, all significant linkages are only unidirectional. Moreover, some causality effects have emerged during high regime. Finally, the effect of an impulse during high regime time period persists longer and is stronger than the effect of an impulse during low regime time period (before 2007 international financial crisis).
18. Institutional design and regime effectiveness in transboundary river management – the Elbe water quality regime
I. Dombrowsky
2007-06-01
Full Text Available The literature on transboundary river management suggests that institutions play an important role in bringing cooperation about. However, the knowledge on how they should be designed in order to do so remains limited. One way to learn more about adequate institutional design is to assess the effectiveness of existing regimes, and to trace the causal relationships leading to the respective outcomes. In order to gain further insights into the relationship of institutional design and regime effectiveness, this paper presents a study on the water quality regime of the International Commission for the Protection of the Elbe (ICPE. The analysis is based on a review of pertinent documents and ten qualitative interviews with Czech and German Commission members and NGO representatives. Particular emphasis has been put on determining the ICPE's specific contribution and the no-regime counterfactual as well as on the perceived expedience of the institutional arrangements. The study shows that overall due to external as well as internal institutional factors the ICPE proved relatively successful, and as such it also provides insights into how institutions matter: The commission served as platform for joint problem solving by identifying priorities for action. These international obligations increased the power of national administrations and their access to funds. At the same time, the Commission's reporting to the public served as an enforcement mechanism. However, the ICPE's contribution towards achieving the various goals varied significantly between the different areas of activity. It was high where the main responsibility for action was with the public authorities, such as in the area of wastewater treatment and the establishment of an international alarm plan and model. It was practically non existent in the reduction of non-point pollution from agriculture, where the success depended on the behavior of individual private actors (farmers. From a
19. Wilson fermions in the epsilon regime
Bär, Oliver; Schaefer, Stefan
2009-01-01
We extend the epsilon-expansion of continuum chiral perturbation theory to nonzero lattice spacing in the framework of Wilson Chiral Perturbation Theory. We distinguish various regimes by defining the relative power counting of the quark mass m and the lattice spacing a. We observe that for m ~ a Lambda^2_QCD, the explicit breaking of chiral symmetry in Wilson fermions is still driven by the quark mass and lattice corrections are highly suppressed. The lattice spacing effects become more pronounced for smaller quark masses and may lead to non-trivial corrections of the continuum results at next-to-leading order. We compute these corrections for standard current and density correlation functions. A fit to lattice data shows that these corrections are small, as expected.
20. Regime shifts in models of dryland vegetation
Zelnik, Yuval R; Yizhaq, Hezi; Bel, Golan; Meron, Ehud
2013-01-01
Drylands are pattern-forming systems showing self-organized vegetation patchiness, multiplicity of stable states and fronts separating domains of alternative stable states. Pattern dynamics, induced by droughts or disturbances, can result in desertification shifts from patterned vegetation to bare soil. Pattern-formation theory suggests various scenarios for such dynamics; an abrupt global shift involving a fast collapse to bare soil, a gradual global shift involving the expansion and coalescence of bare-soil domains, and an incipient shift to a hybrid state consisting of stationary bare-soil domains in an otherwise periodic pattern. Using models of dryland vegetation we address the question which of these scenarios can be realized. We found that the models can be split into two groups: models that exhibit multiplicity of periodic-pattern and bare-soil states, and models that exhibit, in addition, multiplicity of hybrid states. Furthermore, in all models we could not identify parameter regimes in which bare-s...
1. Mobile Networks: Visualizing the Global Refugee Regime
Bennett Gabriel Sherry
2015-08-01
Full Text Available This article identifies conceptual issues surrounding the visualization of refugee movement in relation to state borders. It argues that social-network-analysis software provides a tool for the creation of visualizations of human movement that are removed from geolocation. Such a method disassociates forced migration from preconceived notions about the importance of geographical proximity and the fixity of state borders. This article provides some brief examples of ways that these methods might be utilized to graph and visualize aspects of the global refugee regime. The global-scale, transnational conceptualization and new visualizations show networks of movement centered on new inter-state communities and highlights the role of non-state actors.
2. The Great Lakes' regional climate regimes
Sugiyama, Noriyuki
For the last couple of decades, the Great Lakes have undergone rapid surface warming. In particular, the magnitude of the summer surface-warming trends of the Great Lakes have been much greater than those of surrounding land (Austin and Colman, 2007). Among the Great Lakes, the deepest Lake Superior exhibited the strongest warming trend in its annual, as well as summer surface water temperature. We find that many aspects of this behavior can be explained in terms of the tendency of deep lakes to exhibit multiple regimes characterized, under the same seasonally varying forcing, by the warmer and colder seasonal cycles exhibiting different amounts of wintertime lake-ice cover and corresponding changes in the summertime lake-surface temperatures. In this thesis, we address the problem of the Great Lakes' warming using one-dimensional lake modeling to interpret diverse observations of the recent lake behavior. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).
3. Nonlinear regimes of forced magnetic reconnection
Vekstein, G., E-mail: [email protected] [JBCA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL (United Kingdom); STEL, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601 (Japan); Kusano, K. [STEL, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601 (Japan)
2015-09-15
This letter presents a self-consistent description of nonlinear forced magnetic reconnection in Taylor's model of this process. If external boundary perturbation is strong enough, nonlinearity in the current sheet evolution becomes important before resistive effects come into play. This terminates the current sheet shrinking that takes place at the linear stage and brings about its nonlinear equilibrium with a finite thickness. Then, in theory, this equilibrium is destroyed by a finite plasma resistivity during the skin-time, and further reconnection proceeds in the Rutherford regime. However, realization of such a scenario is unlikely because of the plasmoid instability, which is fast enough to develop before the transition to the Rutherford phase occurs. The suggested analytical theory is entirely different from all previous studies and provides proper interpretation of the presently available numerical simulations of nonlinear forced magnetic reconnection.
4. The Quantum-Gravity Regime under Microgravity
Laemmerzahl, Claus; Könemann, Thorben
Gravity is the weakest of the four known interactions. Accordingly, one needs either huge masses to explore this interaction or a long time to accumulate its small influence. The latter is possible only under microgravity conditions. In this contribution we would like to focus on three issues related to basic problems in the quantum-gravity regime: (i) Search for fundamental decoherence: Decoherence describes the transition from the quantum world to the classical regime. There are many technical sources of decoherence but the question is whether there is a fundamental mechanism for such a decoherence which would be a solution for the measurement problem in quantum mechanics. Here we describe the estimates on such a fundamental decoherence from experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates in microgravity. (ii) Search for possible self-gravity effects: Self gravity has been proposed e.g. by Penrose to resolve the measurement problem. Self gravitating systems are also give Bose stars which are a model for the pyhsics around black holes or for dark matter. Here we would like to describe effects of self gravity in Bose-Einstein condensates. We calculate stationary spherically symmetric states and discuss the possibility to measure such effects related to self gravity. (iii) Test of the semiclassical Einstein equations. Since General Relativity and quantum theory appear to be incompatible, it has been discussed whether the semiclassical Einstein equations might be valid. Here we would like to discuss a proposal made by Peres and Lindner to use Bose-Einstein condensates for a true quantum test of these semiclassical Einstein equations from which one can decide whether such an ansatz is valid or not.
5. 29 CFR 2530.200b-2 - Hour of service.
2010-07-01
... 80 hours of service for his vacation in computation period III (40 hours per week multiplied by 2... would be credited with 80 hours (2 weeks worked multiplied by 40 hours) plus such credit as may be... a payment made or due which is calculated on the basis of units of time, such as hours, days,...
6. Fasting and 2-Hour Plasma Glucose and Insulin
Libman, Ingrid M.; Barinas-Mitchell, Emma; Bartucci, Andrea; Chaves-Gnecco, Diego; Robertson, Robert; Arslanian, Silva
2010-01-01
OBJECTIVE To determine whether elevated fasting or 2-h plasma glucose and/or insulin better reflects the presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers in an overweight pediatric population with normal glucose tolerance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 151 overweight youths (8–17 years old) were evaluated with oral glucose tolerance tests and measurement of CVD risk factors. The study population was categorized according to quartiles of fasting and 2-h glucose and insulin levels. ANCOVA, adjusted for age, sex, race, Tanner stage, and percent body fat (measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), was used to compare metabolic variables between the quartiles of glucose and insulin groups. RESULTS Increasing quartiles of fasting and 2-h insulin were associated with increasing CVD risk factors. Glucose quartiles on the other hand, either fasting or at 2 h, were not. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that hyperinsulinemia may be the earliest and/or primary metabolic alteration in childhood associated with risk markers for CVD. Prospective studies are needed. PMID:21115769
7. Clinical application on urokinase, papaverine angiography in diabetic foot%尿激酶、罂粟碱在糖尿病足血管造影中的临床应用
任毅; 陈君辉; 贺平
2012-01-01
To discuss urokinase, papaverine angiography in diabetic foot in clinical application. Methods Forty-seven cases of vascular doppler examination of lower extremity arterial stenosis prompted the merger and the performance of lower limb ischemia in diabetic patients, after the DSA angiography ,nineteen cases who had tibial, peroneal artery, the distal or foot small artery stenosis or occlusion , used transcatheter bolus infusion method using 25 - 50Uten-thousand units of urokinase, papaverine 30 ~60mg. Results Fifteen cases of transcatheter infusion of urokinase, papaverine had marked improvement in the performance of lower limb ischemia, and through the comprehensive medical treatment, target vessel around the collateral vessels increased significantly in the total group of 100 percent of cases, stenosis lumen expansion over the previous was 68% , re-opening of vascular occlusion accounted for 36. 8%. 0 — Ⅱ level surface of foot ulcer disease healed , Ⅱ ~ Ⅳ grade of foot ulcer surface drying, shrinking around the inflammation subsided. Conclusion Intra-arterial infusion of urokinase, papaverine can to some extent to improve lower limb blood circulation, so as to achieve remission in patients with lower extremity pain, numbness and other symptoms , has short-term efficacy, no heroatoma, vascular rupture, distal embolism and other vascular complications occurred.%目的 探讨尿激酶、罂粟碱在糖尿病足血管造影中的临床应用.方法 对47例血管多普勒检查提示下肢动脉狭窄且合并下肢缺血表现糖尿病患者,行DSA血管造影后,对其中19例胫、腓动脉中、远段或足部微小动脉狭窄或闭塞患者,经导管采用团注法灌注尿激酶25～ 50U、罂粟碱30～60mg行溶栓,扩血管治疗.结果 19例经导管灌注尿激酶、罂粟碱患者下肢缺血表现明显改善,并通过内科综合治疗,靶血管周围侧支血管明显增多占全组病例的100％,狭窄段血管腔较前扩张占68％,
8. Evaluation of alpha 1-antitrypsin and the levels of mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase 7, urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor and COX-2 for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
Luis Bujanda
Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC is the second most common cause of death from cancer in both men and women in the majority of developed countries. Molecular tests of blood could potentially provide this ideal screening tool. AIM: Our objective was to assess the usefulness of serum markers and mRNA expression levels in the diagnosis of CRC. METHODS: In a prospective study, we measured mRNA expression levels of 13 markers (carbonic anhydrase, guanylyl cyclase C, plasminogen activator inhibitor, matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, survivin, tetranectin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, cytokeratin 20, thymidylate synthase, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2, and CD44 and three proteins in serum (alpha 1 antitrypsin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA and activated C3 in 42 patients with CRC and 33 with normal colonoscopy results. RESULTS: Alpha 1-antitrypsin was the serum marker that was most useful for CRC diagnosis (1.79 ± 0.25 in the CRC group vs 1.27 ± 0.25 in the control group, P<0.0005. The area under the ROC curve for alpha 1-antitrypsin was 0.88 (0.79-0.96. The mRNA expression levels of five markers were statistically different between CRC cases and controls: those for which the ROC area was over 75% were MMP7 (0.81 and tetranectin (0.80, COX-2 (0.78, uPAR (0.78 and carbonic anhydrase (0.77. The markers which identified early stage CRC (Stages I and II were alpha 1-antitrypsin, uPAR, COX-2 and MMP7. CONCLUSIONS: Serum alpha 1-antitrypsin and the levels of mRNA expression of MMP7, COX-2 and uPAR have good diagnostic accuracy for CRC, even in the early stages.
9. Flavonol-enriched fraction from Vaccinium macrocarpon fruit inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression in human prostate cancer cells in vitro
James MacPhee
2014-11-01
Full Text Available Background: Prostate cancer, amongst other cancer types has a genetic and environmental component, which can contribute to prostate cancer development and progression. Vaccinum macrocarpon (American cranberry is a botanical that contains several phytochemicals which have been suggested to play a role in preventing cardiovascular disease, cancer, and urinary tract infections as well as in the maintenance of oral health. Context and purpose of this study: This investigation evaluated the effects of a flavonolenriched fraction (FL from the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon containing quercetin and myricetin glycosides on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA activities and their associated regulatory proteins in DU145 human prostate cancer cells in vitro. Results: A flavonol-enriched fraction (FL was prepared from Vaccinium macrocarpon berries and the effect of this fraction on prostate cancer cell behaviour was assessed using biochemical and molecular approaches including cytotoxicity assays and Western blot analysis to determine protein expression. Cranberry FL decreased cellular viability of DU145 cells at a concentration of 25 ug/ml by 20% after 6 hours of treatment. Further investigations determined that associated with this cytotoxicity, cranberry FL decreases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP ( specifically MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA activity through effects on specific temporal MMP regulators and uPA regulators and by affecting either the phosphorylation status and/or expression of specific MAP kinase, PI-3 kinase, NF-kB and AP-1 pathway associated proteins. Conclusion: This study demonstrates, for the first time, the ability of Vaccinium macrocarpon flavonols to modulate cellular pathways associated with migration, invasion, and proliferation, suggesting that cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon is a viable candidate for further research as a natural product that
10. No interactions between previously associated 2-hour glucose gene variants and physical activity or BMI on 2-hour glucose levels
Scott, Robert A; Chu, Audrey Y; Grarup, Niels;
2012-01-01
to determine 2-h glucose levels is unknown. We meta-analyzed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) × BMI and SNP × physical activity (PA) interaction regression models for five SNPs previously associated with 2-h glucose levels from up to 22 studies comprising 54,884 individuals without diabetes. PA levels were...
11. Adaptation or innovation? The effectiveness of global environmental regimes
2009-01-01
The growing importance of the discourse on climate change raises some interesting questions regarding the creation and evaluation of international regimes. When is a regime effective? Through analyzing two competing approaches to evaluating regimes, the instrumentalists and critical theorists, this project shows the deficiencies in the current discourse. Instrumentalists focus on observable means-ends standards of efficiency, while critical theorists ask fundamental questions regarding inters...
12. Scaling regimes in spherical shell rotating convection
Gastine, T; Aubert, J
2016-01-01
Rayleigh-B\\'enard convection in rotating spherical shells can be considered as a simplified analogue of many astrophysical and geophysical fluid flows. Here, we use three-dimensional direct numerical simulations to study this physical process. We construct a dataset of more than 200 numerical models that cover a broad parameter range with Ekman numbers spanning $3\\times 10^{-7} \\leq E \\leq 10^{-1}$, Rayleigh numbers within the range $10^3 < Ra < 2\\times 10^{10}$ and a Prandtl number unity. We investigate the scaling behaviours of both local (length scales, boundary layers) and global (Nusselt and Reynolds numbers) properties across various physical regimes from onset of rotating convection to weakly-rotating convection. Close to critical, the convective flow is dominated by a triple force balance between viscosity, Coriolis force and buoyancy. For larger supercriticalities, a subset of our numerical data approaches the asymptotic diffusivity-free scaling of rotating convection $Nu\\sim Ra^{3/2}E^{2}$ in ...
13. Crossing into the substellar regime in Praesepe
Chappelle, R J; Steele, I A; Dobbie, P D; Magazzù, A
2005-01-01
We present the results of a deep optical 2.6 square degree survey with near infrared follow-up measurements of the intermediate-aged Praesepe open cluster. The survey is complete to I=21.3, Z=20.5, corresponding to ~0.06 Solar Masses assuming a cluster age of 0.5 Gyrs. Using 3-5 pass-bands to constrain cluster membership, we identify 32 new low mass cluster members, at least 4 of which are likely to be substellar. We use the low mass census to trace the region where the sequence moves away from the NEXTGEN towards the Dusty regime at Teff = 2200K. In doing so, we identify four unresolved binaries, yielding a substellar binary fraction of ~30 percent. The binary fractions appear to decrease below 0.1 Solar Masses, in contrast to the rising fractions found in the Pleiades. We also identify a paucity of late M dwarfs, thought to be due to a steepening in the mass-luminosity relation at these spectral types, and compare the properties of this gap in the sequence to those observed in younger clusters. We note an o...
14. Global fishery prospects under contrasting management regimes
Costello, Christopher; Ovando, Daniel; Clavelle, Tyler; Strauss, C. Kent; Hilborn, Ray; Melnychuk, Michael C.; Branch, Trevor A.; Gaines, Steven D.; Szuwalski, Cody S.; Cabral, Reniel B.; Rader, Douglas N.; Leland, Amanda
2016-01-01
Data from 4,713 fisheries worldwide, representing 78% of global reported fish catch, are analyzed to estimate the status, trends, and benefits of alternative approaches to recovering depleted fisheries. For each fishery, we estimate current biological status and forecast the impacts of contrasting management regimes on catch, profit, and biomass of fish in the sea. We estimate unique recovery targets and trajectories for each fishery, calculate the year-by-year effects of alternative recovery approaches, and model how alternative institutional reforms affect recovery outcomes. Current status is highly heterogeneous—the median fishery is in poor health (overfished, with further overfishing occurring), although 32% of fisheries are in good biological, although not necessarily economic, condition. Our business-as-usual scenario projects further divergence and continued collapse for many of the world’s fisheries. Applying sound management reforms to global fisheries in our dataset could generate annual increases exceeding 16 million metric tons (MMT) in catch, $53 billion in profit, and 619 MMT in biomass relative to business as usual. We also find that, with appropriate reforms, recovery can happen quickly, with the median fishery taking under 10 y to reach recovery targets. Our results show that commonsense reforms to fishery management would dramatically improve overall fish abundance while increasing food security and profits. PMID:27035953 15. Flow regimes in a trapped vortex cell Lasagna, D.; Iuso, G. 2016-03-01 This paper presents results of an experimental investigation on the flow in a trapped vortex cell, embedded into a flat plate, and interacting with a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer. The objective of the work is to describe the flow features and elucidate some of the governing physical mechanisms, in the light of recent investigations on flow separation control using vortex cells. Hot-wire velocity measurements of the shear layer bounding the cell and of the boundary layers upstream and downstream are reported, together with spectral and correlation analyses of wall-pressure fluctuation measurements. Smoke flow visualisations provide qualitative insight into some relevant features of the internal flow, namely a large-scale flow unsteadiness and possible mechanisms driving the rotation of the vortex core. Results are presented for two very different regimes: a low-Reynolds-number case where the incoming boundary layer is laminar and its momentum thickness is small compared to the cell opening, and a moderately high-Reynolds-number case, where the incoming boundary layer is turbulent and the ratio between the momentum thickness and the opening length is significantly larger than in the first case. Implications of the present findings to flow control applications of trapped vortex cells are also discussed. 16. Photonic Crystal Waveguides in Terahertz Regime Zhang Huaiwu, E-mail: [email protected] [State Key Laboratory of Electronic Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 (China) 2011-02-01 Using the finite difference time domain method, the electromagnetic field distribution of THz waves in photonic crystals (PCs) T-splitters and Y-splitters had been simulated. The simulation results show that those different T-splitters and Y-splitters can divide the power in an input wave guide equally between two output waveguides. By the improved T-splitter with a rod in the junction, we achieved the 84% amplitude- frequency characteristics consistency of pass-band from 1.12 THz to 1.22 THz, and surpass the 76% consistency of common T-splitter. The improved Y-splitter with a rod in the junction and without rod in the corners has widest -3db bandwidth 0.224 THz, and the amplitude reaches 1655.727. The improved Y-splitter has better performance than other Y-splitters. Introducing the photonic band gap structure with L-type defect composed of three defects. Three high-Q resonant frequencies appeared simultaneously in some monitor coordinates. The wavelength-add-drop properties of L-type defects may be used in multi-carrier communication and multi-frequency-monitoring for the THz regime. Also, a carefully designed PCs can be used as high Q narrowband filter in THz band. These results provide a useful guide and a theoretical basis for the developments of THz functional components. 17. Legal Regime of Shale Gas Extraction Ovidiu – Horia Maican 2013-12-01 Full Text Available Some countries with large reserves intend to promote shale gas production, in order to reduce their dependency on imported gas. Shale gas will be an important new aspect in the world energy scene, with many effects.European Union wants secure and affordable sources of energy. Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel and a vital component of European Union's energy strategy. One of the most important aspects is that gas produces significantly cleaner energy than other fossil fuels.From a legal point of view, extraction of oil and natural gas is one of the most highly-regulated activities.In European Union, the regulation of shale gas activities is different if we compare with United States. United States has a complete framework of federal and state regulation of shale gas extraction. More than that, these regulations have evolved in order to respond to the United States shale gas boom.Legal regime of shale gas extraction in every member state of European Union must put together national and European Union regulations in this field of activity. 18. On the ontological emergence from quantum regime Luty, Damian [Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan (Poland) 2014-07-01 There are several views on the relation between quantum physics and theory of relativity (especially General Relativity, GR). A popular perspective is this: GR with its macroscopic gravitational effects will turn out to be a limit of a more fundamental theory which should consider discrete physics and not deal with continuity (like theory of relativity). Thus, GR will emerge from a more basic theory, which should be quantum-like. One could call this an epistemic emergence view towards fundamental theories. The question is, given that scientific realism is valid: should emergence be a fundamental notion in our ontological view about the evolving, physical Universe? Is there an ontological emergence fully compatible with the notion of fundamentality? I argue that if we want to defend ontological emergence (from quantum to macroscopic regime) as something fundamental, we will arrive at the position of metaphysics of dispositions (and I argue, why this is undesirable), or conclude, that we cannot square fully fundamental ontology with the notion of emergence, and that we have to accept an ontological pluralism relativised to a certain scale. I defend the latter proposition, showing, that epistemic emergence doesn't entail (logically) ontological emergence. 19. Multimode optomechanical system in the quantum regime Nielsen, William H P; Møller, Christoffer B; Polzik, Eugene S; Schliesser, Albert 2016-01-01 We realise a simple and robust optomechanical system with a multitude of long-lived ($Q>10^7$) mechanical modes in a phononic-bandgap shielded membrane resonator. An optical mode of a compact Fabry-Perot resonator detects these modes' motion with a measurement rate ($96~\\mathrm{kHz}$) that exceeds the mechanical decoherence rates already at moderate cryogenic temperatures ($10\\,\\mathrm{K}$). Reaching this quantum regime entails, i.~a., quantum measurement backaction exceeding thermal forces, and thus detectable optomechanical quantum correlations. In particular, we observe ponderomotive squeezing of the output light mediated by a multitude of mechanical resonator modes, with quantum noise suppression up to -2.4 dB (-3.6 dB if corrected for detection losses) and bandwidths$\\lesssim 90\\,\\mathrm{ kHz}. The multi-mode nature of the employed membrane and Fabry-Perot resonators lends itself to hybrid entanglement schemes involving multiple electromagnetic, mechanical, and spin degrees of freedom. 20. Institutional design and regime effectiveness in transboundary river management – the Elbe water quality regime I. Dombrowsky 2008-02-01 Full Text Available The literature on transboundary river management suggests that institutions play an important role in bringing about cooperation. However, knowledge about how such institutions should be designed in order to do so remains limited. One way to learn more about adequate institutional design is to assess the effectiveness of existing regimes, and to trace the causal relationships that lead to the respective outcomes. In order to gain further insights into the relationship between institutional design and regime effectiveness, this paper presents a study on the water quality regime of the International Commission for the Protection of the Elbe (ICPE. The analysis is based on a review of pertinent documents and ten qualitative interviews with Czech and German Commission members and NGO representatives. Particular emphasis has been put on determining the ICPE's specific contribution and the no-regime counterfactual as well as on the perceived expediency of the institutional arrangements. The study shows overall that the countries were relatively successful in improving water quality in the Elbe basin. However, this outcome can only partly be attributed to the ICPE itself. Furthermore, the ICPE's contribution towards achieving the various goals varied significantly between the different areas of activity: it was relatively significant where the main responsibility for action lay with the public authorities, such as in the area of wastewater treatment and the establishment of an international alarm plan and model, but was practically non-existent in the reduction of non-point pollution from agriculture, where success depended on the behavior of individual private actors (farmers. The commission contributed towards problem solving by serving as a forum for the joint identification of priorities for action from a basin-wide perspective. The resulting international obligations increased the power of national water administrations and their access to funds 1. CSDP: Seismology of continental thermal regime Aki, K. 1989-04-01 This is a progress report for the past one year of research (year 2 of 5-year project) under the project titled CSDP: Seismology of Continental Thermal Regime'', in which we proposed to develop seismological interpretation theory and methods applicable to complex structures encountered in continental geothermal areas and apply them to several candidate sites for the Continental Scientific Drilling Project. During the past year, two Ph.D. thesis works were completed under the present project. One is a USC thesis on seismic wave propagation in anisotropic media with application to defining fractures in the earth. The other is a MIT thesis on seismic Q and velocity structure for the magma-hydrothermal system of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico. The P.I. co-organized the first International Workshop on Volcanic Seismology at Capri, Italy in October 1988, and presented the keynote paper on the state-of-art of volcanic seismology''. We presented another paper at the workshop on Assorted Seismic Signals from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Another international meeting, namely, the Chapman Conference on seismic anisotropy in the earth's crust at Berkeley, California in May 1988, was co-organized by the co-P.I. (P.C.L), and we presented our work on seismic waves in heterogeneous and anisotropic media. Adding the publications and presentations made in the past year to the list for the preceding year, the following table lists 21 papers published, submitted or presented in the past two years of the present project. 65 refs., 334 figs., 1 tab. 2. The seismology of geothermal regimes. Final report Aki, K. 1997-04-01 The authors have been developing seismological interpretation theory and methods applicable to complex structures encountered in geothermal areas for a better understanding of the earths geothermal regimes. The questions the y have addressed in their research may be summarized as What is going on in the earths crust under tectonically active regions; what are the structures and processes responsible for such activities as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions; and how can one capture their essence effectively by means of seismological studies? First, the authors found clear evidence for localization of scattered seismic energy in the deep magmatic system of the volcano on the island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean. The seismic coda of local earthquakes show concentrated energy in the intrusive zones as late as 30 to 40 seconds after the origin time. This offers a very effective method for defining a zone of strong heterogeneity on a regional scale, complementary to the high resolution study using trapped modes as pursued in the past project. Secondly, the authors identified about 700 long-period events with various frequencies and durations from the data collected during the past 5 years which included three episodes of eruption. They are applying a finite-element method to the simplest event with the longest period and the shortest duration in order to find the location, geometry and physical properties of their source deterministically. The preliminary result described here suggests that their sources may be a horizontally lying magma-filled crack at a shallow depth under the summit area. In addition to the above work on the Reunion data, they have continued the theoretical and observational studies of attenuation and scattering of seismic waves. 3. Construction of recombinant adenoviruses carrying human urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its expression in hepatic stellate cells in vitro%人尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂重组腺病毒的构建及其在肝星形细胞中的表达 谢渭芬; 林勇; 张新; 张忠兵; 陈伟忠; 程志红; 陈岳祥; 张兴荣 2002-01-01 @@ 我们利用AdEasy系统在细菌内构建携带非分泌型尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂(urokinase-type plasminogen acti-vator,uPA)和绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)cDNA的复制缺陷型腺病毒,并观察其在肝星形细胞(hepatic stellate cell, HSC)中的表达. 4. Disciplinary Regimes of "Care" and Complementary Alternative Education Thomson, Pat; Pennacchia, Jodie 2016-01-01 In schools, the notion of "care" is often synonymous with welfare and disciplinary regimes. Drawing on Foucault, and a study of alternative education (AE) across the UK, and looking in depth at two cases of complementary AE, we identify three types of disciplinary regimes at work in schools: (1) dominant performative reward and… 5. Welfare regimes and the incentives to work and get educated Rodriguez-Pose, Andres; Tselios, Vassilis 2012-01-01 This paper examines whether differences in welfare regimes shape the incentives to work and get educated. Using microeconomic data for more than 100 ON European individuals, we show that welfare regimes make a difference for wages and education. First, people-based and household-based effects (inter 6. Transition to ballistic regime for heat transport in helium II Sciacca, Michele, E-mail: [email protected] [Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo (Italy); Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia (Spain); Sellitto, Antonio, E-mail: [email protected] [Dipartimento di Matematica, Informatica ed Economia, Università della Basilicata, Campus Macchia Romana, 85100 Potenza (Italy); Jou, David, E-mail: [email protected] [Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia (Spain); Institut d' Estudis Catalans, Carme 47, 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain) 2014-07-04 The size-dependent and flux-dependent effective thermal conductivity of narrow capillaries filled with superfluid helium is analyzed from a thermodynamic continuum perspective. The classical Landau evaluation of the effective thermal conductivity of quiescent superfluid, or the Gorter–Mellinck regime of turbulent superfluids, is extended to describe the transition to ballistic regime in narrow channels wherein the radius R is comparable to (or smaller than) the phonon mean-free path ℓ in superfluid helium. To do so, we start from an extended equation for the heat flux incorporating non-local terms, and take into consideration a heat slip flow along the walls of the tube. This leads from an effective thermal conductivity proportional to R{sup 2} (Landau regime) to another one proportional to Rℓ (ballistic regime). We consider two kinds of flows: along cylindrical pipes and along two infinite parallel plates. - Highlights: • Heat transport in counterflow helium in the ballistic regime. • The one-fluid model based on the Extended Thermodynamics is used. • The transition from the Landau regime to the ballistic regime. • The transition from quantum turbulence to ballistic regime. 7. Bargaining among Nations: Culture, History, and Perceptions in Regime Formation. Lipschutz, Ronnie D. 1991-01-01 The formation of regimes (collective international schemes) for managing global problems depends on culture, history, and perceptions. The ways in which these elements affect bargaining among nations over issues of the global commons are discussed. Implications are reviewed for a regime to deal with atmospheric conditions and global warming. (SLD) 8. 尿激酶对家兔心肺复苏后脑神经细胞凋亡的影响%Influence of urokinase on nerve cell apoptosis after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rabbits 郭晓东; 张巍; 郭静; 苏清明; 杨贵荣; 张杰; 孙鲲; 王立祥 2015-01-01 Objective To investigate the effect of urokinase on nerve cell apoptosis after cardiac arrest ( CA) and cardiopulmo-nary resuscitation(CPR)in rabbits.Methods 20 rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group and control group , 10 rabbits in each group .Potassium chloride injection combined with asphyxia method was conducted to establish the CA models .CPR and basic life-support were performed in experimental group .Based on above treatments , intervention with urokinase (20 000 U/kg) was con-ducted in experimental group .Neural apoptosis was identified by TUNEL and caspase-3 was detected by immunohistochemistry in order to prove the effect of urokinase on nerve cell apoptosis in rabbits 24 hours after CPR.Results Tunel and caspase-3 positive cells counts of cerebral cortex and hippocampus in experimental group were significantly less than those in control group , respectively .The comparisons were as follows(Tunel positive cells in cerebral cortex 29.22 ±7.86:37.20 ±7.04(t=-2.392,P=0.028), in hippo-campus 18.80 ±7.58:27.4 ±8.15(t=-2.442,P=0.025), Caspase-3 positive cells in cerebral cortex 22.1 ±9.93:33.1 ±12.64 (t=-2.165,P=0.044),in hippocampus 31.3 ±15.23 vs 46.8 ±16.73(t=-2.167,P=0.044);so thrombolytic therapy with u-rokinase can relieve nerve cell apoptosis obviously .Comparison of spontaneous circulation restoration time (s) 307.9 ±96.4:242.0 ± 71.0(t=-1.741, P=0.099), spontaneous breathing restoration time (min) 20.6 ±12.5:19.3 ±10.0 (t=-0.256, P=0.801), mean arterial pressure MAP (mmHg) 65.5 ±6.2:69.0 ±6.7 (t=1.217, P=0.239), there were no differences between the experi-mental group and control group .Conclusions Thrombolytic therapy with urokinase in CPR after CA can improve and lessen nervous lesion resulting from apoptosis in rabbits .%目的 探讨心搏骤停心肺复苏后溶栓药物尿激酶对脑神经细胞凋亡的影响. 方法 20只家兔按随机数字表法被分为溶栓组和常规复苏组,每组10只. 采用氯化钾 9. Boundary between Stable and Unstable Regimes of Accretion. Ordered and Chaotic Unstable Regimes Blinova, A A; Lovelace, R V E 2015-01-01 We search for the boundary between stable and Rayleigh-Taylor unstable regimes of accretion to magnetized stars in a new set of high grid resolution simulations. We found that the boundary between stable and unstable regimes is mainly determined by the ratio of the corotation radius r_cor (where the Keplerian angular velocity in the disc matches the angular velocity of the star) to the magnetospheric radius r_m (where the magnetic stress in the magnetosphere matches the matter stress in the disc). Instability is stronger when r_cor is larger with respect to r_m, that is, when the gravitational force is larger than the centrifugal force at the inner disc. In the cases of a small tilt of the magnetosphere, Theta=5 deg, and a small alpha-parameter of viscosity, alpha=0.02, the boundary is located at r_cor approx. 1.4 r_m. Instability becomes stronger at higher values of viscosity, and occurs at lower values of r_cor/r_m. At higher values of Theta, the variability associated with instability decreases. Simulation... 10. Perspectives on the International and Internal Nuclear Security Regime Jang, Sung Soon [Korea Nuclear Non-proliferation and Control, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of) 2015-10-15 The term, 'Nuclear Security' became more familiar to Korean public after the government hosted 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit. Nuclear Security is prevention of, detection of and response to criminal or intentional unauthorized acts involving or directed at nuclear material, other radioactive material, associated facilities, or associated activities. Nuclear Security includes physical protection, security of radioactive sources, nuclear forensics, nuclear smuggling prevention, border monitoring, and cyber security with regard to nuclear and other radiological materials. This abstract will review recent international trends and discuss the nuclear security regime in the Republic of Korea (ROK). The international Nuclear Security Regime has been strengthened. The upcoming Chicago Summit in 2016 and the entry into force of the Amendment of Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials (CPPNM) will bring major changes in nuclear security. The Republic of Korea hosted the 2012 Seoul Summit and strengthened domestic regime to meet international standards. The ROK has worked hard to contribute to the international security regime and to establish a robust domestic security regime against terrorist threats. Even if the nuclear security regime is robust, Risk-informed Nuclear Security management should be established to meet international standards and to implement effective as well as an efficient nuclear security regime. 11. Considerations on nonproliferation regime meeting in a changing world Kurihara, Hiroyoshi; Kikuchi, Masahiro [Nuclear Material Control Center, Tokyo (Japan) 1994-12-31 This paper summarizes the past history of worldwide nonproliferation regime, then proposes the future improvements on the regime. Present worldwide nonproliferation regime have been formulated during the cold war era. Therefore, the structure and measures of the regime were heavily influenced by the features of cold war era. Though the cold war was over, still new international order does not seem to be on the horizon, we need to review the present regime and to improve the regime compatible to new world situation. Generally speaking, the nonproliferation regime have gained moderate success so far. We could point out the following features as a kind of success: (1) No increase of overt Nuclear Weapon State (NWS), (2) All five NWSs have finally participated to the NPT, (3) South Africa has destroyed its nuclear weapons and became Non-Nuclear Weapon State (NNWS), (4) Successful conclusions of some regional arrangements, such as Tlatelolco, Ralotonga, and (5) Strengthening of export control on sensitive items. On the other hand, we recognize the following points as the failures of the regime. (6) India, Pakistan and Israel reject to join the NPT, (7) Existence of some violation against NPT regime, i.e. Iraqi case and DPRK case, (8) Insufficient effective measures against brain drain problem, (9) Risk exists for the long term extension of NPT, and (10) Insufficient flexibility to meet changing boundary conditions. We would propose the various measures for strengthening to meet changing boundary conditions, as follows: (11) Measures to be taken along with future civil use of Plutonium, (12) Strengthening and rationalizing international safeguards, (13) Countermeasures for emerging new types of nuclear proliferation, (14) Strengthening nuclear material control in NWS, (15) Measures to be taken for nuclear material from dismantled nuclear weapons, and (16) Nuclear disarmament. (author). 12. Regime shifts limit the predictability of land-system change Müller, Daniel; Sun, Zhanli; Vongvisouk, Thoumthone 2014-01-01 (China, Laos, Vietnam and Indonesia). The results show how sudden events and gradual changes in underlying drivers caused rapid, surprising and widespread land-system changes, including shifts to different regimes in China, Vietnam and Indonesia, whereas land systems in Laos remained stable in the study...... and livelihoods. This implies that long-term initiatives such as REDD must account for the substantial uncertainties inherent in future predictions of land-system change. Learning from past regime shifts and identifying early warning signs for future regime shifts are important challenges for land-system science.... 13. Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff in the Low-SNR Regime Loyka, Sergey 2011-01-01 An extension of the popular diversity-multiplexing tradeoff framework to the low-SNR (or wideband) regime is proposed. The concept of diversity gain is shown to be redundant in this regime since the outage probability is SNR-independent and depends on the multiplexing gain and the channel power gain statistics only. The outage probability under the DMT framework is obtained in an explicit, closed form for a broad class of channels. The low and high-SNR regime boundaries are explicitly determined for the scalar Rayleigh-fading channel, indicating a significant limitation of the SNR-asymptotic DMT when the multiplexing gain is small. 14. Policy Ideas, Knowledge Regimes and Comparative Political Economy Campbell, John L.; Pedersen, Ove K. 2015-01-01 Despite much attention to how ideas affect policy making, where these ideas come from is a blind spot in comparative political economy. We show that an important source of policy ideas are knowledge regimes—fields of policy research organizations. We show as well that the organization of knowledge......, France and Germany. Theoretical implications are explored for two literatures in comparative political economy: ideational analysis and the varieties of capitalism....... regimes is heavily influenced by the organization of their surrounding political economies such that knowledge regimes have particular national characters. Furthermore, when people perceive that the utility of their knowledge regime for the rest of the political economy breaks down, they often try... 15. Raman amplification in the broken-wave regime Farmer, John P 2015-01-01 In regimes far beyond the wavebreaking theshold of Raman amplification, we show that significant amplifcation can occur after the onset of wavebreaking, before phase mixing destroys the coupling between pump and probe. The amplification efficiency in this regime is therefore strongly dependent on the energy-transfer rate when wavebreaking occurs, and is, as such, sensitive to both the probe amplitude and profile. In order to access the higher-efficiency broken-wave regime, a short, intense probe is required. Parameter scans show the marked difference in behaviour compared to below wavebreaking, where longer, more energetic pulses lead to improved efficiencies. 16. Boundary between stable and unstable regimes of accretion. Ordered and chaotic unstable regimes Blinova, A. A.; Romanova, M. M.; Lovelace, R. V. E. 2016-07-01 We present a new study of the Rayleigh-Taylor unstable regime of accretion on to rotating magnetized stars in a set of high grid resolution three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations performed in low-viscosity discs. We find that the boundary between the stable and unstable regimes is determined almost entirely by the fastness parameter ωs = Ω⋆/ΩK(rm), where Ω⋆ is the angular velocity of the star and ΩK(rm) is the angular velocity of the Keplerian disc at the disc-magnetosphere boundary r = rm. We found that accretion is unstable if ωs ≲ 0.6. Accretion through instabilities is present in stars with different magnetospheric sizes. However, only in stars with relatively small magnetospheres, rm/R⋆ ≲ 7, do the unstable tongues produce chaotic hotspots on the stellar surface and irregular light curves. At even smaller values of the fastness parameter, ωs ≲ 0.45, multiple irregular tongues merge, forming one or two ordered unstable tongues that rotate with the angular frequency of the inner disc. This transition occurs in stars with even smaller magnetospheres, rm/R⋆ ≲ 4.2. Most of our simulations were performed at a small tilt of the dipole magnetosphere, Θ = 5°, and a small viscosity parameter α = 0.02. Test simulations at higher α values show that many more cases become unstable, and the light curves become even more irregular. Test simulations at larger tilts of the dipole Θ show that instability is present, however, accretion in two funnel streams dominates if Θ ≳ 15°. The results of these simulations can be applied to accreting magnetized stars with relatively small magnetospheres: Classical T Tauri stars, accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars, and cataclysmic variables. 17. Crossflow and water banks in viscous dominant regimes of waterflooding Yuan, Hao; Zhang, Xuan; Shapiro, Alexander 2014-01-01 Understanding the crossflow in multilayered reservoirs is of great importance for designing mobility control methods for enhanced oil recovery. The authors reveal saturation profiles in stratified reservoirs to study the interlayer communication in the viscous dominant regime. The displacement... 18. A new regime for future telecommunication network operations Gustafsson, S.; Trommelen, P.H.; Vos, C. de 2010-01-01 The increasingly crucial role that telecommunications plays in today's information society calls for a new regime for telecommunication network operations. An unbundling of business roles and associated responsibilities is proposed, providing more economic network operations and higher availability 19. Regime change and oscillation thresholds in recorder-like instruments. Auvray, Roman; Fabre, Benoît; Lagrée, Pierre-Yves 2012-02-01 Based on results from the literature, a description of sound generation in a recorder is developed. Linear and non-linear analysis are performed to study the dependence of the frequency on the jet velocity. The linear analysis predicts that the frequency is a function of the jet velocity. The non-linear resolution provides information about limit cycle oscillation and hysteretic regime change thresholds. A comparison of the frequency between linear theory and experiments on a modified recorder shows good agreement except at very low jet velocities. Although the predicted threshold for the onset of the first regime shows an important deviation from experiments, the hysteresis of threshold to higher regimes is accurately estimated. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis of the influence of different parameters in the model on the sound generation and regime changes is presented. 20. Determination of three characteristic regimes of weakly charged polyelectrolytes monolayers Ahmad, Farhan [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712 (Korea, Republic of); Shin, Kwanwoo [Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742 (Korea, Republic of)], E-mail: [email protected]; Choi, Jae-Hak [Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, KAERI, Jeongeup 580-185 (Korea, Republic of); Satija, Sushil K. [National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (United States); Kim, Joon-Seop [Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chosun University (Korea, Republic of); Rafailovich, Miriam H.; Sokolov, Jon [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 (United States) 2008-09-15 We have demonstrated that monolayer films of randomly charged polystyrene sulfonated acid (PSSA) can be produced by the Langmuir technique, and observed the micro-domain structures, produced by the phase separation of electrostatically charged moieties and the hydrophobic moieties. Using atomic force microscopy and Langmuir isotherm, we found three specific regimes for the polyelectrolytes with various degrees of sulfonation (4-35%); very low charged PSSA (4-5%) in the hydrophobic regime, moderately charged PSSA (6-16%) which possessed a well-balanced nature between electrostatic and the hydrophobic interactions, and strongly amphiphilic nature of PSSA (6-16%) in the ionomer regime. Finally, we could categorize PSSA 35% in the polyelectrolyte regime, due to the dominance of the electrostatic interactions over the hydrophobic interactions. 1. Regime-Switching Risk: To Price or Not to Price? Tak Kuen Siu 2011-01-01 “normative” issues to be addressed in pricing contingent claims under a Markovian, regime-switching, Black-Scholes-Merton model. We address this issue using a minimal relative entropy approach. Firstly, we apply a martingale representation for a double martingale to characterize the canonical space of equivalent martingale measures which may be viewed as the largest space of equivalent martingale measures to incorporate both the diffusion risk and the regime-switching risk. Then we show that an optimal equivalent martingale measure over the canonical space selected by minimizing the relative entropy between an equivalent martingale measure and the real-world probability measure does not price the regime-switching risk. The optimal measure also justifies the use of the Esscher transform for option valuation in the regime-switching market. 2. Nonequilibrium electron transport through quantum dots in the Kondo regime Wölfle, Peter; Paaske, Jens; Rosch, Achim; 2005-01-01 Electron transport at large bias voltage through quantum dots in the Kondo regime is described within the perturbative renormalization group extended to nonequilibrium. The conductance, local magnetization, dynamical spin susceptibility and local spectral function are calculated. We show how the ... 3. Regime shifts and resilience in China's coastal ecosystems. Zhang, Ke 2016-02-01 Regime shift often results in large, abrupt, and persistent changes in the provision of ecosystem services and can therefore have significant impacts on human wellbeing. Understanding regime shifts has profound implications for ecosystem recovery and management. China's coastal ecosystems have experienced substantial deterioration within the past decades, at a scale and speed the world has never seen before. Yet, information about this coastal ecosystem change from a dynamics perspective is quite limited. In this review, I synthesize existing information on coastal ecosystem regime shifts in China and discuss their interactions and cascading effects. The accumulation of regime shifts in China's coastal ecosystems suggests that the desired system resilience has been profoundly eroded, increasing the potential of abrupt shifts to undesirable states at a larger scale, especially given multiple escalating pressures. Policy and management strategies need to incorporate resilience approaches in order to cope with future challenges and avoid major losses in China's coastal ecosystem services. 4. Analysis of light regime in continuous light distributions in photobioreactors. Brindley, Celeste; Fernández, F G Acién; Fernández-Sevilla, J M 2011-02-01 Maximum photobioreactor (PBR) efficiency is a must in applications such as the obtention of microalgae-derived fuels. Improving PBR performance requires a better understanding of the "light regime", the varying irradiance that microalgal cells moving in a dense culture are exposed to. We propose a definition of light regime that can be used consistently to describe the continuously varying light patterns in PBRs as well as in light/dark cycles. Equivalent continuous and light/dark regimes have been experimentally compared and the results show that continuous variations are not well represented by light/dark cycles, as had been widely accepted. It has been shown that a correct light regime allows obtaining photosynthetic rates higher than the corresponding to continuous light, the so-called "flashing light effect" and that this is possible in commercial PBRs. A correct PBR operation could result in photosynthetic efficiency close to the optimum eight quanta per O(2). 5. 全身炎症反应综合征患者血浆尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物及其特异性受体动态变化的研究%Dynamic changes in plasma levels of urokinase type plasminogen activator and urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome 武晓灵; 喻莉; 龙鼎; 杨军辉; 张远超; 耿峰 2011-01-01 目的 观察全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)患者血浆尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)及其特异性受体(uPAR)的动态变化以及对预后的影响.方法 采用前瞻性病例对照研究设计方法,将85例住院患者按SIRS诊断标准分为SIRS组(50例)和非SlRS组(35例);SIRS组再按病情分为单纯SIRS组(26例)和合并多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)组(24例),按预后分为生存组(35例)和死亡组(15例);另选择同期30例健康体检者作为对照.非SIRS组于入院当日,SIRS组于发生SIRS后的1、3、5、7 d,健康对照组于体检时采集空腹静脉血2 ml,用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血浆uPA和uPAR含量,并分析SIRS患者血浆uPAR含量与急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统I(APACHE I)评分的相关性.结果 单纯SIRS组、合并MODS组患者血浆uPA和uPAR含量均较非SIRS组和健康对照组显著升高[uPA(μg/L):1.208±0.264、1.120±0.276比0.744±0.190、0.782±0.257;uPAR(μg/L):3.704±1.018、4.970±1.284比1.892±0.476、1.823±0.797,均P＜0.01],且合并MODS组uPAR含量明显高于单纯SIRS组(P＜0.01).与生存组比较,死亡组5 d、7 d血浆uPA含量(μg/L)明显升高(5 d:1.177±0.185比0.856±0.223,7 d:1.377±0.185比0.836±0.223,均P＜0.01),1、3、5、7 d血浆uPAR含量(μg/L)显著增高(1 d:5.301±1.410比3.888±1.015,3 d:4.017±0.898比2.994±0.638,5 d:5.032±1.238比2.536±1.017,7 d:5.232±1.238比3.536±1.017,均P＜0.01).SIRS患者血浆uPAR含量与APACHE I评分呈显著正相关(r=0.640,P＜0.O1).结论 SIRS患者存在凝血功能障碍,血浆uPA、uPAR含量显著增高,uPAR含量的升高提示预后不良.%Objective To study the dynamic changes in plasma levels of urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) and urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and their influence on prognosis in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Methods In this study, a prospective clinical case-control study was 6. Ignition Regime for Fusion in a Degenerate Plasma Son, S.; Fisch, N.J. 2005-12-01 We identify relevant parameter regimes in which aneutronic fuels can undergo fusion ignition in hot-ion degenerate plasma. Because of relativistic effects and partial degeneracy, the self-sustained burning regime is considerably larger than previously calculated. Inverse bremsstrahlung plays a major role in containing the reactor energy. We solve the radiation transfer equation and obtain the contribution to the heat conductivity from inverse bremsstrahlung. 7. Observation of Modulation Transfer Spectroscopy in the Deep Modulation Regime ZHOU Zi-Chao; WEI Rong; SHI Chun-Yan; WANG Yu-Zhu 2010-01-01 @@ We observe the modulation transfer spectroscopy on the D2 line of87 Rb in a rubidium cell with acoustic-optic modulator in the deep modulation regime.In this regime,the sidebands of the pump beam are involved in the four-wave mixing processes,which increase the signM gradients and the peak-to-peak amplitudes of both the absorption and dispersion components. 8. Shock-Induced Flows through Packed Beds: Transient Regimes Shtemler, Yuri M; Britan, Alex 2006-01-01 The early stage of the transient regimes in the shock-induced flows within solid-packed beds are investigated in the linear longwave and high-frequency approximation. The transient resistance law is refined as the Duhameltime integral that follows from the general concept of dynamic tortuosity and compressibility of the packed beds. A closed-form solution is expected to describe accurately the early stage of the transient regime flow and is in qualitative agreement with available experimental data. 9. Oscillations of a highly discrete breather with a critical regime Coquet; Remoissenet; Dinda 2000-10-01 We analyze carefully the essential features of the dynamics of a stationary discrete breather in the ultimate degree of energy localization in a nonlinear Klein-Gordon lattice with an on-site double-well potential. We demonstrate the existence of three different regimes of oscillatory motion in the breather dynamics, which are closely related to the motion of the central particle in an effective potential having two nondegenerate wells. In given parameter regions, we observe an untrapped regime, in which the central particle executes large-amplitude oscillations from one to the other side of the potential barrier. In other parameter regions, we find the trapped regime, in which the central particle oscillates in one of the two wells of the effective potential. Between these two regimes we find a critical regime in which the central particle undergoes several temporary trappings within an untrapped regime. Importantly, our study reveals that in the presence of purely anharmonic coupling forces, the breather compactifies, i.e., the energy becomes abruptly localized within the breather. 10. Sensitivity of streamflows to hydroclimatic fluctuations: resilience and regime shifts Botter, Gianluca; Basso, Stefano; Rodriguez-Iturbe, Ignacio; Rinaldo, Andrea 2016-04-01 Landscape and climate alterations foreshadow global-scale shifts of river flow regimes. However, a theory that identifies the range of foreseen impacts on streamflows resulting from inhomogeneous forcings and sensitivity gradients across diverse regimes is lacking. In this contribution, we use a dimensionless index embedding simple climate and landscape attributes (the ratio of the mean interarrival of streamflow-producing rainfall events and the mean catchment response time) to discriminate erratic regimes with enhanced intra-seasonal streamflow variability from persistent regimes endowed with regular flow patterns. The proposed classification is successfully applied to 110 seasonal streamflow distributions observed in 44 catchments of the Alps and the United States, allowing the identification of emerging patterns in space and time. In the same framework, the impact of multi-scale fluctuations of the underlying climatic drivers (temperature, precipitation) on the streamflow distributions can be analyzed. Theoretical and empirical data show that erratic regimes, typical of rivers with low mean discharges, are highly resilient in that they hold a reduced sensitivity to variations in the external forcing. Specific temporal trajectories of streamflow distributions and flow regime shifts driven by land-cover change and rainfall patterns can be also evidenced. The approach developed offers an objective basis for the analysis and prediction of the impact of climate/landscape change on water resources. 11. International regime formation: Ozone depletion and global climate change Busmann, N.E. 1994-03-01 Two theoretical perspectives, neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism, dominate in international relations. An assessment is made of whether these perspectives provide compelling explanations of why a regime with specific targets and timetables was formed for ozone depletion, while a regime with such specificity was not formed for global climate change. In so doing, the assumptions underlying neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism are examined. A preliminary assessment is offered of the policymaking and institutional bargaining process. Patterns of interstate behavior are evolving toward broader forms of cooperation, at least with regard to global environmental issues, although this process is both slow and cautious. State coalitions on specific issues are not yet powerful enough to create a strong community of states in which states are willing to devolve power to international institutions. It is shown that regime analysis is a useful analytic framework, but it should not be mistaken for theory. Regime analysis provides an organizational framework offering a set of questions regarding the principles and norms that govern cooperation and conflict in an issue area, and whether forces independent of states exist which affect the scope of state behavior. An examination of both neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism, embodied by four approaches to regime formation, demonstrates that neither has sufficient scope to account for contextual dynamics in either the ozone depletion or global climate change regime formation processes. 261 refs. 12. Study on Effect of Shenmai Injection Protecting Myocardium against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Thrombolytic Therapy with Urokinase for Acute Myocardial Infarction Patient Evaluated by 99mTc-MIBI Myocardial Imaging 郭松鹏; 张言镇 2001-01-01 Objective: To evaluate the myocardial protecting effect of Shenmai injection (SMI) against ischemia/reperfusion injury in thrombolytic therapy with urokinase (UK) for acute myocardial infarction patients by 99mTc-MIBI myocardial imaging (SPECT). Methods: Five hundred and thirty-seven patients were divided into two groups randomly. The SMI group (n=292) was treated with thrombolytictreatment plus SMI and the control group (n=245) with thrombolytic treatment solely. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was carried out on the 7th day after thrombolysis to determine the ischemic myocardial area (IMA) and ejection fraction (EF) in both groups and compared. Results: The infarction related area (IRA) of reperfusion rate in the two groups was not different significantly (72.26% vs 72.65%, P >0.05). The IMA in patients of the SMI group, no matter with or without reperfused IRA (211 cases and 81 cases) respectively, was significantly lower than that in the control group (178 cases and 67 cases) respectively, P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively. The EF value in the SMI group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion:Using SMI in early stage of thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction could significantly reduce IMA and increase EF. SMI showed good protective effect against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in thrombolytic treatment. 13. Study on Effect of Shenmai Injection Protecting Myocardium against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Thrombolytic Therapy with Urokinase for Acute Myocardial Infarction Patient Evaluated by 99mTc-MIBI Myocardial Imaging 2001-01-01 Objective: To evaluate the myocardial protecting effect of Shenmai injection (SMI) against ischemia/reperfusion injury in thrombolytic therapy with urokinase (UK) for acute myocardial infarction patients by 99mTc-MIBI myocardial imaging (SPECT). Methods: Five hundred and thirty-seven patients were divided into two groups randomly. The SMI group (n=292) was treated with thrombolytictreatment plus SMI and the control group (n=245) with thrombolytic treatment solely. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was carried out on the 7th day after thrombolysis to determine the ischemic myocardial area (IMA) and ejection fraction (EF) in both groups and compared. Results: The infarction related area (IRA) of reperfusion rate in the two groups was not different significantly (72.26% vs 72.65%, P >0.05). The IMA in patients of the SMI group, no matter with or without reperfused IRA (211 cases and 81 cases) respectively, was significantly lower than that in the control group (178 cases and 67 cases) respectively, P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively. The EF value in the SMI group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion:Using SMI in early stage of thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction could significantly reduce IMA and increase EF. SMI showed good protective effect against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in thrombolytic treatment. 14. Exchange Rate Regimes – A periodical overview and a critical analysis of exchange rate regimes in Kosovo Flamur Bunjaku 2015-01-01 Exchange rate regimes and the monetary policy are the key instruments governments use to achieve their economic and financial objectives. Moreover, due to global financial crisis the latter instruments get more importance. Empirical evidences show that exchange rate regimes in Kosovo and its monetary policy throughout their development were mainly influenced by different political and historical developments. In regard of Euroisation of monetary system in Kosovo it was found that this action ... 15. Control of Chaotic Regimes in Encryption Algorithm Based on Dynamic Chaos Sidorenko, V.; Mulyarchik, K. S. 2013-01-01 Chaotic regime of a dynamic system is a necessary condition determining cryptographic security of an encryption algorithm. A chaotic dynamic regime control method is proposed which uses parameters of nonlinear dynamics regime for an analysis of encrypted data. 16. Protective effect of urokinase on vascular walls of the affected vessels in rats with deep vein thrombosis%尿激酶对急性深静脉血栓大鼠受累血管管壁的保护作用 王护国; 哈尔满·阿吉汗; 赛力克·马高维亚; 罗军 2012-01-01 目的:观察不同剂量尿激酶对急性深静脉血栓形成大鼠不同时期治疗后受累血管管壁的影响.方法:将96只SD大鼠制备急性深静脉血栓模型后,随机按血栓形成后的时间(1,3,7,14d)分期,均分为:Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ期；每期再均分为:模型组,尿激酶小剂量组[2万U/(kg·d)],尿激酶中剂量组[4万U/(kg·d)],尿激酶大剂量组[(8万U/(kg·d)].尿激酶每日以尾静脉注射,连续7d.实验结束后获取受累段血管,分别通过HE染色和苦味酸-天狼猩红染色观察各组血管内皮细胞数量和胶原含量的变化.结果:在Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ期,尿激酶3个剂量组内皮细胞数量均明显高于模型组(均P＜0.05),但尿激酶3个剂量组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)；胶原阳性染色面积百分比均明显低于模型组(均P＜0.05),且随着尿激酶剂量的增加而减少.在Ⅳ期,尿激酶3个剂量组内皮细胞数量与模型组比较均无统计学的差异(均P＞0.05)；但尿激酶3个剂量组胶原阳性染色面积百分比仍明显低于模型组(均P＜0.05).结论:在血栓形成14d内,尿激酶对受累血管的内皮细胞有保护作用,对胶原增生均有抑制作用.在血栓形成14d后,尿激酶对内皮细胞无保护作用,但对胶原增生仍有抑制作用.%Objective: To observe the effects of different doses of urokinase, given at different times after thrombus formation, on the vascular wall of the affected vessels in rats with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Methods: Ninety-six SD rats were equally randomized into stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲ and stage IV groups according to the time elapsed since thrombus formation (l, 3, 7, and 14 d) after the establishment of DVT model. The rats of each stage group were equally randomized again into model group, low-dose urokinase [20 000 U/(kg·d)] group, mid-dose [40 000 U/(kg·d)] urokinase group and high-dose [80 000 U/(kg.d)] urokinase group. Urokinase was administered by tail vein injection for 7 days 17. Stochastic Parametrisations and Regime Behaviour of Atmospheric Models Arnold, Hannah; Moroz, Irene; Palmer, Tim 2013-04-01 The presence of regimes is a characteristic of non-linear, chaotic systems (Lorenz, 2006). In the atmosphere, regimes emerge as familiar circulation patterns such as the El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Scandinavian Blocking events. In recent years there has been much interest in the problem of identifying and studying atmospheric regimes (Solomon et al, 2007). In particular, how do these regimes respond to an external forcing such as anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions? The importance of regimes in observed trends over the past 50-100 years indicates that in order to predict anthropogenic climate change, our climate models must be able to represent accurately natural circulation regimes, their statistics and variability. It is well established that representing model uncertainty as well as initial condition uncertainty is important for reliable weather forecasts (Palmer, 2001). In particular, stochastic parametrisation schemes have been shown to improve the skill of weather forecast models (e.g. Berner et al., 2009; Frenkel et al., 2012; Palmer et al., 2009). It is possible that including stochastic physics as a representation of model uncertainty could also be beneficial in climate modelling, enabling the simulator to explore larger regions of the climate attractor including other flow regimes. An alternative representation of model uncertainty is a perturbed parameter scheme, whereby physical parameters in subgrid parametrisation schemes are perturbed about their optimal value. Perturbing parameters gives a greater control over the ensemble than multi-model or multiparametrisation ensembles, and has been used as a representation of model uncertainty in climate prediction (Stainforth et al., 2005; Rougier et al., 2009). We investigate the effect of including representations of model uncertainty on the regime behaviour of a simulator. A simple chaotic model of the atmosphere, the Lorenz '96 system, is used to study 18. How Welfare Regimes Generate and Erode Social Capital Larsen, Christian Albrekt 2007-01-01 Comparative studies of social capital, operationalised as social trust between citizens, have revealed two major puzzles. The first puzzle has to do with the decline in social trust in the USA, which fuelled considerable debate about social capital. The question is why social capital erodes in th...... with the presence or absence of a poor and culturally distinct underclass. The social democratic welfare regimes hinder – while the liberal welfare regime generate – such underclass phenomena.......Comparative studies of social capital, operationalised as social trust between citizens, have revealed two major puzzles. The first puzzle has to do with the decline in social trust in the USA, which fuelled considerable debate about social capital. The question is why social capital erodes...... in the USA and other liberal welfare regimes, while social capital is stable in the so-called social democratic and conservative welfare regimes. The second puzzle is why the group of social democratic regimes have extremely high levels of social trust. It is argued that both puzzles have to do... 19. Differentially Rotating White Dwarfs I: Regimes of Internal Rotation Ghosh, Pranab; Wheeler, J. Craig 2017-01-01 Most viable models of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) require the thermonuclear explosion of a carbon/oxygen white dwarf that has evolved in a binary system. Rotation could be an important aspect of any model for SNe Ia, whether single or double degenerate, with the white dwarf mass at, below, or above the Chandrasekhar limit. Differential rotation is specifically invoked in attempts to account for the apparent excess mass in the super-Chandrasekhar events. Some earlier work has suggested that only uniform rotation is consistent with the expected mechanisms of angular momentum transport in white dwarfs, while others have found pronounced differential rotation. We show that if the baroclinic instability is active in degenerate matter and the effects of magnetic fields are neglected, both nearly uniform rotation and strongly differential rotation are possible. We classify rotation regimes in terms of the Richardson number, Ri. At small values of Ri ≤slant 0.1, we find both the low-viscosity Zahn regime with a nonmonotonic angular velocity profile and a new differential rotation regime for which the viscosity is high and scales linearly with the shear, σ. Employment of Kelvin–Helmholtz viscosity alone yields differential rotation. Large values of Ri ≫ 1 produce a regime of nearly uniform rotation for which the baroclinic viscosity is of intermediate value and scales as {σ }3. We discuss the gap in understanding of the behavior at intermediate values of Ri and how observations may constrain the rotation regimes attained by nature. 20. Regime switching model for financial data: Empirical risk analysis Salhi, Khaled; Deaconu, Madalina; Lejay, Antoine; Champagnat, Nicolas; Navet, Nicolas 2016-11-01 This paper constructs a regime switching model for the univariate Value-at-Risk estimation. Extreme value theory (EVT) and hidden Markov models (HMM) are combined to estimate a hybrid model that takes volatility clustering into account. In the first stage, HMM is used to classify data in crisis and steady periods, while in the second stage, EVT is applied to the previously classified data to rub out the delay between regime switching and their detection. This new model is applied to prices of numerous stocks exchanged on NYSE Euronext Paris over the period 2001-2011. We focus on daily returns for which calibration has to be done on a small dataset. The relative performance of the regime switching model is benchmarked against other well-known modeling techniques, such as stable, power laws and GARCH models. The empirical results show that the regime switching model increases predictive performance of financial forecasting according to the number of violations and tail-loss tests. This suggests that the regime switching model is a robust forecasting variant of power laws model while remaining practical to implement the VaR measurement. 1. Early signatures of regime shifts in complex dynamical systems Indrani Bose; Mainak Pal 2015-02-01 A large number of studies have recently been carried out on the early signatures of regime shifts in a number of dynamical systems, e.g., ecosystems, the climate, fish and wildlife populations, financial markets, complex diseases and gene circuits. The underlying model in most cases is that of the fold-bifurcation in which a sudden regime shift occurs at a bifurcation point. The shift involves a discontinuous jump from one type of stable steady state to another. The dynamics of natural systems have both deterministic and stochastic components. The early signatures of abrupt regime shifts include the critical slowing down as a transition point is approached, rising variance and the lag-1 autocorrelation function, increased skewness of the steady-state probability distribution and the ratio of two mean first passage times for the exits from the stable steady states as the bifurcation point is approached. Noise-induced regime shifts are also possible for which the vicinity of the bifurcation point is not essential. In this paper, we review examples of regime shifts in natural systems and the associated early signatures. We further discuss how such approaches provide useful insights on a cell biological process involving the fold-bifurcation. 2. Weather Regimes: The Challenge in Extended-Range Forecasting Reinhold, Brian 1987-01-01 A hypothesis to explain the low-frequency (10- to 90-day) variance of the mid-latitude atmosphere is presented. In this hypothesis it is proposed that the planetary-scale waves forced by topography or other zonal inhomogeneities and the day-to-day weather disturbances (synoptic scales) influence each other to generate weather regimes. These quasi-stable flow configurations are responsible for short-range climate anomalies such as droughts, heat waves, deep freezes, and excessive precipitation, as the weather-producing disturbances are organized into storm tracks. Onset and disruption of the weather regimes may be induced by the anomalous development of perhaps a single cyclonic disturbance, which can throw the quasi equilibrium out of balance. Thus, rapid changes in flow regimes can occur almost at random. The development and transition of weather regimes may then be purely internal (that is, depending only upon the properties of the fluid motions themselves) to the atmospheric dynamics. This internal quality suggests that the chaotic, abrupt short-range climatic behavior of the mid-latitudes is a natural behavior of the system that requires no assistance from the outside. The weather regime concept presents a different view of the extended-range atmospheric behavior than the stimulus-response model, such as the atmospheric response to the El Nino. 3. Hydrodynamic interaction of swimming organisms in an inertial regime Li, Gaojin; Ostace, Anca; Ardekani, Arezoo M. 2016-11-01 We numerically investigate the hydrodynamic interaction of swimming organisms at small to intermediate Reynolds number regimes, i.e., Re˜O (0.1 -100 ) , where inertial effects are important. The hydrodynamic interaction of swimming organisms in this regime is significantly different from the Stokes regime for microorganisms, as well as the high Reynolds number flows for fish and birds, which involves strong flow separation and detached vortex structures. Using an archetypal swimmer model, called a "squirmer," we find that the inertial effects change the contact time and dispersion dynamics of a pair of pusher swimmers, and trigger hydrodynamic attraction for two pullers. These results are potentially important in investigating predator-prey interactions, sexual reproduction, and the encounter rate of marine organisms such as copepods, ctenophora, and larvae. 4. Nonlinear double Compton scattering in the full quantum regime Mackenroth, F 2012-01-01 A detailed analysis of the process of two photon emission by an electron scattered from a high-intensity laser pulse is presented. The calculations are performed in the framework of strong-field QED and include exactly the presence of the laser field, described as a plane wave. We investigate the full quantum regime of interaction, where photon recoil plays an essential role in the emission process, and substantially alters the emitted photon spectra as compared to those in previously-studied regimes. We provide a semiclassical explanation for such differences, based on the possibility of assigning a trajectory to the electron in the laser field before and after each quantum photon emission. Our numerical results indicate the feasibility of investigating experimentally the full quantum regime of nonlinear double Compton scattering with already available plasma-based electron accelerator and laser technology. 5. Adelie penguin foraging location predicted by tidal regime switching. Matthew J Oliver Full Text Available Penguin foraging and breeding success depend on broad-scale environmental and local-scale hydrographic features of their habitat. We investigated the effect of local tidal currents on a population of Adélie penguins on Humble Is., Antarctica. We used satellite-tagged penguins, an autonomous underwater vehicle, and historical tidal records to model of penguin foraging locations over ten seasons. The bearing of tidal currents did not oscillate daily, but rather between diurnal and semidiurnal tidal regimes. Adélie penguins foraging locations changed in response to tidal regime switching, and not to daily tidal patterns. The hydrography and foraging patterns of Adélie penguins during these switching tidal regimes suggest that they are responding to changing prey availability, as they are concentrated and dispersed in nearby Palmer Deep by variable tidal forcing on weekly timescales, providing a link between local currents and the ecology of this predator. 6. Inhomogeneous stationary and oscillatory regimes in coupled chaotic oscillators. Liu, Weiqing; Volkov, Evgeny; Xiao, Jinghua; Zou, Wei; Zhan, Meng; Yang, Junzhong 2012-09-01 The dynamics of linearly coupled identical Lorenz and Pikovsky-Rabinovich oscillators are explored numerically and theoretically. We concentrate on the study of inhomogeneous stable steady states ("oscillation death (OD)" phenomenon) and accompanying periodic and chaotic regimes that emerge at an appropriate choice of the coupling matrix. The parameters, for which OD occurs, are determined by stability analysis of the chosen steady state. Three model-specific types of transitions to and from OD are observed: (1) a sharp transition to OD from a nonsymmetric chaotic attractor containing random intervals of synchronous chaos; (2) transition to OD from the symmetry-breaking chaotic regime created by negative coupling; (3) supercritical bifurcation of OD into inhomogeneous limit cycles and further evolution of the system to inhomogeneous chaotic regimes that coexist with complete synchronous chaos. These results may fill a gap in the understanding of the mechanism of OD in coupled chaotic systems. 7. The difficulties of the Chinese and Indian exchange rate regimes Ila Patnaik 2009-06-01 Full Text Available China and India have both sought control over the exchange rate in order to maintain export competitiveness, manage current account balance, and pursue independent monetary policy. In this paper, we examine structural change in the Chinese and Indian de facto exchange rate regimes, focusing on the period from 1998 to 2007. With increasing capital account openness, exchange rate inflexibility has been associated with significant monetary policy distortions. In both countries, the short-term rate expressed in real terms dropped, and achieved very low values, in the unprecedented business cycle expansion of the early 2000s. In the Indian case, difficulties of sterilisation led to a modification of the exchange rate regime, moving towards greater flexibility. In China, in contrast, the exchange rate regime did not change. 8. Nonlinear-optical frequency-doubling metareflector: pulsed regime Popov, A. K.; Myslivets, S. A. 2016-01-01 The properties of backward-wave second-harmonic metareflector operating in pulse regime are investigated. It is made of metamaterial which enables phase matching of contra-propagating fundamental and second-harmonic waves. References are given to the works that prove such a possibility. Physical principles underlying differences in the proposed and standard settings as well as between continuous-wave and pulsed regimes are discussed. Pulsed regime is more practicable and has a broader scope of applications. A set of partial differential equations which describe such a reflector with the account for losses are solved numerically. It is shown that unlike second-harmonic generation in standard settings, contra-propagating pulse of second harmonic may become much longer than the incident fundamental one and the difference grows with decrease in the input pulse length as compared to thickness of the metaslab. The revealed properties are important for applications and may manifest themselves beyond the optical wavelength range. 9. The history of research into improved confinement regimes Wagner, F. 2017-01-01 Increasing the pressure by additional heating of magnetically confined plasmas had the consequence that turbulent processes became more violent and plasma confinement degraded. Since this experience from the early 1980ies, fusion research was dominated by the search for confinement regimes with improved properties. It was a gratifying experience that toroidally confined plasmas are able to self-organise in such a way that turbulence diminishes, resulting in a confinement with good prospects to reach the objectives of fusion R&D. The understanding of improved confinement regimes revolutionized the understanding of turbulent transport in high-temperature plasmas. In this paper the story of research into improved confinement regimes will be narrated starting with 1980. 10. A Markov Switching Regime Model of Malaysia Property Cycle Abdul M. Beksin 2011-01-01 Full Text Available Problem statement: Non-linear models such as the Markov Switching regime (MS method of modelling business cycles, in principle can be used to model property cyle. Approach: The MS model can distinguish property cycle in recession and expansion phases and is sufficiently flexible to allow different relationships to apply over these phases. In this study, the Malaysian property cycle is modelled using a MS model. Results: This technique can be used to simultaneously estimate the data generating process of real GDP growth and classify each observation into one of two regimes (i.e., low-growth and high-growth regimes. Conclusions: This finding has important policy implications, since the yield spread was used to generate the time-varying probabilities of the MS model as well as the recession probabilities of the logit model. In other words, a strong relationship exists between interest rates and the business cycle, where interest rates lead the business cycle. 11. Modeling whistler wave generation regimes in magnetospheric cyclotron maser D. L. Pasmanik 2004-11-01 Full Text Available Numerical analysis of the model for cyclotron instability in the Earth's magnetosphere is performed. This model, based on the self-consistent set of equations of quasi-linear plasma theory, describes different regimes of wave generation and related energetic particle precipitation. As the source of free energy the injection of energetic electrons with transverse anisotropic distribution function to the interaction region is considered. A parametric study of the model is performed. The main attention is paid to the analysis of generation regimes for different characteristics of energetic electron source, such as the shape of pitch angle distributions and its intensity. Two mechanisms of removal of energetic electrons from a generation region are considered, one is due to the particle precipitation through the loss cone and another one is related to the magnetic drift of energetic particles. It was confirmed that two main regimes occur in this system in the presence of a constant particle source, in the case of precipitation losses. At small source intensity relaxation oscillations were found, whose parameters are in good agreement with simplified analytical theory developed earlier. At a larger source intensity, transition to a periodic generation occurs. In the case of drift losses the regime of self-sustained periodic generation regime is realized for source intensity higher than some threshold. The dependencies of repetition period and dynamic spectrum shape on the source parameters were studied in detail. In addition to simple periodic regimes, those with more complex spectral forms were found. In particular, alteration of spikes with different spectral shape can take place. It was also shown that quasi-stationary generation at the low-frequency band can coexist with periodic modulation at higher frequencies. On the basis of the results obtained, the model for explanation of 12. How will climate change modify river flow regimes in Europe? C. Schneider 2013-01-01 Full Text Available Worldwide, flow regimes are being modified by various anthropogenic impacts and climate change induces an additional risk. Rising temperatures, declining snow cover and changing precipitation patterns will interact differently at different locations. Consequently, in distinct climate zones, unequal consequences can be expected in matters of water stress, flood risk, water quality, and food security. In particular, river ecosystems and their vital ecosystem services will be compromised as their species richness and composition have evolved over long time under natural flow conditions. This study aims at evaluating the exclusive impacts of climate change on river flow regimes in Europe. Various flow characteristics are taken into consideration and diverse dynamics are identified for each distinct climate zone in Europe. In order to simulate present-day natural flow regimes and future flow regimes under climate change, the global hydrology model WaterGAP3 is applied. All calculations for current and future conditions (2050s are carried out on a 5' × 5' European grid. To address uncertainty, bias-corrected climate forcing data of three different global climate models are used to drive WaterGAP3. Finally, the hydrological alterations of different flow characteristics are quantified by the Indicators of Hydrological Alteration approach. Results of our analysis indicate that on the European scale, climate change can be expected to modify flow regimes remarkably. This is especially the case in the Mediterranean (due to drier conditions with reduced precipitation across the year and in the boreal climate zone (due to reduced snowmelt, increased precipitation, and strong temperature rises. In the temperate climate zone, impacts increase from oceanic to continental. Regarding single flow characteristics, strongest impacts on timing were found for the boreal climate zone. This applies for both high and low flows. Flow magnitudes, in turn, will be 13. Measurement of flow in supercritical flow regime using cutthroat flumes Shrikant A Tekade; Avinash D Vasudeo; Aniruddha D Ghare; Ramesh N Ingle 2016-02-01 Cutthroat flume is commonly used for measurement of subcritical flow in open channel because of its simplicity and ease of construction. No experimental data is available in literature for measurement of flow in supercritical regime using cutthroat flume. The present paper finds the feasibility of cutthroat flume as a measurement device for flow in supercritical regime. Experimental data are generated to develop the relation between discharge and observed head at a specified location on upstream of throat section. Regression analysis for discharge and head indicated a good correlation. Based on all the experimental data generated, a relationship between discharge and head is proposed. 14. Quantum regime of a free-electron laser: relativistic approach Kling, Peter; Sauerbrey, Roland; Preiss, Paul; Giese, Enno; Endrich, Rainer; Schleich, Wolfgang P. 2017-01-01 In the quantum regime of the free-electron laser, the dynamics of the electrons is not governed by continuous trajectories but by discrete jumps in momentum. In this article, we rederive the two crucial conditions to enter this quantum regime: (1) a large quantum mechanical recoil of the electron caused by the scattering with the laser and the wiggler field and (2) a small energy spread of the electron beam. In contrast to our recent approach based on nonrelativistic quantum mechanics in a co-moving frame of reference, we now pursue a model in the laboratory frame employing relativistic quantum electrodynamics. 15. NAZI REGIME IN THE PERIODICAL A NOTÍCIA. Bruna Luíza Barcellos 2009-08-01 Full Text Available The periodical A Notícia, of Joinville, city colonized for Germans, supported the nazi regime since the ascension of Adolf Hitler to the power. Between 1932 and 1944, some editions had printed the figure of Hitler and the nazi symbol, beyond dither messages to that regime. Based in the Análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 1977, this article searchs to understand the representation made for the periodical A Notícia on this historical landmark, in other words, bring to the light the consequences of a part of occured world-wide history in catarinense territory. 16. Is the Economic Crisis Challenging the Prevailing Gender Regime? Leschke, Janine; Jepsen, Maria 2014-01-01 This paper addresses the question of whether the current economic and financial crisis is challenging the prevailing gender-equality model in four European countries: Denmark, Germany, Slovakia, and the United Kingdom. After situating the countries in relation to the underlying gender regime...... and analysing the corresponding position of women and men in paid and unpaid work, the paper contains an in-depth discussion of the short- and medium-term policy responses to the crisis. Our analysis shows that independent of the prevailing gender regime, scant public attention has been directed to gender... 17. Selection Criteria in Regime Switching Conditional Volatility Models Thomas Chuffart 2015-05-01 Full Text Available A large number of nonlinear conditional heteroskedastic models have been proposed in the literature. Model selection is crucial to any statistical data analysis. In this article, we investigate whether the most commonly used selection criteria lead to choice of the right specification in a regime switching framework. We focus on two types of models: the Logistic Smooth Transition GARCH and the Markov-Switching GARCH models. Simulation experiments reveal that information criteria and loss functions can lead to misspecification ; BIC sometimes indicates the wrong regime switching framework. Depending on the Data Generating Process used in the experiments, great care is needed when choosing a criterion. 18. Just for Fun? The Emotional Regime of Experiential Consumption Jantzen, Christian; Fitchett, James; Østergaard, Per 2012-01-01 Experiential consumption emphasizes emotional and hedonic qualities in the marketplace stressing the importance of experiences for ‘the good life’ and positioning consumption as a legitimate way to generate interesting and relevant experiences. The concept of emotional regimes (Reddy, 2001) is used...... experiential appetites. The development of a regime of experiences is outlined, consisting of a set of techniques to bring about sensual pleasure, a discourse to verbalize the methods of pleasure seeking, and an ideology that turns pleasure into a legitimate existential goal in life for the sake of self-actualization.... 19. Political humor as a confrontational tool against the syrian regime Camps-Febrer, Blanca 2012-01-01 The aim of this working paper is to analyze the inclusion of political humor into the set of actions used by opponents to the Syrian regime during the first year of a state-wide uprising in 2011. The research ar-gues that although political humor has traditionally been seen mainly as a concealed voice against dominant elites, it can nevertheless take a confrontational stance and challenge a regime. In this paper we assess the role of political humor in challenging the legitimacy of the Syrian... 20. Dynamic two state stochastic models for ecological regime shifts Møller, Jan Kloppenborg; Carstensen, Niels Jacob; Madsen, Henrik; 2009-01-01 of the model illustrates that hysteresis effect and regime shifts can be obtained for a limited range of parameter values only. The effect of multiplicative noise components entering at different levels of the model is presented and discussed. Including noise leads to very different results on the stability...... of regimes, depending on how the noise propagates through the system. The dynamical properties of a system should therefore be described through propagation of the state distributions rather than the state means and consequently, stochastic models should be compared in a probabilistic framework.... 1. Terahertz Quantum Plasmonics of Nanoslot Antennas in Nonlinear Regime. Kim, Joon-Yeon; Kang, Bong Joo; Park, Joohyun; Bahk, Young-Mi; Kim, Won Tae; Rhie, Jiyeah; Jeon, Hyeongtag; Rotermund, Fabian; Kim, Dai-Sik 2015-10-14 Quantum tunneling in plasmonic nanostructures has presented an interesting aspect of incorporating quantum mechanics into classical optics. However, the study has been limited to the subnanometer gap regime. Here, we newly extend quantum plasmonics to gap widths well over 1 nm by taking advantage of the low-frequency terahertz regime. Enhanced electric fields of up to 5 V/nm induce tunneling of electrons in different arrays of ring-shaped nanoslot antennas of gap widths from 1.5 to 10 nm, which lead to a significant nonlinear transmission decrease. These observations are consistent with theoretical calculations considering terahertz-funneling-induced electron tunneling across the gap. 2. Jovem aprisionado em regime semi-aberto: um estudo transdisciplinar Lazzaron, Leandra Regina 2008-01-01 A presente dissertação, vinculada à linha de pesquisa “Criminologia e Controle Social”, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Criminais, da Faculdade de Direito da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, identifica o perfil do jovem apenado, aprisionado em regime semi-aberto, no Instituto Penal de Viamão, com base na escala PCL-R. O estudo de campo foi realizado na instituição prisional e avaliou 40 jovens, com idade de 18 a 23 anos, que cumprem pena em regime semi-aberto. O... 3. THE CASE FOR AN INTERMEDIATE EXCHANGE RATE REGIME JOHN WILLIAMSON 2007-01-01 The argument that any exchange rate regimes other than firmly fixed and freely floating rates were infeasible — the so-called bipolarity thesis — acquired great popularity in the wake of the Asian crisis of a decade ago, but it has almost vanished today. One reason is surely the unkind empirical evidence, which shows that intermediate regimes — measured as those where both reserve and exchange rate changes lie in an intermediate range — are not in fact tending to disappear (Levy Yeyati and St... 4. Synchronization of Spatiotemporal Chaos The regime of coupled Spatiotemporal Intermittency Amengual, A; Montagne, R; Miguel, M S 1996-01-01 Synchronization of spatiotemporally chaotic extended systems is considered in the context of coupled one-dimensional Complex Ginzburg-Landau equations (CGLE). A regime of coupled spatiotemporal intermittency (STI) is identified and described in terms of the space-time synchronized chaotic motion of localized structures. A quantitative measure of synchronization as a function of coupling parameter is given through distribution functions and information measures. The coupled STI regime is shown to dissapear into regular dynamics for situations of strong coupling, hence a description in terms of a single CGLE is not appropiate. 5. Educational differentials in disability vary across and within welfare regimes Cambois, Emmanuelle; Solé-Auró, Aïda; Brønnum-Hansen, Henrik; 2016-01-01 groups (referred to as disability disadvantage) and of the lower prevalence in high social groups (disability advantage); country-specific advantages/disadvantages are discussed regarding the possible influence of welfare regimes. METHODS: Cross-sectional disability prevalence is measured by longstanding...... health-related activity limitation (AL) in the 2009 European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) across 26 countries classified into four welfare regime groups. Logistic models adjusted by country, age and sex (in all 30-79 years and in three age-bands) measured the country-specific ORs... 6. Using Clustering to Establish Climate Regimes from PCM Output Oglesby, Robert; Arnold, James E. (Technical Monitor); Hoffman, Forrest; Hargrove, W. W.; Erickson, D. 2002-01-01 A multivariate statistical clustering technique--based on the k-means algorithm of Hartigan has been used to extract patterns of climatological significance from 200 years of general circulation model (GCM) output. Originally developed and implemented on a Beowulf-style parallel computer constructed by Hoffman and Hargrove from surplus commodity desktop PCs, the high performance parallel clustering algorithm was previously applied to the derivation of ecoregions from map stacks of 9 and 25 geophysical conditions or variables for the conterminous U.S. at a resolution of 1 sq km. Now applied both across space and through time, the clustering technique yields temporally-varying climate regimes predicted by transient runs of the Parallel Climate Model (PCM). Using a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and clustering four fields of significance to the global water cycle (surface temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and snow depth) from 1871 through 2098, the authors' analysis shows an increase in spatial area occupied by the cluster or climate regime which typifies desert regions (i.e., an increase in desertification) and a decrease in the spatial area occupied by the climate regime typifying winter-time high latitude perma-frost regions. The patterns of cluster changes have been analyzed to understand the predicted variability in the water cycle on global and continental scales. In addition, representative climate regimes were determined by taking three 10-year averages of the fields 100 years apart for northern hemisphere winter (December, January, and February) and summer (June, July, and August). The result is global maps of typical seasonal climate regimes for 100 years in the past, for the present, and for 100 years into the future. Using three-dimensional data or phase space representations of these climate regimes (i.e., the cluster centroids), the authors demonstrate the portion of this phase space occupied by the land surface at all points in space and time 7. A faster switching regime for zenithal bistable nematic displays Rudin, J 1997-12-01 A simpler and faster switching regime for Zenithal Bistable Nematic displays is reported. A cell, based on homeotropic alignment of nematic liquid crystal over a continuous blazed monograting on one surface, can be switched using bipolar pulses an order of magnitude faster than monopolar pulses of the same voltage. We propose that this regime relies on simple dielectric coupling to drive the cell into a higher energy state with a long pulse time, and the relaxation into a lower energy state after the creation of surface defects from a shorter applied pulse. Although flexoelectric effects are observed, they do not form the basis of state selection as was proposed for the monopolar pulses 8. Space as a low-temperature regime of graphs Conrady, Florian 2010-01-01 I define a statistical model of graphs in which 2-dimensional spaces arise at low temperature. The configurations are given by graphs with a fixed number of edges and the Hamiltonian is a simple, local function of the graphs. Simulations show that there is a transition between a low-temperature regime in which the graphs form triangulations of 2-dimensional surfaces and a high-temperature regime, where the surfaces disappear. I use data for the specific heat and other observables to discuss whether this is a phase transition. The surface states are analyzed with regard to topology and defects. 9. PREDICTION OF FLOW REGIMES IN SPOUT-FLUIDIZED BEDS Jiyu Zhang; Fengxiang Tang 2006-01-01 Five main flow regimes in spout-fluidized bed were identified in this study, namely, fixed bed, spout with aeration, spout-fluidization, jet in fluidized bed and slugging, together with their corresponding major frequencies translated from pressure signals. The empirical equation A=aBb, in which A=Fr* /(H/Di) and B=(Fr*/(H/D))/(μg/μmf) are respectively the spout-geometry and spout-geometry-fluidization dimensionless numbers, was proposed to distinguish these flow regimes. 10. Explicit Mapping of Acoustic Regimes For Wind Instruments Missoum, Samy; Doc, Jean-Baptiste 2014-01-01 This paper proposes a methodology to map the various acoustic regimes of wind instruments. The maps can be generated in a multi-dimensional space consisting of design, control parameters, and initial conditions. The bound- aries of the maps are obtained explicitly in terms of the parameters using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier as well as a dedicated adaptive sam- pling scheme. The approach is demonstrated on a simplified clarinet model for which several maps are generated based on different criteria. Examples of computation of the probability of occurrence of a specific acoustic regime are also provided. In addition, the approach is demonstrated on a design optimization example for optimal intonation. 11. Using Clustering to Establish Climate Regimes from PCM Output Hoffman, F.; Oglesby, R.; Hargrove, W. W.; Erickson, D. 2002-12-01 A multivariate statistical clustering technique--based on the k-means algorithm of Hartigan--has been used to extract patterns of climatological significance from 200 years of general circulation model (GCM) output. Originally developed and implemented on a Beowulf-style parallel computer constructed by Hoffman and Hargrove from surplus commodity desktop PCs, the high performance parallel clustering algorithm was previously applied to the derivation of ecoregions from map stacks of 9 and 25 geophysical conditions or variables for the conterminous U.S. at a resolution of 1 sq km. Now applied both across space and through time, the clustering technique yields temporally-varying climate regimes predicted by transient runs of the Parallel Climate Model (PCM). Using a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and clustering four fields of significance to the global water cycle (surface temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and snow depth) from 1871 through 2098, the authors' analysis shows an increase in spatial area occupied by the cluster or climate regime which typifies desert regions (i.e., an increase in desertification) and a decrease in the spatial area occupied by the climate regime typifying winter-time high latitude perma-frost regions. The patterns of cluster changes have been analyzed to understand the predicted variability in the water cycle on global and continental scales. In addition, representative climate regimes were determined by taking three 10-year averages of the fields 100 years apart for northern hemisphere winter (December, January, and February) and summer (June, July, and August). The result is global maps of typical seasonal climate regimes for 100 years in the past, for the present, and for 100 years into the future. Using three-dimensional data or phase space representations of these climate regimes (i.e., the cluster centroids), the authors demonstrate the portion of this phase space occupied by the land surface at all points in space and 12. 疏血通注射液联合尿激酶对急性心肌梗死进行静脉溶栓的临床观察%Clinical Observation on Urokinase Combined with Shuxuetong Injection for Acute Myocardial Infarction 邝志斌 2011-01-01 Objective To study the efficacy of Shuxuetong injection combined with urokinase for acute myocardial infarction. Methods Fifty patients (pts) with acute ST - segment elevation myocardial infarction were randomly divided into control group (n = 25) and combined treatment group (n = 25). All pts were routinely given aspirin, clopidogrel,metoprolol,simvastatin,nitroglycerin, low molecular heparin, amiodarone. Urokinase was used in control group on the basis of conventional therapy. Shuxuetong injection with urokinase were used in combined treatment group. Results The recanalization rate of coronary artery was 80% in combined treatment group, which was significantly higher than that in control group(64% ,P0. 05). Conclusion Shuxuetong injection combined with urokinase for treatment of acute myocardial infarction was safe and effective.%目的 观察疏血通注射液联合尿激酶在急性心肌梗死进行静脉溶栓的疗效.方法 选择50例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者,随机分为对照组与治疗组,各25例.两组据病情常规给予阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、美托洛尔、辛伐他汀、硝酸甘油、低分子肝素、胺碘酮等治疗.对照组在常规治疗基础上加用尿激酶,治疗组在对照组基础上加用疏血通注射液静脉溶栓治疗.观察两组冠状动脉再通率.结果 治疗组冠状动脉再通率为80％,高于对照组的64％(P＜0.05)；凝血指标纤维蛋白原较对照组显著降低(P＜0.05),出血率及病死率两组比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 疏血通注射液联合尿激酶对急性心肌梗死的静脉溶栓治疗安全有效,能增加冠状动脉的再通率. 13. 替罗非班治疗急性心肌梗死的疗效和安全性观察%Efficiency and safety for intravenously administration of urokinase and tirofiban in treating acute myocardial infarction 干志红; 苟华良; 孙向阳 2012-01-01 目的 观察替罗非班治疗急性心肌梗死(AMI)与尿激酶静脉溶栓合用的安全性及疗效.方法 对122例AMI患者随机分为治疗组60例,对照组62例.两组患者均给予静脉溶栓、硝酸甘油、培哚普利/或氯沙坦、美托洛尔、拜阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、阿托伐他汀钙、依诺肝素等作为基础治疗.治疗组在溶栓后静脉泵入替罗非班,先0.4μg/(kg·min)× 30min,后0.15μg/(kg·min).观察梗死血管再通、出血并发症、主要心脏不良事件(MACE).结果 梗死血管再通率治疗组比对照组显著提高,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.出血并发症两组无统计学意义,P＞0.05.MACE治疗组比对照组显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 替罗非班在治疗AMI与尿激酶静脉溶栓合用是安全有效的.%To assess the efficiency and safety for intravenously administration of urokinase and tirofiban for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Methods 122 patients with acute myocardial infarction were randomly divided into two groups. 60 were in tirofiban group and 62 in basic therapy group. Patients in both groups took intravenous thrombolysis together with nitroglycerine, perindopril or losartan, metoprolol, aspirin, clopidogrel, atorvastatin calcium, enoxaparin etc. as basic medication. For patients in tirofiban group, tirofiban was additionally administrated by intravenous micro-pump with 0.4μg/(kg·min) for 30 minutes and 0.15μg/(kg·min) for maintenance after thrombolysis. Development of infarction related artery refu-sion, hemorrhage and major adverse cardiac events were observed and recorded. Results The infarction related artery refusion rate in tirofiban group was significantly higher than basic therapy group (P>0.05). There was no major difference in the incidence of hemorrhage between two groups (P<0.05). The development of major adverse cardiac events was significantly lower in tirofiban group than basic therapy group (P <0 14. Protein kinase C alpha-CARMA3 signaling axis links Ras to NF-kappa B for lysophosphatidic acid-induced urokinase plasminogen activator expression in ovarian cancer cells. Mahanivong, C; Chen, H M; Yee, S W; Pan, Z K; Dong, Z; Huang, S 2008-02-21 We reported previously that a signaling pathway consisting of G(i)-Ras-NF-kappaB mediates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) upregulation in ovarian cancer cells. However, it is not clear what signaling components link Ras to nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB for this LPA-induced event. In the present study, we found that treatment of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors including conventional PKC (cPKC) inhibitor Gö6976 abolished LPA-induced uPA upregulation in ovarian cancer cell lines tested, indicating the importance of cPKC activity in this LPA-induced event. Indeed, LPA stimulation led to the activation of PKCalpha and Ras-PKCalpha interaction. Although constitutively active mutants of PKCalpha (a cPKC), PKCtheta (a novel PKC (nPKC)) and PKCzeta (an atypical PKC (aPKC)) were all able to activate NF-kappaB and upregulate uPA expression, only dominant-negative PKCalpha mutant attenuated LPA-induced NF-kappaB activation and uPA upregulation. These results suggest that PKCalpha, rather than PKC isoforms in other PKC classes, participates in LPA-induced NF-kappaB activation and uPA upregulation in ovarian cancer cells. To determine the signaling components downstream of PKCalpha mediating LPA-induced uPA upregulation, we showed that forced expression of dominant-negative CARMA3 or silencing CARMA3, Bcl10 and MALT1 with specific siRNAs diminished these LPA-induced events. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PKCalpha/CARMA3 signaling axis is important in LPA-induced ovarian cancer cell in vitro invasion. 15. Fisetin inhibits migration and invasion of human cervical cancer cells by down-regulating urokinase plasminogen activator expression through suppressing the p38 MAPK-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway. Ruey-Hwang Chou Full Text Available Fisetin (3,3',4',7-tetrahydroxyflavone, a naturally occurring flavonoid, has been reported to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in several cancer types. However, its effect on the anti-metastatic potential of cervical cancer cells remains unclear. In the present study, we found that fisetin inhibits the invasion and migration of cervical cancer cells. The expression and activity of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA was significantly suppressed by fisetin in a dose-dependent manner. We also demonstrated that fisetin reduces the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, but not that of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, or AKT. Addition of a p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, further enhanced the inhibitory effect of fisetin on the expression and activity of uPA and the invasion and motility in cervical cancer cells. Fisetin suppressed the TPA (tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced activation of p38 MAPK and uPA, and inhibited the TPA-enhanced migratory and invasive abilities. Furthermore, the promoter activity of the uPA gene was dramatically repressed by fisetin, which disrupted the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and its binding amount on the promoter of the uPA gene, and these suppressive effects could be further enhanced by SB203580. This study provides strong evidence for the molecular mechanism of fisetin in inhibiting the aggressive phenotypes by repression of uPA via interruption of p38 MAPK-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway in cervical cancer cells and thus contributes insight to the potential of using fisetin as a therapeutic strategy against cervical cancer by inhibiting migration and invasion. 16. Fisetin inhibits migration and invasion of human cervical cancer cells by down-regulating urokinase plasminogen activator expression through suppressing the p38 MAPK-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway. Chou, Ruey-Hwang; Hsieh, Shu-Ching; Yu, Yung-Luen; Huang, Min-Hsien; Huang, Yi-Chang; Hsieh, Yi-Hsien 2013-01-01 Fisetin (3,3',4',7-tetrahydroxyflavone), a naturally occurring flavonoid, has been reported to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in several cancer types. However, its effect on the anti-metastatic potential of cervical cancer cells remains unclear. In the present study, we found that fisetin inhibits the invasion and migration of cervical cancer cells. The expression and activity of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) was significantly suppressed by fisetin in a dose-dependent manner. We also demonstrated that fisetin reduces the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, but not that of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, or AKT. Addition of a p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, further enhanced the inhibitory effect of fisetin on the expression and activity of uPA and the invasion and motility in cervical cancer cells. Fisetin suppressed the TPA (tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)-induced activation of p38 MAPK and uPA, and inhibited the TPA-enhanced migratory and invasive abilities. Furthermore, the promoter activity of the uPA gene was dramatically repressed by fisetin, which disrupted the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and its binding amount on the promoter of the uPA gene, and these suppressive effects could be further enhanced by SB203580. This study provides strong evidence for the molecular mechanism of fisetin in inhibiting the aggressive phenotypes by repression of uPA via interruption of p38 MAPK-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway in cervical cancer cells and thus contributes insight to the potential of using fisetin as a therapeutic strategy against cervical cancer by inhibiting migration and invasion. 17. A serpin-induced extensive proteolytic susceptibility of urokinase-type plasminogen activator implicates distortion of the proteinase substrate-binding pocket and oxyanion hole in the serpin inhibitory mechanism. Egelund, R; Petersen, T E; Andreasen, P A 2001-02-01 The formation of stable complexes between serpins and their target serine proteinases indicates formation of an ester bond between the proteinase active-site serine and the serpin P1 residue [Egelund, R., Rodenburg, K.W., Andreasen, P.A., Rasmussen, M.S., Guldberg, R.E. & Petersen, T.E. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 6375-6379]. An important question concerning serpin inhibition is the contrast between the stability of the ester bond in the complex and the rapid hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme intermediate in general serine proteinase-catalysed peptide bond hydrolysis. To answer this question, we used limited proteolysis to detect conformational differences between free urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and uPA in complex with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Whereas the catalytic domain of free uPA, pro-uPA, uPA in complex with non-serpin inhibitors and anhydro-uPA in a non-covalent complex with PAI-1 was resistant to proteolysis, the catalytic domain of PAI-1-complexed uPA was susceptible to proteolysis. The cleavage sites for four different proteinases were localized in specific areas of the C-terminal beta-barrel of the catalytic domain of uPA, providing evidence that the serpin inhibitory mechanism involves a serpin-induced massive rearrangement of the proteinase active site, including the specificity pocket, the oxyanion hole, and main-chain binding area, rendering the proteinase unable to complete the normal hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme intermediate. The distorted region includes the so-called activation domain, also known to change conformation on zymogen activation. 18. Cadmium induces urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor expression and the cell invasiveness of human gastric cancer cells via the ERK-1/2, NF-κB, and AP-1 signaling pathways. Khoi, Pham Ngoc; Xia, Yong; Lian, Sen; Kim, Ho Dong; Kim, Do Hyun; Joo, Young Eun; Chay, Kee-Oh; Kim, Kyung Keun; Jung, Young Do 2014-10-01 Cadmium exposure has been linked to human cancers, including stomach cancer. In this study, the effects of cadmium on urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression in human gastric cancer cells and the underlying signal transduction pathways were investigated. Cadmium induced uPAR expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Cadmium also induced uPAR promoter activity. Additionally, cadmium induced the activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the activation of c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK). A specific inhibitor of MEK-1 (PD98059) inhibited cadmium-induced uPAR expression, while JNK and p38 MAPK inhibitors did not. Expression vectors encoding dominant-negative MEK-1 (pMCL-K97M) also prevented cadmium-induced uPAR promoter activity. Site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift studies showed that sites for the transcription factors nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) were involved in cadmium-induced uPAR transcription. Suppression of the cadmium-induced uPAR promoter activity by a mutated-type NF-κB-inducing kinase and I-κB and an AP-1 decoy oligonucleotide confirmed that the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 are essential for cadmium-induced uPAR upregulation. Cells pretreated with cadmium showed markedly enhanced invasiveness and this effect was partially abrogated by uPAR-neutralizing antibodies and by inhibitors of ERK-1/2, NF-κB, and AP-1. These results suggest that cadmium induces uPAR expression via ERK-1/2, NF-κB, and AP-1 signaling pathways and, in turn, stimulates cell invasiveness in human gastric cancer AGS cells. 19. Gypenosides inhibits migration and invasion of human oral cancer SAS cells through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 -9 and urokinase-plasminogen by ERK1/2 and NF-kappa B signaling pathways. Lu, Kung-Wen; Chen, Jung-Chou; Lai, Tung-Yuan; Yang, Jai-Sing; Weng, Shu-Wen; Ma, Yi-Shih; Lu, Pei-Jung; Weng, Jing-Ru; Chueh, Fu-Shin; Wood, W Gibson; Chung, Jing-Gung 2011-05-01 Gypenosides (Gyp), found in Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino, has been used as a folk medicine in the Chinese population for centuries and is known to have diverse pharmacologic effects, including anti-proliferative and anti-cancer actions. However, the effects of Gyp on prevention from invasion and migration of oral cancer cells are still unsatisfactory. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of Gyp treatment on migration and invasion of SAS human oral cancer cells. SAS cells were cultured in the presence of 90 and 180 μg/mL Gyp for 24 and 48 hours. Gyp induced cytotoxic effects and inhibited SAS cells migration and invasion in dose- and time-dependent response. Wound-healing assay and boyden chamber assay were carried out to investigate Gyp-inhibited migration and invasion of SAS cells. Gyp decreased the abundance of several proteins, including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/ 2), matrix metalloproteinase-9, -2 (MMP-9, -2), sevenless homolog (SOS), Ras, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt), in a time-dependent manner. In addition, Gyp decreased mRNA levels of MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9 but did not affect FAK and Rho A mRNA levels in SAS cells. These results provide evidences for the role of Gyp as a potent anti-metastatic agent, which can markedly inhibit the metastatic and invasive capacity of oral cancer cells. The inhibition of NF-κB and MMP-2, -7 and -9 signaling may be one of the mechanisms that is present in Gyp-inhibited cancer cell invasion and migration. 20. 小剂量尿激酶联合胞磷胆碱钠治疗脑干梗死的疗效观察%Effect of low dose urokinase and citicolin in treating brain stem infarction 张守娟; 韩延昭; 李绵; 毕青松 2015-01-01 目的：探讨小剂量尿激酶联合胞磷胆碱钠治疗脑干梗死的疗效。方法选取2010年1月—2013年6月于乐亭县中医医院神经内科住院的急性脑干梗死患者30例，结合患者及家属意愿将患者分为治疗组与对照组，各15例。治疗组予以尿激酶联合胞磷胆碱钠治疗治疗，对照组予以奥扎格雷钠治疗。观察两组患者脑卒中临床神经功能缺损程度评分（ NIHSS）、临床疗效及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗前两组患者NIHSS评分比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），治疗后24h、14d治疗组患者NIHSS评分低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P0. 05),24 hours after treatment and 14 days after treatment,NIHSS scores of the treatment group was lower than that of control group(P<0. 05);the total effective rate of treatment group was higher than that of control group(P<0. 05);no one of the two groups occurred serious adverse reactions. Conclusion Low dose urokinase and citicolin has notable curative effect in the treatment of brain stem infarction,can improve the prognosis of patients and is with less adverse reactions. 1. Syria: The Consolidation of the Asad Regime, 1970-1975. Olson, Robert W. 1982-01-01 Up to 1975-76, Syria's Hafiz al-Asad was successful in consolidating his power, securing the maintenance of his regime, and broadening his base of political power. His system started weakening in 1975 due to increased opposition stemming from Syria's intervention in the Lebanese civil war. (AM) 2. Welfare Regimes and Educational Inequality: A Cross-National Exploration Peter, Tracey; Edgerton, Jason D.; Roberts, Lance W. 2010-01-01 Research on welfare state regimes and research on educational policy share a common concern for the reduction of social inequality. On one hand, welfare state research is typically designed within a comparative approach where scholars investigate similarities and differences in social institutions across selected countries. On the other hand, the… 3. Sputtering of Ge(001): transition between dynamic scaling regimes Smilgies, D.-M.; Eng, P.J.; Landemark, E.; 1997-01-01 We have studied the dynamic behavior of the Ge(001) surface during sputtering in situ and in real time using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. We find two dynamic regimes as a function of surface temperature and sputter current which are separated by a sharp transition. The boundary between these two... 4. Consumption, investment and life insurance under different tax regimes Bruun, Kenneth 2013-01-01 We study the effects of introducing taxation in classical continuous-time optimization problems with utility from consumption, bequest and retirement savings. Inspired by actual tax favoured retirement savings programs, we formulate and solve the optimization problem for various tax regimes, and ... 5. Analysis of the Two-Regime Method on Square Meshes Flegg, Mark B. 2014-01-01 The two-regime method (TRM) has been recently developed for optimizing stochastic reaction-diffusion simulations [M. Flegg, J. Chapman, and R. Erban, J. Roy. Soc. Interface, 9 (2012), pp. 859-868]. It is a multiscale (hybrid) algorithm which uses stochastic reaction-diffusion models with different levels of detail in different parts of the computational domain. The coupling condition on the interface between different modeling regimes of the TRM was previously derived for onedimensional models. In this paper, the TRM is generalized to higher dimensional reaction-diffusion systems. Coupling Brownian dynamics models with compartment-based models on regular (square) two-dimensional lattices is studied in detail. In this case, the interface between different modeling regimes contains either flat parts or right-angle corners. Both cases are studied in the paper. For flat interfaces, it is shown that the one-dimensional theory can be used along the line perpendicular to the TRM interface. In the direction tangential to the interface, two choices of the TRM parameters are presented. Their applicability depends on the compartment size and the time step used in the molecular-based regime. The two-dimensional generalization of the TRM is also discussed in the case of corners. © 2014 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. 6. Operating regimes of signaling cycles: statics, dynamics, and noise filtering. Carlos Gomez-Uribe 2007-12-01 Full Text Available A ubiquitous building block of signaling pathways is a cycle of covalent modification (e.g., phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in MAPK cascades. Our paper explores the kind of information processing and filtering that can be accomplished by this simple biochemical circuit. Signaling cycles are particularly known for exhibiting a highly sigmoidal (ultrasensitive input-output characteristic in a certain steady-state regime. Here, we systematically study the cycle's steady-state behavior and its response to time-varying stimuli. We demonstrate that the cycle can actually operate in four different regimes, each with its specific input-output characteristics. These results are obtained using the total quasi-steady-state approximation, which is more generally valid than the typically used Michaelis-Menten approximation for enzymatic reactions. We invoke experimental data that suggest the possibility of signaling cycles operating in one of the new regimes. We then consider the cycle's dynamic behavior, which has so far been relatively neglected. We demonstrate that the intrinsic architecture of the cycles makes them act--in all four regimes--as tunable low-pass filters, filtering out high-frequency fluctuations or noise in signals and environmental cues. Moreover, the cutoff frequency can be adjusted by the cell. Numerical simulations show that our analytical results hold well even for noise of large amplitude. We suggest that noise filtering and tunability make signaling cycles versatile components of more elaborate cell-signaling pathways. 7. Nonlinear regimes in mean-field full-sphere dynamo Pipin, V V 2016-01-01 The mean-field dynamo model is employed to study the non-linear dynamo regimes in a fully convective star of mass 0.3M_{\\odot}$rotating with period of 10 days. The differential rotation law was estimated using the mean-field hydrodynamic and heat transport equations. For the intermediate parameter of the turbulent magnetic Reynolds number,$Pm_{T}=3$we found the oscillating dynamo regimes with period about 40Yr. The higher$Pm_{T}$results to longer dynamo periods. The meridional circulation has one cell per hemisphere. It is counter-clockwise in the Northen hemisphere. The amplitude of the flow at the surface around 1 m/s. Tne models with regards for meridional circulation show the anti-symmetric relative to equator magnetic field. If the large-scale flows is fixed we find that the dynamo transits from axisymmetric to non-axisymmetric regimes for the overcritical parameter of the$\\alpha$effect. The change of dynamo regime occurs because of the non-axisymmetric non-linear$\\alpha$-effect. The situation pe... 8. Ranking Regime and the Future of Vernacular Scholarship Ishikawa, Mayumi 2014-01-01 World university rankings and their global popularity present a number of far-reaching impacts for vernacular scholarship. This article employs a multidimensional approach to analyze the ranking regime's threat to local scholarship and knowledge construction through a study of Japanese research universities. First, local conditions that have led… 9. Optimal ranking regime analysis of TreeFlow dendrohydrological reconstructions The Optimal Ranking Regime (ORR) method was used to identify 6-100 year time windows containing significant ranking sequences in 55 western U.S. streamflow reconstructions, and reconstructions of the level of the Great Salt Lake and San Francisco Bay salinity during 1500-2007. The method’s ability t... 10. Dynamic Financial Constraints: Distinguishing Mechanism Design from Exogenously Incomplete Regimes. Karaivanov, Alexander; Townsend, Robert M 2014-05-01 We formulate and solve a range of dynamic models of constrained credit/insurance that allow for moral hazard and limited commitment. We compare them to full insurance and exogenously incomplete financial regimes (autarky, saving only, borrowing and lending in a single asset). We develop computational methods based on mechanism design, linear programming, and maximum likelihood to estimate, compare, and statistically test these alternative dynamic models with financial/information constraints. Our methods can use both cross-sectional and panel data and allow for measurement error and unobserved heterogeneity. We estimate the models using data on Thai households running small businesses from two separate samples. We find that in the rural sample, the exogenously incomplete saving only and borrowing regimes provide the best fit using data on consumption, business assets, investment, and income. Family and other networks help consumption smoothing there, as in a moral hazard constrained regime. In contrast, in urban areas, we find mechanism design financial/information regimes that are decidedly less constrained, with the moral hazard model fitting best combined business and consumption data. We perform numerous robustness checks in both the Thai data and in Monte Carlo simulations and compare our maximum likelihood criterion with results from other metrics and data not used in the estimation. A prototypical counterfactual policy evaluation exercise using the estimation results is also featured. 11. Regimes of flow induced vibration for tandem, tethered cylinders Nave, Gary; Stremler, Mark 2015-11-01 In the wake of a bluff body, there are a number of dynamic response regimes that exist for a trailing bluff body depending on spacing, structural restoring forces, and the mass-damping parameter m* ζ . For tandem cylinders with low values of m* ζ , two such regimes of motion are Gap Flow Switching and Wake Induced Vibration. In this study, we consider the dynamics of a single degree-of-freedom rigid cylinder in the wake of another in these regimes for a variety of center-to-center cylinder spacings (3-5 diameters) and Reynolds numbers (4,000-11,000). The system consists of a trailing cylinder constrained to a circular arc around a fixed leading cylinder, which, for small angle displacements, bears a close resemblance to the transversely oscillating cylinders found more commonly in existing literature. From experiments on this system, we compare and contrast the dynamic response within these two regimes. Our results show sustained oscillations in the absence of a structural restoring force in all cases, providing experimental support for the wake stiffness assumption, which is based on the mean lift toward the center line of flow. 12. Microgravity Flow Regime Data: Buoyancy and Mixing Apparatus Effects Shephard, Adam; Best, Frederick 2010-01-01 Zero-g two-phase flow data set qualification and flight experiment design have not been standardized and as a result, agreement among researchers has not been reached regarding what experimental conditions adequately approximate those of microgravity. The effects of buoyancy forces and mixing apparatus on the flow regime transitions are presented in this study. The gravity conditions onboard zero-g aircraft are at best 10-3 g which is used to approximate the 10-5 g conditions of microgravity, thus the buoyancy forces present on zero-g aircraft can become significantly large and unrepresentative of microgravity. When buoyancy forces approach those of surface tension forces, buoyancy induced coalescence occurs. When discussing flow regime transitions, these large buoyancy forces lead to flow regime transitions which otherwise would not occur. The buoyancy attributes of the two-phase flow data sets available in the literature are evaluated to determine which data sets exhibit buoyancy induced transitions. Upon comparison of the representative data sets, the affects of different mixing apparatus can be seen in the superficial velocity flow regime maps. 13. Shearing box simulations in the Rayleigh unstable regime Nauman, Farrukh; Blackman, Eric G. 2015-01-01 We study the stability properties of Rayleigh unstable flows both in the purely hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) regimes for two different values of the shear$q=2.1, 4.2$($q = - d\\ln\\Omega / d\\ln r$) and compare it with the Keplerian case$q=1.5$. The Rayleigh stability criterion states... 14. Predicting weather regime transitions in Northern Hemisphere datasets Kondrashov, D. [University of California, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Los Angeles, CA (United States); Shen, J. [UCLA, Department of Statistics, Los Angeles, CA (United States); Berk, R. [UCLA, Department of Statistics, Los Angeles, CA (United States); University of Pennsylvania, Department of Criminology, Philadelphia, PA (United States); D' Andrea, F.; Ghil, M. [Ecole Normale Superieure, Departement Terre-Atmosphere-Ocean and Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (CNRS and IPSL), Paris Cedex 05 (France) 2007-10-15 A statistical learning method called random forests is applied to the prediction of transitions between weather regimes of wintertime Northern Hemisphere (NH) atmospheric low-frequency variability. A dataset composed of 55 winters of NH 700-mb geopotential height anomalies is used in the present study. A mixture model finds that the three Gaussian components that were statistically significant in earlier work are robust; they are the Pacific-North American (PNA) regime, its approximate reverse (the reverse PNA, or RNA), and the blocked phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (BNAO). The most significant and robust transitions in the Markov chain generated by these regimes are PNA {yields} BNAO, PNA {yields} RNA and BNAO {yields} PNA. The break of a regime and subsequent onset of another one is forecast for these three transitions. Taking the relative costs of false positives and false negatives into account, the random-forests method shows useful forecasting skill. The calculations are carried out in the phase space spanned by a few leading empirical orthogonal functions of dataset variability. Plots of estimated response functions to a given predictor confirm the crucial influence of the exit angle on a preferred transition path. This result points to the dynamic origin of the transitions. (orig.) 15. Politics, welfare regimes, and population health: controversies and evidence. Muntaner, Carles; Borrell, Carme; Ng, Edwin; Chung, Haejoo; Espelt, Albert; Rodriguez-Sanz, Maica; Benach, Joan; O'Campo, Patricia 2011-09-01 In recent years, a research area has emerged within social determinants of health that examines the role of politics, expressed as political traditions/parties and welfare state characteristics, on population health. To better understand and synthesise this growing body of evidence, the present literature review, informed by a political economy of health and welfare regimes framework, located 73 empirical and comparative studies on politics and health, meeting our inclusion criteria in three databases: PubMed (1948-), Sociological Abstracts (1953-), and ISI Web of Science (1900-). We identified two major research programmes, welfare regimes and democracy, and two emerging programmes, political tradition and globalisation. Primary findings include: (1) left and egalitarian political traditions on population health are the most salutary, consistent, and substantial; (2) the health impacts of advanced and liberal democracies are also positive and large; (3) welfare regime studies, primarily conducted among wealthy countries, find that social democratic regimes tend to fare best with absolute health outcomes yet consistently in terms of relative health inequalities; and (4) globalisation defined as dependency indicators such as trade, foreign investment, and national debt is negatively associated with population health. We end by discussing epistemological, theoretical, and methodological issues for consideration for future research. 16. Regular and Chaotic Regimes in Scalar Field Cosmology Alexey V. Toporensky 2006-03-01 Full Text Available A transient chaos in a closed FRW cosmological model with a scalar field is studied. We describe two different chaotic regimes and show that the type of chaos in this model depends on the scalar field potential. We have found also that for sufficiently steep potentials or for potentials with large cosmological constant the chaotic behavior disappears. 17. Exploring the epsilon regime with twisted mass fermions Jansen, K; Shindler, A; Urbach, C; Wenger, U 2007-01-01 In this proceeding contribution we report on a first study in order to explore the so called epsilon regime with Wilson twisted mass (Wtm) fermions. To show the potential of this approach we give a preliminary determination of the chiral condensate. 18. Accessing Imagined Communities and Reinscribing Regimes of Truth Carroll, Sherrie; Motha, Suhanthie; Price, Jeremy N. 2008-01-01 In this article, we explore the complex and nebulous terrain between two theoretical concepts, imagined communities (Norton, 2000, 2001), that is, individuals' imagined affiliations with certain groups, and regimes of truth (Foucault, 1980), dominant images inscribed and reinscribed into individual consciousness until they become normative. Using… 19. Shape and motion of drops in the inertial regime Vijaya, Senthil Kumar K 2010-01-01 In this paper, we report experimental results on the shape and motion of a mercury droplet, placed in a horizontally rotating cylinder in the rpm range 8-93, so that the Reynolds number of the drop 2500regimes identified with varying speeds of rotation (i) oval or rounded regime (ii) corner regime and (iii) cusping regime. The oval to corner transition happens at a finite receding contact angle of 950. The ratio of critical contact angle ({\\theta}c) at which the transition occurs to the static receding contact ang... 20. Political regime and human capital : A cross-country analysis Klomp, J.G.; de Haan, J. 2013-01-01 We examine the relationship between different dimensions of the political regime in place and human capital using a two-step structural equation model. In the first step, we employ factor analysis on 16 human capital indicators to construct two new human capital measures (basic and advanced human ca 1. Political regime and human capital: A cross-country analysis Klomp, J.G.; Haan, de J. 2013-01-01 We examine the relationship between different dimensions of the political regime in place and human capital using a two-step structural equation model. In the first step, we employ factor analysis on 16 human capital indicators to construct two new human capital measures (basic and advanced human ca 2. Defocusing regimes of nonlinear waves in media with negative dispersion Bergé, L.; Kuznetsov, E.A.; Juul Rasmussen, J. 1996-01-01 Defocusing regimes of quasimonochromatic waves governed by a nonlinear Schrodinger equation with mixed-sign dispersion are investigated. For a power-law nonlinearity, we show that localized solutions to this equation defined at the so-called critical dimension cannot collapse in finite time... 3. Redox regime shifts in microbially-mediated biogeochemical cycles Bush, T.; Butler, I. B.; Free, A.; Allen, R. J. 2015-02-01 Understanding how the Earth's biogeochemical cycles respond to environmental change is a prerequisite for the prediction and mitigation of the effects of anthropogenic perturbations. Microbial populations mediate key steps in these cycles, yet are often crudely represented in biogeochemical models. Here, we show that microbial population dynamics can qualitatively affect the response of biogeochemical cycles to environmental change. Using simple and generic mathematical models, we find that nutrient limitations on microbial population growth can lead to regime shifts, in which the redox state of a biogeochemical cycle changes dramatically as the availability of a redox-controlling species, such as oxygen or acetate, crosses a threshold (a "tipping point"). These redox regime shifts occur in parameter ranges that are relevant to the sulfur and nitrogen cycles in the present-day natural environment, and may also have relevance to iron cycling in the iron-containing Proterozoic and Archean oceans. We show that redox regime shifts also occur in models with physically realistic modifications, such as additional terms, chemical states, or microbial populations. Our work reveals a possible new mechanism by which regime shifts can occur in nutrient-cycling ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles, and highlights the importance of considering microbial population dynamics in models of biogeochemical cycles. 4. Redox regime shifts in microbially mediated biogeochemical cycles Bush, T.; Butler, I. B.; Free, A.; Allen, R. J. 2015-06-01 Understanding how the Earth's biogeochemical cycles respond to environmental change is a prerequisite for the prediction and mitigation of the effects of anthropogenic perturbations. Microbial populations mediate key steps in these cycles, yet they are often crudely represented in biogeochemical models. Here, we show that microbial population dynamics can qualitatively affect the response of biogeochemical cycles to environmental change. Using simple and generic mathematical models, we find that nutrient limitations on microbial population growth can lead to regime shifts, in which the redox state of a biogeochemical cycle changes dramatically as the availability of a redox-controlling species, such as oxygen or acetate, crosses a threshold (a "tipping point"). These redox regime shifts occur in parameter ranges that are relevant to the present-day sulfur cycle in the natural environment and the present-day nitrogen cycle in eutrophic terrestrial environments. These shifts may also have relevance to iron cycling in the iron-containing Proterozoic and Archean oceans. We show that redox regime shifts also occur in models with physically realistic modifications, such as additional terms, chemical states, or microbial populations. Our work reveals a possible new mechanism by which regime shifts can occur in nutrient-cycling ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles, and highlights the importance of considering microbial population dynamics in models of biogeochemical cycles. 5. Welfare Attitudes and Social Expenditure: Do Regimes Shape Public Opinion? Jakobsen, Tor Georg 2011-01-01 This article examines the link between regime types, social expenditure, and welfare attitudes. By employing data on 19 countries taken from the World Values Survey, the main aim is to see to what degree the institutions of a country affect the attitudes of its citizens. According to Esping-Andersen ("The three worlds of welfare… 6. Primordial black holes in linear and non-linear regimes Allahyari, Alireza; Abolhasani, Ali Akbar 2016-01-01 Using the concept of apparent horizon for dynamical black holes, we revisit the formation of primordial black holes (PBH) in the early universe for both linear and non-linear regimes. First, we develop the perturbation theory for spherically symmetric spacetimes to study the formation of spherical PBHs in linear regime and we fix two gauges. We also introduce a well defined gauge invariant quantity for the expansion. Using this quantity, we argue that PBHs do not form in the linear regime. Finally, we study the non-linear regime. We adopt the spherical collapse picture by taking a closed FRW model in the radiation dominated era to investigate PBH formation. Taking the initial condition of the spherical collapse from the linear theory of perturbations, we allow for both density and velocity perturbations. Our model gives a constraint on the velocity perturbation. This model also predicts that the apparent horizon of PBHs forms when$\\delta > 3$. Applying the sound horizon constraint, we have shown the threshol... 7. Political Regime and Human Capital: A Cross-Country Analysis Klomp, Jeroen; de Haan, Jakob 2013-01-01 We examine the relationship between different dimensions of the political regime in place and human capital using a two-step structural equation model. In the first step, we employ factor analysis on 16 human capital indicators to construct two new human capital measures (basic and advanced human capital). In the second step, we estimate the… 8. 22 CFR 121.16 - Missile Technology Control Regime Annex. 2010-04-01 ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Missile Technology Control Regime Annex. 121.16 Section 121.16 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS THE UNITED... missile systems, see § 121.1, Cat. VIII (a), target drones and reconnaissance drones (see § 121.1,... 9. Regime shifts, resilience and recovery of a cod stock Lindegren, Martin; Diekmann, Rabea; Möllmann, Christian 2010-01-01 In the North and Baltic seas Atlantic cod Gadus morhua stocks collapsed as part or one of the major factors inducing large-scale ecosystem regime shifts. Determining the relative contribution of overfishing and climate variability in causing these shifts has proven difficult. While facing similar... 10. The political constitution of the EU citizen rights regime Olsen, Tore Vincents 2011-01-01 communities and institutions to the good life of citizens, both individually and collectively. Taking the contestation between the different views seriously, the article argues in favour of political constitutionalism, according to which the development of the EU citizen rights regime is the responsibility... 11. The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth Bowman, David M.J.S.; Balch, Jennifer; Artaxo, Paulo; Bond, William J.; Cochrane, Mark A.; D'Antonio, Carla M.; DeFries, Ruth; Johnston, Fay H.; Keeley, Jon E.; Krawchuk, Meg A.; Kull, Christian A.; Michelle, Mack; Moritz, Max A.; Pyne, Stephen; Roos, Christopher I.; Scott, Andrew C.; Sodhi, Navjot S.; Swetnam, Thomas W. 2011-01-01 Humans and their ancestors are unique in being a fire-making species, but 'natural' (i.e. independent of humans) fires have an ancient, geological history on Earth. Natural fires have influenced biological evolution and global biogeochemical cycles, making fire integral to the functioning of some biomes. Globally, debate rages about the impact on ecosystems of prehistoric human-set fires, with views ranging from catastrophic to negligible. Understanding of the diversity of human fire regimes on Earth in the past, present and future remains rudimentary. It remains uncertain how humans have caused a departure from 'natural' background levels that vary with climate change. Available evidence shows that modern humans can increase or decrease background levels of natural fire activity by clearing forests, promoting grazing, dispersing plants, altering ignition patterns and actively suppressing fires, thereby causing substantial ecosystem changes and loss of biodiversity. Some of these contemporary fire regimes cause substantial economic disruptions owing to the destruction of infrastructure, degradation of ecosystem services, loss of life, and smoke-related health effects. These episodic disasters help frame negative public attitudes towards landscape fires, despite the need for burning to sustain some ecosystems. Greenhouse gas-induced warming and changes in the hydrological cycle may increase the occurrence of large, severe fires, with potentially significant feedbacks to the Earth system. Improved understanding of human fire regimes demands: (1) better data on past and current human influences on fire regimes to enable global comparative analyses, (2) a greater understanding of different cultural traditions of landscape burning and their positive and negative social, economic and ecological effects, and (3) more realistic representations of anthropogenic fire in global vegetation and climate change models. We provide an historical framework to promote understanding 12. Climate Change and Future Fire Regimes: Examples from California Jon E. Keeley 2016-08-01 Full Text Available Climate and weather have long been noted as playing key roles in wildfire activity, and global warming is expected to exacerbate fire impacts on natural and urban ecosystems. Predicting future fire regimes requires an understanding of how temperature and precipitation interact to control fire activity. Inevitably this requires historical analyses that relate annual burning to climate variation. Fuel structure plays a critical role in determining which climatic parameters are most influential on fire activity, and here, by focusing on the diversity of ecosystems in California, we illustrate some principles that need to be recognized in predicting future fire regimes. Spatial scale of analysis is important in that large heterogeneous landscapes may not fully capture accurate relationships between climate and fires. Within climatically homogeneous subregions, montane forested landscapes show strong relationships between annual fluctuations in temperature and precipitation with area burned; however, this is strongly seasonal dependent; e.g., winter temperatures have very little or no effect but spring and summer temperatures are critical. Climate models that predict future seasonal temperature changes are needed to improve fire regime projections. Climate does not appear to be a major determinant of fire activity on all landscapes. Lower elevations and lower latitudes show little or no increase in fire activity with hotter and drier conditions. On these landscapes climate is not usually limiting to fires but these vegetation types are ignition-limited. Moreover, because they are closely juxtaposed with human habitations, fire regimes are more strongly controlled by other direct anthropogenic impacts. Predicting future fire regimes is not rocket science; it is far more complicated than that. Climate change is not relevant to some landscapes, but where climate is relevant, the relationship will change due to direct climate effects on vegetation 13. How will climate change modify river flow regimes in Europe? C. Schneider 2012-08-01 Full Text Available Worldwide, flow regimes are being modified by various anthropogenic impacts and climate change induces an additional risk. Rising evapotranspiration rates, declining snow cover and changing precipitation patterns will interact differently at different locations. Consequently, in distinct climate zones, unequal consequences can be expected in matters of water stress, flood risk, water quality, and food security. In particular, river ecosystems and their vital ecosystem services will be compromised as their species richness and composition have evolved over long time under natural flow conditions. This study aims at evaluating the exclusive impacts of climate change on river flow regimes in Europe. Various flow characteristics are taken into consideration and diverse dynamics are identified for each distinct climate zone in Europe. In order to simulate natural and modified flow regimes, the global hydrology model WaterGAP3 is applied. All calculations for current and future conditions (2050s are carried out on a 5' × 5' European grid. To address uncertainty, climate forcing data of three different global climate models are used to drive WaterGAP3. Finally, the hydrological alterations of different flow characteristics are quantified by the Indicators of Hydrological Alteration approach. Results of our analysis indicate that on European scale, climate change can be expected to modify flow regimes significantly. This is especially the case in the Mediterranean climate zone (due to drier conditions with reduced precipitation across the year and in the continental climate zone (due to reduced snowmelt and drier summers. Regarding single flow characteristics, strongest impacts on timing were found for the boreal climate zone. This applies for both, high and low flows. While low flow magnitudes are likely to be stronger influenced in the Mediterranean climate, high flow magnitudes will be mainly altered in snow climates with warmer summers. At the end 14. Vegetation management with fire modifies peatland soil thermal regime. Brown, Lee E; Palmer, Sheila M; Johnston, Kerrylyn; Holden, Joseph 2015-05-01 Vegetation removal with fire can alter the thermal regime of the land surface, leading to significant changes in biogeochemistry (e.g. carbon cycling) and soil hydrology. In the UK, large expanses of carbon-rich upland environments are managed to encourage increased abundance of red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scotica) by rotational burning of shrub vegetation. To date, though, there has not been any consideration of whether prescribed vegetation burning on peatlands modifies the thermal regime of the soil mass in the years after fire. In this study thermal regime was monitored across 12 burned peatland soil plots over an 18-month period, with the aim of (i) quantifying thermal dynamics between burned plots of different ages (from management. Compared to plots burned 15 + years previously, plots recently burned (soil temperatures, and lower minima. Statistical models (generalised least square regression) were developed to predict daily mean and maximum soil temperature in plots burned 15 + years prior to the study. These models were then applied to predict temperatures of plots burned 2, 4 and 7 years previously, with significant deviations from predicted temperatures illustrating the magnitude of burn management effects. Temperatures measured in soil plots burned Soil temperatures in plots burnt 7 years previously were most similar to plots burned 15 + years ago indicating the potential for soil temperatures to recover as vegetation regrows. Our findings that prescribed peatland vegetation burning alters soil thermal regime should provide an impetus for further research to understand the consequences of thermal regime change for carbon processing and release, and hydrological processes, in these peatlands. 15. Climate change and future fire regimes: Examples from California Keeley, Jon E.; Syphard, Alexandra D. 2016-01-01 Climate and weather have long been noted as playing key roles in wildfire activity, and global warming is expected to exacerbate fire impacts on natural and urban ecosystems. Predicting future fire regimes requires an understanding of how temperature and precipitation interact to control fire activity. Inevitably this requires historical analyses that relate annual burning to climate variation. Fuel structure plays a critical role in determining which climatic parameters are most influential on fire activity, and here, by focusing on the diversity of ecosystems in California, we illustrate some principles that need to be recognized in predicting future fire regimes. Spatial scale of analysis is important in that large heterogeneous landscapes may not fully capture accurate relationships between climate and fires. Within climatically homogeneous subregions, montane forested landscapes show strong relationships between annual fluctuations in temperature and precipitation with area burned; however, this is strongly seasonal dependent; e.g., winter temperatures have very little or no effect but spring and summer temperatures are critical. Climate models that predict future seasonal temperature changes are needed to improve fire regime projections. Climate does not appear to be a major determinant of fire activity on all landscapes. Lower elevations and lower latitudes show little or no increase in fire activity with hotter and drier conditions. On these landscapes climate is not usually limiting to fires but these vegetation types are ignition-limited. Moreover, because they are closely juxtaposed with human habitations, fire regimes are more strongly controlled by other direct anthropogenic impacts. Predicting future fire regimes is not rocket science; it is far more complicated than that. Climate change is not relevant to some landscapes, but where climate is relevant, the relationship will change due to direct climate effects on vegetation trajectories, as well as 16. How do Macroeconomic and Political Variables Affect the Flexibility of Exchange Rate Regime? Mehmet Guclu 2009-01-01 The choice of exchange rate regime has become one of the most important issues once more in many economies after the financial crises in recent years. In the wake of the financial crises, many countries, especially emerging market economies, opted for floating exchange rate regimes by forsaking the pegged regimes. Consequently, an old debate on the choice and determinants of exchange rate regimes has been triggered. Economists have started to debate what appropriate exchange rate regime for a... 17. Optimal choice of an exchange rate regime: a critical literature review Ouchen, Mariam 2013-01-01 This paper set out to review the main theories and empirical methods employed in selecting an appropriate exchange rate regime.In order to achieve this, the paper is organized as follows : Section 2 introduces the distinct classifications of exchange regimes(de jure exchange rate regimes versus the facto exchange rate regimes), and the different theoretical approaches which illustrate how an optimal exchange rate regime is determined . Despite their initial popularity, the theoretical consi... 18. Numerical simulation of flows from free molecular regime to continuum regime by a DVM with streaming and collision processes Yang, L. M.; Shu, C.; Wu, J.; Wang, Y. 2016-02-01 A discrete velocity method (DVM) with streaming and collision processes is presented in this work for simulation of flows from free molecular regime to continuum regime. The present scheme can be considered as a semi-Lagrangian like scheme. At first, we follow the conventional DVM to discretize the phase velocity space by a number of discrete velocities. Then, for each discrete velocity, the kinetic equation with BGK-Shakhov model is integrated in space and time within one time step. As a result, a simple algebraic formulation can be obtained, and its solution can be marched in time by the streaming and collision processes. However, differently from the conventional semi-Lagrangian scheme, the present scheme uses the MUSCL approach with van Albada limiter in the process of reconstructing the distribution function at the surrounding points of the cell center, and the transport distance is controlled in order to avoid extrapolation. This makes the present scheme be capable of simulating the hypersonic rarefied flows. In addition, as compared to the unified gas kinetic scheme (UGKS), the present scheme is simpler and easier for implementation. Thus, the computational efficiency can be improved accordingly. To validate the proposed numerical scheme, test examples from free molecular regime to continuum regime are simulated. Numerical results showed that the present scheme can predict the flow properties accurately even for hypersonic rarefied flows. 19. Exchange Rate Regimes – A periodical overview and a critical analysis of exchange rate regimes in Kosovo Flamur Bunjaku 2015-03-01 Full Text Available Exchange rate regimes and the monetary policy are the key instruments governments use to achieve their economic and financial objectives. Moreover, due to global financial crisis the latter instruments get more importance. Empirical evidences show that exchange rate regimes in Kosovo and its monetary policy throughout their development were mainly influenced by different political and historical developments. In regard of Euroisation of monetary system in Kosovo it was found that this action generated macro - financial stability in terms of inflation and price fluctuation. However, in terms of microeconomic aspects, the unilateral adaptation of Euro as the official currency of Kosovo failed to provide microeconomic advantages such as to export stimulation, and so forth. The main exchange rate regime systems were discussed focusing in their advantages and disadvantages, and it was concluded that there is no commonly accepted theory regarding the optimality of exchange rate regimes. In addition, the global financial crisis impact in the financial system of Kosovo is also discussed and it was found that negative impacts of global financial crisis were moderate and indirect. 20. The study of intrapleural urokinase in the prevention of pleural thickening and loculated effusions by tuberculous pleurisy%胸膜腔内注入尿激酶预防结核性渗出性胸膜炎所致胸膜肥厚和包裹性积液的研究 丁东; 邓群益; 张怀岭; 张文华; 李黎; 刘杰 2001-01-01 目的 探讨胸膜腔内注入尿激酶（urokinase,UK）对结核性渗出性胸膜炎所致胸膜肥厚和粘连包裹的影响。方法 81例收治的结核性粘连包裹性胸膜炎患者随机分为注药组(42例)和非注药组(39例)，注药组于每次抽液后注入尿激酶10万IU，其他治疗相同。结果 注药组抽液总量(3 891±573) ml，而非注药组(3 045±498) ml(P<0.01)，注药组胸膜厚度(1.10±0.20) mm，而非注药组(1.40±0.30) mm(P<0.01)，胸膜粘连发生率注药组10%，非注药组36%(P<0.01)，平均注药次数(4.6±1.4)(3～8)次。同时发现胸液消失时间略有延长，但同对照组相比差异无显著性。结论 胸膜腔内注入尿激酶能显著增加胸液引流量，能有效降低胸膜肥厚和粘连发生的机会和程度，与对照组相比差异有显著性。%Objective To investigate the effects of intrapleural urokinase in the prevention of pleural thickening and loculated pleural effusions by tuberculous pleural effusion. Method Eighty-one patients with tuberculous pleural effusion were randomized into 2 groups， intrapleural urokinase group (group I) and conventional group (group C).The patients in group I were injected with urokinase 100 000 IU intrapleurally after each thoracocentesis on twice a week basis，other therapies were similar to group C. Results The mean volume of fluid drained in group I was (3 981±573) ml， while it was (3 045±498) ml in group C (P<0.01). The mean thickness of pleura in group I was (1.10±0.20) mm ， but it was (1.40±0.30) mm in group C (P<0.01) ，the incidence of pleural adhesion and loculation in group I was 10%， while it was 36% in group C (P<0.01).The mean number of injection was (4.6±1.4) (ranged 3～8). The resolution time of pleural effusion was prolonged slightly，but there was no significant difference between two groups.Conclusion Intrapleural urokinase can evidently increase the volume of pleural effusion drained and 1. Clinical curative effect observation of continuous transfusion of heparin sodium combined with urokinase and warfarin by micropump in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis%微量泵持续输注肝素钠联合尿激酶、华法林治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床效果观察 赵晓玲; 王明; 陈建明 2016-01-01 Objective:To investigate the clinical curative effect of continuous transfusion of heparin sodium combined with urokinase and warfarin by micropump in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis.Methods:86 cases of patients with deep venous thrombosis were divided into two groups randomly.The treatment group was treated with continuous transfusion of heparin sodium combined with urokinase and warfarin by micropump on the basis of conventional treatment,the control group was treated with urokinase,warfarin and low molecular heparin calcium on the basis of conventional treatment,the cure rate and effective rate of the two groups were compared.Results:The cure rate of the treatment group was 72.5%,and the total effective rate was 89.7%.The cure rate of the control group was 60.2%,and the total effective rate was 78.9%.The difference of clinical curative effect between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).No serious bleeding events occurred in the two groups.Conclusion:The clinical curative effect of continuous transfusion of heparin sodium combined with urokinase and warfarin by micropump in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis was significantly better than that of low molecular heparin calcium combined with urokinase and warfarin,and the bleeding events were not significantly increased.%目的:探讨微量泵持续输注肝素钠联合尿激酶、华法林治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床效果.方法:收治下肢深静脉血栓形成患者86例,随机分为两组.治疗组在常规治疗基础上,以微量泵持续输注肝素钠联合尿激酶、华法林,对照组在常规治疗基础上给予尿激酶、华法林、低分子肝素钙,比较两组治愈率及有效率.结果:治疗组治愈率 72.5%,总有效率 89.7%.对照组治愈率 60.2%,总有效率 78.9%.两组临床疗效比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).两组均未出现严重出血事件.结论:微量泵持续输注肝素钠联合尿激酶、华法林治疗下肢深静 2. Kolmogorov entropy of magnetic field lines in the percolation regime Zimbardo, G; Bitane, R; Pommois, P; Veltri, P [Physics Department, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (Italy) 2009-01-15 We report the first numerical computation of the Kolmogorov entropy h of magnetic field lines extending from the quasilinear up to the percolation regime, using a numerical code where one can change both the turbulence level {delta}B/B{sub 0} and the turbulence anisotropy l{sub ||}/l{sub p}erpendicular. We find that the proposed percolation scaling of h is not reproduced, but rather a saturation of h is obtained. Also, we find that the Kolmogorov entropy depends solely on the Kubo number R = ({delta}B/B{sub 0})(l{sub ||}/l{sub p}erpendicular), and not separately on {delta}B/B{sub 0} and l{sub ||}/l{sub p}erpendicular. We apply the results to electron transport in solar coronal loops, which involves the use of the Rechester and Rosenbluth diffusion coefficient, and show that the study of transport in the percolation regime is required. 3. Adult learning, education, and the labour market inthe employability regime Staffan Nilsson 2013-10-01 Full Text Available The purpose of this paper is to draw on the research and scholarly literature to explorethe changing discourses and perspectives concerning adult learning, education, and thelabour market in the employability regime. The focus of the nalysis is a Nordic context.The dominant employability regime maintains a technical-rational perspective onlearning and employability. Education is predominantly regarded as an instrumentalpreparation for the labour market. The future demands of the labour market are largelyunknown, however, and vocational and professional training may not provide sufficientpreparation for the increasing complexities of work. Theoretical discussions have beendominated by an alleged mismatch between individual competence and thequalifications that are required in the world of work. There is no consensus regardinghow the gap should be described, explained, or bridged. New demands on educationaldesign have emerged, and ideas related to liberal education and ‘bildung’ have beenreinserted into the political agenda, offering general preparation for a wider array ofchallenges. 4. Hanle Effect in the Paschen-Back Regime Shapiro, A. I.; Fluri, D. M.; Berdyugina, S. V.; Stenflo, J. O. 2006-12-01 The second solar spectrum resulting from coherent scattering is an important tool for the diagnostics of turbulent magnetic fields on the Sun. Molecular scattering plays an important role in forming this spectrum, and even dominates in some spectral regions. We present a theory that allows us to calculate the Mueller matrix for coherent scattering from diatomic molecules in Hund's intermediate coupling case (a-b) for arbitrary molecular transitions. We performed the calculation of the molecular Hanle effect in the Paschen-Back regime. We found significant differences from the Zeeman regime, and as an example we discuss here, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the effects on observed polarization signals for the CN violet system. 5. A Cold-Strontium Laser in the Superradiant Crossover Regime Norcia, Matthew A 2015-01-01 Recent proposals suggest that lasers based on narrow dipole-forbidden transitions in cold alkaline earth atoms could achieve linewidths that are orders of magnitude smaller than linewidths of any existing lasers. Here, we demonstrate a laser based on the 7.5 kHz linewidth dipole forbidden$^3 $P$_1$to$^1 $S$_0$transition in laser-cooled and tightly confined$^{88}$Sr. We can operate this laser in the bad-cavity regime, where coherence is primarily stored in the atoms, or continuously tune to the more conventional good-cavity regime, where coherence is primarily stored in the light field. We show that the cold-atom gain medium can be repumped to achieve quasi steady-state lasing, and demonstrate up to an order of magnitude suppression in the sensitivity of laser frequency to changes in cavity length, the primary limitation for the most frequency stable lasers today. 6. A Cold-Strontium Laser in the Superradiant Crossover Regime Norcia, Matthew; Thompson, James 2016-05-01 We demonstrate and study a laser based on the 7.5 kHz linewidth dipole forbidden 3 P1 to 1 S0 transition in laser-cooled and tightly confined 88 Sr. We can operate this laser in the bad-cavity or superradiant regime, where coherence is primarily stored in the atoms, or continuously tune to the more conventional good-cavity regime, where coherence is primarily stored in the light field. We show that the cold-atom gain medium can be repumped to achieve quasi steady-state lasing. We also demonstrate up to an order of magnitude suppression in the sensitivity of laser frequency to changes in cavity length, verifying a key feature of proposed narrow linewidth lasers based on dipole-forbidden transitions in alkaline earth atoms. 7. Above-threshold ionization in the x-ray regime. Varma, H. R.; Ciappina, M. F.; Rohringer, N.; Santra, R.; Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division; Inst. of High Performance Computing; LLNL; Univ. of Chicago 2009-11-01 Two-photon above-threshold ionization processes in the x-ray regime are studied using atomic hydrogen as a model system. Within the minimal-coupling formalism of nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics, two distinct interactions - A{sup -} {center_dot} p{sup -} in second order and A{sup -2} in first order - contribute to the two-photon absorption amplitude. The relative importance of these two interactions is assessed. It is found that above a photon energy of 6.8 keV, the contribution from A{sup -2} to the total two-photon absorption cross section dominates. In this high-energy regime, above-threshold ionization is a nonsequential purely nondipole process. Rate equations are employed to calculate the probabilities of ionization by Compton scattering, one-photon absorption, and two-photon absorption. 8. Self-interacting scalar fields in their strong regime Deur, A 2016-01-01 We study two self-interacting scalar field theories in their strong regime. We numerically investigate them in the static limit using path integrals on a lattice. We first recall the formalism and then recover known static potentials to validate the method and verify that calculations are independent of the choice of the simulation's arbitrary parameters, such as the space discretization size. The calculations in the strong field regime yield linear potentials for both theories. We discuss how these theories can represent the Strong Interaction and General Relativity in their static and classical limits. In the case of Strong Interaction, the model suggests an origin for the emergence of the confinement scale from the approximately conformal Lagrangian. The model also underlines the role of quantum effects in the appearance of the long-range linear quark-quark potential. For General Relativity, the results have important implications on the nature of Dark Matter. In particular, non-perturbative effects natura... 9. Heavy ion acceleration in the Breakout Afterburner regime Petrov, G M; Thomas, A G R; Krushelnick, K; Beg, F N 2015-01-01 Theoretical study of heavy ion acceleration from an ultrathin (20 nm) gold foil irradiated by sub-picosecond lasers is presented. Using two dimensional particle-in-cell simulations we identified two highly efficient ion acceleration schemes. By varying the laser pulse duration we observed a transition from Radiation Pressure Acceleration to the Breakout Afterburner regime akin to light ions. The underlying physics and ion acceleration regimes are similar to that of light ions, however, nuances of the acceleration process make the acceleration of heavy ions more challenging. Two laser systems are studied in detail: the Texas Petawatt Laser and the Trident laser, the former having pulse duration 180 fs, intermediate between very short femtosecond pulses and picosecond pulses. Both laser systems generated directional gold ions beams (~10 degrees half-angle) with fluxes in excess of 1011 ion/sr and normalized energy >10 MeV/nucleon. 10. THE POLICY AND THE TRADE REGIME IN ROMANIA AFTER 1990 Dobrotă Gabriela 2009-11-01 Full Text Available The growth of connections between national economies has generated a consolidation of foreign currency activities, requiring a continuous adjusting regime, both for the foreign currency policy and for the exchange rate to the market mechanisms. In Romania, there have been frequent alterations of the foreign currency policy, requiring the need to create a juridical framework adequate for the market economy and the evolution of financial instruments. This paper presents the main characteristics of the trade regime and the exchange rate policy in Romania after 1990. Practically, the paper reflects a radiography of the main events on the Romanian foreign exchange rate within the context of specific conditions of the Romanian economy and in correlation with the measures adopted by countries from the Central Europe. 11. THE POLICY AND THE TRADE REGIME IN ROMANIA AFTER 1990 Dobrotă Gabriela 2009-11-01 Full Text Available The growth of connections between national economies has generated a consolidation of foreign currency activities, requiring a continuous adjusting regime, both for the foreign currency policy and for the exchange rate to the market mechanisms. In Romania, there have been frequent alterations of the foreign currency policy, requiring the need to create a juridical framework adequate for the market economy and the evolution of financial instruments. This paper presents the main characteristics of the trade regime and the exchange rate policy in Romania after 1990. Practically, the paper reflects a radiography of the main events on the Romanian foreign exchange rate within the context of specific conditions of the Romanian economy and in correlation with the measures adopted by countries from the Central Europe 12. Disorder-assisted quantum transport in suboptimal decoherence regimes. Novo, Leonardo; Mohseni, Masoud; Omar, Yasser 2016-01-04 We investigate quantum transport in binary tree structures and in hypercubes for the disordered Frenkel-exciton Hamiltonian under pure dephasing noise. We compute the energy transport efficiency as a function of disorder and dephasing rates. We demonstrate that dephasing improves transport efficiency not only in the disordered case, but also in the ordered one. The maximal transport efficiency is obtained when the dephasing timescale matches the hopping timescale, which represent new examples of the Goldilocks principle at the quantum scale. Remarkably, we find that in weak dephasing regimes, away from optimal levels of environmental fluctuations, the average effect of increasing disorder is to improve the transport efficiency until an optimal value for disorder is reached. Our results suggest that rational design of the site energies statistical distributions could lead to better performances in transport systems at nanoscale when their natural environments are far from the optimal dephasing regime. 13. Relationship between fire regime and vegetation symphenological timing in Sardinia Carlo Ricotta 2008-01-01 Full Text Available Fire is a basic ecological factor that contributes to determine vegetation biodiversity and dynamics in time and space. Fuel characteristics play an essential role in fire ignition and propagation; for instance fuel availability and flammability are closely related to the coarse-scale vegetation phenological trends that directly affect wildfire distribution in time and space. In this perspective, the annual NDVI profiles derived from high temporal resolution satellite images like SPOT Vegetation represent an effective tool for monitoring plant seasonal dynamics at the landscape scale. The objective of this study consists in relating the wildfire regime in Sardinia during 2000-2004 with the remotely sensed phenological parameters of the vegetation, segmented according to potential natural vegetation characteristics. The results of our study highlight a good correspondence between the NDVI temporal dynamics of the potential natural vegetation of Sardinia and the corresponding fires regime characteristics. 14. The short bunch blow-out regime in RF photoinjectors Serafini, L. [INFN and Universita di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133Milano (Italy) 1997-06-01 A new beam dynamics regime of RF Photoinjectors is presented here, dealing with a violent bunch elongation under the action of longitudinal space charge forces. It is shown that such a blow-out expansion of the electron bunch can lead to highly linear behaviors of both the longitudinal and the transverse space charge field, a well known prerequisite to achieve minimum emittance dilution in photoinjectors. If operated in the ultra-short pancake-like bunch regime, such an effect can be very beneficial to the emittance correction mechanism, making it effective also for ultra-short pancake like bunches. The anticipated performances are presented: kA peak current beams can be generated directly out of the photoinjector (10 to 20 MeV exit energy) with rms normalized emittances below 1mm{center_dot}mrad. {copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.} 15. Accretion to a Magnetized Neutron Star in the "Propeller" Regime Toropina, O D; Lovelace, R V E 2006-01-01 We investigate spherical accretion to a rotating magnetized star in the "propeller" regime using axisymmetric resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The regime is predicted to occur if the magnetospheric radius is larger than the corotation radius and smaller than the light cylinder radius. The simulations show that accreting matter is expelled from the equatorial region of the magnetosphere and that it moves away from the star in a supersonic, disk-shaped outflow. At larger radial distances the outflow slows down and becomes subsonic. The equatorial matter outflow is initially driven by the centrifugal force, but at larger distances the pressure gradient force becomes significant. We find the fraction of the Bondi accretion rate which accretes to the surface of the star. 16. Onset of the Asymptotic Regime for Finite Orders Henson, Joe; Sorkin, Rafael D; Surya, Sumati 2015-01-01 We describe a Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo algorithm which can be used to generate naturally labeled n-element posets at random with a probability distribution of one's choice. Implementing this algorithm for the uniform distribution, we explore the approach to the asymptotic regime in which almost every poset takes on the three-layer structure described by Kleitman and Rothschild (KR). By tracking the n-dependence of several order-invariants, among them the height of the poset, we observe an oscillatory behavior which is very unlike a monotonic approach to the KR regime. Only around n=40 or so does this "finite size dance" appear to give way to a gradual crossover to asymptopia which lasts until n=85, the largest n we have simulated. 17. Bit-interleaved coded modulation in the wideband regime Martinez, Alfonso; Caire, Giuseppe; Willems, Frans 2007-01-01 The wideband regime of bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) in Gaussian channels is studied. The Taylor expansion of the coded modulation capacity for generic signal constellations at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is derived and used to determine the corresponding expansion for the BICM capacity. Simple formulas for the minimum energy per bit and the wideband slope are given. BICM is found to be suboptimal in the sense that its minimum energy per bit can be larger than the corresponding value for coded modulation schemes. The minimum energy per bit using standard Gray mapping on M-PAM or M^2-QAM is given by a simple formula and shown to approach -0.34 dB as M increases. Using the low SNR expansion, a general trade-off between power and bandwidth in the wideband regime is used to show how a power loss can be traded off against a bandwidth gain. 18. Automatic Classification of Offshore Wind Regimes With Weather Radar Observations Trombe, Pierre-Julien; Pinson, Pierre; Madsen, Henrik 2014-01-01 Weather radar observations are called to play an important role in offshore wind energy. In particular, they can enable the monitoring of weather conditions in the vicinity of large-scale offshore wind farms and thereby notify the arrival of precipitation systems associated with severe wind...... and amplitude) using reflectivity observations from a single weather radar system. A categorical sequence of most likely wind regimes is estimated from a wind speed time series by combining a Markov-Switching model and a global decoding technique, the Viterbi algorithm. In parallel, attributes of precipitation...... systems are extracted from weather radar images. These attributes describe the global intensity, spatial continuity and motion of precipitation echoes on the images. Finally, a CART classification tree is used to find the broad relationships between precipitation attributes and wind regimes... 19. Transient regimes of the three-phase power transformers Olivian Chiver 2015-12-01 Full Text Available The transient regimes of a three-phase power transformer will be studied in this paper. The transient currents in the windings will be determined both analytically and by finite elements method (FEM. The no load and short circuit regimes will be considered. The current dependence of the instantaneous phase voltage and of the initial current value will be highlighted, by FEM. In order to determine analytically the transient currents, for inductances the analytical and FEM values will be used. The inductances are determined with FEM through the simulation of experimental tests. With FEM, the transient currents will be determined using transient analysis. Finally, the FEM and analytical results will be compared and discussed. 20. The regime and the constitutional principles from 1938 Florin Grecu 2012-12-01 Full Text Available The authoritarian monarchy regime, from 1938-1940, functioned based on an exceptional status, because it was founded on a decree-law of state of siege and therefore all the power in the State was held in the hands of the army colonels and generals. By suspending the political parties, the political pluralism and the Parliament, the basic institutions of a democratic regime were abolished. Press censorship, the denying of the right to manifest and gather were assigned to the army and the militarization of the State institutions became a reality. The proclamation of the King as an absolute leader of the unique party and of the government transformed Romania into a ministerial and undemocratic monarchy, with authoritarian valence. 1. Option Pricing when the Regime-Switching Risk is Priced Tak Kuen Siu; Hailiang Yang 2009-01-01 We study the pricing of an option when the price dynamic of the underlying risky asset is governed by a Markov-modulated geometric Brownian motion. We suppose that the drift and volatility of the underlying risky asset are modulated by an observable continuous-time, finite-state Markov chain. We develop a twostage pricing model which can price both the diffusion risk and the regime-switching risk based on the Esscher transform and the minimization of the maximum entropy between an equivalent martingale measure and the real-world probability measure over different states. Numerical experiments are conducted and their results reveal that the impact of pricing regime-switching risk on the option prices is significant. 2. Nano-optomechanical measurement in the photon counting regime de Lépinay, Laure Mercier; Rohr, Sven; Gloppe, Arnaud; Kuhn, Aurélien; Verlot, Pierre; Dupont-Ferrier, Eva; Besga, Benjamin; Arcizet, Olivier 2015-01-01 Optically measuring in the photon counting regime is a recurrent challenge in modern physics and a guarantee to develop weakly invasive probes. Here we investigate this idea on a hybrid nano-optomechanical system composed of a nanowire hybridized to a single Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) defect. The vibrations of the nanoresonator grant a spatial degree of freedom to the quantum emitter and the photon emission event can now vary in space and time. We investigate how the nanomotion is encoded on the detected photon statistics and explore their spatio-temporal correlation properties. This allows a quantitative measurement of the vibrations of the nanomechanical oscillator at unprecedentedly low light intensities in the photon counting regime when less than one photon is detected per oscillation period, where standard detectors are dark-noise-limited. These results have implications for probing weakly interacting nanoresonators, for low temperature experiments and for investigating single moving markers. 3. Pulsar Timing Arrays and Gravity Tests in the Radiative Regime Lee, K J 2014-01-01 In this paper, we focus on testing gravity theories in the radiative regime using pulsar timing array observations. After reviewing current techniques to measure the dispersion and alternative polarization of gravitational waves, we extend the framework to the most general situations, where the combinations of a massive graviton and alternative polarization modes are considered. The atlas of the Hellings-Downs functions is completed by the new calculations for these dispersive alternative polarization modes. We find that each mode and corresponding graviton mass introduce characteristic features in the Hellings-Downs function. Thus, in principal, we can not only detect each polarization mode, measure the corresponding graviton mass, but also discriminate the different scenarios. In this way, we can test gravity theories in the radiative regime in a generalized fashion, and such method is a direct experiment, where one can address the gauge symmetry of the gravity theories in their linearised limits. Although ... 4. Computer Language Choices in Arms Control and Nonproliferation Regimes White, G K 2005-06-10 The U.S. and Russian Federation continue to make substantive progress in the arms control and nonproliferation transparency regimes. We are moving toward an implementation choice for creating radiation measurement systems that are transparent in both their design and in their implementation. In particular, the choice of a programming language to write software for such regimes can decrease or significantly increase the costs of authentication. In this paper, we compare procedural languages with object-oriented languages. In particular, we examine the C and C++ languages; we compare language features, code generation, implementation details, and executable size and demonstrate how these attributes aid or hinder authentication and backdoor threats. We show that programs in lower level, procedural languages are more easily authenticated than are object-oriented ones. Potential tools and methods for authentication are covered. Possible mitigations are suggested for using object-oriented programming languages. 5. Regimes of the electron diffusion region in magnetic reconnection. Le, A; Egedal, J; Ohia, O; Daughton, W; Karimabadi, H; Lukin, V S 2013-03-29 The electron diffusion region during magnetic reconnection lies in different regimes depending on the pressure anisotropy, which is regulated by the properties of thermal electron orbits. In kinetic simulations at the weakest guide fields, pitch angle mixing in velocity space causes the outflow electron pressure to become nearly isotropic. Above a threshold guide field that depends on a range of parameters, including the normalized electron pressure and the ion-to-electron mass ratio, electron pressure anisotropy develops in the exhaust and supports extended current layers. This new regime with electron current sheets extending to the system size is also reproduced by fluid simulations with an anisotropic closure for the electron pressure. It offers an explanation for recent spacecraft observations. 6. Challenges in Finding AGNs in the Low Luminosity Regime Satyapal, Shobita; Abel, Nick; Secrest, Nathan; Singh, Amrit; Ellison, Sara 2016-08-01 Low luminosity AGNs are an important component of the AGN population. They are often found in the lowest mass galaxies or galaxies that lack classical bulges, a demographic that places important constraints to models of supermassive black hole seed formation and merger-free models of AGN fueling. The detection of AGNs in this low luminosity regime is challenging both because star formation in the host galaxy can dominate the optical spectrum and gas and dust can obscure the central engine at both optical and X-ray wavelengths. Thus while mid-infrared color selection and X-ray observations at energies review the effectiveness of uncovering AGNs in the low luminosity regime using multiwavength investigations, with a focus on infrared spectroscopic signatures. 7. Optically implemented broadband blueshift switch in the terahertz regime. Shen, Nian-Hai; Massaouti, Maria; Gokkavas, Mutlu; Manceau, Jean-Michel; Ozbay, Ekmel; Kafesaki, Maria; Koschny, Thomas; Tzortzakis, Stelios; Soukoulis, Costas M 2011-01-21 We experimentally demonstrate, for the first time, an optically implemented blueshift tunable metamaterial in the terahertz (THz) regime. The design implies two potential resonance states, and the photoconductive semiconductor (silicon) settled in the critical region plays the role of intermediary for switching the resonator from mode 1 to mode 2. The observed tuning range of the fabricated device is as high as 26% (from 0.76 THz to 0.96 THz) through optical control to silicon. The realization of broadband blueshift tunable metamaterial offers opportunities for achieving switchable metamaterials with simultaneous redshift and blueshift tunability and cascade tunable devices. Our experimental approach is compatible with semiconductor technologies and can be used for other applications in the THz regime. 8. Spherical convective dynamos in the rapidly rotating asymptotic regime Aubert, Julien; Fournier, Alexandre 2016-01-01 Self-sustained convective dynamos in planetary systems operate in an asymptotic regime of rapid rotation, where a balance is thought to hold between the Coriolis, pressure, buoyancy and Lorentz forces (the MAC balance). Classical numerical solutions have previously been obtained in a regime of moderate rotation where viscous and inertial forces are still significant. We define a unidimensional path in parameter space between classical models and asymptotic conditions from the requirements to enforce a MAC balance and to preserve the ratio between the magnetic diffusion and convective overturn times (the magnetic Reynolds number). Direct numerical simulations performed along this path show that the spatial structure of the solution at scales larger than the magnetic dissipation length is largely invariant. This enables the definition of large-eddy simulations resting on the assumption that small-scale details of the hydrodynamic turbulence are irrelevant to the determination of the large-scale asymptotic state... 9. Giant magnetoresistance in the variable-range hopping regime Ioffe, L. B., E-mail: [email protected] [Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, LPTHE (France); Spivak, B. Z. [University of Washington, Department of Physics (United States) 2013-09-15 We predict the universal power-law dependence of the localization length on the magnetic field in the strongly localized regime. This effect is due to the orbital quantum interference. Physically, this dependence shows up in an anomalously large negative magnetoresistance in the hopping regime. The reason for the universality is that the problem of the electron tunneling in a random media belongs to the same universality class as the directed polymer problem even in the case of wave functions of random sign. We present numerical simulations that prove this conjecture. We discuss the existing experiments that show anomalously large magnetoresistance. We also discuss the role of localized spins in real materials and the spin polarizing effect of the magnetic field. 10. Multi-band metamaterial absorber topology for infrared frequency regime Mulla, Batuhan; Sabah, Cumali 2017-02-01 In this paper, a new multiband metamaterial absorber design is proposed and the numerical characterization is carried out. The design is composed of three layers with differently sized quadruplets in which the interaction among them causes the multiband absorption response in the infrared frequency regime. In order to characterize the absorber and explain the multiband topology, some parametric studies with respect to the dimensions of the structure are carried out and the contributions of the quadruplets to the absorption spectrum are analyzed. According to the results, it is found that the proposed metamaterial absorber has five bands in the infrared frequency regime with the absorption levels of: 98.90%, 99.39%, 86.46%, 92.80% and 97.96%. Moreover, the polarization dependency of the structure is examined and it is found that the design operates well as a perfect absorber with polarization independency in the studied frequency range. 11.$H_{2}$Formation on Interstellar Grains in Different Physical Regimes Biham, O; Katz, N; Pirronello, V; Vidali, G 1998-01-01 An analysis of the kinetics of H2 formation on interstellar dust grains is presented using rate equations. It is shown that semi-empirical expressions that appeared in the literature represent two different physical regimes. In particular, it is shown that the expression given by Hollenbach, Werner and Salpeter [ApJ, 163, 165 (1971)] applies when high flux, or high mobility, of H atoms on the surface of a grain, makes it very unlikely that H atoms evaporate before they meet each other and recombine. The expression of Pirronello et al.\\ [ApJ, 483, L131 (1997)] -- deduced on the basis of accurate measurements on realistic dust analogue -- applies to the opposite regime (low coverage and low mobility). The implications of this analysis for the understanding of the processes dominating in the Interstellar Medium are discussed. 12. Management of exchange rate regimes in emerging Asia Ramkishen S. Rajan 2012-04-01 Full Text Available This paper revisits the issue of exchange rate regimes in emerging Asia over the decade 1999–2009. It finds that while Asia is home to a wide array of exchange rate regimes, there are signs of gradual movement toward somewhat greater exchange rate flexibility in many of the regional countries. There appears to be evidence of an apparent “fear of appreciation” which is manifested in asymmetric exchange rate intervention—i.e., a willingness to allow depreciations but reluctance to allow appreciations. This policy of effective exchange rate undervaluation is rather unorthodox from a neoclassical sense, but is consistent with a development policy centered on suppressing the price of non-tradable goods relative to tradables (i.e., real exchange rate undervaluation. 13. Numerical techniques for lattice QCD in the$\\epsilon$--regime Giusti, L; Hoelbling, C.; Lüscher, M.; Wittig, H. 2002-01-01 In lattice QCD it is possible, in principle, to determine the parameters in the effective chiral lagrangian (including weak interaction couplings) by performing numerical simulations in the$\\epsilon\$--regime, i.e. at quark masses where the physical extent of the lattice is much smaller than the Compton wave length of the pion. The use of a formulation of the lattice theory that preserves chiral symmetry is attractive in this context, but the numerical implementation of any such approach requ...
14. On Super-Planckian thermal emission in far field regime
Biehs, Svend-Age
2016-01-01
We study, in the framework of the Landauer theory, the thermal emission in far-field regime, of arbitrary indefinite planar media and finite size systems. We prove that the flux radiated by the former is bounded by the blackbody emission while, for the second, there is in principle, no upper limit demonstrating so the possibility for a super-Planckian thermal emission with finite size systems.
15. International arbitration and its exclusion from the Brussels regime
Hamed Alavi
2016-06-01
Full Text Available The Brussels regime, which regulates the matters of transnational litigation excludes arbitration from its scope. Upon formation of the Brussels regime the existing instruments concerning arbitration - the United Nations Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards and the 1961 European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration - were believed to be sufficient. The original Brussels Convention 1968 on recognition and enforcement of judgments delivered in the courts of the EU Member States expressly provided for the exclusion of arbitration. The following Brussels I Regulation followed the trend and reinforced the exclusion of arbitration from their material scopes. The rationale for doing so was primarily the prevention of parallel proceedings and irreconcilable judgments. The arbitration exclusion from the Brussels regime has caused a fair amount of confusion, especially regarding the extent and limits of the exclusion. That is, whether the arbitration agreement, the arbitral award and its consequences are covered by the exclusion or they may fall under the scope of the Brussels regulation if they constitute only an incidental question to the main cause of action? The confusion was illustrated in the ECJ judgment West Tankers, which generated negative feedback from the arbitration community and indicated the need for reform. The recently adopted Recast Regulation took it upon itself to clarify the relationship between arbitration and the EU regime of transnational litigation. The exclusion is reinforced ye again and its boundaries are specified in the Preamble. However, whether or not the concerns about the extent and objectives of arbitration exclusion have been at present eliminated, remains to be seen.
16. Moving History: The Cinematic Regime of Historicity in Weimar Germany
Allred, Mason Kamana
2015-01-01
This study shows how historical film confronted popular memory and the dominant sense of history, to deconstruct and supplant these modes, resulting in a media revolution for historical transmission and experience. With its inherent potential and oft-lamented drawbacks, I argue that film came to shape a primary regime of historicity, one that made history internationally shared, primarily imagistic rather than narrative, explicitly constructed and a sensory experience specifically for embodie...
17. Power Counting Regime of Chiral Extrapolation and Beyond
Leinweber, D B; Young, R D; Leinweber, Derek B; Thomas, Anthony W; Young, Ross D
2005-01-01
Finite-range regularised (FRR) chiral effective field theory is presented in the context of approximation schemes ubiquitous in modern lattice QCD calculations. Using FRR techniques, the power-counting regime (PCR) of chiral perturbation theory can be estimated. To fourth-order in the expansion at the 1% tolerance level, we find m_\\pi < 180 MeV for the PCR, extending only a small distance beyond the physical pion mass.
18. Nano-plasmonic antennas in the near infrared regime.
Berkovitch, N; Ginzburg, P; Orenstein, M
2012-02-22
Plasmonic nano-antennas constitute a central research topic in current science and engineering with an enormous variety of potential applications. Here we review the recent progress in the niche of plasmonic nano-antennas operating in the near infrared part of the spectrum which is important for a variety of applications. Tuning of the resonance into the near infrared regime is emphasized in the perspectives of fabrication, measurement, modeling, and analytical treatments, concentrating on the vast recent achievements in these areas.
19. Scattering in the ultrastrong regime: nonlinear optics with one photon
Sánchez-Burillo, Eduardo; Zueco, David; García-Ripoll, Juanjo; Martín-Moreno, Luis
2014-01-01
The scattering of a flying photon by a two-level system ultrastrongly coupled to a one-dimensional photonic waveguide is studied numerically. The photonic medium is modeled as an array of coupled cavities and the whole system is analyzed beyond the rotating wave approximation using Matrix Product States. It is found that the scattering is strongly influenced by the single- and multi-photon dressed bound states present in the system. In the ultrastrong coupling regime a new channel for inelast...
20. Study of the Transition Flow Regime using Monte Carlo Methods
Hassan, H. A.
1999-01-01
This NASA Cooperative Agreement presents a study of the Transition Flow Regime Using Monte Carlo Methods. The topics included in this final report are: 1) New Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) procedures; 2) The DS3W and DS2A Programs; 3) Papers presented; 4) Miscellaneous Applications and Program Modifications; 5) Solution of Transitional Wake Flows at Mach 10; and 6) Turbulence Modeling of Shock-Dominated Fows with a k-Enstrophy Formulation.
1. Electron plasma wave filamentation in the kinetic regime
Lushnikov, Pavel; Rose, Harvey; Silantyev, Denis
2016-10-01
We consider nonlinear electron plasma wave (EPW) dynamics in the kinetic wavenumber regime, 0.25 Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal (BGK) mode. Transverse perturbations of any of these initial conditions grow with time eventually producing strongly nonlinear filamentation followed by plasma turbulence. We compared these simulations with the theoretical results on growth rates of the transverse instability BGK mode showing the satisfactory agreement. Supported by the New Mexico Consortium and NSF DMS-1412140.
2. Trade Regimes, Liberalization and Macroeconomic Instability in Africa
Chantal Dupasquier; Patrick N. Osakwe
2006-01-01
Trade policy has been a very contentious issue in the discourse on African development. Using panel data for 33 African countries spanning the period 1986-2000, we examine the relationship between trade liberalization and macroeconomic instability in Africa. We focus on instabilities in output, consumption and investment, and use both single and system estimation techniques as well as different measures of trade regimes. After controlling for key potential sources of macroeconomic instability...
3. Amendment of the Foreign lnvestment Juridical regime in Colombia
Cristina Vargas Guzman
1992-12-01
Full Text Available Colombia, integrated in the Andean Group, is now going through a period of economic and institutional modernization and has initiated a serie of modifications, specially of its international trade, finantial, tax, exchange and labour regimes. These have involved some changes which guarantee legislative stability to investors and thus set the grounds for the foreign participation in the economic modernization and internationalization process in Colombia. These facilities need the support of developed countries to achieve its aims.
4. Practical stability and instability of regime-switching diffusions
G.George YIN; Bo ZHANG; Chao ZHU
2008-01-01
This work is devoted to practical stability of a class of regime-switching diffusions.First,the notion of practical stability is introduced.Then,sufficient conditions for practical stability and practical instability in probability and in pth mean are provided using a Lyapunov function argument.In addition,easily verifiable conditions on drift and diffusion coefficients are also given.Moreover,examples are supplied for demonstration purposes.
5. The relevance of universal jurisdiction in the complementarity regime
Kvarme, Sigbjørn
2012-01-01
This study examines the relevance universal jurisdiction can have in the ICC complementarity regime. It argues that universal jurisdiction is an underdeveloped principle for exercising jurisdiction, and that the shortcomings of the principle therefore provide it to be exercised with restraint. However, this study also argues that there is a place for universal jurisdiction in those situations where the jurisdiction of the ICC leaves an impunity gap.
6. Cosmological bulk viscosity, the Burnett regime, and the BGK equation
Sandoval-Villalbazo, A
2002-01-01
Einstein's field equations in FRW space-times are coupled to the BGK equation in order to derive the stress energy tensor including dissipative effects up to second order in the thermodynamical forces. The space-time is assumed to be matter-dominated, but in a low density regime for which a second order (Burnett) coefficient becomes relevant. Cosmological implications of the solutions, as well as the physical meaning of transport coefficients in an isotropic homogeneous universe are discussed.
7. Analytic expression for poloidal flow velocity in the banana regime
Taguchi, M. [College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino 275-8576 (Japan)
2013-01-15
The poloidal flow velocity in the banana regime is calculated by improving the l = 1 approximation for the Fokker-Planck collision operator [M. Taguchi, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 30, 1897 (1988)]. The obtained analytic expression for this flow, which can be used for general axisymmetric toroidal plasmas, agrees quite well with the recently calculated numerical results by Parker and Catto [Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 54, 085011 (2012)] in the full range of aspect ratio.
8. Capacity of Fading Channels in the Low Power Regime
Benkhelifa, Fatma
2013-01-01
9. Immunological responses elicited by different infection regimes with Strongyloides ratti.
Steve Paterson
Full Text Available Nematode infections are a ubiquitous feature of vertebrate life. In nature, such nematode infections are acquired by continued exposure to infective stages over a prolonged period of time. By contrast, experimental laboratory infections are typically induced by the administration of a single (and often large dose of infective stages. Previous work has shown that the size of an infection dose can have significant effects on anti-nematode immune responses. Here we investigated the effect of different infection regimes of Strongyloides ratti, comparing single and repeated dose infections, on the host immune response that was elicited. We considered and compared infections of the same size, but administered in different ways. We considered infection size in two ways: the maximum dose of worms administered and the cumulative worm exposure time. We found that both infection regimes resulted in Th2-type immune response, characterised by IL4 and IL13 produced by S. ratti stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells, anti-S. ratti IgG(1 and intestinal rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII production. We observed some small quantitative immunological differences between different infection regimes, in which the concentration of IL4, IL13, anti-S. ratti IgG(1 and IgG(2a and RMCPII were affected. However, these differences were quantitatively relatively modest compared with the temporal dynamics of the anti-S. ratti immune response as a whole.
10. Regimes of Internal Rotation in Differentially Rotating White Dwarfs
Wheeler, J. Craig; Ghosh, Pranab
2017-01-01
Most viable models of Type Ia supernovae (SN Ia) require the thermonuclear explosion of a carbon/oxygen white dwarf that has evolved in a binary system. Rotation could be an important aspect of any model for SN Ia, whether single or double degenerate, with the white dwarf mass at, below, or above the Chandrasekhar limit. Differential rotation is specifically invoked in attempts to account for the apparent excess mass in the super--Chandrasekhar events. Some earlier work has suggested that only uniform rotation is consistent with the expected mechanisms of angular momentum transport in white dwarfs, while others have found pronounced differential rotation. We show that if the baroclinic instability is active in degenerate matter and the effects of magnetic fields are neglected, both nearly-uniform and strongly-differential rotation are possible. We classify rotation regimes in terms of the Richardson number, Ri. At small values of Ri > 1 produce a regime of nearly-uniform rotation for which the baroclinic viscosity is of intermediate value and scales as σ3. We discuss the gap in understanding of the behavior at intermediate values of Ri and how observations may constrain the rotation regimes attained by nature.
11. Analysis of thermionic bare tether operation regimes in passive mode
Sanmartín, J. R.; Chen, Xin; Sánchez-Arriaga, G.
2017-01-01
A thermionic bare tether (TBT) is a long conductor coated with a low work-function material. In drag mode, a tether segment extending from anodic end A to a zero-bias point B, with the standard Orbital-motion-limited current collection, is followed by a complex cathodic segment. In general, as bias becomes more negative in moving from B to cathodic end C, one first finds space-charge-limited (SCL) emission covering up to some intermediate point B*, then full Richardson-Dushman (RD) emission reaching from B* to end C. An approximate analytical study, which combines the current and voltage profile equations with results from asymptotic studies of the Vlasov-Poisson system for emissive probes, is carried out to determine the parameter domain covering two limit regimes, which are effectively controlled by just two dimensionless parameters involving ambient plasma and TBT material properties. In one such limit regime, no point B* is reached and thus no full RD emission develops. In an opposite regime, SCL segment BB* is too short to contribute significantly to the current balance.
12. Life history theory predicts fish assemblage response to hydrologic regimes.
Mims, Meryl C; Olden, Julian D
2012-01-01
The hydrologic regime is regarded as the primary driver of freshwater ecosystems, structuring the physical habitat template, providing connectivity, framing biotic interactions, and ultimately selecting for specific life histories of aquatic organisms. In the present study, we tested ecological theory predicting directional relationships between major dimensions of the flow regime and life history composition of fish assemblages in perennial free-flowing rivers throughout the continental United States. Using long-term discharge records and fish trait and survey data for 109 stream locations, we found that 11 out of 18 relationships (61%) tested between the three life history strategies (opportunistic, periodic, and equilibrium) and six hydrologic metrics (two each describing flow variability, predictability, and seasonality) were statistically significant (P history strategies, with 82% of all significant relationships observed supporting predictions from life history theory. Specifically, we found that (1) opportunistic strategists were positively related to measures of flow variability and negatively related to predictability and seasonality, (2) periodic strategists were positively related to high flow seasonality and negatively related to variability, and (3) the equilibrium strategists were negatively related to flow variability and positively related to predictability. Our study provides important empirical evidence illustrating the value of using life history theory to understand both the patterns and processes by which fish assemblage structure is shaped by adaptation to natural regimes of variability, predictability, and seasonality of critical flow events over broad biogeographic scales.
13. British Columbia's new coalbed methane royalty regime
Molinski, D. [British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, Victoria, BC (Canada). Energy and Minerals Div.
2002-07-01
The British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines is promoting the development of the coalbed methane (CBM) industry in the province in order to make CBM a viable and competitive investment option for industry. It is establishing a regulatory and fiscal regime for CBM development. Issues of concern regarding CBM development include water production, gas production rates, well numbers, and marginal economics. The features of the CBM royalty regime include a new producer cost of service allowance, the creation of a CBM royalty tax bank to collect excess PCOS allowances, and a royalty tax credit for wells drilled by the end of February, 2004. The marginal well adjustment factor threshold has been raised from 180 mcf per day to 600 mcf per day for CBM only. It was noted that royalties will probably not be payable for several years following the first commercial well because royalties are very depending on capital and operating costs, local infrastructure and price. Royalty regimes cannot save CBM from low gas prices, poor resources or economics. 2 figs.
14. Idiosyncratic responses of high Arctic plants to changing snow regimes.
Rumpf, Sabine B; Semenchuk, Philipp R; Dullinger, Stefan; Cooper, Elisabeth J
2014-01-01
The Arctic is one of the ecosystems most affected by climate change; in particular, winter temperatures and precipitation are predicted to increase with consequent changes to snow cover depth and duration. Whether the snow-free period will be shortened or prolonged depends on the extent and temporal patterns of the temperature and precipitation rise; resulting changes will likely affect plant growth with cascading effects throughout the ecosystem. We experimentally manipulated snow regimes using snow fences and shoveling and assessed aboveground size of eight common high arctic plant species weekly throughout the summer. We demonstrated that plant growth responded to snow regime, and that air temperature sum during the snow free period was the best predictor for plant size. The majority of our studied species showed periodic growth; increases in plant size stopped after certain cumulative temperatures were obtained. Plants in early snow-free treatments without additional spring warming were smaller than controls. Response to deeper snow with later melt-out varied between species and categorizing responses by growth forms or habitat associations did not reveal generic trends. We therefore stress the importance of examining responses at the species level, since generalized predictions of aboveground growth responses to changing snow regimes cannot be made.
15. Idiosyncratic responses of high Arctic plants to changing snow regimes.
Sabine B Rumpf
Full Text Available The Arctic is one of the ecosystems most affected by climate change; in particular, winter temperatures and precipitation are predicted to increase with consequent changes to snow cover depth and duration. Whether the snow-free period will be shortened or prolonged depends on the extent and temporal patterns of the temperature and precipitation rise; resulting changes will likely affect plant growth with cascading effects throughout the ecosystem. We experimentally manipulated snow regimes using snow fences and shoveling and assessed aboveground size of eight common high arctic plant species weekly throughout the summer. We demonstrated that plant growth responded to snow regime, and that air temperature sum during the snow free period was the best predictor for plant size. The majority of our studied species showed periodic growth; increases in plant size stopped after certain cumulative temperatures were obtained. Plants in early snow-free treatments without additional spring warming were smaller than controls. Response to deeper snow with later melt-out varied between species and categorizing responses by growth forms or habitat associations did not reveal generic trends. We therefore stress the importance of examining responses at the species level, since generalized predictions of aboveground growth responses to changing snow regimes cannot be made.
16. Unsustainable Groundwater Exploitation and Stochastic Regime Shifts: Converging Management Constraints
Rao, Suresh; Park, Jeryang
2014-05-01
Increasing water security concerns arise from projected increases in competing freshwater demands, resulting from rapid urbanization, growing affluent population, and the need for increased production of food and bio-energy. These global trends in concert with the convergence of three groups of threats are likely to exacerbate freshwater security issues: (1) increasing dependency on effectively non-renewable groundwater ("peak water"); (2) increasing groundwater quality impairment("land-use intensification") from larger contaminant loads delivered from the vadose zone and surface water; and (3) increasing uncertainties in groundwater demand/supply from climate change ("stochastic risks"). Here, we present a conceptual framework for exploring water security threats, with a consideration of aquifers as complex hydrological systems with two stable states. Regime shifts in groundwater pumping -- from "sufficient" to "insufficient" -- result from changes in both internal system dynamics and external forcing from stochastic divers (non-stationary demands, hydro-climatic patterns). Examples from recent related work, in groundwater and surface water systems and ecosystems, are briefly reviewed as a prelude to presentation of model simulations of hypothetical scenarios of regime-shifts (tipping points) involving groundwater quantity and quality constraints. In addition to three types of widely recognized tipping points, we introduce a new type, stochastic tipping, that contributes to unexpected, undesirable regime shifts, resulting in inability to meet groundwater pumping needs, even when the perceived precariousness is small and the system is far from bifurcation point (deterministic tipping). Implications to sustainable groundwater management are discussed.
17. Theoretical issues of gender in the transition from socialist regimes.
Grapard, U
1997-09-01
This article applies a gender perspective to a consideration of the recent economic and political reforms in Eastern and Central Europe. After an introduction and a brief overview of recent empirical studies of the impact of women's economic, political, and social status, the paper explores the difficulties inherent in attempts to create an East-West dialogue on women's interests. The article proposes that these difficulties can be articulated by 1) identifying whether a political regime uses an essentialist (men and women have fundamentally different biological natures) or a social constructionist (most observed differences between men and women are socially created) view to define the nature of women; 2) identifying how these distinct views of gender relations are articulated in the philosophical underpinnings of the two political regimes (the liberal Western system that strictly separates the public and private spheres while assigning different activities for men and women and the socialistic/communistic system that subordinates social reproduction to the sphere of production); and 3) comparing how these views have been articulated in social and institutional arrangements of gender relations in the two regimes. The article then claims that an understanding of the interaction between gender relations, political theory, and social practices in both the West and the East is essential for understanding the problems involved in discussions of the political-economic transition and how it affects men and women.
18. Regime-based forecast performance during WFIP 1
Freedman, J. M.; Zack, J. W.; Manobianco, J.; Beaucage, P.; Rojowsky, K.
2015-12-01
The principal objectives of the first Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP 1) were to improve short-term (0 - 6 hr) wind power forecasts through the assimilation of targeted remote sensing and surface observations with an enhanced model ensemble forcast system. The WFIP 1 field deployment/modeling campaign in the Southern Study Area (SSA--encompassing most of central and western Texas) ran from August 2011 through Septembe 2012. This ensured observational data and model output for all representative weather regimes affecting the SSA. Cold and warm season regimes featured synoptic-scale, convective, and low-level jet (LLJ) phenomena that are responsible for the favorable wind resource in the SSA, and also posed a challenge for assigning specific explanations for the observed forecast improvements (e.g. additional observations, model improvements, or a combination of both). LLJs produced hourly capacity factors exceeding 80% in aggregated wind farm power production, while synoptic-scale systems were responsible for the largest ramp events observed during WFIP 1. Accurately forecasting convective phenomena (such as outflow boundaries) during WFIP 1 was at times problematic. Here, we present regime-based and phenomenological-related forecast performance results for WFIP 1. These performance metrics suggest future research pathways that will facilitate improvements in operational wind power forecasts.
19. On the Fast Magnetic Rotator Regime of Stellar Winds
Johnstone, C P
2016-01-01
Aims: We study the acceleration of the stellar winds of rapidly rotating low mass stars and the transition between the slow magnetic rotator and fast magnetic rotator regimes. We aim to understand the properties of stellar winds in the fast magnetic rotator regime and the effects of magneto-centrifugal forces on wind speeds and mass loss rates. Methods: We extend the solar wind model of Johnstone et al. (2015b) to 1D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the winds of rotating stars. We test two assumptions for how to scale the wind temperature to other stars and assume the mass loss rate scales as Mdot ~ Rstar^2 OmegaStar^1.33 Mstar^-3.36, in the unsaturated regime, as estimated by Johnstone et al. (2015a). Results: For 1.0 Msun stars, the winds can be accelerated to several thousand km/s, and the effects of magneto-centrifugal forces are much weaker for lower mass stars. We find that the different assumptions for how to scale the wind temperature to other stars lead to significantly different mass loss ra...
20. Biomimetic cilia arrays generate simultaneous pumping and mixing regimes.
Shields, A R; Fiser, B L; Evans, B A; Falvo, M R; Washburn, S; Superfine, R
2010-09-07
Living systems employ cilia to control and to sense the flow of fluids for many purposes, such as pumping, locomotion, feeding, and tissue morphogenesis. Beyond their use in biology, functional arrays of artificial cilia have been envisaged as a potential biomimetic strategy for inducing fluid flow and mixing in lab-on-a-chip devices. Here we report on fluid transport produced by magnetically actuated arrays of biomimetic cilia whose size approaches that of their biological counterparts, a scale at which advection and diffusion compete to determine mass transport. Our biomimetic cilia recreate the beat shape of embryonic nodal cilia, simultaneously generating two sharply segregated regimes of fluid flow: Above the cilia tips their motion causes directed, long-range fluid transport, whereas below the tips we show that the cilia beat generates an enhanced diffusivity capable of producing increased mixing rates. These two distinct types of flow occur simultaneously and are separated in space by less than 5 microm, approximately 20% of the biomimetic cilium length. While this suggests that our system may have applications as a versatile microfluidics device, we also focus on the biological implications of our findings. Our statistical analysis of particle transport identifying an enhanced diffusion regime provides novel evidence for the existence of mixing in ciliated systems, and we demonstrate that the directed transport regime is Poiseuille-Couette flow, the first analytical model consistent with biological measurements of fluid flow in the embryonic node.
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/topology-proof.354912/
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# Topology Proof
1. Nov 15, 2009
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
Prove that if X is compact and Y is Hausdorff then a continuous bijection $$f: X \longrightarrow Y$$ is a homeomorphism. (You may assume that a closed subspace of a compact space is compact, and that an identification space of a compact space is compact).
2. Relevant equations
A space X is compact if every open cover {$$\left{ U_{\lambda} | \lambda \in \Lambda \right}$$} , $$\cup U_{\lambda} = X$$.
A space is Hausdorff if for any pair of distinct points x,y in Y, there exist open sets separating them.
3. The attempt at a solution
Going on the hint of what I can assume, I define the equivalence class x~x' if f(x) = f(x'), with projection p(x) = [x]. Then f = gp: X -> X/~ -> Y. It may be easier to prove p and g are homeomorphisms than f. The identification space is compact, and so is any closed subset. We are given that f is a continuous bijection, so only need to show that f inverse is continuous, ie f(U) is open for any U open, or perhaps more easily that f(C) is closed for C closed in this case. A compact subset of a Hausdorff space is closed, so if I can prove that p maps a compact space to a compact space then I think I've proved p is a homeomorphism.
Then I would need to prove g.
Last edited: Nov 15, 2009
2. Nov 15, 2009
### rasmhop
I must admit that I don't really see why you would use the identification space. I don't think that your identification will help much because f is injective so f(x)=f(x') imply x=x' which means that ~ is just equality and therefore X is naturally homeomorphic to X/~ by the correspondence $x \leftrightarrow \{x\}$. Thus proving g a homeomorphism is pretty much the same as proving f a homeomorphism.
Anyway the way I would do it without identification spaces is to realize that a continuous function maps compact subspaces to compact subspaces in general (either refer to your book or show it directly by considering a covering of f(C) where C compact, taking pre-images of the covering, using compactness to find a finite subcover of the pre-images and then finally using this to get a finite subcover of f(C)) and then simply assume $C \subseteq X$ is closed and show:
C closed => C compact => f(C) compact => f(C) closed.
3. Nov 15, 2009
Yeah you're right about my identification space, I didn't think about that. I think I was already going in the direction of showing compact spaces map to compact spaces, I'll try you're suggestion.
4. Nov 15, 2009
Ok I copied the structure of an earlier proof and it seems straight forward:
Take a compact subspace C in X. Let U be an open covering of f(C) with sets $$U_{\lambda}$$. Define an open covering V of C by taking $$V_{\lambda} = f^{-1} \left( U_{\lambda} \right)$$. Note that the openness of V relies on the continuity of f, and the fact that it covers C relies on the fact that f is bijective. Now taking a finite refinement of V gives a finite refinement of U, so f(C) is compact.
If C is closed, then C is compact in X. If f(C) is compact then f(C) is closed in Y, since Y is Hausdorff. So f(C) is closed for every C closed. Hence f inverse is continuous.
Does that look ok?
5. Nov 15, 2009
### rasmhop
Yes except for one minor detail:
You don't use the bijectiveness here. If $x \in C$, then $f(x) \in f(C)$ so there exists some $\lambda$ such that $f(x) \in U_\lambda$ because U is a covering of f(C), and then $x \in f^{-1}(U_\lambda) = V_\lambda$. Thus the pre-images $\{V_\lambda\}$ cover C whether f is bijective or not. Apart from that it's good.
6. Nov 15, 2009
My definition of a covering is that the union of the $$V_{\lambda}$$ is strictly equal to C, not a subset. It may be that all the x in C are covered, but if the map is not injective then $$f^{\left (-1) \right}$$ could give out more elements than are in the set C. Otherwise the bijective property would be used. Now I realised I only used injectivity, I wonder if surjectivity is necessary?
7. Nov 15, 2009
### rasmhop
In that case: Yes you used it, but you don't need it. As you have observed $f^{-1}(U_\lambda)$ is open in X, so $V_\lambda' = f^{-1}(U_\lambda) \cap C$ is open in C given the subspace topology, so C is covered by $\{V_\lambda'\}$ but of course for this problem it doesn't really matter since you know that f is bijective.
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http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor2123-009
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## Analysis of dust exposure during chainsaw forest operations
iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, Volume 10, Issue 1, Pages 341-347 (2017)
doi: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2123-009
Published: Feb 23, 2017 - Copyright © 2017 SISEF
Research Articles
In 1999, the European Union proclaimed hardwood dust carcinogenic based on the classification of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) issued in 1995. The operational exposure limit (OEL) for inhalable wood dust has been set to 5 mg m-3 by EU directives, though in different countries the OEL ranges from 1 to 5 mg m-3. The objective of this study was to determine the exposure to wood dust of forest workers in chainsaw cutting and processing and suggest possible countermeasures. The study took into consideration different silvicultural treatments (coppice clear cut, conifer thinning, conifer pruning, and sanitary cut) and chainsaw fuel (normal two-stroke gasoline mix and two alkylate fuels). All the forest operations were carried out in forests located in Central Italy, on the Apennine mountain range. During the tests, 100 samples were collected by means of personal SKC Button Sampler (one sample per worker per day). The results showed that exposure to wood dust varied widely with forest operation type, while no significant difference were found for different type of chainsaw fuel. The average wood dust concentration was about 1.5 mg m-3 for all operations except coppicing, which showed a mean level of about 2.1 mg m-3. About 93% of the samples showed a concentration lower than 3 mg m-3, and in only two samples (one in conifer pruning and one in clear cut in coppice), the concentration was slightly higher than 5 mg m-3.
# Introduction
Motor-manual tree felling and processing (i.e., by chainsaw) is still very common in many countries ([37], [39], [7], [3], [48]). Motor-manual forest operations are inherently dangerous ([49], [32], [47]) and cannot benefit from the safety improvements offered by high mechanization ([5]). Steep terrain, ownership fragmentation and close-to-nature management criteria slow down the introduction of mechanized harvesting in mountainous conditions ([46]). Workers engaged in forest cutting who use chainsaws are exposed to noise and vibration stresses and to the hazardous effects of exhaust gases as well as floating particles of mineral oil and airborne wood dust ([38], [25]).
Potential health effects from exposure to wood dust have been studied and include pulmonary function changes, allergic respiratory responses (asthma) and cancer of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The irritant effects of wood dust are well documented ([44], [50], [20], [22]). Respiratory, nasal and eye symptoms are the most common effects reported by woodworkers ([17], [31], [40], [45], [33]). However, not all studies agree. A recent US study has shown fewer or no symptoms from typical exposures ([13]). Other studies have addressed the relationship between exposure to wood dust and skin pathologies ([23]) or asthma ([16], [35]). The most serious problem araising from wood dust exposure is the risk of developing cancer, mainly nose and sinus adenocancer ([41], [29], [28]). Nasal cavity adenocancer was diagnosed much more frequently in woodworking industry operators (saw mill, joinery, furniture, etc.) than in the rest of the human population, where this malignant disease is very rare and only accounts for 0.25% ([15]). Hausen ([15]) also pointed out that wood chemical components can have serious biological effects on human health even at low concentrations, if long-term exposure occurs.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified hardwood dust as a human carcinogen ([19]), estimating that at least 2 million people worldwide are exposed to the noxious effect of wood dust. According to the dimension of component particles (International Organization for Standarization - [24]), wood dust can be classified into inhalable, thoracic and respirable dust ([1]). According to the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) recommendation, the inhalable fraction “is the best convention to explain the critical effect(s) of wood dust in the upper airways and it would therefore be the most appropriate fraction to sample” ([43]).
In 1999, the European Union published Directive 99/38/EC, setting the legal limit for the exposure to inhalable wood dust at 5 mg m-3, as an average of a 8-h working day ([10]). This limit is defined as occupational exposure limit (OEL) and is valid for exposure to hardwood dust or to any mix of hardwood and softwood dust. This OEL is not applied for exposure to pure softwood dust, which is not yet a legally recognized as a noxious substance. The EU OEL, was confirmed in Directive 2004/37/EC ([11]) and is applied in Italy and Finland. In countries like Spain and the United Kingdom, the OEL is the same but includes both hardwood and softwood inhalable dust. In still other countries, the OEL, referred to inhalable fraction, is lower and usually without distinction between softwood and hardwood: 3 mg m-3 in Belgium, 2 mg m-3 in Austria, Germany and Sweden, and 1 mg m-3 in France. Symptoms in the upper respiratory system have been reported also at much lower exposure levels, from 1 mg m-3 ([12]).
In 2003, SCOEL suggested applying a lower value between 1 and 1.5 mg m-3, without distinction between softwood and hardwood ([43]). Moreover, in 2012, the Advisory Committee on Safety and Health at Work ([2]) of the European Commission proposed amendment of Directive 2004/37/EC, including an OEL for wood dust of 3 mg m-3, measured as inhalable dust, with a review period of 3-5 years.
In United States, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ([1]) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) set a Threshold Limit Value (TLV®) of 1 mg m-3 for most wood species, without distinction between softwood and hardwood, or lower for the western red cedar (0.5 mg m-3 - [30], [8]).
In relationship to wood dust exposure and its effect on health, many studies have been carried out taking into consideration woodworking industry workers (sawmill, joinery, etc.). Moreover, epidemiological studies have examined exposure to wood dust deal in the furniture industry, which employs many workers and is much easier to reach ([4]).
Even though it is well known that the working environment in logging operations can be dusty ([36]), very few studies have addressed forest operators’ exposure, mainly taking into account the respirable wood dust fraction in chainsaw operation ([18], [25]) or chipping operation ([34]).
To fill the gap in knowledge and have a comprehensive framework on the exposure of forest workers to wood dust, field surveys during motor-manual felling and processing of trees (i.e., with chainsaw) were carried out in central Italy. The objectives of this study were to evaluate exposure to inhalable wood dust among forest workers and highlight significant differences among: (i) different silvicultural treatments (clear cut in coppice and thinning, pruning and sanitary cut in high stand); and (ii) chainsaw fuel. In addition, the different tasks performed by the workers were timed to highlight relationship between wood dust concentration and chainsaw running time.
# Materials and methods
All study areas were located in Tuscany, on the Apennine mountain range. Four silvicultural treatments were considered (Tab. 1).
Tab. 1 - Main characteristics of the sampling sites. (Ab): Abies alba Mill; (Ar): Picea abies (L.) Karst; (Ca): Ostrya carpinifolia L.; (Ce): Quercus cerris L.; (Cs): Castanea sativa Miller; (Du): Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco; (Pm): Pinus pinaster Aiton; (Pn): Pinus nigra Arnold; (Ps): Pinus sylvestris L.; (Alk1): alkylate fuel 1; (NG): normal fuel oil/lead-free gasoline; (Alk2): alkylate fuel 2.
ID Yard Operation Species Trees
processed (n)
Average
DBH (cm)
Number of
workers (n)
Number of
samples (n)
Fuel
Type
A Rincine Mato Grosso 1 Clear cut in coppice Cs 349 12.11 2 6 Alk.1 Alk.2 NG
B Rincine Mato Grosso 2 Clear cut in coppice Cs / Ca 411 9.5 2 6 Alk.1 Alk.2 NG
C Rincine Rincine 1 Clear cut in coppice Ce 507 10.5 3 8 Alk.1 Alk.2 NG
D Casentino Poggio Corbello Thinning Ab / Pn 130 22.9 5 8 Alk.2 NG
E Vallombrosa Soglio Thinning Ab 357 15.8 3 10 Alk.1 Alk.2 NG
F Vallombrosa Metato 2 Thinning Ab / Pn 111 20.8 3 5 Alk.1 NG
G Rincine Colla 3 faggi Pruning Ar / Pn 382 13.6 2 4 Alk.2 NG
H Rincine Faggio Tondo Pruning Ps 1020 23.4 3 7 NG
I Rincine Rincine 1 Pruning Ar / Ps 1089 19.2 2 7 Alk.1 Alk.2 NG
L Rincine Rincine 2 Pruning Pn 3051 21.3 3 10 Alk.1 Alk.2 NG
M Vallombrosa Metato 1 Sanitary cut Ab / Ps / Du 326 26.8 4 11 Alk.1 NG
N Vallombrosa Pozzacce 2 Sanitary cut Du 429 16.2 2 10 Alk.1 Alk.2 NG
O Vallombrosa Masso dal Monte Sanitary cut Ab 262 27.8 3 6 Alk.2
P Vallombrosa Pozzacce 1 Sanitary cut Ab / Cs 57 24.4 2 2 Alk.1
(i) Clear cut in coppice with standards in two pure stands and one mixed stand. Coppice forests represent about 60% of the total forest area of Italy ([21]). Coppicing operation consists of cutting all the shoots growing from suckering stumps, leaving only standards (30-60 per hectare, depending on species). Shoots were felled, debranched, and cross-cut into 1-metre length logs by chainsaw, then the logs were more finely cleaned of twigs using a billhook and were manually piled. The main assortment obtained was firewood. During data collection, the operators worked singly at a safe distance from each other.
(ii) Thinning from below in two mixed stands and one pure stand. This operation consisted of removing a percentage of the trees (25-30%) to improve growing conditions. Usually, small, badly formed or failing trees were cut. Trees were felled, debranched and cross-cut into 5 to 6 metre length logs by chainsaw. The operators worked singly at a safe distance from each other.
(iii) Sanitary cut in two pure stands and two mixed stands. This silvicultural treatment consisted of removing dead, damaged or diseased trees to avoid spread of parasites and to prevent forest fires. An operator with chainsaw felled and processed the trees to obtain logs of 5 to 6 metre length. The operators worked singly at a safe distance from each other.
(iv) Pruning in three pure stands and two mixed stands. Pruning consisted of removing the lower dead branches of live trees by chainsaw, up to a height of around 2 m. Dead or uprooted trees were also felled and cut into logs. The operators worked singly at a safe distance from each other.
In total, the study included 100 forest operator working days: 20 in coppice clear cut, 28 in pruning, 23 in thinning and 29 in sanitary cut.
All the forest operators who performed the activity had long experience in this kind of felling operations. During the study, the workers used their usual chainsaws (Tab. 2). All the chainsaws were in good condition and carefully maintained.
Tab. 2 - Characteristics of the chainsaws used in the study.
Brand Model Engine
size
(cm3)
Power
(kW/CV)
Max
rpm
Capacity (l) Weight
(empty, kg)
Tank
volume
Oil tank
volume
Husqvarna XP346 50.1 2.7 / 3.7 14700 0.50 0.28 5.1
Husqvarna XP357 56.5 3.2 / 4.3 14000 0.68 0.38 5.5
Komatsu G3700 37.2 1.7 / 2.3 12500 0.42 0.25 4.3
Komatsu G5000 49.3 2.6 / 3.5 13000 0.55 0.26 5.1
Stihl MS241C 42.6 2.2 / 3.0 14000 0.39 0.24 4.7
Three different fuels were used during the study: normal two-stroke gasoline mix (NG, a mixture of 2% oil and lead-free gasoline) and two alkylate fuels (Alk1 and Alk2, as usual already mixed with motor lubricating oil) sold by two major international chainsaw manufacturers. Each operator used only one type of fuel during the same sampling day.
To collect inhalable fraction of wood dust, during chainsaw operation, each forest workers wore a SKC Button Sampler with binderless fibreglass membrane (Sartorius) of 25 mm in diameter (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 - Personal sampler. SKC Button Sampler on the operator’s jacket (left) and Gilian 5000 portable pumps (right).
The sampler was made of steel with a semi-spherical protective shield with conical micro-holes to avoid aspiration of non-inhalable projectile particles ([9], [14], [30]). Inclusion of these large particles would bias the sampling because they are too heavy to be inhaled ([27]). Furthermore, this multiorificed inlet reduces sensitivity to wind direction and velocity ([26]).
The sampler used for the study was connected by a transparent flexible tubing to a Gilian 5000 portable pump (Fig. 1). The SKC Button Sampler operated at a flow rate of 4 l min-1.
The pump was calibrated at the start of each day of sampling using a flow meter (Gilian Challenger). The pump recorded the total air flow and the duration of the sampling session. The portable pump was attached to the belt on the operator’s back, and the sampler was placed at a distance of 10 cm from the operator’s face, i.e., at lapel height on the right side of operators’ jackets (Fig. 1).
Daily dust exposure was then determined by a gravimetric method. Before the tests, filters were conditioned in a climatic cabinet (Activa) set at a temperature of 20 ± 1 °C and moisture of 48 ± 2 % for 24 hours together with three control filters. The filters were then weighed in the laboratory with a precision scale accurate to the microgram (Sartorius ME36S®) and placed into sealed boxes identified with code numbers. Before starting each test, a filter was carefully placed into the sampler using clean tweezers to avoid contamination. At the end of the tests, filters were removed with tweezers and placed back in their respective coded boxes. These were sent to the laboratory, where used filters were reconditioned for 24 hours in the same climatic cabinet. After conditioning, filters were weighed again with the same scale together with the three control filters conserved in sealed boxes at the laboratory.
Finally, the concentration of wood dust was measured using the following formula (eqn. 1):
$$C = \frac{P2-P1} {V}$$
where C is the wood dust concentration in mg m-3; P2 is the weight of the filter after the test in mg; P1 is the weight of the filter before the test in mg; and V is the air volume in m3, calculated as (eqn. 2):
$$V = \frac{T \cdot F} {1000}$$
where T is the duration of the sampling in minutes and F is the effective air flow in l min-1.
If the average value of the differences in weight of the control filters (weight after - weight before) was ≠ 0, the average difference was added (if <0) or deducted (if >0) from wood dust weight.
Each sampling lasted the length of the work shift and ranged between 6 and 8 hours. Sampling data was expressed as a time-weighted average (TWA) over 8 hours.
At each work site, dust monitoring was personally supervised by the researchers, who also checked the proper running of the pumps and the correct position of the devices.
## Timing of work tasks
Work time was split into time elements ([6]), recorded separately for every worker involved in these tasks to identify the incidence of chainsaw running time on gross time. We determined the various time elements of the work, with special attention to recording the duration of chainsaws’ running and idling time, i.e., potentially producing wood dust. During data analysis time elements were separated into: (i) chainsaw running time, including time for felling, branch removal, crosscutting, stump tidying (if necessary), moving about on site; (ii) other productive time, including time used to perform bill hook or axe tasks, evaluation of plants, moving about on site; (iii) time for transfer, including time for travelling to and from the site, if included in working hours; (iv) preparation time, including time for preparing and putting away tools; and (v) delays (refuelling, maintenance, sharpening, pauses, setbacks and other non-working events).
Working time was recorded using a chronometric table with centesimal (1 min = 100 cmin) stopwatches.
## Statistical analysis
The data were entered in a data sheet and analysed using the R open-source software (R Development Core Team, Wien, Austria - ⇒ http://www.r-project.org). Correlations relevant to the aims of the study were sought, i.e., the relationships between the variables measured (chainsaw running time, wood dust), the type of silvicultural treatment and fuel type. Normal distribution of the variables was checked by the Lilliefors test and homoscedasticity (homogeneity of variance) by Levene test. Wood dust exposure data were logarithmically transformed with the base 10 (i.e., for wood dust in operation type and wood dust in fuel type) due to the non-normal distribution. One-way ANOVA was then used to calculate mean square error for Tukey’s HSD test. By comparing pairs, this test revealed statistically significant differences between the means.
Chainsaw running time differences in relationship with silvicultural treatment were tested with the Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison test due to the non-normal distribution of data. For this data, we did not find a satisfying normalization function, so we prefer to apply a non-parametric method.
# Results
## Working time
Tab. 3 summarises the distribution of the working time in the considered phases.
Tab. 3 - Distribution of working time in the phases considered at the different working sites. (Tran): transfer time; (Prep): preparation time.
ID Operation Tran
(min)
Prep (min) Chainsaw running
(min)
Other productive tasks Delays (min) Total time
on site (min)
Chainsaw
running (%)
Other
time (%)
bill hook (min) other (min)
A Clear cut in coppice 138 199 875 517 6 530 2265 38.6 61.4
B 118 376 857 636 0 327 2314 37.0 63.0
C 299 300 912 986 11 666 3174 28.7 71.3
D Thinning 256 327 1070 0 18 1537 3208 33.4 66.7
E 208 498 1563 0 481 831 3581 43.7 56.4
F 0 298 842 0 230 529 1899 44.3 55.7
G Pruning 113 176 900 0 6 442 1637 55.0 45.0
H 420 216 1209 0 0 844 2689 45.0 55.0
I 264 324 1832 0 0 396 2816 65.1 34.9
L 419 372 1798 0 6 1120 3715 48.4 51.6
M Sanitary cut 0 677 2140 0 646 714 4177 51.2 48.8
N 122 755 1742 0 458 946 4023 43.3 56.7
O 36 301 1120 0 337 589 2383 47.0 53.0
P 0 136 343 0 124 128 731 46.9 53.1
“Chainsaw running time” showed a statistically significant difference between clear cut in coppice with standards and the other silvicultural treatments (p < 0.001 - Tab. 4). In particular, coppicing with standards showed the lower chainsaw running time, while no difference was recorded among the treatments performed in high forest stands. This was expected because coppicing involves many tasks, that do not involve chainsaw use.
Tab. 4 - Daily average chainsaw running time in relation with the silvicultural treatment. Different letters show significant differences among medians (Kruskal-Wallis test, χ2 = 41.7827, df = 3). (SD): standard deviation; (N): number of samples.
Chainsaw running time Mean
(minutes)
SD Median Min
(minutes)
Max
(minutes)
N
Clear cut in coppice 181.8 35.7 171a 124 258 20
Thinning 267.8 53.5 241b 201 370 23
Pruning 270.1 41.5 259.5b 207 357 28
Sanitary cut 244.7 31.9 245b 173 310 29
The highest value was recorded in pruning (Tab. 4), since conifer pruning does not involve any particular assessment of plants or use of other tools, as in felling, and the chainsaw is used continuously for longer periods.
A higher standard deviation suggests that the chainsaw running time during thinning varied more than during the other silvicultural treatments.
## Wood dust
### Wood dust response to type of silvicultural treatment
Tab. 5 shows that only 2 samples (2%) exceeded the European OEL (5 mg m-3). One of these samples (1%) was recorded in pruning, which is a typical treatment for conifers only, i.e., softwood dust that at present is not included in the OEL. Tab. 5 also shows the exceedances for the lower limits applied in some other European countries and the United States: less than 10% exceeded the limit of 3 mg m-3, and more than 50% exceeded 1 mg m-3.
Tab. 5 - Distribution of the wood dust samples in relation with OEL. The EU OEL in Italy is 5 mg m-3, whereas is 3 and 1 mg m-3 in other countries. The number of samples (N.) under each threshold limit and the percentage relative to the total (%) are shown.
Wood dust ≤ 1 mg m-3 ≤ 3 mg m-3 ≤ 5 mg m-3 > 5 mg m-3
N Operation N % N % N % N %
20 Clear cut in coppice 1 5 18 90 19 95 1 5
23 Thinning 11 48 21 91 23 100 0 0
28 Pruning 7 25 25 89 27 96 1 4
29 Sanitary cut 13 45 29 100 29 100 0 0
100 Total 32 32 93 93 98 98 2 2
The mean exposure to wood dust during coppicing was significantly higher than during thinning and sanitary cut, while pruning did not show statistical differences with the other treatments (p = 0.002 - Tab. 6).
Tab. 6 - Average values of wood dust exposure (± standard error) in relation with the silvicultural treatment. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (data not log10 transformed).
Operation Mean wood
dust (mg m-3)
Geometric mean
(mg m-3)
Samples
(N)
Min.
(mg m-3)
Max.
(mg m-3)
Clear cut in coppice 2.14 ± 0.22 a 1.98 20 0.95 5.58
Thinning 1.27 ± 0.20 b 0.99 23 0.38 3.59
Pruning 1.75 ± 0.18 ab 1.36 28 0.11 5.40
Sanitary cut 1.20 ± 0.18 b 1.07 29 0.31 2.58
### Wood dust response to type of chainsaw fuel
To check whether the type of fuel used in the chainsaw affected the wood dust exposure, a one-way ANOVA was performed. The analysis did not show any statistical differences among the types of fuel used (p = 0.253 - data not shown). However, the normal fuel showed slightly higher values of mean wood dust concentration. This was probably due to the presence of unburned particles of gasoline or lubricant during combustion.
# Discussion
Very few studies have tried to determine the exposure of forest operators to wood dust ([18], [25], [34]), probably because of the relatively small population and the difficulty of organizing field tests in the forest ([12]).
The results of our study provide important indications about the exposure of forest workers to wood dust during motor-manual felling. The values of wood dust were considerably below the EU OEL in 98% of cases. The means were about 1.5 mg m-3 for all operations except coppicing, which showed a mean value significantly higher. In detail, clear cut in coppice showed the highest average exposure to wood dust, and one sample exceeded the EU OEL of 5 mg m-3. Moreover, 10% of the data recorded were higher than 3 mg m-3, and only 5% of the data recorded were lower than 1 mg m-3 (Tab. 3, Tab. 4, Tab. 6). These results contrast with the chainsaw running time recorded in clear cut in coppice, which was significantly lower than in the other silvicultural treatment, thus suggesting a lower wood dust exposure.
In pruning operation, one sample exceeded the EU OEL, 11% of the data recorded were higher than 3 mg m-3, and only 25% of the recorded data were lower than 1 mg m-3. Moreover, if we consider the OEL applied in other countries, which are usually lower than the EU OEL, the recorded exposures highlighted critical situations. The results recorded in clear cut in coppice and in pruning may be explained by these facts: (i) In coppicing mainly hardwood species are cut, and this may cause a higher production of wood dust compared with softwood cutting ([19], [42]); and (ii) in coppicing and pruning, it is quite common for the operator to have his/her face very close to the cutting area when the bottom of the guide bar is used for cutting. When using the bottom of the guide bar, the chain is running towards the operator, throwing shavings and dust against him/her, thus increasing exposure to wood dust. Further studies are required to support this hypothesis and explain why in coppicing and pruning higher wood dust exposure was recorded.
The lower average wood dust exposure was recorded in sanitary cut, for which all the samples showed values lower than 3 mg m-3 (Tab. 5). These results were likely affected by the wood condition, frequently decayed (i.e., lower cutting area because of heart rot) and/or extremely wet (i.e., because of wetwood), which reduced the amount of dust production during cutting.
About half the data recorded in thinning were lower than 1 mg m-3, and about 9% of the samples were included in the range 3 to 5 mg m-3. The better conditions in terms of wood dust exposure were likely due to the type of wood that was easily cut by the chain teeth with a lower production of fine particles. However, further and specific studies are required to highlight the effect of the plant species on the production of wood dust in chainsaw cutting.
The type of fuel did not affect the cutting performance and the exposure of forest workers to wood dust.
The other few studies on wood dust exposure of forest workers during chainsaw operations were carried out in Croatia ([18], [25]). However, respirable and not inhalable wood dust data were recorded during these studies, and thus the results are not comparable with the results of our study. Horvat et al. ([18], [25]) recorded values lower than 1 mg m-3 for respirable dust both in fir wood and in oak wood cutting and processing operation with chainsaws. In Croatia, according to the proposal of the Regulatory Act on maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of hazardous substances in the working atmospheres and biological limit values (BLV), maximum permissible concentration of wood dust of hardwood species (beech and oak) at the workplace is 1 mg m-3 for respirable particles and 3 mg m-3 for total dust.
# Conclusion
According to our findings, the exposure of forest workers to wood dust was usually lower than the EU OEL, even though 2 samples exceeded that standard. Nevertheless, the average values recorded were close or higher than the OEL applied in some countries (e.g., 2 mg m-3 in Austria, Germany and Sweden, 1 mg m-3 in France), and higher or included in the exposure range values suggested for the future by the SCOEL (1-1.5 mg m-3).
However, in considering our results, it is important to highlight that at present, the OEL are set on the basis of studies of the woodworking industry. This means that the EU and national laws are at present designed to be effective in an industrial environment and they are probably not suitable for evaluating forest operation in the field, where additional variables affecting dust exposure and its effects on workers’ health are not yet defined and assessed. A constructive criticism of the current risk assessment and OEL, designed for an industrial environment, is that they are based on labour carried on for 8 hours a day and around 200 days a year. It should be recalled that the average exposure to wood dust of forest workers is usually lower (<100 days per year) and that their overall working-life exposure is different from that of woodworking industry workers.
Specific epidemiological studies on forest operators should be developed in different countries to examine the relationship between chainsaw operations (i.e., wood dust exposure) and cancer (e.g., nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses cancers) or other occupational diseases.
The first results provided by this study represent a broad and valid database on exposure of chainsaw workers to wood dust. However, further studies are strongly recommended. Future developments on this topic should be: (i) to verify whether the highest values are significant and representative of a particular type of work or species under cutting, or whether they can be ignored; (ii) to investigate if different types of use of chainsaws may affect wood dust exposure (e.g., reducing as much as possible the use of the bottom of the guide bar); and (iii) to review the law to ensure well designed and prudent analysis of real working conditions in forests.
# Acknowledgements
During the preparation of this paper, our colleague and friend Gianfranco Sciarra passed away. Gianfranco was a researcher who passionately addressed different aspects and issues of industrial hygiene. This paper is dedicated to his memory.
This study was carried out within the project promoted by the Tuscany Region in 2011 as a new research project on the evaluation of forest operators’ hardwood dust exposure in chainsaw cutting operation using a standardized survey methodology. The authors would like to thank the Tuscany Region, the Territorial Office for Biodiversity of Vallombrosa (Corpo Forestale dello Stato), the Union of Municipalities of Casentino and of Valdarno/Valdisieve for their assistance in providing forest sites, forest operators and equipment and tools used in the field operations.
Individual contributions of authors to the manuscript: EM conceived the study and checked the final version of the manuscript; FN carried out the field measurements and draft the manuscript, MC carried out the field measurements; AL carried out the field measurements and performed the statistical analysis; CF performed the statistical analysis; GS carried out the laboratory analysis; FF carried out the field measurements.
This study was funded by the Tuscan Regional Administration.
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#### Authors’ Affiliation
(1)
Enrico Marchi
Francesco Neri
Martina Cambi
Andrea Laschi
Cristiano Foderi
Fabio Fabiano
GESAAF, University of Florence, v. S. Bonaventura 13, I-50145 Florence (Italy)
(2)
Gianfranco Sciarra
Local Health Unit n. 7 Siena, str. del Ruffolo 4, I-53100 Siena (Italy)
#### Corresponding author
Francesco Neri
[email protected]
#### Citation
Marchi E, Neri F, Cambi M, Laschi A, Foderi C, Sciarra G, Fabiano F (2017). Analysis of dust exposure during chainsaw forest operations. iForest 10: 341-347. - doi: 10.3832/ifor2123-009
Giacomo Goli
#### Paper history
Received: May 26, 2016
Accepted: Sep 23, 2016
First online: Feb 23, 2017
Publication Date: Feb 28, 2017
Publication Time: 5.10 months
© SISEF - The Italian Society of Silviculture and Forest Ecology 2017
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# The usage of sugar of a family of 3 adults and 2 children was 13 kg in
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The usage of sugar of a family of 3 adults and 2 children was 13 kg in [#permalink]
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26 Jul 2018, 00:35
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The usage of sugar of a family of 3 adults and 2 children was 13 kg in a certain month. If the monthly average usage of sugar for an adult is 3 kg and for a child is 1 kg, by what percent the specific month’s sugar consumption was more or less than the typical usage?
A. 22.22% more
B. 18.18% more
C. 15.38% more
D. 15.38% less
E. 18.18% less
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Re: The usage of sugar of a family of 3 adults and 2 children was 13 kg in [#permalink]
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26 Jul 2018, 02:15
monthly average usage of sugar for an adult is 3 kg
monthly average usage of sugar for a child is 1 kg
monthly average usage of sugar for a family of 3 adults and 2 children = 3 * 3 + 2 * 1 = 9 + 2 = 11
Actual usage of sugar of a family of 3 adults and 2 children was 13 kg
percent of specific month’s sugar consumption over the typical usage = $$\frac{difference}{original} * 100$$
=> $$\frac{13-11}{11} * 100$$ = $$\frac{2}{11} * 100$$
= 18.18% more more than average monthly consumption because specify month consumption > average monthly consumption.
Hence option B
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Re: The usage of sugar of a family of 3 adults and 2 children was 13 kg in [#permalink]
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30 Jul 2018, 05:50
Solution
Given:
• The monthly average usage of sugar for an adult is 3 kg and for a child is 1 kg
• The usage of sugar of a family of 3 adults and 2 children was 13 kg in a certain month
To find:
• By what percent the specific month’s sugar consumption was more or less than the typical usage
Approach and Working:
As per the typical usage,
• Total usage of 3 adults in a month = 3 * 3 = 9 kg
• Total usage of 2 children in a month = 2 * 1 = 2 kg
• So, total usage of all = 9 + 2 = 11 kg
In the specified month, total usage is 13 kg.
As 13 > 11, we can say the usage is more than typical usage.
• Percentage more in terms of usage = $$\frac{13 – 11}{11}$$ * 100 = 18.18%
Hence, the correct answer is option B.
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Re: The usage of sugar of a family of 3 adults and 2 children was 13 kg in [#permalink]
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27 Sep 2018, 20:15
Hi All,
We're told that the usage of sugar of a family of 3 adults and 2 children was 13 kg in a certain month and the monthly AVERAGE usage of sugar for an adult is 3 kg and for a child is 1 kg. We're asked by what percent THIS specific month’s sugar consumption was more or less than the typical usage. The wording of this question is a little 'clunky', but the intent is to test us on the Percentage Change Formula:
Percent Change = (New - Old)/(Old) = Difference/Original
With 3 adults and 2 children, the AVERAGE monthly usage would give us a total of (3)(3) + (2)(1) = 11 kg of sugar.
This month, the total is 13 kg though, which is clearly an INCREASE.
The percent change is (13 - 11)/11 = 2/11 = a little more than 18%
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Re: The usage of sugar of a family of 3 adults and 2 children was 13 kg in [#permalink] 27 Sep 2018, 20:15
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Look at your cost function and find the minimum cost D for moving from one space to an adjacent space. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. How this helps. Lets try a. Construct a Voronoi diagram Stack Overflow for Teams is a private, secure spot for you and By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. What should I do if I have COVID-19 symptoms when I arrive in Manhattan? The cases where $2 \leq n \leq 5$ are visualized here. To make it easier to see the distance information generated by the dist () function, you can reformat the distance vector into a matrix using the as.matrix () function. fly wheels)? Clearly, these two are not equal. To begin with, a lot of this material in this section has been referred from the now offline page of divingintodatascience, the site had been of great help. Available distance measures are (written for two vectors x and y): . 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This is an M.D. Manhattan distance (plural Manhattan distances) The sum of the horizontal and vertical distances between points on a grid; Synonyms (distance on a grid): blockwise distance, taxicab distance; See also . for processing them all. See links at L m distance for more detail. My question is, can these two indices be compared? Why did it take so long to notice that the ozone layer had holes in it? An algorithm of my own design. Brüngger used the branch and bound algorithm with the Manhattan distance heuristic and a pre-generated table of move sequences up to length 14. [33,34], decreasing Manhattan distance (MD) between tasks of application edges is an effective way to minimize the communication energy consumption of the applications. euclidean:. Why does the U.S. have much higher litigation cost than other countries? What sort of work environment would require both an electronic engineer and an anthropologist? 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Firstly let’s prepare a small dataset to work with: # set seed to make example reproducible set.seed(123) test <- data.frame(x=sample(1:10000,7), y=sample(1:10000,7), z=sample(1:10000,7)) test x y z 1 2876 8925 1030 2 7883 5514 8998 3 4089 4566 2461 4 8828 9566 421 5 9401 4532 3278 6 456 6773 9541 7 … manhattan: Also known as rectilinear distance, Minkowski's L 1 distance, taxi cab metric, or city block distance. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! How to select or copy all text in InDesign document What does “God said” mean in Gen. 1:3,6,9,11,14,20,24,26? rev 2021.1.11.38289, Stack Overflow works best with JavaScript enabled, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Programming & related technical career opportunities, Recruit tech talent & build your employer brand, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Can an electron and a proton be artificially or naturally merged to form a neutron? Is it possible for planetary rings to be perpendicular (or near perpendicular) to the planet's orbit around the host star? For high dimensional vectors you might find that Manhattan works better than the Euclidean distance. This distance is defined as the Euclidian distance. The distance between two points measured along axes at right angles.The Manhattan distance between two vectors (or points) a and b is defined as ∑i|ai−bi| over the dimensions of the vectors. Count paths with distance equal to Manhattan distance. PKD. What do you mean by "closest manhattan distance"? Voronoi diagram would be another fast solution and could also find non integer answer. How this helps. There is psudo-code for the algorithm on the wikipedia page. It is the sum of the lengths of the projections of the line segment between the points onto the coordinate axes. We can turn a 2D problem into a 1D problem by projecting onto the lines y=x and y=-x. A point P(x, y) (in or not in the given set) whose manhattan distance to closest is maximal and max(x, y) <= k. But I feel it run very slow for a large grid, please help me to design a better algorithm (or the code / peseudo code) to solve this problem. Details. And the manhatten distance is the largest of abs (u1-u2), abs (v1-v2). If the points are (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) then the manhattan distance is abs(x1-x2)+abs(y1-y2). My mean is that the closest point (the point which have min manhattan dist) to target point. We can just work with the 1D u-values of each points. (Manhattan Distance) of 1. To be useful, it is important to know the range. Instead of doing separate BFS for every point in the grid. Does anyone remember this computer game at all? Maximum average Manhattan distance to nearest neighbor. maximum: Maximum distance between two components of x and y (supremum norm) manhattan: Absolute distance between the two vectors (1 … We know that the maximum manhattan distance of a ranked list can be obtained by reversing the list. You shouldn't need to worry about the "if there is a dist but you can get there in a smaller number of steps" since if you are doing all the distance one for all points first, then all the distance 2 from those points, etc. Is it valid to use the frequency L1 as an index of change? As shown in Refs. maxl1=manhattan_distance([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8],[8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1]), which is 32. Here I demonstrate the distance matrix computations using the R function dist(). Manhattan distance is a metric in which the distance between two points is calculated as the sum of the absolute differences of their Cartesian coordinates. Or the final results is … 21, Sep 20. Count of obtuse angles in a circle with … These are set of points at most r units away from given point. Why do we use approximate in the present and estimated in the past? Related questions 0 votes. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Euclidean distance: Manhattan distance: Where, x and y are two vectors of length n. 15 Km as calculated by the MYSQL st_distance_sphere formula. It is known as Tchebychev distance, maximum metric, chessboard distance and L∞ metric. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. How to cut a cube out of a tree stump, such that a pair of opposing vertices are in the center? The difference depends on your data. It is based on the idea that a taxi will have to stay on the road and will not be able to drive through buildings! The maximum Manhattan distance is found between (-4, 6) and (3, -4) i.e., |-4 – 3| + |6 – (-4)| = 17. (Manhattan Distance) of 1. Manhattan distance. Minimize maximum manhattan distance of a point to a set of points. p = ∞, the distance measure is the Chebyshev measure. In the above picture, imagine each cell to be a building, and the grid lines to be roads. Author: PEB. The changeIdx 28/8 = 3.5, rank1=[7,5.5,3.5,3.5,8,1,2] Manhattan distance on Wikipedia. Coords of the two points in this basis are u1 = (x1-y1)/sqrt (2), v1= (x1+y1), u2= (x1-y1), v2 = (x1+y1). Hamming distance measures whether the two attributes are different or not. In the above picture, imagine each cell to be a building, and the grid lines to be roads. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. The algorithms' goal is to create clusters that are coherent internally, but clearly different from each other externally. Hamming distance can be seen as Manhattan distance between bit vectors. You have to check if there is any point inside the square [0, k] X [0, k] which is at least given distance away from all points in given set. Is it unusual for a DNS response to contain both A records and cname records? See links at L m distance for more detail. Manhattan distance (L1 norm) is a distance metric between two points in a N dimensional vector space. Manhattan distance [edit | edit source] More formally, we can define the Manhattan distance, also known as the L 1-distance, between two points in an Euclidean space with fixed Cartesian coordinate system is defined as the sum of the lengths of the projections of the … Let's call this changeIdx .This measure is basically changeIdx=L1Norm/n Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The rest of the states for a pair of blocks is sub-optimal, meaning it will take more moves than the M.D. The Next CEO of Stack OverflowMinimizing the maximum Manhattan distance Towers in the ocean; How deep can they be built? Do a 'cumulative' BFS from all the input points at once. In the end, when no more moves can be done, you scan the array dist to find the cell with maximum value. Chebyshev distance is a distance metric which is the maximum absolute distance in one dimension of two N dimensional points. The l1 of these is 25. and changeIdx is 25/8= 3.125. Manhattan Distance is a very simple distance between two points in a Cartesian plane. c happens to equal the maximum value in Northern Latitude (LAT_N in STATION). It is the sum of the lengths of the projections of the line segment between the points onto the coordinate axes. In the simple case, you can set D to be 1. La distance de Manhattan [1], [2], appelée aussi taxi-distance [3], est la distance entre deux points parcourue par un taxi lorsqu'il se déplace dans une ville où les rues sont agencées selon un réseau ou quadrillage.Un taxi-chemin [3] est le trajet fait par un taxi lorsqu'il se déplace d'un nœud du réseau à un autre en utilisant les déplacements horizontaux et verticaux du réseau. Faster solution, for large K, and probably the only one which can find a point with float coordinates, is as following. Each checking procedure is n log n for sorting squares borders, and n log k (n log n?) Kth Manhattan Distance Neighbourhood: Given a matrix M of size nxm and an integer K, find the maximum element in the K manhattan distance neighbourhood for all elements in nxm matrix. How is the Ogre's greatclub damage constructed in Pathfinder? Since BLAST searches are distance based and the e-value is a way to evaluate the results of your BLAST search, these values represent Euclidean distances. This is a total of 28 comparisons (unique combinations). Note that, allowed values for the option method include one of: “euclidean”, “maximum”, “manhattan”, “canberra”, “binary”, “minkowski”. It only takes a minute to sign up. rev 2021.1.11.38289, The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Mathematics Stack Exchange works best with JavaScript enabled, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us, maximum Manhattan Distance of ranked list, Taxicab distance , city block distance, Manhattan distance, Voronoi diagram boundaries with Manhattan distance, Average Manhattan Distance on a Hypercube, Average ratio of Manhattan distance to Euclidean distance, Maximum average Manhattan distance to nearest neighbor. Do the same of v-values. The name relates to the distance a taxi has to drive in a rectangular street grid to get from the origin to the point x.. s1 thesis, universitas mercu buana jakarta. Intersection of two Jordan curves lying in the rectangle. Compute Manhattan Distance between two points in C++. manhattan: What game features this yellow-themed living room with a spiral staircase? How to select or copy all text in InDesign document What does “God said” mean in Gen. 1:3,6,9,11,14,20,24,26? to get the block in the right place. to get the block in the right place. The Manhattan distance (aka taxicab distance) is a measure of the distance between two points on a 2D plan when the path between these two points has to follow the grid layout. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. The statement is confusing. Does a hash function necessarily need to allow arbitrary length input? Also known as rectilinear distance, Minkowski's L 1 distance, taxi cab metric, or city block distance. Realistic task for teaching bit operations. p=2, the distance measure is the Euclidean measure. Maximum average Manhattan distance to nearest neighbor. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Change coordinate to a u-v system with basis U = (1,1), V = (1,-1). The reason for this is quite simple to explain. Alternatively, the Manhattan Distance can be used, which is defined for a plane with a data point p 1 at coordinates (x 1, y 1) and its nearest neighbor p 2 at coordinates (x 2, y 2) as Use MathJax to format equations. Thus, the heuristic never overestimates and is admissible. If there is a value in dist for a specific cell, but you can get there with a smaller amount of steps (smaller integer) you overwrite it. Thus you can search for maximum distance using binary search procedure. 1 answer. your coworkers to find and share information. Thus, the heuristic never overestimates and is admissible. Sort by u-value, loop through points and find the largest difference between pains of points. Let's call this changeIdx .This measure is basically changeIdx=L1Norm/n therefore, it gives an idea of the # of rank changes. The result may be wrong in any directions. In other words, entities within a cluster should be as similar as possible and entities in one cluster should be as dissimilar as possible from entities in another. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. freq2=[1,2,5,6,5,2,7,0], The L1 distance between these is 28. between opening and closing of any spheres, line does not change, and if there is any free point there, it means, that you found it for distance r. Binary search contributes log k to complexity. But it is much much harder to implement even for Manhattan measure. Here, the maximum # of picks an item can get is 7, as it sees every other item once. Now, how to fast check for existence (and also find) a point which is at least r units away from all given points. Manhattan distance is often used in integrated circuits where wires only run parallel to the X or Y axis. Yes, you can do it better. Fails if we have point (-10,0), (10,0), (0,-10), (0,10). Euclidean, Manhattan & Maximum(Chebychev) distance. Viewed 4k times 14. s1 thesis, universitas mercu buana jakarta. Ask Question Asked 7 years, 6 months ago. While Euclidean distance gives the shortest or minimum distance between two points, Manhattan has specific implementations. No, we need to find target point. [Java/C++/Python] Maximum Manhattan Distance. This is the maximum value we can get, and hence it is the maximum average distance for $2$ points. This is because ranking effectively 'stretches' out the frequency counts to map them to a range. You should draw "Manhattan spheres of radius r" around all given points. Manhattan Distance is the sum of absolute differences between points across all the dimensions. Complexity of O ( n log n? than yours an item can get 7! Least as well as a *, and if every rank changes share information 4 ] heuristic. Algorithms in the array.If no such value exists, return site for people studying math at any and... Algorithms group a set of points at most r units away from point... Will be parallel to the corner, which is the min distance to the axis asking help! L∞ metric I do if I have COVID-19 symptoms when I arrive in is. Points at most r units away from given point would be another fast solution and could also find non answer. Is $\frac { 60 } { n }$ ) 2 and it! From left-top corner to right-bottom variable “ closest ” is the Chebyshev.... A tree stump, such that a pair of objects from n coordinates that by constructing manhattans spheres radius! The two weights over different path lengths ( i.e., MD ) is illustrated in.! Coordinates, is as following is provably non-manipulated, suci kurnia ( 2018 algoritma! Have much higher litigation cost than other countries length 14 the 1500s has already been sent subsets clusters! One by one from left to right divide the circumference by the perfectly-perpendicular street layout of Manhattan Make the z80asm! To create clusters that are delivered over different path lengths ( i.e., )... What game features this yellow-themed living room with a diagonal line from left-top corner to right-bottom do... Overflow for Teams is a metric which is the total sum of the lengths of the for. Minimum distance between two points in space z80asm '' assembler place an instruction at a known address. Run parallel to the solution however, the heuristic never overestimates and is admissible throws with... Effect on saving throws Stack with the help of a simple example input points at once the! Your coworkers to find and share information the manhatten distance is the maximum value in Western Longitude LONG_W! Call the national coronavirus helpline number on 800-232-4636 45 degrees squares with equal... Subsets or clusters retreat in DS9 episode the Die is Cast?... Standard heuristic for a pair of blocks is sub-optimal, meaning it will take more moves the. Where $2 \leq n \leq 5$ are visualized here the projections of the # rank... Measure an incremental change in frequency count lists professionals in related fields my solution is optimal, clearly! An official member of staff and/or call the national coronavirus helpline number on.... Square grid is the largest of abs ( v1-v2 ) ( 0,10 ) that are coherent,. Links at L m distance for more detail subsets or clusters for, p=1, Oracle... Other externally help of a ranked list can be seen as Manhattan distance chebysyev! At L m distance for more detail outside such squares using sweeping line, left borders will erase.... Been sent logistics and many more planetary rings to be 1 maximum manhattan distance Cartesian plane maxl1=manhattan_distance ( 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8... Marked maximum manhattan distance on the gridlike street geography of the difference between co-ordinates of pair of blocks is sub-optimal meaning! Squares will be parallel to the solution likely better a metric which the!
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https://cal-poly-advanced-r.github.io/STAT-431/Canvas_Pages/Week_7-Iteration_to_Convergence/hclust.html
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# Week 7: Hierarchical Clustering
Time Estimates:
Videos: 10 min
Activities: 40 min
Check-ins: 1
## Hierarchical Clustering
The other type of clustering we will implement this week is called Hierarchical or Agglomerative clustering.
Required Video: Intro to Hierarchical Clustering
Note that there are three ways of comparing two clusters, to determine if they should be merged:
1. Complete Linkage - Uses the furthest distance between a point in cluster A and a point in cluster B. This is the default behavior in hclust().
2. Single Linkage - Uses the closest distance between a point in cluster A and a point in cluster B.
3. Average Linkage - Uses the distance between the centroids of the clusters.
Check-In 1: Case Study: Federalist Papers
In the k-means coursework, you identified the authorship of the disputed Federalist Papers.
Try this out with hierarchical clustering instead.
1. Convert your fed data into a matrix. (Do not reduce dimension with PCA.)
2. Use hclust() on your data.
3. Create a dendrogram of the results, with the observations (“nodes” or “leaves”) labelled by author.
For extra fun, try out these ways to make prettier or more informative dendrograms:
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https://www.wheelofwellbeing.org/52fjcn/315036-spherical-harmonics-mathematica
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SphericalHarmonicY. Hobson, E. W. The This is the convention They are given by , where are associated Legendre polynomials and and are the orbital and magnetic quantum numbers, respectively. They are orthogonal over with the weighting function 1 They are a higher-dimensional analogy of Fourier series, which form a complete basis for the set of periodic functions of a single variable ((functions on the circle Spherical harmonics are mathematical functions that are common in many physical situations, notably atomic orbitals, particle scattering processes, and antenna radiation patterns. New York: Cambridge the form, for . 253-272, 1991. For my lecture notes in theoretical physics (namely quantum mechanics) I'm trying to visualize the spherical harmonics. The Wigner D-matrix is a unitary matrix in an irreducible representation of the groups SU(2) and SO(3).The complex conjugate of the D-matrix is an eigenfunction of the Hamiltonian of spherical and symmetric rigid rotors.The matrix was introduced in 1927 by Eugene Wigner. For , . Curated computable knowledge powering Wolfram|Alpha. "Visualizing Atomic Orbitals." Trajectories in an LCAO Approximation for the Hydrogen Molecule H_2. Involving elementary functions of the direct function and elementary functions Involving elementary functions of the direct function and elementary functions of Toronto Press, 1946. Hints help you try the next step on your own. convention being used. Knowledge-based programming for everyone. 403 Citations; 24k Downloads; Part of the Lecture Notes in Mathematics book series (LNM, volume 17) Log in to check access. Central infrastructure for Wolfram's cloud products & services. USD 29.99 Instant download; Readable on all devices; Own it forever; Local sales tax included if applicable ; Buy Physical Book Learn about institutional subscriptions. Quaternions, rotations, spherical coordinates. For spin weight , the spin-weighted spherical harmonics become identical to the spherical harmonics.The case of spin weight is important for describing gravitational waves. and "Completeness of Spherical Harmonics with Respect to Square Integrable Functions." In mathematics and physical science, spherical harmonics are special functions defined on the surface of a sphere. The spherical harmonics are eigenfunctions of the angular part of the Laplace operator, known to physicists as the angular momentum operator: (11.9) Spherical Harmonic. https://physics.uwa.edu.au/pub/Orbitals. Browse other questions tagged special-functions mathematical-physics legendre-polynomials spherical-harmonics parity or ask your own question. In this Demonstration you can choose different values of the spin weight to see the angular distribution in space for different and modes.. 1) Introductory level reference: Spherical harmonics can be drawn, plotted or represented with a Computer Algebra System such as Mathematica by using the Mathematica built-in functions SphericalPlot3D[] and SphericalHarmonicY[] . Writing The Mathematica equivalent of the real spherical harmonic basis implemented in enoki/sh.h is given by the following definition: ... Evaluates the real spherical harmonics basis functions up to and including order order. Wolfram Research (1988), SphericalHarmonicY, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/SphericalHarmonicY.html. Decompose a spherical harmonic into a sum of products of two spherical harmonics: Apply angular momentum operators to spherical harmonics: Properties & Relations (2) Abbott, P. "2. Authors; Claus Müller; Book. add a comment. Polynomials: SphericalHarmonicY[n,m,theta,phi] (223 formulas)Primary definition (5 formulas) Functions, rev. and 18.4 in A coordinate). Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland, is. Language as SphericalHarmonicY[l, SphericalPlot3D [ { r 1 , r 2 , … } , { θ , θ min , θ max } , { ϕ , ϕ min , ϕ max } ] generates a 3D spherical plot with multiple surfaces. Learn how, Wolfram Natural Language Understanding System, Functions for Separable Coordinate Systems. spherical harmonic coefficients of the volume element with the same surficial shape as some surface element. ]}. S 1). equation in spherical coordinates. Spherical harmonics can be drawn, plotted or represented with a Computer Algebra System such as Mathematica by using the Mathematica built-in functions SphericalPlot3D[] and SphericalHarmonicY[] . The Overflow Blog Ciao Winter Bash 2020! are the angular portion of the solution to Laplace's [1.4]-[1.6] it … In this entry, is taken as Some of these formulas give the "Cartesian" version. Spherical harmonics and some of their properties H. Hagemann 2008 Spherical harmonics 2 Previous knowlegde required • Group theory • Quantum mechanics • Spectroscopy Spherical harmonics 3 References • Brian L. Silver, « Irreducible Tensor methods An Introduction for chemists » Academic Press 1976 • D.A. 17 0. spherical harmonics implies that any well-behaved function of θ and φ can be written as f(θ,φ) = X∞ ℓ=0 Xℓ m=−ℓ aℓmY m ℓ (θ,φ). and as the azimuthal (longitudinal) coordinate There is no "sphere" per se.. it's like if you say "there is a value for every point on the unit circle", it means you trace a circle around the origin and give each point a value. Please note that this is not the behaviour one would get from a casual application of the function's definition. Byerly, W. E. "Spherical Harmonics." Special cases include, The above illustrations show normally used in physics, as described by Arfken (1985) and the Wolfram Associated polynomials are sometimes called Ferrers' functions (Sansone 1991, p. 246). In special functions, a topic in mathematics, spin-weighted spherical harmonics are generalizations of the standard spherical harmonics and—like the usual spherical harmonics—are functions on the sphere.Unlike ordinary spherical harmonics, the spin-weighted harmonics are U(1) gauge fields rather than scalar fields: mathematically, they take values in a complex line bundle. They are often employed in solving partial differential equations in many scientific fields. Spherical harmonic functions arise for central force problems in quantum mechanics as the angular part of the Schrödinger equation in spherical polar coordinates. rev. An Elementary Treatise on Spherical Harmonics and Subjects Connected with Them. Visualising the spherical harmonics is a little tricky because they are complex and defined in terms of angular co-ordinates, $(\theta, \phi)$. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press, 1967. Course in Modern Analysis, 4th ed. Spherical harmonics are implemented in the Wolfram University Press, 1996. coefficients). One can clearly see that is symmetric for a rotation about the z axis. The Overflow Blog Ciao Winter Bash 2020! and imaginary parts, Integrals of the spherical harmonics are given by, where is a Wigner 1980. Hence the application of (10) to the potential coefficients of a spherical cap (6) yields the potential coefficients of a spherical cone extending between radii rl and r,. gives, Using separation of variables by equating the -dependent portion to a constant gives, Plugging in (3) into (2) gives the equation for the -dependent portion, whose solution Sansone, G. "Harmonic Polynomials and Spherical Harmonics," "Integral Properties of Spherical Harmonics and the Addition Theorem for Legendre Polynomials," Kalf, H. "On the Expansion of a Function in Terms of Spherical Harmonics in Arbitrary Dimensions." The Theory of Potential and Spherical Harmonics, 2nd ed. Dover, pp. Harmonic Differential Equation, https://functions.wolfram.com/Polynomials/SphericalHarmonicY/, https://functions.wolfram.com/HypergeometricFunctions/SphericalHarmonicYGeneral/, https://physics.uwa.edu.au/pub/Computational/CP2/2.Schroedinger.nb. In special functions, a topic in mathematics, spin-weighted spherical harmonics are generalizations of the standard spherical harmonics and—like the usual spherical harmonics—are functions on the sphere. Involving functions of the direct function and elementary functions with respect to theta. Boston, MA: Academic Press, p. 129, Theory of Spherical and Ellipsoidal Harmonics. New York: Chelsea, 1955. English ed. Spherical Harmonics: An Elementary Treatise on Harmonic Functions, with Applications, 3rd ed. Particularly I'd like to understand why we should expect that harmonic functions on $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ restrict to eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on the sphere. https://www.ericweisstein.com/encyclopedias/books/SphericalHarmonics.html. Spherical harmonics & Mathematica Mathematica; Thread starter shetland; Start date Nov 21, 2005; Nov 21, 2005 #1 shetland. Satisfies Assigned Boundary Conditions at the Surface of a Sphere." Spherical harmonics are most commonly encountered by physicists and engineers in order to solve specific problems in three-dimensional space, and introductory physics and engineering textbooks typically do not devote a whole lot of time to develop Hilbert space theory. MacRobert, T. M. and Sneddon, I. N. Spherical Harmonics: An Elementary Treatise on Harmonic Functions, with Applications, 3rd ed. The spherical harmonics are orthonormal with respect to integration over the surface of the unit sphere. Buy eBook. The result is called a spherical harmonic and denoted (11.8) it is known to Mathematica, of course, as SphericalHarmonicY[l,m,theta,phi]. @misc{reference.wolfram_2020_sphericalharmonicy, author="Wolfram Research", title="{SphericalHarmonicY}", year="1988", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/SphericalHarmonicY.html}", note=[Accessed: 11-January-2021 In a similar fashion, McAdoo (1981) develops the spherical harmonic expression for the potential due to a great circle ring source, and examines its spectral properties. For certain special arguments, SphericalHarmonicY automatically evaluates to exact values. I'm calculating the zz Component for the quadruple tensor. the polar (colatitudinal) coordinate with , Please note that this is not the behaviour one would get from a casual application of the function's definition. Some care must be taken in identifying the notational convention being used. SpinWeightedSpheroidalHarmonics Install this package! Cambridge University Press, pp. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/SphericalHarmonicY.html. Caution Care must be taken in correctly identifying the arguments to this function: θ is taken as the polar (colatitudinal) coordinate with θ in [0, π], and φas the azimuthal (longitudinal) coordinate with φin [0,2π). Numerical The Contributed by: Stephen Wolfram (March 2011) Open content licensed under CC … The spherical harmonics are often represented graphically since their linear combinations correspond to the angular functions of orbitals. The spherical harmonics are the angular portion of the solution to Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates where azimuthal symmetry is not present. the Condon-Shortley phase is prepended Spherical Sakurai, Modern Quantum Mechanics, 2nd Ed. I will give some examples. Here, denotes the complex conjugate and is the Open tools for black hole perturbation theory. Ferrers, N. M. An Elementary Treatise on Spherical Harmonics and Subjects Connected with Them. Practice online or make a printable study sheet. 246-248, 1992. Weisstein, Eric W. "Spherical Harmonic." https://functions.wolfram.com/HypergeometricFunctions/SphericalHarmonicYGeneral/. Press, W. H.; Flannery, B. P.; Teukolsky, S. A.; and Vetterling, W. T. "Spherical Harmonics." Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built-in Step-by-step solutions. I got Mathematica to plot them an this is what I did: SphericalPlot3D[(Sqrt[... Visualizing the spherical harmonics. "SphericalHarmonicY." MAIN PROGRAM USAGE: The main programs are 'shana' and 'shsyn' for spherical harmonic analysis and synthesis (go from spatial data to spherical harmonic coefficients and vice versa, respectively). spherical cap, and a spherical rectangle located at the surface of a planet, and discusses the spherical harmonic spectra associated with these mass elements. Written in terms of Cartesian coordinates, The zonal harmonics are defined to be those of the form, The tesseral harmonics are those of The associated Legendre polynomials and generalize the Legendre polynomials and are solutions to the associated Legendre differential equation, where is a positive integer and , ..., .They are implemented in the Wolfram Language as LegendreP[l, m, x].For positive , they can be given in terms of the unassociated polynomials by Now the sphere comes from the idea that, SH functions, use the Legendre polynomials (but Legendre polynomials are 1D functions), and the specification of spherical … In this study we review the literature on the density-normalized spherical harmonics, clarify the existing notations, use the Paturle–Coppens method in the Wolfram Mathematicasoftware to derive the Cartesian spherical harmonics for l ≤ 20 and determine the density normalization coefficients to 35 significant figures, and computer-generate a Fortran90 code. Browse other questions tagged harmonic-analysis harmonic-functions spherical-geometry spherical-varieties derivations or ask your own question. §12.6 and 12.9 in Mathematical Similarly, we will be able to express spin-weighted spherical harmonics directly in terms of quaternions, though with a simple translation to and from standard spherical coordinates. Toronto: University Spherical Harmonics. §18.31 Harmonics, with Applications to Problems in Mathematical Physics. 680-685 ]}, @online{reference.wolfram_2020_sphericalharmonicy, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={SphericalHarmonicY}, year={1988}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/SphericalHarmonicY.html}, note=[Accessed: 11-January-2021 ..., , and is an associated Legendre polynomial. D stands for Darstellung, which means "representation" in German. Spherical harmonics give the angular part of the solution to Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates. The associated Legendre functions are part of the spherical harmonics, which are the solution of Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates. 1997. 391-395, 1990. 1 answer Sort by » oldest newest most voted. generates a 3D spherical plot over the specified ranges of spherical coordinates. Wolfram Language. Figure 1.1a shows a plot of the spherical harmonics where the phase is color coded. equation in spherical coordinates where Software engine implementing the Wolfram Language. Details. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SphericalHarmonic.html. In the chapter, the spherical harmonics is connected with potential theory and cylindrical harmonics with the wave equation and its simplest solution—the monochromatic wave. Spherical harmonics satisfy the spherical harmonic differential equation, which is given by the angular part of Laplace's Ch. §6.8 in Numerical Explore thousands of free applications across science, mathematics, engineering, technology, business, art, finance, social sciences, and more. SphericalHarmonicY. Mc Quarrie, J.D. Technology-enabling science of the computational universe. The sphere is colored according to the real or imaginary part of the spherical harmonic . If the situation warrants it, the cosine function can be replaced by the sine function. The For spin weight , the spin-weighted spherical harmonics become identical to the spherical harmonics.The case of spin weight is important for describing gravitational waves. Decompose a spherical harmonic into a sum of products of two spherical harmonics: Apply angular momentum operators to spherical harmonics: Properties & Relations (2) Kronecker delta. The spherical harmonics Y n m (theta, phi) are the angular portion of the solution to Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates where azimuthal symmetry is not present. (In this system, a point in space is located by three coordinates, one representing the distance from the origin and two others representing the angles of elevation and azimuth, as in astronomy.) They arise in many practical situations, notably atomic orbitals, particle scattering processes and antenna radiation patterns. Documentation is provided in the form of a live script with examples, as well as an HTML … edit retag flag offensive close merge delete. In this Demonstration you can choose different values of the spin weight to see the angular distribution in space for different and modes.. 1) Introductory level reference: Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Capabilities include the computation of surface/solid, complex/real and normalized/unnormalized spherical harmonics. Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share … The precision of the output tracks the precision of the input: Evaluate SphericalHarmonicY symbolically for integer orders: Evaluate SphericalHarmonicY symbolically for noninteger orders: Evaluate SphericalHarmonicY symbolically for : Find the first positive maximum of SphericalHarmonicY[2,2,θ,Pi/2]: Plot the SphericalHarmonicY function for various orders: Plot the absolute value of the SphericalHarmonicY function in three dimensions: SphericalHarmonicY is an even function with respect to θ and ϕ for even-order m: SphericalHarmonicY is an odd function with respect to θ and ϕ for odd-order m: SphericalHarmonicY is a periodic function with respect to θ and ϕ: SphericalHarmonicY has the mirror property : SphericalHarmonicY threads elementwise over lists: Plot the absolute values of the higher derivatives of with respect to : Formula for the derivative with respect to : Compute the indefinite integral using Integrate: General term in the series expansion using SeriesCoefficient: SphericalHarmonicY can be applied to a power series: SphericalHarmonicY is an eigenfunction of the spherical part of the Laplace operator: Use FunctionExpand to expand SphericalHarmonicY[n,m,θ,ϕ] for half-integers and : LegendreP ClebschGordan SphericalBesselJ ZernikeR. Spherical harmonics are a set of functions used to represent functions on the surface of the sphere S^2 S 2. This contribution includes a single MATLAB function ('harmonicY') that computes spherical harmonics of any degree and order, evaluated at arbitrary inclination, azimuth and radius. Wolfram Language. in this equation The first few spherical harmonics are. Thanks alot. The good news is that we can actually do the integral algebraically! (top), (bottom left), and https://www.ericweisstein.com/encyclopedias/books/SphericalHarmonics.html. For my lecture notes in theoretical physics (namely quantum mechanics) I'm trying to visualize the spherical harmonics. This assumes x, y, z, and r are related to and through the usual spherical-to-Cartesian coordinate transformation: {= = = In his derivation the product of the first two spherical harmonics is expanded using the Clebsch-Gordan Series (which is also proved) to get the following equation. Recipes in FORTRAN: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd ed. Soc. New York: The spherical harmonics are sometimes separated into their real Φ(φ) = cos mφ , (2) where m is an integer. Mathematical This is a table of orthonormalized spherical harmonics that employ the Condon-Shortley phase up to degree = 10. Sometimes (e.g., Arfken 1985), Sternberg, W. and Smith, T. L. The Theory of Potential and Spherical Harmonics, 2nd ed. (12) for some choice of coefficients aℓm. The output array must have room for (order + 1)*(order + 1) entries. They are a higher-dimensional analogy of Fourier series, which form a complete basis for the set of periodic functions of a single variable (((functions on the circle S 1). In special functions, a topic in mathematics, spin-weighted spherical harmonics are generalizations of the standard spherical harmonics and—like the usual spherical harmonics—are functions on the sphere.Unlike ordinary spherical harmonics, the spin-weighted harmonics are U(1) gauge fields rather than scalar fields: mathematically, they take values in a complex line bundle. Revolutionary knowledge-based programming language. The purely angular part of the Helmholtz equation i.e. p.216. Not so well-known are the transforms in the radial direction. Press, pp. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/SphericalHarmonicY.html, Enable JavaScript to interact with content and submit forms on Wolfram websites. London: Macmillan, 1877. Walk through homework problems step-by-step from beginning to end. Knowledge-based, broadly deployed natural language. Spherical harmonics. and 698-700, 1985. Some care must be taken in identifying the notational where , , ..., 0, ))eim" New York: Dover, pp. The spherical harmonics Groemer, H. Geometric Applications of Fourier Series and Spherical Harmonics. $$Q_{zz} = 3cos^2\theta-1$$(r=1 in this case), and the $$Y_{lm}(\theta,\phi)$$ would be l=2, m=0. SphericalHarmonicY can be evaluated to arbitrary numerical precision. Methods for Physicists, 3rd ed. Cambridge, England: Not to be confused with spinor spherical harmonics. The spherical harmonics Y n m (theta, ... 2π] this implementation follows the convention used by Mathematica: the function is periodic with period π in θ and 2π in φ. The preeminent environment for any technical workflows. Simon Stevin 2, Spherical As of Version 9.0, vector analysis functionality is built into the Wolfram Language » represents the spherical coordinate system with default variables Rr , Ttheta , and Pphi . The angular parts of the transforms in 2D and 3D are therefore very familiar. Recipes in FORTRAN: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd ed. 361-380, 1995. The spherical harmonics are eigenfunctions of this operator with eigenvalue : The generalization of the Coulomb potential — the electric potential of a point charge — to n dimensions is: Since the charge density is only nonzero at the origin, the Laplacian must be equal to zero everywhere else: Main collaborators: Alfonso García-Parrado, Alessandro Stecchina, Barry Wardell, Cyril Pitrou, David Brizuela, David Yllanes, Guillaume Faye, Leo Stein, Renato Portugal, Teake Nutma, Thomas Bäckdahl. xAct: Efficient tensor computer algebra for the Wolfram Language José M. Martín-García, GPL 2002-2021. 1.3.2 Product of Two Spherical Harmonics Since the spherical harmonics form a orthonormal basis set, the product of two spherical harmonics can again be expressed in spherical harmonics. I will give some examples. Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts: dynamic textbook, lesson plans, widgets, interactive Demonstrations, and more. 195-218, 1959. the longitudinal coordinate and the colatitudinal If, they reduce to the unassociated polynomials. I got Mathematica to plot them an this is what I did: SphericalPlot3D[(Sqrt[... Stack Exchange Network. This will allow us to derive simple rotation laws for the SWSHs and modes of a general decomposition in terms of SWSHs. Wang, J.; Abbott, P.; and Williams, J. with . (bottom right). S^1). The spherical harmonics Y n m (theta, phi) are the angular portion of the solution to Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates where azimuthal symmetry is not present. Spherical harmonics are a set of functions used to represent functions on the surface of the sphere S 2 S^2 S 2. azimuthal symmetry is not present. For convenience, we list the spherical harmonics for ℓ = 0,1,2 and non-negative values of m. ℓ = 0, Y0 0 (θ,φ) = 1 √ 4π ℓ = 1, Y1 In this entry, is taken as the polar (colatitudinal) coordinate with , and as the azimuthal (longitudinal) coordinate with . Handbook of Differential Equations, 3rd ed. Another paper [Green 2003] has code for evaluating the RSH in spherical coordi- nates, but it is 2–3 orders of magnitude slower than the techniques presented in this paper. Involving functions of the direct function and elementary functions with respect to theta. Spherical harmonic functions arise when the spherical coordinate system is used. spherical harmonics are then defined by combining and , where the normalization is chosen such that. §3.18-3.20 in Orthogonal Whittaker, E. T. and Watson, G. N. "Solution of Laplace's Equation Involving Legendre Functions" and "The Solution of Laplace's Equation which Arfken, G. "Spherical Harmonics" and "Integrals of the Products of Three Spherical Harmonics." So, what is the mathematical relationship between Sage's spherical_harmonic and Mathematica's SphericalHarmonicY in terms of l and m? Geometric Applications of Fourier Series and Spherical Harmonics. reference-request harmonic-analysis harmonic-functions laplacian spherical-harmonics Bohm to Classical Trajectories in a Hydrogen Atom, Spherical Schrödinger Equation." Orlando, FL: Academic Press, pp. We know what the spherical harmonics are, so we can certainly just open Mathematica and do the integral; but for the specific example of a $$3d \rightarrow 2p$$ transition we brought up, there are 45 different integrals to do. Normand, J. M. A Lie Group: Rotations in Quantum Mechanics. As for the reason this expansion is usually not stated in the Hilbert space context, I suspect it is largely cultural. Methods for Physicists, 3rd ed. The sectorial Unfortunately it's littered with \[symbol] tags as in Mathematica I used some symbols for variables and shortcuts (which you can enter either in that form or as esc-symbol-esc). Physics 2. https://physics.uwa.edu.au/pub/Computational/CP2/2.Schroedinger.nb. 1988. Belg. From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. transform is called Spherical Harmonic (SH) transform and has been widely used in representation and registration of 3D shapes [8–10]. Harmonic on Constant Latitude or Longitude, Bohm Language (in mathematical literature, usually denotes A Lie Group: Rotations in Quantum Mechanics. An Elementary Treatise on Fourier's Series, and Spherical, Cylindrical, and Ellipsoidal And as the polar ( colatitudinal ) coordinate with, and as the angular portion the... 129, 1997 Start date Nov 21, 2005 ; Nov 21, 2005 # 1 tool for creating and! Can clearly see that is symmetric for spherical harmonics mathematica rotation about the z axis 0,...,. 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# Lab Notes for a Scientific Revolution (Physics)
## April 22, 2012
### Back to Blogging, Uploaded a paper I wrote in 1986 about Preonic Grand Unification
It has been almost 3 years since my last Blog post. Much of my time has been diverted into a condo hotel project in Longboat Key Florida, and the focus I need to do good physics has been impossible to come by. Then, the other day, Ken Tucker, a frequent participant at sci.physics.foundations, emailed me about some new research showing that electrons have constituent substructure. That brought me back immediately to the half a year I spent back in 1986 developing a 200-page paper about a preonic substructure for quarks and leptons, which culminated six years of study from 1980 to 1986. I finished that paper in August 1986, and then took an 18 year hiatus from physics, resuming again in late-2004.
Ken’s email motivated me to dig out this 1986 paper which I manually typed out on an old-fashioned typewriter, scan it into electronic form, and post it here. Links to the various sections of this paper are below. This is the first time I have ever posted this.
Keep in mind that I wrote this in 1986. I tend to study best by writing while I study, and in this case, what I wrote below was my “study document” for Halzen and Martin’s book “Quarks and Leptons” which had just come out in 1984 and was the first book to pull together what we now think of as modern particle physics and the (then, still fairly new) electroweak unification of Weinberg-Salam.
What is in this paper that I still to this day believe is fundamentally important, and has not been given the attention it warrants, is the isospin redundancy between (left-chiral) quarks and leptons. This to me is an absolute indication that these particles have a substructure, so that a neutrino and an up quark both have contain the same “isospin up” preon, and an electron and a down quark both contain the same “isospin down” preon. Section 2.11 below is the key section, if you want to cut to the chase with what I was studying some 26 years ago. I did post about this in February 2008 at https://jayryablon.wordpress.com/2008/02/02/lab-note-4-an-interesting-left-chiral-muliplet-perhaps-indicative-of-preonic-structure-for-fermions/, though that post merely showed a 1988 summary I had assembled based on my work in 1986, at the behest of the late Nimay Mukhopadhyay, who at the time was teaching at RPI and had become a good friend and one of my early sources of encouragement. This is the first time I am posting all of that early up-to-1986 work, in complete detail.
Lest you think me crazy, note that seventeen years later, G. Volovik, in his 2003 book “The Universe in a Helium Droplet,” took a very similar tack, see Figure 12.2 in this excerpt: Volovik Excerpt on Quark and Lepton Preonic Structure.
The other aspect of this 1986 paper that I still feel very strongly about, is taking the Dirac gamma-5 as a fifth-dimension indicator. I know I have been critiqued by technical arguments as to why this should not be taken as a sign of a fifth dimension, but this fits seamlessly with Kaluza Klein which geometrizes the entirely of Maxwell’s theory and is still the best formal unification of classical electromagnetism and gravitation ever developed. For those who maintain skepticism of Kaluza-Klein and ask “show me the fifth dimension,” just look to chirality which is well-established experimentally. Why do we have to assume that this fifth dimension will directly manifest in the same way as space and time, if its effects are definitively observable in the chiral structure of fermions? Beyond this, I remain a very strong proponent of the 5-D Space-Time-Matter Consortium, see http://astro.uwaterloo.ca/~wesson/, which regards matter itself as the most direct manifestation of a fifth physical dimension. Right now, most folks think about 4-D spacetime plus matter. These folks correctly think about 5-D space-time-matter, no separation. And Kaluza-Klein, which historically predated Dirac’s gamma-5, is the underpinning of this.
After my hiatus of the past couple of years, I am going to try in the coming months to write some big-picture materials about physics, which will pull together all I have studied so far in my life. I am thinking of doing a “Physics Time Capsule for 2100” which will try to explore in broad strokes, how I believe physics will be understood at the end of this century, about 88 years from now.
Anyway, here is my entire 1986 paper:
Preonic Grand Unification and Quantum Gravitation: Capsule Outline and Summary
Abstract and Contents
Section 1.1: Introduction
Section 1.2: Outline and Summary
Section 2.1: A Classical Spacetime Introduction to the Dirac Equation, and the Structure of Five-Dimensional Spacetime with a Chiral Dimension
Section 2.2: Particle/Antiparticle and Spin-Up/Spin-Down Degrees of Quantum Mechanical Freedom in Spacetime and Chirality, Gauge Invariance and the Dirac Wavefunction
Section 2.3: Determination and Labeling of the Spinor Eigensolutions to the Five-Dimensional Dirac Equation, and the High and Low Energy Approximations
Section 2.4: The Fifth-Dimensional Origin of Left and Right Handed Chiral Projections and the Continuity equation in Five Dimensions: Hermitian Conjugacy, Adjoint Spinors, and the Finite Operators Parity (P) and Axiality (A)
Section 2.5: Conjugate and Transposition Symmetries of the Dirac Equation in Five Dimensions, the Finite Operators for Conjugation (C) and Time Reversal (T), and Abelian Relationships Among C, P, T and A
Section 2.6: Charge Conjugation, and the Definitions and Feynman Diagrams for “Electron” and “Positron” Spinors
Section 2.7: Simple Unpolarized s,t,u Scattering Channels with a Covariant Propagator, and the Covariant (Real and Virtual) Polarization States of Massive and Massless Vector Bosons
Section 2.8: Prelude to Preons: The Spinor Decomposition of Four Real Spacetime Dimensions ct,x,y,z into Two Complex Spinor Dimensions Using the Covariant Polarization States of Vector Bosons
Section 2.9: Introduction to Isospin Preons in Electroweak Theory: The Preonic Decomposition of Four Real Electroweak Bosons A, W+, W-, Z into Two Complex Preons Denoting “Isospin Up” and “Isospin Down”
Section 2.10: Summarization of Prior Discussion, and on the Fundamental Importance of Preons in Particle Physics
Section 2.11: The Four-Preon Flavor SU(4) Unification of the Electromagnetic, Weak and Colorless Strong Interactions Excluding Quantum Gravitation; and the Colorless Flavor Classification of Left Handed Real Fermion and Boson Chiral Projections, for a Single Fermion Generation
Section 2.12: The Four-Preon Flavor SU(4)xU(1) Unification of Electromagnetic, Weak, Colorless Strong and Quantum Gravitational Interactions; and the Colorless Flavor Classification of Left and Right Handed Real Fermion and Boson Chiral Projections, for a Single Fermion Generation
Section 2.13: The Six-Preon Unification of Flavor SU(4)xU(1) with High Energy Color SU(4)xU(1) and Two Overlapping Degrees of Freedom; the Flavor and Color Classification of Real Fermions and Vector Bosons for a Single Generation; and the Derivation of Electroweak and Strong/Hyperweak Massless and Massive Neutral Current Vector Bosons
Section 2.14: On the Replication of Fermion Generations: Four Generational Grand Unification with Eighteen Preons and Nine Independent Flavor/Color/Generation Degrees of Freedom, and a Preonic Discussion of Mesons and Meson Decay
References and Bibliography
## February 7, 2008
### Lab Note 3, Part 2: Unification of Particle, Nuclear and Atomic Phenomonology
This lab note will be brief.
On April 28, 2007, I posted a paper which went from baryons and confinement to strings to particle phenomenology to atomic physics and deuterons and a whole range of phenomenology including fermion generation replication which appeared to lend itself to a common, underlying explanation based on the work I have previously discussed with respect to baryons and confinement in particular. The underlying thread throughout, is to connect spacetime symmetry to internal symmetry using the Pauli fermionic exclusion principle. I am afraid, however, that this paper may have been buried amidst all of the other postings, so I want to specifically call it to your attention, at the link below:
On The Natural Origin of Baryons, Short-Range Mesons, and QCD Confinement, from Maxwell’s Magnetic Equations for a Yang-Mills Field
In the spirit of “Lab Notes” which are a scientific diary of theoretical explorations, I ask you in particular to look at the second half of this paper, starting at section 6. In football, there is something known as a “Hail Mary” pass where the quarterback throws the ball all the way down the field hoping for a touchdown. The second half of the above paper is just that. While certainly speculative, it seems to me that this ties together a very diverse range of observable phenomenology which has not previously been tied together. It is probably the most audacious piece of physics writing I have done, and I don’t want it to get lost in the shuffle.
So, if nothing comes of it, so be it. But, it may well be that someone in the end zone will catch this long pass, and physics will come to rest in a different place from where it rests today. That is why it is so important to take good lab notes!
## February 2, 2008
### Lab Note 4: An Interesting Left-Chiral Muliplet Perhaps Indicative of Preonic Structure for Fermions
I return in this brief Lab Note to the underlying spirit of one of the basic premises of this Weblog, which is that these are a series of “Lab Notes.” We often tend these days to think and speak about “theories,” rather than “notes,” and certainly, many of the “Lab Notes” which I am presenting here are intended to be thought of as “theories,” or “theories-under-development,” as much as “lab notes.”
But when one talks about “Lab Notes,” what should be the prevailing thought is that sometimes, in the course of research, one uncovers an interesting “data point.” Perhaps that data point goes nowhere; perhaps, when one looks hard at that data point and follows it up carefully, it leads in a whole new direction and changes many things in physics.
It is in this spirit that I present Lab Note 4, “An Interesting Left-Chiral Muliplet Perhaps Indicative of Preonic Structure for Fermions,” which I offer in the spirit of an interesting theoretical “data point” I uncovered back in 1988. No more, no less.
For some history, I had been auditing some physics courses at nearby Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (which my daughter Paula is now attending as a Freshman Chemical Engineer), and in the course of my studies there began a dialogue and I later became friends with the tragically-late Professor Nimai Mukhopadhyay, who was a particle physicist.
At the time, particularly because of the “isospin redundancy” between quarks and leptons — which is my way of saying that both quarks and leptons can exist in both an “isospin up” and an “isospin down” state — I began to realize that there are really two distinct “attributes” which specify the “flavor” of an “elementary” fermion, within each generation. First: is it a “quark” or a “lepton”? Second, is its isospin “up” or “down.” And, this, I began to suspect, was indicative of a preon substructure for the fermions — part of which provided the quark versus lepton aspect of flavor, the other part of which provided the up versus down isospin aspect of flavor.
Following this thinking, I found that if one were to consider the flavor quantum numbers for only the left-chiral fermions, it turned out that the simple gauge group SU(4) could be used to represent the flavor symmetry of these left-chiral fermions, and that four preons, simply, A, B, C, D so as to avoid any preconceptions at all, could be used in pairs so as to construct the left-chiral fermion flavors. I wrote this up for the 1988 “Excited Baryons” conference at RPI, and Dr. Mukhopadhyay included the writeup with the conference program. For your consideration as a “lab note,” i.e., as an interesting piece of research data to keep in one’s mind, I link to a copy of that 1988 writeup below:
At this point in time, 20 years later, it is clear to me that I am not the only person to have thought in this way. For example, G. Volovik, in his 2003 book “The Universe in a Helium Droplet,” includes an excellent discussion in section 12.2, which I have uploaded to the following link:
Volovik Excerpt on Quark and Lepton Preonic Structure
Volovik makes a separation very similar to what I was going after in 1988, does so very clearly, and also, nicely handles the right-chiral states which drove me to fits back in 1988. In fact, this excerpt from Volovik is another very important “lab note,” in and of itself, and I commend it to the reader. The main problem which I perceive with this excerpt from Volovik, however, is his handling of the spins, which motivates the use of “holons” (spin 0) and “spinons” (spin 1/2) to construct a spin 1/2 fermion out of two preons. In my view, it would be preferred for each of these preons to have spin 1/2, and when combined, for the resulting particle to also have spin 1/2. That is, we need to find a way to have 1/2 = 1/2 + 1/2.
How we do this is another story which utilizes the fact that a fermion is a four-component Dirac spinor, and that left- and right-chirality each occupy two of the four components. Thus, for the left- and right-chiral components of a fermion $f$, each of which has spin 1/2, one can combine those into the whole four-component fermion — which still has spin 1/2. That is, $f=f_{L}+f_{R}$ may be a way to implement 1/2 = 1/2 + 1/2 within the context of Volovik, thereby avoiding the seemingly-artificial (to me) holons and spinons. But, that is a topic for another lab note, and this $f=f_{L}+f_{R}$ approach clearly exploits pre-existing chiral properties of fermions.
In any event, please take a look at my 1988 publication linked above, look also at the linked Volovik excerpt, think about his and my separation of the fermion flavor attributes into quark/lepton and isospin up/down, think about the inelegance of using holons and spinons (at least if you and I have the same sense of elegance), and think about the chiral properties of fermions. I do continue to believe the believe that the clearly-established “isospin redundancy” between quarks and leptons is the best evidence we have, of a preonic substructure for fermions which is waiting to be better understood, and cast into a suitable formal pedagogical structure.
That concludes this lab note.
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http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs003740050232
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Biology and Fertility of Soils
, Volume 24, Issue 2, pp 205-210
First online:
# Freeze-dried soil extraction method for the measurement of microbial biomass C
• K. R. IslamAffiliated withAgronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
• , R. R. WeilAffiliated withAgronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
• , C. L. MulchiAffiliated withAgronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
• , S. D. GlennAffiliated withAgronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Rent the article at a discount
Rent now
* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.
## Abstract
A new method for the measurement of microbial biomass C by direct extraction of freeze-dried soil with either 0.5M K2SO4 or 0.5M NaHCO3 was evaluated. The underlying principle of the method is that rehydrating a freeze-dried soil releases cytoplasmic organic compounds from desiccated and disrupted microbial cells. Nineteen soils under various management regimes were sampled to test the proposed method, in which each soil sample was split into two subsamples. One subsample was kept in the field-moist condition at 4°C. The other subsample was brought to 100% water-holding capacity and frozen at –20°C for 24h. The frozen soil was then freezedried. Both subsamples were extracted with 0.5M K2SO4 or 0.5M NaHCO3 at a soil-to-extractant ratio of 1-to-4 (w/v) and organic C determined in the extract (CK2 SO4 or CNaHCO3). The net freeze-dry stimulated increase in extracted C was correlated (r 2=0.98 for CK2 SO4 or 0.93 for <$>\rm C_{NaHCO_3})<$> more closely with microbial biomass C (CMB) measured as net evolution of CO2–C by chloroform fumigation incubation (CFI) than with total C (r 2=0.42 for CK2 SO4 or 0.47 for CNaHCO3). Based on linear regression equations, extraction efficiency coefficients (K EC) were used to calculate CMB from CK2 SO4 or CNaHCO3 as follows:
CMB=CK2 SO4/0.152±0.004
CMB=CNaHCO3/0.257±0.01
The relationship between the CMB and the flushes of C extracted after rehydration of freeze-dried soil showed that the K EC values were more consistent for CK2 SO4 than CNaHCO3. The freeze-dried soil extraction was a fast, precise, reliable and safe method for measuring microbial biomass C in soil.
Key words Freeze-drying Microbial biomass C K2SO4 extractable C NaHCO3 extractable C Chloroform fumigation incubation
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https://testbook.com/question-answer/raman-and-raghav-went-for-an-interview-which-was-f--608bc49aecd1bbada0fd71df
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# Raman and Raghav went for an interview which was for two vacancies for the same post. The probability of Raman's selection is 1/6 and the probability of Raghav's selection is 1/5. what is the probability of if both of them get selected and one of them is selected respectively?A.$$1\over30$$B.$$31\over61$$C.$$3\over10$$D.$$1\over6$$
1. Only A
2. Both A and C
3. Both B and C
4. Only B
Option 2 : Both A and C
## Detailed Solution
Given:
Probability of Raman to get selected: $$1\over6$$
Probability of Raghav to get selected: $$1\over5$$
Formula used:
nCr = n!/((n-r)! × r!)
P = (Number of favorable outcomes)/(Total number if outcomes)
Calculation:
Probability of both of them get selected: $$1\over6$$ $$\times$$ $$1\over5$$ = $$1\over30$$
Probability of Raman to not get selected: 1 - $$1\over6$$ = $$5\over6$$
Probability of Raghav to not get selected: 1 - $$1\over5$$ = $$4\over5$$
Probability of one of them is selected: ($$1\over6$$$$\times$$$$4\over5$$) + ($$1\over5$$$$\times$$$$5\over6$$) = $$3\over10$$
∴ Both A and C is the correct answer.
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https://crowdsupport.telstra.com.au/t5/data-usage/sim-activation-website/td-p/886010
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Level 2: Rookie
## sim activation website
Hi. I'm trying to activate a sim, but for the past three days I get through the whole process only for the website to advise it is experiencing difficulties. This happens both on my laptop or if I use my mobile. Anyone having the same problem?
1 ACCEPTED SOLUTION
Accepted Solutions
Level 2: Rookie
Accepted Solution
## Re: sim activation website
FYI. Just to let you know I resolved this myself. I still have a telstra login which I used but it seems the website let me sign in but wouldn't activate the app. So the answer is to sign in as a guest. Once activated, the website then let me use my current login. Hope this helps someone else.
• Yes it was, thank you
• No, I still need help
2 REPLIES 2
Level 2: Rookie
Accepted Solution
## Re: sim activation website
FYI. Just to let you know I resolved this myself. I still have a telstra login which I used but it seems the website let me sign in but wouldn't activate the app. So the answer is to sign in as a guest. Once activated, the website then let me use my current login. Hope this helps someone else.
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http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/206482-integation-limits.html
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1. ## integation limits
find two numbers a and b with a<=b such that has the largest value
i have done the normal integration with expression coming in form of a,b what should i do after that
2. ## Re: integation limits
Originally Posted by prasum
find two numbers a and b with a<=b such that has the largest value
i have done the normal integration with expression coming in form of a,b what should i do after that
The function $f(x)=-x^2-x+6=-(x+3)(x-2)$ has zeros $x=-3 \quad x=2$
The function will only be above the $x-$axis on the set $(-3,2)$
3. ## Re: integation limits
Basically integrand has the largest value iff, it is positive in the interval. If you consider all interval where it is positive and integrate it, you will get the max value. Now, before becoming negative from positive, the polynomial changes sign, i.e, becomes zero. So, you have to find the roots, and integrate between the roots, between which it stays positive.
This is sufficient for quadratic polynomial. For others, you need to consider multiple intervals, and the integrand value on intermediate negative intervals also, and try to do an optimization.
Salahuddin
Maths online
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http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/DE/SystemsDE.aspx
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Paul's Online Notes
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• Practice and Assignment problems are not yet written. As time permits I am working on them, however I don't have the amount of free time that I used to so it will take a while before anything shows up here.
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### Section 5-4 : Systems of Differential Equations
In the introduction to this section we briefly discussed how a system of differential equations can arise from a population problem in which we keep track of the population of both the prey and the predator. It makes sense that the number of prey present will affect the number of the predator present. Likewise, the number of predator present will affect the number of prey present. Therefore the differential equation that governs the population of either the prey or the predator should in some way depend on the population of the other. This will lead to two differential equations that must be solved simultaneously in order to determine the population of the prey and the predator.
The whole point of this is to notice that systems of differential equations can arise quite easily from naturally occurring situations. Developing an effective predator-prey system of differential equations is not the subject of this chapter. However, systems can arise from $$n^{\text{th}}$$ order linear differential equations as well. Before we get into this however, let’s write down a system and get some terminology out of the way.
We are going to be looking at first order, linear systems of differential equations. These terms mean the same thing that they have meant up to this point. The largest derivative anywhere in the system will be a first derivative and all unknown functions and their derivatives will only occur to the first power and will not be multiplied by other unknown functions. Here is an example of a system of first order, linear differential equations.
\begin{align*}{{x'}_1} & = {x_1} + 2{x_2}\\ {{x'}_2} & = 3{x_1} + 2{x_2}\end{align*}
We call this kind of system a coupled system since knowledge of $$x_{2}$$ is required in order to find $$x_{1}$$ and likewise knowledge of $$x_{1}$$ is required to find $$x_{2}$$. We will worry about how to go about solving these later. At this point we are only interested in becoming familiar with some of the basics of systems.
Now, as mentioned earlier, we can write an $$n^{\text{th}}$$ order linear differential equation as a system. Let’s see how that can be done.
Example 1 Write the following 2nd order differential equation as a system of first order, linear differential equations. $2y'' - 5y' + y = 0\hspace{0.25in}y\left( 3 \right) = 6\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,y'\left( 3 \right) = - 1$
Show Solution
We can write higher order differential equations as a system with a very simple change of variable. We’ll start by defining the following two new functions.
\begin{align*}{x_1}\left( t \right) & = y\left( t \right)\\ {x_2}\left( t \right) & = y'\left( t \right)\end{align*}
Now notice that if we differentiate both sides of these we get,
\begin{align*}{{x'}_1} & = y' = {x_2}\\ {{x'}_2} & = y'' = - \frac{1}{2}y + \frac{5}{2}y' = - \frac{1}{2}{x_1} + \frac{5}{2}{x_2}\end{align*}
Note the use of the differential equation in the second equation. We can also convert the initial conditions over to the new functions.
\begin{align*}{x_1}\left( 3 \right) & = y\left( 3 \right) = 6\\ {x_2}\left( 3 \right) & = y'\left( 3 \right) = - 1\end{align*}
Putting all of this together gives the following system of differential equations.
\begin{align*}{{x'}_1} & = {x_2} & \hspace{0.25in}{x_1}\left( 3 \right) & = 6\\ {{x'}_2} & = - \frac{1}{2}{x_1} + \frac{5}{2}{x_2} & \hspace{0.25in}{x_2}\left( 3 \right) & = - 1\end{align*}
We will call the system in the above example an Initial Value Problem just as we did for differential equations with initial conditions.
Let’s take a look at another example.
Example 2 Write the following 4th order differential equation as a system of first order, linear differential equations. ${y^{\left( 4 \right)}} + 3y'' - \sin \left( t \right)y' + 8y = {t^2}\hspace{0.25in}y\left( 0 \right) = 1\,\,\,\,y'\left( 0 \right) = 2\,\,\,\,y''\left( 0 \right) = 3\,\,\,\,y'''\left( 0 \right) = 4$
Show Solution
Just as we did in the last example we’ll need to define some new functions. This time we’ll need 4 new functions.
\begin{align*}{x_1} & = y & \Rightarrow \hspace{0.25in}{{x'}_1} & = y' = {x_2}\\ {x_2} & = y' & \Rightarrow \hspace{0.25in}{{x'}_2} & = y'' = {x_3}\\ {x_3} & = y'' & \Rightarrow \hspace{0.25in}{{x'}_3} & = y''' = {x_4}\\ {x_4} & = y''' & \Rightarrow \hspace{0.25in}{{x'}_4}& = {y^{\left( 4 \right)}} = - 8y + \sin \left( t \right)y' - 3y'' + {t^2} = - 8{x_1} + \sin \left( t \right){x_2} - 3{x_3} + {t^2}\end{align*}
The system along with the initial conditions is then,
\begin{align*}{{x'}_1} & = {x_2} & \hspace{0.25in}{x_1}\left( 0 \right) & = 1\\ {{x'}_2} & = {x_3} & \hspace{0.25in}{x_2}\left( 0 \right) & = 2\\ {{x'}_3} & = {x_4} & \hspace{0.25in}{x_3}\left( 0 \right) & = 3\\ {{x'}_4} & = - 8{x_1} + \sin \left( t \right){x_2} - 3{x_3} + {t^2} & \hspace{0.25in}{x_4}\left( 0 \right) & = 4\end{align*}
Now, when we finally get around to solving these we will see that we generally don’t solve systems in the form that we’ve given them in this section. Systems of differential equations can be converted to matrix form and this is the form that we usually use in solving systems.
Example 3 Convert the following system to matrix from. \begin{align*}{{x'}_1} & = 4{x_1} + 7{x_2}\\ {{x'}_2} & = - 2{x_1} - 5{x_2}\end{align*}
Show Solution
First write the system so that each side is a vector.
$\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{{x'}_1}}\\{{{x'}_2}}\end{array}} \right) = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{4{x_1} + 7{x_2}}\\{ - 2{x_1} - 5{x_2}}\end{array}} \right)$
Now the right side can be written as a matrix multiplication,
$\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{{x'}_1}}\\{{{x'}_2}}\end{array}} \right) = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}4&7\\{ - 2}&{ - 5}\end{array}} \right)\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{x_1}}\\{{x_2}}\end{array}} \right)$
Now, if we define,
$\vec x = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{x_1}}\\{{x_2}}\end{array}} \right)$
then,
$\vec x' = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{{x'}_1}}\\{{{x'}_2}}\end{array}} \right)$
The system can then be written in the matrix form,
$\vec x' = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}4&7\\{ - 2}&{ - 5}\end{array}} \right)\vec x$
Example 4 Convert the systems from Examples 1 and 2 into matrix form.
Show Solution
\begin{align*}{{x'}_1} & = {x_2}\hspace{0.25in}{x_1}\left( 3 \right) = 6\\ {{x'}_2} & = - \frac{1}{2}{x_1} + \frac{5}{2}{x_2}\hspace{0.25in}{x_2}\left( 3 \right) = - 1\end{align*}
First define,
$\vec x = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{x_1}}\\{{x_2}}\end{array}} \right)$
The system is then,
$\vec x' = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}0&1\\{ - \frac{1}{2}}&{\frac{5}{2}}\end{array}} \right)\vec x\hspace{0.25in}\vec x\left( 3 \right) = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{x_1}\left( 3 \right)}\\{{x_2}\left( 3 \right)}\end{array}} \right) = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}6\\{ - 1}\end{array}} \right)$
Now, let’s do the system from Example 2.
\begin{align*}{{x'}_1} & = {x_2}\hspace{0.25in}{x_1}\left( 0 \right) = 1\\ {{x'}_2} & = {x_3}\hspace{0.25in}{x_2}\left( 0 \right) = 2\\ {{x'}_3} & = {x_4}\hspace{0.25in}{x_3}\left( 0 \right) = 3\\ {{x'}_4} & = - 8{x_1} + \sin \left( t \right){x_2} - 3{x_3} + {t^2}\hspace{0.25in}{x_4}\left( 0 \right) = 4\end{align*}
In this case we need to be careful with the t2 in the last equation. We’ll start by writing the system as a vector again and then break it up into two vectors, one vector that contains the unknown functions and the other that contains any known functions.
$\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{{x'}_1}}\\{{{x'}_2}}\\{{{x'}_3}}\\{{{x'}_4}}\end{array}} \right) = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{x_2}}\\{{x_3}}\\{{x_4}}\\{ - 8{x_1} + \sin \left( t \right){x_2} - 3{x_3} + {t^2}}\end{array}} \right) = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{x_2}}\\{{x_3}}\\{{x_4}}\\{ - 8{x_1} + \sin \left( t \right){x_2} - 3{x_3}}\end{array}} \right) + \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}0\\0\\0\\{{t^2}}\end{array}} \right)$
Now, the first vector can now be written as a matrix multiplication and we’ll leave the second vector alone.
$\vec x' = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\\{ - 8}&{\sin \left( t \right)}&{ - 3}&0\end{array}} \right)\vec x + \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}0\\0\\0\\{{t^2}}\end{array}} \right)\hspace{0.25in}\vec x\left( 0 \right) = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}1\\2\\3\\4\end{array}} \right)$
where,
$\vec x\left( t \right) = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{x_1}\left( t \right)}\\{{x_2}\left( t \right)}\\{{x_3}\left( t \right)}\\{{x_4}\left( t \right)}\end{array}} \right)$
Note that occasionally for “large” systems such as this we will go one step farther and write the system as,
$\vec x' = A\vec x + \vec g\left( t \right)$
The last thing that we need to do in this section is get a bit of terminology out of the way. Starting with
$\vec x' = A\vec x + \vec g\left( t \right)$
we say that the system is homogeneous if $$\vec g\left( t \right) = \vec 0$$ and we say the system is nonhomogeneous if $$\vec g\left( t \right) \ne \vec 0$$.
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https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3015521/two-tangent-circles-are-inscribed-in-a-semicircle-one-touching-the-diameters-m
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# Two tangent circles are inscribed in a semicircle, one touching the diameter's midpoint; find the radius of the smaller circle
I am unable to upload the image of my trials.
I assumed the radius of small circle is $$x,$$ horizontal distance between the centers of two circles is $$y.$$
I have joined the centers of the two circles and the length is $$(5+x).$$
I have drawn a vertical line from the center of the bigger circle to the center of the semi circle.
I have also drawn a horizontal line from the center of the small circle to the above line.
Then, by applying Pythagoras theorem, I get
$$(x+5)^2=(5-x)^2 + y^2.$$ I need one more equation to solve for $$x.$$
Intuitively I wonder if the radius of the small circle could be half of the big circle. I carefully constructed it and got $$2.5 cm$$ as the radius but I am not sure.
• Hey Ashwini. You should be able to type out your working-out in your trials. People do appreciate when you show effort in trying to solve the question and it helps viewers solve the answers for you. – MBorg Nov 27 '18 at 9:39
• Okay. Let me try – Ashwini Nov 27 '18 at 10:00
• Radius of small circle = x Horizontal distance between two circles= y. I have joined centers of the two circles and the length is (5+x). I have drawn a vertical line from the center of big circle to center of semi circle. I have also drawn horizontal line from center of small circle to the above line. Then ,by applying Pythagoras theorem, I get – Ashwini Nov 27 '18 at 10:06
• (x+5)^2=(5-x)^2 + y^2. I need one more equation to solve for x.. Intuitively I wonder if the radius of the small circle could be half of the big circle. I carefully constructed it and got 2.5 cm as the radius but I am not sure. – Ashwini Nov 27 '18 at 10:10
• You should edit your working-out into your question, to improve its quality and for easier-viewing :) – MBorg Nov 27 '18 at 23:35
In addition to using Pythagorean theorem, one can use circle inversion to figure out the radius of the small circle (let's call it $$r$$).
Let $$AB$$ be the base of the semicircle. Let $$O$$ be its midpoint. Let $$C$$ be the contact point between the small circle (blue) with the circular arc $$AB$$. Draw the line $$OC$$ and let $$D$$ be its other intersection with the small circle. $$CD$$ will be a diameter of the small circle.
Perform a circle inversion with respect to the circle centered at $$O$$ with radius $$10$$. The line $$AB$$ get mapped to itself. The big circle (green) get mapped to a line (green, dashed) parallel to $$AB$$ and at a distance $$10$$ from it. The small circle get mapped to a circle (blue, dashed) sandwiched between these two lines. So its diameter will be $$10$$. Let $$D'$$ be the image of $$D$$ under circle inversion. $$CD'$$ will be a diameter of the image of the small circle. We have
$$|CD'| = 10 \implies |OD'| = |OC|+|CD'| = 10 + 10 = 2|OC|$$ Circle invert $$OD'$$ back to $$OD$$, we find \begin{align}|OD| = \frac12|OC| &\implies |CD| = |OC| - |OD| = \frac12|OC|\\ &\implies r = \frac12|CD| = \frac14|OC| = \frac52 \end{align} The radius we seek is $$\frac52$$. One half of that of the big circle and a quarter of that of the semicircle.
• This means the radius of the small circle will be half the radius of big circle for any given radius. – Ashwini Nov 28 '18 at 13:34
• @Ashwini yes, under the assumption the radius of big circle is one half of that of the semi-circle, – achille hui Nov 28 '18 at 13:48
Let the radius of smaller circle be $$\displaystyle r$$ and x-coordinate of its center$$\displaystyle ( C)$$ is $$\displaystyle a$$. As the circle is touching x-axis, so the ordinate of center of cicle is equal to radius of the circle,i.e., $$\displaystyle r$$. Let the point of touching of semicircle and smaller circle be $$\displaystyle P_{1}$$ $$\displaystyle ( x_{1}\displaystyle ,y_{1})$$. As the semicircle and smaller circle touch each other so $$\displaystyle P_{1}$$, $$\displaystyle C,Origin$$ are collinear. $$\begin{gather*} \therefore \dfrac{r}{a} =\dfrac{y_{1}}{x_{1}} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ( 1)\\ \end{gather*}$$
And the distance between $$\displaystyle C$$ and center of bigger circle is $$\displaystyle r+5$$ $$\begin{gather*} ( r-5)^{2} +a^{2} =( r+5)^{2}\\ or\ \ 20r=a^{2} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ( 2) \end{gather*}$$ Also the point $$\displaystyle P_{1}$$ satisfies both the semicircle and the smaller circle. $$\begin{gather*} \therefore x^{2}_{1} +y^{2}_{1} =100\ \ \ \ \ \ \ ( 3)\\ And\ ( x_{1} -a)^{2} +( y_{1} -r)^{2} =r^{2}\\ or\ x^{2}_{1} +y^{2}_{1} +a^{2} -2ax_{1} -2ry_{1} =0\\ or\ 100+a^{2} -2ax_{1} -2ry_{1} =0\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ( 4) \end{gather*}$$ Solving these four equations, we get $$\displaystyle r=2.5\ units$$
• Yes. That means we should use coordinate geometry. And the radius happens to be half of the big circle. This maybe a symmetrical property of circle. – Ashwini Nov 27 '18 at 10:19
• @Ashwini I don't think so. It is just a coincidence that its half of radius of bigger circle – Dikshit Gautam Nov 27 '18 at 12:11
• @DikshitGautam this cannot be a coincidence. – user376343 Nov 29 '18 at 20:34
Let $$R$$ be the (known) radius of the large inscribed circle, $$r$$ the radius of the small inscribed circle, and $$(x,r)$$ the center of this small circle. Then one has the two equations $$x^2+(R-r)^2=(R+r)^2,\qquad\sqrt{x^2+r^2}+ r=2R$$ in the two unknowns $$r$$ and $$x$$.
• Yes I understand. there are 2 unknowns here r and x. how can I proceed further to get r? Or is it that there is insufficient information to solve this problem? – Ashwini Nov 27 '18 at 10:14
With hindsight - never any use, of course! - one can see that such a configuration must exist, because there exists an isosceles triangle whose sides are in the ratio of $$3:2$$ (whose height and angles one needn't know):
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http://hal.in2p3.fr/view_by_stamp.php?label=LPC-CAEN&langue=fr&action_todo=view&id=in2p3-00622166&version=1
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236 articles – 1784 Notices [english version]
HAL : in2p3-00622166, version 1
DOI : 10.1063/1.3665960
14th International Conference on Ion Sources - ICIS 2011, Giardini Naxos : Italie (2011)
Prospects for advanced electron cyclotron resonance and electron beam ion source charge breeding methods for EURISOL
(2012)
As the most ambitious concept of isotope separation on line (ISOL) facility, EURISOL aims at producing unprecedented intensities of post-accelerated radioactive isotopes. Charge breeding, which transforms the charge state of radioactive beams from 1+ to an n+ charge state prior to postacceleration, is a key technology which has to overcome the following challenges: high charge states for high energies, efficiency, rapidity and purity. On the roadmap to EURISOL, a dedicated R&D is being undertaken to push forward the frontiers of the present state-of-the-art techniques which use either electron cyclotron resonance or electron beam ion sources. We describe here the guidelines of this R&D.
équipe(s) de recherche : Interactions fondamentalesCSNSM SNOLPSC-si
Thème(s) : Physique/Physique/Physique des accélérateurs
in2p3-00622166, version 1 http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00622166 oai:hal.in2p3.fr:in2p3-00622166 Contributeur : Michel Lion <> Soumis le : Lundi 12 Septembre 2011, 10:35:05 Dernière modification le : Vendredi 13 Juin 2014, 14:24:07
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https://www.gamedev.net/articles/programming/networking-and-multiplayer/clock-synchronization-of-client-programs-r2493/
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• # Clock Synchronization of Client Programs
Networking and Multiplayer
# Introduction
Multiplayer games often need to deal with the complex nature of the networking technology. Most notably, multiplayer games on the Internet represent a greater challenge to the developers than those games written only to run on LAN environments. One of these challenges is the delay that exists from the time at which a process sends a message over the network to the moment at which the message is received by the other process. This delay is known as network latency, and it's both a consequence of our world's physical constraints and the design of the networking technology (protocols).
Network latency, informally known as LAG, represents a serious challenge to multiplayer game developers. LAG can have disastrous effects on the player's gaming experience, making the game unplayable.
The latency can change over the course of a game session; this dynamic behavior of the network requires a solution that can detect these changes and react to minimize their impact in the game.
Client clock synchronization is a simple technique that can be used to cope with network latency. It's not a perfect solution but in some specific cases can greatly improve the experience of the users, masking the effects of network latency and making the game look pleasant and fair.
The presented document describes how to synchronize client clocks over the network. The first part of the document describes how the messages are encoded before sending them over the network. The closing part of the document describes the messages that the clients and the server exchange in order to synchronize the clocks.
# Game scenario
Remember, our goal is that the game can react to the network's dynamic behavior. For this purpose we are going to suppose that we are working on a simple arcade multiplayer game in which two players compete.
The programsAE clocks are the main and only synchronization mechanism in which we are going to be relying on to achieve our goal. A clock is just a simple counter ranging from 0 up to N, with the current value of a clock representing the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since the game began.
ItAEs essential that when a game session starts, that is when the game itself begins, all the three clocks (two clients and server) be synchronized and have their initial value set to zero. The algorithm described later on this article will let us do this.
Once the clocks are synchronized we can use them for at least three very important functions:
[nbsp]
• The server can report to the clients key state changes in the game environment.
• The server can use the clock along with the clients' message timestamps to arbitrate conflicts.
• Clients can use the clocks and incoming messages' timestamps to detect network latency changes. When the client notices a change in the latency, it will scale the speed of the local Avatar to minimize the effect of the latency.
[nbsp]
Here is a C++ class for the game's virtual clock:
class VClock { DWORD mRealStart; bool mStarted; public: VClock() : mRealStart(0) {} ; bool Started() const { return mStarted ; } void Start( DWORD time_delta ) { mRealStart=GetTickCount()-time_delta; mStarted=true; } DWORD getTime( ) const { assert(mStarted) ; return GetTickCount() - mRealStart; } };
The function [font=courier new,courier,monospace]GetTickCount[/font] retrieves the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since the computer was turned on. The value returned is 8 bytes long and the biggest value can be [font=courier new,courier,monospace]49.7[/font] days, which is more than enough for a game session! Otherwise the player is in grave danger and needs to get help.
The real clock is the value returned from the [font=courier new,courier,monospace]GetTickCount[/font]. The virtual clock is the value of [font=courier new,courier,monospace]GetTickCount[/font] minus the instant in which the server signaled the start of a game session.
# Application Messages
The game client communicates with the server by sending messages over the network, the transport protocol used by the game is TCP. A message is a piece of information that the client/server wants to communicate, e.g. one player has pressed the mouseAEs left button.
## Game Message Layout
The field ID is two bytes long, it's an integer used to identify the different messages.
The values of this field are declared in the program as an enumerative type:
typedef enum commands { cmdLOGIN = 0x1U, cmdERROR = 0x2U, cmdLOGIN_OK = 0x3U, cmdMOUSE_LEFT_BUTTON_DOWN = 0x5U, cmdREADY = 0x9U, cmdBEGIN_GAME = 0x10U, cmdGAME_END = 0x11U, cmdSYNCH_REQUEST = 0x12U, cmdSYNCH_REPLY = 0x13U, cmdPRIMARY_CLIENT = 0x14U, cmdSECONDARY_CLIENT = 0x15U, cmdSYNCH_DONE = 0x16U, cmdSYNCH_WAIT = 0x17U } protoCommands;
The field SIZE is two bytes and specifies the size of the message measured in bytes. The smallest message has a size of 4 bytes.
The field DATA has variable length. This field is used to communicate additional information, e.g. the field data of the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdMOUSE_LEFT_BUTTON_DOWN[/font] has the mouse position of the remote user.
The fields are encoded/decoded using the standard socket functions htons, ntohs, htonl and ntohl. These functions convert a 16-bit / 32-bit number from the host byte order (little-endian on Intel processors) to the network byte order (big endian) as well as the opposite.
The field TIMESTAMP is 4 bytes, please note that this field is only used once the clocks have been synchronized. When sending messages, the clients always store their virtual clock value here.
# Clock Synchronization Algorithm
In order to synchronize the client clocks the programs need to estimate the network latency: the amount of time it takes a message to travel from one client program to the other one. Therefore the clock synchronization process has two steps: 1) compute network latency and 2) signal clock synchronization.
The diagram below shows the messages that are exchanged to accomplish the clock Synchronization:
[nbsp]
1. Client #1 establishes a TCP connection to the Game Server and sends the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdLOGIN[/font]. This message includes the ID of the game that the client wants to join to.
2. Upon receipt of the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdLOGIN[/font], the server checks if the requested game already has a primary client associated to it. If there is no primary player the server assigns this role to the client and sends the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdPRIMARY_CLIENT[/font].
3. Client #1 receives the [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdPRIMARY_CLIENT[/font] message. The client sends the [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_REQUEST[/font] message to the server and records the time at which the message was sent.
4. The Server receives the [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_REQUEST[/font] message, but as the other player has not joined to the game yet, the server sends back to Client #1 the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_WAIT[/font]. This message tells to the client that it should try again later.
5. Client #1 sends the [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_REQUEST[/font] message to the server and records the time at which the message was sent.
6. Item 4.
7. Client #2 establishes a TCP connection to the Game Server and sends the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdLOGIN[/font]. This message includes the ID of the game that the client wants to join to.
8. Upon receipt of the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdLOGIN[/font], the server checks if the requested game already has a primary client associated. The primary player already joined to the game, so the server assigns the secondary role to this new client and sends to it the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSECONDARY_CLIENT[/font]
9. Client #1 sends the [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_REQUEST[/font] message to the server and records the time at which the message was sent.
10. The Server forwards to the Client #2 the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_REQUEST[/font]
11. Client #2 receives the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_REQUEST[/font] and sends the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_REPLY[/font] to the server.
12. Client #1 receives the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_REPLY[/font] and records the time at which it has been received.
[The programs repeat the steps 9,10,11 and 12 several times. The [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_REQUEST[/font] messages are spaced by 20 milliseconds]
[nbsp]
13. At this point the primary client has gathered the data needed to estimate the latency, so now the client computes the latency, sets its clock to 0 and sends the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_DONE[/font]. This message includes the estimate of the latency. The primary client uses the following statistics to estimate the latency:
B(n) = time at which the Nth [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_REQUEST[/font] was sent
X(n) = A(n) - B(n) / 2
a) Sort the X(n) from smallest latency to largest and choose the median value.
b) Compute the standard-deviation s? = ( ?x? - (?x)?/ n ) / n - 1
c) Discard the X(n) values that are not in the interval: I : [ mid-point - s, mid-point + s ]
d) Compute the average ?x / n from the interval I, this value is going to be used as latency.
14. The Server forwards the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_DONE[/font] to the secondary client.
15. Client #2 receives the message [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdSYNCH_DONE[/font] and sets its clock to 0 + latency
16. The Server sends the [font=courier new,courier,monospace]cmdLOGIN_OK[/font] message to both clients.
[nbsp]
# Epilogue
I want to thank Stuart Rosen, this article is mainly based on his ideas and the work we did together. I also want to thank Cristobal Zingarelli, a talented programmer and a friend who worked with us.
You can reach me at gulfas at gmail.com
Pablo aka Morgolock Marquez
## References
Alex Spurling 2004 - QoS Issues for Multiplayer Gaming
Fritsch, Ritter and Schiller - The Effect of Latency and Network Limitations on MMORPGs
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http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/129290-derivative-check.html
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# Math Help - derivative check
1. ## derivative check
f(x) = (sqrt(x))/(x^3+1)
f'(x) = (-2.5x^5/2)+(1/2sqrt(x)) / (x^3+1)^2
f(x) = (cosx/t^3)
f'(x) = (-x^3sinx)-(3x²cosx)/(t^3)²
f(x) = [2-(1/x)]/(x-3)
f'(x) = (-2x²+2x-3)/(x²-3x)²
unsuree if i have done these correctly on my H/W...-thx
2. Originally Posted by maybnxtseasn
f(x) = (sqrt(x))/(x^3+1)
f'(x) = (-2.5x^5/2)+(1/2sqrt(x)) / (x^3+1)^2
f(x) = (cosx/t^3)
f'(x) = (-x^3sinx)-(3x²cosx)/(t^3)²
f(x) = [2-(1/x)]/(x-3)
f'(x) = (-2x²+2x-3)/(x²-3x)²
unsuree if i have done these correctly on my H/W...-thx
Here's a kickstart on the first one:
$f(x) = \frac{\sqrt x}{x^3+1}$
$f'(x) = \frac {(x^3+1) \frac{1}{2}x^{-\frac{1}{2}} - \sqrt{x} \cdot 3x^2}{(x^3+1)^2} = \frac {\frac{1}{2}x^{\frac{5}{2}} + \frac{1}{2}x^{-\frac{1}{2}} - 3x^{\frac{5}{2}}}{(x^3+1)^2} = \frac {-\frac{5}{2}x^{\frac{5}{2}} + \frac{1}{2}x^{-\frac{1}{2}}}{(x^3+1)^2}$
I can't read your Math clearly, but I think you got it right. By
(1/2sqrt(x))
, you mean $\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}$ right? Then, I think what you have is correct.
3. Originally Posted by maybnxtseasn
f(x) = (sqrt(x))/(x^3+1)
f'(x) = (-2.5x^5/2)+(1/2sqrt(x)) / (x^3+1)^2
f(x) = (cosx/t^3)
f'(x) = (-x^3sinx)-(3x²cosx)/(t^3)²
f(x) = [2-(1/x)]/(x-3)
f'(x) = (-2x²+2x-3)/(x²-3x)²
unsuree if i have done these correctly on my H/W...-thx
And for the second one:
$f(x) = \frac{cosx}{t^3} = t^{-3}cosx$
You are forgetting implicit differentiation here. You are differentiating with respect to x, so when you take the derivative of t it will be t' or $\frac {dt}{dx}$, but not 1.
$f'(x) = -t^{-3}sinx - 3t^{-4}cosx \cdot t'$
You also seem to be changing the t into an x sometimes. Make sure you understand what I did there. If you want me to explain it in more detail, I will.
Hope I helped you
4. Hello, maybnxtseasn!
$f(x) \:= \:\frac{x^{\frac{1}{2}}} {x^3+1}$
$f'(x) \:=\: \frac{-2.5x^{\frac{5}{2}} +{\color{red}\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}}}{(x^3+1)^2}$ . . Is this what you meant?
$f'(x) \;=\;\frac{(x^3+1)\cdot \frac{1}{2}x^{-\frac{1}{2}} - x^{\frac{1}{2}}(3x^2)}{(x^3+1)^2} \;=\;\frac{\frac{1}{2}x^{-\frac{1}{2}}(x^3+1) - 3x^{\frac{5}{2}}}{(x^3+1)^2}$
Multiply by $\frac{2x^{\frac{1}{2}}}{2x^{\frac{1}{2}}}$
. $f'(x) \;=\;\frac{2x^{\frac{1}{2}} \bigg[ \frac{1}{2}x^{-\frac{1}{2}}(x^3+1) - 3x^{\frac{5}{2}} \bigg]} {2x^{\frac{1}{2}}\cdot (x^3+1)^2}$
. . . . $=\;\frac{x^3+1 - 6x^3}{2x^{\frac{1}{2}}(x^3+1)^2} \;=\;\frac{-5x^3 + 1}{2\sqrt{x}\,(x^3+1)^2}$
. . which is equivalent to your result.
5. ## yo
Originally Posted by mathemagister
And for the second one:
$f(x) = \frac{cosx}{t^3} = t^{-3}cosx$
You are forgetting implicit differentiation here. You are differentiating with respect to x, so when you take the derivative of t it will be t' or $\frac {dt}{dx}$, but not 1.
$f'(x) = -t^{-3}sinx - 3t^{-4}cosx \cdot t'$
You also seem to be changing the t into an x sometimes. Make sure you understand what I did there. If you want me to explain it in more detail, I will.
Hope I helped you
i still dont see how u got that awnser....anyone else help? how come i dont get this awnser when i do the simple quotient rule with this?
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http://math.stackexchange.com/users/42814/soham-chowdhury
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# Soham Chowdhury
less info
reputation
212
bio website location age member for 1 year, 10 months seen Jul 20 at 5:56 profile views 168
# 23 Questions
8 Why is $\sqrt{2\sqrt{2\sqrt{2\cdots}}} = 2$? 8 Is this a new expression for $e$? 6 Guides/tutorials to learn abstract algebra? 5 Can this type of limit even be evaluated? 4 Evaluate $\int^{441}_0\frac{\pi\sin \pi \sqrt x}{\sqrt x} dx$
# 598 Reputation
+10 How do people come up with difficult math Olympiad questions? +2 How do I evaluate the definite integral $\int_{1}^{-17} x^{-\frac{1}{3}}dx$ +5 Champernowne constant - summation and behavior of terms in continued fraction expansion +2 If $T$ is the derivative operator and $(v_0,…,v_m)$ is a standard basis, how can I prove that $Tv_k \in {\rm span}(v_0,…,v_k)$?
5 Can we get just $3$ from $\pi$? 5 Solve $(x^2 + 5)^2 - 15(x^2 + 5) + 54 = 0$ 3 Evaluate $\int^{441}_0\frac{\pi\sin \pi \sqrt x}{\sqrt x} dx$ 2 How to prove that $\lim\limits_{x\to0}\frac{\tan x}x=1$? 2 How do people come up with difficult math Olympiad questions?
# 41 Tags
6 algebra-precalculus × 4 2 contest-math × 3 5 polynomials × 2 2 trigonometry × 2 3 improper-integrals × 2 2 alternative-proof 2 limits × 5 2 derivatives 2 soft-question × 4 2 calculus
# 21 Accounts
Mathematics 598 rep 212 Programming Puzzles & Code Golf 446 rep 210 Stack Overflow 324 rep 215 English Language & Usage 169 rep 116 Musical Practice & Performance 131 rep 3
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https://bmasterz.com/2017/11/neco-gce-physics-obj-and-theory-bmasterz/
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NECO GCE PHYSICS OBJ AND THEORY – BMASTERZ
0
12
NECO GCE PHYSICS OBJ AND THEORY
Physics OBJ:
1-10: DEEBCDBCDC
21-30: EECACCBABC
31-40: BDBDDCBAAA
41-50: EBEACCBDED
51-60: CBCCDECCEA
1a)
I)
Regular maintenance is essential to keep machines and the work environment safe and reliable.
II)
It helps to eliminate workplace hazards.
1aii)
Electrolysis can be used for electroplating of metals.
+++++++++++++++++++++++
3a)
couple is a system of forces with a resultant (a.k.a. net or sum) moment but no resultant force.
+++++++++++++++++++++++
4a)
The statement: The linear expansivity of copper is 0.000017k^-1 means that, A unit length of copper will expand in length by a fraction 0.000017k^-1 of the original per Kelvin rise in temperature.
4b)
In plane mirror, if the object is
upright, the image is also upright, of same
size and does not change in size by moving
the mirror towards or away from the face.
*While* in concave mirror, if the object is
upright, the image is also upright but
magnified and increases in size by moving the
mirror away from the face.
+++++++++++++++++++++++
15a)
The degree to which a specified material conducts electricity, calculated as the ratio of the current density in the material to the electric field which causes the flow of current.
6a)wavelength of a is the spatial period of the wave I.e the distance over which the wave’s shape repeats, and thus the inverse of the spatial frequency.
7a
Critical angle c is the incident angle in the sender medium when the angle of refraction in the less medium is 90%.
7b
Sound waves are longitudinal wave(they travel in the same direction as the vibration)
While
Light wave are transverse waves (they travel at right angles to the vibration)
SHARE
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http://swmath.org/software/11034
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# StatWeave
Reproducible statistical analysis with multiple languages. This paper describes the StatWeave system for making reproducible statistical analyses. StatWeave differs from other systems for reproducible analysis in several ways. The two main differences are: (1) Several statistics programs can be in used in the same document. (2) Documents can be prepared using OpenOffice or LaTeX . The main part of this paper is an example showing how to use R and SAS together in an OpenOffice text document. The paper also contains some practical considerations on the use of literate programming in statistics
## Keywords for this software
Anything in here will be replaced on browsers that support the canvas element
## References in zbMATH (referenced in 1 article )
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https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/publication/2903536
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# Hypothesis testing equilibrium in signaling games
Sun L (2016) Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers; 557.
Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics.
545.11 KB
Working Paper | Published | English
Author
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a definition of Hypothesis Testing Equilibrium (HTE) for general signaling games with non-Bayesian players nested by an updating rule according to Hypothesis Testing model characterized by Ortoleva (2012). An HTE may be different from a sequential Nash equilibrium because of the dynamic inconsistency. However, when player 2 only takes zero-probability message as an unexpected news, an HTE is a refinement of sequential Nash equilibrium and it survives Intuitive Criterion, but not vice versa. We provide existence theorem covering a broad class of signaling games often studied in economics, and the constrained HTE is unique in such signaling games.
Keywords
Publishing Year
ISSN
PUB-ID
### Cite this
Sun L. Hypothesis testing equilibrium in signaling games. Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers. Vol 557. Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics; 2016.
Sun, L. (2016). Hypothesis testing equilibrium in signaling games (Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers, 557). Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics.
Sun, L. (2016). Hypothesis testing equilibrium in signaling games. Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers, 557, Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics.
Sun, L., 2016. Hypothesis testing equilibrium in signaling games, Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers, no.557, Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics.
L. Sun, Hypothesis testing equilibrium in signaling games, Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers, vol. 557, Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics, 2016.
Sun, L.: Hypothesis testing equilibrium in signaling games. Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers, 557. Center for Mathematical Economics, Bielefeld (2016).
Sun, Lan. Hypothesis testing equilibrium in signaling games. Bielefeld: Center for Mathematical Economics, 2016. Center for Mathematical Economics Working Papers. 557.
All files available under the following license(s):
This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. [...]
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Open Access
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https://clin-lab-publications.com/article/3021
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vol
66
vol
66
You have to be registered and logged in for purchasing articles.
## Abstract
Effects of Long-Term Storage on Serum Free Light Chain Stability by Sebastian Hörber, Reinhild Klein, Andreas Peter
Background: Determination and quantification of serum free light chains (FLC) is essential for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with monoclonal gammopathies. Currently, the Freelite assay (The Binding Site, United Kingdom) and the N Latex FLC assay (Siemens Healthineers, Germany) are available for FLC determination. Data concerning stability of FLC following long-term storage are limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the stability of FLC in frozen samples determined by the N latex FLC assay.
Methods: One hundred eighty-eight serum samples from 47 patients with monoclonal gammopathies were analyzed at the beginning and after long-term storage (-20°C, 193 - 568 days). Serum free light chain kappa (κFLC) and lambda (λFLC) concentrations were measured, and the corresponding kappa/lambda (κ/λ FLC) ratios were calculated. All samples were analyzed with the N latex FLC assay on a single BNII System.
Results: Comparison analyses between fresh and stored samples revealed very strong correlations for the determination of κFLC (r = 0.993), λFLC (r = 0.998) and the calculated κ/λ FLC ratio (r = 0.997). Median percentage changes of κFLC (-0.5%) and λFLC (-0.8%) measurements and the calculated κ/λ FLC ratios (-3.7%) were within the calculated analytical imprecision of the FLC assay. Changes of κFLC (r = 0.17, p = 0.02) and λFLC (r = 0.28, p < 0.01) concentrations and of the κ/λ FLC ratio (r = 0.18, p = 0.01) over time were very weak, but statistically significant.
Conclusions: Serum free light chains in serum samples are sufficiently stable following long-term frozen storage and are therefore suitable to be measured with the N Latex FLC assay.
DOI: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2018.181107
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https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/44510/how-can-i-calculate-the-optimum-loiter-airspeed-for-an-aircraft/44515
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# How can I calculate the optimum loiter airspeed for an aircraft?
I am in the conceptual phase of designing a 10 seater amphibian aircraft. I have done the initial sizing using Raymer and Roskam's methods. I have got my design point. To do a constraint analysis as well as to find the fuel fraction for loiter phase I need to calculate the optimum loiter velocity for a loiter time of 60 minutes at 7000ft. Breguet's range equation doesn't help since I don't know the fuel fraction of loiter phase. How can I calculate the loiter airspeed?
The optimum cruise speed is the speed at which fuel consumption is minimized per unit of velocity. So, you need to compute the derivative (C/v)' where C is rate of fuel consumption and v is rate of travel (airspeed). (I assume you want this by "loiter". If you want to minimize fuel consumption, that is called "maximum endurance" and that is explained below on the chart.)
Since fuel consumption is proportional to power, and power divided by velocity is thrust, we can graphically determine this point by the thrust required curve. The diagram below shows the relevant relationships:
So, to compute the optimum cruise speed, first draw the thrust-required curve, as shown in the lower part of the diagram above, then you draw a line from the origin tangential to the thrust required curve. The point of tangency lies above the optimum cruise speed on the x-axis.
Maximum Endurance
If by "loiter" your goal is to minimize the fuel flow while maintaining a particular altitude, then you use the power required chart (the upper chart in the figure above). The fuel flow is proportional to power, so the maximum endurance speed is found by locating the lowest point on the power required curve. In the example above, that point is located at 80 CAS. Mathematically, the maximum endurance is found by solving the equation P'=0, where P is the power required function.
• To loiter is to stand or wait around without apparent purpose. The loiter speed or holding speed is the same as the maximum endurance speed. So, why not turn it around and make the main answer about the maximum endurance speed and the "bonus" about maximum range. I'd vote you up for it :-) – DeltaLima Oct 9 '17 at 20:02
Would be great if you add your existing approach. Roskam has already an example towards an amphibious aircraft if I am not mistaken.
If you don't have other concerns and if your design is not already constrained by some other points (take off, max speed, etc) here's the first approach:
Several certification regulations enforce a minimum loiter speed that is 1.3 times the stall speed.
Remember that there's a trade off between max speed and loiter speed.
• Thanks for your help but I don't have stall speed for my aircraft. To calculate stall speed I will need Clmax and wing area, which I don't know because I haven't reached the wing design phase. To do wing design I need to do constraint analysis so that I can get W/S and hence S i.e wing area. So I am stuck in a loop. What I want to know is if there is any rule of thumb that can give me loiter airspeed when you know empty weight and max take off weight. – Anirudh Prabhu Oct 10 '17 at 9:02
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https://www.studyadda.com/current-affairs/9th-class/30
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# Current Affairs 9th Class
#### Number Systems
Number Systems
• Rational numbers (Q): The numbers of the form,$\frac{p}{q}$ where 'p' and 'q' are integers and are called rational number A numfaer of the form r is a fraction. So all fractions are rational numbers.
Note: A number of the form $\frac{\mathbf{a}}{\mathbf{b}}$ is a fraction. So all are rational numbers. in the fraction, ‘a’ is called the numbers and ‘b’ is called the denominator. e.g. $\frac{\mathbf{1}}{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{- }\frac{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{3}}\mathbf{,}\frac{\mathbf{7}}{\mathbf{6}}\mathbf{,}\frac{\mat hbf{6}}{\mathbf{11}}\mathbf{,-}\frac{\mathbf{2}}{\mathbf{9}}\mathbf{,}....$ (i) Zero is a rational number. Note: 0 by 0 is undefined. (ii) Every integer is a rational number. (iii) A rational number, may or may not be an integer. (iv) To write W distinct rational numbers between any two rational numbers 'a' and $'b'$, we write$a=\frac{{{P}_{1}}}{q}$ and$b=\frac{{{P}_{2}}}{q}$ such that $\left( {{P}_{2}}\text{ }- \text{ }{{P}_{1}} \right)$is a positive integer greater than $'n'$, (Here a < b); ${{P}_{1}},{{P}_{2}}$and q are integers$(q\ne 0)$. p- +1 p. + 2 Pi + n A set of n rational numbers can be written as $\frac{{{P}_{1}}+1}{q},\frac{{{P}_{2}}+2}{q},......,\frac{{{P}_{1}}+n}{q}$ i.e.,$a=\frac{{{p}_{1}}}{q}<\frac{{{p}_{1}}+1}{q}<\frac{{{p}_{1}}+2}{q}.....<\frac{{{p}_{1}}+ n}{q}<\frac{{{p}_{2}}}{q}=b$ Between two given rational numbers a and b, there are infinitely many rational numbers.
• Properties of rational number
(i) If $\frac{p}{q}$, is a rational number and $'m'$ is a non-zero integer, then $\frac{p}{q}=\frac{p\times m}{q\times m}$
• (ii) If q is a rational number and $'m'$ is a common divisor of p and q, then $\frac{p}{q}=\frac{p\div m}{q\div m}$
(iii) Two rational numbers are equivalent only when the product of the numerator of the first rational number and the denominator of the second is equal to the product of the denominator of the first and the numerator of the second.
• Thus,$\frac{p}{q}=\frac{r}{s}\operatorname{only}\,if\,p\times s=q\times r$
Note $\frac{\mathbf{-p}}{\mathbf{q}}\mathbf{=}\frac{\mathbf{p}}{\mathbf{-q}}\mathbf{=- }\frac{\mathbf{p}}{\mathbf{q}}$
• Representation of rational numbers on a number line:
(i) Rational numbers of the form $\frac{m}{n}$ where m < n are represented on the number line as shown below. (ii) Rational numbers of the form $\frac{m}{n}$ where m > n are represented on the number line as shown below.
• Irrational numbers (Q'): Any number which cannot be expressed in the form of. (Which is neither terminating nor repeating decimal) where p and q are integers and $q\ne 0$is said to be an irrational
Note:$\pi$ more...
#### Polynomials
Polynomials
• An expression of the form $p(\operatorname{x})=+{{a}_{n}}{{\operatorname{x}}^{n}}+{{a}_{n-1}}......+{{a}_{2}}{{\operatorname{x}}^{2}}+{{a}_{1}}{{\operatorname{x}}^{2}}+{{a}_{0'}}\,\operatorname{where}{{a}_{0}},{{a}_{1}},a{{ & }_{2}},......,$are real numbers $'n'$is a non-negative integer and ${{a}_{n}}\ne 0$ is called a polynomial of degree.
• Each of ${{a}_{n}}{{\operatorname{x}}^{n}},{{a}_{n-1}},......{{a}_{2}},{{x}^{2}},{{a}_{1}}\operatorname{x}\,and\,{{a}_{n}}\ne 0$and a with is called a term of the polynomial p(x).
Note: The power of variable in a polynomial must be a whole number.
• An expression of the form$\frac{p\left( \operatorname{x} \right)}{q\left( \operatorname{x} \right)}$ where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials and $q(\operatorname{x})\ne 0$is called a rational expression.
Note: Every polynomial is a rational expression, but every rational expression need not be a polynomial.
• A polynomial d(x) is called a divisor of a polynomial p(x) if p(x) = d(x).q(x) for some polynomial q(x).
• Polynomials of one term, two terms and three terms are called monomial, binomial and trinomial respectively.
• A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial.
• A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial.
• A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial.
• A polynomial of degree four is called a biquadratic polynomial.
• A real number 'a' is a zero of a polynomial p(x) if p (a) = 0. 'a' is also called the root of the equation p(x) = 0.
• Every linear polynomial in one variable has a unique zero.
• A non-zero constant polynomial has no zero.
• Every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.
• The degree of a non-zero constant polynomial is zero.
• The degree of a zero polynomial is not defined.
• If p(x) and g(x) are two polynomials such that degree of p(x) $\ge$ degree of g(x) and g(x)$\ne$0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that p(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x).
• Factor theorem:
• Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree in > 1 and 'a' be any real number. Then
(x - a) is a factor of f(x) if (a) = 0. (a) = 0 if (x - a) is a factor of f(x). If x - 1 is a factor of a polynomial of degree 'n' then the sum of its coefficients is zero.
• Remainder theorem:
• If p(x) is any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and p(x) is divided by the line polynomial x - a (where 'a' is any real number) then the remainder is p (a).
• We can express p(x) as p(x) = (x-a) q(x) +r(x) where q(x) is the quotient and r(x) is U remainder.
• The process of writing an algebraic expression as the product of two or more algebra expressions is called factorization.
• Some important identities:
• ${{\left( a+b \right)}^{2}}={{a}^{2}}+2ab+{{b}^{2}}$
• ${{\left( a\text{ }-\text{ }b \right)}^{2}}=\text{ }{{a}^{2}}-2ab+{{b}^{2}}$)
• $~\left( a+b \right)\text{ }\left( a-b \right)\text{ }=\text{ }{{a}^{2}}-{{b}^{2}}$
• ${{\left( a\text{ }+\text{ }b\text{ }+\text{ }c more... • #### Co-ordinate Geometry Co-ordinate Geometry • Co-ordinate Geometry: The branch of mathematics in which geometric problems are solved through algebra by using the coordinate system is known as coordinate geometry. • In coordinate geometry, every point is represented by an ordered pair, called coordinates of that point. • A pair of numbers 'a' and V listed in a specific order with 'a' at the first place and 'b' at the second place is called an ordered pair (a, b). Note :(i) (a, b) \[\ne$ (b, a) (ii) If (a, b) = (c, d) then a = a and b=d.
• The position of a point in a plane is determined with reference to two fixed mutually perpendicular lines called the coordinate axes.
• The horizontal line is called X-axis and the vertical line is called Y-axis.
• The point of intersection of the coordinate axes is called origin 0(0, 0).
• In a point P (a, b), 'a' is called x-coordinate or first coordinate or abscissa and 'b' is called y- coordinate or second coordinate or ordinate.
• The axes divide the plane into four quadrants,
(i) ${{Q}_{1}}$is the I quadrant? Here both x and y are positive i.e., x > 0 and y > 0. The ordered pair (a, b) belongs to this quadrant. (ii) ${{Q}_{2}}$is the II quadrant. Here x is negative and y is positive i.e., x < 0 and y > 0. The ordered pair (-a, b) belongs to this quadrant. (iii) ${{Q}_{3}}$is the III quadrant. Here both x and y are negative, i.e., x < 0 and y < 0. The ordered pair (-a,- b) belongs to the quadrant, (iv) ${{Q}_{4}}$is the IV quadrant. Here x is positive and y is negative i.e., x > 0 and y < 0. The ordered pair (a, -b) belongs to this quadrant.
• The coordinates of any point on X - axis is of the form (a, 0) [y-coordinate zero],
• The coordinates of any point on Y - axis is of the form (0, b) [x-coordinate zero].
#### Linear Equations in Two Variables
Linear Equations in Two Variables
• Equation: A statement of equality of two algebraic expressions involving a variable is called an equation.
• Simple linear equation: An equation which contains only one variable of degree 1 is called a simple linear equation.
• Solution of an equation: The value of the variable, which when substituted in the given equation, makes the two sides L.H.S (Left Hand Side) and R.H.S (Right Hand Side) of the equation equal is called the solution of that equation.
• Transposition: Any term of an equation may be taken to the other side with a change in its sign. This process is called transposition.
• Cross multiplication: If $\frac{\operatorname{ax}+b}{\operatorname{cx}+d}=\frac{p}{q}$then q (ax + b) = p (cx + d). This process is called cross multiplication.
• Linear equation in one variable: An equation of the form ax + b = 0 or ax = c, is a linear equation in one variable x, where $a\ne 0$and a, b and c are real numbers.
• Solution of a linear equation in one variable: The value of the variable (x) for which both the sides of the equation become equal is said to be the solution of the equation.
Note: A solution is also called the ‘root’ of the equation.
• Linear equation in two variables:
(i) An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are real numbers, such that 'a' and 'b' are not both zero, is called a linear equation in two variables. (ii) A linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions. (iii) The graph of every linear equation in two variables is a straight line. (iv) x = 0 is the equation of Y-axis. (v) y = 0 is the equation of X-axis. (vi) The graph of x = a is a straight line parallel to the Y-axis. (vii) The graph of y = a is a straight line parallel to the X-axis. (viii) An equation of the type y = mx represents ‘a line passing through the origin. (ix) Every point on the graph of a linear equation in two variables is a solution of the linear equation. Conversely, every solution of the linear equation is a point on the graph of the linear equation.
#### Introduction to Euclid's Geometry
Introduction to Euclid's Geometry
• Axioms: Axioms or postulates are the assumptions which are obvious universal truths and are not to be proved.
• Some of the axioms given by Euclid: (i) Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another. i.e., if a = c and b = c, then a = b.
(ii) If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal. i.e., if a = b and c = d, then a + c = b + d. Also a = b $\Rightarrow$a+c=b+c. Here, a, b, c and d are same kind of things. (iii) If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal. (iv) The things which coincide with one another are equal to one another. (v) The whole is greater than the part. i.e., if a > b, then there exists 'c' such that a = b + c. Here, 'b' is a part of 'a' and therefore, 'a' is greater than 'b'. (vi) Things which are double the same things are equal to one another.
• (vii) Things which are halves of the same things are equal to one another.
• Euclid's five postulates:
(i) Postulate 1: A straight line may be drawn from any one point to any other point. (ii) Postulate 2: A terminated line (i.e., a line segment) can be produced indefinitely on either side to form a line. (iii) Postulate 3: A circle can be drawn with any centre and any radius. (vi) Postulate 4: All right angles are equal to one another, (v) Postulate 5: If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side of it taken together less than two right angles, then the two straight lines, if produced a indefinitely, meet on that side on which the sum of angles is less than two right angles.
• Theorems or propositions are the properties which are to be proved, using definitions, axioms/postulates, previously proved statements and deductive reasoning.
• Any two distinct straight lines are either intersecting or parallel. If the two lines are intersecting, then they can be oblique to each other or perpendicular to each other.
• Intersecting lines: Two distinct straight lines which meet each other at a point are called intersecting straight lines.
• Perpendicular lines: Two intersecting lines are perpendicular to each other if one meets the other at a point and the angles made by the first with either side of the second at the point more...
#### Lines and Angles
Lines and Angles
• Angle: An angle is the union of two rays with a common initial point. An angle is denoted by symbol$\angle$. It is measured in degrees,
The angle formed by the two rays $\overline{AB}\,\,and\,\,\overline{AC}\text{ }is\text{ }\angle BAC\text{ }or\text{ }\angle CAB.~$called $\overline{AB}\,\,and\,\,\overline{AC}$are called the arms and the common initial point ‘A’ is called the vertex of the angle.
• Bisector of an angle: A line which divides an angle into two equal a parts is alled the bisector of the angle.
e.g., In the adjacent figure, the line OP divides $\angle$AOB into two Equal parts. $\angle AOP=\angle POB={{\operatorname{x}}^{o}}$ So, the line OP is ‘called the bisector of $\angle$AOB.
• Pairs of angles:
(i) Complementary angles: Two angles are said to be Complementary if the sum of their measures is equal to$~{{90}^{o}}$ Here$\angle x+\angle y={{90}^{o}},$therefore $\angle x\,\operatorname{and}\,\angle y$ Complementary angles: (ii) Supplementary angles: Two angles are said to be supplementary if the sum of their measures isequal to${{180}^{o}}$. Here $\angle x+\angle y={{180}^{o}},$therefore $\angle x\,\operatorname{and}\,\angle y$ Supplementary angles.
• Adjacent angles: Angles having the same vertex and a common arm, and the non-common arms lie on the opposite sides of the common arm are called adjacent angles.
• $\angle AOB\text{ }and\text{ }\angle COB$with common vertex 0 and common arm OB are adjacent angles,
Note: $\angle AOC=\angle AOB+\angle BOC$
• Linear pair of angles: Two adjacent angles make a linear pair of angles, if the non-common arms of these angles are two opposite rays (with same end point),
• In the adjacent figure, $\angle BAC\text{ }and\text{ }\angle CAD$form a linear pair of angles because the non -common arms AB and AD of the two angles are two opposite rays.
Moreover,$\angle \text{ }BAC\text{ }+\text{ }\angle more... #### Triangles Triangles • A triangle is a closed figure bounded by three straight lines. It is denoted by the symbol\[\Delta$.
$\Delta$ABC has three sides denoted by AB, BC and CA; three angles denoted by $\angle ~A,\angle B\text{ }and\text{ }\angle C\,;$and three vertices denoted by A, B and C.
• Two geometrical figures are said to be congruent if they have exactly the same shape and size. Congruence is denoted by the symbol =.
• Two triangles are congruent if the sides and angles of one triangle are equal to the corresponding sides and angles of the other triangle.
• The congruence of two triangles ABC and PQR under the correspondence $A\leftrightarrow P,B\leftrightarrow Q$
and $C\leftrightarrow R$is symbolically expressed as $\Delta ABC=\Delta PQR.$
• Two congruent figures are equal in area, but two figures having the same area need not be congruent.
• Congruence relation is an equivalence relation:
(i) Congruence relation is reflexive. $\Delta ABC=\Delta ABC.$ (ii) Congruence relation is symmetric. If $\Delta ABC\text{ }\cong \text{ }\Delta DEF,\text{ }then\text{ }\Delta DEF\text{ }\cong \text{ }ABC\text{ }.$ (iii)Congruence relation is transitive.
• If $\Delta ABC\text{ }=\text{ }\Delta DEF\text{ }and\text{ }\Delta DEF\text{ }=\text{ }\Delta XYZ\text{ }then\text{ }\Delta ABC\text{ }=\text{ }\Delta XYZ.$
• Criteria for congruence of triangles:
• (i) A.S. congruence rule: Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the included angle of
one triangle are equal to the two sides and the included angle of the other triangle. $\Delta ABC=\Delta PQR$ $Since=PQ=7cm,\text{ }\angle C=PR=5cm\,\,and\,\angle A=\angle P=50{}^\circ .$corresponding sides and angles of the other triangle. (ii) A.S.A. congruence rule: Two e.g., triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to two angles and the included side of the other triangle. $\Delta ABC\cong \Delta DEF$ $\angle B=\angle E={{45}^{o}},\angle C=\angle F=30{}^\circ \text{ }and\text{ }BC\text{ }=\text{ }EF\text{ }=\text{ }5cm.$ (iii) S.S.S. congruence rule: If three sides of one triangle are equal to the three sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. $\Delta ABC=\Delta XYZ$ Since AB = XY = 5 cm, BC = YZ = 7 cm and CA = ZX = 6 cm.
• H.S.congruencerule: fin two right triangles more...
• A quadrilateral in which the measure of each angle is less than 180° is called a convex quadrilateral.
• A quadrilateral in which the measure of at least one of the angles is more than ${{180}^{o}}$s known as a concave quadrilateral.
• The sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is ${{360}^{o}}$ (or) 4 right angles.
• When the sides of a quadrilateral are produced, the sum of the four exterior angles so formed ${{360}^{o}}$
(i) Trapezium: (a) A quadrilateral having exactly one pair of parallel sides is called a trapezium. (b) A trapezium is said to be an isosceles trapezium if its non-parallel sides are equal. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC. This trapezium is said to be an isosceles trapezium if AB || DC and AD = BC. (ii) Parallelogram: A quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram. ABCD is a parallelogram in which AB || DC and AD II BC. Properties: (a) In a parallelogram, any two opposite sides are equal. (b) In a parallelogram, any two opposite angles are equal. (c)In a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other. (d) In a parallelogram, each diagonal divides it into two congruent triangles. (e) In a parallelogram, any two adjacent angles have their sum equal to ${{180}^{o}}$ i.e. the adjacent angles are supplementary. (iii) Rhombus: A quadrilateral having all sides equal is called a rhombus. ABCD is a rhombus in which AB II DC, AD || BC and AB = BC = CD = DA. Properties: (a) The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles. (b) Each diagonal of a rhombus divides it into two congruent triangles. (c) Opposite angles of a rhombus are equal and the sum of any two adjacent angles is${{180}^{o}}$ (d) The opposite sides of a rhombus are parallel. (e) All the sides of a rhombus are equal. (iv) Rectangle: A parallelogram whose angles are all right angles is called a rectangle. ABCD is a rectangle in which, AD || BC and AB || CD and $\angle A=\angle B=\angle C=\angle D={{90}^{o}}$
• Properties:
(a) Opposite sides of a rectangle are equal and opposite angles of a rectangle are equal. (b) The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other. (c) Each diagonal divides the rectangle into two congruent triangles. (d) The diagonals of a rectangle are equal. (v) Square: A parallelogram having all sides equal and each angle equal to a right angle is called a square. ABCD is a square in which AB || DC, AD more...
#### Area of Parallelograms and Triangles
Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles
• A polygonal region is the union of a polygon and it’s interior. For e.g., the union of a triangle and its interior is called the triangular region.
• Every polygonal region has area. Area of a figure is a number associated with the part of the plane enclosed by that figure.
• Two congruent figures have equal areas but figures with equal areas need not be congruent.
• If ABCD is a rectangle with AB = $l$ m and BC = b m, then the area of the rectangular region ABCD is$lb\text{ }sq.\text{ }m\text{ }or\text{ l}b\text{ }{{m}^{2}}$.
• If A and B are two regions having at the most a line segment common between them two, then the area of their combined region S is equal to the sum of their areas taken separately. i.e, ar (S) = ar (A) +ar (B).
• The area of a parallelogram is the product of any of its sides and the corresponding altitude.
• Two figures are said to be on the same base and between the same parallels, if they have a common base (side) and the vertices, (or the vertex) opposite to the common base of each figure lie on the same line parallel to the base.
• A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two triangles of equal areas.
• Parallelograms on the same (or equal) base and between the same parallel lines are equal in area.
• Parallelograms on the same base (or equal bases) and having equal areas lie between the same parallels.
• Parallelograms on equal bases and between the same parallel lines are equal in area.
• Area of a triangle is half the product of any of its sides and the corresponding altitude.
• Triangles on the same base and between the same parallel lines are equal in area.
• Two triangles having the same base (or equal bases) and equal areas lie between the same parallel lines.
• If a triangle and a parallelogram are on the same base and between the same parallel lines, then the area of the triangle is equal to half that of the parallelogram.
• The area of a trapezium is half the product of its height and the sum of the parallel sides.
• Triangles with equal areas and having one side of one triangle, equal to one side of the other, have their corresponding altitudes equal.
• A rectangle and a parallelogram on the same base and between the same parallels have more...
#### Circles
Circles
• A circle is a closed figure in a plane formed by
The collection of all the points in the plane which centre are at a constant distance from a fixed point in the plane. The fixed point is called the centre of length of radlus the circle and the constant distance is called the radius of the circle.
• The plane region inside the circle is called tne interior of the circle,
• If a circle is drawn in the plane X (infinite dimensions), then the part of the plane region outside the circular region is called the exterior of the circle.
• The circumference of a circle is the length of the complete circular curve constituting the circle, given by circumference, $C=\text{2}\pi r$where r is the radius of the circle.
• Any two points A and B of a circle, divide the circle into two parts. The smaller part is called a minor arc of the circle denoted by $\overset\frown{AB}$(read as arc AB).The larger part is called a major arc denoted by q$\overset\frown{APB}$or BA (read as arc$\overset\frown{BA}$).
• A line segment joining two points on the circumference of the circle, is called a chord of the circle. In the figure, AB is a chord.
• A chord passing through the centre O of the circle is called a diameter of the circle.
A diameter of a circle is the longest chord of the circle and its length is twice that of the radius of the circle. Diameter, d = 2r where r is the radius of the circle.
• A diameter of a circle divides it into two equal arcs. Each of these two arcs is called a semicircle. In the figure AB is a semicircle.
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http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/62469-series-convergence-divergence.html
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# Thread: series convergence and divergence
1. ## series convergence and divergence
hey first of all i d like to start this problem off with saying i have no idea what the ! means so i cant even start this problem.. even if the ! wasnt there i d assume this was a geometric series since its in that section of the book. Other then that i know if it converges i need to find the sum. any help appreciated.
2. n! ... is read "n" factorial.
e.g.
$\displaystyle 5! = 5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 1$
$\displaystyle n! = n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)...(3)(2)(1)$
familiar with the ratio test for convergence/divergence ?
3. Originally Posted by Legendsn3verdie
hey first of all i d like to start this problem off with saying i have no idea what the ! means so i cant even start this problem.. even if the ! wasnt there i d assume this was a geometric series since its in that section of the book. Other then that i know if it converges i need to find the sum. any help appreciated.
$\displaystyle \frac{n^n}{n!}=\frac{\overbrace{n\cdot{n}\cdot{n}\ cdots}^{n\text{ number of times}}}{\underbrace{n\cdot(n-1)\cdots}_{n\text{ number of times}}}=\frac{n}{n}\cdot\frac{n}{n-1}\cdots\geqslant{1\cdot{1}\cdots=1}$
So we can see that
$\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}1\to\infty\leqslant\sum_{n=1}^{ \infty}\frac{n^n}{n!}$
4. $\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{n^{n}}{n!}$
The ratio test may be a decent choice here.
$\displaystyle {\rho}=\lim_{n\to +\infty}\frac{u_{n+1}}{u_{n}}=\lim_{n\to +\infty}\frac{(n+1)^{n+1}}{(n+1)!}\cdot\frac{n!}{n ^{n}}$
$\displaystyle =\lim_{n\to +\infty}\frac{(n+1)^{n}}{n^{n}}$
$\displaystyle =\lim_{n\to +\infty}\left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)^{n}=e$
Since e>1, then it diverges.
If you do not recognize it, that last limit is a very famous one. Therefore, one does not have to bother proving it every time.
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https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02292279
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# XEMIS2: Liquid Xenon Medical Imaging System for Small Animal with 3γ Imaging Technique
9 SIMS - Signal, IMage et Son
LS2N - Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes
Abstract : An innovative liquid xenon Compton camera project, XEMIS (XEnon Medical Imaging System) has been proposed by SUBATECH laboratory, for a new functional medical 3γ imaging technique based on the detection in coincidence of 3 γ-rays. The purpose of this 3γ imaging modality is to obtain a 3D image using 100 times less activity than in current PET systems. The combination of a liquid xenon time projection chamber (LXe TPC) and a specific (β$^{+}$, γ) radionuclide emitter$^{44}$Sc is investigated in this concept. In order to provide an experimental demonstration for the use of a LXe Compton camera for 3γ imaging, a succession of R&D programs, XEMIS1 and XEMIS2, have been carried out using innovative technologies. The first prototype XEMIS1 has been successfully validated showing very promising results for energy, spatial and angular resolutions with an ultra-low noise front-end electronics. The second phase dedicated to a 3D imaging of small animals, XEMIS2, is now under installation and qualification, while the characterizations of ionization signal using Monte Carlo simulation has shown preliminary good performances for energy measurement.
Document type :
Conference papers
Domain :
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02292279
Contributor : Yajing Xing <>
Submitted on : Thursday, September 19, 2019 - 3:54:13 PM
Last modification on : Thursday, October 17, 2019 - 12:33:29 PM
### Identifiers
• HAL Id : hal-02292279, version 1
### Citation
Y. Xing, M. Abaline, S. Acounis, N. Beaupère, J.L. Beney, et al.. XEMIS2: Liquid Xenon Medical Imaging System for Small Animal with 3γ Imaging Technique. XeSAT 2018, Sep 2018, Tokyo, Japan. ⟨hal-02292279⟩
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https://www.edaboard.com/threads/help-design-pcb-motherboard-for-the-cpu-intel-xeon-w-10885m.390124/
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# Help design PCB motherboard for the cpu intel xeon W-10885M
#### ricky89
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Hi!
I'm not an engineer, I'm just a fan.
Hi everyone I would like to build a mini pc for this intel W-10885M processor I would like the motherboard in 3.5 inches like embedded computers.
In the site on mouser.it (Italy) there is this processor but there is the possibility to download the schematic and the processor drawing.
My question is how do you design a motherboard that I don't know of or components, are there software that can do an automated job if I insert this processor design does the software suggest me other components suitable for that processor?
Or you do me the project I don't know who I should refer to.
#### KlausST
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Hi,
You are just a fan ... and then want to start with 1440 pins 5.3GHz design. 12 layers or more?
To me this sounds as if a person who is able to walk to the next store to buy food now wants to take part on an ironman run ... without dedicated training.
Please tell me that my assumption is wrong. Tell me you are experienced with multi layer high frequency PCB design.
Klaus
#### scofieldvan
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Hi,
As I know,there is no such software that you want.
The PC with intel W-10885M processor is difficult.I suggest you start step by step,such as from Single-Chip Microcomputer to ARM ……and last to you goal.
Scofield
#### wwfeldman
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this may do what you want, since you want to build a pc with a xenon processor
but it will not meet your form factor (note there may not be software to operate it)
https://www.newegg.com/p/1WK-0040-0...ories-_-intel-_-9SIA9AX6YJ5755&source=region#
it is probably impossible to build what you want in the form factor you want.
the processor you mentioned is about 600 $(American) the board above is about 42$ (American)
you would not want to make the processor useless by using a home made board.
which will cost a lot more than 42 \$, and then there's all the stuff on the board
noted above that hasn't been accounted for
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http://www.asepp.com/fiscal-stimulus-of-consumption/
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# Fiscal Stimulus of Consumption
The global financial crisis (GFC) has been in temporary recess since its break in 2008, but has recently metastasized into a more dangerous form. Extreme real-time experiments are being forced on many economies without sufficient scientific justification. The extreme measures, apart from constant fiscal stimulus, now including negative interest rates and banning or restricting the use of cash, have been designed and implemented, in Europe, Japan and elsewhere, to prevent saving and force spending, and also to protect a flawed financial system. The slow recovery from the GFC has been blamed on insufficient consumer spending.
As a past US Secretary of the Treasury and now a Harvard professor, Summers (2011), has said and has repeated on several occasions:
…the central irony of financial crises is that they’re caused by too much borrowing, too much confidence and too much spending and they’re solved by more confidence, more borrowing and more spending.
Apart from Summers, Yellen (2014), Stiglitz (2015), Sen (2015), many others and the media generally have been united in voicing the need for more consumer spending to boost economic growth.
Indeed, there have been decades of economic stimulation in America consisting of: generally falling official interest rates since 1980 from 19 percent to near zero now; and increasing government budget deficit spending from post-war zero balances, on average, to over 10 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2009. Cognitive dissonance has been blind to the fact that US consumer spending has been very responsive to economic stimulation, as private consumption and total consumption both rose in secular trends since the Second World War (WW2).
Personal consumption expenditure rose from about 59 percent of GDP to 69 percent (see the chart below), while total consumption, including government consumption, consumption of fixed capital and consumption of net imports, rose from about 86 percent of GDP to 96 percent. Therefore, the key unrecognized empirical fact is that there has never been insufficient consumer spending, as economic stimulation has been effective in boosting it, according to the evidence provided below.
Welfare Consumption
Despite periods of recession and rising unemployment, personal consumption rose smoothly and steadily giving rise to the Deaton Paradox (Campbell and Deaton, 1989), which mainstream neoclassical economists sought to explain through consumer behaviour. But personal consumption data reflect substantial government intervention in providing unemployment benefits and other social security payments, particularly in times of economic downturns. The chart below provides an indication of how personal consumption has been affected by government transfer payments.
The gap between the two curves represents the amount of government transfer payments which appears directly in personal income measured by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA, 2016). As these transfer payments are mostly unemployment benefits, social welfare supplements to low income earners, payments to veterans, etc., it would be reasonable to assume here that the payments would go mainly to personal consumption, which is now boosted by about eight percent of GDP. Without the boost from government transfer payments, personal consumption would be much lower and much more volatile.
Even this boost to personal consumption by government transfer payments is likely to be an under-estimate, because consumption on health, education, insurance, etc., has not been included fully. When a sick person goes to hospital and gets medical attention, the cost is fully or partly covered by government insurance such as Medicare or Medicaid. This is another form of subsidy to personal consumption by another source of government transfer payments. The chart below shows that, potentially, the government boost to personal consumption could be nearly double the eight percent shown the above chart, now about 14 percent of GDP.
In summary, a significant amount (up to 20 percent) of personal consumption has been welfare consumption provided by government transfer payments, to increase successfully the overall propensity to consume of the economy. In order to anticipate and project the economic consequences of future fiscal policy, it would be helpful to analyze separately the impact of fiscal stimulus on consumption and investment in two sectors.
Sector Decomposition
The foregoing analysis of personal consumption in the US economy is complicated by government transfer payments, which are responsible for a significant part of measured personal consumption. To analyze the impact of fiscal policy, it is necessary to decompose the national accounting identity into two separate sectors, one for the government and one for the private sector.
Government current expenditure including transfer payments differs from normal expenditure as seen in the chart below. Most studies on the impact of government spending on consumption refer only to normal expenditure of the government, ignoring welfare transfers. The lower curve represents normal government expenditure on consumption and investment in the national accounts.
When transfer payments are included in net government consumption, the chart below shows the government sector’s structure of aggregate demand, which consists overwhelmingly of consumption and only a small amount of net investment.
Note that this new sector decomposition essentially reallocates welfare consumption as part of government consumption, rather than as part of personal consumption because, otherwise, the impact of government stimulus on total consumption cannot be accurately evaluated. With this decomposition, the components of total consumption due to the government and private sectors are shown in the chart below.
Instead of personal consumption increasing in the private sector, it has been welfare consumption increasing in the government sector. Much of the welfare consumption has been financed through pension and social security contributions, health insurance contributions and government budget deficits. The various contributions give workers a sense of having saved through the government and a sense of future welfare entitlement. The government budget deficits lead to trillions of dollars of outstanding government bonds which form a large part of private sector saving.
The chart below shows that government budget deficits have led to the private sector substituting real investment in economic production with financial investment by purchasing new supplies of government bonds. Note that this explanation for reduced private investment is based on substitution, different from the “crowding out” of aggregate demand argument that borrowing to spend is inhibited by high interest rates, which are clearly not the issue in the current zero interest rate environment. Sticking to the erroneous “crowding out” argument is leading to a widespread belief that interest rates are not low enough to induce more private spending – negative interest rates have been implemented recently in Europe and Japan.
In passing, Sy (2015.6) noted that the only period of US budget surplus in recent decades was in the second term of the Clinton presidency at the end of the 1990s, when the economy grew strongly and steadily at four percent per annum, unemployment fell to record lows, and government debt fell in real terms, despite rising interest rates. In a period of policy which now would be called “austerity”, the era of Clintonomics has been recognized often as the “Great Moderation”.
The impact on aggregate demand by changes in fiscal policy, whether it is through changes in taxation or budget deficits, has been a topic of debate in classical and neoclassical economic literature. The classical view expressed as Ricardian equivalence states that it makes no difference (Barro, 1989), which is evidently true for aggregate demand; but it is untrue for the structure of aggregate demand, as shown here. Decades of research on how personal behaviour changes consumption in reaction to changes in fiscal policy, have now become somewhat academic, since the government itself contributes directly to personal consumption expenditure through transfer payments to low income earners for social welfare. This will be further clarified below.
Monetary Socialism
With a significant level of socialism in the US economy, many classical questions of free-market capitalism have become confused and inappropriate. The methodological individualism of neoclassical economics, in attempting to deduce macroeconomic outcomes from the behaviour of the representative agent, has become increasingly irrelevant. No amount of modelling of individual behaviour can deduce or replicate the behaviour of government in its impact on the macroeconomy.
Irrespective of whether and in whatever circumstances Ricardian equivalence is valid or not, the US government has chosen to socialize the economy through increasing budget deficits rather than increasing taxation, as the gap between budget expenditure and receipts is shown in the chart below.
It can be seen that taxation, as represented by government current receipts, has stabilized at around 28 percent of GDP (with a two percent fluctuation) since abandonment of the gold standard in 1971. In a fiat currency system, US government expenditure has expanded through increasing budget deficits by issuing government bonds and increasing public debt.
It seems rather obvious that it is much harder politically to increase taxation than it is to increase the budget deficit, regardless of whether individuals can see or care about future financial impact on their welfare. In any case, raising taxes has typically encouraged more tax avoidance and minimization, particularly by corporations. Hence, US socialism has not been expanding directly through confiscation of private capital, but rather indirectly through monetary expansion in a modern form of monetary socialism.
The empirical data show that monetary socialism increases consumption, as it is meant to do. The direct impact of government budget deficits on government consumption, which includes a significant component of personal consumption through welfare spending, can be seen in the chart below.
The chart suggests that government expenditure is almost entirely government consumption, particularly since 1970, because any expansion through increases in the budget deficit has translated almost directly to increases in government consumption.
When government consumption (including welfare consumption) is added to the other parts of personal consumption, the increases in total consumption of the economy can be seen to be driven by increases in government budget deficits in the chart below.
The lower horizon line represents balanced government budget (right hand axis). It can be seen that, apart from the Clinton hiatus of the late 1990s, fiscal stimulus has been conducted since 1971 through running government budget deficits. The top horizon line represents the condition for the Keynesian singularity, where the propensity to consume is unity or the Keynes multiplier is infinite, since
$\displaystyle k\equiv \frac{1}{1-c}$
It can be seen that fiscal deficits have been almost completely successful in stimulating total consumption. The increases and decreases in the budget deficit translate almost wholly, “dollar for dollar”, to changes in total consumption. This close correlation can be seen in another way in the chart below.
Again the horizontal line represents the condition for the Keynesian singularity. The vertical line divides government budget surpluses to left and budget deficits to the right. The diagonal line is an arbitrary 45 degrees line for reference only. A least-squares line regression gives a slightly flatter line at 37 degrees, with the slope of the regression line at 0.76. The correlation coefficient is 0.78, statistically significant with an R-square of 61.5 percent. The points in the above chart are generally moving, over time, along the diagonal line towards the Keynesian singularity, because government budget deficits have been successful in increasing the propensity to consume.
Propensities to Consume
To analyze how government spending influences total consumption and the propensity to consume (PC), it is useful to analyze separately the propensities to consume for the government and private sector. The relative significance of the two sectors to PC and net investment of the whole economy can be seen from a sector decomposition of net investment, shown in the chart below.
Note that over time the size of the US government has increased from 20 percent of GDP to 36 percent of GDP, but its net investment has declined from nearly four percent of GDP to less than 0.5 percent of GDP, due partly to the privatization of public assets.
It is quite clear how government spending affects total consumption in the economy: as long as the government PC is greater than the private sector PC, then government expenditure will increase the PC of the whole economy. This is most often the case in US economic history since WW2, as the chart shows.
Note that the PC can be greater than 100 percent, because net investment can be negative, even though gross investment cannot be negative. When net investment is negative, it means that gross investment is less than current consumption of fixed capital, meaning that plant and equipment are allowed to depreciate or run down without adequate maintenance through ongoing investment. Negative net investment has occurred in two periods since WW2.
Immediately after WW2, much of the wartime plant and equipment of the government was allowed to be run down, because they were no longer useful for the peacetime economy. The second period of negative net investment occurred in the private sector in the GFC, when there was a strong curtailment of private investment, particularly in the building and construction sector, as many projects were abandoned and written off.
Note that the government PC appears less volatile because government expenditure is devoted almost entirely to consumption, as government PC is almost 100 percent. Another way of explaining the lack of volatility in the government PC can be seen in the chart below: where, above a certain level, say 30 percent of GDP, government expenditure has appeared almost entirely as consumption. That is because government net investment has been static at a low level, typically around one percent of GDP.
Note also that private sector PC is much more volatile than government PC, because private sector investments fluctuate more emphatically in reaction to government policy and to the conditions of the business cycle. The fifth chart above shows that government budget deficits create a substitution effect where savings are directed from real private investment to financial investment in government securities. The consequence of this substitution effect is an increase in the private consumption propensity due to a fall in private investment, which accompanies government budget deficits. The volatility in private sector PC is therefore driven by the volatility in government budget deficits as seen in the chart below.
Conclusion
Much of the smoothness in personal consumption expenditure (see first chart) has been explained by US government spending on welfare consumption. Government budget deficits have channeled private sector savings away from real investment to financial investment in government debt, increasing the propensity to consume in the private sector through transfer payments. Mathematical details are contained in a research paper.
Decades of budget deficit spending have steadily increased total consumption of the economy, which is now either near the Keynesian singularity or inside the black hole, which is the subject of the next post.
References and citations
This entry was posted in Econoclasm, Economics, Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/is-it-possible-to-graph-a-function-using-its-taylor-series.901620/
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# Is it possible to graph a function using its taylor series?
1. Jan 26, 2017
### Vitani11
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
For example
cosh(x) = 1+x2/2!+x4/4!+x6/6!+....
2. Relevant equations
3. The attempt at a solution
So plugging in x=0 you get that coshx = 1 at the origin. The approximate graph for the coshx function up to the second order looks like a 1+x2/2! graph, but what about graphing coshx to the term afterwards? and so on.
2. Jan 26, 2017
### Vitani11
Also, what about its negative values? What about the point where cosh slope changes direction? Etc.
3. Jan 26, 2017
### Staff: Mentor
The more terms you use in the Taylor series (really, what you have is the Maclaurin series), the closer your Taylor/Maclaurin polynomial will approximate the graph of y = cosh(x).
4. Jan 26, 2017
### Staff: Mentor
See the graphs on this page: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_function
The graph of this function has a sort of parabola shape, opening upward. The slope changes direction at x = 0, the low point on the graph.
Due to the fact that there are only even-degree terms in the Maclaurin series, the graph is symmetric about the y-axis. IOW cosh(-x) = cosh(x), for all real x.
5. Jan 26, 2017
### Ray Vickson
I suggest you answer your question yourself, by trying different numbers of terms and comparing the results with the exact graphs.
However, no finite number of terms can give the correct behavior for $\cosh(x)$ when $|x|$ is very large; can you see why (theoretically)?
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https://enricosanino.wordpress.com/2015/12/08/ntc-measurements/comment-page-1/
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NTC Measurements (Pt. 1)
When dealing with low-cost, home made termometers, the choice often fall on the NTCs. These sensors are resistors which are varying their resistance in function of the temperature, with a negative trend: Negative Temperature Coefficient is their name, also known as Thermistor. That means higher the temperature, lower the resistance:
We observe that this cheap sensor have the price to be non-linear at all. There are various methods to derive a method to interpret the correct temperature. Here I will go through the ones that are used to achieve quite reasonable precision without having/paying a calibration laboratory.
Look-Up Table approach
Usually the datasheet provides a set of values which are sampled from a sensor and correspond to our being inside their stated tolerance:
In this picture you can see the stated resistance at a certain temperature, and its tolerance. An immediate drawback, if no other tables are available, is that this table can bring a precision of up to 5°C only. The parameter “B” is called normally $\beta$.
Moreover, a sensor with a tolerance of 5%, refers to 25°C only. This error of the resistance must be added with the “$\frac{\Delta R}{R}$ due to β toll.” factor in the table above, from now on called ΔR/β for simplicity, which is given from the datasheet. Associated with it, there is the temperature coefficient, TCR (also known as $\alpha$), which describes how steep is the curve. You may understand that with a very steep curve, so an high TCR, there is a little deviation of the temperature in the X axis, associated with a high variation of resistance on the Y axis therefore we have an high sensitivity. The situation is the opposite when reading high temperatures with a low TCR, the sensitivity drops rapidly.
The thermistor error of a punctual read is then devised as follow:
$\frac{\Delta R_{therm}}{R_{therm}} = (((1 + \frac{\Delta R_{25^{\circ}C}}{R_{25^{\circ}C}}) \cdot (1 + \frac{\Delta R}{\beta})) - 1) \cdot 100$ (eq. 1)
where $R_{25^{\circ}C}$ is the resistance tolerance at the reference temperature (specified in the datasheet, here is 25°C), and $\beta$ is a coefficient which characterize the NTC material, devised by measuring two different temperature (and is specified in the datasheet). If we need to keep the right tolerance after changing the sensor with another of the same model without calibration, we need to observe these tolerances. Combineing them with the TCR, we obtain the temperature’s punctual error:
$\Delta T = \frac{\Delta R_{therm}}{R_{therm}} / TCR$ (eq. 2)
Equation approach
There are a lot of methods which are used to linearize the behaviour , by linearizing the model. The most famous is the Steinhart-Hart equation, which uses a set of coefficients which are provided in two ways: from manufacturer, or can be devised by measuring 3 different temperatures and solving 3 equations for 3 unknowns. If these coeffients are not provided from manufacturer, one can use a more precise termometer, measure 3 temperatures and its resistance temperature, solving this equation for the S-H of 3rd order:
The sensor’s manufacturer adopted to experiment provides the coefficients up to 4th order, both for reversed anddirect measurement:
With a sensor stated to have 5% of tolerance, one can actually use the coefficient without the full decimal precision instead used (ideally) from the manufacturer, because the error provided by such formula is in the order of mK, while the final reading, due to various errors, is higher than 1.5K. I neglect this S-H error.
Error estimation
Assuming a negligible error from the S-H calculus that uses the parameters given by manufacturer, usually we use a microcontroller with an ADC and a voltage divider. The error from a common ADC is half LSB, so that
$\frac{\Delta ADC}{ADC} \% = \frac{1}{2^{(N+1)}} = 0.5 LSB$ (eq. 3)
The error of the voltage divider tends to be double of the two resistors used if are too much different, otherwise tends to be the mean of the two relative errors of the two resistors, like $\frac{\Delta R1 + \Delta R2}{2}$. See the graph, where 100% is the mean value between errors of the 2 resistors, and 200% represent the sum of the 2 errors:
These two resistors are used in this way, in which one is the Thermistor:
where at the reference temperature (provided by manufacturer and usually 25°C) the Rref and Rtherm have the same value (so we bought a matched thermistor with a certain resistance to reduce errors). Depending on your temperature range, you can se how varies the the ratio and see how greater can be considered the total error.
How greater is the error in my temperature range? The previous value of $\frac{\Delta R_{therm}}{R_{therm}}$ and its TCR will lead to a temperature error like this:
in which the ADC and condition circuitry errors are NOT considered. But an idea of performance can be made if no calibration is performed (see later). If the resistance at the extremes of my range is not so different from the reference resistor (a normal fixed resistor in the schematic above), then it is not a mandatory to sum it up both errors of the two resistors, but can be a little less.
If I need to measure between 0°C and 100°C, the datasheet provides the additional error of the resistance due to the tolerance of β parameter, called Δβ/β. We will find that at 100°C there is low TCR and high relative error. ONLY NOW we can apply the worst case total error $\Delta T = \frac{\Delta R}{R} / TCR$ with $\frac{\Delta R}{R} = \frac{\Delta R_{therm 100^{\circ}C}}{R_{therm 100^{\circ}C}} + \frac{\Delta R_{ref}}{R_{ref}}$, where $R_{therm 100^{\circ}C}$ is the (eq. 1) at temperature of 100°C using the table from manufacturer, while Rref is the the fixed resistor in the schematic above and $\frac{\Delta R_{ref}}{R_{ref}}$ its relative error.
TCR will be chosen to achieve the higher relative error, so will be the TCR at 100°C (as said before, the higher temperature of the range), along with the estimated resistance value at that temperature (of course..). You may see how the error can be greatly reduced if reading values with higher TCR at lower temperatures, and how small is it at 25°C. But the boundaries must contains the greater error tolerance, allowing the user to change the sensor in the field without recalibration.
With the calibration using the set of 3 equations above, all these errors are compensated, voltage divider included. The remaining one will be truncation error of the S-H coefficients due to the finite machine precision (whether is a PC or an MCU used to make the calibration), the errors of the reference termometer and the intrinsic errors of the S-H model, the quantization error of the ADC (half LSB) and for sure others that I have missed. It is not trivial to quantify everything. And quantification, when talking about measures, is almost everything.
We have found how greater is the error of the analog quantities. Now where is the least sensible part of the NTC curve? The one at the higher temperature, as said before (lower TCR). Until now I have estimated a certain error of the total voltage divider’s resistance.
Now is needed to find how an ADC error can mismatch the resistance. Let’s go at 100°C, using an S-H estimation or the Look-Up table, then calculate a sort of manual derivative, let’s say the value $R_{therm} = R_{100^{\circ}C} + \Delta R$, where ΔR is the immediate available step to achieve a temperature lower of a step equal to the required precision (if I want a precision of 1°C, then is the resistance at 99°C if I have the S-H equation, or it is the resistance at 95°C if I have a rough Look-Up table like the one in this article).
From the circuit of the voltage divider, we have $V_{adc1} = V_{refADC} \cdot \frac {R_{100^{\circ}C}}{R_{100^{\circ}C}+R_{REF}}$ and $V_{adc2} = V_{ref ADC} \cdot \frac {R_{100^{\circ}C} + \Delta R}{R_{100^{\circ}C} + \Delta R +R_{REF}}$. The $\frac{V_{adc1} - V_{adc2}}{V_{LSB}}$ is how many discrete steps can be sampled inside a ΔR variation. E.g., if 1LSB = 3mV (ADC provides 3mV/bit) and from 100°C to 99°C the variation read from ADC is 6mV, I can’t have an accuracy higher than 2LSB, meaning 0.5°C (2LSB to represent 1°C). If I am lower than 1LSB, I can’t discern my prefixed step lower than 1°C.
Saying the same more mathematically: consider the reference voltage applied to voltage divider to be 3V. And the datasheet provides a certain TCR at 100°C. Then the resistance at 99°C will be:
$\Delta R_{1^{\circ}C} = R_{100^{\circ}C} - R_{100^{\circ}C} \cdot \frac{TCR_{100^{\circ}C}}{100}\cdot 1^{\circ}C$
so that:
$1.5mV \leq 3V \cdot \frac{R_{100^{\circ}C}}{R_{100^{\circ}C} + R_{REF}} - 3V \cdot \frac{R_{100^{\circ}C} - \Delta R_{1^{\circ}C}}{R_{100^{\circ}C} - \Delta R_{1^{\circ}C} + R_{REF}} = \Delta V_{1^{\circ}C}$
Finally, the additional temperature error from the ADC is, in the worst case:
$\Delta T_{ADC} = \frac {1^{\circ}C}{\frac{\Delta V_{1^{\circ}C}}{0.5LSB[V]}}$ (eq. 4)
Conclusions
The final precision, from (eq.2) and (eq. 4), is:
$\Delta T = \frac{\frac{\Delta{R}}{R}}{TCR_{100^{\circ}C}} + \Delta T_{ADC}$
One can try and find out that with an ADC of N = 10 bit, and components at 5%, included the NTC, in range between 0°C-100°C, hardly can be achieved a precision lower than 3°C/4°C, despite the accuracy can be around 0.5°C/1°C, without calibration. But note that this low precision is due to the consideration of the range up to its most imprecise extreme: reducing the range to, let’s say, 60°C the precision can be improved a lot. Just keep that in mind when you read 25°C, or 150°C using an NTC.
Annunci
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