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Irradiation with 780 nm diode laser attenuates inflammatory cytokines but upregulates nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages: implications for the prevention of aneurysm progression.
Low level laser irradiation (LLLI) has been shown to reduce inflammation in a variety of clinical situations. We have shown that LLLI (780 nm) increases aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation and matrix protein secretion and modulates activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Inflammation is a major component of arteriosclerotic diseases including aneurysm. Macrophage recruitment and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the vasodilator, nitric oxide (NO), are central to most immune responses in the arterial wall. The present study was designed to determine the effect of LLLI on cytokine gene expression and secretion as well as gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Murine monocyte/macrophages (RAW 264.7) were irradiated with a 780 nm diode laser (2 mW/cm(2), 2.2 J/cm(2)) during stimulation with LPS (0, 0.1, and 1 microg/ml). Gene expression of chemokines, cytokines, and iNOS were assessed by RT-PCR. Secretion of interleukin (IL)-1beta and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and NO were assessed by ELISA and the Griess reaction, respectively. LLLI reduced gene expression of MCP-1, IL-1alpha, IL-10 (P<0.01), IL-1beta, and IL-6 (P<0.05) when cells were stimulated by 1 microg/ml LPS. LLLI reduced LPS-induced secretion of MCP-1 over non-irradiated cells by 17+/-5% and 13+/-5% at 12 hours (0.1 and 1 microg/ml LPS; P<0.01 and P=0.05, respectively), and reduced IL-1beta by 22+/-5% and 25+/-9% at 24 hours (0.1 and 1 microg/ml LPS, P=0.01 and P=0.06, respectively). However, LLLI increased NO secretion after 12 hours (LLLI vs. without LPS, 1.72+/-0.37 vs. 0.95+/-0.4 microM, P<0.05; 0.1 microg/ml LPS, 7.46+/-1.62 vs. 4.44+/-1.73 microM, P=0.06; 1 microg/ml LPS, 10.91+/-3.53 vs. 6.88+/-1.52 microM, P<0.05). These properties of LLLI, with its effects on smooth muscle cells reported previously, may be of profound therapeutic relevance for arterial diseases such as aneurysm where inflammatory processes and weakening of the matrix structure of the arterial wall are major pathologic components.
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Me. Unplugged, Authentic, & Daring
new father
Today is Father’s Day and of course, I am thinking about the incredible paternal influences in my life. Hardly a week goes by where I am not reminded of some major impact my father had on my life even though he passed away almost 25 years ago. I’ve written about him quite a bit over the years I’ve been blogging but I’ve never really talked much about my step-dad. I got lucky at the age of 14 when my mom married him, although it took me a few years to realize it. He was a strong mentor and a true cheerleader in the face of my dreams. He fiercely loved my mom and provided another amazing example of how to respect a woman. He epitomized fairness and equality even while being a strong disciplinarian. I didn’t always agree with his approach, especially if he was bellowing but in retrospect, I appreciate his passions.
1990 with my Step-dad Francis K. Bean
I cannot speak about ‘being’ a father but I can certainly attest to the attributes of two remarkable men who embodied the role successfully and share my perception of how they contributed to my life in such positive ways. It wasn’t rocket science nor did any of the things that made a difference cost money. Any man can be like my dad and/or my step dad… Here are a few of the things they did:
THEY SPENT TIME WITH ME
I never really cared how… it might have been sitting on dad’s lap as a little girl, fixing something, or being a helper as he tinkered on one of his many projects… It was often taking a walk, swinging in a hammock, or cooking together. I always knew that my dad and my step dad were available to make me a priority from time to time.
THEY LISTENED TO ME
Both of these men were on my ‘call list’… the ones you could call at any time, for any reason, under any circumstance and they would listen. They knew when to ‘fix’ things and when to simply listen. They offered suggestions but didn’t criticize. They didn’t get defensive or judgmental.
THEY TAUGHT ME
My father in particular was one of the most patient and kind individuals I’ve known. He found the patience to help me over and over again regardless of the task I was learning. My step dad might have had a bit less patience but he was determined to stick by you until the knowledge was imparted. Both of them were completely selfless when it came to sharing what they knew from common sense to book smarts, and they were equally relentless in their pursuit of acquiring more.
THEY FORGAVE ME
I was less than a perfect child and my mistakes occasionally ran deep and wide. They provided me with the space to fail and learn and they were always there to help me stand back up. When I was rude or sassy they stood firm, but let go and moved on without persecution or resentment.
THEY MODELED FOR ME
They modeled the behavior they expected from me. It was never ‘do as I say, not as I do’… While neither one of them were perfect of course, they upheld the values they spoke of; integrity, honesty, compassion, and respect. They never asked something of me that they weren’t willing to do themselves.
THEY PROTECTED ME
They protected me. Sometimes it was from myself, others it was from a boy who broke my heart or from a bad financial decision. They stood by me when strangers were rude or when I was treated unfairly. When Rocky died they literally held me up – one on either side of me and when I remarried, they shared time on the dance floor with me. I felt safe in the world because of them.
THEY ENCOURAGED ME
My father said that the only thing in the world I could never achieve was to become a father… other than that he said, “dream away”. My stepdad believed that I would conquer the business world and would challenge me to “work my brain” during the years that I chose to stay at home with the kids. If I had an idea, they were the inquisitors and financiers in support of the endeavor.
THEY TALKED TO ME
They asked about my day with genuine open-ended questions and prompted solid discussion about my life, social issues, and investigated topics of shared interest. When I moved away they would call me first… wanting share in my life even from afar. They were never salty or sarcastic about who called who – they promoted interactive communication that I knew was respected.
THEY LAUGHED WITH ME
I grew up knowing that it was OK to be silly and have fun, to tell jokes and play pranks. My dad and stepdad laughed with me even if I was laughing at them sometimes. My father was especially good at knowing how to balance life with silliness and laughter.
THEY SAID ‘NO’
They set boundaries, established rules, and demanded respect regardless of my age. I learned early not to expect everything I wanted but that my needs would be met. Of course, when they were able and often with delight, I was the recipient of their generosity whether it was a plane ticket home or a new dress for no reason.
These are the things that stand out.
My son recently became a father for the first time and I know he will be a great one. He has grown into a kind and fair man with an even temper. As I watch him look at his son, the love and awe in his eyes is vividly apparent and I know he is experiencing a love far deeper than he has ever known. This list is for him as much as it is for anyone so that his own son may someday describe him from this vantage point.
2017 New Dad Francis Marion with son Francis Marion
I never cared how much money my dad earned or how many places he took us. It didn’t matter if we went to Disney because we spent Saturday afternoons walking along the creek looking for tadpoles. A deep and thought-provoking conversation over a pot of coffee was far more memorable than taking his credit card to the mall on Friday nights.
I was a lucky girl and I like to think that some of the characteristics that my father and stepdad demonstrated infiltrated my own parenting. I see most of them in my brothers as I watch them with their young children and I wish them for my son as he embarks on this personal fatherhood journey.
Happiest of Father’s Days to all the dad’s out there!
If you liked what you read just now, please SHARE it with friends and family by using one of the buttons below (Facebook, Twitter, Email & LinkedIn) and know that I am grateful for your effort.
Find me on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter too!! I will follow back : )
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LASC Aussie Style Drawstring Swim Brief Blue Hibiscus
With both an athletic appeal and bold styling, this LASC swim brief is for the guy who likes all eyes on him. Made with a roomier cut and a sporty drawstring waist, these briefs feature a variety of colorful patterns so enticing youll want them all!
A sporty swim brief in an array of bold and fun patterns; unlike normal briefs these are cut looser for a roomy, more comfortable fit.
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Fergus Hodgson expresses concern our government will impede innovation and development with respect to blockchain, but then engages in misdirection by conflating blockchain and cryptocurrencies. Blockchain is a platform that may someday become a useful next generation technology. Cryptocurrency (virtual currencies that employ this blockchain technology) is an application in its Wild West stage that, for the most part, is best suited to enabling commerce among those involved in activities our civilization deems unacceptable, such as drug running, human trafficking, arms dealing, money laundering, bribery, terrorism and tax evasion. Hodgson argues against all three recommendations of the Standing Committee on Finance. He first presents what is effectively a straw man - terrorism. He then quotes the European Parliament that "virtual currencies may not present terrorist actors with substantial advantages ..." which to me sounds no different than "virtual currencies may present terrorist actors ..." According to Hodgson, we might as well capitulate when it comes to identifying individuals since "private wallets," he says, are "impenetrable to government mandate." Finally, he disparages our best practices model - New York State's attempt to license crypto exchanges - as being a model for how to scare investors away and says Liechtenstein and Malta are better role models. Really? We need to urge our elected representatives to get out in front on this issue. Anarchy is scary.
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John Murrell (playwright)
John Murrell, OC, AOE (born October 15, 1945 - November 11, 2019) was an American-born Canadian playwright.
Life and career
Born in Lubbock, Texas, Murrell moved to Alberta after graduating from Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas with a BFA in 1968. He moved to Canada to avoid the draft, studying at the University of Calgary. In 2002 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and awarded the Alberta Order of Excellence. In 2008, he received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts. for which he was the subject of a National Film Board of Canada animated short by Cam Christiansen entitled The Real Place.
Murrell also translated some Russian and French works.
Original plays by John Murrell
Haydn's Head (1974)
Power in the Blood (1975)
Waiting for the Parade (1977)
Memoir (1977)
Farther West (1982)
New World (1984)
October (1988)
Democracy (1991)
The Faraway Nearby (1994)
Death in New Orleans (1998)
Taking Shakespeare (2012)
Translations/adaptations by John Murrell
Mandragola (after Machiavelli) (1978)
Uncle Vanya (after Chekhov) (1978)
Bajazet (after Racine) (1979)
The Seagull (after Chekhov) (1980)
Divorcons (after Sardou) (1983)
The Master Builder (after Ibsen) (1983)
Oedipus the King (after Sophocles) (1988)
The Four Lives of Marie (after Carole Frechette) (1996)
The Cherry Orchard (after Chekhov) (1998)
The Odyssey (after Homer) (2001)
The Doll House (after Ibsen) (2001)
The Human Voice (after Jean Cocteau) (2004)
References
External links
Bio from the Encyclopedia of Canadian Theatre.
Category:1945 births
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Category:21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Category:Members of the Alberta Order of Excellence
Category:Officers of the Order of Canada
Category:People from Lubbock, Texas
Category:American expatriate writers in Canada
Category:Draft evaders
Category:Southwestern University alumni
Category:Governor General's Performing Arts Award winners
Category:Opera librettists
Category:Writers from Texas
Category:Writers from Alberta
Category:Canadian librettists
Category:Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
Category:20th-century Canadian male writers
Category:21st-century Canadian male writers
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Dear Editor-in-Chief
====================
Although there is no agreement on the definition for the term of fast food, it is mainly defined as "easily prepared processed food served in snack bars and restaurants as a quick meal or to be taken away" ([@B1]). Over the past two decades, an increasing trend in global fast food marketing and a public interest for consuming of take-away foods has developed. Fast foods are quick, convenient, relatively inexpensive, and liked by people of most different age groups; they are rich in highly processed meat and refined carbohydrate, sodium, total fat, saturated and trans fatty acids, cholesterol, and poor in essential nutrients and dietary fibers ([@B2], [@B3]).
Findings from both cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies indicated that fast food consumption and out-of-home eating behavior is a main risk factor for poor diet quality, and development of overweight and obesity, abdominal fat gain, impaired insulin and glucose homeostasis, lipid and lipoprotein disorders, induction of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress; higher frequent consumption of fast food also increased the risk of developmental type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease ([@B4], [@B5]). A 3-year follow-up among Iranian adults, showed that the risk of metabolic syndrome in the highest compared to the lowest quartile of fast foods increased by 85% (OR=1.85, 95% CI=1.17--2.95); in this study, the adverse effects of fast food consumption were more pronounced in younger adults (\<30 yr), and participants who had greater waist to hip ratio, consumed less phytochemical-rich foods or had low-fiber diet ([@B6]).
Considering the current data, frequent consumption of fast foods and out-of-home meals is a critical dietary risk factor for development of metabolic disorders and other non-communicable diseases. The large number of fast food restaurants, growing public interest to out-of-home and ready-to-eat foods, and undesirable health outcomes of fast food consumption should be considered by policy makers in the field of health and nutrition.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.
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[A case of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacteriosis during purpura associated with hypergammaglobulinemia and hepatitis type C].
A 74-year-old woman with hepatitis due to hepatitis C virus followed up using oral predonisolone (3 mg/day) for two years because of hypergammaglobulinemia-associated purpura reported fever and lumbago in February 2005. Upon admission in June, she was found in chest-computed tomography to have atelectasia in the right middle lung lobe and a nodule with a cavity in the right lower lobe. She tested positive for tuberculous glycolipid antibody. Gallium scintigraphy showed an abnormal accumulation in the lower lumbar vertebra. Magnetic resonance imaging showed abnormal enhancement at L4, L5, and their intervertebral disc. Mycobacterium intracellulare (M. intracellulare) was detected in blood culture, bronchoalveolar lavage, and a biopsy specimen from the intervertebral disc, yielding a diagnosis of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacteriosis (NTM) due to M. intracellulare. She was treated with clarithromycin (CAM), ethambutol (EB), and rifampicin (RFP), but EB and RFP were discontinued due to of the fever they induced. She was then treated with a combination of CAM, levofloxacin, and streptomycin and followed up as an out patient. Based on case reports of disseminated NTM infection in Japan, the prognosis is poor and a protocol must be established for its treatment.
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Q:
How to marshal / unmarshal different xml from the same object model
I'm new to JAXB and would appreciate a little help.
First let me give you a bit of back-ground.
I have a relatively simple object model, based on 2 main classes: Provider and Product. Now Provider references a list of Product he can provide, and Product references a list of Provider who can provide it. That is, I have circular references!
Product is build as a composite pattern, because: a) I do not want to be limited by "categories", "types", ..., but want to create a as flexible Product tree as possible. b) I want to manage Product and tree element (the so called "categories") through the same interface.
As we all now, the same abstract Product can have many different "physical implementations" (for example: a car is an abstract Product, whereas a Toyota Yaris is a physical product). Therefore, to separate abstract and physical implementations of Products, I implemented a bridge pattern. Abstract Products are now ProductTemplate (the composite mentioned above) and the physical Product are ProductImplementation.
I managed to model this using Hibernate (and Spring).
Now I would like to produce XML strings to let the back and front ends dialogue.
At the moment, I'm doing some research with JAXB to see if it could match my needs:
I would like to marshal a Provider, with the list of all its ProductTemplate
I would like to marshal a ProductTemplate, with the list of all its Provider
However, this is only one aspect of what I need. I would also like to be able to produce different versions of XML strings from the same class. For example, from a Provider object, I would like to be able to marshal a XML containing
only its basic infos (Name, Address, ...)
extended infos (last deivered products, last delivered date)
the full monty, that is, everything I have about him in my BD.
At the present, I was able to marshal ProductTemplate, using JAXB anotations, beacause I have anotated them as XmlTransient in Provider class. This is way not good enough!
I'm not asking at this point for detailed instructions with code. What I'm asking is :
can JAXB meet my need ?
if yes, please suggest a way to do it (I have seen that this post answers part of my questions XSD for having 2 root elements (1 at a time)), especially the multiple XML from single class thing!
A:
It's been a while since I posted this question, and I found the answer to it in Blaise Doughan's blog and MOXy web site.
I don't have much time to detail, but the trick is to use binding files. You may have as many binding files as you want related to a single class. You just need to link it to your JAXBContext.
I did not find it easy to use, but it comes handy when marshalling classes with cyclick references.
Hope it helps and hope I'll have time to explain in more details some day :)
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Let There Be Light (1998 film)
Let There Be Light (original title: Que la lumière soit !) is a 1998 comedy fantasy film directed by Arthur Joffé, starring an ensemble cast.
Cast
Hélène de Fougerolles as Jeanne
Tchéky Karyo as Harper
Ticky Holgado as Angel René
Bruce Myers as The Rabbi
Lorella Cravotta as Rachel
Gordon Tootoosis as Indian God
Catherine Jacob as God Suzanne
Patrick Bouchitey as Pilot God
Arielle Dombasle as Blond God
Élie Semoun as Seller God
Yolande Moreau as Contractual God
Frédéric Mitterrand as Driver God
Julien Guiomar as God Father
François Morel as Gravedigger God
Sergio Castellitto as Tourist God
Michel Galabru as Southern God
Arthur Joffé as Shower & Phone God
Patrick Poivre d'Arvor as Journalist God
José Garcia as The Journalist
Éric Blanc as Guardian God
Jacques Weber as Professor Lang
Rufus as Harper's driver
Zinedine Soualem as Dustman God
Michael Lonsdale as Monsignor Loublié
Justine Johnston as The Old American
David Labiosa as The Thief
Dominique Farrugia as The taxi
Dominique Besnehard as Advertising director
Patrick Braoudé as Advertising presenter
André Valardy as The bear trainer
Maïté as Nurse God
Marie-Pierre Casey as Mother Michu
Harry Holtzman as Martin
Pierre Arditi Invincible God's Voice
References
External links
Category:French films
Category:1998 films
Category:1990s fantasy-comedy films
Category:French fantasy comedy films
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Morgan Stanley wins dismissal of Libertas CDO suit
(Reuters) - Morgan Stanley (MS.N) won dismissal of a government pension fund lawsuit accusing it of defrauding investors in $1.2 billion of risky mortgage debt that it expected to fail.
U.S. District Judge Barbara Jones in Manhattan said the Virgin Islands fund did not allege sufficient facts to conclude that Morgan Stanley "made an actionable misrepresentation or material omission" in selling "triple-A" rated notes tied to a 2007 collateralized debt obligation known as Libertas.
In its December 2009 complaint, the fund accused Morgan Stanley of collaborating with Moody's Investors Service and Standard & Poor's on credit ratings for the notes, which were backed by subprime mortgages. It also said the bank "shorted" the notes in a successful bet that they would lose value.
Jason Davis, a lawyer for the Virgin Islands fund, did not immediately return a call seeking comment. Morgan Stanley also did not immediately return a call.
Several banks have faced allegations that they helped package risky debt for investors, only to then bet against it or allow a client to do so.
In July 2010, Goldman Sachs Group Inc (GS.N) agreed to pay $550 million to settle such charges by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission over the Abacus 2007-AC1 CDO, an accord that won approval from Jones.
And in June 2011, JPMorgan Chase & Co (JPM.N) reached a $153.6 million settlement with the SEC over the Squared CDO 2007-1.
TITANIC
According to the Virgin Islands fund complaint, the Libertas CDO had been backed by assets from subprime lenders New Century Financial Corp, which went bankrupt, and Option One Mortgage Corp, then owned by H&R Block Inc (HRB.N).
The fund also said Morgan Stanley should have given investors more than a generic warning in the CDO's offering materials that rising delinquencies "may" cause losses.
It likened this to the Titanic's captain telling passengers that his ship may sink because others had, while concealing that the ship had struck an iceberg and was taking on water.
But Jones said the fund made only a "conclusory allegation" that Morgan Stanley collaborated with the rating agencies to generate false ratings. She also said the offering materials were prepared by the issuers and were not a "statement" by Morgan Stanley promoting false ratings.
Moody's is a unit of Moody's Corp (MCO.N) and S&P is a unit of McGraw-Hill Cos MHP.N. Neither was a defendant.
The case is Employees' Retirement System of the Government of the Virgin Islands v. Morgan Stanley et al, U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, No. 09-10532.
Reporting by Jonathan Stempel in New York; Editing by Ted Kerr and John Wallace
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Search
Navigation
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Noncommunicable diseases
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a group of diseases that affect individuals over an extended period of time causing socio-economic burden to the nation. The major NCDs share four behavioral risk factors- unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, and use of tobacco and alcohol. Factors contributing to the rise of NCDs also include ageing, rapid unplanned urbanization and globalization.
In 2008, NCDs accounted for 5.2 million deaths in India. A rising trend in the burden of NCDs is expected in the years ahead.
There are primarily four type of noncommunicable diseases: cancer, chronic respiratory disease, stroke and diabetes, which are responsible for a majority of morbidity and mortality in the country. Mental health and injuries also have a considerable burden.
In South-East Asia, including India, NCDs affect relatively younger population as compared to the western countries, thus causing severe economic burden to the nation.
In order to reduce the growing burden of NCDs, it is important not only to address the diseases but also their key underlying risk factors, namely tobacco use, unhealthy diet, harmful use of alcohol and physical inactivity. A range of interventions have been identified that constitute as ‘best buys’.
Best-buys for addressing the NCD risk factors
Preventive strategies focus on the common underlying behavioral risk factors for NCDs including tobacco and harmful alcohol use, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet. These will help in controlling the metabolic risk factors like raised blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol, and obesity.
Tobacco control
Implementing the key elements of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control have been found cost-effective. These include increasing taxes, comprehensive legislations creating smoke-free indoor workplaces and public places, health information and warnings about the effects of tobacco, and bans on advertising, promotion and sponsorship.
Harmful alcohol use
Reduction in the harmful use of alcohol not only prevents cancers and cardiovascular diseases, but also prevents conditions like liver cirrhosis, depression and road traffic injuries. Enhanced taxation of alcohol beverages and comprehensive bans on their advertising/ marketing have proved to be beneficial.
Unhealthy diet
Excessive salt intake is related to raised blood pressure. Reducing salt content in foods is an effective strategy. The use of added salt should be discouraged. In India, we need to address both, homemade and processed food. Population based approaches include reaching out through mass media campaigns. Use of polyunsaturated fats as cooking medium, along with avoiding transfats is also recommended.
Physical inactivity
Indoor air pollution
The dependence on solid fuels (coal, wood, animal dung, crop wastes) and traditional stoves for cooking and heating leads to high levels of indoor air pollution. This increases the risk of childhood pneumonia, chronic lung disease and lung cancers. In addition to tobacco control, reducing indoors air pollution is the most important strategy for preventing chronic lung disease, particularly in non-smokers.
Best-buys for tackling major NCDs
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes
Counselling and multi-drug therapy (including blood sugar control for diabetes mellitus) for people with risk of developing heart attacks and strokes will reduce the morbidity and mortality due to these conditions. A regimen of aspirin, statin and blood pressure-lowering agents will significantly reduce vascular events in people with cardiovascular risk and is considered a best buy. Preventive measures, such as tobacco cessation and adopting a healthy life style, augment the therapeutic benefits. Administration of aspirin to people who develop a myocardial infarction is another best buy.
Cancer
Hepatitis B immunization beginning at birth can prevent liver cancer. Presently a regimen of three doses- first at birth (only possible in case of institutional deliveries), at six weeks, 10 weeks and 14 weeks along with diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus(DPT) have been included into the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). Screening and treatment of pre-cancerous lesions is effective for preventing cervical cancer. Pain relief and palliative care is a low cost, yet essential, intervention when judged against societal norms and standards, keeping in mind the human rights perspective.
Chronic respiratory disease
Chronic respiratory disease, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are major contributors towards morbidity and mortality in the country. Treatment of persistent asthma with inhaled corticosteroids and beta-2 agonists like salbutamol are very low cost interventions and feasible to deliver in primary care, but their cost-effectiveness is limited by their modest impact on disease burden. However, as already mentioned above, tobacco cessation and alleviation of indoor air pollution are the key strategies for preventing chronic respiratory disease.
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Background {#Sec1}
==========
Teleostei is the most numerous and diversified group of vertebrates. Among them, the order Perciformes is widely distributed throughout the world and is the most diversified of all fish orders. Perciformes are also evolutionarily interesting, because the order includes fish species with various features and forms. However, there is insufficient genomic information for the fishes in this order to allow analyses of chromosomal evolution and the identification of important trait loci for breeding. Yellowtail (*Seriola quinqueradiata*), a member of the order Perciformes, is a popular and important species in Japanese aquaculture. In this study, we report the results of transcriptome analysis, including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification.
Sequencing of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from cDNA libraries is considered a useful method to identify transcripts in species that lack a sequenced genome \[[@CR1]\]. However, obtaining a high-quality EST database using Sanger's sequencing method is time consuming and expensive. Consequently, this method has been restricted to a few aquaculture fishes, such as Atlantic salmon \[[@CR2]\] rainbow trout \[[@CR3]\], and catfish \[[@CR4]\]. Recently, next generation sequencing, e.g. Illumina sequencing, has been developed and has allowed transcriptome analysis in aquaculture fish species, such as catfish \[[@CR5]\], silver carp \[[@CR6]\], and large yellow croaker \[[@CR7]\], and has permitted the identification of gene-associated markers in catfish \[[@CR8]\], carp \[[@CR9]\] and rainbow trout \[[@CR10]\]. The parallel pyrosequencing technology, commercialized by 454 pyrosequencing, is another next generation sequencing technology and has been used to identify gene-associated SNPs derived from ESTs, e.g. in the blunt snout bream \[[@CR11]\], lake whitefish \[[@CR12]\], cutthroat trout \[[@CR13]\], Atlantic herring \[[@CR14]\] and Atlantic cod \[[@CR15]\]. We developed this pyrosequencing technology to find SNPs in the transciptomes of yellowtail. SNPs in coding regions are one of the most important DNA variants for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, because some Mendelian and genetically complex traits are caused by SNPs in coding regions \[[@CR16]\].
Physical and linkage maps are important aids in the assembly of genome sequences, for comparative analysis of synteny and for identifying candidate genes by QTL analysis. High-resolution linkage maps have been constructed for various fishes, such as medaka, zebrafish, Atlantic salmon \[[@CR17]\], rainbow trout \[[@CR18]\], Asian seabass \[[@CR19]\], catfish \[[@CR20]\], Atlantic cod \[[@CR21]\], pufferfish (fugu) \[[@CR22]\] and carp \[[@CR23]\]. In genetic studies of *Seriola*, the first linkage map between *S. quinqueradiata* and *S. lalandi* was produced by Ohara et al. \[[@CR24]\]. Recently, the linkage map has been improved by the addition of more simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, derived from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) end sequences \[[@CR25]\]. In this study, a second generation linkage map was produced, represented by 24 linkage groups and having 601 SNP markers.
Moreover, we report the construction of a second generation radiation hybrid (RH) map. An RH map is a powerful tool for building a physical map of the whole genome, and can be used to aid the construction of gene orthology relationships through conserved synteny analysis. Seven RH maps have been reported in six teleost fishes, including two maps of zebrafish \[[@CR26],[@CR27]\], gilthead sea bream \[[@CR28]\], medaka \[[@CR29]\], European sea bass \[[@CR30]\], Nile tilapia \[[@CR31]\] and yellowtail \[[@CR32]\]. The second generation RH map of yellowtail has more than 1,500 markers and will be useful for genome sequence assembly and comparative analysis of synteny. The release of the complete genome information of the model fish species medaka (*Oryzias latipes*), zebrafish (*Danio rerio*), green-spotted puffierfish (*Tetraodon nigroviridis*), and three-spined stickleback (*Gasterosteus aculeatus*) has accelerated the evolutionary studies. Finally, we performed synteny analysis to compare yellowtail with model fish species.
Results and discussion {#Sec2}
======================
*De novo* transcriptome assembly {#Sec3}
--------------------------------
A cDNA library was generated from pooled RNA samples extracted from 11 tissues from a single individual. Sequencing on the Roche/454 GS FLX Titanium platform generated 1,353,405 reads. The CLC Genomic Workbench carried out the *de novo* assembly. After trimming the adapters and filtering out the low-quality and short reads, 1,345,753 high-quality reads were assembled into 56,449 contigs, with 276,945 reads remaining as singletons. The average length of the contigs was 782 bp, and the N~50~ size was 959 bp.
Gene ontology analysis {#Sec4}
----------------------
Of 56,449 contigs, 24,035 (43%) had a significant hit and matched 15,280 unique protein records in the nr protein database. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was conducted on these 24,035 contigs. 17,076 sequences were assigned to at least one GO term describing three functional groups: biological process, molecular function and cellular component. Summaries of the level 2 GO assignments are shown in Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}. Among the 17,076 sequences, the molecular function ontology comprised the majority of GO assignments (83%), followed by biological processes (79%) and cellular components (74%). In the molecular function category, binding and catalytic activity represented about 80% of the total. For biological processes, sequences involved in cellular processes (19%), metabolic processes (18%), and biological regulation (13%) were highly represented. Finally, the cell and organelle term represented about 70% of the cellular component. Transcriptome assembly using next generation DNA sequencing and GO analysis has been reported in other fish species \[[@CR33]-[@CR35]\]. Our GO analysis of yellowtail transcriptome revealed similar results to those of other fishes.Figure 1Gene Ontology assignment for assembled contigs. **(A)** Molecular function, **(B)** Biological process and **(C)** Cellular component assignment.
SNP identification {#Sec5}
------------------
Sequencing produced 570,846 raw reads derived from the full-length library and 456,482 raw reads derived from the 3′-anchored library. Quality-based variant calling using the CLC Genomics Workbench detected 9,356 biallelic putative SNPs in 6,025 contigs, with a minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥25%. SNPs with a high allele frequency are more suited for constructing a linkage map efficiently using genotyping of one family because polymorphisms of SNPs decrease in one family. These contigs were registered to DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank as accession number FX884179--FX890203.
Mapping of SNP markers to the linkage map {#Sec6}
-----------------------------------------
Direct sequencing identified 143 informative SNPs that were heterozygous in either one of the parents, and these heterozygous SNPs were used for linkage analysis using the F~1~ mapping progeny. In the SNPtype assay, 458 SNPs were mapped to the linkage map (Tables [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} and [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}, Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). 2081 markers containing 601 SNPs, which were polymorphic in the F1 mapping progeny, were mapped in the linkage map, and 606 markers were common for both sexes. In this study, SNPs were mapped for the first time in a yellowtail linkage map.Table 1**Summary of the yellowtail genetic linkage mapFemaleMaleLinkage groupLength (cM)Number of all markersNumber of SNP markersNumber of SSR markersLength (cM)Number of all markersNumber of SNP markersNumber of SSR markers**Squ147.4953203349.28481434Squ249.1682117144.53771166Squ340.183892952.71401129Squ447.353572863.16361125Squ559.554023850.41521339Squ651.4044143042.62371423Squ750.6044152938.24481632Squ855.1441152651.87371423Squ930.204793852.93491336Squ1040.3953163749.61541836Squ1101881054.82251312Squ1243.9945182750.96431528Squ1316.712942547.11351025Squ13′7.84211\-\-\--Squ1424.844183345.10461234Squ14′2.22202\-\-\--Squ1536.9852173552.74501436Squ1636.1736112551.52391227Squ1738.022872150.47341123Squ1845.5648123665.9642933Squ1940.5645153059.43411526Squ2051.1947163144.66451431Squ2144.8839102954.7836927Squ2245.913382553.08371225Squ2341.0538132544.05411526Squ2481.8659223757.91501733Total1029.2410392887511227.951042313729Table 2**Summary of the markers of the linkage map**Total genetic markers2081Total mapped SSR markers1480Total mapped SNP markers601SNPs identified by direct sequencing143SNPs identified by SNPtype assay458Figure 2Examples of two linkage groups (female and male). Squ1 has 53 and 48 markers, including 20 and 14 SNPs, in the female and male, respectively. Squ2 has 82 and 77 markers, including 11 and 11 SNPs, in the female and male, respectively. Distances between markers are shown in centiMorgans (cM).
In our genotyping analysis, many polymorphisms in wild yellowtail were observed; however, using one family decreased the SNP frequency to about 10%. Moreover, we used a nanofluidic dynamic array to perform high-throughput genotyping against targeted SNPs. We considered that the nanofluidic dynamic array was useful to genotype SNPs in one family, as well as sequencing analysis by Sanger's method.
Construction of the RH map {#Sec7}
--------------------------
PCR on a dynamic array produces high-throughput gene expression data that are essentially identical in quality to conventional microliter qRT-PCR and are superior to publicly available array data from the same tissue type \[[@CR36]\]. In our previous study, 580 markers were mapped in the first RH map \[[@CR32]\]. 1,563 markers, containing the previous 580 markers, were used to construct the RH map. The two-point analysis, performed at a LOD score of 4.0 and a distance threshold of 50, resulted in 75 groups using CarthaGene software \[[@CR37],[@CR38]\]. Furthermore, with reference to the locations of several markers on the constructed genetic linkage map, 1,532 markers (1433 EST markers containing SNPs and 99SSR markers) were distributed to 24 linkage groups (Tables [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"} and [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}, Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}, Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). Thirty-one markers in eight groups were not distributed among the genetic linkage groups because of their LOD score or a distance threshold error. The RH map was constructed with a final set of 1,532 markers. In each group, the RH map ranged from 640.7 to 1,343.3 centiRays (cR), with an average of approximately 1,096 cR. The combined size of all RH groups was 26,293.5 cR. The estimated size of the yellowtail genome is 800 Mbp \[[@CR24]\], which inferred a value of 1 cR = 30 kbp (800 Mbp/26,293.5 cR). We have obtained a large quantity of data in a short time using the BioMark™ HD system since the construction of the first RH map.Table 3**Summary of the yellowtail radiation hybrid (RH) mapGroupSize (cR)No. of markersGenesSSRsTotal**11327.17547921337.06467031151.05556041187.1654695720.44244661139.4614657982.3563598968.05746191161.165368101132.16046411640.733336121233.3929101131221.856460141152.751354151343.371475161283.656460171047.66356818897.452355191287.664468201126.15936221909.85145522764.04845223968.158462241312.079483Subtotal26293.51433991532Unlinked3131Total26293.51464991563cR: centiRay.Table 4**Summary of the markers of the RH map**Total genotyped markers1563Total mapped markers1532Mapped EST markers containing SNPs1433Mapped SSR99Mapped markers in the previous study \[[@CR32]\]580Figure 3Examples of four radiation hybrid (RH) groups. Each group has 79 markers in SQ1, 70 markers in SQ2, 60 markers in SQ3 and 69 markers in SQ4. Distances between markers are shown in centiRays (cR).
The RH map was compared with the linkage map to confirm the accuracy of the local order of markers (Additional file [3](#MOESM3){ref-type="media"}). In linkage group 11 of mapped to 0 cM, because chromosome recombination is unlikely to occur during meiosis. It is possible to map these genes accurately on the physical map using RH. The position of some markers was different between the RH and linkage maps, because the physical lengths of the RH map are different from the genetic lengths of the linkage map. In addition, we supposed which region of the RH map is not recombined at meiosis by comparing the RH and the linkage map. The accuracy of the local order of markers will be confirmed when the whole genome sequence becomes available. Currently, we are trying to map genome contigs of yellowtail onto the physical map.
Synteny relationship with model fish {#Sec8}
------------------------------------
The 1,433 yellowtail EST marker sequences of the RH map were compared with the cDNA sequences of four fish species: medaka (*Oryzias latipes*), zebrafish (*Danio rerio*), three-spined stickleback (*Gasterosteus aculeatus*) and green-spotted pufferfish (*Tetraodon nigroviridis*) using the TBLASTX algorithm. Among the 1,433 yellowtail marker sequences, 1,036 genes (72.3%) had homologs in medaka, 1,064 genes (74.2%) had homologs in zebrafish, 1,073 genes (74.9%) had homologs in three-spined stickleback, and 1,032 genes (72.0%) had homologs in green-spotted pufferfish (Additional file [4](#MOESM4){ref-type="media"}). These values were not significantly different among the four fishes. Oxford grids between yellowtail and the four fish species are shown in Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}. The modal number of chromosomes in yellowtail is 48 \[[@CR32]\]. This number is the same as that of medaka; all chromosomes could be paired one-to-one between yellowtail and medaka. The number of chromosomes in the two fishes is the same and their chromosomal structures are similar. These results suggested that we would observe conserved synteny between yellowtail and medaka, and that the syntenic relationship between yellowtail and zebrafish would be rather low. However, they might not be evolutionarily closer than the relationships between yellowtail and medaka. Medakas are a member of the order *Beloniformes*, which includes freshwater and marine fish, such as Pacific saury and flying fish. Zebrafish are a member of *Cypriniformes*, which consists exclusively of freshwater fish. Our synteny results reflected the known taxonomic relationships of these fishes. In Teleostei, it is thought that a whole genome duplication and eight subsequent major rearrangements occurred about 314--404 million years ago \[[@CR39]\]. Moreover, medaka and zebrafish are thought to have diverged after the eight major rearrangement events, after which medaka and green-spotted pufferfish diverged. The chromosome number in three-spined sticklebacks is the same as that of green-spotted pufferfish. Furthermore, the Oxford grid between yellowtail and green-spotted pufferfish was similar to that between yellowtail and three-spined sticklebacks (Figure [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). However, in the Oxford grid between green-spotted pufferfish and three-spined sticklebacks, the chromosome groups were not paired one-to-one (Additional file [5](#MOESM5){ref-type="media"}). Yellowtail SQ11 and 14 correspond to linkage group 1 of three-spined sticklebacks, SQ5 and 18 correspond to linkage group 4, and SQ19 and 22 correspond to linkage group 7, respectively. Then, yellowtail SQ4 and 18 correspond to chromosome 1 of green-spotted pufferfish, SQ6 and 7 correspond to chromosome 2, and SQ11 and 12 correspond to chromosome 3, respectively. These chromosomes in three-spined sticklebacks and green-spotted pufferfish could be paired one-to-two with those of yellowtail. The number of chromosomes in three-spined sticklebacks and green-spotted pufferfish is N=21 and that of yellowtail is N=24. Thus, three-spined sticklebacks and green-spotted pufferfish have three fewer chromosomes than yellowtail; each chromosome is thought to have merged after the divergence from medaka about 191.8 M years ago. By analysis of the whole genome sequence, conserved segments and/or conserved segment orders will be distinguished using the RH map, and will aid studies of the dynamics of chromosome evolution between yellowtail and model fish species.Figure 4Oxford grids showing conservation of synteny between yellowtail and four model fish. **A**: medaka, **B**: zebrafish, **C**: three-spined stickleback, **D**: green spotted pufferfish. Each box is highlighted as follows: 0--4: white square, 5--10: yellow square, 11--20: green square, 21--30: sky blue square, 31--40: blue square, more than 40: dark blue square.
A putative sex determination locus of yellowtail was located in the Squ12 linkage group \[[@CR40]\]; however, its related gene has not been identified. The sex determination gene in fish varies according to fish species: *Dmy* in medaka \[[@CR41]\], *Amhy* in Patagonian pejerrey \[[@CR42]\], *Amhr2* in fugu \[[@CR43]\] and *sdY* in the rainbow trout \[[@CR44]\]. Therefore, the identification of sex determination genes is difficult, especially when the conservation of these loci is not high. Detailed chromosome information is provided by analysis of the RH map and whole genome sequences. We are interested in whether yellowtail appeared earlier in evolution than medaka, and when yellowtail diverged from medaka after the major rearrangements of the chromosomes. Currently, we are studying SNPs at the genome level and performing DNA chip analyses using SNPs in ESTs.
Conclusions {#Sec9}
===========
In the transcriptome analysis, 9,356 SNPs were identified in 6,025 contigs. A linkage map for yellowtail was then constructed, which comprised 24 linkage groups including 601 SNP markers, and an RH map was constructed with 1,532 markers. Our synteny results indicated conserved synteny between yellowtail and medaka, and that the syntenic relationship between yellowtail and zebrafish would be rather low: these results reflect the known taxonomic relationships of these fish. The high-density maps will help the assembly of the genome sequence in the comparative analysis of synteny and will aid the search for candidate genes using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis.
Methods {#Sec10}
=======
Ethics statement {#Sec11}
----------------
Field permits are not required for this species in Japan. The Institute Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Research Institute of Aquaculture (IACUC-NRIA No. 3) approved the fish handling, husbandry and sampling methods.
Preparation of a cDNA library for transcriptome *de novo* assembly of a single individual {#Sec12}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A single adult yellowtail was captured in the Eastern China Sea off Nagasaki prefecture. Total RNAs were extracted from 11 tissues (muscle, brain, heart, liver, intestine, kidney, spleen, gonad, gill, fin and bladder) using RNAiso Plus (Takara, Shiga, Japan). Eurofins MWG Operon (Hamburg, Germany) performed the cDNA library construction and 454-pyrosequencing. After purification of poly (A)^+^ RNA, first-strand cDNA synthesis was primed with an N6 randomized primer. The 454 adapters A and B were ligated to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the cDNA. These fragments were finally amplified with 11 cycles of PCR using a proofreading enzyme. Normalization was carried out by one cycle of denaturation and re-association of the cDNA. The re-associated ds-cDNA was separated from the remaining ss-cDNA by passing the mixture over a hydroxyl apatite column. After hydroxyl apatite chromatography, the ss-cDNA was amplified by seven cycles of PCR. One sequencing run was performed on the Roche/454 GS FLX Titanium platform. All reagents and protocols used were from Roche 454 Life Sciences, USA.
Preparation of cDNAs for SNP discovery {#Sec13}
--------------------------------------
Full-length and 3′-anchored cDNA libraries were prepared from a pool of 500 whole juveniles, and the gills and kidneys from 100 adult yellowtails. All fish were captured in the East China Sea off Nagasaki prefecture. The full-length cDNA library was constructed using the SMART technology (Takara), with slight modifications. First-strand cDNA synthesis was primed with the SMART-Sfi IA oligonucleotide and the CDS-Sfi IB primer using ReverTra Ace® (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan). The first-strand cDNA was initially amplified for 20 cycles by Long-Distance PCR using Advantage 2 polymerase (Takara). The products were purified using the NucleoSpin purification kit (Macherey-Nagel, Duren, Germany). The cDNA was then normalized with the TRIMMER-DIRECT Kit (Evrogen, Moscow Russia), which uses duplex-specific nuclease treatment. The normalized cDNA samples were diluted and used for PCR amplification with 18 cycles using Advantage 2 polymerase (Clontech, Shiga, Japan). The library was finally purified using a NucleoSpin Extract II (Macherey-Nagel). The 3′-anchored cDNA library was constructed according to the method of Eveland et al. \[[@CR45]\]. First-strand cDNA synthesis was primed with 6 pmol of biotinylated (T~12~) B-adaptor modified from Margulies et al. \[[@CR46]\]. After purification using a DNAclear Purification kit (Invitrogen, CA, USA), the cDNA was bound to Dynabeads M-270Streptavidin (Invitrogen) and digested with *Msp*I (Promega, WI, USA). An adaptor modified from Margulies et al. \[[@CR46]\] was ligated to the restriction site of the cDNA. The template strand was eluted with 10 mM Tris--HCl (pH 8.5) and purified using the QIAquick column (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Each cDNA library was sequenced on the Roche/454 GS FLX Titanium platform by Takara Dragon Genomics Center in Japan.
*De novo* assembly {#Sec14}
------------------
The raw pyrosequencing data obtained from a cDNA library of a single individual were processed using CLC Genomics Workbench (CLC Bio, Denmark). Adaptor sequences were trimmed, and low-quality reads were filtered out using the following parameters: ambiguous limit of 2; quality limit of 0.05; minimum read length of 50 nt. *De novo* assembly of the processed reads was performed using the following parameters: word size of 22 (automated calculation); bubble size of 445 (automated calculation); mismatch cost of 2; insertion cost of 3; deletion cost of 3; length fraction of 0.8; and similarity of 0.8.
Gene ontology analysis {#Sec15}
----------------------
Functional annotation of the assembled contigs was performed by BLASTx searching against the NCBI non-redundant (nr) protein database, using the Blast2GO suite \[[@CR47]\] with a cutoff *E-*value of *e*^−6^. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the assembled contigs provides an ontology of defined terms representing gene product properties. The ontology covers three functional groups: biological process, molecular function, and cellular component. To examine broad-level classifications of gene functions, we mapped the GO terms to the Generic GO-Slim database using the Blast2GO suite.
SNPs discovery {#Sec16}
--------------
The CLC Genomics Workbench (CLC Bio) was used to analyze the sequencing results of the cDNA libraries. CLC bio's *de novo* assembly algorithm uses de Bruijn graphs to represent overlapping reads, which is a common approach for short read *de novo* assembly that allows a large number of reads to be handled efficiently \[[@CR48]-[@CR50]\]. Adaptor sequences were trimmed, and low-quality reads were filtered out using the following parameters: ambiguous limit of 2 and a quality limit of 0.05. The processed reads were mapped to the reference sequence generated from the assembled contigs of a single individual yellowtail, using the following parameters: mismatch cost of 2; insertion cost of 3; deletion cost of 3; length fraction of 0.8; similarity of 0.8; and non-specific match handlin=ignore.
SNP detection based on the neighborhood quality standard algorithm \[[@CR51],[@CR52]\] using the CLC Genomics Workbench was performed using the following parameters: neighborhood radius of 5; maximum gap and mismatch count of 0; minimum neighborhood base quality of 15; minimum central base quality of 20; non-specific match handling = ignore; minimum coverage of 10; minimum allele frequency (MAF) of 5%; and filter homopolymer indels = yes. Only biallelic SNPs were considered.
Construction of a linkage map {#Sec17}
-----------------------------
To construct the second generation linkage map, a mapping population was obtained by artificial crossing, as described previously \[[@CR25]\]. Direct sequencing of the PCR products and the SNPtype assay of BioMark™ HD system in Fluidigm (USA) were used to perform SNP genotyping.
For direct sequencing, Primer 3 software \[[@CR53]\] was used to design primers flanking the SNP sites. PCR amplification was generated using Hot-Start Gene *Taq* (Nippon gene, Tokyo, Japan), and performed over 40 cycles: 15 sec at 95°C, 10 sec at 59°C, 40 sec at 72°C, in addition to a 5-min predenaturation at 95°C and a 3-min postcyle incubation at 72°C. The obtained PCR products of the parents and two offspring of one yellowtail family were sequenced directly using the ABI3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) or ABI3730xl DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).
In the SNPtype assay, SNP genotyping of the parents and 94 offspring of one yellowtail family was carried out according to the protocol of the manufacturer. Specific-Target Amplification (STA) primers and Locus-Specific Primers (LSP) for each SNP locus were pooled, and a pre-amplification was performed using 2× Multiplex PCR Master Mix (Qiagen) with the following PCR protocol: 95°C for 15 min, followed by 14 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 4 min. Pre-amplified DNA was then diluted 1:100 in DNA suspension buffer and 2.5 μL combined with 2× Fast Probe Master Mix (Biotium, CA, USA), 20× Sample Loading Reagent (Fluidigm), and the reference dye ROX (Invitrogen). In parallel, each SNPtype assay mix included allele-specific primers (ASP1 and 2) and LSP was mixed with 2× Assay Loading Reagent. These were then loaded onto 96.96 Dynamic Arrays IFC (Fluidigm), which uses nanofluidic circuitry to combine 96 loci with 96 samples in 9,216 reaction chambers. Thermo-cycling and fluorescence detection were conducted on the BioMark™ HD system (Fluidigm). Finally, linkage analysis was performed as described previously \[[@CR25]\]. Linkage analysis was performed using genotype data converted to a backcross format. As the grandparent genotypes were unknown, pairwise analyses were performed, and markers were sorted into linkage groups at a minimum LOD score of 4.0. A goodness-of-fit for Mendelian segregation distortion was tested for all alleles using the chi-square test (p \< 0.05, d.f. = 1). Finally, the marker order was determined and double recombination events were checked with MapManagerQTX version 2.0 \[[@CR54]\]. The resultant genetic map was visualized using MapChart version 2.2 \[[@CR55]\].
Construction of an RH map {#Sec18}
-------------------------
The RH panel, comprising 93 hybrid RH cell lines, and positive and negative controls, was published previously \[[@CR32]\]; their 96 DNA samples were extracted. Genotyping reactions were carried out on the Fluidigm platform using a BioMark™ 96.96 nanofluidic dynamic array (Fluidigm) for gene expression analysis, as described previously \[[@CR32]\].
The CarthaGene software \[[@CR37],[@CR38]\] was used to perform two-point linkage analyses and to determine the marker order and inter-marker distances in cR. CarthaGene looks for multiple populations' maximum likelihood consensus maps using a fast EM algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation and powerful ordering algorithms. The group command at a LOD threshold of 4.0 and a distance threshold of 50 determined the linkage groups, and referenced the linkage map of yellowtail.
Synteny analysis {#Sec19}
----------------
EST alignments of mapped markers in the RH map were performed using TBLASTX searches against the cDNA database of zebrafish (*Danio rerio*), medaka (*Oryzias latipes*), three-spined stickleback (*Gasterosteus aculeatus*) and green-spotted pufferfish (*Tetraodon nigroviridis*) at Ensembl \[[@CR56]\]. The sequences with the lowest E-value (\<1.0E-5) were adopted in each EST alignment.
Additional files {#Sec20}
================
Additional file 1:**Linkage map of yellowtail.** Distances between markers are shown in centiMorgans (cM).Additional file 2:**RH map of yellowtail.** Distances between markers are shown in centiRays (cR).Additional file 3:**Comparison of the radiation hybrid (RH) map and the linkage map.** Distances between markers are shown in centiRays (cR) on the RH map and in 10^−1^ centiMorgans (cM) on the linkage map.Additional file 4:**Synteny analysis between the yellowtail radiation hybrid (RH) map and four model fish.**Additional file 5:**Oxford grids showing conservation of synteny in** **green-spotted** **pufferfish and** **three-spined** **stickleback.** (BLASTN: E-value \< 1.0E-10) Each box was highlighted as follows: 0--100: White square, more than 100: Blue square.
**Competing interests**
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
**Authors' contributions**
JA and KA conceived and designed the study, and wrote the draft manuscript. KA produced the cDNA libraries for the EST analysis. WK and YK carried out transcriptome analysis and identified the SNPs. WK, YK, AO, TK, KY and TS contributed to the construction of the linkage map. JA carried out construction of the RH map, the comparison of RH and linkage maps, and the synteny analysis among model fish. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
This work was supported by the Program for Promotion of Basic and Applied Research for Innovation in Bio-oriented Industry (BRAIN) in Japan.
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Caramel Frappuccino
This easy caramel frappuccino recipe is made with just a few ingredients including a strongly brewed coffee, lowfat milk, caramel, sugar and ice. Stock up on these ingredients so you can make a frappuccino whenever you'd like while also saving a trip to your local coffee shop!
RecipeSavants.comThis easy caramel frappuccino recipe is made with just a few ingredients including a strongly brewed coffee, lowfat milk, caramel, sugar and ice. Stock up on these ingredients so you can make a frappuccino whenever you'd like while also saving a trip to your local coffee shop! Smart Recipes, American Recipes, Dairy Recipes, RecipesDairyAmericanCaramel FrappuccinoPT10MServes 2
Ingredients:
2 Cups Ice1 Cup Strongly Brewed Coffee1 Cup Low-Fat Millk0.5 Cup Caramel Sauce3 Tablespoons Granulated Sugar0.25 Cup Whipped CreamIn a blender, add ice, coffee, milk, 1/3 cup of the caramel sauce, and sugar and blend on high until smooth. Pour frappe into two separate glasses equally. Top with whipped cream and drizzle with the remaining caramel sauce. Serve immediately.
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An indulging combination for coffee and cheesecake lovers – this luscious recipe combines the two stars. The caramel ice cream topping is the cherry-on-top that brings life to this adorable caramel macchiato cheesecake.
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---
abstract: 'The area dependence of entanglement entropy of a free scalar field is often understood in terms of coupled harmonic oscillators. In Schrodinger quantization, the Gaussian nature of ground state wave-function for these oscillators is sufficient to provide the exact form of the reduced density matrix and its eigenvalues, thus giving the entanglement entropy. However, in polymer quantization, the ground state is not Gaussian and the formalism which can provide the exact analytical form of the reduced density matrix is not yet known. In order to address this issue, here we treat the interaction between two coupled harmonic oscillators in the perturbative approach and evaluate the entanglement entropy in Schrodinger and polymer quantization. In contrary to Schrodinger quantization, we show that in high frequency regime the entanglement entropy decreases for polymer quantization keeping the ratio of coupling strength to the square of individual oscillator frequency fixed. Furthermore, for a free scalar field, we validate the area dependence of entanglement entropy in Fock quantization and demonstrate that polymer quantization produces a similar area law.'
author:
- Subhajit Barman
- Gopal Sardar
title: Perturbative approach to the entanglement entropy and the area law in Fock and polymer quantization
---
Introduction
============
The fact that one can incorporate thermodynamical attributes to a black hole was first introduced in the seminal work of Bekenstein [@Bekenstein:1972tm; @Bekenstein:1973ur]. In these articles and others [@Bekenstein:1974ax; @Kallosh:1992wa; @hawking1975; @Bekenstein:1975tw; @Hawking:1976de; @Gibbons:1976pt; @Davies:1978mf; @Israel:2003kv; @Ashtekar:1997yu; @Mukohyama:1997aq; @Bardeen:1973gs] the authors demonstrated that intrinsic entropy $\mathcal{S}_{BH}$ of a black hole should be proportional to the area $\mathcal{A}_{h}$ of its event horizon $\mathcal{S}_{BH} = \frac{1}{4}M_{Pl}^2 \mathcal{A}_{h}$, where $M_{Pl}$ is the Planck mass. Then the natural question appeared is how to connect the concept of quantum states to this entropy of event horizon [@Frolov:1993ym; @Barvinsky:1994jca; @Kiefer:1998mi; @Strominger:1996sh] as horizon is not different than any other classical surface with no special local dynamics. To answer this question and to provide a more general realization of the entropy associated to a black hole the authors in [@Bombelli:1986rw; @Srednicki:1993im] presented the idea in terms of entanglement entropy. Here it is shown that entanglement entropy of a free scalar field in a certain spatial region is proportional to its area. In these articles the reduced density matrix, essential for estimating the entanglement entropy, is obtained by tracing over the spatial degrees of freedom of the ground state density matrix residing inside the considered region.
In the regular formulation of entanglement entropy estimation [@Srednicki:1993im] firstly the scalar field is partially Fourier transformed with respect to the angular coordinates. The resulting Fourier field Hamiltonian is still dependent on the radial coordinate and it is discretized by assuming a lattice of finite size and inter-atomic spacing. This discretization transforms the Fourier Hamiltonian to be a collection of coupled harmonic oscillators. The ground state wave-function for these coupled harmonic oscillators then provide the corresponding ground state density matrix for the field. Subsequently using the Gaussian nature of this ground state wave-function the reduced density matrix and its eigenvalues are obtained which would produce the entanglement entropy. However this Gaussian nature is a feature specific to the Schrodinger quantization. In polymer quantization [@Ashtekar:2002sn; @Halvorson-2004-35; @Hossain:2010eb], the quantization method used in loop quantum gravity [@Ashtekar:2004eh; @Rovelli2004quantum; @Thiemann2007modern], the ground state wave-functions are expressed in terms of Mathieu functions. Using these polymer wave-functions it is still unknown how to obtain the analytic form of reduced density matrix.
In this article we consider a perturbative approach to circumvent these difficulties and obtain the entanglement entropy for free scalar field using Fock and polymer quantization. We treat the interaction between coupled harmonic oscillators in perturbative manner to get the related ground state and eigen-values of the reduced density matrix. Firstly we use this procedure to evaluate the entanglement entropy for two coupled harmonic oscillators in Schrodinger and polymer quantization. Then by considering free scalar field we obtain the area law in Fock quantization. Furthermore we apply polymer quantization in this formulation and verify that the field theoretic entanglement entropy obeys a similar area law.
In section \[EE\_usual\] we briefly review the procedures to derive the entanglement entropy in usual formulation. In this section the detailed description of the considered system is given. Following in section \[EE\_perturbed\] we recall the perturbative formulation and construct the framework to estimate the entanglement entropy utilizing this technique. In the subsequent sections we use this formulation to obtain entanglement entropy for two coupled harmonic oscillators in Schrodinger and polymer quantization. Following parts include the realization of the area law of entanglement entropy in Fock and polymer quantization utilizing perturbative formulation. We argue on the implications of the obtained results and conclude with the discussion.
Entanglement entropy and the area law {#EE_usual}
=====================================
In the standard derivations of entanglement entropy [@Bombelli:1986rw; @Srednicki:1993im; @Das:2008sy; @Das:2005ah; @Ahmadi:2005mh; @Das:2007mj; @Das:2007sj; @Muller:1995mz; @Das:2006vx; @Jonker2016EntanglementEO] one considers a system of coupled harmonic oscillators as a basis. In particular the eigen-values of the reduced density matrix for two coupled oscillators give the entanglement entropy corresponding to a single oscillator. These eigenvalues are used for a set of coupled harmonic oscillators, which are obtained from the discretized Hamiltonian of a free scalar field, to get the area law of entanglement entropy. In this section we briefly review the key aspects of these procedures and the considered systems, which will also be useful to construct the perturbative formulation.
Entanglement entropy for two coupled harmonic oscillators
---------------------------------------------------------
In order to understand entropy from entanglement at first a system of two coupled harmonic oscillators [@Srednicki:1993im; @Das:2008sy] is considered. The two unit mass oscillators are denoted by their position and momentum $(x_1,p_1)$ and $(x_2,p_2)$. The total system can be described by the Hamiltonian $$\begin{aligned}
H &=& \frac{1}{2}\left[p_1^2 + p_2^2+\omega_0^2 (x_1^2+
x_2^2)+k_1^2(x_1-x_2)^2 \right] \label{eq:hamiltonian-full1} \nonumber \\
&=& \frac{1}{2}\left[p_+^2 + \omega_+^2 x_+^2\right] + \frac{1}{2}\left[p_-^2 +
\omega_-^2 x_-^2\right] ~,\end{aligned}$$ where the normal coordinates $x_\pm=(x_1\pm x_2)/\sqrt{2}$, $p_\pm=(p_1\pm
p_2)/\sqrt{2}$ and normal frequencies $\omega_+=\omega_0$, $\omega_-=(\omega_0^2+2k_1^2)^{1/2}$ are defined to make the Hamiltonian decoupled. In decoupled form the ground state wave-function becomes simplified and can be expressed in terms of the normal coordinates as $$\psi_0(x_1,x_2) = \left( \frac{\omega_+ \omega_-}{\pi^2}
\right)^{\frac{1}{4}}
\exp\left[ -\frac{\omega_+ x_+^2 + \omega_- x_-^2}{2}
\right]~.\label{eq:GS-wavefn-normal-freq}$$ From the expression (\[eq:GS-wavefn-normal-freq\]) one can find out the ground state density matrix to be $\rho(x_1,x_2;x_1',x_2') =
\psi_0(x_1,x_2)~\psi_0^{*}(x_1',x_2')$. To discuss about the entanglement entropy corresponding to a single oscillator one needs to find its associated reduced density matrix. The reduced density matrix is obtained by tracing out the density matrix with respect to the position degree of freedom of a single oscillator, expressed as $$\rho^{r}(x_2,x_2') = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}dx_1 ~
\psi_0(x_1,x_2)~\psi_0^{*}(x_1,x_2')~.\label{eq:reduced-general}$$ The reduced density matrix describes whether the system is in mixed or pure state and the corresponding entanglement entropy is defined as $S_{E} =
-\Tr[\rho^{r} \ln\rho^{r}]$. In a suitable basis one can evaluate the entanglement entropy by obtaining the eigenvalues of the reduced density matrix. In particular for two coupled harmonic oscillators the resulting reduced density matrix from equation (\[eq:reduced-general\]) has eigenvalues $$\lambda_n = (1-\xi^2)\;\xi^{2n}~~\textup{where}~~\xi=\frac{\sqrt{\omega_-}
-\sqrt{\omega_+} } { \sqrt{\omega_-}
+\sqrt{\omega_+}}~.\label{eq:eigenvalue-gen}$$ Then the corresponding entanglement entropy [@Srednicki:1993im; @Das:2008sy; @Chandran:2018wwc] becomes $$\begin{aligned}
S_{E}(\xi) = -\sum_n\lambda_n\ln{\lambda_n}=
-\ln{(1-\xi^2)}-\frac{\xi^2}{1-\xi^2}\ln{\xi^2}.\label{eq:ent-entropy-2HO-gen}\end{aligned}$$
Entanglement entropy for N-coupled harmonic oscillators
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Now it is important to understand the entanglement entropy corresponding to $N-$coupled harmonic oscillators to get the area law of entanglement entropy for free scalar field. The general Hamiltonian for $N$ coupled harmonic oscillator is $$H = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{j=1}^{N} p_{j}^2 + \frac{1}{2} \sum_{j,k=1}^{N}
x_{j}K_{jk}x_{k}~,\label{eq:general-Ncoupled-HO-hamiltonian}$$ where the matrix $K$ describes the potential and interaction. The diagonal elements of $K$ give the frequency square of individual oscillator and symmetric off diagonal elements provide the interaction between two adjacent oscillators. With the help of a suitably chosen orthogonal matrix $U$ this interaction matrix is diagonalized to $K_D$ as $K=U^T K_D U$. The ground state wave-function of this $N-$coupled harmonic oscillator (\[eq:general-Ncoupled-HO-hamiltonian\]) can be expressed as $$\psi_{0}(x_1,...,x_N) = \left(\frac{Det.\Omega}{\pi^N}\right)^{\frac{1}{4}}
\exp{\left[ -\frac{x.\Omega.x}{2} \right]}~,\label{eq:general-Ncoupled-HO-GS}$$ where $\Omega=U^T K^{1/2}_D U$. From this wave-function one can obtain the reduced density matrix when first $\mathbbm{n}$ of the total $N$ oscillators are traced out [@Srednicki:1993im]. The reduced density matrix is further evaluated using a general form of the matrix $\Omega$, $$\Omega = \left( {\begin{array}{ccccc}
A & B\\
B^T & C\\
\end{array} } \right)~,$$ where $A$ is a $\mathbbm{n}\times \mathbbm{n}$ matrix corresponding to the first $\mathbbm{n}$ oscillators, $C$ is a $(N-\mathbbm{n})\times(N-\mathbbm{n})$ matrix and $B$ is a $\mathbbm{n}\times(N-\mathbbm{n})$ matrix. In terms of few newly defined quantities $\beta=(1/2)B^T A^{-1}B$ and $\gamma= C-\beta$ the reduced density matrix becomes $$\rho_{out}(x,x')\sim \exp{\left[ -(x.\gamma.x+x'.\gamma.x')/2+x.\beta.x'
\right]}~,\label{eq:Rrho_Nc}$$ where $x$ and $x'$ consist of the $(N-\mathbbm{n})$ oscillators after the integration over the first $\mathbbm{n}$ degrees of freedom. $x=V^T\gamma^{-1/2}_{D}y$ is defined, where $\gamma=V^T\gamma_{D}V$ such that $\gamma_{D}$ is diagonal and $V$ is orthogonal. Then one shall get $\rho_{out}(x,x')\sim \exp{\left[ -(y.y+y'.y')/2+y.\beta'.y' \right]}$, where $\beta'=\gamma^{-1/2}_{D} V\beta V^T \gamma^{-1/2}_{D}$. Now moving to the basis $z=W^{T}y$, such that $\beta'$ is diagonalized as $\beta'_{D}=W^T\beta'W$, one gets $$\label{eq:rho_nreduced}
\rho_{out}(z,z')\sim \prod_{j=\mathbbm{n}+1}^{N}\exp{\left[
-(z_{j}^2+{z'}_{j}^{2})/2+\beta'_{j} z_{j}z'_{j} \right]}~,$$ where $\beta'_{j}$ are the eigenvalues of $\beta'$. Then the entanglement entropy [@Srednicki:1993im] corresponding to $(N-\mathbbm{n})$ oscillators turns out to be $S=\sum_jS(\xi_{j})$, with $S(\xi)$ given by equation (\[eq:ent-entropy-2HO-gen\]) and $\xi_{j}^{2} =
\beta'_{j}/[1+(1-{\beta'}_{j}^2)^{1/2}]$.
Entanglement entropy for free scalar field and area law
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In order to discuss about the area law for entanglement entropy, a free massive scalar field $\Phi(\vv{x})$ is considered with mass $\mu$ and conjugate momenta $\Pi(\vv{x})$. In Minkowski spacetime the Hamiltonian [@book:Peskin; @book:ADas; @padmanabhan2016quantum] corresponding to the scalar field is $$\label{eq:Field-hamiltonian-massive}
H = \frac{1}{2}\int d^3x~\left[
\Pi^2(\vv{x})+|\nabla\Phi(\vv{x})|^2 + \mu^2 \Phi^2(\vv{x}) \right]~.$$ In terms of partial Fourier decomposition the field $\Phi(\vv{x})$ and the conjugate momentum $\Pi(\vv{x})$ are transformed with respect to the angular coordinates as $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:Field-fourier-transform}
\Phi(\vv{x}) &=& \sum_{l,m}
Z_{lm}(\theta,\phi)~\frac{\varphi_{lm}(r)}{r}~,\nonumber\\
\Pi(\vv{x}) &=& \sum_{l,m}
Z_{lm}(\theta,\phi)~\frac{\pi_{lm}(r)}{r}~,\end{aligned}$$ where $Z_{lm}(\theta,\phi)$ denotes real spherical harmonics and the Fourier field modes satisfy a commutation relation $[\varphi_{lm}(r),\pi_{l'm'}(r')] =
i\delta_{ll'}\delta_{mm'}\delta(r-r')$ among themselves. With this definition of field decomposition from Eqn. (\[eq:Field-fourier-transform\]) the Hamiltonian now becomes $H=\sum_{lm}H_{lm}$, where $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:Hamiltonian-massive-FT}
H_{lm} &=& \frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{\infty} dr \left\{
\pi^2_{lm}(r)+r^2\left[\frac{\partial}{\partial
r}\left(\frac{\varphi_{lm}(r)}{r}\right)\right]^2
\right.\nonumber\\
~&& ~~~~~~~~~~~~~\left. +\left(\frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}+\mu^2\right) \varphi^2_ {
lm}(r) \right\}~.\end{aligned}$$ Next the radial coordinate $r$ is discretized forming a lattice with inter-atomic spacing $a$ and size $L=(N+1)a$. The inverse of the spacing $a^{-1}$ signifies the ultraviolet cutoff while the inverse system size $L^{-1}$ denotes infrared cutoff. This discretization makes the Hamiltonian look like a set of coupled harmonic oscillators $$\begin{aligned}
H_{lm} &=& \frac{1}{2a} \sum_{j=1}^{N} \left[
\pi^2_{lm,j}+\left(j+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2\left(\frac{\varphi_{lm,j}}{j}
-\frac{\varphi_ {lm,j+1}}{j+1}
\right)^2 \right.\nonumber\\
~&& ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\left.
+\left\{\frac{l(l+1)}{j^2}+\mu^2a^2\right\}\varphi^2_{
lm,j} \right]~,\label{eq:Hamiltonian-massive-FT-discrete1}\end{aligned}$$ such that $\varphi_{lm,N+1}=0$ and $[\varphi_{lm,j},\pi_{l'm',j'}] =
i\delta_{ll'}\delta_{mm'}\delta_{jj'}$. Comparison of this Hamiltonian with the Hamiltonian for $N-$coupled harmonic oscillators from equation (\[eq:general-Ncoupled-HO-hamiltonian\]) gives [@Das:2008sy] $$\begin{aligned}
K_{jk} &=& \frac{1}{j^2} \left[
l(l+1)\delta_{jk}+\frac{9}{4}\delta_{j1}\delta_{k1}+\left(N-\frac{1}{2}
\right)^2\delta_{jN}\delta_{kN} \right.\nonumber\\
&+& \left. (\mu a)^2j^2\delta_{jk} +
\left\{\left(j+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2+\left(j-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2\right\}\delta_{
jk(j\ne 1, N)} \right]\nonumber\\
&-&\left[\frac{\left(k+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2}{k\left(k+1\right)}\right]\delta_{j,
k+ 1}
-\left[\frac{\left(j+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2}{j\left(j+1\right)}\right]\delta_{j,
k- 1}~.\label{eq:Interaction_matrix_discrete_hamiltonian}\end{aligned}$$ The discretization of the radial coordinate enables one to get a finite expression of matrix $K$ denoting the potential energy and interaction. This in turn would enable one to obtain the entanglement entropy when a finite number $\mathbbm{n}$ of spatial points are traced out in total $N+1$ points. Then as one plots the entanglement entropy with respect to $(\mathbbm{n}+1/2)^2$, one gets a straight line which represents the celebrated area law for entanglement entropy [@Srednicki:1993im]. We shall present the area curve of entanglement entropy coming from perturbative formulation along with the curve obtained from this usual formulation together in the next section.
Entanglement entropy in perturbative approach {#EE_perturbed}
=============================================
As discussed in previous section using Gaussian ground state-wave function of coupled harmonic oscillators from Schrodinger quantization Eqn. (\[eq:GS-wavefn-normal-freq\]), one can easily evaluate the exact form of reduced density matrix in Eqn. (\[eq:reduced-general\]). However, in polymer quantization, a quantization method used in *loop quantum gravity*, the ground state wave function is obtained in terms of Mathieu functions. To the best of our knowledge evaluation of exact analytical form of reduced density matrix is not possible even for two coupled oscillators using these polymer wave-functions. This constraint further debars one to obtain the eigen-values for $N-$coupled oscillators in polymer quantization and motivates us to take help of the perturbation technique.
In this section we are going to apply perturbation to describe entanglement entropy of coupled harmonic oscillators. We express the Hamiltonian corresponding to the coupled oscillators in terms of a non interacting free Hamiltonian $H_{0}$ and a net interaction term $\lambda H_{int}$ as $$\label{eq:Hamiltonian_interaction}
H = H_0 +\lambda H_{int}~,$$ When interaction strength is smaller than the strength of free Hamiltonian, which is obtained for small $\lambda$, one can express the ground state $|\Omega\rangle$ corresponding to the whole system in a perturbative manner as $$|\Omega\rangle=|0\rangle + \lambda |0^{1}\rangle + \lambda ^2 |0^{2}\rangle +
\dots~,\label{eq:GS-general-perturbation}$$ where $|0\rangle$ denotes the ground state corresponding to the non-interacting Hamiltonian $H_0$. On the other hand $|0^{1}\rangle$ and $|0^{2}\rangle$ denotes the first and second order perturbative corrections to the non-interacting ground state. From the time independent perturbation theory [@sakurai1985modern; @griffiths2018introduction; @cohen1991quantum] one obtains the first order correction to the ground state as $$|0^{1}\rangle = \sum_{n\neq 0} \frac{\langle
n|\hat{H}_{int}|0\rangle}{E_0-E_n} |n\rangle ~,
\label{eq:perturbative-gen-wavefn1}$$ where $E_n$ denotes the energy of the $n^{th}$ excited state corresponding to the non interacting Hamiltonian. The second order correction to the ground state is expressed as $$\begin{aligned}
|0^{2}\rangle &=&- \sum_{n\neq 0} \frac{\langle
0|\hat{H}_{int}|0\rangle\langle
n|\hat{H}_{int}|0\rangle}{(E_0-E_n)^2} |n\rangle \nonumber\\
&& +~\sum_{m\neq 0} \sum_{n\neq 0} \frac{\langle
m|\hat{H}_{int}|n\rangle\langle
n|\hat{H}_{int}|0\rangle}{(E_0-E_m)(E_0-E_n)} |m\rangle ~.
\label{eq:perturbative-gen-wavefn2}\end{aligned}$$ We shall use these perturbative corrections to obtain the actual ground state upto certain perturbative order in the system of coupled harmonic oscillators. We mention that while discussing polymer quantization [@Hossain:2010eb] we shall consider only the $\pi-$periodic sector for our calculations. In $\pi-$periodic sector, except for the ground state, the even and odd energies become degenerate in high energy regimes. Now as we are interested in the ground state density matrix it is convenient for us to consider the non-degenerate perturbation theory.
Entanglement entropy for two coupled harmonic oscillators
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We begin with a system of two coupled harmonic oscillators. We recall the Hamiltonian from equation (\[eq:hamiltonian-full1\]) and observe that it can be expressed in form of Eqn. (\[eq:Hamiltonian\_interaction\]) with $H_0= H_1 +
H_2$ and $\lambda H_{int} = -k_1^2 x_1x_2$, where $H_j = [p_j^2+\omega^2
x_j^2]/2$ and $\omega=(\omega_{0}^2+k_1^2)^{1/2}$. Perturbative methods can be applied when $k_1^2$ is smaller than $\omega^2$, which is always true for nonzero $\omega_{0}$. Then in this system of two coupled oscillators the correction to the ground state wave-function due to first order perturbation would be $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda |0^{1}\rangle = A_{nn}~ |n\rangle_{1} \otimes |n\rangle_{2} = A_{nn}~
|n,n\rangle ~,\label{eq:perturbative-wavefn1}
\end{aligned}$$ where in the second compact notation of the wave-function the first index corresponds to first oscillator and the second one corresponds to second oscillator. Here the operation of $\hat{x}_j$ on the corresponding ground state is given by $$\hat{x}_j |0\rangle_{j} = \sum_nC^j_{0n}|n\rangle_{j}~,\label{eq:operator_x}$$ where in general the most dominating term comes from a single excitation $|n\rangle_{j}$. Then we get for two coupled oscillators $$\label{eq:perturbative_coefficient}
A_{nn} = \frac{k_1^2}{E_{n,n}-E_{0,0}}C^1_{0n}C^2_{0n}~.$$ Considering up to the $1^{st}$ order perturbation, the normalized ground state will be $ |\Omega\rangle=N_{nn}^{1}\left[|0,0\rangle + A_{nn}~
|n,n\rangle\right]$, where the normalization factor $N_{nn}^{1}=(1+A_{nn}^2)^{-1/2}$. The corresponding reduced density matrix for the first oscillator would be $$\hat{\rho}_{1} = \Tr_{2}(|\Omega\rangle \langle\Omega|) =
(N_{nn}^{1})^2\left[
|0\rangle \langle 0| + A_{nn}^2 |n\rangle \langle n| \right]~,$$ where the states now correspond to the first oscillator. This reduced density matrix has eigen-values $(N_{nn}^{1})^2$ and $(N_{nn}^{1}A_{nn})^2$, and it would give the entanglement entropy $$S_{E}^1 = -(N_{nn}^{1})^2\left[ \ln{\left(N_{nn}^{1}\right)^2} + A_{nn}^2
\ln{\left(A_{nn}N_{nn}^{1}\right)^2}\right]~.\label{eq:ent-entropy-1st-pert1}$$ Now we consider $2^{nd}$ order perturbation and from Eqn. (\[eq:perturbative-gen-wavefn2\]) we observe that the first quantity would vanish as $\langle 0|\hat{x}_1\hat{x}_{2}|0\rangle=0$, when discussing two coupled oscillators. Then second order correction to ground state can be expressed as $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda^2|0^{2}\rangle = A_{nn}k^2_{1}\sum_{m\neq0}
\frac{\langle m|\hat{x}_1\hat{x}_{2}|n,n\rangle}{E_{m}-E_{0,0}}~|m\rangle
~.\label{eq:perturbative-wavefn2}
\end{aligned}$$ We shall evaluate this quantity explicitly in Schrodinger quantization and compare the qualitative difference of resulting entanglement entropy with the result obtained from first order perturbation.
### Schrodinger quantization
![(a) We have plotted the entanglement entropy of two coupled harmonic oscillators with respect to varying $k_{1}$ in unit of $\omega_{0}$, from both actual and perturbative formulation. (b) The percentage difference of perturbative entanglement entropies from actual entropy is plotted, with respect to varying $k_{1}$ in unit of $\omega_{0}$.[]{data-label="fig:Perturbative-EE-comparison"}](com_EC_PD.pdf){width="0.8\linewidth"}
In Schrodinger quantization $C^j_{0n}=\delta_{1,n}/\sqrt{2\omega}$ and $E_n=(n+1/2)\omega$, then we have $\hat{x}_j|0\rangle_{j} =
1/\sqrt{2\omega}~|1\rangle_{j}$ and $E_{11}-E_{00}=2\omega$. Then $A_{11}=A=k_1^2/4\omega^2$ and $\lambda |0^{1}\rangle = k_1^2/4\omega^2~
|1,1\rangle $. The entanglement entropy would be given by Eqn. (\[eq:ent-entropy-1st-pert1\]). When the interaction $k_1^2$ is very small compared to the frequency square $\omega^2(\approx\omega_0^2, ~\textup{in~
that~ case})$ of the individual oscillator, the expression of entanglement entropy from Eqn. (\[eq:ent-entropy-1st-pert1\]) can be simplified to $$S_{E}^1 \approx - \ln{\left[1-\left(\frac{k_1}{2\omega_0}\right)^4\right]} -
\left(\frac{k_1}{2\omega_0}\right)^4
\ln{\left[\left(\frac{k_1}{2\omega_0}\right)^4\right]}~.\label{
eq:ent-entropy-1st-pert2 }$$ One can observe that in similar conditions an exactly same expression for entanglement entropy is obtained from equation (\[eq:ent-entropy-2HO-gen\]) using (\[eq:eigenvalue-gen\]). Thus at least for two coupled oscillators, when the interaction is comparatively much lower than the frequency square, the first order perturbation produces reasonable results in accordance with the results from actual formulation. This fact can also be verified from FIG. \[fig:Perturbative-EE-comparison\]$:(a)$. Similarly in Schrodinger quantization the second order correction to the wave-function from Eqn. (\[eq:perturbative-wavefn2\]) becomes $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda^2|0^{2}\rangle = A^2\left[|2,2\rangle +
\sqrt{2} \left(|0,2\rangle + |2,0\rangle \right)\right]
~.\label{eq:perturbative-wavefn22}
\end{aligned}$$ Then the normalized ground state wave-function would be
$$\begin{aligned}
|\Omega\rangle &=& N_{2}\left[|0,0\rangle + A~ |1,1\rangle \right.\nonumber\\
~&+& \left. A^2\left\{|2,2\rangle + \sqrt{2} \left(|0,2\rangle + |2,0\rangle
\right)\right\}\right]~,\end{aligned}$$
where $N_{2}=(1+A^2+5A^4)^{-1/2}$ is the normalization constant. One obtains the reduced density matrix corresponding to the first oscillator as $$\begin{aligned}
\hat{\rho}_{1} &=& N_{2}^2\left[ (1+2A^4)|0\rangle \langle 0| + A^2 |1\rangle
\langle 1| + 3A^4 |2\rangle \langle 2| \right.\nonumber\\
&&~+ ~ \left. \sqrt{2}A^2(1+A^2) \left\{|2\rangle \langle 0| + |0\rangle \langle
2|\right\} \right]~.\label{eq:reduced-perturb1}\end{aligned}$$ This reduced density matrix has eigenvalues $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda_{1} &=& N_{2}^2A^2~\nonumber\\
\textup{and}\nonumber\\
\lambda_{2,3} &=& \frac{N_{2}^2}{2}\left[
1+5A^4\pm\sqrt{(1+A^2)^2(9A^4-2A^2+1)}
\right]~,\nonumber\\\end{aligned}$$ which would give the entanglement entropy to be $S_{E} = -\sum_{s=1}^3
\lambda_s\ln{\lambda_s}$ . This entanglement entropy and the entanglement entropy obtained from first order perturbation are plotted with the actual entropy in FIG. \[fig:Perturbative-EE-comparison\]$:(a)$ with respect to a varying coupling between the two oscillators. The percentage difference of the obtained result using perturbative techniques from the actual entanglement entropy is plotted in FIG. \[fig:Perturbative-EE-comparison\]$:(b)$. From these figures we observe that when the coupling is small compared to the individual frequency square of the oscillators, perturbation method is quite elegant to study entanglement entropy of coupled harmonic oscillators. Furthermore from these figures we also observe that the results from second order perturbation does not drastically improve compared to first order perturbation. On the other hand as our main objective is to understand the qualitative nature of entanglement entropy from perturbation, it is expected that first order perturbation would be good enough to satisfy our requirement.
### Polymer quantization
In this part we are going to discuss about entanglement entropy for the system of two coupled harmonic oscillators in polymer quantization. Perturbation techniques will be used to obtain the entanglement entropy as the wave-functions arising from polymer quantization cannot be handled analytically like the Gaussian wave-functions. Here we start with a brief overview of the technical aspects of polymer quantization. Polymer quantization [@Hossain:2010eb] is a background independent quantization procedure arising from loop quantum gravity (LQG). In polymer quantization apart form the Planck constant $\hbar$ a new dimension-full parameter $\lambda$ is introduced. Here the elementary operators are configuration operator $\hat{x}$ and translation operator $\hat{U}_{\lambda}
\equiv \hat{e^{i\lambda p}}$ and their actions are defined as $$\label{eq:poly_operator}
\hat{x} e^{i p x_{k}} = i\frac{\partial}{\partial p} e^{i p x_{k}}~,~~~~
\hat{U}_{\lambda} e^{i p x_{k}} = e^{i p (x_{k}+\lambda)}~.$$ These operators satisfy the basic commutator $[\hat{x}, \hat{U}_{\lambda}] =
-\lambda \hat{U}_{\lambda}$. Now with the definition of translation operator from Eqn. (\[eq:poly\_operator\]) and the inner product $$\label{eq:poly_innerP}
\langle x|x' \rangle = \lim_{T\to\infty}\frac{1}{2T} \int_{-T}^{T} dp e^{-i p
x}e^{i p x'} = \delta_{x,x'}~,$$ it is observed that a momentum operator cannot be defined as the translation operator is not continuous in its parameter. However to describe the kinetic energy part of the Hamiltonian one must have a suitable expression of the momentum operator. In this case the momentum operator should be $\lambda$ dependent and to be given in terms of the translation operator. One simple definition of the momentum operator as considered in [@Hossain:2010eb] is $$\label{eq:poly_pdef}
\hat{p}_{\lambda} =
\frac{1}{2i\lambda}(\hat{U}_{\lambda}-\hat{U}^{\dagger}_{\lambda})~.$$ One can then express the eigen-value equation $\hat{H}\psi=E\psi$, where $H=p^2/2m+m\omega^2x^2/2$ represents the Hamiltonian corresponding to a simple harmonic oscillator with mass $m$, as $$\label{eq:poly_eom}
\psi''(u) + \left[ \sigma-\frac{1}{2g^2}\cos{(2u)} \right]\psi(u) = 0~,$$ which represents a Mathieu equation [@Abramowitz1964handbook]. Here $\lambda=\lambda_{\star}$, $u=\lambda_{\star}p+\pi/2$, $g=m\omega\lambda_{\star}^2$ and $\sigma = 2E/g\omega-1/2g^2$. The above differential equation has periodic solutions for $\sigma$ representing the Mathieu characteristic value functions $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:poly_WF}
\psi_{2n}(u) &=& \pi^{-1/2} ce_{n}(1/4g^2,u),
~~~\sigma=\mathcal{A}_{n}(g)\nonumber\\
\psi_{2n+1}(u) &=& \pi^{-1/2} se_{n+1}(1/4g^2,u),
~~~\sigma=\mathcal{B}_{n}(g)~.\nonumber\\\end{aligned}$$ For $(n=0,1,...)$, $ce_{n}$ and $se_{n}$ represent the elliptic cosine and sine functions, where for even $n$ they are $\pi-$periodic and for odd $n$ they are $\pi-$antiperiodic functions. The corresponding energy eigen values are given by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:poly_energy}
E_{2n} &=& \frac{\omega}{4g}\left[2g^2\mathcal{A}_{n}(g)+1\right]\nonumber\\
E_{2n+1} &=& \frac{\omega}{4g}\left[2g^2\mathcal{B}_{n+1}(g)+1\right]~.\end{aligned}$$ Using the asymptotic expansions of the Mathieu characteristic value functions $\mathcal{A}_{n}(g)$ and $\mathcal{B}_{n}(g)$ one can get in small $g$ limit, i.e. when $g\ll1$ $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:poly_energy_gL}
\frac{E_{2n}}{\omega}\approx\frac{E_{2n+1}}{\omega}=\left(n+\frac{1}{2}
\right)-\frac{(2n+1)^2+1}{16}g+\mathcal{O}(g^2)~.\nonumber\\\end{aligned}$$ On the other hand in high $g$ regimes, i.e. when $g\gg1$, one gets $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:poly_energy_gH}
\frac{E_{0}}{\omega}=\frac{1}{4g}+\mathcal{O}\left(\frac{1}{g^3}\right),~\frac{
E_ { 2n-1}}{\omega} \approx\frac{E_{ 2n}}{\omega} =
\frac{n^2g}{2}+\mathcal{O}\left(\frac{1}{g}\right).\nonumber\\\end{aligned}$$ From the asymptotic expression (\[eq:poly\_energy\_gL\]) we observe that when $g\ll1$ the energy levels corresponding to the $\pi-$periodic and $\pi-$antiperiodic sectors becomes degenerate among themselves. On the other hand from (\[eq:poly\_energy\_gH\]) we observe that for $g\gg1$ the energy levels within the separate $\pi-$periodic and $\pi-$antiperiodic sectors becomes degenerate. We shall consider only the $\pi-$periodic sector of the wave-functions, containing the non-degenerate ground state, to discuss about the corresponding entanglement entropy. We want to mention that the asymptotic expressions of the energy eigen-values from Eqn. (\[eq:poly\_energy\_gL\], \[eq:poly\_energy\_gH\]) are also utilized in [@Hossain:2014fma; @Hossain:2015xqa; @Barman:2017vqx] to observe the Unruh and Hawking effect for polymer observer. One can also look into [@Kajuri:2015oza; @Stargen:2017xii; @Louko:2017emx; @Kajuri:2017zmr] where polymer quantization is used in different systems to study particle creation.
*Entanglement entropy in polymer quantization:* In this part we evaluate the perturbative corrections to the ground state in polymer quantization, which basically requires the estimation of $A_{nn}$. The operation $\hat{x}_j|0\rangle_j$ is already discussed in Eqn. (\[eq:operator\_x\]) and in polymer quantization $C^j_{0n}$ are given by $$\begin{aligned}
C^j_{0n} &=& {}_{j}\langle
n|\hat{x}_{j}|0\rangle_{j}=\lambda_{\star}\int_0^{2\pi}
\psi^j_n ~\frac{\partial}{\partial u^j}\psi^j_0~ du^j
~,\label{eq:Cn_general_poly}\end{aligned}$$ where $u^j=\lambda_{\star}p^j+\pi/2$ and $\lambda_{\star}$ is the polymer length scale, see [@Hossain:2010eb]. There are infinite number of non-zero $C^j_{0n}$ in polymer quantization, where as in Schrodinger quantization there is only one $C^j_{0n}=\delta_{1,n}/\sqrt{2\omega}$. In order to compute polymer corrections we only consider the first and most dominating non-zero $C^j_{0n}$, which is $C^j_{03}$. In small $g=\omega \lambda_{\star}^2$ limit, i.e. when $g\ll1$, these coefficients are given by $$C^j_{03}= C_{03}=\frac{i}{\sqrt{2\omega}}[1-\frac{3}{4} g+\mathcal{O}(g^2)]~,$$ and the corresponding energy correction is given by $$\Delta
E_{30}=E_3-E_0=\omega[1-\frac{g}{2}+\mathcal{O}(g^2)]~.$$ The expression of $A_{nn}$, now obtained as $A_{33}$, is changed and using Eqn. (\[eq:perturbative\_coefficient\]) becomes $$\begin{aligned}
A_{33} = A&\approx& -\frac{k_1^2}{4\omega^2(1-g/2)}(1-\frac{3}{2}g)\nonumber\\
&\approx&-\frac{k_1^2}{4\omega^2}(1-g)~.\end{aligned}$$ One can observe from this expression of $A$ that as one takes $g\to 0$, one gets back the result from Schrodinger quantization. We note that the sign of $A$ do not affect the end result as the entanglement entropy is obtained using $A^2$. In the ultraviolet limit when $g\gg1$, one has the expressions $$C^j_{03}=C_{03} = i\sqrt{\frac{g}{2\omega}}\left[\frac{1}{4g^2} +
\mathcal{O}\left(\frac{1}{g^6}\right)\right]~,$$ and $$\Delta
E_{30}=\omega\left[2g+\mathcal{O}\left(\frac{1}{g^3}\right)\right]~.$$ Then the expression of $A_{33}$ is $$A_{33}=A\approx -\left(\frac{k_1}{2\omega}\right)^2 \frac{1}{2(2g)^4}~.$$ We know that the reduced density matrix in first order perturbation has eigenvalues $\lambda_{1}=N_{1}^2=(1+A^2)^{-1}$ and $\lambda_{2} = (N_{1}A)^{2}$. Then for fixed $(k_1/\omega)$ as we take $g\to\infty$, we observe that $\lambda_{1}\to1$ and $\lambda_{2}\to0$, because in this limit $A\to0$. Then the entanglement entropy evaluated from these eigenvalues would vanish, providing a very new feature in ultraviolet regime of energy in polymer quantization.
![(a) The entanglement entropy of two coupled harmonic oscillators using perturbative formulation in polymer quantization, with varying $g$ keeping $\alpha=k_1/\omega$ fixed. (b) The $Log-Log$ plot of the entanglement entropy in polymer quantization, with respect to varying $g$ keeping $\alpha=k_1/\omega$ fixed.[]{data-label="fig:polymer-EE"}](Poly_EE_fixed.pdf){width="0.8\linewidth"}
We now intent to express this result in a more general fashion without using asymptotic forms of the Mathieu functions. For this we shall need some numerical help. First the expression of general energy difference of our concern in polymer quantization is $$E^{0}_{33}-E^{0}_{00} = \omega g[\mathcal{B}_{2}(g)-\mathcal{A}_{0}(g)]~,
\label{eq:dEn_general_poly}$$ where $\mathcal{A}_{n}(g)$ and $\mathcal{B}_{n}(g)$ are the Mathieu characteristic value functions corresponding to even and odd Mathieu functions. The expressions of $C_{03}$ are obtained from Eqn. (\[eq:Cn\_general\_poly\]) with wave-functions represented in terms of Mathieu functions. Then we have $$\label{eq:perturbative_coefficient_poly}
A=A_{33} = \frac{k_1^2}{\omega
g[\mathcal{B}_{2}(g)-\mathcal{A}_{0}(g)]}C^1_{03}C^2_{03}~.$$ and the corresponding eigen-values are $$\lambda_{1}=N_{1}^2=\left[1 + \left\{\frac{(\alpha
~C_{03}/\lambda_{\star})^2}{\mathcal{B}_{2}(g)-\mathcal{A}_{0}(g)}\right\}^2
\right]^{-1}~,$$ and $$\lambda_{2} = \left\{N_{1}~\frac{(\alpha
~C_{03}/\lambda_{\star})^2}{\mathcal{B}_{2}(g)-\mathcal{A}_{0}(g)}\right\}^2 ~,$$ where $\alpha =k_1/\omega$. We have plotted this entanglement entropy coming from first order perturbation for different fixed values of $\alpha$ with varying polymer parameter $g$, in FIG. \[fig:polymer-EE\]. Then the change of $g$ signifies the change in harmonic oscillator frequency $\omega$ for the fixed ratio $k_1/\omega$ and fixed polymer length scale $\lambda_{\star}$. In these plots the fixed ratio $(k_1/\omega)$ is considered to be less than one. It implies that the interaction strength is less than one and permits the application of perturbation theory even for high $g$ regimes. We observe that at high frequency regime as $g$ increases the entanglement entropy decreases and becomes very low at large $g$, see FIG. \[fig:polymer-EE\]. This situation was not present in Schrodinger quantization as there the entanglement entropy is a function of $A=k_1^2/4\omega^2$ and its value is fixed for fixed $\alpha
=k_1/\omega$. We want to note that same phenomena can also be observed in polymer quantization using second order perturbation with very little quantitative difference. For a unit mass harmonic oscillator one can interpret the inverse square-root of it’s frequency to be a length scale characteristic of the harmonic oscillator. Now as the frequency increases this length decreases and even reaches polymer length scale $\lambda_{\star}$ when $g$ becomes very high. One then interprets the above deviation of entanglement entropy in polymer quantization from usual quantization, as a result of the physics in very high energy or in a very small length scale addressed by polymer quantization.
Area law for free scalar field
------------------------------
In this part we are going to use perturbation technique to evaluate the entanglement entropy corresponding to a massive free scalar field described by the Hamiltonian (\[eq:Field-hamiltonian-massive\]). We first provide a prescription for the eigen-values of the reduced density matrix corresponding to $N-$coupled oscillators. By considering only first order perturbation, one can express the ground state wave-function of $N$ weakly coupled harmonic oscillators as $$\begin{aligned}
|\Omega\rangle_N &=& |000...\rangle+A_1|nn0...\rangle+
...+A_{N-1}|...0nn\rangle,\nonumber\\\label{eq:Gen_perturb_waveFn}\end{aligned}$$ where $A_1,...,A_{N-1}$ are coefficients of the first order perturbative correction to wave-function and they are functions of the individual frequency and interaction between different oscillators. In both Fock and polymer quantization the state $|00...n_{j}n_{j+1}...\rangle$ is obtained from $\hat{x}_{j}\hat{x}_{j+1}|00...\rangle=C^j_{0n} C^{j+1}_{0n} |00...n_{j}n_{j+1}
...\rangle$, where we have omitted the sum on $n$ as the most dominating contribution comes from a single term. We first include appropriate normalization factor to the wave function from Eqn. (\[eq:Gen\_perturb\_waveFn\]) and calculate the corresponding density matrix and its eigen-values for successively increasing number of coupled harmonic oscillators. Then the eigen-values, corresponding to the reduced density matrix after tracing over $\mathbbm{n}-$degrees of freedom out of total $N-$coupled harmonic oscillators, can be found by guessing from these consecutive eigen-value evaluation, as $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda^{\mathbbm{n}}_{s} &=& N^{2}_{c}A^2_{\mathbbm{n}},
~\frac{N^{2}_{c}}{2}\left[\sum_{\substack{j=0 \\
j\ne \mathbbm{n}}}^{N-1}A^2_{j}\pm \left\{\left(\sum_{\substack{j=0 \\ j\ne
\mathbbm{n}}}^{N-1}A^2_{j}\right)^2
\right.\right.\nonumber\\
~&& ~~~~~~~\left.\left. -~~4\left(\sum_{\substack{j=1 \\ j\ne
\mathbbm{n}}}^{\mathbbm{n}-1}A^2_{j}
\right)\left(\sum_{\substack{j=\mathbbm{n}+1 \\ j\ne \mathbbm{n}}}^{N-1}A^2_{j}
\right)\right\}^{\frac{1}{2}}
\right],\label{eq:eigenvalues-Ncoupled-perturbed-gen}\end{aligned}$$ where $A_{0}=1$ and subscript $s$ denotes different eigenvalues which are three in number for any particular reduction $\mathbbm{n}$. $N_{c} = (\sum_{j=0}^{N-1}
A^{2}_{j})^{-1/2}$ is the normalization factor corresponding to the perturbed ground state. As discussed earlier the entanglement entropy corresponding to these eigenvalues would be $S_{E}^{\mathbbm{n}} = -\sum_{s=1}^{3}
\lambda^{\mathbbm{n}}_s \ln{\lambda^{\mathbbm{n}}_s}$.
### Area law in Fock quantization
![(a) The plot of entanglement entropy with respect to $(\mathbbm{n}+0.5)^2$ for a free massless scalar field in a lattice of total size $N=60$. Here $\mathbbm{n}$ is the number of position degrees of freedom traced out of the ground state of the scalar field. This plot shows the area law for entanglement entropy in both actual and perturbative formulation. Here the ratio of the slopes from perturbative entropy and actual entropy is $\sim 1.85$. (b) This figure provides the $Log-Log$ plot of entanglement entropy vs $(\mathbbm{n}+0.5)$ in both actual and perturbative formulation. The slope of the curve from actual formulation is about $\sim1.9$ where the slope from perturbative formulation is $\sim2.1$. We have used first order perturbation to evaluate the entanglement entropy.[]{data-label="fig:area-law-comparison"}](com_Fock_Area.pdf){width="0.8\linewidth"}
In order to obtain the area law of entanglement entropy in Fock quantization we first consider the discrete Hamiltonian, formed out of partially Fourier transformed field Hamiltonian in a lattice of finite size, from Eqn. (\[eq:Hamiltonian-massive-FT-discrete1\]). With the help of Eqn. (\[eq:Interaction\_matrix\_discrete\_hamiltonian\]) one can get frequency $\omega_j$ of the $j^{th}$ oscillator and coupling $k^2_j$ between $j^{th}$ and $(j+1)^{th}$ oscillator. Now according to Eqn. (\[eq:perturbative\_coefficient\]) we want to find the expressions of the coefficients of first order perturbation $A_{j} = k^2_{j}/
\left\{2\sqrt{\omega_{j} \omega_{j+1}} (\omega_{j} + \omega_{j+1}) \right\}$, which are used in Eqn. (\[eq:eigenvalues-Ncoupled-perturbed-gen\]) to get the eigen-values. We note that the perturbative coefficients $A_{j}$ are in principle functions of $l$ and $m$ and sums over these quantities are taken to evaluate the entropy, but for brevity we omitted their index from the notation. In Fock quantization they are evaluated using $C^j_{0n} =
\delta_{1,n}/\sqrt{2\omega_j}$ and $E^j_n=(n+1/2)\omega_j$. We have numerically computed the entanglement entropy using the obtained eigen-values. In FIG. \[fig:area-law-comparison\] the entanglement entropy from perturbative and actual formulation are presented for a massless free scalar field. The entanglement entropy in actual formulation is obtained non perturbatively, utilizing the Gaussian nature of the ground state wave-functions. We have used the results from Eqn. (\[eq:rho\_nreduced\]) and the potential from Eqn. (\[eq:Interaction\_matrix\_discrete\_hamiltonian\]) to evaluate the entanglement entropy in actual formulation [@Srednicki:1993im]. FIG. \[fig:area-law-comparison\] shows that first order perturbation is sufficient enough to provide an area law for entanglement entropy. We want to note that the slope from this area curve($\sim 0.42$) is different than the one obtained from actual formulation($\sim 0.29$). One can notice from Eqn. (\[eq:Hamiltonian-massive-FT-discrete1\], \[eq:Interaction\_matrix\_discrete\_hamiltonian\]) that the ratio of the frequency square to interaction strength decreases when $j$ increases as we consider a larger system size. Thus perturbation theory becomes less effective and the results obtained from first order perturbation deviates more from the actual non perturbative result for large $j$. We also want to note that as second order perturbation is employed in this formulation the area curve is quantitatively very little improved and gets closer to the area curve from actual formulation. Now as we consider a field with increasing mass, the ratio of the frequency square and coupling strength from Eqn. (\[eq:Interaction\_matrix\_discrete\_hamiltonian\]) increases and the perturbative formulation becomes more effective in describing the original system.
![(a) The plot of entanglement entropy of a massive free scalar field with respect to $(\mathbbm{n}+0.5)^2$ for $N=60$. Here $\mu a=2$ and the ratio of the slopes from perturbative entropy and actual entropy is $\sim 1.22$. (b) The entanglement entropy vs $(\mathbbm{n}+0.5)^2$ plot for massive free scalar field with $N=60$. Here $\mu a=4$ and the ratio of the slopes from perturbative entropy and actual entropy is $\sim 1.04$. In both cases only first order perturbation is used.[]{data-label="fig:area-law-comparison-mu24"}](FArea_mass24.pdf){width="0.8\linewidth"}
In addition to the massless case we have also considered massive scalar field with discretized Hamiltonian from Eqn. (\[eq:Hamiltonian-massive-FT-discrete1\]). We have taken different values for the parameter $\mu a$ and for each value obtained the area law in both the actual and first order perturbation. Then the massless case becomes a special case when this parameter $\mu a$ is taken to be zero. In particular we have observed that as we increase the value of this parameter the perturbation becomes stronger and the slopes of the two area curves corresponding to actual and perturbative formulation get closer. The plots corresponding to this feature are shown in FIG. \[fig:area-law-comparison-mu24\].
### Area law in polymer quantization
We take the Fourier Hamiltonian density for a massive free scalar field as according to equation (\[eq:Hamiltonian-massive-FT-discrete1\]). We note that the field modes $\varphi_{lm,j}$ and their conjugate momentums $\pi_{lm,j}$ are dimensionless here. To consistently introduce polymer quantization in this formulation we make the transformations $\pit_{lm,j} \equiv \pi_{lm,j}/\sqrt{a}$ and $\varphit_{lm,j} \equiv \sqrt{a}~\varphi_{lm,j}$ such that the new field mode and the conjugate momentum become dimension full. Then the Fourier Hamiltonian density from Eqn. (\[eq:Hamiltonian-massive-FT-discrete1\]) will take the form $$\begin{aligned}
H_{lm} &=& \tfrac{1}{2} \sum_{j=1}^{N} \left[
\pit^2_{lm,j}+\left(\frac{j+\frac{1}{2}}{a}\right)^2\left(\frac{\varphit_{lm,j
} }
{j}
-\frac{\varphit_ {lm,j+1}}{j+1}
\right)^2 \right.\nonumber\\
~&& ~~~~~~~~~~~~~\left. +\left\{\frac{l(l+1)}{a^2j^2}+\mu^2\right\}\varphit^2_{
lm,j} \right]~.\label{eq:fourier-hamiltonian-field-discrete3}\end{aligned}$$ This Hamiltonian also describes a system of $N$ coupled harmonic oscillators given by Eqn. (\[eq:general-Ncoupled-HO-hamiltonian\]). In polymer quantization a new dimension full parameter $\lambda_{\star}$ is introduced with dimension $(length)^{1/2}$, inverse of the dimension of momentum. Here the basic variables are taken to be $\varphit_{lm,j}$ and $U^{\lambda_{\star}}_{lm,j} =
\exp{\left\{i\lambda_{\star} \pit_{lm,j}\right\}}$ with Poisson bracket $\{\varphit_{lm,j},U^{\lambda_{\star}}_{lm,j}\} = i\lambda_{\star}
U^{\lambda_{\star}}_{lm,j}$. From the above system of coupled harmonic oscillators we observe that for a general $j^{th}$ oscillator the frequency is $$\begin{aligned}
\omega_{lm,j} &=& \frac{1}{a~j}\left[l(l+1)+\left\{\left(j+\tfrac{1}{2}
\right)^2+\left(j-\tfrac{1}{2}\right)^2\right\}\right|_{j\neq1,N}
\nonumber\\
~&& \left.+\mu^2 a^2 j^2+\tfrac{9}{4}\delta_{j1} +
\left(N-\tfrac{1}{2}\right)^2\delta_{jN}\right]^{\frac{1}{ 2 } }\nonumber\\
~&=& \frac{\Omega_{lm,j}}{a}~.\end{aligned}$$
![(a) The entanglement entropy of a massless free scalar field with respect to $(\mathbbm{n}+0.5)^2$ using first order perturbation in polymer quantization. This plot shows the area law in polymer quantization with slope $6.12\times10^{-6}$. (b) The $Log-Log$ plot of the entanglement entropy vs $(\mathbbm{n}+0.5)$ in perturbative formulation using polymer quantization. The total lattice size is taken to be $N=60$ and the obtained slope is $2.002$.[]{data-label="fig:Poly-area-law"}](com_Poly_Area.pdf){width="0.8\linewidth"}
Now we want to get the expressions of perturbative coefficients $A_{j}$ used in Eqn. (\[eq:eigenvalues-Ncoupled-perturbed-gen\]). They are constructed using expressions of $C^j_{0n}$ and $E^j_n$ in polymer quantization from Eqn. (\[eq:Cn\_general\_poly\]) and (\[eq:dEn\_general\_poly\]), which are further given by the dimension less polymer parameter $g_{lm,j} = \omega_{lm,j}
\lambda^2_{\star} = \Omega_{lm,j}l_{\star}/a$. We also want to note that the inter atomic distance $a$ and the polymer length scale $l_{\star}=\lambda^2_{\star}$ both have same nature and should have same order as they signify the ultraviolet cutoff. Then we take their ratio $\gamma=l_{\star}/a$ to be unity, which adds further simplification to the evaluation of entanglement entropy. We have plotted the entanglement entropy from first order perturbative formulation in FIG. \[fig:Poly-area-law\] considering massless free scalar fields in polymer quantum field theory. In these figures we observe that the area law is valid in polymer quantization too. However the corresponding slope is now very low compared to results from Fock quantization. One can also get the area law in polymer quantization for massive free scalar field with a further decreased slope.
*Implication of the result:* From [@Das:2008sy] we get to understand that the slope of the area curve for entanglement entropy can be different due to many reasons, such as due to different discretization procedures, inclusion of mass or taking excited states instead of the ground state. We want to mention here a consistency check to understand whether this result from polymer quantization is a plausible one or not. It is noted in [@Hossain:2010eb] that in low energy regimes polymer quantization reproduces the results from usual Fock quantization. Now in this formulation of entanglement entropy evaluation we observe that one direct influence of polymer quantization over Fock is dictated by the factor $(l_{\star}/a)$. When this factor is unity the system is completely interpreted in terms of polymer quantization. On the other hand when the value of this quantity decreases the value of the dimensionless polymer frequency $g_{lm,j}$ decreases and the system becomes more and more Fock like as the lower energy regimes of polymer quantization tends to contribute to the description of the system. We have plotted the entanglement entropy for different values of this factor and we observed that as the value decreases the area curve of entanglement entropy from polymer quantization approaches the one from Fock quantization, see FIG. \[fig:Poly\_Slope\_Change\] and FIG. \[fig:log\_Poly\_Slope\_Change\]. Thus the very low slope of the entanglement entropy can be described as a feature coming from the disentangling nature of polymer quantization at high energy regimes. We want to note that massive scalar fields also show disentangling nature and lowers the slope of the area curve [@Katsinis:2017qzh; @Riera:2006vj; @Balasubramanian:2011wt].
![The plot of entanglement entropy in polymer quantization for different values of $\gamma=l_{\star}/a$.[]{data-label="fig:Poly_Slope_Change"}](Poly_Slope_Change.pdf){width="0.8\linewidth"}
![The $Log-Log$ plot of entanglement entropy in polymer quantization for different values of $\gamma=l_{\star}/a$.[]{data-label="fig:log_Poly_Slope_Change"}](loglog_Poly_Slope_Change.pdf){width="0.8\linewidth"}
The entanglement entropy of free scalar field in polymer quantization gives rise to another question, which relates to the corrections to the area law as predicted by quantum gravity [@Pasqua:2014hea; @Sen:2012cj; @El-Menoufi:2015cqw; @Pathak:2016vfc]. In this manner we want to note that the slope of the entanglement entropy vs $(\mathbbm{n}+0.5)$ curve in *Log-Log* plot is $2.002$, which automatically discards any possible departure from the area law. This area dependence of entanglement entropy in polymer quantization is enthralling in its own right since it validates the generality of the area law in quantizations other than Fock.
Discussion
==========
In usual formulation, procurement of the area curve for entanglement entropy [@Bekenstein:1974ax; @Kallosh:1992wa; @hawking1975; @Bekenstein:1975tw; @Hawking:1976de; @Gibbons:1976pt; @Davies:1978mf] is simplified using the mathematical structure of Gaussian ground state wave-function from Schrodinger quantization. However not all quantization procedures provide this Gaussian nature of ground state and polymer quantization is one of them. We note that though entanglement entropy for two coupled harmonic oscillators are specifically evaluated for polymer quantization in [@Demarie:2012tz], the framework to obtain entanglement entropy for large number of coupled oscillators is not provided thus one can not obtain the area law. In this work we have treated the interaction between coupled harmonic oscillators in perturbative manner. Our procedure is different than the ones discussed in [@Katsinis:2017qzh; @Riera:2006vj; @Balasubramanian:2011wt; @Kumar:2017ctm], where the eigen-values of the reduced density matrix and momentum space entanglement are estimated using perturbation. For two coupled harmonic oscillators we noticed disentangling nature from polymer quantization at high frequency regime. We observed that in Schrodinger quantization the entanglement entropy is unchanged while in polymer quantization it decreases at high oscillator frequencies, keeping the ratio of interaction strength to frequency square fixed. We showed that in our formulation, by considering free scalar field, one obtains the area law of entanglement entropy for Fock quantization. As the mass of the scalar field increases the individual oscillator frequency increases, thus perturbation strength increases and the obtained area curve approaches the area curve from usual formulation. Furthermore we showed that in polymer quantization also this formulation provides a similar area law, but with a very decreased slope. We inferred that this decrease of slope is due to the disentangling nature of polymer quantization at higher energies. We further noticed that as the effect of polymer quantization becomes smaller, by lowering the value of the ratio of polymer length scale $l_{\star}$ to inter-atomic distance $a$, the area curve from polymer quantization using first order perturbation tends to approach the area curve from Fock quantization. This phenomena is not quite surprising as in the limit $l_{\star}/a \rightarrow 0$, the physical result from polymer quantization would converge to the result obtained from the standard Fock quantization. The disentangling nature of polymer quantization is very intriguing in its own right as it is known that usual quantization looses its predictability in trans-Planckian energy regimes [@Cohen:1998zx; @Carmona:2000gd]. We note that this disentangling phenomena in polymer quantization is analogous to the suppression of propagation at large energies. We mention that there are other derivations to obtain the area law and harvest entanglement entropy for scalar field [@Calabrese:2004eu; @Callan:1994py; @Calabrese:2005zw; @Solodukhin:2011gn; @VanRaamsdonk:2009ar; @Casini:2009sr; @Cramer:2005mx; @Page:1983ug; @Kabat:1994vj; @Plenio:2004he; @Solodukhin:1994yz; @Holzhey:1994we; @Das:2001ic; @Allouche:2018err; @Pagani:2018mke; @Henderson:2017yuv; @Reznik:2002fz] and it would be interesting to see whether an exact form of the entanglement entropy can be found using these derivations in polymer quantization. In conclusion we address that our formulation opens up an avenue to understand entanglement entropy in terms of perturbative corrections.\
We would like to thank Golam Mortuza Hossain, Narayan Banerjee, Ritesh K. Singh and Ananda Dasgupta for discussions. We would also like to thank Sumanta Chakraborty, Abhishek Majhi and Sudipta Saha for useful suggestions. S.B. would like to thank IISER Kolkata for supporting this work through a doctoral fellowship.
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1. Introduction {#sec1-materials-13-01413}
===============
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is widely used to study the properties of matter at the highest spatial resolution. There is a wide body of literature that reports on the study of single nanoparticles of inorganic material, showing how fundamental subtle physical effects can be understood by TEM experiments at atomic resolution \[[@B1-materials-13-01413]\]. High-Resolution TEM (HRTEM) enables direct access to the structural properties of individual particles, correlating their structure to their behavior. This allows the comprehension of matter at the atomic level and the development of new materials for a huge variety of applications \[[@B2-materials-13-01413]\]. In a realistic specimen, the particles are not necessarily all equal and properly oriented, but they could have different crystalline properties, defects, or allotropic state, which deeply influence the properties of the materials system. The study of single particles enables, in a batch of nanoparticles, the distinguishing of the differences between the particles and the relevant influence on the macroscopic behavior of the nanostructured material. In the case of radiation-sensitive material, standard HRTEM approaches on single particles could fail, due to the damage induced by the high-energy electrons on the specimen. This is a big issue for biologic materials \[[@B3-materials-13-01413]\]. Moreover, in pharmacy, TEM study of single nanocrystalline salt drugs, which are organic-like material consisting of low atomic number atoms tied with weak chemical bonds, cannot be performed by standard HRTEM \[[@B4-materials-13-01413],[@B5-materials-13-01413]\]. In fact, radiation damage provides the main limitation to the spatial resolution of electron beam imaging or spectroscopy of organic materials \[[@B6-materials-13-01413]\]. The use of new TEM/STEM microscopes, equipped with aberration correctors and field emission cathodes, ascertains the highest spatial resolution so far achieved, but this technology can deliver a high-density of current on the specimen, making radiation damage an issue of growing importance also for inorganic materials and even metals \[[@B7-materials-13-01413]\]. As the radiation damage cannot be eliminated, there is a strong interest in finding approaches that can limit, or in some way overcome, the damage, enabling the study of the specimen at atomic resolution despite the radiation damage \[[@B8-materials-13-01413],[@B9-materials-13-01413]\]. The issue of radiation damage is not only limited to electrons, but it is common to other probes, for example, X-rays. A very recent approach, which is polarizing the X-ray scientific community, is the so-called diffract-and-destroy method, developed for extremely intense sources of X-rays with high-frequency pulses, such as free electron lasers (FEL) \[[@B10-materials-13-01413]\]. In this case, the scattered photons are acquired on a femtosecond time-scale, and therefore before the explosion of the illuminated ensemble of molecules. Unfortunately, this approach cannot be straightforwardly extended to the case of electrons in a TEM, due to the peculiarity of electrons as charged particles and the relevant Boersch effect \[[@B9-materials-13-01413],[@B11-materials-13-01413]\]. The radiation damage depends strongly on the specimen nature. Indeed, in a very schematic description, the knock-on damage is the main issue in conducting materials, whereas the ionization damage, and the related radiolysis, is the main issue in case of semiconducting or insulating inorganic materials and for all organic or organic-like matter. The knock-on damage is due to the deflection of the primary electrons by the electrostatic field of the nuclei of the specimen. For deflection angles up to 100 mrad, this scattering is considered elastic, to a good approximation, as the energy transferred to the specimen nucleus is below 0.1 eV. For angles of deflection higher than 100 mrad, this event can cause an energy transfer from the incident electron to the nuclei of the specimen of several eV, producing sputtering of the atoms from the specimen surface. For energy transfer of tens of eV, the atoms are displaced in the specimen, forming crystal defects \[[@B12-materials-13-01413]\]. In the case of ionization damage, known as radiolysis, the scattering considered is between electrons: the primary electrons lose part of their kinetic energy by ionizing the atoms of the specimen or exciting collective motion in the form of plasmons, which involves, in the case of metals, the vibration of atomic nuclei, but not their permanent displacements \[[@B6-materials-13-01413]\]. In the case of insulating or semi-insulating materials, the energy loss by the primary electrons produces holes that are not rapidly recombined, as they are in metals, but could result in a stable arrangement that stores the energy loss by the primary beam in a configuration of broken bonds \[[@B6-materials-13-01413]\]. Energy of few eV is enough to break a chemical bond, whereas the ionization energy involves tens of eV, and most of this energy is dissipated by producing secondary electrons. Consequently, an electron made available from an ionization process during its lifetime can break several bonds in an organic material, producing most of the damage in this class of materials \[[@B6-materials-13-01413]\]. The breaking of the bonds produces the loss of short-range order in crystalline materials and results in the appearance of a diffused halo in the diffraction pattern. It is a common and frustrating experience, during electron diffraction experiments in a TEM on radiation-sensitive materials that, as a function of the irradiation time and dose rate, the diffracted Bragg's spots are quickly progressively faded and disappear completely, as a result of the disruption of the crystalline order. An example is shown in [Figure 1](#materials-13-01413-f001){ref-type="fig"}.
[Figure 1](#materials-13-01413-f001){ref-type="fig"} shows two selected area electron diffraction patterns obtained by illuminating an area of \~10 microns in diameter of a specimen consisting of nanoparticles of a salt of Vincamine \[[@B13-materials-13-01413]\], which is an indole alkaloid used for the treatment of important neurovegetative conditions, like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases \[[@B14-materials-13-01413],[@B15-materials-13-01413]\]. The current density of the electron probe is \~300 e^−^Å^−2^s^−1^. In [Figure 1](#materials-13-01413-f001){ref-type="fig"}a, the specimen has been exposed to the electrons for 0.01 sec, whereas in [Figure 1](#materials-13-01413-f001){ref-type="fig"}b, the same area of the specimen is exposed to the electron beam for \~0.3 sec, which faded or cancelled the diffracted intensities, due to the damage of the crystalline structure. As reported by Egerton \[[@B6-materials-13-01413]\], the radiation damage is of particular concern in electron microscopy because of the need of high spatial resolution. Otherwise, we could simply defocus the incident beam and spread the damage over a large volume of the specimen; the fraction of the broken bonds would then become small and the radiation damage would cease to be a problem. It is therefore rather evident that imaging of single particle, in a specimen like the one shown in [Figure 1](#materials-13-01413-f001){ref-type="fig"}, is quite cumbersome. Imaging can become impossible if we aim to look for a specific particle of interest before acquiring the atomic resolution HRTEM image. Indeed, the limit imposed by the radiation damage is particularly evident in the case of atomic resolution TEM study of nanoclusters, where when the beam is focused onto a beam sensitive particle, it can rapidly cause the disappearance of the crystalline order and, furthermore, the effect of charging could even produce a Coulomb explosion creating a hole in the eventual supporting film used for TEM observation. Therefore, especially in the case of a specimen consisting of nanoparticles, where the interest is to study the properties of single particles, before acquiring an atomic resolution HRTEM image, we need to find the particle suitable for the experiment. A suitable particle is defined as a particle properly oriented with respect to the electron beam to distinguish between eventual different crystal polytypes and orientation. The HRTEM image contrast is due mainly to the elastic scattering between the electrons and the nuclei of the atoms of the specimen \[[@B2-materials-13-01413]\]. Unfortunately, organic particles consist of low atomic number atoms, which have a relatively low elastic scattering power \[[@B2-materials-13-01413]\], and therefore a relatively high density of current is necessary to distinguish the particle with respect to the supporting film. Nevertheless, once the candidate particle is found, we need to evaluate the relevant diffraction pattern to check the proper orientation, therefore we need to wait until the eventual specimen holder drift is stopped and only at this point, after focusing, we can acquire the HRTEM image. Indeed, in the case of radiation-sensitive materials, we cannot even detect the particle by standard specimen survey conditions without destroying the particle itself or its eventual crystalline order. For example, in the case of radiation-sensitive polymers, to avoid quick degradation of the material, the electron current density threshold should be between 0.1 to 10 e^−^Å^−2^s^−1^ \[[@B16-materials-13-01413]\]. In these conditions, if we are looking for a particle in a TEM specimen with a low density of nanoparticles, we do not have enough image contrast to distinguish between the nanoparticle itself and the supporting carbon film. It is, therefore, important for a successful atomic resolution low-dose HRTEM experiment on radiation-sensitive specimen, to find an approach that enables the detection of an isolated particle, to check its crystallinity and orientation with respect to the electron beam, to check the specimen holder drift to enable atomic resolution imaging, and to adjust the electron optical conditions prior to low dose and low dose rate HRTEM acquisition, all by using an electron density of current between 0.1 to 10 e^−^Å^−2^s^−1^. The use of expediencies to reduce the radiation damage in some classes of materials can be applied; this is the case, for example, in the use of a conducting coating on inorganic insulators to reduce the effect of radiolysis, the use of energy primary beam as low as 60 KeV to avoid the knock-on damage in many materials, or the use of low dose rate to enable the specimen recovery of knock-on damage in some classes of materials. There exists extensive literature on where these expediencies are considered and their effectiveness is discussed \[[@B6-materials-13-01413],[@B9-materials-13-01413],[@B17-materials-13-01413],[@B18-materials-13-01413],[@B19-materials-13-01413],[@B20-materials-13-01413]\]. In organic materials and soft matter, a particular role is played by the use of low temperature to reduce the effect of radiolysis. In fact, for a long time, it has been recognized that the use of cryogenic temperature reduces the appearance of the effect of radiolysis in TEM images of proteins \[[@B21-materials-13-01413],[@B22-materials-13-01413]\]. Nevertheless, the use of cryogenic temperature still needs the use of an extremely low dose of electrons, and this results in TEM images with extremely low contrast, where in some cases, the presence of a single particle in an electron micrograph can be hardly distinguished \[[@B21-materials-13-01413]\]. Actually, the effect of cryogenic temperature does not influence the ionization cross section, but reduces the desorption and the movement of the molecular fragments, whose bonds have been broken by the primary and secondary electrons. For example, at liquid nitrogen temperature, the density of electrons to image quite safely a protein has to be ≤5 e^−^Å^−2^, whereas at the liquid helium temperature, it has to be ≤ 20 e^−^Å^−2^ \[[@B21-materials-13-01413]\]. This is why nowadays the approach, which is revolutionizing the structural biology in TEM, is the cryo-EM, which is a method that enables the study of proteins that cannot be easily crystallized for study by X-ray crystallography, for example, the membrane proteins. The word "cryo" denotes that this method is performed at cryogenic temperature. The development of this approach earned the authors the 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry \[[@B23-materials-13-01413]\]. Cryo-EM was actually established as method decades ago and requires the acquisition of thousands of low dose images from a specimen consisting of identical particles. The images are then processed by sophisticated software that produces a tridimensional model of the particle. Note that cryo-EM is not a true imaging approach, and the resulting structural model needs to be validated by well-controlled protocols, whose development is still in progress with dedicated task forces. The validation of structural models is a field where there is a strong research activity, and the number of structures solved by cryo-EM is growing fast \[[@B24-materials-13-01413]\]. The biggest success in the last years of cryo-EM is due to some particular technological advances that represent a turning point in the results achievable by cryo-EM, producing the so-called "Resolution Revolution" \[[@B25-materials-13-01413]\]. One key technological advance for the practical use of cryo-EM has been the development of direct conversion detectors to acquire the electron images with much better performances for the same low dose of electrons \[[@B26-materials-13-01413],[@B27-materials-13-01413]\]. The other key point has been the development of capacity of calculus, which was hard to conceive when the basics of cryo-EM were proposed. These aspects were underlined by Richard Henderson during his Nobel Prize acceptance speech. It is worthwhile to remark once again, that the result of a so-called single-particle imaging by cryo-EM, is not a true single particle imaging at all, as it uses the images of thousands of particles, assumed as identical, to produce a 3-D model of the macromolecule. This reconstruction is, in any case, achieved at a spatial resolution worse than the one allowed by the electron optics, and related to the statistics of the particles imaged and also to the accuracy of the starting model of the particle to be imaged.
Here, we report on the use of in-line holography in TEM to perform true single-particle atomic resolution imaging of soft matter and biologic nanoparticles, believed not accessible by high-energy atomic resolution TEM experiments. In the reported studies, the experiments were successfully performed at room temperature using 200 KeV electrons. In-line holography is used to survey the specimen, to find suitable isolated particles, and to tune the experimental conditions to enable a reliable quantitative atomic resolution imaging experiment on radiation-sensitive materials. This approach enables to acquire safely low dose and low dose rate HRTEM images from radiation-sensitive materials, gathering information in analogy with the well-established methodology used in materials science on specimens robust to electron irradiation.
2. Methods {#sec2-materials-13-01413}
==========
The imaging and analysis performances of a TEM, reported by the manufactures, have meaning only if the numbers of electrons "*N*", measured within each spatial resolution element, have a statistical significance. The radiation damage limits the number of electrons for each resolution element of size *δ* and, therefore, is directly correlated to the resolution \[[@B28-materials-13-01413],[@B29-materials-13-01413]\]. If *D~c~* is the critical electron dose that the specimen region δ can tolerate without damage then $$N = F{(\frac{D_{c}}{e})}\delta^{2}$$ where "*e*" is the electron charge and *F* is the fraction of electrons reaching the detector. The image contrast C, between the recorded pixel and its neighbors containing N~b~ electrons, is defined as $$C = \left( {N~–~N_{b}} \right)/N_{b} = \Delta N/N_{b}$$
(C is negative in the case of absorption contrast).
The signal to noise ratio (SNR) is:$$\left( {SNR} \right) = \sqrt{\left( {DQE} \right)}\left( {{\mathsf{\Delta}N}/N_{shot}} \right)$$ where DQE is the detective quantum efficiency, which is a measure of the noise introduced by the detector, and $N_{shot} = \sqrt{N + N_{b}}$, according to Poisson's statistics.
Therefore, from Equations (1)--(3), the size of δ depends linearly on the SNR. The dose-limited resolution is thus $$\delta = \frac{\left( {SNR} \right)}{\sqrt{\left( {DQE} \right)}}\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\left| C \right|}\frac{1}{\sqrt{FD_{c}/e}}$$
Equation (4) gives analytical evidence, in the approximation of weak contrast \[[@B30-materials-13-01413]\], of the role of the radiation damage on the resolution. It is worthwhile to mark the role of *F*, which makes bright-field imaging intrinsically less efficient than phase contrast in terms of radiation damage limited resolution \[[@B29-materials-13-01413]\], irrespective to the peculiar features of the two imaging methods. Moreover, the role of DQE should be noted, as it is the reason why, in the last years after the introduction of direct conversion detectors with better DQE, we are observing a fast growth of microscopes equipped with direct conversion devices especially on the instruments dedicated to cryo-EM, but not limited to them. The Rose's criterion states that, to distinguish two adjacent elements in an image, the SNR has to be at least 5 \[[@B31-materials-13-01413]\]. From Equation (4) and considering *F* = 1, for HRTEM, and a perfect detector, resulting in DQE = 1 $$\delta = {({5\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\left| C \right|}})}\sqrt{\frac{e}{D_{c}}}$$
According to this equation, we can estimate the resolution limit for a polymer with a reasonable *D~c~* of 0.01 C/cm^2^. Considering a contrast of 20% (C = 0.2) it results δ\~1 nm \[[@B32-materials-13-01413]\]. The high sensitivity of some classes of materials, like polymers, nanodrugs, or biologic matter, limits the resolution in an imaging experiment, due to the need to use low dose of electrons. Furthermore, these materials have a relatively small cross section for elastic scattering with electrons resulting in a poor image contrast. This makes it impossible to perform an experiment of atomic resolution imaging on single radiation-sensitive nanoparticle, as its intrinsic low scattering power, together with the fast damage, limits the particle visibility and the tuning of the electron optical conditions for quantitative imaging before its damage. An example is shown in [Figure 1](#materials-13-01413-f001){ref-type="fig"}. Indeed, by using standard survey methods, like bright-field or HRTEM, to find the particles suitable for quantitative atomic resolution imaging experiments, we are groping in the dark looking for where the representative nanoparticles are. Highly defocused electron probe coupled to strong defocus of the objective lens, or eventual future dedicated phase plates with improved stability with respect to charging effect and contaminations \[[@B33-materials-13-01413]\] could help to increase the contrast in the sample survey to detect the nanoparticles. Nevertheless, once the particle has been seen, we still do not have any clue of its crystallinity and orientation, and in the time necessary to put in focus the objective lens and to stabilize the eventual drift for an atomic resolution image, the particle would have been destroyed or, at least, it would be no longer representative of the pristine particle. The use of an in-line hologram could overcome these difficulties as it provides high contrast evidence of the nanoparticle, even if it is composed of light chemical elements, while providing clues on its crystalline status and on the electron optical conditions. All this required using density of electron current of \<1 e^−^Å^−2^s^−1^. In-line electron holography was proposed in 1948 by Dennis Gabor for overcoming the limitation related to electron lens aberrations \[[@B34-materials-13-01413]\], and his idea was awarded in 1971 by the Nobel prize in physics. The in-line hologram formation is schematized in [Figure 2](#materials-13-01413-f002){ref-type="fig"}.
Electron holography in TEM historically followed, for its application in physics, biology, and materials science, mostly another experimental configuration called off-axis holography, which requires a reference wave field obtained by splitting the illuminating wave field before the interaction with the specimen by using, in most of the cases, an electron biprism \[[@B35-materials-13-01413]\]. The reference is then used to recover the wave field after the scattering with the specimen. The introduction of the off-axis holography is related to practical reasons for quantitative applications of the holography to overcome the "twin image problem" related to the original proposal of Gabor \[[@B36-materials-13-01413],[@B37-materials-13-01413],[@B38-materials-13-01413],[@B39-materials-13-01413]\]. Although for many years after its proposal in-line holography was not used for quantitative imaging, this experimental configuration is well known, for example, to all those electron microscopists involved in convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) or scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Indeed, this approach was used, for example, as a visual aid in CBED to follow the movement of the specimen in the direct space (shadow image) while observing the diffraction pattern in the reciprocal space during tilting for accurate specimen orientation with respect to the electron beam \[[@B40-materials-13-01413]\]; or in STEM, to accurately tune the microscope illumination lenses alignment necessary for accurate quantitative experiments. In-line holograms are also used for lens aberrations measurements and corrections \[[@B41-materials-13-01413]\], for accurate focusing \[[@B42-materials-13-01413]\], and for a variety of applications, as recognized in the pioneering work of J. M. Cowley \[[@B43-materials-13-01413]\]. In fact, as far as the detection of a low scattering nanoparticle concerns, the presence of the twin-image effect is an advantage as it enhances the contrast of the particle in the hologram. This feature of the in-line hologram, is here used to set up the method for the very low dose survey and to tune the electron optical set up to enable HRTEM image on single particle. It is indeed worthwhile to mark here that, recently, thanks to the advances in digital holography, and in particular in phase-shifting digital holography \[[@B44-materials-13-01413]\], the "twin image problem" has been successfully overcome, enabling an in-line hologram reconstruction free from twin-image disturbance, and therefore making feasible the retrieval of the relevant intensity and phase distribution \[[@B45-materials-13-01413]\], establishing in-line holography itself as a possible quantitative approach to atomic resolution imaging.
The experimental conditions in the in-line holography, and in particular the electron current density in the area of interest, can be readily changed by simply acting on the microscope illumination conditions, and therefore in-line holograms can be formed and observed in the reciprocal space varying the density of the electrons on the specimen to extremely low value, but still effective to detect the shadow image of the particles and, at the same time, looking at diffraction coming from the illuminated area, as shown in [Figure 3](#materials-13-01413-f003){ref-type="fig"}. When the electron probe is focused above or below the specimen plane, each diffracted disc in the reciprocal plane contains a shadow image of the direct plane of the specimen. The magnification "M" of this shadow image is related to distance "u" between the focal plane and the specimen, and to the distance "v" between the specimen plane and the plane of view. From the geometric optics, M = v/u. The magnification of the image can be readily changed by changing the plane where the electron probe is focused \[[@B46-materials-13-01413]\].
The hologram in [Figure 3](#materials-13-01413-f003){ref-type="fig"} comes from an area of \~150 nm in diameter, illuminated by an electron density of \~0.1 e^−^Å^−2^. The specimen consists of vinpocetine and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and was studied at room temperature as no cooling holder was necessary, despite the extreme sensitivity of the material to the radiation damage. The electron energy was 200 KeV. The low dose of electrons enables surveying of the sample finding an area suitable for atomic resolution imaging with no detectable degradation of the particles. The size of the circular area in the diffractogram is related to the size of the used condenser aperture, whereas the magnification of the particles and their contrast are related to the illumination condition and in particular to the spatial coherence of the probe \[[@B47-materials-13-01413]\]. In the circular area in the central part of [Figure 3](#materials-13-01413-f003){ref-type="fig"}, the presence of spherical particles of vinpocetine and filaments of polyvinylpyrrolidone is clearly detectable in the shadow image, despite the low intensity of the electron probe and the low atomic number of the atoms in both vinpocetine and PVP \[[@B48-materials-13-01413],[@B49-materials-13-01413]\]. The shadow image also enables the accurate monitoring of the eventual drift of the specimen and checking when the conditions are such that an HRTEM from the particle of interest can be safely recorded with a low dose rate. In the dark area around the region selected by the condenser aperture, the sharp diffracted intensities are the signature of the crystalline nature of some of the structures in the illuminated area. The advantage of operating in the reciprocal space is evident, as the hologram contains all the information on the shape and crystal status of the particle of interest and also on the electron optical conditions, whereas the focus of the objective lens, adjusted in the direct space on an area close to the area of interest before switching the electron optics to diffraction mode, remains fixed and it is recovered immediately by switching back the electron optics to conjugate the direct space to the detector. This is the optimal condition to acquiring the relevant low dose and low dose rate HRTEM image, as shown in [Figure 4](#materials-13-01413-f004){ref-type="fig"}.
Indeed, in [Figure 4](#materials-13-01413-f004){ref-type="fig"}, the HRTEM image of a particle of vinpocetine together with the relevant diffractogram is shown. The density of electrons to image the particle is \~100 e^−^Å^−2^. The lattice contrast in the particle is rather sharp indicating a high degree of crystal order, as also confirmed by the relevant diffractogram. Note that the experiment was performed at room temperature by using a JEOL 2010 FEG UHR TEM/STEM (Jeol ltd., Tokyo, Japan) operated at 200 kV. The FEG cathode enables to illuminate the specimen by a highly coherent probe of electrons, whereas the Cs = (0.47 ± 0.01) mm of the objective lens provides an interpretable spatial resolution at optimum defocus for HRTEM of 0.19 nm \[[@B2-materials-13-01413]\]. The equipment was operated in free lens control to finely tune the illumination conditions \[[@B4-materials-13-01413],[@B5-materials-13-01413]\]. The beam current was measured by Faraday's cup. This equipment and the above reported experimental conditions were used for a variety of successful experiments on radiation-sensitive materials, and some of these experiments are discussed in the next paragraph.
3. Results and Discussion {#sec3-materials-13-01413}
=========================
The method for atomic resolution imaging of radiation-sensitive materials by in-line holography coupled to HRTEM has been extensively applied, in our laboratory, to drug salts, but also to biologic samples, enabling the achieving of atomic resolution imaging despite the use of primary electrons of 200 KeV and specimen at room temperature \[[@B4-materials-13-01413],[@B5-materials-13-01413]\]. The results shown in this paragraph focus on the low dose and low dose rate HRTEM experiments, giving significant atomic resolution insights of the nanoparticles of radiation-sensitive matter, however note that the HRTEM experiments follow the in-line holography survey of the specimen and the procedures, described in the methods section, necessary for accurate survey, electron optical tuning, and low-dose HRTEM experiments at low dose rate.
In the following, the results on vincamine nanoparticles ([Section 3.1](#sec3dot1-materials-13-01413){ref-type="sec"}), co-crystals nanoparticles of caffeine and glutaric acid ([Section 3.2](#sec3dot2-materials-13-01413){ref-type="sec"}), and nanoparticles of ferrihydrite bound to creatinine particles ([Section 3.3](#sec3dot3-materials-13-01413){ref-type="sec"}) are reported.
3.1. Vincamine {#sec3dot1-materials-13-01413}
--------------
Here, the in-line holography method was applied to the study of the nanoparticles of vincamine citrate as obtained by "solid-excipient assisted mechanochemical salification". The aim was to correlate the enhancement of solubilization kinetics of ball-milled vincamine citrate with respect to the vincamine citrate obtained by classical synthetic routes and, more generally, to understand the structural origin of the different features of this drug obtained by different methods of synthesis \[[@B4-materials-13-01413]\]. The analysis of single particles repeated on hundreds of particles, within the limit of a statistical analysis by HRTEM experiments, enables acquiring information on the different crystallographic properties related to the differences in the material preparation. Moreover, this leads to a better understanding of the results of the X-ray diffraction pattern measurements, as far as the peak broadening is concerned, and photoelectron spectroscopy experiments performed on the same specimens \[[@B4-materials-13-01413]\]. The HRTEM images in [Figure 5](#materials-13-01413-f005){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 6](#materials-13-01413-f006){ref-type="fig"}, with the relevant diffractograms, were obtained by exposing the particles to a parallel electron beam and illuminating a relatively large area, of \~100 nm in diameter, of the specimen around the particle of interest. The density of electrons in the illuminated areas was of \~100 e^−^Å^−2^ and no evidence of electron-induced damage was detected. It is worthwhile to remark that during these kinds of experiments, we noticed the role of the dose rate on the particle damage, namely, low dose rate has relatively little effect on the particles damage \[[@B50-materials-13-01413]\], at the same total dose delivered, as the structure has the time to recover the damage between different collisions events and in images series at low dose rate the particles can maintain their pristine structure \[[@B51-materials-13-01413],[@B52-materials-13-01413]\]. During the in-line holography survey with low density of electron current, typically between 0.1 and 10 e^−^Å^−2^s^−1^, the features of the diffracted spots remained unchanged for tens of seconds but, if the density of electron current is increased, by changing the excitation of the condenser lens in a range of 10^2^ to 10^3^ e^−^Å^−2^s^−1^, the diffracted spots become immediately faded and disappear. [Figure 5](#materials-13-01413-f005){ref-type="fig"} shows a particle of vincamine oriented along a high symmetry zone axis, in the relevant diffractogram the spots correspond to a lattice spacing of (0.20 ± 0.01) nm, which is a typical value for many polytypes of vincamine. The experiments show that about 10% of the observed particles have a crystalline nature, whereas in the remaining cases, the particles are amorphous. In the case of the crystalline particles, the availability of measurable symmetries in the diffractogram enables not only to measure the lattice spacing but also to compare the experimental symmetries with those simulated by using the known allotropic states of Vincamine. This results in a higher accuracy in the relative measurement of spacing in the same diffractogram. As a result, the comparison between the experimental diffractograms and the simulated ones indicates a deformation of the crystal cell possibly due to the synthesis process in the presence of solid excipients \[[@B4-materials-13-01413]\].
The use of low dose rate during the acquisition of the HRTEM images enables to detect and study the extended structural defects in the pristine nanoparticles. This was done, for example, as shown in [Figure 6](#materials-13-01413-f006){ref-type="fig"}, where a stacking fault, approximately in the middle of the nanoparticle, is detectable in the lattice fringes contrast, and it is reflected in the splitting of the relevant spots in the diffractogram on the right of the figure. In the diffractogram, the split concerns two couples of intensities corresponding to a spacing of (0.30 ± 0.01) nm, whereas the remaining couple of diffracted beams are due to a spacing of (0.32 ± 0.01) nm. The presence of extended defects in the structure of crystalline vincamine is related to the mechanochemistry process used for its synthesis, and it is at the origin of the broadening of the peaks in the relevant XRD measurements \[[@B4-materials-13-01413]\].
3.2. Caffeine/Glutaric Acid Co-Crystals {#sec3dot2-materials-13-01413}
---------------------------------------
The in-line holography-based approach was applied here to the study of co-crystallization in nanoparticles, used in the design of a supramolecular structure with desired functional properties. Indeed, a co-crystal is a solid having two or three different molecules in the crystal structure and, therefore, it is particularly attractive for the application in engineering of composition of pharmaceutical phases \[[@B53-materials-13-01413]\]. For example, a molecule active against a particular disease can be associated in the same crystal cell of another drug, which is capable to reach a particular target or it is capable to overcome the cell barriers. On the other hand, co-crystals can easily exhibit polymorphism that can have deep influence on the properties of a drug, as demonstrated by the case of the anti-HIV drug ritonavir \[[@B54-materials-13-01413]\]. Single-particle studies by TEM in-line holography-based atomic resolution imaging have the possibility to access the crystal properties of individual nanoparticle of the drug, revealing the polytype and the influence of the synthesis process in controlling polymorphism phenomena \[[@B5-materials-13-01413]\]. The mechanochemical co-crystallization reaction in polymer-assisted grinding represents a well-controlled approach to the co-crystallization process, but it needs an appropriate understanding of the influence of polymer structure and polarity, together with the grinding conditions, on the synthesis results and, therefore, on the polytypes synthetized \[[@B55-materials-13-01413]\]. Caffeine (CAF) and glutaric acid (GLA) represent an ideal case study for the understanding of the co-crystallization process \[[@B5-materials-13-01413]\]; in particular, as solid excipient, ethylene glycol polymer chains of variable length and polarity were used. An in-line hologram of caffeine-glutaric acid (CAF-GLA) co-crystals is shown in [Figure 7](#materials-13-01413-f007){ref-type="fig"}. TEM specimens were prepared dispersing the pristine powders on a copper grid previously covered by an amorphous carbon film, avoiding any pre-dispersion in liquid to prevent their possible modification. The aim is to have a low density of pristine nanoparticles on the copper grid to avoid accidental modification of the particle structure in the area illuminated by the electron beam, but not in the field of view of the microscopist and not under his direct monitoring.
The in-line hologram in [Figure 7](#materials-13-01413-f007){ref-type="fig"} is acquired in diffraction mode and shows few nanoparticles of \~10 nm in diameter, with high contrast in a field of view of \~500 nm. The density of electrons in the in-line hologram is \~1.2 e^−^Å^−2^. The low density of particles, on one hand, reduces the possibility of artifacts but, on the other hand, requires frequent and relatively wide movements of the specimen holder, with relevant specimen drift, to locate the particles and to put them properly in the field of view. It is therefore important to have an extremely low-dose approach, like the in-line hologram with defocused illumination, to check also the specimen drift until it stops, before switching the electron optical conditions to an intrinsically higher dose mode in the direct space HRTEM imaging, for an appropriate low dose exposure time. [Figure 8](#materials-13-01413-f008){ref-type="fig"} summarizes the atomic resolution information gained from one particle.
The particle in [Figure 8](#materials-13-01413-f008){ref-type="fig"} was synthetized by using a chain of polyethylene glycol of 1000 monomers as solid excipient. [Figure 8](#materials-13-01413-f008){ref-type="fig"}c shows the HRTEM zoom on a nanoparticle oriented along a high symmetry zone axis, whose diffractogram in the area pointed by the arrow is shown in [Figure 8](#materials-13-01413-f008){ref-type="fig"}b. The identification of the polytype can be univocally performed by comparing the experimental results with the simulations performed by using the Crystallographic Information File (CIF) available for the different polytypes of CAF-GLA system in the crystallography open database. The simulations here were performed by JEMS \[[@B56-materials-13-01413]\]. In particular, the particle in [Figure 8](#materials-13-01413-f008){ref-type="fig"} is a polytype I CAF-GLA oriented along the \[−2, 0, 1\] zone axis. The same approach was applied to the particle in [Figure 9](#materials-13-01413-f009){ref-type="fig"}.
In the latter case, the particle belongs to the polytype II of CAF-GLA system and the relevant diffractogram shows that the particle is oriented along the \[2, −4, 3\] zone axis with respect to the primary electron beam. These kinds of experiments enable the study of the crystallography and the morphologic properties of individual pristine particles addressing the role of the synthesis conditions on the structure and the properties of the CAF-GLA co-crystals \[[@B5-materials-13-01413]\]. This approach enables the application of well-known and powerful electron microscopy methods, developed in materials science for materials robust to the radiation damage, to radiation-sensitive single particles.
3.3. Creatinine-Ferrihydrite Nanoparticles {#sec3dot3-materials-13-01413}
------------------------------------------
In this last example of applications, the in-line holography-based atomic resolution imaging approach was applied to biologic traces of creatinine bound to ferrihydrate, which can be present in the bloodstream of patients suffering from acute kidney disease \[[@B57-materials-13-01413]\]. The pristine particles were placed on a copper grid and inserted in the high vacuum of the TEM specimen chamber without any pretreatment, like staining or similar procedures, usually employed on biologic specimens to increase the image contrast, or coating with carbon or metals, to prevent the charging effect and to partially protect the specimen from the electron irradiation. The experiments were performed at room temperature at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. [Figure 10](#materials-13-01413-f010){ref-type="fig"}a shows the in-line hologram as acquired, in diffraction mode, from a group of particles. The dark part on the left of [Figure 10](#materials-13-01413-f010){ref-type="fig"}a is due to the mesh of the copper grid. The density of electron current is \~0.5 e^−^Å^−2^s^−1^, and the illuminated area is \~3.5 micron in diameter. Note that most of the particles visible in the in-line hologram show the evidence of some substructures. The origin of these substructures can be immediately recognized from the low magnification HRTEM image in [Figure 10](#materials-13-01413-f010){ref-type="fig"}b, acquired on one of the particles visible in [Figure 10](#materials-13-01413-f010){ref-type="fig"}a, where dark small particles appear embedded within the big one. The morphology, the size, and the contrast of the particle in [Figure 10](#materials-13-01413-f010){ref-type="fig"}b are similar to those of globular protein of ferritin \[[@B58-materials-13-01413]\], but a further investigation rules this interpretation out.
As matter of the fact, the structure of the small dark particles, as measured from all the diffractograms, is compatible with the ferrihydrite of the ferritin, as shown, as an example, in [Figure 11](#materials-13-01413-f011){ref-type="fig"}. In this case, the experimental data and the relevant simulation, performed by considering the known crystal structure of ferrihydrite \[[@B59-materials-13-01413]\], enable to index the particle as ferrihydrate oriented along the \[4, 2, 1\] zone axis with respect to the primary electron beam. In the figure are also reported the relevant Miller's indexes together with their spacing. Nevertheless, all of the experimental data, HRTEM images, and relevant diffractograms acquired in the big particles away from the dark particles never reproduce what is simulated by using the known crystal structure of the globular protein of ferritin. Furthermore, we caution the reader that in all of our experiments we never observed the ferrihydrite fingerprint spacing at 0.25 nm. The discrepancy in the experimental data with respect to the hypothesis suggested by the morphologies and some structural data of the ferrihydrite can be understood in the light of what was reported in some studies of the interaction between ferrihydrite nanoparticles and creatinine and urea \[[@B56-materials-13-01413]\]. Note that the interaction and bonding between ferrihydrite and creatinine, or urea, is not likely to happen in the blood of a healthy organism, but could occur when some pathologic events, for example, rhabdomyolysis, determine the occurrence of the interaction of the content of the muscle cells, like ferritin, with waste substances, like urea and creatinine, contained in the blood stream. Indeed, rhabdomyolysis is a serious syndrome due to a direct or indirect muscle injury, and it results from the death of muscle fibers and release of their contents into the bloodstream. This can lead to serious complications, such as fatal renal failure, as the kidneys cannot remove waste and concentrated urine \[[@B60-materials-13-01413]\].
The studies by X-ray diffraction pattern reported in literature on the interactions between iron oxide nanoparticles and creatinine and urea show that the iron oxide fingerprint spacing at 0.25 nm is always absent when the nanoparticles of iron oxide are bound to creatinine or urea \[[@B56-materials-13-01413]\].
This evidence suggested the comparison of the experimental TEM results of the crystalline structure of the nanoparticle, like the one shown in [Figure 10](#materials-13-01413-f010){ref-type="fig"}b, away from the iron oxide dark particles ([Figure 11](#materials-13-01413-f011){ref-type="fig"}a,b), with the simulation performed starting from the known structure of creatinine and urea. The results of these comparisons show that in all the HRTEM experimental data collected, the relevant Fourier transforms are compatible with the structure of creatinine. An example is shown in [Figure 12](#materials-13-01413-f012){ref-type="fig"}. [Figure 12](#materials-13-01413-f012){ref-type="fig"}a is a HRTEM image focused on an area of the big envelope particle. Note the darker contrast due to the ferrihydrite nanoparticles and the lighter contrast due to the structure of the big particle embedding the ferrihydrite nanoparticles. [Figure 12](#materials-13-01413-f012){ref-type="fig"}b shows the lattice contrast of the HRTEM image zoomed in the region marked by the blue square in [Figure 12](#materials-13-01413-f012){ref-type="fig"}a. The relevant Fourier transform is shown in [Figure 12](#materials-13-01413-f012){ref-type="fig"}c. The latter is compared with the pattern simulated starting from the known crystallographic information file (CIF) of creatinine structure shown in [Figure 12](#materials-13-01413-f012){ref-type="fig"}d. In the latter, there are also reported the relevant Miller's indexes of the crystal planes together with the spacing.
As a result of the TEM experiments and simulations, the particles present in the analyzed biological traces are therefore due to creatinine bound to ferrihydrate nanoparticles. This result helps understand that the biological traces studied by TEM could be due to the serum of an organism with a pathologic bonding of creatinine to ferrihydrite due to rhabdomyolysis. The detailed experimental data on the biologic specimen, collected at room temperature and by using the pristine material, were successfully obtained due to the capability of the in-line holography low dose approach to study a specimen by high-energy electrons despite its sensitivity to the radiation damage. The approach achieves high spatial resolution information of individual biologic particles as whole, and within their inner structure, enabling to detect eventual anisotropy within their volume.
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives {#sec4-materials-13-01413}
======================================
Atomic resolution single-particle TEM studies of radiation-sensitive organic and inorganic matter are essential for the complete understanding of the properties of this important class of materials and therefore for the advances in biology, pharmacology, medicine, material science, physics, etc. Accurate true imaging of single particles is also a prerequisite for a successful and more reliable structural modeling by cryo-EM, providing a priori information that drives the modeling. Unfortunately, the sensitivity to radiation damage prevents a straightforward use of the powerful TEM/STEM atomic resolution methods developed for materials robust to radiation as not only the particle irradiation for the imaging acquisition itself, but all the steps necessary for a meaningful quantitative single particle imaging experiment can destroy, or at least damage, the case of interest.
Here, it was established how in-line holography coupled with HRTEM enables the performing of extremely low dose experiments on radiation-sensitive nanoparticles of organic and inorganic materials, thus accessing the properties of single particles allowing the understanding of their structural properties and enabling the correlation to their performances. All of these experiments were not on specially designed specimens, but on standard specimens of pristine nanoparticles with different structure, chemistry, and morphology. This true single-particle study of radiation-sensitive matter opens new perspective in a variety of scientific disciplines. In particular, here the use of in-line holography allows setting up the electron optics to provide reliable low dose and low dose rate atomic resolution imaging, to find the particle of interest accessing immediately its crystalline status and shape, to monitor the eventual specimen drift, and to check when it stops to make atomic resolution imaging possible. All these steps delivering a safe density of current between 0.1 to 10 e^−^Å^−2^s^−1^ and monitoring the eventual structural damage. The experiments on nanoparticles of drugs and of organic materials have shown that the pristine properties of single particles of radiation-sensitive matter can be studied at atomic resolution even at room temperature by using electrons of 200 keV.
The results shown so far regard the combination of in-line holography and low dose rate HRTEM to provide true atomic resolution imaging on single particle. Moreover, the recent understanding on in-line holography and digital reconstruction of in-line holograms \[[@B44-materials-13-01413],[@B45-materials-13-01413],[@B61-materials-13-01413]\] indicates a further advancement in the application of in-line holography to provide, by itself, detailed information of the atomic structure of organic molecules while delivering low dose of electrons to the specimen. These features together with the successful theoretical demonstration that tridimensional structure of organic molecules can be recovered by in-line holography from a single projection \[[@B52-materials-13-01413]\] pave the way to a new direct knowledge of the atomic structure of organic and inorganic materials by electrons in a TEM.
I would like to acknowledge L. De Caro for the extensive fruitful interactions to interpret the experimental data of the creatinine--ferrihydrate system and for the help in realizing [Figure 11](#materials-13-01413-f011){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 12](#materials-13-01413-f012){ref-type="fig"}. I would like also to thank A. Taurino for the careful reading of the paper.
This work was partially supported by the NOXSS PRIN (2012Z3N9R9) project and Progetto premiale MIUR 2013 USCEF.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
![Selected area electron diffraction patterns of a specimen consisting of nanoparticles of Vincamine; (**a**) after an exposure to the electron beam with a density of current of 300 e^−^Å^−2^s^−1^ for 0.01 sec \[[@B4-materials-13-01413]\] and (**b**) after an exposure to the same current density for 0.3 s.](materials-13-01413-g001){#materials-13-01413-f001}
{#materials-13-01413-f002}
![(**a**) In line-hologram on Vinpocetine and polyvinylpyrrolidone acquired in diffraction mode. (**b**) 3D Chemical structure of polyvinylpyrrolidone (gray atoms: C; white atoms: H; red atoms: O; blue atoms: N). (**c**) Crystal cell of Vinpocetine in \[0,0,1\] zone axis.](materials-13-01413-g003){#materials-13-01413-f003}
{#materials-13-01413-f004}
![Left: Low dose rate HRTEM of a particle of vincamine. Right: The relevant high symmetry diffractogram (reprinted by courtesy from Hasa et al. \[[@B4-materials-13-01413]\]).](materials-13-01413-g005){#materials-13-01413-f005}
![Left: Low dose rate HRTEM of a particle of vincamine. Right: The relevant high symmetry diffractogram. The lattice fringes in the central part of the particle and the spot splitting in the diffractogram point the presence of an extended structural defect in the crystal structure (reprinted by courtesy from Hasa et al. \[[@B4-materials-13-01413]\]).](materials-13-01413-g006){#materials-13-01413-f006}
{#materials-13-01413-f007}
![Caffeine-glutaric acid (CAF-GLA) co-crystal of polytype I \[[@B5-materials-13-01413]\]. The kind of polytype of the nanoparticle is univocally determined by comparing the structure of type I, viewed along the \[−2, 0, 1\] zone axis in (**a**), with the experimental diffractogram (**b**) and the HRTEM image (**c**). The arrow points the region from which the diffractogram was extracted (reprinted by courtesy from Hasa et al. \[[@B5-materials-13-01413]\]).](materials-13-01413-g008){#materials-13-01413-f008}
![(**a**) HRTEM image of a caffeine (CAF) glutaric acid (GLA) polytype II \[[@B5-materials-13-01413]\] particle along with (**b**) the relevant diffractogram (reprinted by courtesy from Hasa et al. \[[@B5-materials-13-01413]\]).](materials-13-01413-g009){#materials-13-01413-f009}
{#materials-13-01413-f010}
{ref-type="fig"}; (**b**) zoom inside the blue square of panel (**a**) (false color output); (**c**) Fourier transform relevant to the zoomed area in panel (**b**); (**d**) simulation, with the Miller indexes associated to some spots and the corresponding lattice spacing. Simulations show that the pattern of panel (**c**) is compatible with the ferrihydrate in the \[4, 2, 1\] zone axis.](materials-13-01413-g011){#materials-13-01413-f011}
![(**a**) Characterization of creatinine particles; HRTEM image; (**b**) magnified view of the square region marked in (**a**); (**c**) Fourier transform of (**b**); (**d**): simulation of the diffraction pattern of creatinine in \[1, −1, 0\] zone axis with reported the lattice spacing relevant to the observed intensities. The yellow and pale-blue circles in the diffraction pattern simulation mark the correspondence with the circles around the experimental spots in panel (**c**).](materials-13-01413-g012){#materials-13-01413-f012}
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Microbial cell preparation in enteral feeding in critically ill patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Gut failure is a common condition in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Enteral feeding is usually the first line of choice for nutrition support in critically ill patients. However, enteral feeding has its own set of complications such as alterations in gut transit time and composition of gut eco-culture. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of microbial cell preparation on the return of gut function, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein levels, number of days on mechanical ventilation, and length of stay in ICU. A consecutive cohort of 60 patients admitted to the ICU in University Malaya Medical Centre requiring enteral feeding were prospectively randomized to receive either treatment (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30). Patients receiving enteral feeding supplemented with a course of treatment achieved a faster return of gut function and required shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and shorter length of stay in the ICU. However, inflammatory markers did not show any significant change in the pretreatment and posttreatment groups. Overall, it can be concluded that microbial cell preparation enhances gut function and the overall clinical outcome of critically ill patients receiving enteral feeding in the ICU.
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As the Supreme Court begins its 2012 term Monday, two cases loom ominously large for civil rights advocates.
As the Supreme Court begins its 2012 term Monday, two cases loom ominously large for civil rights advocates who fear that the Roberts court is itching to prematurely declare victory in the long legal war against racial discrimination. One, which the court is expected to accept for review although it hasn't done so yet, involves a key provision of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. The other concerns a program at the University of Texas that allows race to be considered in admissions decisions.
Like the challenge to the constitutionality of President Obama's healthcare law, these cases will test the commitment of the court's conservatives, and Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. in particular, to judicial restraint.
Legal conservatives abhorred "Obamacare," and they are equally critical of both affirmative action and the Voting Rights Act's requirement that states with a history of racial discrimination in voting "pre-clear" their election procedures with the Justice Department or a federal court in Washington. Such extraordinary measures to protect African Americans and other minorities may have been necessary in the past, the argument goes, but racial progress (symbolized for some by the election four years ago of a black president) requires an end to such initiatives and a reaffirmation of the ideal of a "colorblind" Constitution.
We don't agree with the notion that race-conscious remedies for discrimination are no longer needed. But in any case, that's not the issue the court needs to decide; it merely needs to determine whether they are prohibited by the Constitution.
In the voting rights case, Shelby County in Alabama is challenging the pre-clearance provisions of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, which requires advance approval of any voting-related change, no matter how minor, in parts or all of 16 states, many of which are Deep South states with long histories of discrimination. In asking that Section 5 be declared unconstitutional, Shelby County relies on familiar arguments, including the contention that minorities vote and are elected to office in pre-clearance states at rates comparable to those in other states.
Several justices may be sympathetic to those arguments. In 2009, Roberts noted that "things have changed in the South" and therefore that Section 5 and the formula used to trigger pre-clearance raised "serious constitutional questions." But Congress spent a good deal of time studying the issue when it extended Section 5 in 2006 and concluded that voting discrimination requires special attention in so-called covered jurisdictions. That congressional judgment is entitled to deference from the Supreme Court.
In the affirmative action case, the court will be reviewing decisions of the University of Texas, not Congress. But here too restraint is in order.
In 2003, in a case involving the University of Michigan Law School, the court ruled that state universities could use race as one factor in assessing applicants. Relying on that decision, the University of Texas decided to consider race in allotting places in the freshman class. It had previously been using another system to encourage diversity in which it automatically accepted all students who had finished in the top 10% of their high school classes. But it added the new race-conscious policy partly because the top-10 approach didn't benefit talented minority students from competitive integrated high schools.
In the nine years since the University of Michigan decision, the arguments for and against the use of race in college admissions haven't changed. What has is the makeup of the Supreme Court. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, who wrote the majority opinion in the Michigan case, has been replaced by Justice Samuel A. Alito Jr., who is regarded by opponents of affirmative action as a possible vote to reverse the 2003 ruling. Overturning a precedent — something Roberts described in his confirmation testimony as a "jolt to the legal system" — should only happen in rare cases involving grievous miscarriages of justice; it requires more justification than the fact that one justice has replaced another.
The court conceivably could strike down the University of Texas' use of race in admissions on the grounds that the top-10 plan already ensures a racially diverse student body. Or, as we would prefer, it could allow the University of Texas to pursue a policy similar to the one it upheld in the Michigan case. What it should not do, in this case or in the voting rights case, is upend settled law on the naive assumption that racism and racial discrimination are ancient history.
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Published in the Daily Post on Feb. 12, 2018. Follow-up story appears below.
BY ELAINE GOODMAN
Daily Post Correspondent
A bill introduced in the California Legislature would ease restrictions on housing projects built near transit — bypassing some of the controls over such development by the cities in which they would be built.
Senate Bill 827, introduced last month by Sen. Scott Wiener, D-San Francisco, would remove density limits and parking requirements for housing built close to transit.
It would also set minimum height limits that cities could impose for such development, ranging from 45 feet to 85 feet in some circumstances. A city could increase that height but not go below it.
SB 827 comes at the same time that the city of Palo Alto is considering an ordinance that would create a new type of zoning to encourage the construction of affordable housing near transit. Under the zoning, called an Affordable Housing Combining District, requirements regarding lot coverage, open space, parking and residential density would be relaxed.
The proposed zoning would apply to projects in which all units are designated affordable. The housing could be built alone or in combination with ground-floor retail. In contrast, Wiener’s bill applies to any housing built near transit, with no requirement for affordability.
SB 827 was introduced on Jan. 3 and has been referred to the Senate committee on transportation and housing.
YIMBYs
According to Wiener’s website, the bill is sponsored by a group called California YIMBY, which stands for “Yes in my backyard.” The name is meant to contrast with NIMBY, a negative term for residents who oppose projects in their neighborhoods, essentially saying “not in my backyard.” California YIM- BY says enough housing hasn’t been built in California to keep up with job and population growth due to “local obstructionism.”
About 125 technology founders, CEOs and investors who are part of the California YIMBY Tech Network signed a letter in support of SB 827.
“The lack of homebuilding in California imperils our ability to hire employees and grow our companies,” the letter states. “We recognize that the housing shortage leads to displacement, crushing rent burdens, long commutes, and environmental harm, and we want to be part of the solution.”
California YIMBY says the housing bill would work in concert with increases in the state’s vehicle and gas taxes approved last year, which are expected to raise more than $800 million a year over 10 years for public transportation.
“SB 827 makes good on that investment by allowing more people to live near transit rich areas,” the organization said.
SB 827 would relax restrictions on housing built within a half mile of a major transit stop or a quarter-mile from a high-quality transit corridor — defined as a corridor with bus service running at least once every 15 minutes during peak commute hours.
No density limits or parking minimums
Wiener’s bill would remove density maximums and parking minimums for such projects, as well as any design standards that would prevent the developer from building the maximum number of units consistent with building code.
And the bill would dictate the minimum height limit a city could impose on projects near transit. The minimum height could go as high as 85 feet — allow- ing a building about eight stories tall — if the project is within a block of a major transit stop or within a quarter mile of a “high-quality” transit corridor, unless it faces a relatively narrow street, 45 feet wide or less. In that case, the minimum height limit would be 55 feet.
For projects within a half mile of a major transit stop but farther than a block away, the minimum height limit would be 55 feet, or 45 feet if the building would face a street that is 45-feet wide or narrower.
City governments oppose the bill
The League of California Cities opposes SB 827, saying it would undermine locally developed general plans (called the Comp Plan in Palo Alto), housing plans and development restrictions. Instead, private for-profit housing developers and transit agencies would determine housing densities, parking requirements, and design review standards for projects near transit stops or corridors, the League said in a model letter it crafted for member cities to send to Wiener.
Cities are already required to zone for housing densities that will allow them to meet housing quotas determined under a Regional Housing Needs
Allocation, the League said. The RNHA is based on a determination of a region’s housing needs by the state’s Department of Housing and Community De- velopment.
And a “high-quality transit corridor” as defined in the bill could be miles away from a bus stop, the League said.
“Additionally, SB 827 would provide developers a means to generate additional profits without any requirement to build affordable housing,” the League’s letter states.
Palo Alto’s proposal
In Palo Alto, the city’s Planning and Transportation Commission is scheduled to discuss on Wednesday (Feb. 14) the proposed Affordable-Housing Combining District zoning for projects with 100% affordable housing.
As now proposed, the zoning would apply to ar- eas that are commercially zoned and are within a half mile of a major transit stop or high-quality transit cor- ridor. According to a map included in a report to the commission, qualifying areas are concentrated downtown, in the California Avenue district and along El Camino Real.
The city wouldn’t automatically rezone those areas. Instead, a property owner or housing developer could request the zoning change.
The new zoning would relax requirements for lot coverage, open space and parking. Instead of using a maximum residential density, projects would face a 50-foot height limit and maximum residential floor area ratio of 2.0. FAR is the ratio of a building’s total usable square footage to the square footage of the lot it sits on.
Under the proposed new zoning, standards for setbacks and daylight plane requirements for buildings next to low-density residential districts would not change.
The new zoning could benefit a project proposed last year by nonprofit Palo Alto Housing, which would include 61 affordable housing units plus 2,412 square feet of ground floor commercial space at 3709 El Camino Real.
———————-
Follow-up story published Feb. 14, 2018, in the Daily Post
City comes out swinging against SB827
BY ALLISON LEVITSKY
Daily Post Staff Writer
A new state Senate bill designed to encourage housing near transit by eliminating local laws regulating height, size and parking yesterday drew sharp criticism from Palo Alto officials.
Mayor Liz Kniss sent a letter yesterday (Feb. 13) to Sen. Scott Wiener, D-San Francisco, opposing the bill on the grounds that it could erode support for building housing, undermining local efforts to combat the housing crisis.
As the Post reported on Monday, Senate Bill 827 would increase zoning densities and building heights around major transit stops.
It would also remove parking requirements for housing near transit. It would set minimum height limits that cities could impose for housing near transit, ranging from 45 feet to 85 feet in some circumstances. Palo Alto’s height limit is generally 50 feet.
SB 827 would diminish cities’ ability to make their own rules about how much housing can be built on a given plot of land, or how tall buildings are allowed to be.
Kniss said the city remained committed to improving options for affordable housing, but that the city needed more time to adjust to changes from other Senate bills passed last year that increased densities.
Those bills provided funding and other measures to increase development of vacant or underused parcels of land, something planners call infill develop- ment. The bills also called for looser regulation of granny units.
“We urge a more collaborative approach that builds on past efforts once we fully understand their effectiveness,” Kniss wrote.
The League of California Cities, which represents city governments across the state, has also come out against the bill.
The bill comes at the same time that Palo Alto looks at new approaches for zoning to encourage the construction of affordable housing near transit.
The city is currently looking at an ordinance that would create a new type of zoning called an Afford- able Housing Combining District, relaxing require- ments for lot coverage, open space, parking and residential density.
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What stars mean
The more stars a house has, the more comfort you can expect. The star rating includes furniture, equipment and overall conditions.
Very simply furnished holiday home without much comfort, for a stay during the summer-months
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Holiday home - Klippitztörl, Austria
Catalogue number: AKA171
Holiday cottage
70m2
6 people
3 bedrooms
1 bathroom
Pets not allowed
Added value
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Internet
Internet
Please note that the Internet access may be limited to a certain amount of GB. If the internet connection is only available for a fee, this is stated in the house description under 'Facilities'.
Pets are not allowed
Pets are not allowed
Please not that pets are not allowed in this property, however, we cannot guaranty an allergy free property.
Description
This Chalet Klippitztörl in Carinthia is located in a beautiful location at 1,600 meters above sea level. You live in a high-quality furnished vacation house with private terrace and stunning views of the mountains. Flat screen in the spacious living room and a luxury kitchen is a matter of course. From the terraces and by most indoors you have a wonderful panoramic view. On cold winter days or rainy days in the summer the fireplace is ideal for single heating session in the middle of the living room and quickly spread a pleasant warmth in the property.
The chalet AKA171 is a cozy cottage with all amenities. The blonde wood paneling in all rooms makes a friendly impression and spreads a fresh atmosphere.
Enjoy the location of the two neighboring chalets (AKA171 and AKA172) in Carinthia and use it as a starting point for your various activities. The ski Klippitztörl nearby offers winter beautiful slopes and always a climbing and summer toboggan run. The nearest large towns invite you to a shopping spree. The next lakes are 45 minutes away by car in about and also some important attractions of Carinthia can be best achieved with a day trip. Especially recommended is a visit of Hochosterwitz in which one must first pass through 14 goals before we can start the real citadel. Also the place Friesach with its medieval walls should be noted.
About holiday home
Kitchen
Carport / Garage
Living room
Sauna
Activity room
Fitness
Staircase
Covered Terrace/Balcony
Terrace/Balcony
North
Not available
Toilet/Bathroom
Whirlpool
Swimming pool
2nd floor
1st floor
Ground floor
Basement
Bedroom
Front door
Conservatory
Facts
Building material:Wooden house
Panoramic view landscape
Pets: 0
Not suitable for youth groups From 07-01-2017
Build (year): 2010
Refurbished (year): 2016
Our quality rating: 4
Guests: 6
Facilities
1 TV
Satellite
Radio and CD player
1 DVD player
Internet access via cable incl From 07-01-2017
Baby chair amount: 1
Cot amount: 1
Rooms
Kitchen: Hot and cold water
Bathroom no. 1
WC: Hot and cold water , Bathtub
Bedroom no. 1
Double bed(s) (2 spaces)
Bedroom no. 2
Double bed(s) (2 spaces)
Bedroom no. 3
Bunk bed (2 spaces)
Kitchen no. 1
Toilet no. 1
WC: Cold water
Amenities
Electric cooker
Refrigerator
Cooker hood
Freezer Box: 3 l
Coffee brewer
Microwave
Washing machine
Dishwasher
Vacuum cleaner
Heating / Energy
All year round insulated
Electric heating
Fireplace
Outside
Natural site: 600 m2
Garden furniture
Parking on the site: 2 parking spaces
Barbecue
Terrace or similar no. 1
Open terrace
Nearby
Golf course: 20 km From 07-01-2017
Tennis court: 25 km From 07-01-2017
Activity centre: 25 km From 07-01-2017
Nearest habitation: 50 m
Distance fishing opportunity: 15 km
Distance shopping: 15 km
Other waters or swimming poss.: 25 km (Open-air swimming pool)
Nearest restaurant: 15 km
Nearest city: 25 km (Wolfsberg)
Nearest Airport: 55 km
Nearst ski lift: 1000 m
Nearest skiing sport location: 1000 m (Klippitztörl)
Distance water: 15 km (public indoor pool)
Please note that the distances above are approximate, and in direct line from the property grounds.
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Contact dynamics in the adhesion process between spherical polydimethylsiloxane rubber and glass substrate.
The contact dynamics between a soft sphere and a rigid substrate on the micron scale was studied experimentally. The time evolution of the contact radius, contact angle, and the force acting on the sphere were measured simultaneously in the loading and the unloading cycle. There is little effect of repetition: the experimental results obtained in the second and third cycles agree completely with those of the first cycle. The contact angle changes dynamically in the loading and the unloading processes, and there are regions where the advancing angle and the receding angle remain constant. The experimental results were analyzed in terms of the extended Johnson-Kendall-Roberts theory, and it was found, to our surprise, that the theory works well: the theory predicts the force curve quite accurately if the apparent surface energy obtained from the contact radius is used. The apparent surface energy was experimentally obtained as a function of the contact line velocity, and it was found that (1) the curve agrees qualitatively with that predicted by Greenwood and Johnson, and (2) certain modification is needed when the velocity of the contact line changes the sign.
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Robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting in men and women: are there sex differences in outcome?
According to several studies, women are at higher risk for mortality and experience less relief of angina after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) than men. Sex-related differences in patients undergoing totally endoscopic coronary bypass grafting (TECABG) have not been investigated thus far. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of sex on the outcome of patients undergoing TECABG. The data of 500 consecutive patients (364 male, 136 female) undergoing TECABG using the da Vinci telemanipulation system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) from 2001 to 2011 at two institutions were investigated regarding sex-related differences in short-term and long-term outcome. In all, 334 single, 150 double, 15 triple, and 1 quadruple TECABG procedures were carried out. Female patients were significantly older (63 years [range, 26 to 90] versus 59 years [range, 31 to 85], p = 0.001) and had higher European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation score levels (3 [range, 0 to 11] versus 2 [range, 0 to 13], p < 0.001). Male patients received slightly more grafts (1 [range, 1 to 4] versus 1 [range, 1 to 3], p = 0.028), female patients were more likely to undergo beating heart surgery (20% versus 28%, p = 0.042). In-hospital mortality was 3 of 364 men (0.8%) and 2 of 136 women (1.5%; p = 0.513). Comparison of long-term-survival revealed 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of 96%, 96%, and 95% in men and 96%, 96%, and 96% in women, respectively, without any significant difference. Analysis of freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events revealed 1-, 3-, and 5-year rates of 86%, 84%, and 82% in men and 85%, 81%, and 81% in women, respectively, without any significant difference. Our data show that women undergoing TECABG have outcomes similar to those of men.
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Veridian confirms feds seized Dwolla bitcoin account
Tuesday, May 21, 2013 11:24 AM
A federal investigation of a bitcoin exchange in Japan has affected two Iowa companies: Veridian Credit Union and Dwolla, a Des Moines-based electronic payments network. Federal officials have halted trading on the bitcoin exchange Mt. Gox, while it investigates it for unlicensed money transactions, reportsDesMoinesRegister.com.
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Characteristic temperature for the immiscible-miscible transition of binary condensates in optical lattices
Abstract:
We study two-species Bose-Einstein condensates confined in quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) optical lattices at finite temperatures, employing the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory with the Popov approximation. We examine the role of thermal fluctuations in the ground-state density distributions and the quasiparticle mode evolution. At zero temperature, the geometry of the ground state in the immiscible domain is side by side. Our results show that the thermal fluctuations enhance the miscibility of the condensates, and at a characteristic temperature the system becomes miscible with rotationally symmetric overlapping density profiles. This immiscible-miscible transition is accompanied by a discontinuity in the excitation spectrum, and the low-lying quasiparticle modes such as slosh mode become degenerate at the characteristic temperature.
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A sixty-one year old white female was referred to our service to treat an ingrown nail in the inner corner of the left hallux She reported a history of \"alteration in nail color for the last 30 years, with subsequent episodes of ingrown nail, becoming worse in the last six months\". During clinical examination, besides the presence of secretion, granulation tissue (detected only in the first consultation), erythema and pain, we observed an increase in the nail plate transverse curvature, causing the ingrowth ([Figure 1](#f01){ref-type="fig"}). In the external corner of the same nail we noted the presence of xanthonychia, thickening of the nail plate, and heightened transverse curvature ([Figure 2](#f02){ref-type="fig"}).
{#f01}
{#f02}
Dermoscopy of the free edge of the nail plate showed the presence of small perforations, limited to the site of the thickening ([Figure 3](#f03){ref-type="fig"}).
{#f03}
Considering the above, an MRI was requested and revealed the presence of filament-like digitations protruding from the matrix ([Figure 4](#f04){ref-type="fig"}). The patient underwent surgery with the diagnosis later confirmed by anatomopathological examination ([Figure 5](#f05){ref-type="fig"}).
{#f04}
{#f05}
After a year of follow-up there was no sign of relapse or ungual dystrophy.
The onychomatricoma, first described by Baran and Kint in 1992, is a rare benign tumor of the nail matrix, characterized by having digitiform projections arising from the matrix.^[@r01],[@r02]^ It is the only tumor in which the change of the nail plate has its origin in the matrix. Its etiology is not yet fully known. This tumor affects mostly women, with a peak of incidence in the 5^th^ decade of life and it is usually slow growing and painless.
Classic presentation includes the clinical tetrad: xanthonychia, ungual hyperkeratosis, splinter hemorrhages affecting the nail plate, and longitudinal and transverse over-curvature of the nail plate.^[@r03]^ Besides the classic tetrad, the onychomatricoma can present as longitudinal melanonychia, nail dystrophy, subungual hematoma, nodule (elevation and erythema of the soft tissues), verrucosity of the proximal ungual fold and dorsal pterygium. Upon completion of the nail avulsion, the diagnosis becomes quite suggestive with the presence of digitiform projections.
The tumor is often confused with onychomycosis and treated as such. There is no report of onychomatricoma manifesting as ingrown toenail. The main differential diagnoses are: subungual exostosis, fibrokeratoma, fibroma, onychomycosis, squamous cell carcinoma, Bowen\'s disease, common wart, longitudinal melanonychia and osteochondroma.
Diagnosis is achieved through the classic tetrad signs, as well as additional diagnostic methods such as dermoscopy, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nail clipping and anatomopathological study. Dermoscopy shows perforations in the distal portion of the nail plate, hemorrhagic striae and white longitudinal ridges that correspond to the nail plate ([Figure 3](#f03){ref-type="fig"}) furrows.^[@r04]^ Ultrasonography shows the tumoral lesion as a hypoechogenic area affecting the nail matrix and a hyperechogenic area corresponding to the digitiform (or fingerlike) projections.^[@r05]^ On MRI the portion that affects the nail matrix has a low signal uptake, while fingerlike, distal projections have a high uptake ([Figure 4](#f04){ref-type="fig"}).^[@r06]^ Ungual clipping corresponds to the distal plate cut that is histologically evaluated, showing peculiar characteristics like thickening of the nail plate, with cavities filled with serous material and a thin layer of epithelium on its peripheral area.^[@r07]^ Histological study of the tumor resected from the matrix is considered as the gold standard for diagnosis ([Figure 5](#f05){ref-type="fig"}).^[@r08]^
The treatment of onychomatricoma is surgical. After anesthetic block, the avulsion of the nail plate is performed and one can visualize the tumor projections, which will be removed with scissors or scalpel ([Figure 6](#f06){ref-type="fig"}). The procedure is followed by wound dressing.
{#f06}
Results are good. However, depending on the extent of the tumor, some form of nail dystrophy can occur.
Conflict of interest: None
Financial funding: None
Work performed at the Dermatology Service at Minas Gerais Federal University Clinics Hospital (UFMG) -- Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.
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Women’s barefoot shoes that let feet move naturally over every terrain, from the city commute to the yoga studio; the crisp country walk to the muddy mountain trail. Every shoe we make is flat, wide and flexible, and made with our patented puncture resistant sole, so they allow your feet to function as they should. Letting your feet transition to natural movement improves strength and flexibility in the feet, ankles and calves and can start to reverse long term foot damage. Learn to walk before you can run. Release your feet and live barefoot.
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DESCRIPTION: The purpose of this R21 is to characterize the molecular events in fungal biofilm formation from the initial attachment of C. albicans to an abiotic surface through the development of a mature and continuous cellular network that is firmly adherent to that surface. It is our hypothesis that transcription profiling during the development of a C. albicans biofilm will result in the identification of key stages, pathways and functions that are expressed during this process. The process of biofilm formation in both bacteria and fungi has primarily been assessed through the description of events, at the microscopic and macroscopic level, which result in the establishment of biofilms on inert surfaces. In the case of fungal biofilms, little is known about the underlying molecular process associated with biofilm development. With the exception of limited biochemical characterization of the extracellular matrix, the changes in drug susceptibility in cells in biofilms and the effects of various mutations associated primarily with the regulation of hyphal morphogenesis, little is known about the molecular changes which may be manifest in adherent cells as compared with planktonic cells. Less is known about the molecular changes, which may occur in adherent cells as these proceed to establish highly-structured cellular networks. In this era of high throughput genome profiling, we have the unique ability to address this emerging problem by using methods that allow comprehensive analysis of the changes in gene expression during the course of biofilm development. For this study, we will use DNA microarrays, which we have developed with Dr. Ronald Davis and colleagues at the Stanford Genome Technology Center (STGC); these arrays are inclusive of the entire genome of C. albicans. RNA samples will be isolated from adherent and planktonic cells in a highly-controlled time course which will span the 24h period required for biofilm formation under the conditions described in the application. The large data set that will emerge from such a study will be carefully analyzed using a variety of algorithms that will allow definition of changes in specific genes and in gene clusters/pathways, which may be expressed during the course of biofilm development. By comparing gene expression in adherent and non-adherent cells, we will learn whether and to what degree, attachment to an inert surface can affect gene expression.
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[Is atherosclerosis a periodontally-induced disease?].
Traditional risk factors do not explain all of cases of ischemic cardiovascular disease. The literature now identifies periodontal disease, a chronic oral infection, as a potential risk factor of atherosclerosis. Three plausible biologic pathways have been proposed to explain this link: a direct action of periodontal bacteria migrating by bacteriemia, an indirect action by inflammation, mediators an immunopathogenic pathway related to heat shock proteins. Clinical studies show an increase in the CRP or recirculating specific immunoglobulins in presence of advanced periodontal disease. Other interventional studies show a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors when intensive periodontal therapy is used in patients with advanced periodontal disease. Literature therefore confirms a modest link between periodontal and cardiovascular diseases even if causality is not confirmed so far.
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Electoral district of Fuller
Fuller was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, created in 1968 in the Ryde area and named after George Fuller, Premier of New South Wales, 1922-1925. It was abolished in 1981 and largely replaced by Gladesville.
Members for Fuller
Election results
Elections in the 1970s
1978
1976
1973
1971
Elections in the 1960s
1968
References
Fuller
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Q:
Two parties SPDZ Protocol Input sharing
Assume we have two computing parties for SPDZ protocol. The two parties are also the input parties. How can they share the MACs on their input shares assuming one party is the master who owns the MAC key and one is the client who do not have the key ?
A:
The MAC key is not pre-owned by someone but generated in the offline phase. Each party $P_i$ chooses a random value $\Delta_i$ and the sum $\Delta = \sum \Delta_i$ is the MAC key. To ensure $\Delta_i$ is consistently used in all shares, ciphertexts of $\Delta_i$ are exchanged and zero-knowledge proofs are used to prove they are correct.
See for example the protocol in Fig 4 in the Overdrive paper.
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Chronic care management for patients with COPD: a critical review of available evidence.
Clinical diversity and methodological heterogeneity exists between studies on chronic care management. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of chronic care management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) while taking heterogeneity into account, enabling the understanding of and the decision making about such programmes. Three investigated sources of heterogeneity were study quality, length of follow-up, and number of intervention components. We performed a review of previously published reviews and meta-analyses on COPD chronic care management. Their primary studies that were analyzed as statistical, clinical and methodological heterogeneity were present. Meta-regression analyses were performed to explain the variances among the primary studies. Generally, the included reviews showed positive results on quality of life and hospitalizations. Inconclusive effects were found on emergency department visits and no effects on mortality. Pooled effects on hospitalizations, emergency department visits and quality of life of primary studies did not reach significant improvement. No effects were found on mortality. Meta-regression showed that the number of components of chronic care management programmes explained present heterogeneity for hospitalizations and emergency department visits. Four components showed significant effects on hospitalizations, whereas two components had significant effects on emergency department visits. Methodological study quality and length of follow-up did not significantly explain heterogeneity. This study demonstrated that COPD chronic care management has the potential to improve outcomes of care; heterogeneity in outcomes was explained. Further research is needed to elucidate the diversity between COPD chronic care management studies in terms of the effects measured and strengthen the support for chronic care management.
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Prevalence and gender distribution of malocclusion among 13-15-year-old adolescents of Kerala, South India.
To determine the prevalence and gender distribution of malocclusion in 13-15-year-old adolescents of Dravidian ethnicity, residing in urban and rural areas of Kerala, South India. A total of 1554 children (779 males, 775 females), from both urban and rural areas were examined in school settings. Survey proforma for personal details and occlusal registration according to Bjork et al. (1964) were used. Chi-square test was used for analysis. Overall prevalence of malocclusion was 89.9% which included Angle's Class I, Class II (17.6%) and Class III (8%) malocclusions. Other anomalies detected were increased overjet (11.8%), anterior crossbite (27.5%), anterior open bite (1.6%), posterior crossbite (5.1%), scissor bite (4.4%), midline deviation (6.8%), bimaxillary protrusion (BMP-21.3%), crowding (66.6%), spacing (15.3%), rotations (45.4%), ectopic eruptions (11.1%), peg laterals (2.4%) and missing teeth (6.6%). Males showed a higher predilection for increased overjet, deep bite, spacing and missing teeth. Class III, BMP, midline deviations and rotations were found to be more prevalent among the rural group, whereas Class II, increased overjet, deep bite and ectopic eruptions were more prevalent among the urban. Information regarding the detailed pattern of malocclusion prevalence and the high prevalence of BMP among South Indian population of Kerala may provide a baseline data for planning orthodontic services.
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Election see gains for UKIP and Labour
UKIP have got their first ever seats on the borough council following this week's election.
The party gained two seats, while Labour took a further two leaving nine Conservatives and one independent to complete the council.
This strengthens Labour's majority to five seats - with a total of 17 of the 29 councillors.
Len Harris, UKIP acting party chairman who saw his candidates Paul Swansborough and Dave Small take seats, said: "We have now got another major force in British politics not just here in Redditch. These are the first of many seats we will win.
"If you look at what's been happening over recent years UKIP started off with a lot of really strong seconds and they have now translated into good firsts and that process is going to continue and the more good seconds we get the easier it becomes to get the firsts at the next election."
"I don't think there's any possibility of any deal between UKIP and any other parties because quite frankly they are not listening to the people we are. The people are responding to our message why should we do a deal with anybody else."
Council leader Bill Hartnett said they had fought the election on their record since taking over control in 2012 which included policies such as free swimming for under 16s and over 60s and the pre-9.30am bus pass.
"Thanks for the vote of confidence and the endorsement you have given us through the ballot box.
"We intend to now push on with our jobs and skills policy, including getting work experience for students and helping to create new jobs in the Eastern Gateway."
He welcomed returning councillors Andy Fry, Wanda King and Debbie Taylor as well as new successful candidates Natalie Brookes, former mayor John Witherspoon and Rachael Smith.
In the Conservative party, Jane Potter and Redditch chairman David Thain returned to politics after losing their county council seats in 2013 while Gay Hopkins was the only candidate to be re-elected.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of and an apparatus for, and a recording medium with a recorded computer program for, searching for an unknown specimen, i.e., identifying an unknown polymer such as a plastic or synthetic resin.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It has heretofore been known to identify an unknown polymer by producing data of the unknown polymer according to a process (Py-GC/MS) which is a combination of pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC) and mass spectrometry (MS), and comparing the produced data with a library. Specifically, the data of the unknown polymer are compared with data of known polymers stored in the library to search for the data of the known polymer which agree with the data of the unknown polymer.
According to the Py-GC/MS process, a pyrolytic product of the unknown polymer is separated by a capillary column and analyzed by a mass spectrometer, which detects the intensities of molecular ions and fragment ions that are generated when an electron beam is applied to separated molecules. In the mass spectrometer, each time an electron beam is applied to the separated molecules for a predetermined period of time, e.g., 0.008 minute, one set of ion intensities is obtained as detected data. The detected ion intensities of each set are added to calculate a total ion intensity, and the total ion intensities of the sets are plotted successively at detected times, producing a pyrolysis gas chromatogram (pyrogram) as shown in FIG. 5 of the accompanying drawings.
The pyrogram itself may be compared with the pyrogram of a known polymer specimen to identify the unknown polymer. According to the Py-GC/MS process, however, it is customary to generate mass spectra of peaks of the pyrogram and search a library of mass spectra of known polymers based on the generated mass spectra.
For example, when the ion intensities of total ion intensities that make up portions corresponding to the maximum points of the peaks, as representative values of the total ion intensities, are arranged in the order of masses of the molecular ions and the fragment ions, there is obtained a mass spectrum having a pattern inherent in compounds corresponding to the peaks. The mass spectrum is compared with a library of mass spectra produced with respect to standard specimens to search for a mass spectrum in the library that agrees with the mass spectrum for thereby identifying the unknown polymer.
The above conventional library searching process will be described below with respect to an example in which a pyrogram shown in FIG. 5 of the accompanying drawings is plotted as the pyrogram of an unknown polymer. According to the conventional library searching process, the total ion intensity that makes up a portion corresponding to the maximum point of a peak D is divided into individual ion intensities. Then, when the individual ion intensities are arranged in the order of masses of molecular ions and fragment ions, a mass spectrum shown in FIG. 6 of the accompanying drawings is obtained. The mass spectrum shown in FIG. 6 is then compared with a library of mass spectra produced with respect to standard specimens to search for the mass spectrum of a known polymer in the library that agrees with a high probability percentage with the mass spectrum for thereby identifying the unknown polymer.
When a commercial library (WILEY) is searched for the mass spectrum shown in FIG. 6, a result is obtained as shown in FIGS. 10(a) through 10(d). FIGS. 10(a) and 10(b) show mass spectra of 4,4xe2x80x2-(1-methylethylidene) bisphenol. FIG. 10(c) shows a mass spectrum of p-phenyl-carbanilic acid, and FIG. 10(d) shows a mass spectrum of [1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-3-yl-carbamic acid. The probability that a pyrolytic product corresponding to the mass spectrum shown in FIG. 6 is the same as the compounds shown in FIGS. 10(a) through 10(d) is 97%, 83%, 46%, and 43%, respectively.
According to the conventional library searching process, each of the peaks of the pyrogram shown in FIG. 5 is processed in the same manner as with the peak D to identify compounds corresponding to the peaks.
However, the conventional library searching process is time-consuming because the library needs to be searched for each one of the pyrolytic products corresponding to the peaks. Even if each one of the compounds corresponding to the peaks is identified, it requires a high level of expert knowledge, experience, and skill to determine the original polymer from the compounds thus identified.
Another process of searching for an unknown polymer uses a mass spectrum measured by directly pyrolyzing the polymer in a mass spectrometer. According to this process, one mass spectrum is obtained with respect to one polymer. Therefore, it is not necessary to search a library for individual mass spectra corresponding to peaks, and it is possible to determine an original polymer immediately from the search result.
The above process requires that a specimen introduced into the mass spectrometer be in a minute quantity of several xcexcg or less. However, it is practically difficult to weigh such a minute quantity of specimen. Polymers that are dissolvable into solvents can be weighed in minute quantities of several xcexcg by adjusting the concentration of the solution. However, such a weighing scheme is not applicable to crosslinked polymers that are not dissolvable into solvents.
Another problem is that when a specimen of several hundred xcexcg that can be weighed is pyrolyzed, the ionization chamber in the mass spectrometer is contaminated and becomes useless in a short period of time.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus, along with a recording medium with a recorded computer program, for easily identifying an unknown polymer such as a plastic or synthetic resin.
To achieve the above object, there is provided in accordance with the present invention a method of searching for an unknown polymer, comprising the steps of separating a mixture of pyrolytic products obtained by pyrolyzing an unknown polymer into the pyrolytic products, detecting ion intensities of molecule ions and fragment ions produced by ionizing the separated pyrolytic products in cycles each for a predetermined period of time, adding sets of the ion intensities of the molecule ions and the fragment ions detected in the cycles into total ion intensities, interconnecting maximum levels of the total ion intensities in a histogram composed of the total ion intensities arranged in the order of detection times thereof for thereby plotting a chromatogram, combining, for each ion of the same mass, the ion intensities contained in all the total ion intensities making up peaks in the chromatogram into combined data of the ion intensities of the molecular ions and the fragment ions, generating a combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer which is composed of the combined data arranged in the order of masses of the molecular ions and the fragment ions, and comparing the generated combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer with a library of combined mass spectra of a plurality of known polymers which are generated in the same manner as with the combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer, for thereby searching for the combined mass spectrum of one of the known polymers which agrees with a high probability percentage with the combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer.
In the above searching method, a mixture of pyrolytic products obtained by pyrolyzing an unknown polymer is separated into the pyrolytic products. The pyrolytic products are ionized, and ion intensities of generated molecule ions and fragment ions are detected. Then, total ion intensities as totals of the ion intensities detected in cycles each for a predetermined period of time are calculated, and arranged in the order of detection times thereof thereby to generate a chromatogram of the unknown polymer.
The peaks in the chromatogram which correspond to the pyrolytic products and which are formed at respective times required to separate them (retention times) represent clusters of the total ion intensities. Each of the total ion intensities may contain molecule ions or fragment ions of the same mass. Therefore, the ion intensities included in all the total ion intensities making up the peaks are combined, for each ion of the same mass, to produce combined data.
The combined data are arranged in the order of the masses of the molecule ions and the fragment ions thereby to obtain a combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer. The combined mass spectrum corresponds to a mass spectrum which is produced by directly analyzing the mixture of pyrolytic products of the unknown polymer with a mass spectrometer, rather than separating the mixture, and arranging the ion intensities of detected molecule ions and fragment ions in the order of their masses. Consequently, the combined mass spectrum constitutes a single mass spectrum capable of representing data relative to the unknown polymer.
The combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer is then compared with the library. The library is composed of the combined mass spectra of a plurality of known polymers which are generated in the same manner as with the combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer. The library contains combined mass spectra generated with respect to peaks in certain ranges in the chromatograms of the known polymers, as data libraries. The peaks in the certain ranges in the chromatograms may be all or some of the peaks contained in the chromatograms.
The comparison between the combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer with the library searches for the combined mass spectrum of one of the known polymers which agrees with a high probability percentage with the combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer. The unknown polymer is thus identified as the known polymer whose combined mass spectrum agrees with a high probability percentage with the combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer.
An apparatus for searching for an unknown polymer according to an aspect of the present invention comprises pyrolyzing means for pyrolyzing a specimen to generate a mixture of pyrolytic products, a separating column for separating said mixture into the pyrolytic products, a mass spectrometer for detecting ion intensities of molecule ions and fragment ions of the separated pyrolytic products, chromatogram generating means for generating a chromatogram from the ion intensities of the molecule ions and the fragment ions, combining means for generating a combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer, library memory means for generating and storing a library of combined mass spectra of a plurality of known polymers, searching means for searching the library and outputting a search result. The method for searching for an unknown polymer according the present invention can effectively be carried out by the above apparatus.
An apparatus for searching for an unknown polymer according to another aspect of the present invention comprises library memory means for storing a library of combined mass spectra of a plurality of known polymers, detected data memory means for storing ion intensities of molecule ions and fragment ions of an unknown polymer as detected data, chromatogram generating means for generating a chromatogram based on total ion intensities obtained from the detected data, combining means for generating a combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer, and searching means for comparing the library with the combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer to search for the combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer. The above apparatus may comprise a personal computer.
If the apparatus for searching for an unknown polymer comprises a personal computer, then a recording medium storing an application program executable by the personal computer may be employed. The recording medium records therein a process comprising the steps of storing ion intensities of molecule ions and fragment ions of an unknown polymer as detected data, generating a chromatogram based on total ion intensities obtained from the detected data, generating a combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer, and comparing the library with the combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer to search for the combined mass spectrum of a known polymer which agrees with a high probability percentage with the combined mass spectrum of the unknown polymer. A recording medium which stores the library described above may also be employed. Each of these recording mediums may comprise a magnetic recording medium such as a floppy disk or the like, or an optical disk such as a CD-ROM or the like.
The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the present invention by way of example.
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Q:
Using Spring by Creating Multiple ApplicationContexts to manage bean life time - is this okay?
I have used Spring before but I am no expert and only used it for standard web-development previously.
Currently, I am working on a project where Spring is being used very differently. It's a stand-alone Swing app which has many displays and the user can switch between a display via a toolbar. When the display changes, all the components need to be destroyed (garbage-collected).
Currently, this is done by having separate ApplicationContexts associated with each display. So when the display is changed, the idea is that the AppCtx associated with the display is destroyed then a new app context is created (from a different XML file) to load the components in the new display.
Is this an appropriate way of using Spring? I don't know much about the internals of the Spring Container and the way the container manages the beans so I can't figure out whether it's a good thing or not.
A:
Sounds to me like you should be using a custom scope.
As of Spring 2.0, the bean scoping mechanism in Spring is extensible. This means that you are not limited to just the bean scopes that Spring provides out of the box; you can define your own scopes, or even redefine the existing scopes (although that last one would probably be considered bad practice - please note that you cannot override the built-in singleton and prototype scopes).
The problem with your approach is mainly performance, as you will be parsing/configuring/defining/instantiating spring beans on every screen change. I suggest you use instead a custom scope of screen ( let's say ), which returns separate objects per scope.
See the Scope javadoc for implementation details.
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239 N.J. Super. 469 (1990)
571 A.2d 1003
GERALD BRUNO AND ALFRED BECHARD, PLAINTIFFS-RESPONDENTS-CROSS-APPELLANTS,
v.
CITY OF ATLANTIC CITY AND JOSEPH PASQUALE, DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS-CROSS-RESPONDENTS.
Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division.
Submitted February 22, 1990.
Decided March 21, 1990.
*470 Before Judges KING, SHEBELL and KEEFE.
Caryl M. Amana, City Solicitor, attorney for appellants and cross-respondents.
Jacobs & Bruso, attorneys for respondents (Louis M. Barbone, on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by SHEBELL, J.A.D.
Respondents-cross-appellants Gerald Bruno and Alfred Bechard, Atlantic City police officers, were indicted on various criminal charges together with two fellow police officers. Bruno and Bechard were later acquitted on all counts. They then instituted suit in the Chancery Division against the City and its *471 police chief, Joseph Pasquale, seeking reimbursement of counsel fees pursuant to N.J.S.A. 40A:14-155. The chancery judge ordered that the City pay counsel fees for the defense of all counts of the indictment except those two which charged possession and distribution of a controlled dangerous substance (CDS). This appeal and cross-appeal followed. The issue is whether plaintiffs qualified for reimbursement of counsel fees and costs under the 1986 amendment to N.J.S.A. 40A:14-155.
I.
We first consider the issue as it pertains to Officer Bechard. He was charged with official misconduct through his failure to arrest Bruno whom he knew to be in possession of cocaine having a value of over $200 (N.J.S.A. 2C:30-2a), conspiracy to commit official misconduct by attending a gathering at which cocaine and marijuana was possessed and used (N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2 and N.J.S.A. 2C:30-2a), and official misconduct through failure to arrest persons at the gathering whom he knew to be using and possessing drugs (N.J.S.A. 2C:30-2a).
On January 19, 1990, we handed down our decision in Sparkman v. City of Atlantic City, 237 N.J. Super. 623, 568 A.2d 917 (App.Div. 1990). That case dealt with the identical issue raised here as it related to an order of the Law Division that the City pay counsel fees and costs incurred by the codefendant Sparkman in the same indictment. Sparkman, a fellow officer of these defendants, was also charged with official misconduct and conspiracy to facilitate the crime of official misconduct. In Sparkman we held that a police officer is not entitled to reimbursement unless the proceedings arose out of and were incidental to performance of his police duties. Sparkman, 237 N.J. Super. at 629, 568 A.2d 917. Under the 1986 amendment to N.J.S.A. 40A:14-155, a police officer is entitled to have his counsel fees paid "only where he is charged with an infraction arising from the lawful exercise of police powers in the furtherance of his official duties." Ibid.
*472 We further stated in Sparkman that "[a] police officer is not entitled to counsel fees where the proceedings arise as a result of his failure to perform his official duties." Sparkman, 237 N.J. Super. at 629, 568 A.2d 917. We note that this broad pronouncement in Sparkman constitutes dicta to the extent that it might be applied to a failure to perform where, unlike the situation here, an officer is on duty or otherwise engaged in "the lawful exercise of police powers in the furtherance of his official duties." Ibid. We leave for another day the question of whether defense of an allegation of failure to perform certain specific police duties, while actually performing general on-duty activities, is covered by the amended statute. In any event, it is clear in these circumstances that the charges against Bechard did not arise out of, nor were they directly related to, the lawful exercise of his official police duties.
II.
The facts and circumstances as they pertain to Officer Bruno require further discussion. Bruno was charged with theft by unlawfully removing cocaine from an impounded vehicle (N.J.S.A. 2C:20-3a) and with unauthorized exercise of his official functions by taking the property of another (N.J.S.A. 2C:30-2a), as well as with possessing cocaine (N.J.S.A. 24:21-19b(2)), distribution of a CDS (N.J.S.A. 24:21-19a(1)), official misconduct in permitting his premises to be used for distribution, possession and use of a CDS (N.J.S.A. 2C:30-2b), and conspiracy to facilitate the commission of the crime of official misconduct by having the gathering which the other three defendants attended where cocaine and marijuana were possessed and used (N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2 and N.J.S.A. 2C:30-2a).
Bruno was assigned to guard a car which had been confiscated from an alleged narcotics dealer. The vehicle contained more than $200 worth of cocaine in its trunk and was housed in a police garage. Bruno was on duty wearing his police uniform while assigned to guard the car. It was alleged that he took *473 the cocaine for his own use and distributed it at a party he hosted on January 30, 1982.
The Chancery judge held that the charges against both officers relating to the theft of cocaine, official misconduct, failure to prevent the use of drugs and failure to arrest were within the statutory protection of N.J.S.A. 40A:14-155. We do not agree. We acknowledge that the charges against Bruno that relate to theft and misconduct while carrying out his assigned duty to guard the vehicle cannot be classified as mere "status" offenses, which the 1986 amendment intended to withdraw from reimbursement. See N.J.S.A. 40A:14-155; S. Bill 1684 L. 1985, c. 457, 201st Leg., 2d Ann.Sess., 1985 N.J. Laws 11, Senate County and Municipal Government Committee Statement (appended to revised N.J.S.A. 40A:14-155) (Senate Committee Statement). However, it does not necessarily follow from this conclusion that reimbursement is therefore mandated.
The operative statutory language is "action or legal proceeding arising out of and directly related to the lawful exercise of police powers and the furtherance of his official duties." N.J.S.A. 40A:14-155. The acts charged against Bruno, although directly related to the exercise of his official duties, cannot be said to be related to the lawful exercise of police powers and the furtherance of his official duties. Thus, the criminal activities charged were outside the scope of his police duties. We believe it is clear that the Legislature through its 1986 amendment to N.J.S.A. 40A:14-155 intended to take away reimbursement for defense of charges where the acts of the officer, even though occurring at a time when the officer was coincidentally performing official duties, were not occasioned by mere careless or overzealous performance of those duties, but rather by an ulterior illegal goal of the officer which actually constituted a perversion of his job. See Senate Committee Statement, supra (the bill eliminated coverage for "charges arising from acts outside the scope of police duties. ...") [Emphasis supplied]; cf. Moya v. New Brunswick, 90 N.J. 491, 512-13, 448 *474 A.2d 999 (1982) (Pashman, J., concurring) (perversion of duties precludes reimbursement for defense of charges).
Prior to the 1986 amendment, we denied relief to a police officer in an instance where a burglary "occurred in a shopping center which plaintiff [police officer] had been assigned to patrol...." Kauffman v. Glassboro, 181 N.J. Super. 273, 275, 437 A.2d 334 (App.Div. 1981), certif. den., 91 N.J. 523, 453 A.2d 847 (1982). We held that the alleged burglary was not an act "`arising out of or incidental to the performance of'" the officer's duties. Id. 181 N.J. Super. at 276, 437 A.2d 334. We characterized the charge as an allegation "that plaintiff acted as a common burglar, something which was not even colorably related to the performance of his duties...." Id. at 277, 437 A.2d 334. It was "our view that the statute contemplates a criminal charge which at least suggests the exercise of police powers in the furtherance of official duties." Ibid.
We recognize that in Moya v. New Brunswick the Supreme Court indicated in dicta that the police officer in Kauffman would have been covered by the statute if the record had shown that the theft occurred while the officer was on duty. Moya, 90 N.J. at 507 n. 10, 448 A.2d 999. However, the 1986 amendment to N.J.S.A. 40A:14-155 added the further requirements, not included in the original enactment as applicable at the time of Kauffman and Moya, that the action defended against be "directly related to the lawful exercise of police powers in the furtherance of [an officer's] official duties...." [Emphasis supplied]. Therefore, under the current statutory language a police officer's merely being on duty at the time of an incident that causes him to become a defendant in an action or legal proceeding is not enough to entitle him to reimbursement for his defense.
There is nothing about the alleged theft of illegal drugs which would suggest that it constituted the lawful exercise of police powers in the furtherance of official duties. As we indicated with respect to the related conspiracy and misconduct *475 charges common to the other officers, the infractions alleged cannot even arguably be said to arise from the lawful exercise of police powers and the furtherance of official duties of the officers. See Kauffman, 181 N.J. Super. at 277, 437 A.2d 334. Therefore, the facts here cannot give rise to a basis for having the municipality provide a defense within the contemplation of the 1986 amendment to N.J.S.A. 40A:14-155.
The awards of reimbursement for counsel fees are reversed, and the denials of counsel fees are affirmed.
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Effects of hydrogen peroxide-containing bleaching on cariogenic bacteria and plaque accumulation.
To evaluate the effects of a commercial bleaching agent containing 36% hydrogen peroxide on the clinical plaque index and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli counts in dental plaque and saliva in vivo. Twenty volunteers were recruited in the present study. Evaluation of plaque index and bacteria counts in plaque and saliva was performed before bleaching the teeth, and 3 days, 2 weeks and 4 weeks post-treatment. Quigley-Hein Plaque Index and Modified Navy Plaque Index were significantly lower on day three after bleaching compared to that before bleaching and the other time points after bleaching. The total number of bacteria in the plaque on day three after bleaching was also less than that before bleaching and the other time points after bleaching. The Streptococcus mutans counts in the plaque and saliva four weeks after bleaching were decreased significantly compared to that before bleaching. Hydrogen peroxide bleaching can decrease plaque accumulation and cariogenic bacteria for a short period of time.
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'Amazing' therapy wipes out leukemia
Share with others:
NEW YORK -- Scientists are reporting the first clear success with a new approach for treating leukemia -- turning the patients' own blood cells into assassins that hunt and destroy their cancer cells.
They've only done it in three patients so far, but the results were striking: Two appear cancer-free up to a year after treatment, and the third patient is improved but still has some cancer. Scientists are already preparing to try the same gene therapy technique for other kinds of cancer.
"It worked great. We were surprised it worked as well as it did," said Carl June, a gene therapy expert at the University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. June led the study, published Wednesday by two journals, New England Journal of Medicine and Science Translational Medicine. It involved three men with very advanced cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or CLL. The only hope for a cure now is bone marrow or stem cell transplants, which don't always work and carry a high risk of death.
Scientists have been working for years to find ways to boost the immune system's ability to fight cancer. Earlier attempts at genetically modifying bloodstream soldiers called T-cells have had limited success; the modified cells didn't reproduce well and quickly disappeared.
Dr. June and his colleagues made changes to the technique, using a novel carrier to deliver the new genes into the T-cells and a signaling mechanism telling the cells to kill and multiply.
That resulted in armies of "serial killer" cells that targeted cancer cells, destroyed them, and went on to kill new cancer as it emerged. It was known that T-cells attack viruses, but this is the first time it's been done against cancer, Dr. June said.
For the experiment, blood was taken from each patient and T-cells removed. After they were altered in a lab, millions of the cells were returned to the patient in three infusions.
The main complication seems to be that this technique also destroys some other infection-fighting blood cells; so far the patients have been getting monthly treatments for that.
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classes
Up until ES6, JavaScript lacked the ability to create classes in the way that other languages offer. Sure you could create “classes,” but it always left a sour taste in our mouths. Talk about UGLY code. Although ES6 adds the keyword, “class”, they really are syntactic sugar around the old way of doing it in ES5. You’ll notice this trend around much of ES6 features–but I digress.
Why should I care?Classes promote structure and the new syntax covers up the yucky code behind the scenes. These new classes also promote the use of inheritance and building structured code.
Imagine a scenario, where you are creating a class to represent a user in your database.
ES5 “Classes”
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functionUser(name,age){
this.name=name;
this.age=age;
}
User.prototype.greeting=function(){
console.log("Hi, my name is",this.name);
}
varmyUser=newUser('Tom',29);
myUser.greeting();
Eh it’s not really that bad, but it can be really confusing. Aren’t functions functions? How is it possible to create a new instance of a function? There is a lot you can do with building objects and inheritance, by ES5 just didn’t really expose it or make it meaningful enough for novice users to understand.
ES6 Classes
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classUser{
constructor(name,age){
this.name=name;
this.age=age;
}
greeting(){
console.log("Hi, my name is",this.name);
}
}
Pretty cool, huh? This looks and feels like classes in other languages and comes more natural. You explicitly define a constructor, which is how you create an instance of a class. Then you can define members of the class as you see fit (notice you do NOT need the keyword function in front of them–pretty odd and inconsistent if you ask me).
ES6 Class Inheritance
Lets say your database has another type of user called an author. Authors are users but also have additional metadata. You can use class inheritance to model this:
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classAuthorextendsUser{
constructor(name,age,books){
/* User keyword "super" to call
the parent constructor. This
will create this.name and this.age
on the instance of this Author class */
super(name,age);
this.books=books;
}
greeting(){
/* This method will automatically overwrite
the parent classes implementation. However
if we did not define it, the parent's
implementation would be used */
super.greeting();
console.log("But I'm also an author");
}
}
What did we learn here?
Use the keyword “extends” to write a class that inherits from another class.
The keyword “super” becomes available in the child class and can be used to call methods on the parent
You can override methods from the parent class simply by defining the method in the class. Notice there is no @override annotation or anything of the sorts required.
Classes in ES6 are important because they are explicit and help promote structured code. Many JS libraries have implemented their own version of classes, such as Dojo, TypeScript, and CoffeeScript, so it will be interesting to see if those get scaled back in the future as ES6 gets closer to fruition.
Chrome is behind on implementing classes in its spec, but you can try this out on the latest FireFox today. Enjoy!
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I first interviewed Clay Buchholz in June 2005. Newly drafted — 42nd overall by the Red Sox — he’d made his professional debut a few days earlier. His future was bright.
A lot has happened since then. Buchholz has had a roller-coaster career in Boston, with the highest of highs and the lowest of lows. He’s thrown a no-hitter, won a World Series ring, and made a pair of All-Star teams. He’s also had train-wreck seasons. Injury prone and maddeningly inconsistent, he’s become a lightning rod for the Fenway Faithful.
Earlier this year, his days in Boston looked numbered. Relegated to the bullpen, he was 3-9 with an ERA north of 6.00 as the July trade deadline approached. By all accounts, he was as good as gone — assuming a rival team made a decent offer. It didn’t happen.
Buchholz is still wearing a Red Sox uniform. He’s also back in the starting rotation and showing signs of a revival. The 32-year-old right-hander has pitched well in two of his last three outings, and his ERA is down to 5.20. His future remains cloudy, but for now, he’s taking the ball every five days in a pennant race.
Buchholz talked about his past — and where he is today — prior to his last start.
——-
Buchholz on how he’s changed since 2005: “I think it’s probably moved in three- or four-year intervals. Obviously, the older you get — the more innings and pitches that you throw — your stuff goes down a tick. The velocity on my fastball has gone down three or four mph. That’s happened gradually. When I go out there now, I’m anywhere from 91 to 94. When I came out of junior college, I would start the game 88-90. Third inning I’d be 92-94. Fifth inning on I’d be 97.
“I’ve learned a two-seam fastball since I was drafted. I’ve learned a cutter. I feel like I’ve learned how to pitch a lot better, as opposed to relying on 95-97, just throwing it and hoping they don’t hit it. That doesn’t mean there aren’t times where I still do get hit. That’s obviously going to happen.
“In regard to staying the same or changing, I’ve had years where it wasn’t going to get any worse. That’s when I’ve tried to change. Those are the years I’ve learned what I needed to do and when I needed to do it. Depending on how I’m feeling on a given day… if I don’t have command of a few pitches, I’m able to pitch without those pitches. Before, I wouldn’t have known any better.”
On locating and not being predictable: “Now it’s more about knowing the opposing team, rather than just walking on the field and not having a plan. I know how to comprehend scouting reports a lot better. And I’ve faced a lot of these guys — especially in the AL East — a number of times. There’s a lot more of not doing the same thing every time I face a team. I’m having to go a couple of different routes, as opposed to saying, ‘OK, I beat you last time so that’s what I’m going to do.’
“When I’m getting hit, it’s command and location in the zone. If you get beat on 10 pitches in a game, I’d say eight of them are because you missed the exact location you wanted. For me, I don’t think it’s a case of mechanics or loss of focus, or anything like that. It’s just hard. It’s hard to throw every pitch right where you want to. Sometimes you get lucky and they swing and miss, or pop up, those misses. When you’re going bad, those pitches get exploited.”
On injuries and arm slots: “Earlier this year I was dealing with some arm-angle stuff that was related to the arm injuries I’ve had in previous years. Instead of being on top of the ball, I slowly went down because it was more comfortable. Throwing from down here didn’t hurt anything. Throwing up here did, and that’s where I get my movement. My stuff plays better whenever I’m at a higher arm slot. I’ve had to work at that. It’s slowly coming, but it’s been a chore.
“I’m not thinking about that when I’m on the mound; I just throw. It’s already hard enough to know which pitch I’m going to throw and where I’m trying to throw it. I can’t be out there trying to think about mechanical flaws on top of all that.”
On his cutter: “I threw a slider in college, but stopped throwing it after my first year [of professional baseball]. The slider is really hard on your arm if you throw it a whole lot. I also wanted something that looked like a fastball that wasn’t 84 mph. If I was throwing 92-94, I wanted it to be 88-90, and that’s what a cutter is. I asked Jon Lester how he threw his. He showed me his grip.
“I started using it as more of a count-control pitch. If fell behind 2-0, I could throw a cutter to a righty on the outside corner and run it off. I had a better chance of getting a swing on that, as opposed to a slider, which is an offspeed that they can see out of my hand. I developed a cutter for those situations and it evolved into one of my out pitches. I started throwing it to both sides of the plate.
“I think the cutter is the best pitch in baseball, as far as the stats go. Actually, I know that for a fact. [Red Sox director of pitching analysis and development] Brian Bannister and I were talking about that awhile ago — the numbers on guys who throw cutters. It’s the best pitch in baseball, in front of the split. Hard-sinking changeups are the third-best pitch. A four-seam fastball is the worst pitch as far as hard contact and batting average on balls put into play.”
On Brian Bannister and high fastballs: “He has [impacted how I think about pitching]. He’s really good at what he does, and he’s really easy to talk to. Yeah, throwing pitches in certain situations, versus throwing pitches just because you don’t want to throw another fastball: that’s how I’ve gotten in trouble a lot in my career. I would throw a changeup because I already threw two fastballs and didn’t want to throw another one.
“If I can throw a curveball for a strike, and then throw a curveball for a ball, then elevate a four-seam fastball, I’m going to get a lot more swings and misses on the high fastball. Not just concentrating on down, down, down is one of the things we’ve sat down and talked about in depth.
“Up until this year, I’ve never really intentionally thrown fastballs up in the zone. I’ve started doing that, and whenever I execute, it works out. Above the zone, above the belt, or maybe belly-button high at the top of the zone.
“The game has evolved. When I got called up, a lot of guys were high-ball hitters. They would take that pitch and hit it out. You were taught to throw the ball down, down, down. Now everybody is worried about their bat path and how they can get that ball going down and lift it. There are a lot more low-ball hitters in the game today than there were 10 years ago.”
On becoming less of a power pitcher: “I throw multiple pitches, and some days my best pitch could be the opposite of what it was the start prior to that. At times, I’ve relied on a couple of pitches too much. I’ve relied on the cutter a lot. Whenever I have a good one, it’s good, but when it’s a ball that’s just spinning, it’s not. It’s a learning process, still.
“If I can throw a curveball for a strike, that puts a little seed in the back of a hitter’s mind. Then I can also throw a curveball in the dirt, or I can elevate. Pitching backwards isn’t a bad thing.
“For the most part I feel pretty good about my fastball command, but it only takes one pitch in an area where the hitter wants it to get hurt. I’ve figured out that 92-94 is more of a hitter’s speed than it used to be. You’re not going to blow guys up with 92-94. Not when you have guys on every team that throw close to 100. I think I probably started figuring that out around 2012.
“I have [struggled at times since then]. But everybody is going to have struggles. It depends on how bad they are, and whether you can come out of them a better player. Sometimes that takes longer than everybody wants it to. I’ve found out a lot about myself in the past two or three years. I’ve pitched through some injuries and I’ve had some struggles. It’s a hard game sometimes.”
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---
abstract: 'In a recent paper in EPJC January 2016, Faizal, Khalil and Das have proposed time crystals with duration several orders of magnitude greater than Planck scale. We comment on this paper and shed further light on this aspect.'
author:
- |
B.G. Sidharth\
G.P. Birla Observatory & Astronomical Research Centre\
B.M. Birla Science Centre, Adarsh Nagar, Hyderabad - 500 063 (India)
title: 'Comment on Faizal et al EPJC 76:30'
---
Recently Faizal et al., in this journal [@epjc] described time crystals which are several orders of magnitude greater than the Planck scale. The discreteness and hence noncommutativity of spacetime has been considered in the literature from the 1940s. In the earlier attempts the scale at which this discreteness takes place has been the Planck scale. Several authors like Snyder, Schild, Kadyshevskii, Ginsburg, Caldirola and others have considered this discreteness, as also in very recent Quantum Gravity approaches [@bgscu; @tduniv]. However the author considered discreteness at the Compton Scale to develop his successful cosmology of 1997 [@bgsijmpa; @bgsijtp; @bgsmg8]. This predicted in advance a slowly accelerating universe driven by what we today call dark energy, when the standard big bang model said exactly the opposite. It was of course argued at length by Wigner and Salecker [@wigner] in the late fifties that there cannot be a physical time within the Compton Scale. Further the author showed more than 12 years ago in several papers in Foundation of Physics and Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, how the coherent Compton Scale arises from the Planck Scale through a coherence approach including the Landau-Ginsburg phase transition [@bgsfpl; @bgscsf]. So, even though as in the Prigogine cosmology a Big Bang event would lead to the Planck scale or Wheeler’s Quantum Foam [@wheeler], this would lead to a several order of magnitude higher scale through phase transition. In fact just prior to the phase transition we would have $$- \frac{\hbar^2}{2m} \nabla^2 \psi + \beta |\psi |^2 \psi = - \alpha
\psi\label{3eea7}$$ In (\[3eea7\]) $\psi$ denotes the wave function of the particle at a point which is in the impenetrable Planck length. Its derivation is explained in [@tduniv; @bgscsf]– but basically it stems from a simple two or more state model of probability amplitudes first worked out by Feynman.\
Equation (\[3eea7\]) leads to the Landau-Ginsberg phase transition with coherence length $$\xi = \left(\frac{\gamma}{\alpha}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\label{3eea9}$$ $\xi$ which is in the left side is the coherence length, $\gamma$ is $\hbar^2 / 2m$ is in the landau theory and $\alpha = mc^2$ is the energy.\
This is the Compton scale (Cf.ref.[@tduniv]) in our case.\
More recently this was also shown by Beck and Murray [@beck] and even more recently it was argued in The European Physical Journal C by Faizal, Khalil and Das [@epjc].\
On the contrary sticking to the Planck Scale without such a phase transition could prove disastrous as recently articulated by Harry Cliff of Cambridge University and the LHC Collaboration - it would lead to the end of physics, particularly because of the cosmological constant being, in this case $10^{120}$ times its observed value [@weinberg; @harry].\
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I am thankful for the pertinent points raised by the referees.
[99]{} Faizal, M., Khalil, M.M., Das, S. (2016). *The European Physical Journal C* 76:30 January 2016. Sidharth, B.G. *The Chaotic Universe: From the Planck to the Hubble Scale* Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 2001, for a summary. Sidharth, B.G. (2008). *The Thermodynamic Universe* (World Scientific, Singapore, 2008). Sidharth, B.G. (1998). *Int.J. of Mod.Phys.A* 13, (15), pp.2599ff. Sidharth, B.G. (1998). *International Journal of Theoretical Physics* Vol.37, No.4, pp.1307–1312. Sidharth, B.G. (1999). *Proc. of the Eighth Marcell Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity (1997)* Piran, T. (ed.) (World Scientific, Singapore), pp.476–479. Salecker, H. and Wigner, E.P. (1958). *Quantum Limitations of the Measurement of Space-Time Distances* *Physical Review* Vol.109, No.2, January 15 1958, pp.571-577. 113. Sidharth, B.G. (2002). *The Planck Scale Phenomena* in *Foundation of Physics Letters* 15(6),2002, pp.577-583. Sidharth, B.G. (2003). *The New Cosmos* in *Chaos,Solitons and Fractals*18(1),2003, pp.197-201. Wheeler, J.A. (2000). *Geons, Black Holes and Quantum Foam* (W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 2000). Beck, C. and Mackey, M.C. (2007). *Electromagnetic Dark Energy* *arXiv:astro-ph/0703364 v2* 27 August 2007. Weinberg, S. (1989). *The cosmological constant problem* in *Reviews of Modern Physics* Vol.6, No.1, January 1989, pp.1-23. *https://www.ted.com/talks/harry\_cliff\_have\_we\_reached\_the\_end\_of\_physics*
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1. Let us see this in a little greater detail: Starting with a simple superposition of states model, first invoked by Feynman, we have: $$\psi_\imath (t - \Delta t) - \psi_\imath (t + \Delta t) = \sum_{j}
\left[\delta_{\imath j} - \frac{\imath}{\hbar} H_{\imath
j}(t)\right] \psi_\imath (t)\quad \quad \quad (1)$$
In the limit this can be shown to lead to $$\imath \hbar \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial t} = \frac{-\hbar^2}{2m'}
\frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial x^2} + \int \psi^* (x')\psi (x) \psi
(x')U(x')dx', \quad \quad \quad (2)$$
In the above $U(x') = 1 \, \mbox{for} \, x'$ in a $\delta$ interval, a small interval around this point and $= 0$ outside \[1,2\].\
In the Landau-Ginsburg case there is a coherence length which is given by $$\xi = \left(\frac{\gamma}{\alpha}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}} = \frac{h
\nu_F} {\Delta}\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad (3)$$ which now appears as the Compton wavelength. From the slightly different analysis of Planck oscillators we come to the same conclusion \[3\]. So the picture that emerges is, starting with Wheeler’s Quantum Foam,\[4\], presumably immediately after the Big Bang, we are lead to the Compton scale.\
\
2. Let us come to the problem of the cosmological constant. This was noticed some decades ago by Zeldovich and others and become well known as the cosmological constant problem. The problem is that if we consider the Zero Point Energy at the Planck scale, the cosmological constant which is the vacuum energy density becomes enormous. Roughly give the Planck scale this would be of the order $$\frac{mc^2}{l^3} \sim 10^{115}\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad
(4)$$ This enormous value is some $10^{120}$ times the observed value. But now let us consider this at the Compton scale. Then as can be seen from (4) the cosmological constant would be reduced by a factor of $10^{80}$ aligning it with observation.\
\
4. The above argument in fact provides us with a unified description of electromagnetism and gravitation. It is well known in spite of a century’s effort, starting from Hermann Weyl, right up to string theory there has been no satisfactory ”unification” of electromagnetism and gravitation. In fact Pauli observed that we should not try to unify what nature had meant to be separate. But let us consider the following argument: First let us invoke the work of Cercignani \[5\] in a pre dark energy era. He used Quantum oscillations invoking the usual Zero Point Field. He showed, using the fact that mass and energy were equivalent, that chaotic oscillations are present whenever mass is of the order $$G [\hbar \omega c^{-2}]^2 [\omega^{-1}c]^{-1} = G\hbar^2 \omega^3
c^{-5}\quad \quad \quad \quad (5)$$ where $G$ is the constant of gravitational attraction and we have used the wavelength for the distance.\
If this were to be less than the electromagnetic energy $\hbar
\omega$ then we must have $$(G\hbar) ^{-1/2} \cdot c^{5/2}\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad
(6)$$ This is what may be called a gravitational cut off for the frequency in the Zero Point Energy. In other words above this cut off frequency for the Zero Point Energy we have gravitation but below it we come to the realm of electromagnetism. This maximum frequency oscillation is given by $$G\hbar \omega^2_{max} = c^5\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad (7)$$ Interestingly (7) shows that at the Planck scale the electromagnetic and gravitational strengths are of the same order. However after the phase transition when we come to the Compton scale, we have the usual electromagnetic field. So the phase transition leads from gravitation to electromagnetism, providing a unified description.\
\
\[1\] Sidharth, B.G. (1997). *Ind. J. of Pure and Applied Physics* 35, pp.456ff.\
\[2\] Sidharth, B.G. (2005). *The Universe of Fluctuations* (Springer, Netherlands).\
\[3\] Sidharth, B.G. (2008). *Thermodynamic Universe* (World Scientific, Singapore).\
\[4\] Wheeler, J.A. and Kenneth, F. (1993). *Geons, Black Holes and Quantum Foam*, (W.W. Norton & Co. New York, 1993).\
\[5\] Cercignani, C. (1998). *Found.Phys.Lett.* Vol.11, No.2, pp.189-199.
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{mosimage} TFW2005 has updated their SDCC Universe Nemesis Prime entry with images of the figure in both modes as well as in box. This evil Optimus Prime Clone, or alternate reality Optimus Prime, or however he'll be characterized this time will be available to buy at San Diego ComiCon in a couple of months. And if history has taught us anything, he'll also be available at HasbroToyShop for about 16 minutes and 38 seconds.
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Jo Miles
Countdown to GMO Labeling - But We're Not There Yet
If Vermont’s GMO labeling law goes into effect next week, it’ll have implications across the country. But a terrible new bill in the Senate could take that away.
Read more
Robert Parry
A ‘Brexit’ Blow to the Establishment
British voters turned a deaf ear to scary warnings about leaving the E.U. and struck a blow against an out-of-touch, self-interested and incompetent Western Establishment – a message with meaning for the U.S., too
Read more
Kate Aronoff
As Britain Exits, the Need for a Strong Climate Movement Remains
Britain’s vote last night to leave the European Union will be a disaster for the climate — both physical and political — on both sides of the Atlantic. Most obvious are all of the direct impacts...
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Kathy Kelly
The Stakes Are Enormously High Along the Russian Border
In the historic port city of Yalta, located on the Crimean Peninsula, we visited the site where Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin, in February of 1945, concluded negotiations ending World War II. These...
Read more
Emily Kirchner
Medical Student Prescribes Remedy Our Sick System Needs
I am a fourth year medical student. I’ve dreamed about being a physician since I was in sixth grade. For a long time, my deepest hopes were to get into college, be accepted by a medical school, and...
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Aniqa Raihan
Confronting the NRA: Knowing Where to Start
December 14, 2012. Newtown, Connecticut. Adam Lanza murdered his mother in her bed and then drove her car to the local elementary school, where he embarked on a shooting spree that left 20 first-...
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Les Leopold
Build, Bernie, Build!
The Sanders campaign compiled an email list with 130 million names, a donor list that produced over $200 million in contributions, and a volunteer army of millions of enthusiastic supporters. The...
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Richard Eskow
Brexit and the New Global Rebellion
Things are changing. A major crack has appeared in the edifice of globalization, and the neoliberal order that has dominated the world’s economy since the end of World War II is now in danger. That’s...
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Left Unity
EU Referendum: A Disastrous Outcome
The following is a statement by the Left Unity Executive Committee following the outcome of the referendum vote in the UK: Left Unity deplores the Leave outcome of the EU Referendum. This referendum...
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In French Patent No. 88 13 272, the Applicant describes apparatus for measuring the angle of rotation of a rotor of a motor relative to the stator thereof, which apparatus comprises 2n magnetic sensors disposed on a circumference that is fixed relative to the stator, n being the number of phases of the motor, each sensor comprising a magnetic circuit equipped with a transmission winding and a reception winding, the sensors being grouped together in pairs, the sensors in the same group being offset by 180 electrical degrees, the groups being uniformly offset from one another by a geometrical angle equal to k.360/2p, where k is an arbitrary number, and p is the number of pairs of poles of the motor, all the transmission windings being connected together in series and powered by an AC voltage lying in the range 2 kHz to 15 kHz, the reception windings in the same group of sensors being connected together in series, the envelope of the signals at the terminals of the sets of reception windings representing, to within one phase-shift, the image of the measurement of the angle of rotation of said rotor.
An embodiment of that sensor is described in detail in the French Certificate of Addition No. 89 10 533.
Such a sensor operates well but is relatively expensive to make, in particular for sensors used with motors having small numbers of poles (e.g. below six poles).
An aim of the present invention is to provide a sensor which costs less, in particular for sensors having small numbers of pairs of poles, while maintaining the same accuracy and the same operating safety.
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Imagine a life with less: less stuff, less clutter, less stress, less debt, less
discontent. A life with fewer distractions. Now imagine a life with more: more
time, more meaningful relationships, more growth, more contribution, more
contentment. A life of passion that is unencumbered by the trappings of the
chaotic world around you.
What you’re imagining is an intentional life. Not a perfect life—not an easy life—but a simple life. Minimalism: A Documentary About the Important Things, a feature-length documentary from the popular simple living duo The Minimalists, examines the many flavors of minimalism by taking the audience inside the lives of minimalists from all walks of life.
From minimalist architects, designers, and musicians, to businessmen, authors,
and minimalist families, this film explores various recipes for how to live a more
meaningful, deliberate life. Not a perfect life—not an easy life—but a simple one.
Released: 2016 – Rating: NR – Duration: 79 minutes
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We discuss Mike's feedback about being present during his wife's labor and Kelsi's thoughts on efficiency methods being applied to people, then dive into one of Sarah's most important nuance backstories: her experience with gender disappointment, grief, and worry about her future relationships with sons.
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Project Summary from Parent Grant Malaria remains one of the most important infectious diseases in the world. A fully effective vaccine would be a huge addition to our armamentarium. The most promising vaccine candidate to date, RTS,S, a subunit vaccine composed of a portion of the sporozoite's major surface protein, CSP, has shown limited efficacy that wanes significantly after the first year. Though this falls short of community established goals, RTS,S provides a substrate upon which we can build to create a more efficacious vaccine. The studies outlined in this proposal aim to elucidate the interactions between host and parasite at the inoculation site with the goal of improving future vaccine design. Sporozoites are inoculated into the skin of the mammalian host as mosquitoes search for blood. Few sporozoites are injected, making this a bottleneck for the parasite. After their inoculation, sporozoites are actively motile in the skin, and must find and penetrate blood vessels to enter the circulation. Our studies demonstrate that the majority of sporozoites take 20 to 120 minutes to exit the dermis and only a small proportion succeed in entering the blood circulation. Once in the circulation, sporozoites go to the liver and enter hepatocytes within minutes. Sporozoite passage through the dermis is an understudied phase of malaria infection: Yet, the low numbers of inoculated sporozoites together with the discovery that the parasite is extracellular for the longest period of time in the skin, suggest that this is a time of extreme vulnerability. My laboratory has been studying the dynamics of sporozoite transmission for several years and we are now using quantitative intravital imaging to better understand the requirements for successful exit from the dermis. In Aim 1, we will perform intravital imaging studies with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, quantitatively analyzing its motility and blood vessel interactions, in both mouse skin and human skin xenografts. Comparative analysis with rodent malaria sporozoites will identify conserved and species- specific aspects of dermal exit and define metrics that predict successful exit from the dermis. These studies will also enable the development of an in vivo platform to screen vaccine candidates with P. falciparum sporozoites. Previous studies in mice and in RTS,S immunized humans have shown that CSP-specific antibodies correlate with protection, however, the location and mechanism(s) by which these antibodies impact sporozoites are not known. In Aims 2 and 3, we will perform intravital imaging and infection studies with rodent and human malaria sporozoites to determine: a) whether antibodies targeting the two leading sporozoite vaccine candidates have their its greatest impact in the skin; b) the degree to which functional antibodies rely on their ability to inhibit sporozoite motility versus their ability to opsonize sporozoites and direct their destruction by innate immune cells and c) whether fast gliding and cell traversal enable the sporozoite, at least in some cases, to escape the innate host response and the inhibitory activity of antibody. We feel confident that the knowledge gained from these studies will inform the design of future malaria vaccine candidates.
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Q:
Document flow & CSS styling: Hiding elements properly
I'm running into an issue hiding graphs in a modal. The user can click through the modal and the click events are hiding the other elements. However, some of the charts are out of the flow of the document by the hidden charts with position:absolute. I read up on position: absolute on MDN and the elements should be placed to their closest parent and they're not. Am I missing something?
absolute
The element is removed from the normal document flow; no space is created for the element in the page layout. Instead, it is positioned relative to its closest positioned ancestor if any; otherwise, it is placed relative to the initial containing block. Its final position is determined by the values of top, right, bottom, and left. This value creates a new stacking context when the value of z-index is not auto. Absolutely positioned boxes can have margins, and they do not collapse with any other margins.
Screenshots
Graph in intended flow
Other Charts out of flow
Code
$(".table-bordered").css({'visibility': 'hidden'});
$(".kendoOptionsLinear").css({'visibility': 'hidden'});
$(".kendoOptionsChart").css({'visibility': 'hidden'});
$(".kendoOptionsRadial").css({'visibility': 'visible'});
<div style="position:relative">
<div kendo-chart class="kendoOptionsChart"
k-options="options1" style="position:absolute;"></div>
<div kendo-radialGauge class="kendoOptionsRadial"
k-options="options2" style="position:absolute;"></div>
<div kendo-linearGauge class="kendoOptionsLinear"
k-options="options3" style="position:absolute;"></div>
<div kendo-radialGauge class="kendoOptionsRadial"
k-options="options4" style="position:absolute;"></div>
</div
A:
When you apply the CSS style visibility: hidden, the element you have hidden is still part of the document flow. Though you cannot see the element, it takes up space in the layout and affects where sibling elements appear in the layout.
If you want to hide an element and not have that element continue to take up space and affect where other elements appear, use display: none
Elements with absolute position are taken out of the document flow. Their position is relative to the viewport. For example, an absolutely positioned element with top: 10px; left: 10px; would appear in the upper left hand corner of the viewport, 10 pixels from the top and 10 pixels from the left. If however, the parent container has position: relative, the absolute position of the child will be relative to its parent. Thus, the child would be 10 pixels from the top and 10 pixels from the left of its parent. not the viewport.
I hope this helps.
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AU approves Nigeria’s Centre for Disease Control as regional hub
Ambassador Maiyegun (2nd left) surrounded by other officials of AU and WHO at a Press Briefing at the end of their Visit in Abuja
Related News
The African Union said on Saturday that Nigeria will host one of Africa’s Centre for Disease Control, CDC.
Nigeria was favoured to host one of the region’s CDC after AU experts appraised the effectiveness of the Nigerian government in managing the Ebola scourge in 2014, as well as the recent outbreak of Lassa Fever.
The head of the AU delegation, Olawale Maiyegun, informed PREMIUM TIMES that his team came to Nigeria with a checklist of requirements that Nigeria needed to fulfil before the AU committee on CDC could ratify its nomination as one of the 5 approved collaborative regional centres for Africa-CDC.
“We are satisfied with our findings that Nigeria can be able to take on the triple responsibility of running the Nigeria-CDC, the Regional-CDC and African-CDC”, said Maiyegun, a Director in charge of Social Affairs AU Commission.
“The Ebola outbreak in West Africa, provided the impetus and the Heads of States and governments of the AU together with the executive council decided to fast track the establishment of the African-CDC.
In 2014, the Heads of states and government of the African Union at a Special summit on HIV, TBN and malaria, decided upon the need for an African Centre for Disease Control that will conduct life saving research, that will also have the capability for disease detection, surveillance and response.
In January 2015, the Assembly also reaffirmed and asked the African Union to get to work; even though they gave clear instructions on the nature of the Africa-CDC that is to be setup.
“They want an African-CDC that will not reinvent the will, but build on an existing structure that will leverage on existing assets on ground”, Mr. Maiyegun said.
The concept approved by the African leaders in January 2015, was to have a coordinating office inside the AU headquarters in Addis-Ababa with five regional collaborating centres, each bringing certain capabilities, asset and values to the work of the African-CDC.
And the ministers of health of each member countries had recommended criteria for the selection of the regional collaborating centres and which country was to host the regional centres.
“We have to start with five – but they could be more than that as the CDC expands.”, said the Nigerian AU officer Maiyegun. “Each regions of Africa was to nominate the centres for the African-CDC; and we received nominations from all the five regions of the continents.
“The AU team has to visit the countries proposed to host the regional centres for African-CDC for on the spot assessment to ensure they meet the criteria contained in the article 26 of the CDC statue.
“The purpose of our mission is to see whether the Nigeria CDC which also doubles as a regional CDC for West Africa has indeed met those criteria contained in the statue. We are not comparing the countries hosting the African-CDC with each other, but we are evaluating and assessing them viz a viz the criteria contained in the statue.
The team’s point of reference was to assess “Government commitment, Human Resources, The infrastructure and Funding.”
“In all these, we are happy to note that there is strong commitment in the part of the government of the federal Republic of Nigeria and that was clearly demonstrated by the two ministers. We have seen the legal frame work and the one that is being put in place , which we feel is very strong and we hope that the efforts that will be made in the legal frame work to reflect the regional dimension of the Nigeria-CDC to be seen not only the Nigerian CDC but a regional one for West Africa, and a regional collaborating centre for the African CDC.
“We are happy to note that from what we have seen on ground that indeed the Nigeria-CDC can take those responsibilities that is about to be entrusted to it.
“We also looked at some of the strength that they are bringing to the table, we have found that they are bringing in strong human resources, a strong and powerful field epidemiological and laboratory training – which is a huge asset that will help in the fulfilment of the core capacity of the international health regulation.
One of the challenges that may affect the smooth running and sustenance of the Nigerian-CDC office is that the country has been notorious in not fulfilling its agreement on counterpart funding.
Mr. Maiyegun said his team strongly hopes the Nigerian government’s c commitment “will be translated into proper funding.”
“We will need more indication of continued funding, which is the strong political commitment being translated into budgetary support and financial allocation.”
The committee said Nigeria has an edge over other African countries to earn its coordinating status because it has some key healthcare infrastructures that other don’t have.
“Nigeria has a very strong Emergency Operating Centre (EOC) dedicated to polio; and government will need to decide on putting it at the disposal of West Africa and the continent as a whole and begin to use it for the larger public health under the CDC. We see this as a very powerful asset that Nigeria can put at the disposal.
Unlike other four African Countries hosting the sub-regional CDC centres, Mr. Maiyegun said the CDC facility in Nigeria could function as a centre with triple obligations: for Nigeria, as a regional hub and as Africa’s CDC coordination centre.
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All rights reserved. This material and any other material on this platform may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, written or distributed in full or in part, without written permission from PREMIUM TIMES.
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It was Tuesday morning.
The neighbor said she didn’t see the Hulets all day, according to Uhl. She went back to check on them later that night. They were still lying next to each other. Taco Bell bags and drinks sat next to them on a table, untouched.
The woman had a male friend check on them, Uhl said. Police were called to the apartment shortly before midnight on Tuesday, according to the Dundee Police Department.
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Uhl said the young couple had probably been dead for at least 12 hours. When the neighbor saw them that morning, they probably were already dead or “very close to it,” he said.
AD
The deaths have baffled investigators in the town, about 60 miles from Detroit. There were no signs of a break-in or physical trauma. The leading theory is that drugs may have been involved, though there’s no evidence that the two had overdosed. Toxicology results won’t be available for two weeks, Uhl said.
“It’s very suspicious. It’s really weird,” he said. “You’d think you’d find something. Pill bottles, needles, something. And there’s nothing.”
Authorities did find a pound of marijuana in the kitchen, though police don’t know whether that had any connection to the deaths. Uhl said the drugs were being divided to be sold.
AD
According to the police department, Cameron Hulet, 28, and Courtney Hulet, 20, had just moved from Newport, Mich. Uhl said police had been to their apartment several times after neighbors heard them screaming at each other. Two small children were living with them, but they were taken to foster care before the parents were found dead.
AD
Uhl said that authorities don’t know much about Courtney Hulet but that Cameron Hulet, who attended school in Dundee, had been previously arrested on drug-related charges.
“I am beyond saddened by the loss of you. You mean so much to me and I am devastated. I can’t stop seeing your face,” Cameron Hulet’s brother, Garrett Hulet, wrote on Facebook on Wednesday.
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A GoFundMe account was set up to help pay for his funeral expenses.
“Cameron left behind a devastated mother and father, his twin brother, two older brothers, three step sibling(s) and two young children,” Garrett Hulet wrote on the GoFundMe page. “This is all still hard to comprehend. It was so sudden and tragic.”
Cameron Hulet’s mother, Cheryl Harris, told People that her son was working two jobs to support his family. She said he and his wife had been having troubles since their two young sons, a 1-year-old and a four-month-old, were placed in foster care.
“It was devastating to them,” Harris said. “They called me bawling their eyes out.”
“I loved them both,” she added.
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UK Support and Training
All purchases are backed by our national sales and support team who
provide FOC competency based user training. Advice from our clinical
advisor (clinically trained) is also available. Look out for us on
procurement framework agreements.
News - North Bristol NHS Trust
The Accident & Emergency Team at Southmead Hospital has been presented with a brand new
bladder scanner, supplied by de Smit Medical Systems, courtesy of the Bristol Area Cardiac
Support Group. The scanner enables staff to closely monitor and assess patients with cardiac
failure to see if they have urine retention. Previously, as a precaution, if staff were
concerned patients would be catheterised which is an invasive, and sometimes, painful
procedure."
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Gibson Guitar Maker Files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection
Gibson Brands Inc., the company behind iconic guitars including the Gibson Les Paul and the Gibson SG, has filed for bankruptcy protection. The guitar maker filed paperwork for Chapter 11 bankruptcy following a “devastating" financial fall.
According to Variety, the Nashville, Tenn.-based group requested court protection from creditors, claiming support from many of them for a deal that will allow the company to survive. A federal judge is required to sign off on Gibson’s bankruptcy plan, which has the support of nearly 70% of their secured lenders.
Gibson guitar sales have declined drastically and the company’s cost-cutting efforts have not been enough to save the business. CEO Henry Jeszkeiwicz said the company will “refocus on our core business” and that he believes in the “company’s long-term stability and financial health.”
The organization will make some changes including the dissolvent of Gibson Innovations, which makes Phillips-branded headphones, speakers and electronic accessories. Thankfully, the company will continue to design, build and sell musical instruments and equipment including their legendary line of guitars, as well as other brands such as Wurlitzer, Dobro and Epiphone.
USA Today reports that Gibson sells more than 170-thousand guitars annually in more than 80 countries around the world. The company claims to sell more than 40% of all electric guitars priced above $2,000.
Gibson, which was founded in 1902 by Orville Gibson, has created many iconic lines of guitars including the ES-335, Flying V and the Explorer, as well as the aforementioned Les Paul and SG.
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Olympics
A report commissioned by the U.S. Olympic Committee into the USA Gymnastics sexual abuse scandal was strongly critical of the culture created by longtime coaches Bela and Martha Karolyi, saying that the atmosphere at the couple’s Walker County ranch gave disgraced sports doctor Larry Nassar “broad latitude” to abuse young gymnasts.
The 237-page report compiled by the Boston law firm Ropes & Gray, which was made public Monday, also said that two top USOC officials, former CEO Scott Blackmun and chief of sport performance Alan Ashley, failed to take prompt action to protect gymnasts and others after receiving initial reports of allegations against Nassar in 2015.
[…]
The report is critical of what it described as USA Gymnastics’ lack of oversight regarding Nassar’s activities at the Karolyi Ranch between Huntsville and New Waverly, the longtime site of the USA Gymnastics women’s training center.
It also said the Karolyis created “an expectation of absolute perfection and a single-minded and exacting focus on an athlete’s training and performance-readiness to the exclusion of everything else.” This, combined with the ranch’s isolation, “gave rise to a perfect storm of circumstances that facilitated and enabled Nassar’s abuse of elite gymnasts” at the ranch.
Nassar, the report said, took advantage of a culture that was “intense, severe and unrelenting … (and) demanded obedience and deference to authority.”
Even one of the signature moments in the history of the sport — Kerri Strug’s vault at the 1996 Olympics, after suffering an injured ankle, to help the U.S. women win a gold medal — is cited as an example of an approach that emphasized results over athletes’ safety.
Strug’s vault, the report said, “has since become a source of national pride. And yet it also serves as a warning about the casual disregard for athlete safety by those entrusted with their welfare and the overwhelming pressure on athletes to persevere at any cost.”
[…]
Regarding the Karolyi Ranch, as well as the Karolyis’ roles as national team coordinators for most of the past two decades, “no institution or individual took any meaningful steps to ensure that appropriate safety measures were in place to protect the young gymnasts. And within the isolated and secluded environment of the Karolyi Ranch … Nassar had broad latitude to commit his crimes,” the report said.
The culture faced by gymnasts during the era when the Karolyis were influential, the report said, “normalized intense physical discomfort as an integral part of the path to success.” It also led to social isolation and encouraged gymnasts “not to rock the boat.”
“When those pressures were coupled with the harsh and isolated conditions at the Karolyi Ranch, they together gave rise to a perfect storm of circumstances that facilitated and enabled Nassar’s abuse of elite gymnasts,” the report added.
See here, here, and here for some background. The irony, of course, is that for the longest time that “expectation of absolute perfection and a single-minded and exacting focus on an athlete’s training and performance-readiness to the exclusion of everything else” was considered the Karolyis’ main virtue as gymnastics coaches and the fulcrum for all of the adoring press they’d received over the years. Turns out that kind of system has its flaws. The 237-page report is embedded in the story, but if you don’t want to read it you can instead read this ThinkProgress summary of it, which makes that case that the USOC should join USA Gymnastics on the junk pile of history. Deadspin has more.
On Monday night, the U.S. Olympic Committee made a long-overdue announcement: It is taking steps towards decertifying USA Gymnastics by revoking its recognition as one of the USOC’s National Governing Bodies (NGBs).
Now, what’s to come is not going to be an overnight fix. Decertification is a complicated process — one that involves a review panel, a formal hearing, and a finding-of-fact before it becomes official. But the USOC has stressed its commitment to making sure that athletes are well-served during this time and that all training and competitions proceed as planned in the run-up to the 2020 Summer Games in Tokyo. Additionally, the USOC plans to play a part in building and fostering a revitalized, athlete-centric governing body for the sport. It’s a significant step toward true accountability and change.
However, hold the applause. It’s crucial to remember that the USOC is not the hero of this story. That honor is reserved for the brave sexual abuse survivors who have been calling for drastic measures of this kind for years.
The USOC had numerous opportunities where they could have — and, indeed, should have — stepped up to protect the athletes over whom they has responsibility. Time and time again, however, the USOC decided to do absolutely nothing.
Just go read the rest. The entire story of USA Gymnastics and its utter failure to do anything to protect its athletes from the predation of Larry Nasser is more than enough reason to blow it up and start over. This time, maybe put some actual gymnasts in leadership positions. The Chron and Deadspin have more.
Two-time Olympic taekwondo gold medalist Steven Lopez has been banned permanently from competition by the U.S. Center for SafeSport, based on the results of the agency’s investigation into Lopez’s sexual relationship with an underage female in 2000.
The relationship, according to a report compiled by SafeSport, involved a 14-year-old neighbor whose family was a friend of the Lopez family, and occurred at a time when the complainant was a taekwondo athlete and Lopez was establishing himself as one of the sport’s dominant figures, eventually winning five world titles along with the two Olympic gold medals.
Investigators said the relationship progressed over a four-year period, beginning when the complainant was 10, from what was described as grooming to sexual contact to oral sex, the latter occurring at a time when the complainant was 14 and Lopez 22.
The sexual relationship, SafeSport concluded, took place “in violation of the SafeSport Code, the criminal laws of the State of Texas and the standards expected of USA Taekwondo members.”
Lopez, who with his older brother and coach, Jean Lopez, has been named as a defendant in a federal court lawsuit filed in Colorado, declined to be interviewed by SafeSport regarding the allegations.
See here and here for some background on Jean Lopez. Steven Lopez had been suspended in May by SafeSport, and both he and his brother, along with SafeSport and USA Taekwondo and the US Olympic Committee, are defendants in a lawsuit over this whole sorry and deeply disturbing mess. All that matters at this point is finding some justice for the victims, and doing everything we can to make sure that this shit never, ever happens again. Deadspin has more.
The Texas AirHogs are members of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball, a federation of twelve, mostly Midwestern, teams unaffiliated with Major League Baseball. Inning breaks are punctuated with water-balloon-toss competitions and mascot races. The level of play is good, but with more overthrows and rundowns than you’d find on an average night at a big-league ballpark. Admission starts at $8 for adults, the parking is free and convenient, and season-ticket holders like Green and his roommate, Sharen Norton, get treated like big-shots. The AirHogs’ general manager, J.T. Onyett, visits the pair every game and sometimes offers up the VIP amenities. When the temperature crept to 110 degrees earlier this summer, the AirHogs’ staff ushered Green, Norton, and a few of their friends up to a vacant air-conditioned luxury suite. “I love the Rangers,” Norton, a 62-year-old grandmother says. “But would they do that?”
Almost everything about the AirHogs’ existence feels folksy and draped in Americana. So it came as a surprise to the team’s small group of season-ticket holders when, at a meet-and-greet with team executives before the start of the season, Onyett told them that their little hometown ball club would be undergoing a first-of-its-kind experiment. Instead of fielding a typical American Association team of fringe prospects, has-been minor leaguers, and guys trying for one last shot at The Show, the 2018 AirHogs would, in effect, lease out the majority of their roster to players from the Chinese national baseball team. Ten veteran non-Chinese pros—five pitchers and five position players—would supplement the national team squad, acting as on-field ringers and off-field mentors.
The Chinese have long been afterthoughts in Asia’s baseball pecking order, lagging well behind their athletic and political rivals Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Few people in China watch or play the sport; the development system is tiny, and the country has yet to produce even a high-minor-league-caliber player. (Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan have all produced major-league stars.) But with baseball returning to the summer Olympics in 2020 after a twelve-year hiatus, the Chinese government saw a reason to invest in the sport. Shipping their players to North Texas to play one hundred games against American pros would be the first big step.
When Green and Norton first heard about the impending arrival of the Chinese players, they didn’t know anything about the history of Chinese baseball. But they did know about their team in Grand Prairie. The AirHogs had won the American Association championship in 2011, but lately, they’d been more like the Bad News Bears. The team hadn’t had a winning record since 2013, they’d finished in last place two of the past four seasons, and—with barely a smattering of fans attending most home games—it sometimes seemed like they might not be able to stay in business. So when Green learned that China, a nation of 1.4 billion, was sending the “cream of the cream” of their baseball talent, he couldn’t help but get excited. Norton was even more hopeful.
“I wondered what the other teams were going to think when we started bashing the pants off them,” she said.
When the AirHogs’ season began on May 18, Green and Norton quickly recalibrated their expectations. The Chinese national team players that arrived in Texas were young, inexperienced, and far from world-beaters. “They didn’t know what was going on. They would do some things that a Little League team would do,” Green said.
But in August, watching the AirHogs take on the Sioux City Explorers seventy games into the season, Green was pleased with what he saw on the field. “They’re really jiving,” Green said. “And the Chinese guys always run it out, which I like.”
Go read the rest, you’ll enjoy it. As was the case with Rinku Singh and the “Million Dollar Arm” experiment, the population of China is so great that the talent pool for baseball would be very deep even if the sport only developed in a limited fashion. Bringing the Chinese national team here to get their feet wet amid higher-level competition was a super idea, one that I hope leads to something bigger. Now I want to take a road trip to Grand Prairie and see these guys for myself.
The U.S. Center for SafeSport has lifted a permanent ban imposed earlier this year on Sugar Land taekwondo coach Jean Lopez, clearing the way for Lopez to resume coaching while he and his brother, two-time Olympic gold medalist Steven Lopez, still face a federal court lawsuit accusing them of being sexual predators.
Jean Lopez’s status is now listed by SafeSport as “interim measure — restriction,” the details of which are not spelled out on the agency’s website.
However, Lopez’s attorney, Howard Jacobs, told USA Today the restriction is that Lopez is not allowed to contact his accusers.
“The main thing is that (Lopez) had been banned from coaching, and he’s no longer banned from coaching,” Jacobs told the newspaper. “We hope this is the end of it.”
The Lopez brothers, however, still face a lawsuit filed in Colorado by four women, including former national team members Mandy Meloon, a former Sugar Land resident who now lives in Austin, and Heidi Gilbert and former collegiate competitor Gabriella Joslin of Houston.
Jon Little, the Indianapolis attorney who represents the four women, said Saturday the decision to rescind the permanent ban reflects what he described as the “toothless” nature of Safe-Sport, which was established by the U.S. Olympic Committee to sanction athletes, coaches and others accused of sexual misconduct and other violations.
“I have other avenues to deal with Jean Lopez,” Little said. “Sadly, though, the USOC is putting medals and money ahead of the safety of children for the umpteenth time. This is what I expected of them.”
See here for some background. There’s some dispute over how the SafeSport appeals process is supposed to go, and I’ll refer you to these two USA Todayarticles for the details. I feel like any process that allows for a lifetime ban for multiple credible allegations of abuse to be lifted that easily is a process that should be reviewed. Deadspin has more.
Last week, four female USA Taekwondo (USAT) athletes filed a joint lawsuit against the USOC and USAT, alleging that the two organizations engaged in sex trafficking by forcing its athletes — including minor females — to travel and train with sexual predators.
According to the lawsuit, officials in both organizations knew about allegations of rape and sexual assault against brothers Jean and Steven Lopez, who are commonly referred to as the “First Family of Taekwondo,” as far back as 1996. And yet, the organizations allegedly failed to either investigate or punish the Lopez brothers, or protect the minor female athletes who were forced to train and go on international trips with these men if they wanted to follow their Olympic dreams.
“The USOC knowingly trafficked these girls to obtain medals and money, time and again,” Jon Little, one of the attorneys representing the women, said in a statement obtained by the Indy Star.
The USOC’s role in the systemic sexual abuse of athletes has been under the microscope lately, owing to the fallout from the sexual abuse of more than 250 girls and women at the hands former Michigan State University, USA Gymnastics, and USOC doctor Larry Nassar. Many of Nassar’s victims have filed lawsuits against the USOC for enabling Nassar’s abuse, and failing to prioritize the protection of its athletes.
This suit will hardly help the USOC rebuild its tarnished reputation. It specifically alleges that current interim CEO of the USOC, Susanne Lyons, as well as four other current top USOC officials “had knowledge of the numerous complaints of rape and sexual assault made by female taekwondo athletes against both Lopez brothers” but all declined to take pro-active steps to ensure that the athletes would be free from harm.
[…]
Essentially, the allegations center around two brothers, Jean and Steven Lopez. Jean was Team USA’s taekwondo coach at the 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympic Summer Games, while Steven was a five-time Olympian and three-time Olympic medalist. Together, they have been the face of USA Taekwondo for the better part of the past two decades.
The lead plaintiff is Mandy Meloon, who the Lopez brothers allegedly began to abuse in 1994, when she moved to the U.S. Olympic Training Center at the age of 13.
There’s a lot more, so go read it. I know I’ve seen a bunch of laudatory stories about the Lopez family in the past, much as there had been many such stories about the Karolyis before the media started cluing into the problems that had existed. Taekwando has a lower profile than gymnastics, so maybe that’s helped keep the Lopezes’ alleged sins out of the public eye. But as with gymnastics and swimming and so many other things, the story is one of victims not being listened to and victimizers not being held accountable. I sure hope we’re learning a lesson from all this, because the price many women have paid for it is really steep. USA Today, CNN, and Deadspin have more.
Nearly a week after prominent USA Gymnastics doctor Larry Nassar was sentenced to prison for the sexual assault of several female gymnasts, Gov. Greg Abbott has asked the Texas Rangers to investigate misconduct allegations at the famed Karolyi Ranch, the U.S. Olympic training facility in southeast Texas, north of Houston, where Nassar treated athletes.
“The public statements made by athletes who previously trained at the Karolyi Ranch are gut-wrenching,” Abbott said in a statement Tuesday. “Those athletes, as well as all Texans, deserve to know that no stone is left unturned to ensure that the allegations are thoroughly vetted and the perpetrators and enablers of any such misconduct are brought to justice. The people of Texas demand, and the victims deserve, nothing less.”
The Walker County Sheriff’s Office confirmed last week that it was looking into the ranch.
Abbott added that the Texas Rangers, the state’s top criminal investigative unit, and the Walker County Sheriff’s Office must collaborate on the case because of the far reach of the allegations, which are spread across jurisdictions and state lines.
There’s more in the Chron, where we find out that Simone Biles is ready to speak to investigators about the assaults she endured. It’s appropriate ti have the Rangers help out with this investigation, as I’m sure they have more resources and experience than the Walker County Sheriff’s Office, and of course we want all of the facts to come out so that everyone responsible can be held to that responsibility.
At the same time, though, I think we need to look past the criminal aspect of this and really ask ourselves how this was happening for nearly 20 years without anything being done about it. Among other things, maybe we need to have a good hard look at how the Karolyis operated for all these years and ask ourselves why we didn’t see the potential for problems all along. The isolation, the dictatorial methods, the extreme pressure on young girls to conform and submit to an absolute authority – is it any wonder a monster was able to flourish under those conditions? Yet as recently as 2016, in the runup to the Summer Olympics, the Karolyis were still the subject of fawningcoverage; a lawsuit alleging they had a role in the Nasser scandal – he was forced out of US Gymnastics in 2015, you know – followed a couple of months later. But even before that, former gymnasts led by Dominique Moceanu had been sounding an alarm about their training methods; she was vindicated by an investigator last year. We were warned, well ahead of this recent news. We need to understand why we didn’t heed those warnings.
The nation tuning in, a country coming alive and the summer of 2016 defined by draping a gold medal across your neck in Rio de Janeiro,instead of another boring offseason dedicated to free-agency rumors and daily tweets.
But Cleveland’s King won’t be there. Neither will the Rockets’ Weird Beard, Stephen Curry, Russell Westbrook, Chris Paul and a ridiculously self-absorbed collection of the NBA’s finest.
LeBron James gets a pass. He did what’s never been done. He returned decades of lost belief to the misnamed mistake by the lake. He can now do pretty much whatever the heck he wants until training camp.
The rest of the Association’s me-first, brand-second, country-third superstars could use a week-long reminder course in why they’re actually playing basketball for a living.
That’s as far as I got before my eyes rolled so far back in my head that I could no longer read what was on the page. I mean, gosh, can anyone think of any reason why someone might hesitate before getting on a plane for Rio this summer? Anyone at all? Just so Brian Smith – who mostly wrote this because he doesn’t like James Harden – knows, this was the first result that came up in Google for “rio olympics”. Yeah, yeah, Olympic ideals, representing your country, blah blah blah. I get that, and no doubt that is more than enough to lure plenty of athletes this summer. But good Lord, man. Have some perspective. And if you yourself go to Rio – are you going, Brian Smith? – I’d advise you to visit your doctor first and follow his or her advice to the letter. Maybe James Harden and Steph Curry and the rest of those NBA players did exactly that themselves.
Former U.S. men’s national team forward Brian Ching, who was a member of the 2006 World Cup squad, has agreed to join the effort as one of several folks from throughout Houston participating in a video asking the U.S. Soccer Federation to add BBVA Compass Stadium as one of the 10 stops on the Fan Tribute Tour.
Dynamo president Chris Canetti said he and BBVA Compass Stadium general manager Doug Hall are eager to get the U.S. women’s national team to Houston.
“We think the fan base is very excited about this opportunity, and we would put on a great show and great event for U.S. Soccer,” Canetti said. “Hopefully the opportunity presents itself before the end of the year.”
The team was last here in Houston in 2004, and they drew one of the best crowds of the tour. We’ve now got a great soccer-oriented stadium, and a proven audience for soccer. This should be a no-brainer. Sign the petition and help them make the right call.
With stunning swiftness, the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency said Thursday night it will strip Lance Armstrong of his unprecedented seven Tour de France titles after he dropped his fight against drug charges that threatened his legacy as one of the greatest cyclists of all time.
Travis Tygart, USADA’s chief executive, said Armstrong would also be hit with a lifetime ban on Friday. Under the World Anti-Doping Code, he could lose other awards, event titles and cash earnings while the International Olympic Committee might look at the bronze medal he won in the 2000 Games.
Armstrong, who retired last year, effectively dropped his fight by declining to enter USADA’s arbitration process — his last option — because he said he was weary of fighting accusations that have dogged him for years. He has consistently pointed to the hundreds of drug tests he passed as proof of his innocence while piling up Tour titles from 1999 to 2005.
“There comes a point in every man’s life when he has to say, ‘Enough is enough.’ For me, that time is now,” Armstrong said. He called the USADA investigation an “unconstitutional witch hunt.”
“I have been dealing with claims that I cheated and had an unfair advantage in winning my seven Tours since 1999,” he said. “The toll this has taken on my family and my work for our foundation and on me leads me to where I am today — finished with this nonsense.”
USADA reacted quickly and treated Armstrong’s decision as an admission of guilt, hanging the label of drug cheat on an athlete who was a hero to thousands for overcoming life-threatening testicular cancer and for his foundation’s support for cancer research.
“It is a sad day for all of us who love sport and athletes,” Tygart said. “It’s a heartbreaking example of win at all costs overtaking the fair and safe option. There’s no success in cheating to win.”
Tygart said the agency had the power to strip the Tour titles, though Armstrong disputed that.
The Tour has taken away titles from two riders: Floyd Landis in 2006 and Alberto Contador in 2010. Each tested positive for a banned substance while riding to his Tour victory.
Landis, a former teammate of Armstrong, iniataed USADA’s investigation of Armstrong.
If Armstrong’s titles are taken away it is unclear who would be declared the winner. Most of the cyclists behind Armstrong on the podium were suspended for using drugs including Jan Ullrich, Ivan Basso and Alexander Vinokourov.
Here’s a radical idea: Why even bother testing? If they’re all doping anyway, then no one is really getting an advantage, and they playing field is sufficiently level. Well, it would have been level for everyone except Armstrong himself, who has passed every drug test given to him, and he managed to win anyway. I don’t really follow cycling, and I never paid that much attention to the Tour de France, even when Armstrong was dominating it. I have at best a surface-level knowledge of the history here. From that perspective, I have no idea why the USADA has been going after Armstrong so hard. I don’t get it. Be that as it may, it looks like the USADA will finally get what it’s been after for all these years. Mission accomplished, I guess.
Yeah, I have the first three songs on the Coverville list, which is why this inspired me. Good thing this isn’t the Winter Olympics, because I don’t have a lot of snow and ice-themed music, at least outside of the Christmas carol genre.
For the record, I have no songs that contain the word “Bronze” in them. I was prepared to search for and include songs with the name of other metals in the title if I didn’t have enough Gold and Silver songs – brass, iron, steel, what have you – but as you can see I didn’t need to so I didn’t go looking for them.
1. Fool’s Game – Bonnie Raitt2. The Name of The Game – from “Mamma Mia!”3. Play The Game – Queen4. Wicked Game – The Model5. Cat’s Game – Greg Camp6. Crazy Game – Indigo Girls7. Evil Woman Don’t Play Your Games With Me – Crow8. Game of Love – Wayne Fontana & The Mindbenders9. Love Is A Losing Game – Amy Winehouse10. Patriot Game – Black 47
Organizers for Saturday’s U.S. Olympic marathon trials arrived Tuesday to find a city and a race course doused by rainfall, cooled by a timely cold front and poised for what organizers describe as ideal conditions for Saturday’s stop on the road to the 2012 London Olympics.
Saturday’s trials, a prelude to the 40th annual Chevron Houston Marathon on Sunday, will feature an estimated 158 men and 223 women racing for the three spots available in each category for the 2012 Games.
And the weather, in contrast to the miserable conditions that have gripped Houston for months, could scarcely be better.
[…]
Saturday’s trials will take place over a course that may be unfamiliar to fans of the Chevron Houston Marathon, which celebrates its 40th anniversary with Sunday’s run, but is well-known to the tens of thousands who attend the city’s Fourth of July celebrations in the Buffalo Bayou greenbelt west of downtown.
After runners start from the Discovery Green area near the George R. Brown Convention Center with an initial loop through downtown, the 26.2-mile Olympic trials course will follow an eight-mile loop on either side of the bayou following Memorial Drive to South Shepherd to Allen Parkway.
Runners will travel the loop three times before hitting the finish line at the convention center.
Here’s the Marathon Trials website. The main thing you need to know, at least if you live in my neck of the woods, is that Studemont and Heights/Waugh will be closed off between Washington and Dallas. They’ve had marquee signs up advertising that since New Year’s Day. It confused me a bit at first, because I knew the 14th is a Saturday, and the Marathon is always on a Sunday. Now I know. Metro service will also be interrupted by this, so beware. You want to see some really skinny people run really fast for two hours, this is the place to do it.
Houston outbid the prestigious Boston and New York marathons and will host the men’s and women’s 2012 U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials, the first time a city has staged both races.
USA Track and Field CEO Doug Logan said the organization’s board voted unanimously to award both races to the city and the U.S. Olympic Committee approved. He made the announcement Monday at Houston City Hall.
The races will be held Jan. 14, 2012, the day before the 40th Houston marathon. Runners will compete on a closed, multiple-lap course along Allen Parkway and Memorial Drive, with the top three men and women making the U.S. team.
Houston pledged $1.4 million to host one race, and $1.7 million to stage both. The funds, which will pay for event logistics, athlete travel and prize money, will come from corporate sponsorship, with support from the city and Harris County, Houston marathon managing director Steven Karpas said.
It doesn’t say who the sponsors are; I assume they’re already lined up, and we’ll know plenty about them before too long. Kudos to those who made it happen. Hair Balls has more.
The Olympics motto is “Swifter, Higher, Stronger.” Here are songs from my iTunes library which have those words, synonyms, or root forms in their titles:
Click the link to see his list. Here’s mine, which is jumbo-sized for weekend consumption:
1. Don’t Come On Strong And Run – The Mollys2. Stronger – Mieka Pauley3. You’re Stronger Than Me – Patsy Cline4. Back In The High Life Again – Steve Winwood5. Bust The High School Students – Austin Lounge Lizards6. First Time High – of Montreal7. Gettin’ High – Asylum Street Spankers8. Groovin’ High – Charlie Parker9. I Want To Take You Higher – Ike & Tina Turner10. Shoot High, Aim Low – Yes11. The Tide Is High – Lager Rhythms12. The Trees They Do Grow High – Gordian Knot13. Fast As I Can – Great Big Sea14. Fast Car – Tracy Chapman15. Fast Freddy – Trinity University Jazz Band16. Half Fast Jam – Enter The Haggis17. Quick – Eddie From Ohio18. Papa Come Quick – Bonnie Raitt
No swift songs, but I do have fast and quick ones. I have more high songs than this, but limited it to one per artist, and didn’t use songs with “Highway” or “Highland” or the like. So there you have it.
I was sent this press release about Metro workers getting some interesting training as they prepare to build the new light rail lines, and thought it was worth sharing.
‘Hardhat and blue collar’ was the dress code for training classes offered at METRO in mid-December. The classes weren’t elective; they are required study for contractors and subcontractors working on Houston’s East End, North, Southeast and Uptown Light-Rail Transit (LRT) Corridors to comply with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and the Texas Antiquities Code, and to help workers understand the impact of their work in a broader context.
Duane Peter, a professional archaeologist, and Marsha Prior, an architectural historian, both consultants for Houston Rapid Transit (HRT), presented a mix of information that touched on everything from bricks to bones and many points in between. Prior noted that historic buildings could be more fragile than other structures in a construction area; therefore, special care must be taken to ensure that workers are aware of the historic buildings and know how to operate around them.
“So far, 19 historic properties have been identified along the Southeast Corridor, and they range from houses and religious facilities to government and commercial multiple-story buildings,” Peter noted. “The Niels Esperson Building (814 Travis), the S.H. Kress & Co. Building (705 Main), and the Annunciation Catholic Church (1618 Texas) have features that are unique, such as limestone columns, terracotta coverings, or arched and round windows that require special care. Awareness of these properties on the part of the workers will ensure that they are not accidentally damaged during construction.”
I think I’ve mentioned before that when Tiffany and I visited Athens in 2000, we used their newly-constructed rail lines to get about. They were still working on some other lines, which were to be ready for the 2004 Olympics, but had a hard time meeting their deadlines because every time they stuck a shovel in the ground, they found some historical or archaeological artifact. One of the local museums had an exhibition called “The City Beneath The City” about what they’d found, which we got to see while we were there. Needless to say, Houston will not have anything like that to deal with, but it’s good to know that if the construction crews do find something of interest, they’ll know what to do with it.
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abstract: 'In this paper we explain when it is possible to construct fibrewise localizations in model categories. For pointed spaces, the general idea is to decompose the total space of a fibration as a diagram over the category of simplices of the base and replace it by the localized diagram. This of course is not possible in an arbitrary category. We have thus to adapt another construction which heavily depends on Mather’s cube theorem. Working with model categories in which the cube theorem holds, we characterize completely those who admit a fibrewise nullification.'
author:
- '[David Chataur and Jérôme Scherer]{} [^1]'
bibliography:
- 'bibho.bib'
title: Fibrewise nullification and the cube theorem
---
Introduction {#introduction .unnumbered}
============
Mather’s cube theorem states that the top face of a cube of spaces whose bottom face is a homotopy push-out and all vertical faces are homotopy pull-backs is again a homotopy push-out ([@MR53:6510 Theorem 25]). This theorem is one of the very few occurences of a situation where homotopy limits and colimits commute. It is actually related to a theorem of Puppe about commuting fibers and push-outs ([@MR51:1808]), and also to Quillen’s Theorem B in [@MR49:2895]. Doeraene’s work on $J$-categories has incorporated the cube theorem as an axiom in pointed model categories and allowed him to study the L.S.-category in an abstract setting ([@MR94b:55017]). Roughly speaking a $J$-category is a model category in which the cube theorem holds. Such a model category is very suitable for studying the relationship between a localization functor (constructed by means of certain homotopy colimits) and fibrations.
Recall that a localization functor in a model category ${{\mathcal M}}$ is any coaugmented idempotent functor $L: {{\mathcal M}}\rightarrow {{\mathcal M}}$. The coaugmentation is a natural transformation $\eta: Id \rightarrow
L$. We will only deal with nullification functors $P_A$. In this context the image of $P_A$ is characterized by the property that $map(A, P_A X) \simeq *$. We are looking for an existence theorem of fibrewise nullification, i.e. a construction which associates to any fibration $F \rightarrow E \rightarrow B$ another fibration together with a natural transformation $$\xymatrix{
F \rto\dto^{\eta} & E \rto\dto & B \dto\\
P_A F \rto & \bar E \rto & B }$$ where $E \rightarrow \bar E$ is a $P_A$-equivalence. This is achieved by imposing the join axiom for the object $A$: We require the join $X*A$ to be killed by $P_A$, i.e. $P_A (X*A) \simeq *$, for any object $X$.
For pointed spaces, the most elegant construction of fibrewise localization is due to E. Dror Farjoun (in [@dror:book Theorem F.3]). His idea is to decompose the total space of a fibration as a diagram over the category of simplices of the base and replace it by the corresponding localized diagram. In certain particular settings, some authors used other constructions (P. May [@MR81f:55005], W. Dwyer, H. Miller, and J. Neisendorfer in [@MR90i:55034] for completions, C. Casacuberta and A. Descheemaker in [@CD] in the category of groups), but none of these can be adapted in model categories. We prove the following:
[**Theorem \[fibrewise\]**]{} [*Let ${{\mathcal M}}$ be a model category which is pointed, left proper, cellular and in which the cube and the join axiom hold. Then the nullification functor $P_A$ admits a fibrewise version.*]{}
This condition is actually necessary and we characterize completely the model categories for which fibrewise nullifications exist. This is closely related to the property of preserving products: A nullification functor $P_A$ preserves (finite) products if $P_A(X \times Y) \simeq P_A X \times P_A Y$.
[**Theorem \[charac\]**]{}
*Let ${{\mathcal M}}$ be a model category which is pointed, left proper, cellular and in which the cube axiom holds. Then the following conditions are equivalent:*
- The nullification functor $P_A$ admits a fibrewise version.
- The nullification functor $P_A$ preserves finite products.
- The canonical projection $X \times
A \rightarrow X$ is a $P_A$-equivalence for any $X \in {{\mathcal M}}$.
- The join axiom for $A$ is satisfied.
We show in the last part of the paper that the category of algebras over an admissible operad satisfies the cube axiom. Therefore the plus-construction developed in [@CRS] has a fibrewise analogue. Let us only say that the plus-construction performed on a ${{\mathcal O}}$-algebra $B$ kills the maximal ${{\mathcal O}}$-perfect ideal in $\pi_0 B$ and preserves Quillen homology. As a direct consequence we get the following result which is classical for spaces.
[**Theorem \[acyclic\]**]{} [*Let ${{\mathcal O}}-alg$ be the category of algebras over an admissible operad ${{\mathcal O}}$. For any ${{\mathcal O}}$-algebra $B$, denote by $B \rightarrow B^+$ the plus construction. The homotopy fiber $AB = Fib(B \rightarrow B^+)$ is then acyclic with respect to Quillen homology.*]{}
[**Acknowledgements**]{}. We would like to thank Gustavo Granja and Sophie Reinberg for helpful comments.
The cube axiom
==============
We work in a model category ${{\mathcal M}}$ which is [*pointed*]{}, i.e. the terminal object coincides with the initial one and is denoted by $*$. In such a category the homotopy fiber $Fib(p)$ of a map $p:E
\rightarrow B$ is defined as the homotopy pull-back of the diagram $* \rightarrow B \leftarrow E$. We also assume the category is [*left proper*]{}, meaning that the push-out of a weak equivalence along a cofibration is again a weak equivalence. Finally we require ${{\mathcal M}}$ to be [*cellular*]{} as defined in [@hirschhorn:unpub Definition 14.1.1]. Basically the small object argument applies in a cellular model category, as one has $I$-cells which replace the usual spheres. There exists a cardinal $\kappa$ such that any morphism from an $I$-cell to a telescope of length $\lambda \geq \kappa$ factorizes through an object of this telescope. Moreover every object has a cofibrant replacement by an $I$-cell complex by [@hirschhorn:unpub Theorem 13.3.7]. Localization functors exist in this setting, see [@hirschhorn:unpub Theorem 4.1.1], but in general we do not know if it is possible to localize fibrewise in any (pointed, left proper, cellular) model category. We will thus work in model categories satisfying an extra-condition.
\[cube\] [A model category ${{\mathcal M}}$ satisfies the [*cube axiom*]{} if for every commutative cubical diagram in ${{\mathcal M}}$ in which the bottom face is a homotopy push-out square and all vertical faces are homotopy pull-back squares, then the top face is a homotopy push-out square as well.]{}
M. Mather proved the cube Theorem for spaces in [@MR53:6510 Theorem 25] and J.-P. Doeraene introduced it as an axiom for model categories. His paper [@MR94b:55017] contains a very useful appendix with several examples of model categories satisfying this rather strong axiom.
\[stablecube\] [Any stable model category satisfies the cube axiom. Indeed homotopy push-outs coincide with homotopy pull-backs, so that this axiom is a tautology. On the other hand the category of groups does not satisfy the cube axiom. Let us give an easy counter-example by considering the push-out of $({{\mathbb Z}}\leftarrow *
\rightarrow {{\mathbb Z}})$, which is a free group on two generators $a$ and $b$. The pull-back along the inclusion ${{\mathbb Z}}<ab> {\hookrightarrow}{{\mathbb Z}}<a>*
{{\mathbb Z}}<b>$ is obviously not a push-out diagram. However fibrewise localizations exist in the category of groups as shown by the recent work of Casacuberta and Descheemaker [@CD].]{}
The following proposition claims that under very special circumstances the push-out of the fibers coincides with the fiber of the push-outs. In the category of spaces this is originally due to V. Puppe, see [@MR51:1808]. The close link between the cube Theorem and Puppe’s theorem was already well-known to M. Mather and M. Walker, as can be seen in [@MR82a:55008].
\[Puppe\] Let ${{\mathcal M}}$ be a pointed model category in which the cube axiom holds. Consider natural transformations between push-out diagrams: $$\xymatrix{
F\dto_{j}\ar @{}[r]|(0.46)= &
*{hocolim\hspace{2mm}\big(\hspace{-20pt}} & F_{1}\dto_{j_{1}}
&F_{0}\lto\rto\dto_{j_{0}} & F_{2}\dto^{j_{2}} & *{\hspace{-20pt}\big)}\\
E\dto_{p}\ar @{}[r]|(0.46)= &
*{hocolim\hspace{2mm}\big(\hspace{-20pt}} & E_{1}\dto_{p_{1}}
&E_{0}\lto\rto\dto_{p_{0}} & E_{2}\dto^{p_{2}} & *{\hspace{-20pt}\big)}\\
B \ar @{}[r]|(0.46)=& *{hocolim\hspace{2mm}\big(\hspace{-20pt}} &
B & B \ar @{=}[l] \ar @{=}[r] & B & *{\hspace{-20pt}\big)} }$$ Assume that $F_i = Fib(p_i)$ for any $0 \leq i \leq 2$. Then $F =
Fib(p)$.
Denote by $k: G \rightarrow E$ the homotopy fiber of $p$. We show that $G$ and $F$ are weakly equivalent. Let us construct a cube by pulling-back $E_i \rightarrow E$ along $k$. The bottom face consists thus in the middle row of the above diagram and the top face consists in the homotopy pull-backs of $E_i \rightarrow E
\leftarrow G$, which are the same as the homotopy pull-backs of $E_i \rightarrow B \leftarrow *$, i.e. $F_i$. The cube axiom now states that the top face is a homotopy push-out and we are done.
This result will be the main tool in constructing fiberwise localization in ${{\mathcal M}}$. In his paper [@MR94b:55017] on L.S.-category, J.-P. Doeraene used the cube axiom in a very similar fashion to study fiberwise joins. Indeed Ganea’s characterization of the L.S.-category uses iterated fibers of push-outs over a fixed base space. The same ideas have also been used in [@MR96i:55030].
\[product\] Let ${{\mathcal M}}$ be a model category in which the cube axiom holds. Let $D$ be the homotopy push-out in ${{\mathcal M}}$ of the diagram $A \leftarrow
B \rightarrow C$. Then, for any object $X \in {{\mathcal M}}$, $X \times D$ is the homotopy push-out of the diagram $X \times A \leftarrow X
\times B \rightarrow X \times C$.
It suffices to consider the cube obtained by pulling back the mentionned push-out square along the canonical projection $X
\times D \rightarrow D$.
The join
========
We check here that we can use all the classical facts about the join in any model category and introduce the join axiom. Most proofs here are not new, but probably folklore. Recall that the join $A*B$ of two objects $A, B \in {{\mathcal M}}$ is the homotopy push-out of $A \stackrel{p_1}{\longleftarrow} A \times B
\stackrel{p_2}{\longrightarrow} B$. First notice that the induced maps $A {\rightarrow}A*B$ and $B {\rightarrow}A*B$ are trivial. Indeed the map $A
{\rightarrow}A*B$ can be seen as the composite $A
\stackrel{i_1}{\longrightarrow} A \times B
\stackrel{p_1}{\longrightarrow} A {\rightarrow}A*B$ which by definition coincides with the obviously trivial map $A
\stackrel{i_1}{\longrightarrow} A \times B
\stackrel{p_2}{\longrightarrow} B {\rightarrow}A*B$.
\[join\] For any objects $A, B \in {{\mathcal M}}$, we have $A*B \simeq \Sigma(A \wedge B)$.
We use a “classical" Fubini argument (homotopy colimit commute with itself, cf. for example [@ChSc Theorem 24.9]). Let $P$ be the homotopy push-out of $A {\leftarrow}A \vee B {\rightarrow}A \times B$ and consider first the commutative diagram $$\xymatrix{
A & A \vee B \lto \rto & B\\
A \ar @{=}[u] \ar @{=}[d] & A \vee B \ar @{=}[u] \dto \rto \lto & A \times B \ar @{=}[d] \uto\\
A & A \times B \lto \ar @{=}[r] & A \times B }$$ Its homotopy colimit can be computed in two different ways. By taking first vertical homotopy push-outs and next the resulting horizontal homotopy push-out one gets $A*B$. By taking first horizontal homotopy push-outs one gets the homotopy cofiber of $P
{\rightarrow}A$. Consider finally the commutative diagram $$\xymatrix{
\ast & \ast \ar @{=}[r] \ar @{=}[l] & \ast\\
A \uto \ar @{=}[d] & A \vee B \uto \dto \rto \lto & A \times B \ar @{=}[d] \uto\\
A & A \times B \lto \ar @{=}[r] & A \times B }$$ The same process as above shows that $Cof(P {\rightarrow}A)$ is homotopy equivalent to $\Sigma(A \wedge B)$.
\[suspension\] For any objects $A, B \in {{\mathcal M}}$, we have $\Sigma A \wedge B \simeq
\Sigma(A \wedge B)$.
Apply again the Fubini commutation rule to the following diagram $$\xymatrix{
\ast & \ast \ar @{=}[r] \ar @{=}[l] & \ast\\
B \uto \ar @{=}[d] & A \vee B \uto \dto \rto \lto & B \ar @{=}[d] \uto\\
B & A \times B \lto \rto & B }$$ where one uses Lemma \[product\] to identify the push-out of the bottom line.
For a fibration $F {\rightarrow}E {\mbox{$\to$\hspace{-0.35cm}$\to$}}B$, the [*holonomy action*]{} is the map $m: \Omega B \times F {\rightarrow}F$ induced on the pull-backs by the natural transformation from $\Omega B {\rightarrow}* {\leftarrow}F$ to $PB {\mbox{$\to$\hspace{-0.35cm}$\to$}}B {\leftarrow}E$.
\[holonomy\] For any fibration $F {\rightarrow}E {\mbox{$\to$\hspace{-0.35cm}$\to$}}B$, the homotopy push-out of $\Omega B {\leftarrow}\Omega B \times F \stackrel{m}{\longrightarrow} F$ is weakly equivalent to $\Omega B * F$.
Copy the proof above to compare this homotopy push-out to $\Sigma(\Omega B \wedge F)$.
When working with a nullification functor $P_A$ for some object $A
\in {{\mathcal M}}$, we say that $X$ is $A$-[*acyclic*]{} or [*killed*]{} by $A$ if $P_A X \simeq *$. By universality this is equivalent to $map(X, Z) \simeq *$ for any $A$-local object $Z$, or even better to the fact that any morphism $X {\rightarrow}Z$ to an $A$-local object is homotopically trivial.
\[axiom\] [A cellular model category ${{\mathcal M}}$ satisfies the [*join axiom*]{} for the nullification functor $P_A$ if the join of $A$ with any $I$-cell is $A$-acyclic. ]{}
\[stablejoin\] [Any stable model category satisfies trivially the join axiom, as push-outs coincide with pull-backs. In such a category the join is always trivial. The category of groups satisfies the join axiom for a similar reason (but we saw in Example \[stablecube\] that the cube axiom does not hold).]{}
\[acyclicjoin\] Let ${{\mathcal M}}$ be a cellular model category in which the join axiom and the cube axiom hold. Then $\Sigma^i A * Z$ is $A$-acyclic for any $i \geq 0$ and any object $Z$.
The join is a homotopy colimit and thus commutes with other homotopy colimits. Since any object in ${{\mathcal M}}$ has a cofibrant approximation which can be constructed as a telescope by attaching $I$-cells, the lemma will be proven if we show that $\Sigma^i A
* Z$ is acyclic for any $I$-cell $Z$. By assumption we know that $A * Z$ is acyclic and we conclude by Lemma \[suspension\] since $\Sigma^i A * Z \simeq \Sigma^i(A*Z)$ is $P_A$-acyclic.
\[restricted\] [Given a family $S$ of $I$-cells, we say ${{\mathcal M}}$ satisfies the [*restricted join axiom*]{} if the join of $A$ with any $I$-cell in $S$ is $A$-acyclic. One refines then the above proposition to cellular model categories in which the restricted join axiom holds. Here $\Sigma^i A * Z$ is $A$-acyclic for any $i \geq 0$ and any $S$-cellular object $Z$, i.e. any object weakly equivalent to one which can be built by attaching only $I$-cells in $S$. ]{}
Fibrewise nullification
=======================
Let $A$ be any object in ${{\mathcal M}}$. Recall that it is always possible to construct mapping spaces up to homotopy in ${{\mathcal M}}$ eventhough we do not assume ${{\mathcal M}}$ is a simplicial model category (see [@ChSc]). Thus we can define an object $Z \in {{\mathcal M}}$ to be $A$-local if there is a weak equivalences $map(A, Z) \simeq *$. A map $g: X \rightarrow Y$ is a $P_A$-equivalence if it induces a weak equivalences on mapping spaces $g^*: map(Y, Z) \rightarrow
map(X, Z)$ for any $A$-local object $Z$. Hirschhorn shows that there exists a coaugmented functor $P_A: {{\mathcal M}}\rightarrow {{\mathcal M}}$ such that the coaugmentation $\eta: X \rightarrow P_A X$ is a $P_A$-equivalence to an $A$-local object. This functor is called nullification or periodization.
The nullification $X {\rightarrow}P_A X$ can be constructed up to homotopy by imitating the topological construction 2.8 in [@bousfield:local]. One must iterate (possibly transfinitely, for a cardinal given by the smallness of any cofibrant object in ${{\mathcal M}}$, see [@hirschhorn:unpub Theorem 14.4.4]) the process of gluing $A$-cells, i.e. take the homotopy cofiber of a map $\Sigma^i A {\rightarrow}X$. We assume throughout this section that the model category ${{\mathcal M}}$ satisfies both the join axiom and the cube axiom.
Let us explain now how to adapt the fibrewise construction [@dror:book F.7] in a model category. The following lemma is the step we will iterate on and on so as to construct the space $\bar E$ (in Theorem \[fibrewise\]).
\[step\] Consider a commutative diagram $$\xymatrix{
F \dto_{j} \rmono^\eta & P_A F \rto\dto_{} & F_{1}\dto^{j_{2}}\\
E \depi_{p} \rmono & E'\rto^{\simeq}\dto_{p'} & E_{1} \depi^{p_{1}}\\
B \ar @{=}[r] & B \ar @{=}[r] & B }$$ where the left column is a fibration sequence, the upper left square is a homotopy push-out square, $p':E' {\rightarrow}B$ is the unique map extending $p$ such that the composite $P_A F {\rightarrow}E' {\rightarrow}B$ is trivial, $p_1$ is a fibration, and $F_1$ is the homotopy fiber of $p_1$. Then the composites $E {\rightarrow}E' {\rightarrow}E_1$ and $F {\rightarrow}P_A F {\rightarrow}F_1$ are both $P_A$-equivalences.
We can assume that the map $\eta: F {\hookrightarrow}P_A F$ is a cofibration as indicated in the diagram, so that $E'$ is obtained as a push-out, not only a homotopy push-out. Since $\eta$ is a $P_A$-equivalence, so is its push-out along $j$ by left properness (see [@hirschhorn:unpub Proposition 3.5.4]). To prove that $F
{\rightarrow}F_1$ is a $P_A$-equivalence, it suffices to analyze the map $P_A F {\rightarrow}F_1$. We use Puppe’s Proposition \[Puppe\] to compute $F_1$ as homotopy push-out of the homotopy fibers of $P_A F {\leftarrow}F
{\rightarrow}E$ over the fixed base $B$. This yields the diagram $P_A F
\times \Omega B {\leftarrow}F \times \Omega B {\rightarrow}F$ whose homotopy push-out is $F_1$. We investigate more closely the map $F {\rightarrow}F_1$ by decomposing the map $F {\rightarrow}P_A F$ into several steps obtained by gluing $A$-cells.
Consider a cofibration of the form $\Sigma^i A
\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow} F {\rightarrow}C_f$. Let $E_f$ be the homotopy push-out of $C_f {\leftarrow}F {\rightarrow}E$ and compute as above the homotopy fiber $F_f$ of $E_f {\rightarrow}B$. It is weakly equivalent to the homotopy push-out of $C_f \times \Omega B {\leftarrow}F \times \Omega
B {\rightarrow}F$. Hence $F_f$ is also weakly equivalent to the homotopy push-out of $\Omega B {\leftarrow}\Sigma^i A \times \Omega B {\rightarrow}F$, using the definition of $C_f$. Decompose this push-out as follows $$\xymatrix{
\Sigma^i A \times \Omega B \rto \dto & \Sigma^i A \rto \dto & F \dto \\
\Omega B \rto & \Sigma^i A \ast \Omega B \rto & F_f
}$$ The right-hand square must be a homotopy push-out square as well. But both $\Sigma^i A$ and $\Sigma^i A \ast \Omega B$ are $A$-acyclic (by Proposition \[acyclicjoin\]), so that the map $\Sigma^i A {\rightarrow}\Sigma^i A \ast \Omega B$ is a $P_A$-equivalence. Thus so is $F {\rightarrow}F_f$ by left properness. Iterating this process of gluing $A$-cells shows that $F {\rightarrow}F_1$ is a telescope of $P_A$-equivalences, hence a $P_A$-equivalence.
\[commutation\] [In the category of spaces it is of course true that $\Omega B
\times F {\rightarrow}\Omega B \times P_A F$ is a $P_A$-equivalence, because localization commutes with finite products. In general we will see in Theorem \[charac\] that the join axiom is actually equivalent to the commutation of $P_A$ with products. With the restricted join axiom we would have to impose the additional restriction on $B$ that $\Omega B$ be $S$-cellular.]{}
\[fibrewise\] Let ${{\mathcal M}}$ be a model category which is pointed, left proper, cellular and in which the cube axiom and the join axiom hold. Let $P_A: {{\mathcal M}}\rightarrow {{\mathcal M}}$ be a nullification functor. Then there exists a fibrewise nullification, i.e. a construction which associates to any fibration $F \rightarrow E \rightarrow B$ another fibration together with a natural transformation $$\xymatrix{
F \rto\dto^{\eta} & E \rto\dto & B \dto\\
P_A F \rto & \bar E \rto & B
}$$ where $E \rightarrow \bar E$ is a $P_A$-equivalence.
We construct first by the method provided in Lemma \[step\] a natural transformation to the fibration $F_1 {\rightarrow}E_1 {\rightarrow}B$. We iterate then this construction and get a fibration $\bar F {\rightarrow}\bar E {\rightarrow}B$ where $\bar F = hocolim(F {\rightarrow}F_1 {\rightarrow}F_2 {\rightarrow}\dots)$ and $\bar E = hocolim(E {\rightarrow}E_1 {\rightarrow}E_2 {\rightarrow}\dots)$. All maps in these telescopes are $P_A$-equivalences by the lemma, hence so are $E {\rightarrow}\bar E$ and $F {\rightarrow}\bar F$. Moreover any map $F_n {\rightarrow}F_{n+1}$ factorizes as $F_n {\rightarrow}P_A F_n \simeq P_A F {\rightarrow}F_{n+1}$ so that $\bar F \simeq P_A F$. We obtain thus the desired fibration $P_A F {\rightarrow}\bar E {\rightarrow}B$.
Define $\bar P_A X = Fib(X {\rightarrow}P_A X)$, the fiber of the nullification. As in the case of spaces we get:
\[A-null\] For any object $X$ in ${{\mathcal M}}$ we have $P_A \bar P_A X \simeq *$.
Apply the fiberwise localization to the fibration $\bar P_A X {\rightarrow}X {\rightarrow}P_A X$. This yields a fibration $P_A \bar P_A X {\rightarrow}\bar X
{\rightarrow}P_A X$ in which the base and the fiber are $A$-local. Therefore $\bar X$ is $A$-local as well. But then $\bar X \simeq
P_A X$ and so $P_A \bar P_A X \simeq *$.
We end this section with a complete characterization of the model categories which admit fibrewise nullifications.
\[charac\] Let ${{\mathcal M}}$ be a model category which is pointed, left proper, cellular and in which the cube axiom holds. Then the following conditions are equivalent:
- The nullification functor $P_A$ admits a fibrewise version.
- The nullification functor $P_A$ preserves finite products.
- The canonical projection $X \times
A \rightarrow X$ is a $P_A$-equivalence for any $X \in
{{\mathcal M}}$.
- The join axiom for $A$ is satisfied.
We prove first that (i) implies (ii). Consider the trivial fibration $X \rightarrow X \times Y \rightarrow Y$ and apply the fibrewise nullification to get a new fibration $P_A X \rightarrow
E \rightarrow Y$. The inclusion of the fiber admits a retraction $E \rightarrow P_A X$, i.e. $E \simeq P_A X \times Y$. Applying once again the fibrewise nullification to $Y \rightarrow Y \times
P_A X \rightarrow P_A X$, we see that the map $X \times Y
\rightarrow P_A X \times P_A Y$ is a $P_A$-equivalence. As a product of local objects is local, this means precisely that $P_A(X \times Y) \simeq P_A X \times P_A Y$.
Property (iii) is a particular case of (ii). We show now that (iii) implies (iv). If the canonical projection $X \times A
\rightarrow X$ is a $P_A$-equivalence, the push-out of it along the other projection yields another $P_A$-equivalence, namely $A
\rightarrow X*A$. Therefore the join $X*A$ is $P_A$-acyclic. Finally (iv) implies (i) as shown in Theorem \[fibrewise\].
The construction we propose for fibrewise nullification does not translate to the setting of general localization functors. We do not know if the cube and join axioms are sufficient conditions for the existence of fibrewise localizations.
Algebras over an operad
=======================
In this section we provide the motivating example for which this theory has been developped. For a fixed field $k$, we work with ${{\mathbb Z}}$-graded differential $k$-vector spaces ($k$-dgm) and consider the category of algebras in $k$-dgm over an admissible operad. This is indeed a pointed, left proper and cellular category. Weak equivalences are quasi-isomorphisms and fibrations are epimorphisms.
We do not know if the join axiom holds in full generality for any object $A$. It does so however when $A$ is acyclic with respect to Quillen homology, which is the case we are most interested in, or when $A$ is a free algebra. We check that the cube axiom always holds, following the strategy of [@MR94b:55017 Proposition A.15], which guarantees the existence of fibrewise versions of the plus-construction and Postnikov sections. In the case of $\mathbb N$-graded $\mathcal O$-algebras (the case $\mathcal O=\mathcal As$ is treated by Doeraene) one has to restrict to a particular set of fibrations (the so-called $J$-maps), because they must be surjective in each degree in order to compute pull-backs. In our context all fibrations are epimorphisms, so that the cube axiom holds in full generality.
\[operadiccube\] The cube axiom holds in the category of ${{\mathcal O}}$-algebras.
Let us briefly recall the key steps in Doeraene’s strategy. We consider a push-out square of ${{\mathcal O}}$-algebras (along a generic cofibration $B {\hookrightarrow}B \coprod {{\mathcal O}}(V)$): $$\xymatrix{
B \rmono\dto & C=B \coprod {{\mathcal O}}(V) \dto \\
A \rmono & D=A \coprod {{\mathcal O}}(V)}$$ We need to compute the pull-back of this square along a fibration $p: E {\mbox{$\to$\hspace{-0.35cm}$\to$}}D$ (which is hence an epimorphism of chain complexes). We have thus the following isomorphism of chain complexes: $$E\cong A \coprod {{\mathcal O}}(V)\oplus ker(p).$$ This allows to compute the successive pull-backs $A\times_D E$, $C\times_D E$, and $B\times_D E$. In order to construct the homotopy push-out $P$ of these pull-backs (which must coincide with $E$) we factorize the morphism $B\times_{D}E \rightarrow
C\times_{D}E$ as $$B\times_{D}E\hookrightarrow (B\oplus ker{p})\coprod{{\mathcal O}}(V\oplus W)\stackrel{\sim}{\twoheadrightarrow} C\times_{D}E$$ Thus $P$ is identified with $(A\oplus ker(p))\coprod {{\mathcal O}}(V\oplus
W)$, which allows us to build finally a quasi-isomorphism to $E$.
The plus-construction for an ${{\mathcal O}}$-algebra is a nullification with respect to a universal acyclic algebra $\mathcal U$. We refer to [@CRS] for an explicit construction and nice applications.
\[operadicjoin\] The join axiom holds for any acyclic ${{\mathcal O}}$-algebra $A$. It holds in particular for the universal acyclic algebra $\mathcal U$ constructed in [@CRS], so that the fibrewise plus-construction exists.
The join $A*X$ is weakly equivalent to $\Sigma A \wedge X$ by Lemmas \[join\] and \[suspension\]. Since $\Sigma A$ is 0-connected and acyclic, it is trivial by the Hurewicz Theorem [@CRS Theorem 1.1]. Thus $A*X \simeq *$ is always $P_A$-acyclic.
We consider next the case of Postnikov sections $P_{{{\mathcal O}}(x)}$, where $x$ is a generator of arbitrary degree $n \in {{\mathbb Z}}$. Because $[{{\mathcal O}}(x), X] \cong \pi_n X$ for any ${{\mathcal O}}$-algebra $X$, the nullification functor $P_{{{\mathcal O}}(x)}$ is really a Postnikov section, i.e. $P_{{{\mathcal O}}(x)} X \simeq X[n-1]$. Let us also recall that $\pi_n(X \times Y) \cong \pi_n X \times \pi_n Y$.
\[spherejoin\] The join axiom holds for any free ${{\mathcal O}}$-algebra ${{\mathcal O}}(x)$ on one generator of degree $n \in {{\mathbb Z}}$. Therefore fibrewise Postnikov sections exist.
By Theorem \[charac\] we might as well check that the map $X
\times {{\mathcal O}}(x) \rightarrow X$ is a $P_{{{\mathcal O}}(x)}$-equivalence for any ${{\mathcal O}}$-algebra $X$. Clearly the $n$-th Postnikov section of the product $X \times {{\mathcal O}}(x)$ is equivalent to $X[n-1]$ and we are done.
Our final result is a particular case of Corollary \[A-null\]. A direct proof (without fibrewise techniques) seems out of reach.
\[acyclic\] Let ${{\mathcal O}}-alg$ be the category of algebras over an admissible operad ${{\mathcal O}}$. For any ${{\mathcal O}}$-algebra $B$, denote by $B \rightarrow
B^+$ the plus construction. The homotopy fiber $AB = Fib(B
\rightarrow B^+)$ is then acyclic with respect to Quillen homology.
\[bibliography\]
David Chataur
Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, E–08193 Bellaterra\
email: [[email protected]]{}
Jérôme Scherer
Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, E–08193 Bellaterra\
e-mail: [[email protected]]{}
[^1]: The first author was partially supported by DGESIC grant PB97-0202.
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Wed Apr 30, 2008 at 15:50
I have been working at home today, completely focused on a May 1 deadline, but was just made aware of the controversy regarding Women's Voices. Women Vote. (Disclosure: I am on their board.) I called Page Gardner and have had a quick conversation with her as well as seen the statement that she released. I am completely confident that this was an accident. As far as I can tell, I think it was more a consequence of trying to move on 24 states in a short amount of time, and having nothing to do with the upcoming primary.
I have known Page Gardner for 16 years. She has dedicated her life to trying to get folks to register to vote, and would never do anything to deter anyone from voting.
I am still gathering facts, as to what happened and as to what the exact sequence of events was. As soon as I know more details I will do another post on what I learn.
In the meantime, I think that it's entirely possible that busy folks were a little bit asleep at the switch in this situation, but I really don't think there was any bad intent here.
The calls by Lamont Cranston err, Williams are REALLY suspicious, because why would a group wanting to register unmarried women use a black-sounding man to do robocalls?
That and the fact that the group seems to have made the same mistake over and over, that is, sending out information that confuses right before a primary. Why couldn't they do all this in July and August?
It seems to me that a once-ok group is either being run by people who are at one and the same time experienced and incompetent (suspicious in itself) or it has been hijacked.
I just don't see how an experienced group repeatedly antagonizes state election officials and confuses the public "inadvertently." I'd look into this much harder if my name were associated with it and was being used to prove the group's bona fides.
... and why this fictional "man" is trying to register single women in households where no single women live.
There are other questions about Women's Voices' outreach efforts. Although the group purports to be targeting "unmarried women," their calls and mailings don't fit the profile. Kevin Farmer in Durham, who first recorded the call, is a white male. Many of the recipients are African-American; Rev. Nelson Johnson, who is a married, male and African-American, reported that his house was called four times by the mysterious "Lamont Williams."
Mike, I'm wondering if you think that there's any possibility someone further down the organization's chain-of-command could have meddled with this registration drive for nefarious reasons? Also, do you think that there's any possibility someone like Page Gardner could have been so overzealous in her desire to see Clinton win that she would have allowed something like this to happen?
Before this was identified as the work of a Democratic non-profit, just about everyone who reported on the story agreed that it seemed an awful lot like a classic voter suppression scheme.
This has happened in multiple states, and it seems patently absurd to have a generic man named 'Lamont Williams' happening to disproportionately call African-American households that do not have single women.
Please get all the details first, then try and find out more. I don't think Gardner's being honest with you.
And for promising to get to the bottom of what happened. I sincerely hope you address details of the complaints that the representatives of WVWV are ignoring today in their replies across the blogosphere.
Reading what Chris Kromm writes, this stinks really bad. Not, whoops, I spilled my coffee when I fell asleep at the switch bad. But these dipshits deserve criminal charges and the operation should be shut down bad.
That Maggie Williams was on the board of WVWV until moving to the Clinton campaign?
And, sorry, but "busy people asleep at the switch" don't make the same mistake repeatedly (robocalls on the eve of a primary but after voter registration deadline, promising voter registration forms that may or may not arrive), then feign ignorance every time they're caught.
and should be punished....Additionally, the list of states that have complained about their voter registration efforts leads most of us to believe that this was either a shocking pattern of incompetence or more likely, an intentional effort to participate in bad politics...progressive infrastructures need to be held accountable to a much much higher standard than this crap. This is inexcusable.
Thanks Mike for posting. I'm not quite satisfied that this is kosher, but it is of course possible that Gardner herself wasn't at fault. It might help to give us a sense of how many staff and vendors and laywers it takes to run a national drive like this.
Please don't get burned up by the (understandable) anger here, please push to get the real answer. Even if each state was a mistake, there is an answer to the Lamont persona, the dates, the lack of attribution, etc.
But as far as the 'its all a mistake' answer goes, I think the multi-state pattern and all the law enforcement that came calling would have caused mistakes to stop before NC.
I remember that the person who gave us the FL butterfly ballot was a Dem, so sometimes mistakes do creep in and cause more harm than any deliberate tactic.
Over on Josh's site, I posted advice I gave a caller from this organization before the 2004 election, when I got a real human being call.
The person calling clearly did not know Minnesota Election Laws regarding registration. Because I have organized registration drives as part of Campaigns for State Representative and Senators for more than 25 years, it really bothered me that someone who didn't know the specifics of our law and process was doing the calling.
Absolutely fundamental to any successful registration drive is to tailor the campaign to a local targeted area. For instance, my own district includes a large part of the University of Minnesota -- the student population is highly mobile, and at least 50% of the residents move between elections. But give me half a dozen volunteers and at least one candidate who will be on the ballot, and I can get 3-400 registration cards filled out in 2 hours -- I do it in the food line in the dorms at dinner time. By law I can door-knock security apartment buildings as long as I have a candidate letter authorizing me to do registration -- and I know which buildings need to be done every year. In otherwords I know my targets, my local law, and I respect volunteer time, and use it in an economical way. Every district in the country needs to be treated this way, and each is distinctive. It simply is a waste of time and money to do this by phone -- you can't put a card in the hands of an unregistered but qualified voter over the phone, and you can't help them fill it out so it is legal, and collect it and see that it is turned in in a timely way. Above all, you can't answer friendly questions -- where do I vote? for instance. And yes, you encourage voting by specifically answering that question, and adding on the date and poll opening times.
In 2004, your caller did not know that in Minnesota one can register at the polls if you have ID or a person to vouch for you who is already a registered voter. Any GOTV strategy in Minnesota is built around that aspect of our law. I'd rather spend a small amount of money printing an insert quoting the law (cheap paper, quarter page sized -- I have even used Post-its) and stick it on every piece of campaign lit that goes out. Far more valuable than a phone call.
In otherwords, four years ago I told your caller this, that registration drives need to be designed at the local level, and need to provide specific information that reflects State Laws and Practices. So I take this opportunity to say it again.
I'm going to step outside the normal orthodoxy that Project Vote uses for its postings and comments and take a minute to talk as a staff member, not as the official voice of the organization.
Voter registration is hard work, no matter what methodology one uses. There are a lot of moving parts to a national program, including voter registration deadlines that vary from state to state.
It is important to note here that WVWV is running a VR program that will last until the General Election. That's important because I believe they were capitalizing on the enthusiasm of the upcoming presidential primaries to boost the success of their program. If that was indeed the case then the fact that they missed the VR deadlines for the primaries wasn't of paramount consideration because their real goals are for the general.
However, it has obviously been extremely confusing for folks that they would take advantage of the energy of the primaries without taking into account primary registration dates or offering an explanation of the discrepancy in their robo calls. Further the robo calls themselves seem to have been fraught with some legal problems as well as targeting problems.
But I don't know the facts of the case one way or another and I am not condoning or condemning any of the actions by WVWV for the same reason. What I do want to convey is a sense that not everything related to VR and GOTV is a conspiracy and that smart people with good intentions can still make mistakes big and small.
I'm sure we'll find out what was really going on soon.
In the meantime, as an employee of an organization that has been crazed by things like the US Attorney's scandal, I plead with folks to wait a minute before the start condemning and getting out the pitchforks and torches.
I understand that if WVWV is truly in the wrong on this, it's going to make your job that much harder; however, there are some incontrovertible facts that have been reported here that are damnable.
Also, as I see you are the nathanhj flooding the Stoller post with comments, it would help to identify yourself over there to lend credibility to your point of view. I strongly disagree with some of the defenses you've provided, particularly regarding the illegality of the robocalling campaign in NC, but will now take into consideration all of your hard work and knowledge when reading those comments.
diary, by a guy who says he's a "voter reg pro," who "once managed a California VR campaign that registered over 200,000 voters" -- you might not like the title much, but he's got an interesting list of unanswered questions.
The investigation was initiated Thursday (Feb. 7, 2008) after State Police was contacted by the State Board of Elections. On Wednesday and Thursday of this week, Virginia citizens began receiving recorded phone messages notifying them that a voter registration packet would be arriving in the mail. The individuals were then advised to complete, sign and mail in the application. Concerned because the messages did not specify who or where the packets were coming from, many of the citizens contacted their local registrar to find out if it was legitimate.
If you didn't know, well, no wonder we;re asking questions about what's going on. If you did know -- what made the board decide that it was OK to do it again in NC?
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Q:
Independency in cell culture experiment
My question is related to the assumption of independence in observations between groups.
In brief: I use human cells from three different donors (n=3, three biological replicates). These are splitted into two groups by technical replication. One is receiving Treatment A and the other is receiving Treatment B. A series of dependent variables are assessed and in the end, I report and analyze the means comprised of Donor1, Donor2 and Donor3 for both treatments.
I know that applying statistics to small sample sizes are problematic and in worst case misleading. However, in this example it is mostly about understanding the two groups I compare.
The problem (as I see it) is that the group receiving Treatment A is not different (independent) from the group receiving Treatment B. This is due to the fact that the groups are just technical replicates from the same donor. When comparing the means of the two groups, I'm essentially comparing two groups containing the same cells (Treatment A(Donor1, Donor2, Donor3) compared to Treatment B(Donor1, Donor2, Donor3).
This raises the question: is it a weakness that I violate the assumption of independency between groups AND/OR a strength since the effect can now only be caused by the treatment because the groups are identical (assuming little to no variation in how I prepare my samples)?
A:
This is a common design method called repeated measures. In organismal studies (or human studies), this is usually done by testing the same individual, but in this case you would treat each cell line source as the 'individual'. In most cases, this is considered a strength, and is quite easily handled by linear mixed-effects models (LMM; or, depending on your stats program/statistical training, repeated-measures ANOVA). You're also correct about your sample size being fairly worrisome - in the case of a LMM, where Individual or Cell Source would be treated as a random variable, it's generally suggested that you need at least 4-5+ levels to treat it as random (rather than fixed, like Treatment - A vs B).
Edit: To state it explicitly, repeated measures is almost always a strength, for reasons beyond statistical power (e.g., maximize sample sizes). Yes, if you would run this with a simple one-way ANOVA you would violate assumptions of indepence, but it's usually a trivial matter to use other 'flavours' of linear model that do not have this limitation.
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Q:
How is ternary operator implemented in Python
I understand that conditional expressions (or ternary operators) are lazy in Python. They represent conditional execution rather than conditional selection. In other words, only one of a or b is evaluated in the following:
c = a if condition else b
What I'm interested to know is how this is implemented internally. Does Python convert to an if statement as below and, if so, at what stage does this conversion occur?
if condition:
c = a
else:
c = b
Or is the ternary operator actually a distinct and separate expression, defined entirely separately? If so, can I access the CPython code for conditional expressions?
I've looked at the following which explain what the ternary operator does, but none of them make clear how they are implemented:
Does Python have a ternary conditional operator?
Putting a simple if-then-else statement on one line
python ? (conditional/ternary) operator for assignments
Is there an equivalent of C’s ”?:” ternary operator?
Conditional expressions
Edit: You can assume CPython reference implementation.
A:
Python doesn't have to convert anything, and couldn't if it wanted to.
The conditional expression is parsed by using the language grammar into an abstract syntax tree, which in turn is then compiled to bytecode. You can produce the AST by using the ast.parse() function:
>>> import ast
>>> ast.parse('c = a if condition else b').body[0] # first statement in the tree
<_ast.Assign object at 0x10f05c550>
>>> ast.dump(ast.parse('c = a if condition else b').body[0])
"Assign(targets=[Name(id='c', ctx=Store())], value=IfExp(test=Name(id='condition', ctx=Load()), body=Name(id='a', ctx=Load()), orelse=Name(id='b', ctx=Load())))"
Note the ast.IfExp() node in the AST produced for the assignment; this is a dedicated node for conditional expressions. It has test, body and orelse parts to represent the 3 expressions that make up the condition, true and false parts. This is documented in the ast module Abstract Grammar section:
expr = [...]
| [...]
| IfExp(expr test, expr body, expr orelse)
This shows that the type of each element is another expr expression node.
The parse tree is then compiled to bytecode that uses the stack to conditionally jump to the right section based on the test; we can pass the AST produced by ast.parse() directly to the compile() function, after which the dis module lets us look at a human-friendly form of the bytecode produced by compilation:
>>> import dis
>>> dis.dis(compile(ast.parse('c = a if condition else b'), '', 'exec'))
1 0 LOAD_NAME 0 (condition)
2 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE 8
4 LOAD_NAME 1 (a)
6 JUMP_FORWARD 2 (to 10)
>> 8 LOAD_NAME 2 (b)
>> 10 STORE_NAME 3 (c)
12 LOAD_CONST 0 (None)
14 RETURN_VALUE
So if the condition is false, the interpreter loop jumps forward to instruction 8, otherwise instructions 4 and 6 are executed, with instruction 6 jumping forward to instruction 10 (so past the else expression). The end result is that either instruction 4 or instruction 8 puts a new result on the top of the stack for STORE_NAME to move to a variable.
An if statement results in a different AST node, and the resulting bytecode happens to be very similar in that it too would use jumps. But the compiler treats them as distinct pieces of syntax, and it has to.
Expressions and statements are two very different fundamental building blocks of a programming language. Statements can contain expressions, but expressions can't contain statements, only other expressions. And expressions can produce a value (for the surrounding syntax to use), but statements can't. So Python has to treat conditional expressions very differently from statements, in that the grammar parser knows when to expect a statement and when an expression is allowed. If you transformed a conditional expression into a statement, you would not be able to ever use such an expression as part of a bigger expression!
Because an if statement is not an expression, it doesn't return a value (as only expressions can produce a value), and so the resulting bytecode would not produce a value on the top of the stack to be used by the surrounding Python code (there is no c = if condition : ...). if statements contain a condition expression, and a suite, which must always consist of more statements (there is such a thing as an 'expression statement' to let you put just an expression in a statement, such as 1 + 1 on a single line), and those statements can 'do stuff' like assignments or return from a function, but nothing they do would ever make if return something.
This is reflected in the AST node definition for if statements:
stmt = [...]
| [...]
| If(expr test, stmt* body, stmt* orelse)
So for an If node, test is the only expression node, and body and orelse both consist of zero or more statements. The orelse part would hold any elif ...: tests as further If() nodes, or any other type of statement to form an unconditional else:. With zero-or-more elements, you can't expect a single result.
So this isn't unique to CPython, this applies to all Python implementations. The Python grammar is not an implementation detail.
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T(RN, -0x1.0223ap+3, 0x1.8e6162p+10, 0x1.0cb95ap-2, INEXACT)
T(RN, 0x1.161868p+2, 0x1.347e72p+5, -0x1.4e98fap-4, INEXACT)
T(RN, -0x1.0c34b4p+3, 0x1.10d432p+11, -0x1.7dfa9cp-6, INEXACT)
T(RN, -0x1.a206fp+2, 0x1.574618p+8, 0x1.9b44dcp-3, INEXACT)
T(RN, 0x1.288bbcp+3, 0x1.4abc82p+12, 0x1.739378p-2, INEXACT)
T(RN, 0x1.52efdp-1, 0x1.3a2be4p+0, 0x1.4fa408p-2, INEXACT)
T(RN, -0x1.a05cc8p-2, 0x1.15747ap+0, -0x1.4670cap-5, INEXACT)
T(RN, 0x1.1f9efap-1, 0x1.29778cp+0, 0x1.38d24p-3, INEXACT)
T(RN, 0x1.8c5dbp-1, 0x1.509ed6p+0, -0x1.e8e164p-3, INEXACT)
T(RN, -0x1.5b86eap-1, 0x1.3d4578p+0, -0x1.d4e8cep-2, INEXACT)
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minipile
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NaturalLanguage
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mit
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1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
The scheduling of the group elevator systems, which has been used for vertical transportation at high-rise buildings, has an important place in our daily lives. Aiming to give rapid service to the crowd population in the building, such systems have very complex structure. One of the issues that people usually complain inside building is vertical transportation service of the building \[[@B1]\]. The studies on this topic continue for a long time, and important developments are provided.
The group elevator systems are structures, which elevate the population in the building from one floor to another by using more than one cabin in the widest sense. Generally managed from one control center in a coordinated manner, such systems are finding optimal ways according to the condition of calls, and they apply such ways on cabins. However, the width of the optimal way space makes this problem hard to solve in the best way. Because there are the option of *n* ^*p*^ different ways in a building having *n* storey and *p* cabin \[[@B2], [@B3]\]. Actually, what is expected from the group elevator systems is the average performance of such cabins instead of individual performance of elevator. In addition, the basic criteria at such performances are to minimize the average waiting time of passengers and energy consumption values of cabins \[[@B3], [@B4]\]. Generally, by considering such parameters, the most optimum way is selected from the way space, and these are applied to the system. Actually, there are many factors, which affect average waiting time; these can be counted as lack of some information like number of passengers, elevator speed, and so on. For instance, the passengers have to wait new coming elevator for a long time because they missed the elevator a few minutes ago. In addition to this case, although no one uses elevator because of call of any empty floor, the passengers often wait for closing the doors \[[@B5]\]. All of this and similar circumstances are caused by lack of traffic information, and those waiting directly affect the average waiting time. However, despite all such circumstances, average waiting time can be approximately calculated as shown in the following equation \[[@B6], [@B7]\]: $$\begin{matrix}
{\text{AWT} = 0.4\,\text{INT},\quad\text{for}{\,\,}\text{car}{\,\,}\text{loads} < 50\%,} \\
{\text{AWT} = \left\lbrack {0.4 + \frac{1.8\, P}{\text{CC}} - 0.77^{2}} \right\rbrack\text{INT},\quad\text{for}{\,\,}\text{car}{\,\,}\text{loads} > 50\%,} \\
\end{matrix}$$ where AWT, average waiting time, *P*, numbers of passenger, INT, interval (the main floor average time), and CC, car capacity.
For the most suitable car allocation at the past, although some mathematical approaches are thought, today soft computing techniques and artificial intelligence algorithms are often applied to this kind of system. In addition, such calculations can be made in shortest time with advanced computer systems, and the most optimum car can be allocated to the users \[[@B3]\].
One other criterion of the group elevator systems is energy consumption values in cabins. Although the energy consumption of the elevator occurs at the moment of stop start, it consists of two sections as travel and standby position. The consumption during travel (stop-travel-start) compromises more than 70% of total energy consumption \[[@B8]\]. The most important problem here is irregular energy consumption of cabins. For example, working of elevators without any pattern causes some cabins to operate more and to wear off. This parameter is considered in applications to be made for the removal of this condition, and load distribution of cabins is attempted to be equalized in parallel with average waiting time. Generally, it is very hard to determine daily energy consumption of elevator. However, Schroeder makes many measurements in many elevators and creates a formula to calculate this value. In ([2](#EEq2){ref-type="disp-formula"}), according to the Schroeder method, daily energy consumption amount of an elevator has been given. In this equation, TP shows general course time, and this term varies depending on drive mechanism type and speed of elevator \[[@B7]\]. The strongest point in the Schroeder method is to determine the ST value. Because the incoming calls are not known earlier, accordingly, how much the lifts operate during day is not predetermined. For this reason, this value is determined by either making certain measurements or by using certain approaches \[[@B7], [@B9]\]. Because the energy consumption of elevators is mostly caused by stop-start movements, this value directly affects the equation \[[@B9]\] $$\begin{matrix}
{\text{EC} = N\ast\frac{R\ast\text{ST}\ast\text{TP}}{3600},} \\
\end{matrix}$$ where EC is energy consumption (kWh/day), *N* is cabin number, *R* is motor ratings (kW), ST is daily start number, and TP = time factor.
The most important factor affecting both the average waiting time of passengers and energy consumption in group elevator systems is traffic time of buildings \[[@B2], [@B9]\]. This is very important issue because passengers use elevators much in certain hours, and they rarely use cabins in rest of their times. In the observations, 4 different traffic times are determined in any building, and such traffic hours and passenger density created depending on those hours are considered in either real world or computer simulations. Depending on those hours, the first of created density is uppeak, and it includes the hours when people come to work at mornings at the office building \[[@B1], [@B4], [@B6], [@B8]\]. The calls made in traffic are generally upward position, and these upward calls reach peak points at mornings. The second traffic movement is downpeak. This situation includes arrival time from work, and calls from floors are generally downward \[[@B5], [@B9]\]. Other traffic time is seen at lunch times. It contains the time frame at which building population is going out at lunch break and is coming back to work \[[@B10]\]. Traffic condition is random situation between floors. This traffic condition is caused by passing of people inside building between floors, and it is traffic condition, which is seen during working hours \[[@B3], [@B8]\].
There are various studies made in literature on group elevator systems. Either reduction of average waiting time of passengers or reduction of energy consumption is wide in literature. In such studies on which certain traffic conditions are considered, the soft computing techniques like genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, particle swarm optimization, and artificial intelligence \[[@B4], [@B6], [@B8]\]. However, sheer number of parameters in elevator systems, width of solution space, and failure to determine incoming calls earlier make scheduling problem hard to solve \[[@B2], [@B3]\]. Despite these lacks, an important development has been performed from the first day of appearance of group elevator systems, and still continues to develop. Some studies, which have been made on literature within scope of working has been examined, such studies have been classified as aim, used method, traffic condition, number of elevator, and simulation forms. However, some lacks have been found in studies performed in literature in this classification. This study aims at elimination of lacks in literature with this study, and brings a new point of view to the solution of scheduling problems for group elevator systems. Two examples have been given to the studies which have been made in the literature [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}.
As seen in [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}, the procedures in the studies made in literature are performed over one algorithm with certain number of cabins. These limitations bring many problems. For example, subjecting to only one algorithm does not guarantee that the application always gives best results. Because each algorithm has different ways to reach better, and for this reason, the best results, which have been found by each algorithm, are different from each other. In this kind of system, it is evident that better results can be obtained by using different algorithms together. One other lack in the studies made on group elevator systems is limited number of cabins. This situation is directly associated with use of only one algorithm in the system. The largest lack here is that the algorithm selected gives better results in the designated number of algorithm. However, the results are reverse from one expected when you exclude the number of cabins. This study makes clear all this and similar conditions, and the studies made on literature gains new dimension. The artificial immune systems, genetic algorithms, and DNA computing algorithm have been used in the study performed for reduction of average waiting time of passengers and providing energy efficiency in group elevator systems. In addition to these methods, an estimation algorithm has been developed, the relation of such methods has been provided with fuzzy logic, and the most suitable algorithm has been aimed according to the calls and cabin conditions of the system in adaptive way. The results which have been obtained from fuzzy logic are sent to the microprocessor-based experiment set, and the performance and accuracy of the system have been observed. The system procedure and methods used for control algorithm, which is recommended in 2nd section within scope of this study, have been examined; the simulation results and test results which have been obtained from these algorithms in 3rd section have been given. The obtained results are assessed in 4th and final section of the study.
2. Proposed Approach {#sec2}
====================
The group elevator systems have a very complex structure. The sheer number of input parameters and many options as output makes these systems hard to solve. Especially the conditions as unknown building population or unknown floor by a passenger are basic factors in creation of wide solution space. However the developed electronic and computer world is useful for similar problems and used to solve this. Especially, making computational procedures about milliseconds makes detection of most suitable option from wide solution space.
There are some basic principles required to perform by system while group elevator systems are in service. These principles, which have been given in list below, are considered in this study.The elevator cannot pass up cabin call. It must complete these until all calls in present direction, and the cabin calls in reverse direction must be ignored in this process. After present direction of elevator returns reverse, the rest of calls must be completed.If there is enough space inside cabin before change of direction of system, it can collect floor calls in same direction.If there is no one at the point where floor call is made, this floor call can be ignored.It is required to do less stop-start movement as much as possible to provide energy efficiency of system. To perform this, no more than one cabin goes to the same floor call.It is required to do feasibility study before for population inside building and frequency to use elevator by this population in order to increase efficiency of methods to be used in the system.
This study aims at reduction of average waiting time of passengers and providing energy efficiency. The proposed control approach primarily consists of 3 main modules. The first module is optimization module, and calls are evaluated here according to the 4 different optimization methods. The results which have been obtained from the assessment made according to the average waiting time and energy efficiency are sent to the 2nd module, the fuzzy module. In this module, the method to be applied on call pool is determined, and optimum way must be given as exit. The optimal way obtained from the fuzzy module is sent to the hardware module and is tested on experiment set. A flow diagram is given in [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, which summarizes the system.
2.1. Optimization Module {#sec2.1}
------------------------
A group elevator system is modeled with modules designated within scope of this study. The optimization methods, which are often used in wide problems where solution space is wide, are used within scope of study. Three different optimization methods and 1 estimation algorithm are used in this performed optimization module. As optimization methods, clonal selection algorithm, genetic algorithms, and DNA computing algorithm are used from artificial immune system.
### 2.1.1. Clonal Selection Algorithm {#sec2.1.1}
The artificial immune algorithms which are proposed by taking human immune system as example incorporate negative and clonal selection algorithms. While negative selection algorithm is used in determination of undesired situations, the clonal selection algorithms are often used in optimization and pattern recognition problems \[[@B11], [@B12]\]. The pseudocode of the clonal selection algorithm, which has been used for optimization purpose in this study, has been given below.
Step 1The antibodies compromising body antibody repertoire constitute the initial solution set.
Step 2Degree of similarity of antibodies is calculated.
Step 3*n* pieces of highest similar antibody are selected.
Step 4Proportional to the degree of similarity of the *n* pieces of the selected antibody, the high degree of similarity cloning of antibody is carried out.
Step 5Antibodies with a high degree of similarity are exposed to the mutation as a manner to become less.
Step 6The degrees of similarity of mutated clones are determined.
Step 7*n* pieces of highest similar antibody are selected again.
Step 8Change of *d* pieces of antibodies in lowest degree of similarity with newly produced antibodies is realized.
### 2.1.2. Genetic Algorithm {#sec2.1.2}
Genetic algorithms are search and optimization methods are aiming to find the best result from the problem space in the widest sense \[[@B13], [@B14]\]. Offering extremely fast and efficient solutions, this method has been used in this study as one of the optimization methods, which have been used during simulation. A pseudocode, which summarizes the operating principle of genetic algorithms, is given below.
Step 1Initial population of randomly generated sequences of binary numbers.
Step 2A certain amount of element is selected for the solution.
Step 3Crossing is applied to new population.
Step 4Mutation process is applied for the same population.
Step 5Affinity values of elements of these populations are found.
Step 6[Step 2](#step20){ref-type="statement"} is repeated until it reaches the maximum number of transactions.
### 2.1.3. DNA Computing Algorithm {#sec2.1.3}
DNA computing algorithm is a method, which is mainly used in literature, and it is soft computing technique used in solution of the NP hard problems \[[@B15], [@B16]\]. The operating principle of this method used in this study as assessment criteria is similar to the genetic algorithms, and the pseudocode which summarizes this algorithm is given below.
Step 1First population is created.
Step 2DNA sequences are converted to numeric values.
Step 3Affinity value is calculated for each element.
Step 4Crossing process is applied to individuals in the population and the new population is obtained.
Step 5Mutation of the enzyme is applied to new population.
Step 6Mutation of the virus instead of the deleted elements is applied.
Step 7Affinity value of population is determined. If newly found population value is better than original value, it is changed and it is continued from 3rd step until maximum procedure number is reached.
### 2.1.4. Proposed Estimation Algorithm {#sec2.1.4}
Within the scope of the study, an estimation algorithm has been proposed in order to bring a different point of view to group elevator systems. Together with this algorithm, it has been aimed to enable the energy efficiency of the cabins. Since the results obtained by optimization methods used bring overload to some cabins, it causes some cars work more and some cars work less. This is an undesired situation and it both directly reflects to average waiting time and energy consumption values of the cabins. In principle, it is expected from an elevator system that energy consumption values should resemble each other so that all the cabins can work efficiently to decrease waiting time of the passengers. For this reason, a diagram, which summarizes the estimation algorithm performed, has been given in [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}.
Proposed estimation algorithm considers the longest route that the elevators can follow. As it is shown in [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}, left side of the triangle shows upper direction, and right side of the triangle shows the down direction. The rectangles present in these sides show the instant position of the cabins and rounds show the calls made. The longest route that the elevators can follow is to go to the top floor and turn back to the ground floor, and this situation has been shown with an arrow in the triangle. In other words, the cabins in the triangle move clockwise and calls settle into the edges of the triangle according to the directions. Proposed estimation algorithm is based on answering calls available to the current direction of movement of the cabins. Pseudocode, which summarizes working principle of this algorithm, has been given below.
Step 1Determine number of user floor, number of cabins, position of cabins, and their directions.
Step 2Randomly directed calls are created.
Step 3Calls at ground floor are always arranged upwards and calls at top floor of building are arranged downwards.
Step 4Cabins and randomly produced calls are placed on triangle according to directions.
Step 5The arrival time to calls is calculated according to affinity function of cabins.
Step 6Calls having low arrival time are shared to proper cabins and these calls are deleted from call pools.
Step 7If there are remaining calls, proceed from the 5th step.
Step 8Proceed from [Step 2](#step2000){ref-type="statement"} until maximum iteration number is reached.
2.2. Fuzzy Module {#sec2.2}
-----------------
Another part in proposed control algorithm for group elevator systems is fuzzy module. The diagram which summarizes fuzzy systems consisting of generally four fundamental parts has been given in [Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"} \[[@B17], [@B18]\].
Fuzzy module in the system takes energy consumption values and average waiting time coming from optimization module and sends to fuzzy part. In step of fuzzification, there is energy membership input function and average waiting time membership input function. The input functions have been given in [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}.
The values obtained from membership input function are sent to inference part to be evaluated. Here, Mamdani method is used and the system has defined 25 different rules for this procedure. The values obtained from inference part are sent to clarification part to be converted into reel values. In this part, optimal route is defined according to exit membership functions defined. In [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"} given below, rule base used in fuzzy module has been given and membership exit function has been shown in [Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}.
2.3. Hardware Module {#sec2.3}
--------------------
The final part of the practice performed within the scope of the study is hardware part. In this part, optimal path coming from fuzzy logic module has been evaluated in the microprocessor-based experiment set and the accuracy of the system is tested. Also, led mechanism connected to experiment set represents a building and the cabins in the building. The practice made with this module has been brought into practicable condition by taking from being simulation. A diagram, which summarizes a hardware module used in the system, is as given in [Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}.
3. Experimental Results {#sec3}
=======================
Within the scope of the study done, it has been aimed to decrease the average waiting time of the passengers and enable energy efficiency with proposed control approach. In direction of these purposes, the application performed has been performed by using 3 modules and the results are perceptibly observed. Simulation stage of the application has been prepared in a computer environment with Windows 7 operating system including 2,53 GHZ speed, 4 GB RAM, Intel Core i5. The study done has been performed in Matlab R2009b platform. An experiment set has been used for hardware stage of the application. This experiment set has been worked in 20 MHZ speed, and RS-232 serial communication line in 9600 bandwidth has been used for communication. The results coming from simulation stage are transmitted to microprocessor-based experiment set through serial communication line. In addition to this, in order to be able to define the starting status of the cabins and let them make call after the system starts, a numeric keypad is used. Building and cabin specifications used as base at simulation stage are as given in Tables [2](#tab2){ref-type="table"} and [3](#tab3){ref-type="table"}.
With the application performed within the scope of the study, total average waiting times and energy efficiencies of the cabins have been calculated. Random 500 numbers of calls have been created within the frame of the application, and approximately 80% of these calls have been arranged as to be downside and upside to be able to obtain up and down traffic condition. For traffic condition in inter floors, half of 500 numbers of calls have been arranged so as to be downward and the other half has been arranged so as to be upward. The distribution of the calls according to the floor has been shown in [Figure 8](#fig8){ref-type="fig"}.
Depending on the number of floors, the number of the calls increases. In the study done, if there is nobody in the floor to be made, the cabins are enabled to pass over this call. In order to perform this purpose, 20% of the current calls have been cancelled, computational procedures are started after this point. The cancellation of invalid calls provides an important advantage regarding energy efficiency and average waiting time. In [Table 4](#tab4){ref-type="table"}, average waiting time changing to the floor situations and algorithms have been shown.
The performance of algorithms according to the number of traffic peak hours and floors is shown in [Figure 9](#fig9){ref-type="fig"}. In the application performed, 3 different traffic times, genetic algorithm, DNA computing algorithm, artificial immune system algorithm, and estimation algorithm have, respectively, been applied. At practice stage, total 11 different floor conditions have been considered, and algorithms through 2, 3, 4, and 5 cabins for each floor have been applied. Average waiting times obtained for each cabin and floor have been added separately and divided into total cabin number. When [Table 4](#tab4){ref-type="table"} is examined, it has been seen that waiting time increases in parallel with the floor number. Furthermore, the performances that algorithms have shown under different traffic conditions are different from each other. For example, while artificial immune system algorithm gives the best result in uppeak traffic condition, estimation algorithm in downpeak traffic algorithm shows the best performance. There are so many factors which affect average waiting times in group elevator systems. As the complete of factors such as number of passengers or hall calls are not known, it cannot completely be calculated regarding which algorithm that provides the best solution. With this study done, a system with adaptive structure has been created and significant results have been obtained from the point of waiting time and energy efficiency.
Another parameter within the scope of the study done is the energy efficiency of the cabins. One of the most important disadvantages of the group elevator systems is the lowness in energy performances arising from working principles. 70% of the energy that elevator systems consumed occurs while the cabins stop and start. Furthermore, this stop and start movements are seen more frequent in some cabins compared to the others. This situation causes some cabins to consume more energy and wear down. In principle, it is expected from group elevator systems that total energy to be consumed is provided to be stably distributed to the cabins according to the stop-and-start number. Because of working principles of optimization methods, some cabins are overloaded. With the study performed, this situation is aimed to be removed and the energy is provided to be distributed as efficiently. An example of the energy distributions that the cabins consumed has been shown in [Figure 10](#fig10){ref-type="fig"} according to the traffic and algorithm conditions.
As it can be understood from the figure, there is an unbalanced load distribution between the cabins according to the optimization methods. With the proposed estimation algorithm, this situation is prevented and it has been enabled to make the cabins share the calls equally. The equal distribution of the calls to all the cabins provides a significant efficiency from the point of energy. By this means, a development occurs in the usage times of the cabins and the wearing times of the cabins extremely decrease.
It is expected from group elevator systems that average waiting time of the system and energy efficiency should be provided at the same time. Because of the fact that in some circumstances, while average waiting time is good, energy efficiency shows inverse proportion to this time. To prevent this situation, a fuzzy system has been designed. The fuzzy system designed takes energy values and average waiting times coming from 4 different algorithms to the traffic conditions as input parameter. Then, it evaluates these parameters and provides the most optimal path to be determined. The basic purpose in fuzzy system designed is to find the lowest average waiting time and the best result of energy efficiency. In [Table 5](#tab5){ref-type="table"}, the values rising from fuzzy logic and the methods to be applied according to these values have been shown.
Thanks to this performed study, an adaptive approach is developed related to group elevator control systems. It is aimed at making this approach reduces the average waiting time of passengers and provides energy efficiency. The proposed adaptive approach and four different algorithms are combined and fuzzy logic module of the system and the results from these different algorithms are provided to evaluate. In [Figure 11](#fig11){ref-type="fig"}, traditional methods on group elevator control systems and changing total average waiting times depending on number of floors of proposed adaptive approach.
These findings obtained in simulation platform are sent to the experiment set and the accuracy of the system has been tested. [Figure 12](#fig12){ref-type="fig"} shows the computing time passing from simulation platform to the experiment set according to the floor number and traffic condition for each algorithm separately.
4. Conclusions {#sec4}
==============
The elevator systems have a structure that constantly renews itself since day one of the emergence. Today, the increase of high-rise buildings is the biggest factor for this situation. Group elevator control systems which were developed in order to provide faster service to resident are computerized to provide both time saving and energy efficiency. Group elevator control systems which have very large place in the literature are not incomplete in terms of efficiency because all of parameters are not taken into consideration.
In this study, an immune system-based approach for the control of group elevator control systems is conducted, and reducing of the average waiting times of passengers and providing of energy efficiency of system are aimed to provide. In the scope of this study, the adaptability of this application to all building structure is aimed to provide by creating building models from 10 floors to 20 floors and from 2 cabins to 5 cabins. In the next step, calls randomly generated according to traffic hours are sent to optimization module which includes immune system algorithm, genetic algorithm, and DNA computing algorithm to determine average waiting times and energy consumption values of cabins. The average waiting time and cabin energy consumption values that they are acquired from optimization module due to each algorithm are sent to fuzzy system module which is designed in the scope of the study to determine system performance. The optimum way for formed building models and traffic hours are aimed to determine by providing obtained values of fuzzy system. Finally, this optimum way obtained from fuzzy module is tested with hardware module.
This adaptive and dynamic control approach for elevator systems provides efficiency approximately between 5% and 20% on average waiting times of passengers in comparison with traditional methods. In addition to this, a significant gain was achieved related to energy efficiency which is another expected parameter in elevator systems, provided that calls to cabins are as evenly distributed as possible. Future studies target to further increase the efficiency of the system and perform these applications which are performed on a real elevator system.
![The closest two studies in literature (a) \[[@B2]\] (b) \[[@B4]\].](TSWJ2013-805343.001){#fig1}
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######
Rule base of fuzzy logic module.
Input Energy consumption
---------------------- -------------------- ---- ---- ---- ----
Average waiting time
VS NH NH NL NL ZR
S NH NL NL ZR PL
M NL NL ZR PL PL
L NL ZR PL PL PH
VL ZR PL PL PH PH
######
Building parameters.
--------------------- ---------------
Number of elevators From 10 to 20
Number of cabins From 2 to 5
Floor height 3,5 m
Building type Office
Building population 500
Building occupancy 80%
--------------------- ---------------
######
Cabin parameters.
------------------------- -----------
Cabin rate 13 person
Velocity 1,6 m/sn
Door open 3 sn
Door close 4 sn
Passenger transfer time 1,2 sn
One floor passing time 2,2 sn
------------------------- -----------
######
Average waiting time of passengers (s).
Floor GA DNA AIS EA
------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------
10 52,1 75,1 68,7 **44,8** 71,5 66,2 44,4 69,9 **45,7** 48,5 **42,7** 46,8
11 59,2 87,7 79,7 53,3 82,7 78,3 **51,2** 82,2 76,3 57,2 **50,4** **55,4**
12 **62,3** 101,5 91 63,5 100,6 **79,6** 62,8 97,5 86,5 65,9 **59,2** 85,5
13 72,9 117,2 **103,7** 67,6 **115,7** 108,5 **63,6** 122,8 109,2 74,5 108,3 104,1
14 78,3 135,9 **110,9** 75,9 133,1 111,4 76,4 **128,8** 115,4 **75,4** 179,7 114,3
15 **88,3** 159,9 127,6 89,4 **154,1** 124,7 89,2 159 **119** 97,6 192,6 186,6
16 93,8 174,6 137,9 **91,1** 172,8 134,7 93,9 **167,9** 129,2 107,3 203,9 192,2
17 **97,5** 198,4 147,2 99 196,2 149,5 98,4 188,3 **137,2** 122,5 **185,8** 218,4
18 109,6 211,1 **154,3** **107,1** 211,3 161,1 109,1 **200** 157,6 133,8 231,1 233,6
19 115,7 **234,4** 171,6 115,7 235,3 174,5 **112,2** 242,4 **161,3** 147,1 243 248,6
20 188,5 250 186,8 189,3 249 **179,6** 185 245,9 181,2 **162,1** **239,3** 256,1
######
The results obtained from the fuzzy controller.
Floor GA DNA AIS EA
------- ----------- ---------- ------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
10 −27,5 −26,7 −27,2 −26,1 −22,7 −26,1 **−28,0** **−27,5** **−28,0** −25,8 −26,0 −25,9
11 −24,8 −21,1 −22,7 −24,7 −20,1 −24,7 **−26,6** −23,4 −24,4 −25,2 **−25,2** **−25,2**
12 −24,8 −10,5 −21,1 −22,0 −14,2 −22,0 −23,9 −16,5 −20,2 **−25,0** **−25,0** **−25,0**
13 −21,4 −3,1 −10,3 −19,5 −6,11 **−19,5** −20,9 −2,84 −7,30 **−25,1** **−7,96** −10,8
14 −18,5 0,25 −6,17 −18,6 **0,03** **−18,6** −16,7 2,92 0,35 **−22,1** 15,1 −3,17
15 **−17,5** 9,56 2,31 −16,3 **6,76** **−16,3** −12,2 8,09 1,22 −16,5 19,6 17,3
16 −11,7 15,2 6,91 **−16,4** 12,3 **−16,4** −16,1 **11,3** 2,26 −4,37 24,3 19,8
17 −**6,97** 25,7 8,54 −6,5 22,2 **−6,58** −6,4 **17,8** 6,64 8,4 20,1 24,5
18 0,33 26,9 12,6 0,6 **24,0** **0,64** **−1,1** 26,3 11,6 11,6 25,1 25,0
19 4,9 26,3 16,2 3,3 25,3 **3,30** **0,7** 25,4 15,5 15,7 **23,1** 22,7
20 22,19 **24,1** 21,4 22,5 25,2 22,5 21,6 25,3 20,3 **18,7** 27,8 **20,1**
[^1]: Academic Editors: P. Agarwal, S. Balochian, V. Bhatnagar, and Y. Zhang
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The conditions of a radio link under which a wireless communication system operates may change at any time. Since a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) is mobile, the WTRU may be out-of-range, or within range of one or more APs depending upon the position of the WTRU.
The capacity of a communication system is sometimes limited due to bandwidth considerations. The bandwidth capacity of the communication channel, or channels, available to the communication system to communicate data is finite, and must be shared among a plurality of APs and portable WTRUs.
There are several current schemes that are employed in order to increase the capacity of a wireless communication system. Channel, i.e., frequency, selection is one of such schemes, whereby one or more APs in a network select one or more channels to communicate with their associated WTRUs. Coordination of AP channel selection is usually performed manually. However, it is very impractical to manually coordinate channel selection in response to every small change in the network configuration since it may cause a redesign and reconfiguration of all APs. Unlicensed spectra and external sources of interference also raise problems that are not adequately addressed by manual coordination. Moreover, it is difficult for manual channel selection to assign channels such that the traffic loads of neighboring APs are shared among the available channels in a way that maximizes overall system capacity.
Another problem with prior art schemes is encountered when a multiple APs attempt to power-up simultaneously. When this occurs within a network, all of the APs try to make a channel selection at the same time. Thus, the channel selection by the APs would not be optimal since each AP does not take into account the channel selection of neighboring APs.
A method and apparatus which automatically optimizes channel selection to avoid the above-mentioned problems associated with known manual channel selection processes would be greatly beneficial.
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St John the Evangelist's Church, Crawshawbooth
St John the Evangelist's Church is in the village of Crawshawbooth, near Rawtenstall, Lancashire, England. It is a redundant Anglican parish church formerly in the deanery of Rossendale, the archdeaconry of Bolton, and the diocese of Manchester. Its benefice has been united with that of St Mary and All Saints, Goodshaw. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.
History
St John's was built between 1890 and 1892 to a design by the Lancaster architects Paley, Austin and Paley. The estimated cost of the church was £6,800 but, because of problems with the foundations, its final cost, including the fittings, was nearer to £12,000 (equivalent to £ in ). It provided seating for 616 people. Financial donations towards the site and structure of the church were made by Thomas Brooks, 1st Baron Crawshaw of Crawshaw Hall. Because of diminishing numbers attending the church, and because of thefts of lead from the roof of the church, the congregation has decided to opt for the church to be declared redundant. The church was declared redundant on 20 February 2012.
Architecture
Exterior
The church is constructed in sandstone with Yorkshire stone dressings and is roofed in green Cumberland slate. Its architectural style is Perpendicular. The plan consists of a nave and chancel in one range, north and south aisles, a south transept, and a north transept above which rises a tower. A clerestory rises above the aisles along the length of the nave, to the south of the chancel is a chapel, and to its north is a vestry. There is a porch in the westernmost bay of the south aisle, and another porch in the angle of the south transept. On each side of the clerestory are ten square-headed two-light windows. The west window has five lights and contains intersecting tracery. Along the aisles are buttresses and two-light windows. The south transept also has buttresses, and a large five-light window containing Perpendicular and curvilinear tracery. The chancel has a large east window with six lights containing Perpendicular tracery. The tower has diagonal corner buttresses that rise to octagonal turrets surmounted by crocketed pinnacles. The summit of the tower has an embattled parapet.
Interior
The interior of the church is lined with red Rainhill sandstone. The five-bay arcades are carried alternately on round and octagonal columns. The chancel arch is high, and has two orders of moulding. There are carved wooden screens between the nave and the chancel, and between the chancel and the north transept. Some of the choir stalls have elaborately carved crocketed canopies containing statues. The reredos dates from the 20th century, and contains statues of the Four Evangelists. The font is hexagonal. In the church are memorials to members of the Brooks family. Inside the tower, and near to the tower, are carved texts from Psalm 148.
The Future
Sale
The Church of England Commissioners had agreed the sale of the church to a small non trading renewable energy company in 2013. However a planning application was rejected in January 2015, as the plans involved the removal of 80% of the trees on the site, most of which have Tree Preservation Orders on them. The siting of one 40 ft and two 20 ft used shipping containers in place of the tree's was also cited by planners the reason for rejecting the scheme. As the site has been removed from the Church's list of buildings for sale, its current status is unknown.
At Risk
The Church is currently (2015) on the English Heritage "Heritage at Risk Register". With its condition being described as "Very Bad".
The Church was also listed on the Victorian Society's 2013 "Top 10 Endangered Buildings" List.
Local Interest
A local group "Save St Johns" is trying to find a new use for the church to benefit both local people and business.
See also
Listed buildings in Rawtenstall
List of works by Paley, Austin and Paley
References
Category:Church of England church buildings in Lancashire
Category:Former churches in Lancashire
Category:Grade II* listed churches in Lancashire
Category:Gothic Revival church buildings in England
Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Lancashire
Category:Paley, Austin and Paley buildings
Category:Buildings and structures in the Borough of Rossendale
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Share ideas to bring more success
Main menu
Facebook Wants to Buy Opera (Rumor)
Are you ready for a Facebook browser? As we are curious for Facebook Mobile nowadays, a web browser from Facebook might be fun too. It can really happen soon, if Mark Zuckerberg decides it one night, he can buy it before asking CFO or Facebook Board.
That’s exactly what could be on the way soon, according to one report from Mashable today. A “trusted source” that Facebook wants to buy Opera Software — manufacturers of the Opera web browser, which claims more than 200 million users worldwide.
The Facebook browser would include default menu bar plugins, further permeating Facebook into users’ general web experience, according to the report.
A custom browser would be a significant step toward Facebook becoming your web, as opposed to just an Internet site you visit and service you use. Opera’s mobile browser has received strong reviews online, meaning a functional Facebook browser using it could be even more powerful. Facebook has struggled to penetrate mobile use as deeply as many think it should be able to — and will need to in order to sustain long-term growth.
A Facebook browser would also bolster the newly public company’s competition with Google. Google Chrome recently became the web’s most-used browser, but Facebook’s gigantic user base of more than 900 million people would present a potential serious threat down the line. It would be interesting to see Facebook try to battle Google for browser dominance as Google+ struggles to play catchup in social networking.
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Passion. Progress. Impact.
For nearly four decades, we’ve inspired people to take action for social change.Discover Fenton >
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Countering Climate Propaganda on DC TV
In Washington, DC all one sees is fossil fuel advertising – until our new ad series for The Partnership for Responsible Growth started this spring. Within the Beltway Bubble, ads regularly tout fossil fuels will bring us prosperity and jobs. The consequences of using them is almost INVISIBLE in that important city. Our new ad series is running on cable news channels in DC.
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57 Wn. App. 230 (1990)
788 P.2d 1090
In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of NOEL E. PLUNKETT, Petitioner.
No. 23435-8-I.
The Court of Appeals of Washington, Division One.
March 19, 1990.
Neil M. Fox and Helen A. Anderson of Washington Appellate Defender Association, for petitioner.
Kenneth O. Eikenberry, Attorney General, and Aaron Owada, Assistant, for respondent.
COLEMAN, C.J.
Noel Plunkett seeks relief from personal restraint resulting from a prison disciplinary hearing in which Plunkett was found guilty of raping a fellow inmate. Plunkett contends that his due process rights were violated by holding the disciplinary hearing over the telephone and by using the victim's polygraph test results against him. We disagree.
At all times relevant to this petition, Plunkett has been a federal prisoner housed in Washington state facilities on a 15-year maximum bank robbery sentence. As of March 1986, Plunkett anticipated a federal presumptive parole date of August 25, 1986. His anticipation was thwarted, however, by a March 21, 1986, report by Plunkett's cellmate, Donald Krog, that Plunkett had anally raped him the previous night. Plunkett was subsequently charged with committing two serious infractions of institution rules, to wit: (1) WAC 137-28-030(504) which provides that it is a serious infraction to engage "in sexual acts with others, *232 with the exception of conjugal visits authorized by the superintendent;" and (2) WAC 137-28-030(507) which makes it a serious infraction to commit "an act not otherwise proscribed by these regulations which constitutes a felony or misdemeanor under state or federal law[.]"
On March 26, 1986, a hearing officer found Plunkett guilty of both charged infractions. Disciplinary sanctions were imposed. Plunkett was transferred from the correctional facility at Monroe to a higher security facility in Walla Walla and his infractions were reported to federal authorities. Based upon these infractions and others of less severity,[1] the United States Parole Commission informed Plunkett that his then-existing presumptive release date of August 25, 1986, was rescinded and moved back 52 to 80 months.[2] Due to other additional infractions, the Commission further increased Plunkett's guideline range to 52 to 84 months.
Plunkett filed a personal restraint petition concerning this first disciplinary hearing. This court dismissed the petition as moot when the State agreed to rehear the infractions. A second hearing also resulted in a finding that Plunkett was guilty. Plunkett again filed a personal restraint petition, which was dismissed as moot after the State agreed to give Plunkett a third hearing. It is this third hearing that is the subject of Plunkett's current petition.
*233 Plunkett's third hearing was held April 18, 1988, and concerned only one charge: Plunkett's alleged violation of WAC 137-28-030(504), which prohibits inmates from engaging in unauthorized sexual acts. Because Plunkett was housed at Walla Walla, while Krog and the staff witnesses remained at Monroe, this hearing was conducted by telephone.[3] Plunkett objected to the telephonic hearing and refused to call or cross-examine witnesses on the grounds that he could not be assured that he was actually speaking to the desired person and that the hearing examiner was unable to observe the demeanor of any witness other than Plunkett.
Evidence at the hearing included testimony from prison officials who had talked with Krog after the alleged rape, medical reports, and Krog's own testimony. While testifying, Krog mentioned that he had taken a polygraph test at the Snohomish County sheriff's office, and that the polygraph operator concluded that he was telling the truth concerning the alleged rape. A police officer gave similar testimony.
The hearing officer found Plunkett guilty and imposed 10 days' isolation, 20 days' segregation, and "the loss of appropriate good time." Plunkett appealed to the superintendent. The findings of the hearing examiner were upheld. Plunkett then filed a personal restraint petition. The petition raises two issues. First, is a prisoner's right to a fundamentally fair prison discipline proceeding violated by conducting a telephonic hearing? Second, did introduction of evidence that cellmate Krog passed a polygraph test violate Plunkett's right to a fair proceeding?
Plunkett first contends that the result of his third disciplinary hearing should be set aside because all of the witnesses testified by telephone. Plunkett argues that the *234 telephonic hearing violated both the WAC provisions governing the conduct of a prison disciplinary hearing and his constitutional right to due process.
Plunkett claims that a telephonic hearing violates WAC 137-28-090(2), which requires that the inmate be present at "all stages of the hearing" except for decisional deliberations and inquiries concerning unidentified witnesses, and WAC 137-28-090(7), which requires that "every effort shall be made" to have staff member witnesses "present to testify at the hearing[.]"[4] It is Plunkett's contention that the word "present", as used in the WAC, means "in person"; i.e., that the inmate and witnesses must all be physically present in the same room. We disagree.
[1, 2] WAC 137-28-090(7) refers to having prison staff witnesses testify orally rather than by written statement. The WAC directs every hearing officer to make every effort to have staff member witnesses "present to testify at the hearing: Provided, however, The written statements of such staff members may be considered in their absence upon a showing of good cause." In the instant case, written statements were unnecessary as staff member witnesses did testify in person and not by written statement. Moreover, as provided for in WAC 137-28-090(3), Plunkett was present to hear the responses of each witness to the questions presented by the hearing examiner and was able, if he chose, to cross-examine these witnesses. The regulations relied upon do not support Plunkett's claim that participants to the hearing must be gathered together in the same physical space during the hearing. To find that it does would require *235 this court to modify the provision by construction. It is, however, neither the function nor prerogative of this court to revise statutory or WAC provisions by construction. As stated in In re Estate of Sherwood, 122 Wash. 648, 655, 211 P. 734 (1922), "courts are loath to read into a statute something which the legislature has not expressly put therein." See State v. Spino, 61 Wn.2d 246, 377 P.2d 868 (1963).
[3, 4] Plunkett additionally contends that his due process rights were violated by the telephonic hearing. This contention is also without merit. Plunkett's complaint that the staff witnesses were not in the same room during the hearing is significant only if confrontation rights were implicated. However, an inmate subject to a disciplinary hearing, unlike the accused in a criminal trial, is entitled only to minimal due process protection. In Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 567, 41 L.Ed.2d 935, 94 S.Ct. 2963 (1974), the United States Supreme Court specifically held that in prison disciplinary proceedings, an inmate's due process protections do not include the right of confrontation or the right to cross-examine witnesses. See Balla v. Murphy, 116 Idaho 257, 775 P.2d 149, 151 (Ct. App. 1989). The Wolff Court opined that the balance between the interest of the inmate and the needs of the prison weigh in favor of granting prison officials the necessary discretion to keep hearings within reasonable limits. Wolff, at 566; accord, Dawson v. Hearing Comm., Wash. State Penitentiary, 92 Wn.2d 391, 597 P.2d 1353 (1979).
At a minimum, due process requires an opportunity to be heard. Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 313, 94 L.Ed. 865, 70 S.Ct. 652, 656 (1950). This opportunity protects the inmate's right to present evidence and argument in contested matters, and Plunkett does not contend that these rights were in any way abrogated. Furthermore, the circumstances of the prison disciplinary process differ from other criminal proceedings and necessitate a limitation of rights. The Court said in Wolff, at 567,
*236 If confrontation and cross-examination of those furnishing evidence against the inmate were to be allowed as a matter of course, as in criminal trials, there would be considerable potential for havoc inside the prison walls. Proceedings would inevitably be longer and tend to unmanageability."
Moreover, the Court emphasized that "in a period where prison practices are diverse and somewhat experimental, [the better course] is to leave these matters to the sound discretion of the officials of state prisons." Wolff, at 569; accord, Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 321-22, 47 L.Ed.2d 810, 96 S.Ct. 1551 (1976).
Whether the holding in Wolff permits telephonic prison disciplinary hearings was considered in a recent Idaho case, Balla v. Murphy, 116 Idaho 257, 775 P.2d 149 (Ct. App. 1989). In Balla, the court concluded that telephonic hearings "where the inmate is not allowed to ask questions directly to witnesses, or where the witness's responses to such questioning are not audible to both the inmate and the hearing officer", indirectly violate the inmate's right to call witnesses and thus are unconstitutional. Balla, 775 P.2d at 152. The court also concluded, however, that when a device is attached to the telephone which enables everyone in the room to hear the witness's testimony, i.e., a speaker phone is used, telephonic hearings satisfy constitutional requirements. Balla, at 260.
The Court in both Wolff and Baxter emphasized that the conduct of prison disciplinary proceedings must be left to the discretion of corrections officials. The Court stressed that an inmate's opportunity to confront and cross-examine witnesses must be tailored to the case at hand. If a telephonic hearing is used, the inmate ordinarily should have the same opportunity to hear testimony as does the hearing officer. Only then can the prisoner be assured of having an opportunity to give responsive testimony in his or her own defense.
Telephonic hearings are a practical means of conducting prison proceedings where the necessary parties are located in different prison facilities around the state. In the instant *237 case, the telephonic hearing was both logistically and temporally more efficient, and for the reasons stated above, not violative of Plunkett's due process rights.
[5, 6] Review of prison disciplinary proceedings is limited to determining whether the action taken was "so arbitrary and capricious as to deny the petitioner a fundamentally fair proceeding". In re Reismiller, 101 Wn.2d 291, 294, 678 P.2d 323 (1984). Given the circumstances here, where Plunkett was incarcerated in Walla Walla while all other witnesses remained in Monroe, the decision to hold a telephonic hearing was not "willful and unreasoning", and thus was not arbitrary and capricious. Reismiller, at 296 (quoting Pierce Cy. Sheriff v. Civil Serv. Comm'n, 98 Wn.2d 690, 695, 658 P.2d 648 (1983). Moreover, to prevail on a personal restraint petition, the petitioner must show it is more likely than not that he or she was actually prejudiced by the error, e.g., In re Hagler, 97 Wn.2d 818, 825, 650 P.2d 1103 (1982). Actual prejudice is not shown here, as the witnesses were available by telephone for both direct and cross examination.
Plunkett's second assignment of error, raised for the first time on collateral review, is that the hearing examiner improperly received evidence of the results of a polygraph examination administered to the victim bearing upon the truth of his rape allegations. Plunkett claims that admission of this evidence deprived him of a fair hearing because (1) he was not warned that the test results would be used, and (2) use of polygraph test results violates due process due to the test's inherent unreliability.
Even in a direct appeal where the defendant's right to review is substantially broader, an appellate court may refuse to review any claim of error which was not raised in the trial court and does not involve an issue of constitutional magnitude. RAP 2.5(a). Plunkett did not object to the introduction of the polygraph evidence at the time of its admission, nor did he raise the issue in his disciplinary hearing appeal to the superintendent.
*238 In challenging the admission of the polygraph evidence for the first time on review, Plunkett seeks to elevate an evidentiary error, if an error at all, "`into the constitutional realm'." State v. Scott, 110 Wn.2d 682, 686, 757 P.2d 492 (1988) (quoting State v. Louie, 68 Wn.2d 304, 314, 413 P.2d 7 (1966), cert. denied, 386 U.S. 1042, 18 L.Ed.2d 610, 87 S.Ct. 1501 (1967)). By claiming a denial of due process, Plunkett argues that admission of the polygraph evidence raises an issue of constitutional magnitude because of the effect he believes it had on the outcome of his hearing.
The proper way to assess a claim of constitutional error asserted for the first time on review is to first determine whether the error is truly of constitutional magnitude. If the claimed error is not a constitutional error, the court may refuse review on that ground. If the error is of constitutional dimension, then the court should consider the effect the error had on the defendant's trial. Scott, at 688.
[7] The admission of the polygraph evidence, with or without proper foundation, does not raise a "manifest error affecting a constitutional right." RAP 2.5(a)(3). This issue was recently addressed in State v. Trader, 54 Wn. App. 479, 774 P.2d 522, review denied, 113 Wn.2d 1027 (1989), where Division Two of this court held, after a thorough canvass of Washington case law, "that the mere admission of polygraph evidence raises no more than standard evidence questions concerning which constitutional issues are not necessarily implicated." Trader, at 484. The court took its analysis a step further and held that even if it was assumed that admission of polygraph evidence has the potential for violating constitutional rights, such rights were waived if not asserted at trial. Trader, at 484. Certainly, if this is the rule in a criminal proceeding where the defendant enjoys the full panopoly of due process protections, it must also be the rule in a prison discipline proceeding where the limited scope of due process rights available to the prison resident are significantly more restricted. As the court held in Reismiller, "[w]e do not *239 impose the same evidentiary requirements on prison disciplinary proceedings as are imposed on criminal trials, or even probation revocation proceedings." Reismiller, at 296-97.
The reach of collateral relief is a narrow one. It is narrower than the relief available under the administrative procedure act (APA) which itself has a narrower scope of review than that available on a direct criminal appeal.[5] To be entitled to relief, the petitioner must make at least a prima facie case demonstrating actual prejudice stemming from constitutional error. In re Hews, 99 Wn.2d 80, 91, 660 P.2d 263 (1983). Failure, in the first instance, to claim an error of constitutional magnitude is necessarily fatal. Any objections Plunkett may have had concerning the admissibility of the polygraph evidence and its impact on his Fourth Amendment rights should have been raised at the disciplinary hearing. Because he did not raise them then, he forfeited his right to assert them now. Thus, he is not entitled to collateral relief and the petition is denied.
WEBSTER, J., concurs.
WINSOR, J. (dissenting)
I respectfully dissent. My primary disagreement is with the majority's interpretation of the meaning of "present", as that word is used in WAC 137-28-090(7), which provides:
Where institution staff members are witnesses against the inmate, every effort shall be made to have such witnesses present to testify at the hearing: Provided, however, The written statements of such staff members may be considered in their absence upon a showing of good cause.
*240 The majority concludes that for purposes of this regulation, a witness who testifies by telephone is "present". I disagree.
Undefined unambiguous words within a statute or regulation should be given their ordinary meaning, which may be determined by reference to a dictionary. Brenner v. Leake, 46 Wn. App. 852, 854-55, 732 P.2d 1031 (1987); see also Addleman v. Board of Prison Terms & Paroles, 107 Wn.2d 503, 509, 730 P.2d 1327 (1986). "Present" is commonly understood as "being in view or at hand". Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary 910 (1977). In dictum, we have previously interpreted WAC 137-28-090(7) in accord with this common understanding:
Where institution staff members are witnesses against the inmate, every effort shall be made to have them present their testimony in person, but a written statement can be presented in their absence upon a showing of good cause.
(Italics mine.) In re Hunter, 43 Wn. App. 174, 176, 715 P.2d 1146 (1986). I would therefore hold that for purposes of WAC 137-28-090(7), "present" means "in person".
Here, the staff member witnesses did not testify "in person". Despite the regulation's good cause proviso, no attempt was made to justify the staff member's absence. Consequently, I would hold that the telephonic hearing violated WAC 137-28-090(7).
Given the conclusion that the hearing violated the applicable regulation, the question of whether the violation warrants relief in the form of a remand must be addressed. I agree with the majority that under Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 567-68, 41 L.Ed.2d 935, 94 S.Ct. 2963 (1974) and In re Reismiller, 101 Wn.2d 291, 294, 678 P.2d 323 (1984), the telephonic hearing did not infringe on Plunkett's due process rights. Accordingly, relief cannot be granted on constitutional grounds. I disagree, however, with the majority's reliance on Reismiller as authority for denying relief unless "the action taken was `so arbitrary and capricious as to deny the petitioner a fundamentally fair proceeding'." Majority, at 237 (quoting Reismiller, 101 *241 Wn.2d at 294). Reismiller is inapposite because it does not concern a prison official's violation of a regulation.
The pertinent case concerning whether relief should be granted to prisoners subjected to a proceeding that violates the Washington Administrative Code is In re Ayers, 105 Wn.2d 161, 713 P.2d 88 (1986). In that case five prisoners challenged the length of their prison confinement through a consolidated personal restraint petition. One of their allegations was that actions by the Board of Prison Terms and Paroles (the Board) interfered with their constitutional liberty interest in the "potential of parole". The Supreme Court declined to recognize a constitutional basis for the claimed interest, but concluded that "the Board, by its own regulations, has created such an expectation that should be recognized and followed." Ayers, 105 Wn.2d at 167. The court then noted that the Board had not complied with a regulation that required it to make "a concise written statement of findings and conclusions in each case heard under the provisions of this Chapter." Ayers, 105 Wn.2d at 167-68 (quoting WAC Title 381, rule 5.170). Explaining that the rule affected "the very liberty of the person," the court remanded the matter to the Board "with directions to comply with their own rules." 105 Wn.2d at 168. Implicit in the Ayers court's ruling is its recognition that the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court are the only bodies that can ensure the Board complies with its own regulations governing its dealings with prisoners.
Because the Board here failed to follow its own regulation, Plunkett's disciplinary proceeding should be remanded once again. If, on remand, the staff member witnesses make the requisite showing of good cause, they may give telephonic testimony. See generally Balla v. Murphy, 116 Idaho 257, 775 P.2d 149, 151-53 (Ct. App. 1989) (discussing type of telephonic hearing that would not violate prisoners' due process rights). Without the requisite showing, however, the applicable regulation mandates live, in person testimony.
*242 I also disagree with the majority's resolution of the polygraph evidence issue. From the record it appears that the victim's testimony that he had taken and passed a polygraph examination surprised Plunkett. It also appears that the polygraph results played a significant role in the disciplinary hearing's outcome. Nevertheless, the majority denied relief on this issue solely on the ground that the petitioner, who was not permitted to have an attorney present, failed to claim error at the time of the hearing. Majority, at 239. That would be an appropriate ruling if Plunkett had legal representation, but is an unfair standard to apply to a prisoner who does not have a right to representation by retained or appointed counsel in disciplinary proceedings. Wolff, 418 U.S. at 569-70. We should therefore permit Plunkett to raise the issue now, and we should deal with it on the merits. In that regard, two cases are instructive: State v. Grisby, 97 Wn.2d 493, 502, 647 P.2d 6 (1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1211 (1983), which held that polygraph evidence is not admissible absent a stipulation by the parties; and Williams v. Oregon State Penitentiary, 29 Or. App. 455, 564 P.2d 706 (1977), which held that in order for there to be a reasonable opportunity for a fair hearing, polygraph evidence is not admissible in a prison disciplinary proceeding without a foundation consisting of the qualifications of the examiner.
For the reasons outlined above, I would reverse and remand.
NOTES
[1] The other infractions were use of abusive language, refusing to work, and possession of contraband.
[2] The pertinent text of the Commission's notice is as follows: "You have committed behavior that constitutes new criminal conduct in a prison facility which is rated as Category Seven severity because it involved forcible rape indicating a guideline range of 52-80 months to be added to your original presumptive date (8-25-86). In addition, your rescission behavior is classified as administrative. Guidelines established by the Commission indicate a range of up to 60 days per disciplinary infraction. You have committed two infractions. Your aggregate guideline range is 52-84 months to be added to the original presumptive (8-25-86). After review of all relevant factors and information presented, a decision outside the guidelines at this consideration is not found warranted."
[3] Plunkett and the hearing officer were in Walla Walla; all other witnesses were in Monroe.
[4] WAC 137-28-090(2) provides:
"The inmate shall be present at all stages of the hearing except during the decisional deliberations and any inquiry the hearing officer may wish to make concerning the identity of unidentified witnesses. An inmate may waive his/her presence at a hearing."
The other provision Plunkett relies upon, WAC 137-28-090(7), provides:
"Where institution staff members are witnesses against the inmate, every effort shall be made to have such witnesses present to testify at the hearing: Provided, however, The written statements of such staff members may be considered in their absence upon a showing of good cause."
[5] The opinion in Dawson v. Hearing Comm., Wash. State Penitentiary, 92 Wn.2d 391, 597 P.2d 1353 (1979), provides an excellent discussion of why prison disciplinary proceedings do not enjoy the same scope of review as the proceedings falling within the ambit of APA. Dawson also emphasizes why, due to the unique nature of the prison setting and prison discipline proceedings, great deference and broad discretion must be given to prison administrators in enforcing disciplinary rules.
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Fractional excretion of urea as a diagnostic index in acute kidney injury in intensive care patients.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a dynamic process that evolves from an early reversible condition to an established disease. Value of urine indices in the event of AKI is uncertain in critically ill patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of fractional excretion of urea (FeU) for differentiating persistent from transient AKI in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. This was an observational study. Forty-seven patients with AKI according to the RIFLE classification were included. Transient AKI was defined as AKI resolved within 3 days after inclusion. Persistent AKI was defined as persistent serum creatinine elevation or oliguria. Fractional excretion of urea was lower in case of transient, 33% (25-39), than persistent AKI, 47% (36-61) (P = .001). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for FeU in case of transient AKI were better than those for other urinary indexes, 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.92). Optimal cutoff point according to the receiver operating characteristic curve was 40%. In patients treated with diuretics, FeU was the only predictive index of transient AKI. Fractional excretion of urea gradually increased from days 1 to 7 in transient AKI, whereas plasma creatinine decreased. Fractional excretion of urea less than 40% was found to be a sensitive and specific index in differentiating transient from persistent AKI in intensive care unit patients especially if diuretics had been administered.
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Q:
Plot multiple lines in one go
I would like to plot multiple lines on the same graph in matlab. I cant't find the easiest way to do it. At the moment I have something like this:
for j=1:n
plot(j,total,'*')
hold on
end
total changes in each iteration as well as j. This will make the plot I want but with the '*' instead of lines. I would like to join these asterisk with a line for each colour. Keep in mind that total is a vector with length k, thus in each iteration i have k asterisks.
For example:
iteration 1: j=1, total= [ 0.2000 0.6000 0.2000]'
iteration 2: j=2, total= [0.1000 0.6000 0.3000]'
iteration 3: j=3, total= [0.2095 0.4476 0.3429]'
X-axis is 1,2,3 and Y-axis should have 0.2,0.1,0.2095 connected with a line and an asterisks at these points, 0.6,0.6,0.4476 connected with a different colour line and asterisk etc.
A:
It seems that you want a different color for each line. In that case, I suggest:
figure
hold all
for j=1:n
plot(j,total,'-*')
end
For the difference between hold all and hold on see http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/hold.html
The information about how to specify line styles is here http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/linespec.html
Based on the additional information about the data, sample code is:
nData = 3;
dataset = zeros(n,nData);
for j = 1:n
dataset(j,:) = total';
end
x = 1:n;
plot(x,dataset,'-*');
legend('data set 1','data set 2','data set 3')
In this case hold is not required because all the data is plotted at once.
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Laparoscopic microsurgical tubal anastomosis.
The authors explored the feasibility of performing true microsurgery through the laparoscope in 1990. The first laparoscopic microsurgical tubal anastomosis was performed in February 1992. Operative laparoscopy will continue to expand as technical feasibility continues to improve, driven by both hardware advances and increased surgical dexterity. Laparoscopic microsurgery will introduce a new dimension to reproductive surgery and over time, will replace laparotomy for microsurgery.
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Czech Republic's GDP growth slows to 4.5% in second quarter
PolyaLesova
NEW YORK (MarketWatch) -- Economic growth in the Czech Republic slowed to 4.5% year-on-year in the second quarter, down from a revised GDP growth of 5.1% in the first quarter of the year, the Czech statistical office reported Thursday. The number was below market expectations for growth of 5% year-on-year. "Domestic demand, in particular, is dragging down growth," said Lars Christensen, chief analyst at Denmark's Danske Bank. He expects Czech GDP growth to be well below 4% in the second half of the year. "Today's numbers should reinforce Czech central bank confidence that its recent rate cut was the right thing to do and should open the door to further rate cuts if the Czech koruna rebounds, though the koruna has weakened somewhat on the back of today's data," Christensen said. The koruna fell 1.6% against the euro and 1.8% against the U.S. dollar.
Intraday Data provided by SIX Financial Information and subject to terms of use.
Historical and current end-of-day data provided by SIX Financial Information.
All quotes are in local exchange time. Real-time last sale data for U.S. stock quotes reflect trades reported through Nasdaq only.
Intraday data delayed at least 15 minutes or per exchange requirements.
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New pier open at Ironwood
A new Americans with Disabilities Act-compliant fishing pier has opened at Ironwood Point Recreation Area.
– A new Americans with Disabilities Act-compliant fishing pier has opened at Ironwood Point Recreation Area.
“The improvements to Ironwood Point Recreation Area are part of PPL’s commitment to providing and improving public recreation areas around Lake Wallenpaupack,” said Paul Canevari, PPL’s community relations director for the Pocono region.
The ADA-compliant fishing pier will help people with disabilities enjoy fishing in the area. Handicapped-accessible parking spaces and artificial fish structures under the water also provide assistance for fishing on Lake Wallenpaupack.
The installation of this fishing pier was a result of PPL’s 2005 relicensing with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
Lake Wallenpaupack also has another ADA-compliant fishing pier in place at Mangan Cove, near the hydroelectric dam.
The 5,700-acre Lake Wallenpaupack provides water for the Wallenpaupack hydroelectric plant, a 44-megawatt plant near Hawley that has been generating clean, renewable electricity since 1926.
PPL Corporation (NYSE: PPL), with annual revenue of more than $12 billion, is one of the largest companies in the U.S. utility sector. The PPL family of companies delivers electricity and natural gas to about 10 million customers in the United States and the United Kingdom, owns more than 18,000 megawatts of generating capacity in the United States and sells energy in key U.S. markets. More information is available at www.pplweb.com.
Never miss a story
Choose the plan that's right for you.
Digital access or digital and print delivery.
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State Council (German-Austria)
The State Council () was the executive leadership of the Republic of German-Austria, a collegiate body established in the last days of World War I by the Provisional National Assembly.
Details
The council comprised the three co-equal Presidents of the National Assembly Franz Dinghofer, Johann Hauser (who had replaced Jodok Fink) and Karl Seitz, as well as 20 other elected members of the National Assembly.
One member was chosen to serve as state notary and had the task to sign acts of the State Council into law. The state notary was solely charged with validating these acts and not with countersigning them, which would have otherwise granted him the power of denial.
The three Presidents of the National Assembly, the head of the chancellery (Chancellor Karl Renner) and the state notary formed the Directory of the State Council.
The State Council appointed the First Renner government as of 30 October 1918. On 12 November 1918, the council provisionally assumed all constitutional powers of the emperor.
Executive role
The State Council exercised its executive powers through the state secretaries who in turn were coordinated by the state chancellor – all of these together formed the state government. The state secretaries headed the state offices (= ministries), commonly in direct succession of the monarchic ministries. The State Office of Foreign Affairs for example succeeded the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs (the first State Secretary was Victor Adler, who already died on 11 November 1918), the State Office of Military Affairs succeeded the Imperial and Royal Ministry of War and the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Defence, the State Office of Traffic Affairs succeeded the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Railways.
Undersecretaries of state could be assigned as political assistants to the state secretaries.
Dissolution
With the implementation of the law on the state government (created on 14 March 1919), the State Council and its directory as well as the state notary were abolished in March 1919. The status of head of state was transferred to Karl Seitz as President of the Constituent National Assembly. Remaining powers were overtaken by the state government and the newly established standing principal committee of the National Assembly.
References
Category:Government of Austria
Category:Austrian Parliament
Category:Politics of Austria
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# Tenko parser test case
- Path: tests/testcases/operator_precedent/sanity_canaries/pow_or_eq_land_lor_min_instanceof_xor_lhs_and_div.one.md
> :: operator precedent : sanity canaries
>
> ::> pow or eq land lor min instanceof xor lhs and div.one
>
> Random ops to test for precedence
## Input
`````js
x0 ** x1 | x2 == x3 && x4 || x5 - x6 instanceof x7 ^ x8 << x9 & x10 / x
`````
## Output
_Note: the whole output block is auto-generated. Manual changes will be overwritten!_
Below follow outputs in five parsing modes: sloppy, sloppy+annexb, strict script, module, module+annexb.
Note that the output parts are auto-generated by the test runner to reflect actual result.
### Sloppy mode
Parsed with script goal and as if the code did not start with strict mode header.
`````
ast: {
type: 'Program',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:71},source:''},
body: [
{
type: 'ExpressionStatement',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:71},source:''},
expression: {
type: 'LogicalExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:71},source:''},
left: {
type: 'LogicalExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:25},source:''},
left: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:19},source:''},
left: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:8},source:''},
left: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:0},end:{line:1,column:2},source:''},
name: 'x0'
},
operator: '**',
right: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:6},end:{line:1,column:8},source:''},
name: 'x1'
}
},
operator: '|',
right: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:11},end:{line:1,column:19},source:''},
left: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:11},end:{line:1,column:13},source:''},
name: 'x2'
},
operator: '==',
right: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:17},end:{line:1,column:19},source:''},
name: 'x3'
}
}
},
operator: '&&',
right: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:23},end:{line:1,column:25},source:''},
name: 'x4'
}
},
operator: '||',
right: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:29},end:{line:1,column:71},source:''},
left: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:29},end:{line:1,column:50},source:''},
left: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:29},end:{line:1,column:36},source:''},
left: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:29},end:{line:1,column:31},source:''},
name: 'x5'
},
operator: '-',
right: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:34},end:{line:1,column:36},source:''},
name: 'x6'
}
},
operator: 'instanceof',
right: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:48},end:{line:1,column:50},source:''},
name: 'x7'
}
},
operator: '^',
right: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:53},end:{line:1,column:71},source:''},
left: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:53},end:{line:1,column:61},source:''},
left: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:53},end:{line:1,column:55},source:''},
name: 'x8'
},
operator: '<<',
right: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:59},end:{line:1,column:61},source:''},
name: 'x9'
}
},
operator: '&',
right: {
type: 'BinaryExpression',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:64},end:{line:1,column:71},source:''},
left: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:64},end:{line:1,column:67},source:''},
name: 'x10'
},
operator: '/',
right: {
type: 'Identifier',
loc:{start:{line:1,column:70},end:{line:1,column:71},source:''},
name: 'x'
}
}
}
}
}
}
]
}
tokens (25x):
IDENT PUNC_STAR_STAR IDENT PUNC_OR IDENT PUNC_EQ_EQ IDENT
PUNC_AND_AND IDENT PUNC_OR_OR IDENT PUNC_MIN IDENT
ID_instanceof IDENT PUNC_CARET IDENT PUNC_LT_LT IDENT PUNC_AND
IDENT PUNC_DIV IDENT ASI
`````
### Strict mode
Parsed with script goal but as if it was starting with `"use strict"` at the top.
_Output same as sloppy mode._
### Module goal
Parsed with the module goal.
_Output same as sloppy mode._
### Sloppy mode with AnnexB
Parsed with script goal with AnnexB rules enabled and as if the code did not start with strict mode header.
_Output same as sloppy mode._
### Module goal with AnnexB
Parsed with the module goal with AnnexB rules enabled.
_Output same as sloppy mode._
## AST Printer
Printer output different from input [sloppy][annexb:no]:
````js
(((((x0 ** x1) | (x2 == x3)) && x4)) || (((x5 - x6) instanceof x7) ^ ((x8 << x9) & (x10 / x))));
````
Produces same AST
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Central 5HT1A-receptor binding in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Central 5HT1A-receptors have been found with a high density in brainstem and are involved in cardiovascular control. The high-affinity binding of [3H]-8-OH-DPAT, a specific 5HT1A-receptor ligand, was measured in medulla oblongata of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The maximal number of [3H]-8-OH-DPAT binding site (Bmax) was significantly increased in SHR when compared to normotensive rats. Whether central 5HT1A-receptors are involved in the etiology of hypertension or are influenced by other neurochemical events remains to be investigated.
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Related literature {#sec1}
==================
For background to the Williamson reaction in organic synthesis, see: Dermer (1934[@bb1]). For a related structure, see: Ma *et al.* (2010[@bb2]).
Experimental {#sec2}
============
{#sec2.1}
### Crystal data {#sec2.1.1}
C~15~H~12~F~2~O~3~*M* *~r~* = 278.25Triclinic,*a* = 7.4220 (8) Å*b* = 13.0329 (14) Å*c* = 14.1171 (16) Åα = 83.921 (2)°β = 77.913 (1)°γ = 76.501 (1)°*V* = 1296.1 (2) Å^3^*Z* = 4Mo *K*α radiationμ = 0.12 mm^−1^*T* = 298 K0.40 × 0.32 × 0.28 mm
### Data collection {#sec2.1.2}
Siemens SMART CCD area-detector diffractometerAbsorption correction: multi-scan (*SADABS*; Sheldrick, 1996[@bb3]) *T* ~min~ = 0.955, *T* ~max~ = 0.9686817 measured reflections4491 independent reflections2244 reflections with *I* \> 2σ(*I*)*R* ~int~ = 0.036
### Refinement {#sec2.1.3}
*R*\[*F* ^2^ \> 2σ(*F* ^2^)\] = 0.072*wR*(*F* ^2^) = 0.231*S* = 0.964491 reflections363 parametersH-atom parameters constrainedΔρ~max~ = 0.27 e Å^−3^Δρ~min~ = −0.22 e Å^−3^
{#d5e451}
Data collection: *SMART* (Siemens, 1996[@bb5]); cell refinement: *SAINT* (Siemens, 1996[@bb5]); data reduction: *SAINT*; program(s) used to solve structure: *SHELXS97* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb4]); program(s) used to refine structure: *SHELXL97* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb4]); molecular graphics: *SHELXTL* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb4]); software used to prepare material for publication: *SHELXTL*.
Supplementary Material
======================
Crystal structure: contains datablocks I, global. DOI: [10.1107/S1600536810033787/bv2156sup1.cif](http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600536810033787/bv2156sup1.cif)
Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI: [10.1107/S1600536810033787/bv2156Isup2.hkl](http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600536810033787/bv2156Isup2.hkl)
Additional supplementary materials: [crystallographic information](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendsupfiles?bv2156&file=bv2156sup0.html&mime=text/html); [3D view](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendcif?bv2156sup1&Qmime=cif); [checkCIF report](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?bv2156&checkcif=yes)
Supplementary data and figures for this paper are available from the IUCr electronic archives (Reference: [BV2156](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendsup?bv2156)).
We would like to acknowledge funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 30971882) and the Program of Natural Science Basic Research in Shaanxi (No. 2009JM3010).
Comment
=======
The Williamson reaction is a very useful transformation in organic synthesis since the products are of value in both industrial and academic applications. It usually involves the employment of an alkali-metal salt of the hydroxy compound and an alkylhalide (Dermer, 1934).
In this paper, we present the title compound, (I), which was synthesized by the reaction of 2,4-dihydroxylacetonephenone, potassium carbonate and 3,5-difluorobenzyl bromide. In (I) (Fig. 1), the bond lengths and angles are normal and the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 0.51 (4)°. In addition to the intramolecular O---H···O hydrogen bonds, there are weak C---H···O interactions which link the molecules into tetrameric units aligned perpendicular to *b* (see Fig. 2).
Experimental {#experimental}
============
2,4-Dihydroxylacetonephenone (4 mmol), potassium carbonate (8 mmol), 3,5-difluorobenzyl bromide (4 mmol), and 40 ml acetone were mixed in 100 ml flask. After 3 h stirring at 331 K, the crude product was obtained. The crystals were obtained by recrystallization from n-hexane/ethyl acetate.
Refinement {#refinement}
==========
The positions of all H atoms were fixed geometrically and distance to H atoms were set by the program, with C---H distance in the range 0.93--0.97 Å and O---H distance of 0.82 Å.
Figures
=======
{#Fap1}
{#Fap2}
Crystal data {#tablewrapcrystaldatalong}
============
----------------------- ---------------------------------------
C~15~H~12~F~2~O~3~ *Z* = 4
*M~r~* = 278.25 *F*(000) = 576
Triclinic, *P*1 *D*~x~ = 1.426 Mg m^−3^
Hall symbol: -P 1 Mo *K*α radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
*a* = 7.4220 (8) Å Cell parameters from 1571 reflections
*b* = 13.0329 (14) Å θ = 2.4--23.0°
*c* = 14.1171 (16) Å µ = 0.12 mm^−1^
α = 83.921 (2)° *T* = 298 K
β = 77.913 (1)° Triclinic, colorless
γ = 76.501 (1)° 0.40 × 0.32 × 0.28 mm
*V* = 1296.1 (2) Å^3^
----------------------- ---------------------------------------
Data collection {#tablewrapdatacollectionlong}
===============
--------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
Siemens SMART CCD area-detector diffractometer 4491 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube 2244 reflections with *I* \> 2σ(*I*)
graphite *R*~int~ = 0.036
ω scans θ~max~ = 25.0°, θ~min~ = 1.5°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (*SADABS*; Sheldrick, 1996) *h* = −8→8
*T*~min~ = 0.955, *T*~max~ = 0.968 *k* = −13→15
6817 measured reflections *l* = −16→16
--------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
Refinement {#tablewraprefinementdatalong}
==========
------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Refinement on *F*^2^ Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: full Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
*R*\[*F*^2^ \> 2σ(*F*^2^)\] = 0.072 Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
*wR*(*F*^2^) = 0.231 H-atom parameters constrained
*S* = 0.96 *w* = 1/\[σ^2^(*F*~o~^2^) + (0.1234*P*)^2^\] where *P* = (*F*~o~^2^ + 2*F*~c~^2^)/3
4491 reflections (Δ/σ)~max~ \< 0.001
363 parameters Δρ~max~ = 0.27 e Å^−3^
0 restraints Δρ~min~ = −0.22 e Å^−3^
------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Special details {#specialdetails}
===============
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geometry. All e.s.d.\'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.\'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.\'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.\'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.\'s is used for estimating e.s.d.\'s involving l.s. planes.
Refinement. Refinement of *F*^2^ against ALL reflections. The weighted *R*-factor *wR* and goodness of fit *S* are based on *F*^2^, conventional *R*-factors *R* are based on *F*, with *F* set to zero for negative *F*^2^. The threshold expression of *F*^2^ \> σ(*F*^2^) is used only for calculating *R*-factors(gt) *etc*. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. *R*-factors based on *F*^2^ are statistically about twice as large as those based on *F*, and *R*- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#tablewrapcoords}
==================================================================================================
------ ------------- ------------- --------------- -------------------- --
*x* *y* *z* *U*~iso~\*/*U*~eq~
F1 1.1302 (5) −0.2012 (2) −0.40710 (17) 0.1012 (10)
F2 1.0857 (4) 0.1549 (2) −0.36867 (17) 0.0938 (10)
O1 0.3966 (4) −0.0294 (2) 0.39116 (18) 0.0685 (9)
O2 0.5359 (4) −0.1407 (2) 0.24593 (18) 0.0660 (9)
H2 0.4839 −0.1278 0.3020 0.099\*
O3 0.7935 (4) 0.0311 (2) −0.04745 (16) 0.0550 (8)
C1 0.3850 (7) 0.1531 (3) 0.3919 (3) 0.0710 (13)
H1A 0.3360 0.1414 0.4597 0.106\*
H1B 0.2913 0.2023 0.3626 0.106\*
H1C 0.4958 0.1815 0.3844 0.106\*
C2 0.4350 (6) 0.0503 (3) 0.3436 (3) 0.0537 (10)
C3 0.5232 (5) 0.0463 (3) 0.2413 (2) 0.0429 (9)
C4 0.5740 (5) −0.0511 (3) 0.1963 (2) 0.0450 (9)
C5 0.6623 (5) −0.0580 (3) 0.1002 (2) 0.0457 (9)
H5A 0.6932 −0.1227 0.0719 0.055\*
C6 0.7044 (5) 0.0296 (3) 0.0468 (2) 0.0425 (9)
C7 0.6561 (5) 0.1271 (3) 0.0888 (2) 0.0499 (10)
H7 0.6832 0.1871 0.0522 0.060\*
C8 0.5688 (5) 0.1336 (3) 0.1839 (2) 0.0486 (10)
H8 0.5387 0.1987 0.2113 0.058\*
C9 0.8450 (6) −0.0657 (3) −0.0942 (2) 0.0511 (10)
H9A 0.7336 −0.0936 −0.0915 0.061\*
H9B 0.9319 −0.1171 −0.0610 0.061\*
C10 0.9362 (5) −0.0474 (3) −0.1973 (2) 0.0453 (9)
C11 0.9919 (6) −0.1327 (3) −0.2559 (3) 0.0585 (11)
H11 0.9724 −0.1990 −0.2309 0.070\*
C12 1.0756 (6) −0.1181 (4) −0.3505 (3) 0.0630 (12)
C13 1.1114 (6) −0.0235 (4) −0.3913 (3) 0.0592 (11)
H13 1.1714 −0.0155 −0.4556 0.071\*
C14 1.0529 (6) 0.0592 (3) −0.3312 (3) 0.0582 (11)
C15 0.9681 (6) 0.0493 (3) −0.2359 (3) 0.0543 (10)
H15 0.9327 0.1073 −0.1978 0.065\*
F3 −0.1980 (4) 0.6542 (2) 0.85834 (18) 0.1013 (10)
F4 −0.0009 (4) 0.2932 (2) 0.93069 (17) 0.0972 (10)
O4 0.6255 (5) 0.4794 (2) 0.11718 (18) 0.0730 (9)
O5 0.5718 (4) 0.3646 (2) 0.27167 (18) 0.0697 (9)
H5 0.6143 0.3793 0.2147 0.104\*
O6 0.1814 (4) 0.5295 (2) 0.55010 (16) 0.0569 (8)
C16 0.4955 (7) 0.6621 (4) 0.1001 (3) 0.0734 (14)
H16A 0.5610 0.6523 0.0343 0.110\*
H16B 0.5433 0.7121 0.1277 0.110\*
H16C 0.3630 0.6883 0.1010 0.110\*
C17 0.5250 (6) 0.5590 (3) 0.1580 (3) 0.0551 (11)
C18 0.4401 (5) 0.5514 (3) 0.2605 (2) 0.0426 (9)
C19 0.4657 (6) 0.4531 (3) 0.3139 (2) 0.0487 (10)
C20 0.3820 (5) 0.4430 (3) 0.4103 (2) 0.0476 (10)
H20 0.3995 0.3774 0.4441 0.057\*
C21 0.2719 (5) 0.5314 (3) 0.4563 (2) 0.0425 (9)
C22 0.2473 (6) 0.6292 (3) 0.4062 (2) 0.0519 (10)
H22 0.1748 0.6886 0.4377 0.062\*
C23 0.3298 (5) 0.6385 (3) 0.3104 (2) 0.0501 (10)
H23 0.3119 0.7047 0.2775 0.060\*
C24 0.2003 (6) 0.4312 (3) 0.6062 (2) 0.0500 (10)
H24A 0.3325 0.4014 0.6070 0.060\*
H24B 0.1513 0.3818 0.5772 0.060\*
C25 0.0940 (5) 0.4486 (3) 0.7071 (2) 0.0452 (9)
C26 −0.0051 (6) 0.5473 (3) 0.7369 (3) 0.0533 (10)
H26 −0.0067 0.6063 0.6936 0.064\*
C27 −0.1003 (6) 0.5569 (3) 0.8303 (3) 0.0602 (12)
C28 −0.1032 (6) 0.4739 (3) 0.8982 (3) 0.0573 (11)
H28 −0.1689 0.4821 0.9616 0.069\*
C29 −0.0026 (6) 0.3781 (3) 0.8659 (3) 0.0575 (11)
C30 0.0951 (6) 0.3632 (3) 0.7736 (3) 0.0564 (11)
H30 0.1619 0.2962 0.7556 0.068\*
------ ------------- ------------- --------------- -------------------- --
Atomic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#tablewrapadps}
=====================================
----- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- -------------- --------------
*U*^11^ *U*^22^ *U*^33^ *U*^12^ *U*^13^ *U*^23^
F1 0.142 (3) 0.099 (2) 0.0589 (15) −0.0326 (19) 0.0144 (17) −0.0386 (15)
F2 0.127 (3) 0.0745 (19) 0.0608 (16) −0.0203 (17) 0.0172 (16) 0.0074 (14)
O1 0.083 (2) 0.070 (2) 0.0420 (15) −0.0189 (17) 0.0142 (15) −0.0045 (14)
O2 0.090 (2) 0.0521 (18) 0.0466 (15) −0.0224 (16) 0.0132 (15) 0.0016 (13)
O3 0.0694 (19) 0.0644 (18) 0.0293 (13) −0.0207 (15) 0.0041 (13) −0.0077 (12)
C1 0.086 (3) 0.074 (3) 0.049 (2) −0.019 (3) 0.007 (2) −0.022 (2)
C2 0.056 (3) 0.062 (3) 0.039 (2) −0.015 (2) 0.0019 (19) −0.005 (2)
C3 0.043 (2) 0.051 (2) 0.0352 (19) −0.0133 (18) −0.0034 (17) −0.0077 (17)
C4 0.043 (2) 0.052 (2) 0.037 (2) −0.0114 (18) −0.0008 (17) 0.0014 (18)
C5 0.047 (2) 0.051 (2) 0.036 (2) −0.0091 (18) −0.0026 (18) −0.0065 (18)
C6 0.041 (2) 0.054 (2) 0.0288 (18) −0.0096 (18) 0.0004 (16) −0.0030 (17)
C7 0.064 (3) 0.047 (2) 0.037 (2) −0.018 (2) −0.0015 (19) 0.0012 (18)
C8 0.053 (2) 0.046 (2) 0.043 (2) −0.0099 (18) −0.0010 (19) −0.0058 (17)
C9 0.057 (3) 0.061 (3) 0.0338 (19) −0.015 (2) −0.0017 (18) −0.0044 (19)
C10 0.041 (2) 0.061 (3) 0.0335 (19) −0.0099 (19) −0.0082 (17) −0.0045 (18)
C11 0.066 (3) 0.069 (3) 0.041 (2) −0.023 (2) 0.002 (2) −0.013 (2)
C12 0.067 (3) 0.077 (3) 0.048 (2) −0.015 (2) −0.005 (2) −0.028 (2)
C13 0.054 (3) 0.085 (3) 0.034 (2) −0.011 (2) 0.0031 (19) −0.011 (2)
C14 0.058 (3) 0.067 (3) 0.041 (2) −0.010 (2) −0.001 (2) 0.009 (2)
C15 0.054 (3) 0.065 (3) 0.038 (2) −0.006 (2) −0.0040 (19) −0.0027 (19)
F3 0.135 (3) 0.0683 (19) 0.0704 (17) −0.0089 (17) 0.0385 (17) −0.0170 (14)
F4 0.118 (2) 0.0870 (19) 0.0553 (15) 0.0010 (16) 0.0135 (15) 0.0235 (14)
O4 0.091 (2) 0.078 (2) 0.0414 (16) −0.0216 (18) 0.0155 (16) −0.0122 (15)
O5 0.094 (2) 0.0533 (18) 0.0471 (16) −0.0092 (16) 0.0153 (16) −0.0126 (14)
O6 0.0694 (19) 0.0613 (18) 0.0321 (13) −0.0113 (14) 0.0052 (13) −0.0041 (13)
C16 0.090 (4) 0.081 (3) 0.044 (2) −0.025 (3) −0.002 (2) 0.010 (2)
C17 0.059 (3) 0.068 (3) 0.040 (2) −0.023 (2) −0.002 (2) −0.005 (2)
C18 0.047 (2) 0.050 (2) 0.0326 (18) −0.0149 (18) −0.0043 (17) −0.0038 (17)
C19 0.057 (3) 0.052 (2) 0.037 (2) −0.018 (2) −0.0007 (18) −0.0101 (19)
C20 0.059 (3) 0.050 (2) 0.0332 (19) −0.018 (2) −0.0017 (18) −0.0015 (17)
C21 0.048 (2) 0.052 (2) 0.0277 (18) −0.0162 (19) −0.0014 (16) −0.0039 (17)
C22 0.057 (3) 0.053 (3) 0.041 (2) −0.0044 (19) −0.0054 (19) −0.0074 (18)
C23 0.057 (3) 0.049 (2) 0.041 (2) −0.0092 (19) −0.0043 (19) −0.0008 (18)
C24 0.057 (3) 0.057 (3) 0.035 (2) −0.016 (2) −0.0040 (18) −0.0013 (18)
C25 0.040 (2) 0.063 (3) 0.0336 (19) −0.0141 (19) −0.0031 (16) −0.0079 (18)
C26 0.064 (3) 0.055 (3) 0.038 (2) −0.017 (2) 0.002 (2) 0.0002 (19)
C27 0.070 (3) 0.051 (3) 0.050 (2) −0.011 (2) 0.010 (2) −0.010 (2)
C28 0.060 (3) 0.076 (3) 0.032 (2) −0.015 (2) 0.0041 (19) −0.008 (2)
C29 0.065 (3) 0.063 (3) 0.038 (2) −0.012 (2) −0.005 (2) 0.012 (2)
C30 0.060 (3) 0.060 (3) 0.042 (2) −0.006 (2) −0.004 (2) 0.000 (2)
----- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- -------------- --------------
Geometric parameters (Å, °) {#tablewrapgeomlong}
===========================
----------------------- ------------ ----------------------- ------------
F1---C12 1.349 (4) F3---C27 1.358 (5)
F2---C14 1.357 (4) F4---C29 1.358 (4)
O1---C2 1.234 (4) O4---C17 1.245 (5)
O2---C4 1.353 (4) O5---C19 1.352 (4)
O2---H2 0.8207 O5---H5 0.8205
O3---C6 1.356 (4) O6---C21 1.354 (4)
O3---C9 1.421 (4) O6---C24 1.426 (4)
C1---C2 1.501 (5) C16---C17 1.491 (5)
C1---H1A 0.9600 C16---H16A 0.9600
C1---H1B 0.9600 C16---H16B 0.9600
C1---H1C 0.9600 C16---H16C 0.9600
C2---C3 1.456 (5) C17---C18 1.456 (5)
C3---C8 1.391 (5) C18---C23 1.396 (5)
C3---C4 1.416 (5) C18---C19 1.410 (5)
C4---C5 1.380 (4) C19---C20 1.379 (5)
C5---C6 1.362 (5) C20---C21 1.383 (5)
C5---H5A 0.9300 C20---H20 0.9300
C6---C7 1.397 (5) C21---C22 1.383 (5)
C7---C8 1.366 (4) C22---C23 1.369 (5)
C7---H7 0.9300 C22---H22 0.9300
C8---H8 0.9300 C23---H23 0.9300
C9---C10 1.492 (5) C24---C25 1.490 (4)
C9---H9A 0.9700 C24---H24A 0.9700
C9---H9B 0.9700 C24---H24B 0.9700
C10---C15 1.371 (5) C25---C30 1.376 (5)
C10---C11 1.387 (5) C25---C26 1.384 (5)
C11---C12 1.364 (5) C26---C27 1.362 (5)
C11---H11 0.9300 C26---H26 0.9300
C12---C13 1.364 (5) C27---C28 1.368 (5)
C13---C14 1.375 (5) C28---C29 1.367 (6)
C13---H13 0.9300 C28---H28 0.9300
C14---C15 1.367 (5) C29---C30 1.362 (5)
C15---H15 0.9300 C30---H30 0.9300
C4---O2---H2 109.6 C19---O5---H5 109.6
C6---O3---C9 117.5 (3) C21---O6---C24 118.8 (3)
C2---C1---H1A 109.5 C17---C16---H16A 109.5
C2---C1---H1B 109.5 C17---C16---H16B 109.5
H1A---C1---H1B 109.5 H16A---C16---H16B 109.5
C2---C1---H1C 109.5 C17---C16---H16C 109.5
H1A---C1---H1C 109.5 H16A---C16---H16C 109.5
H1B---C1---H1C 109.5 H16B---C16---H16C 109.5
O1---C2---C3 120.9 (4) O4---C17---C18 120.3 (4)
O1---C2---C1 119.1 (3) O4---C17---C16 118.8 (3)
C3---C2---C1 120.0 (4) C18---C17---C16 120.9 (4)
C8---C3---C4 116.5 (3) C23---C18---C19 116.9 (3)
C8---C3---C2 123.5 (3) C23---C18---C17 122.7 (4)
C4---C3---C2 119.9 (3) C19---C18---C17 120.3 (4)
O2---C4---C5 117.6 (3) O5---C19---C20 117.6 (4)
O2---C4---C3 121.1 (3) O5---C19---C18 120.9 (3)
C5---C4---C3 121.3 (3) C20---C19---C18 121.5 (4)
C6---C5---C4 120.2 (3) C19---C20---C21 119.5 (4)
C6---C5---H5A 119.9 C19---C20---H20 120.2
C4---C5---H5A 119.9 C21---C20---H20 120.2
O3---C6---C5 124.9 (3) O6---C21---C20 124.0 (3)
O3---C6---C7 115.0 (3) O6---C21---C22 115.8 (3)
C5---C6---C7 120.1 (3) C20---C21---C22 120.2 (3)
C8---C7---C6 119.6 (3) C23---C22---C21 120.0 (4)
C8---C7---H7 120.2 C23---C22---H22 120.0
C6---C7---H7 120.2 C21---C22---H22 120.0
C7---C8---C3 122.4 (3) C22---C23---C18 121.8 (4)
C7---C8---H8 118.8 C22---C23---H23 119.1
C3---C8---H8 118.8 C18---C23---H23 119.1
O3---C9---C10 109.5 (3) O6---C24---C25 109.5 (3)
O3---C9---H9A 109.8 O6---C24---H24A 109.8
C10---C9---H9A 109.8 C25---C24---H24A 109.8
O3---C9---H9B 109.8 O6---C24---H24B 109.8
C10---C9---H9B 109.8 C25---C24---H24B 109.8
H9A---C9---H9B 108.2 H24A---C24---H24B 108.2
C15---C10---C11 119.1 (3) C30---C25---C26 118.7 (3)
C15---C10---C9 122.8 (3) C30---C25---C24 118.8 (4)
C11---C10---C9 118.1 (3) C26---C25---C24 122.5 (3)
C12---C11---C10 119.2 (4) C27---C26---C25 119.3 (4)
C12---C11---H11 120.4 C27---C26---H26 120.4
C10---C11---H11 120.4 C25---C26---H26 120.4
F1---C12---C11 119.1 (4) F3---C27---C26 118.6 (4)
F1---C12---C13 117.5 (4) F3---C27---C28 117.7 (3)
C11---C12---C13 123.4 (4) C26---C27---C28 123.7 (4)
C12---C13---C14 115.6 (3) C29---C28---C27 115.1 (3)
C12---C13---H13 122.2 C29---C28---H28 122.4
C14---C13---H13 122.2 C27---C28---H28 122.4
F2---C14---C15 118.8 (4) F4---C29---C30 118.7 (4)
F2---C14---C13 117.7 (3) F4---C29---C28 117.4 (3)
C15---C14---C13 123.5 (4) C30---C29---C28 124.0 (4)
C14---C15---C10 119.1 (4) C29---C30---C25 119.2 (4)
C14---C15---H15 120.5 C29---C30---H30 120.4
C10---C15---H15 120.5 C25---C30---H30 120.4
O1---C2---C3---C8 179.7 (4) O4---C17---C18---C23 178.5 (4)
C1---C2---C3---C8 1.2 (6) C16---C17---C18---C23 −0.8 (6)
O1---C2---C3---C4 −2.9 (6) O4---C17---C18---C19 −2.0 (6)
C1---C2---C3---C4 178.6 (4) C16---C17---C18---C19 178.6 (4)
C8---C3---C4---O2 180.0 (3) C23---C18---C19---O5 −179.4 (3)
C2---C3---C4---O2 2.4 (5) C17---C18---C19---O5 1.2 (6)
C8---C3---C4---C5 −0.7 (5) C23---C18---C19---C20 1.5 (5)
C2---C3---C4---C5 −178.2 (3) C17---C18---C19---C20 −178.0 (3)
O2---C4---C5---C6 −179.9 (3) O5---C19---C20---C21 −179.9 (3)
C3---C4---C5---C6 0.7 (6) C18---C19---C20---C21 −0.7 (6)
C9---O3---C6---C5 0.7 (5) C24---O6---C21---C20 0.5 (5)
C9---O3---C6---C7 −179.6 (3) C24---O6---C21---C22 179.9 (3)
C4---C5---C6---O3 178.9 (3) C19---C20---C21---O6 178.9 (3)
C4---C5---C6---C7 −0.8 (5) C19---C20---C21---C22 −0.6 (6)
O3---C6---C7---C8 −178.9 (3) O6---C21---C22---C23 −178.5 (3)
C5---C6---C7---C8 0.8 (6) C20---C21---C22---C23 1.0 (6)
C6---C7---C8---C3 −0.8 (6) C21---C22---C23---C18 −0.1 (6)
C4---C3---C8---C7 0.7 (5) C19---C18---C23---C22 −1.1 (5)
C2---C3---C8---C7 178.2 (4) C17---C18---C23---C22 178.4 (4)
C6---O3---C9---C10 178.5 (3) C21---O6---C24---C25 178.4 (3)
O3---C9---C10---C15 2.3 (5) O6---C24---C25---C30 −179.6 (3)
O3---C9---C10---C11 −178.3 (3) O6---C24---C25---C26 0.1 (5)
C15---C10---C11---C12 −0.5 (6) C30---C25---C26---C27 −0.9 (6)
C9---C10---C11---C12 −180.0 (4) C24---C25---C26---C27 179.5 (4)
C10---C11---C12---F1 179.8 (4) C25---C26---C27---F3 −179.6 (4)
C10---C11---C12---C13 1.2 (7) C25---C26---C27---C28 0.5 (7)
F1---C12---C13---C14 179.8 (4) F3---C27---C28---C29 −180.0 (4)
C11---C12---C13---C14 −1.6 (6) C26---C27---C28---C29 −0.1 (7)
C12---C13---C14---F2 179.9 (4) C27---C28---C29---F4 179.9 (4)
C12---C13---C14---C15 1.5 (6) C27---C28---C29---C30 0.0 (6)
F2---C14---C15---C10 −179.4 (4) F4---C29---C30---C25 179.7 (4)
C13---C14---C15---C10 −1.0 (6) C28---C29---C30---C25 −0.3 (7)
C11---C10---C15---C14 0.5 (6) C26---C25---C30---C29 0.8 (6)
C9---C10---C15---C14 179.9 (4) C24---C25---C30---C29 −179.6 (4)
----------------------- ------------ ----------------------- ------------
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) {#tablewraphbondslong}
=============================
-------------------- --------- --------- ----------- ---------------
*D*---H···*A* *D*---H H···*A* *D*···*A* *D*---H···*A*
O2---H2···O1 0.82 1.81 2.533 (4) 147\.
O5---H5···O4 0.82 1.80 2.525 (4) 147\.
C8---H8···O5 0.93 2.49 3.382 (5) 161\.
C13---H13···O1^i^ 0.93 2.44 3.342 (5) 165\.
C28---H28···O4^ii^ 0.93 2.40 3.315 (5) 168\.
-------------------- --------- --------- ----------- ---------------
Symmetry codes: (i) *x*+1, *y*, *z*−1; (ii) *x*−1, *y*, *z*+1.
###### Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)
*D*---H⋯*A* *D*---H H⋯*A* *D*⋯*A* *D*---H⋯*A*
------------------ --------- ------- ----------- -------------
O2---H2⋯O1 0.82 1.81 2.533 (4) 147
O5---H5⋯O4 0.82 1.80 2.525 (4) 147
C8---H8⋯O5 0.93 2.49 3.382 (5) 161
C13---H13⋯O1^i^ 0.93 2.44 3.342 (5) 165
C28---H28⋯O4^ii^ 0.93 2.40 3.315 (5) 168
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) .
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Fultondale and Gardendale Personal Injury Lawyer
Accidents are generally unexpected and unavoidable, but not always. In some cases, accidents are a result of careless, reckless or even criminal behavior, and could have been avoided altogether.
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September 03, 2004
Pamphleteering, old and new
Would-be pamphleteers like Marshall Sahlins could learn something, not only from weblogs, but also from science fiction publishers and spammers.
In an earlier discussion of Michael Silverstein's Talking Politics, I estimated that its amazon
sales rank of 634,034
means that it's selling about one copy a month. Here are some estimates for other recent Prickly Paradigm pamphlets, in reverse chronological order. In each case, I've given the current amazon sales rank, and the corresponding rate of sales estimated from the graph given on Morris Rosenthal's page here:
But even the high-end sales of recent Prickly Paradigm pamphlets -- 5 copies per day -- is not evidence of much success in reaching a large audience of intellectuals. In comparison, I believe that the relatively intellectual weblogs listed on ephilosopher all get between a thousand and ten thousand readers per day. You can see our recent statistics here. I'm sure that (for example) Crooked Timber has an order of magnitude more readers than we do.
The comparison is not a fair one. A weblog entry of 100-1,000 words is not the same as a pamphlet of about 30,000 words. And a significant number of weblog readers are regulars, whereas everyone who buys a paper pamphlet is a new set of eyeballs. All the same, if you're in the business of "short, edgy, critical, cantankerous" commentary, and you don't have a regular spot in a mass-market media outlet, on line content is much more widely read than paper pamphlets are.
And if you give free samples to a couple of thousand people a day, how could you not sell more than .02-.03 copies as a result? Even if you got only the kind of click-through that spammers count on -- on the order of 50 per million -- you'd still more than double your backlist sales... In fact, the experience of the Baen Free Library, discussed here with statistics by Eric Flint, suggests that you might be able to do a great deal better than that.
[Update 9/22/2004: a .pdf of Silverstein's pamphlet is now available
here. ]
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Simulation of left ventricle flow dynamics with dilated cardiomyopathy during the filling phase.
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common cardiac disease which leads to the deterioration in cardiac performance. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach can be used to enhance our understanding of the disease, by providing us with a detailed map of the intraventricular flow and pressure distributions. In the present work, effect of ventricular size on the intraventricular flow dynamics and intraventricular pressure gradients (IVPGs) was studied using two different implementation methods, i.e. the geometry-prescribed and the fluid structure interaction (FSI) methods. Results showed that vortex strength and IVPGs are significantly reduced in a dilated heart, leading to an increased risk of thrombus formation and impaired ventricular filling. We suggest FSI method as the ultimate method in studying ventricular dysfunction as it provides additional cardiac disease prognostic factors and more realistic model implementation.
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[NOTE: The following article is a press release issued by the aforementioned network and/or company. Any errors, typos, etc. are attributed to the original author. The release is reproduced solely for the dissemination of the enclosed information.]
MONDAY, OCTOBER 9
SERIES PREMIERE
VALOR
"Pilot" - (9:00-10:00 p.m. ET) (TV-14, DLSV) (HDTV)
SERIES PREMIERE - An elite unit of U.S. Army helicopter pilots called the Shadow Raiders is sent on a top secret mission to Somalia, a mission that goes terribly awry. Only two members of the team return safely: Warrant Officer Nora Madani (Christina Ochoa), one of the unit's first female helicopter pilots, and her commanding officer, Captain Leland Gallo (Matt Barr), while the whereabouts of their comrade Jimmy Kam (W. Tre' Davis) are unknown. Now back in the U.S., Nora and Gallo are the only ones who know the truth about what really went wrong in Somalia. Nora's boyfriend, First Lieutenant Ian Porter (Charlie Barnett), suspects she's not telling him the full story, and Jess Kam (Corbin Reid), Jimmy's wife and Nora's friend, is frustrated and furious at being kept in the dark. Meanwhile, Thea (Melissa Roxburgh), the enigmatic CIA officer charged with investigating the failed mission, has her own suspicions about what occurred. With Nora still recovering from a gunshot wound she suffered during the mission, the commander of the Shadow Raiders, Col. Robert Haskins (Nigel Thatch), grounds her from flying. But when it's discovered that Jimmy is alive and being held captive by a group of ruthless terrorists, Nora is determined to join Gallo back in the cockpit to rescue their friend. As preparation and training intensify, Nora and Gallo grow closer, and soon find themselves torn between duty, honor and desire as they wonder who they can trust, and whether the secrets they're hiding will help save Jimmy... or put them all in terrible danger. Kyle Jarrow wrote the episode, directed by Michael Robin (#101). Original airdate 10/9/2017.
DESCRIPTION:(from The CW's press release, May 2017) An elite unit of U.S. Army helicopter pilots called the Shadow Raiders are sent on a top secret mission to Somalia, a mission that goes terribly awry. Only two members of the team return safely: Warrant Officer Nora Madani (Christina Ochoa), one of the unit's first female helicopter pilots, and her commanding officer, Captain Leland Gallo (Matt Barr), while the whereabouts of their comrade Jimmy Kam (W. Tre Davis) are unknown. Now back in the U.S., Madani and Gallo are the only ones who know the truth about what really went wrong in Somalia. Nora's boyfriend, First Lieutenant Ian Porter (Charlie Barnett), suspects she's not telling him the full story, and Jess Kam (Corbin Reid), Jimmy's wife and Nora's friend, is frustrated and furious at being kept in the dark. Meanwhile Thea, (Melissa Roxburgh) the enigmatic CIA officer charged with investigating the failed mission, has her own suspicions about what occurred. With Nora still recovering from a gunshot wound suffered during the mission, the commander of the Shadow Raiders, Col. Robert Haskins (Nigel Thatch), grounds her from flying. But when it's discovered that Jimmy is alive and being held captive by a group of ruthless terrorists, Nora is determined to join Gallo back in the cockpit to rescue their friend. As preparation and training intensify, Nora and Gallo grow closer, and soon find themselves torn between duty, honor and desire as they wonder who they can trust, and whether the secrets they're hiding will help save Jimmy... or put them all in terrible danger. VALOR stars Matt Barr ("Sleepy Hollow"), Christina Ochoa ("Animal Kingdom"), Charlie Barnett ("Chicago Fire"), W. Trè Davis ("Shades of Blue"), Corbin Reid ("How to Get Away With Murder"), Nigel Thatch ("Selma") and Melissa Roxburgh ("Star Trek Beyond"). From CBS Television Studios and Warner Bros. Television, with executive producers Bill Haber ("Rizzoli & Isles"), Anna Fricke ("Being Human"), Kyle Jarrow ("Lost Generation") and Michael Robin ("Nip/Tuck").
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Body mass index and environmental supports for physical activity among active and inactive residents of a U. S. southeastern county.
This study examined the associations between body mass index (BMI) and environmental supports for physical activity in active and inactive adults based on national recommendations for physical activity and walking. Residents of a southeastern community (N = 1,111; ages 18-75 years) were contacted using a random-digit-dial method and were asked about neighborhood and community social and environmental supports for physical activity. Physical activity was measured using the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) physical activity module. There was a positive association between higher physical activity and walking levels and lower BMI levels. Trusting neighborhoods, having recreational facilities present, and using trails were each associated with twice the odds of being overweight versus obese among those not meeting the national physical activity recommendations. Using trails was also associated with 2.7 times the odds of being overweight as opposed to obese among participants who were not regular walkers. Improving environmental supports for access and use of trails and recreational facilities may be important for future environmental interventions aimed at reducing obesity among inactive individuals.
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NurtureYield® S 2101
NurtureYield® S 2101
Brand Family Overview
Michem® Glide products are water-based high Slip additives for paints, coatings and graphic arts that when used at 1% - 5% solids on solids improve abrasion resistance and lubricity. They can also improve high temperature anti-blocking.
Usage
A synthetic based additive used to improve flow and plantability in film coatings and seed treatment formulations for field and other crops. The recommended loading level is 3 fl. oz./100 lb. for corn and 2 fl. oz/100 lb. for soybeans.
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07.
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W
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Undocumented immigrants of New York City
There are thought to be over half a million undocumented immigrants in New York City. They come from many parts of the world, especially Latin America, Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Caribbean. About 70% of them have paid work, in catering, construction, retail, driving, cleaning, and many other trades; at least in catering, their wages tend to be lower than those of comparable workers. City regulations restrict public officials and police officers from enquiring about immigration status of residents with whom they come into contact.
Profile and demographics
According to a study by the Fiscal Policy Institute, about 4.08 million immigrants lived in New York State in 2007, and according to the Migration Policy Institute, about 4.47 million immigrants lived in the state in 2014. Of the immigrants in the state, about three million live in New York City. The number of immigrants living in New York City increased only slightly from 2000 to 2011, with an increase from 2,871,032 to 3,066,599 residents being born outside the United States.
A 2007 report by Fiscal Policy Institute estimated there are 535,000 undocumented immigrants in New York City. In all, undocumented immigrants make up 18 percent of all immigrants living in New York City. undocumented Aliens in New York City come from a wide array of countries from all over the globe. According to an estimate by Jeffrey S. Passel of the Pew Hispanic Center, 27 percent of undocumented aliens in New York City come from Mexico and Central America, 23 percent come from South Asia and East Asia, 22 percent come from the Caribbean, 13 percent come from South America, eight percent come from Europe, five percent come from Africa, and two percent come from the Middle East.
Participation in labor force
Although undocumented aliens do not have legal permanent status in New York City, they have a significant presence in the city's economy and job market. As former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg explained, “Although [undocumented aliens] broke the law by undocumentedly crossing our borders or over-staying their visas and our businesses broke the law by employing them, our city’s economy would be a shell of itself had they not, and it would collapse if they were deported”. According to a Fiscal Policy Institute analysis of 2000 to 2006 data, there are 374,000 undocumented alien workers in New York City, which makes up 10 percent of the resident workforce. With 374,000 out of 535,000 undocumented aliens working in New York City, undocumented aliens have a labor force participation rate of roughly 70 percent. This percentage is higher than the labor force participation rate for native-born residents, 60 percent, or for overall foreign-born residents, 64 percent, in New York City.
Undocumented aliens can be found working in almost every industry in New York City performing a wide variety of tasks. More than half of all dishwashers in the city are undocumented aliens, as are a third of all sewing machine operators, painters, cooks, construction laborers, and food preparation workers. Undocumented immigrants also make up close to 30 percent of the city's automotive service technicians and mechanics, waiters, maids and housekeeping cleaners, and carpenters. The five occupations with the most undocumented alien workers in New York City are cooks (21,000), janitors and building cleaners (19,000), construction laborers (17,000), maids and housekeeping cleaners (16,000), and waiters (15,000).
Restaurant industry
The restaurant industry may be the industry that employs the most undocumented aliens. In 2007, 36 percent of restaurant workers were undocumented aliens. According to a 2008 estimate from the Pew Hispanic Center, about 20 percent of the nearly 2.6 million chefs, head cooks and cooks in the United States are undocumented aliens. According to a 2005 report by the Restaurant Opportunities Center of New York and the New York City Restaurant Industry Coalition, undocumented alien workers in the restaurant industry in New York City receive substantially lower wages than legal workers. According to the report, the median wage of all restaurant workers in the city was $8.00 an hour. However, when undocumented alien workers’ earnings were taken out of the sample, the median wage rose to $9.00 an hour. A Manhattan chef and restaurateur explained, “We always, always hire the undocumented aliens… It’s not just me, it’s everybody in the industry. First, they are willing to do the work. Second, they are willing to learn. Third, they are not paid as well. It’s an economic decision. It’s less expensive to hire an undocumented person”.
Mexican immigrants
According to an analysis of the most recently available census data, Mexican immigrants have the highest rate of employment among the city's 10 largest immigrant groups, and they are more likely to hold jobs than New York City's native-born population. Based on the 2008 census data, about 75 percent of all Mexicans in the city between ages 16 and 65 are in the civilian labor force and only around four percent of them are unemployed, which is well below the nation's current unemployment rate of 9.6%. Experts say the main reason so many of these undocumented aliens are employed is because they are undocumented, and, consequently, they are less likely to report workplace abuses to the authorities for fear of deportation. As a result, many of these workers hold jobs that pay less than the minimum wage and require them to work 100-hour work weeks.
Social and fiscal impacts
Education
In 1996, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani stated: "The reality is that [undocumented aliens] are here, and they're going to remain here. The choice becomes for a city what do you do? Allow them to stay on the streets or allow them to be educated? The preferred choice from the point of view of New York City is to be educated".
According to the US Census Bureau, New York spent $21,206 per student in fiscal year 2015, the most recent period available, compared to the national average of $11,392.
Law enforcement
Although the New York City Police Department (NYPD) does not check immigration status when undocumented immigrants seek medical attention or education services, it does check the immigration status of anyone who commits a crime.
Laws
In October 1986, Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act (ICRA), which authorized legalization for undocumented immigrants who could prove they had resided in the U.S. continually, although without appropriate documentation, since January 1, 1982.
Mayor Bloomberg explained, “Our general policy in this area protects the confidentiality of law-abiding immigrants, regardless of their status, when they report a crime or visit a hospital or send their children to school”. In New York State, undocumented immigrants cannot get a driver's license. However, they can pay the same tuition rates to attend a New York state university or other public university. New York state supports the Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals executive actions taken by Barack Obama, which allowed about four million unauthorized immigrants to receive work permits and be protected from deportation.
On September 17, 2003, Bloomberg issued Executive Order 41 to protect the privacy of undocumented immigrants and to grant them access to City services that they need and are entitled to receive. According to Executive Order 41, if an undocumented immigrant goes to a City agency to request certain services or benefits, City employees will not ask about his immigration status unless it is required by law or necessary to determine whether he is eligible to receive those services or benefits. Furthermore, if an
undocumented immigrant is the victim or witness of a crime, or if he calls or approaches the police seeking assistance, police officers will not inquire about his immigration status.
In January 2017, President Donald Trump enacted a new executive order that would allow undocumented immigrants nationwide to be deported on lesser charges than previously. Over the week of February 6, 2017, six hundred people in 11 states, including 41 people in the New York City area, were arrested by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The ICE stated that of those arrested in the New York City area, 95% of those arrested were "criminal aliens." Specifically, of the 41 arrested, 38 had at least one criminal conviction. The New York City raids had been planned since January and focused mainly on people who immigrated undocumentedly from Central American countries. The ICE had arrested more undocumented immigrants in the New York metropolitan area in previous raids, including 58 in an August 2016 raid. However, the new ICE raids under Trump's presidency represented an increased enforcement of immigration policy, including detaining and potentially deporting 8 million of the country's estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants. As a result, after the February raids, there were reports of increases in people looking for free legal help from immigrant-rights law firms. The NYPD said that it was not involved in the raids. ICE arrested a further 104 people in the New York area in July 2017.
References
Bibliography
Ciment, James, ed. "New York City." Encyclopedia of American Immigration. Vol. 3. Armonk, NY: M.E Sharpe, 2001.
Krase, Jerome, and Ray Hutchison. Race and Ethnicity in New York City. Vol. 7. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Ltd, 2004.
Further reading
Tapper, Jake, and Ron Claiborne. "Romney: Giuliani's NYC 'Sanctuary' for undocumented Immigrants." ABCNews.com.
Passel, Jeffrey S. Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S. Pew Hispanic Center. Rep. no. 61.
Category:Demographics of New York City
Category:Illegal immigration to the United States
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Svetlana Malahova-Shishkina
Svetlana Malahova-Shishkina (born March 27, 1977) is a Kazakhstani cross country skier who has competed since 1995. Her best World Cup finish was third in a 10 km event in China in 2007.
Malahova-Shishkina also competed in four Winter Olympics, earning her best finish of 10th in the 4 x 5 km relay at Vancouver in 2010. Her best individual finish was 10th in the 10 km event at Vancouver in 2010.
Malahova-Shishkina's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was fourth in the 4 x 5 km relay at Val di Fiemme in 2003 while her best individual finish was seventh in the 10 km event at Oberstdorf in 2005.
References
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:Kazakhstani female cross-country skiers
Category:Olympic cross-country skiers of Kazakhstan
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Category:Asian Games medalists in cross-country skiing
Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan
Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan
Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for Kazakhstan
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1996 Asian Winter Games
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1999 Asian Winter Games
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Category:Medalists at the 1996 Asian Winter Games
Category:Medalists at the 1999 Asian Winter Games
Category:Medalists at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Category:Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Category:Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
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Long Distance Services
Free Resources
"....just for your delight Dorian Won his first final race yesterday!!,And you’re part of it!! thanks for your 1st fine report!!!."
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"Ash has continued to build on the excellent foundation provided by Terence, this training / coaching dramatically improved his ability to understand what was happening in the kart and drivers behaviour around him"
Brendan Hand Father of Ash Hand. Current Clio Cup front runner
"Rory's overtaking and aggression on track have been transformed to the point where his race starts are a true strength and he rarely misses an opportunity to overtake – frequently pulling off some very tough moves. This has transformed his racing and improved his self-belief and enjoyment."
Giles Elliott, Rory's Father - Junior Max Malaysia, KF3 Singapore
..."You talk a lot of sense. Do you know that Terence is short for terrifically cool"
Sandro Ballersteros - Bambino Driver age 6
"Over the past few years I have worked very closely with Terence. He has played a crucial part in making sure I am the best I can be and helped take me to my first national championship. In my opinion, Terence is one of the best driver coaches in the world of karting."
Is it Really Possible to Beat Kart Racers Who Spend 10 Times More than You?
In my experience the answer is YES YOU CAN, whether you are a humble club driver or budding karting champion!
How?... you can learn to use driving techniques and mental strategies specific to kart racing, that will save you SECONDS per lap- while the guys with bottomless wallets continue to spend a fortune on equipment, searching for mere tenths.
And you can get started right now learning the kart driving techniques that will explode your driving performance, this site is bursting with hot karting tips that show you how to:-
Once you have all that info, you will be ready to ask Terence about specific points about your driving you want to work on. Use the chat box below for live help, or go to contact EvenFlow and Terence will reply with good advice on your next steps to karting excellence.
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Q:
Relation between ANOVA and t-test?
In a course I'm currently taking, I learned that if you do an F-test (where $F = MS_{B}/MS_W$), when you have 2 treatments and 1 factor, then this is basically like performing a 2 sample t-test, where the pooled variance estimator is $s_p^2$ (assuming a balanced experiment).
This seems to make sense to me. However, I don't understand why in this case $MS_W = s_p^2$? Again, it makes intuitive sense but I wasn't able to get the math to work out. I plugged in the definition of $MS_E$ and had an extra $(n-1)$ factor, preventing me from showing the equivalence to $s_p^2$. Can someone show how this actually works out?
A:
If I understand $MS_B$ and $MS_W$ to imply the mean-squared error between and within groups (i.e. treatments) respectively, or $MS_W$ is proportional to $\sum (\hat{Y} - E(Y))^2$ and $MS_B$ is proportional to $\sum (Y-\hat{Y})^2$ which is also be proportional to $s^2_p$. Recognize that both ANOVA and the $t$-test treat $\hat{Y}$ as a prediction of the mean treatment response in either group... I may have this backwards, between/within isn't my preferred terminology.
The degrees of freedom correction should be a factor of $(n-2)$ for both the equal-variance t-test and the ANOVA. You say that you "plugged in" a definition of mean squared error. A $(n-1)$ DF correction arises from only one mean, like from a paired or one sample test. You are estimating two means, I think this is your mistake.
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Still in Force Today
At the end of His ministry in ancient America, just before He returned to His Father, the Savior told His disciples, “For the works which ye have seen me do that shall ye also do” (3 Nephi 27:21).
These words echo down the corridors of time to us as His latter-day disciples. This ancient commandment is still in force, and we should ponder how to fulfill it. How can we do “the works which ye have seen me do”?
Two examples will suffice for us to ponder how to better fulfill the challenge. These examples come from the Savior’s own efforts in teaching the “good news”1—they are what we would call missionary efforts. He showed us (1) how to talk to people about the gospel and (2) how to invite them to take action.
Talking about the Gospel
The Savior excelled at finding people to teach. While it is true that many sought Him out, we can learn a lot by considering the instances when He was the one who went looking. Sometimes, in fact, He went out of His way to find specific people to teach. Here’s an example:
The Savior came to a town in Samaria called Sychar. “Jesus therefore, being wearied with his journey, sat thus on the well,” when a woman of Samaria came to draw water. (See John 4:5–7.) The Savior was tired and could have simply nodded in acknowledgment to the woman or said something about the weather. Instead, He started a meaningful conversation.
This, on its own, would have surprised the woman. She was a Samaritan and He was a Jew, and “the Jews [had] no dealings with the Samaritans” (John 4:9). But this did not keep Jesus from opening His mouth. He started with a simple request: “Give me to drink” (John 4:7). The woman was puzzled by this encounter with a Jewish man, and even more so when He said, “Whosoever drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life” (John 4:14). This promise, which she clearly did not fully understand at first, was enough to persuade her to learn more. She said: “Sir, give me this water, that I thirst not, neither come hither to draw” (John 4:15).
What do we “see” the Savior do in Sychar? First of all, He seeks to get the woman interested in His message. He sets aside His fatigue. He doesn’t worry that the woman is a Samaritan. He wants her to never thirst spiritually, and moved by that genuine interest in her, He invites her to learn more.
How can we do what the Savior did? There are many ways to draw out people’s interest in the well of everlasting life, but one tool in particular stands above the rest. “Combined with the Spirit of the Lord,” President Ezra Taft Benson (1899–1994) said, “the Book of Mormon is the greatest tool which God has given us to convert the world.”2
Do you have neighbors or relatives who could be blessed by knowing how a prophet of God dealt with his own obedient and wayward children? Would your family or friends be blessed by spiritual counsel about how to deal with economic stress, death, or other major concerns? Life makes us ask hard questions, and many of these are answered in the Book of Mormon. When such questions come up, we can invite people to see how people in the Book of Mormon dealt with challenging situations by trusting in the Lord Jesus Christ. We can also create interest by inviting people to learn about the visit of our Savior to the ancient American continent.
If we do as Christ did, we will have the boldness to speak. When we open our mouths to create interest in the restored gospel, the scriptures promise that we will “become even as Nephi of old” (D&C 33:8). We can do what the Savior did by engaging in conversations about gospel topics that may awaken in another person a desire to know more.
Inviting People to Act
The Savior didn’t just discuss the gospel. He did more than that, as shown by His interaction with the woman at the well. When she expressed interest in receiving what the Savior had to offer, He challenged her to bring another to hear the message (see John 4:15–16). The woman “left her waterpot, and went her way into the city, and saith to the men,
“Come, see a man, which told me all things that ever I did: is not this the Christ?” (John 4:28–29).
There are, in fact, many examples of the Lord inviting people to take specific action. For example, after He anointed a blind man’s eyes with clay, Christ said to him, “Go, wash in the pool of Siloam” (John 9:7). The man washed as instructed and came back seeing.
Detail from He Anointed the Eyes of the Blind Man, by Walter Rane
When ten lepers asked for Christ’s help, He asked them to perform a specific task: “Go shew yourselves unto the priests” (Luke 17:14). As an evidence of their faith, they accepted the assignment, and “as they went, they were cleansed” (Luke 17:14). One returned to express gratitude to the Savior. The Lord’s response is meaningful: “Arise, go thy way: thy faith hath made thee whole” (Luke 17:19).
Through the scriptures we can “see” how the Savior uses this principle of inviting people to take action. We can also observe that when people fulfill a divine assignment, their faith in the Father and in the Savior is increased. This pattern of inviting people to take action is consistent with revealed doctrine. When people begin to exercise faith, that faith is then tested and grows. Those who wish to never thirst again, those who wish to be made whole, must develop faith by being “doers of the word, and not hearers only” (James 1:22). As we exercise faith, our faith is strengthened and we are in a position to do more, and thus eventually we become more and more like Christ.
We know that full-time missionaries are always inviting people to take action. Inviting people to do something is in essence a way to help individuals grow in faith. Church leaders apply this same principle when they ask members to fulfill an assignment. So do parents when they ask their children to be obedient.
While serving as a mission president, I interviewed a missionary who was overcome with the blues. I felt impressed to invite him to go out and open his mouth. I promised that if he did so with the intent of helping others, he would be filled with the Spirit. A few days later I learned that he was again full of enthusiasm. In his case, a simple invitation to act made the difference.
When we ask others to take action, we help them in their own conversion process. When the Savior asked the woman at the well to act, she did, and she was blessed for it. What’s more, others grew in their faith as she invited them to come and meet the Christ. This was a blessing both for them and for her. (See John 4:29–30, 39–42.)
Rejecting or Accepting the Invitation
Christ and the Rich Young Ruler, by Heinrich Hofmann, courtesy of C. Harrison Conroy Co.
In some cases, those we invite to act upon the word will reject our invitation. Even the Savior experienced such rejection. In a well-known example, a wealthy man approached Jesus. He was obeying all of the commandments and wondered what he was missing. The Lord extended a specific invitation to him: “If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come and follow me” (Matthew 19:21). The young man “went away sorrowful” (Matthew 19:22). He chose not to act and he missed a chance to grow in faith.
Those who choose to act, however, will be blessed. An example of this is found in the story of the blind man who was healed. The most important part of this story for the blind man was not what happened to his physical eyes but rather to his spiritual eyes.
Questioned by the Pharisees and religious leaders of the Jews, he said, “One thing I know, that, whereas I was blind, now I see.” For what he said, they “reviled him” and “cast him out.”
But then Jesus came to him and invited him to act on his faith by asking, “Dost thou believe on the Son of God?” The man asked who the Son of God was, that he might believe on Him. When Jesus identified himself as the Son of God, the man said, “Lord, I believe,” and worshipped Him. Because of the blind man’s willingness to act on his faith, he was, despite the world’s rejection, blessed with a testimony of Jesus Christ. (See John 9:25–38.) We will also strengthen our testimony of Christ when we act according to our covenants.
Fulfilling the Commandment
Sharing the gospel and inviting others to act are simply two ways of fulfilling the commandment, still in force today, to do the things we see Him do. I know that as we do what we have seen Him do, we will continue in the process of becoming even as He is. I testify that He lives and wants the best for all of us.
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SEATTLE - Mayor Greg Nickels today released an update of the city’s greenhouse gas inventory that shows the city has made tremendous progress in the effort to cut emissions and is on target to meet its climate protection goals.
The report shows that in 2005, the latest year studied, the city’s greenhouse gas emissions were about 8 percent below 1990 levels. And on a per capita level, the reduction was about 11 percent below 1990. The city has adopted the standards of the Kyoto Treaty, which call for reducing climate pollution to 7 percent below 1990 levels by 2012.
“This is a remarkable milestone that shows how cities can lead the way in the fight against global warming,” Nickels said. “It is a success that we can all celebrate. But it is just the start of our work. To beat global warming, we must not only maintain this achievement but go a magnitude beyond these numbers. That’s why we need everyone’s help in taking action.”
Conservation and climate-friendly policies by Seattle City Light are responsible for most of the reduction. The city also released a progress report on the Climate Action Plan, the 2006 roadmap that lists the initial actions Seattle must take to achieve its long-term goals.
The highlights from the report include:
Seattle is making excellent progress. Overall, the community’s carbon footprint is about 8 percent smaller than it was in 1990, resulting largely from energy conservation efforts by Seattle’s households and businesses, and Seattle City Light’s work to “zero out” the climate pollution associated with the development and delivery of electricity to its approximately 370,000 residential, commercial and industrial customers.
A greener city. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions in Seattle - total emissions divided by total population - were 11 percent lower in 2005 than they were in 1990. Per capita emissions in Seattle are about 11.5 tons per year. This compares favorably with per capita emissions in King County (12.8 tons per year), the central Puget Sound region (13.7 tons), statewide (14.1 tons) and across the United States (24 tons).
We’re using less power. Emissions from residential and commercial energy use, which together make up about 20 percent of our community’s carbon footprint, were both down compared to 1990 levels. These significant reductions are mostly the result of two efforts: 1) Seattle City Light’s transition to a “zero net emissions” electricity supply through investments in conservation, renewable energy sources, and carbon offsets; and 2) Seattle households and businesses converting from heating oil to natural gas, which is a less carbon-intensive fossil fuel.
Transportation challenges. Per capita transportation emissions fell about 1 percent. However, emissions from all transportation sources - road, rail, marine and air, which together make up about 60 percent of our community’s carbon footprint - were up about 3 percent compared to 1990.
An optimistic future. The work ahead will be to sustain Seattle’s gains, build on the momentum, and redouble efforts to reduce climate pollution in Seattle, not only by 7 percent by 2012, but by 80 percent by 2050. The city must reduce greenhouse gas emissions while growing both economically and demographically. Additional action will be taken to lower the consumption of fossil fuels in our homes, businesses and cars.
On Nov. 1 and 2, Seattle will host a national summit of mayors that will focus on local efforts to reduce climate pollution. It will be the largest-ever meeting of American mayors devoted solely to climate protection.
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Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare, but potentially life threatening, diseases characterized by widespread epidermal necrosis, and are predominantly medication-induced. Unfortunately, though they are often associated with long-term debilitating sequelae, there are currently no efficacious pharmaceutical interventions proven through large clinical trials. It has been well established that the epidermal damage in these diseases is due to keratinocyte apoptosis. Although drug-specific T cells are implicated in this process, our understanding of the immunopathology is far from complete. The scenario suggested by today's literature points towards drug-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells utilizing perforin/granzyme B trigger keratinocyte apoptosis. Subsequently, there may be an expansion of apoptosis involving the interaction of either membrane-bound or soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) with its receptor Fas. The cellular source of sFasL remains controversial, with both peripheral lymphocytes and keratinocytes themselves as potential candidates. Cytokines produced by T lymphocytes, macrophages or keratinocytes may participate by activating keratinocytes and enhancing their expression of Fas and FasL, or by promoting the skin recruitment of lymphocytes by upregulating adhesion molecules. A better understanding of the underlying immunological mechanisms is required to identify appropriate therapeutic interventions. Finally, clinicians must remain vigilant about drug hypersensitivity to prevent SJS/TEN.
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Q:
Not able to send email within lambda function using httpclientlibrary
I have a code using http.client library in python that sends email to others.I tested this in jupyter notebook and am able to send an email.
But when I tried the same inside lambda AWS,I get an error.Below is my code:
import http.client
import mimetypes
def lambda_handler(event, context):
conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("mail.us-east-1.aws.cloud.xxx")
payload = "{\n \"from\": \"[email protected]\",\n \"to\": \"[email protected]\",\n \"subject\": \"Test mail\",\n \"textbody\": \"Test body\",\n \"htmlbody\": \"<h3>Test body!</h3>\"\n}"
headers = {
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
}
conn.request("POST", "", payload, headers)
res = conn.getresponse()
data = res.read()
print(data.decode("utf-8"))
print("done")
Below is my error message:
Response:
{
"errorMessage": "[Errno -2] Name or service not known",
"errorType": "gaierror",
"stackTrace": [
" File \"/var/task/lambda_function.py\", line 15, in lambda_handler\n conn.request(\"POST\", \"\", payload, headers)\n",
" File \"/var/lang/lib/python3.8/http/client.py\", line 1230, in request\n self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)\n",
" File \"/var/lang/lib/python3.8/http/client.py\", line 1276, in _send_request\n self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)\n",
" File \"/var/lang/lib/python3.8/http/client.py\", line 1225, in endheaders\n self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)\n",
" File \"/var/lang/lib/python3.8/http/client.py\", line 1004, in _send_output\n self.send(msg)\n",
" File \"/var/lang/lib/python3.8/http/client.py\", line 944, in send\n self.connect()\n",
" File \"/var/lang/lib/python3.8/http/client.py\", line 1392, in connect\n
super().connect()\n",
" File \"/var/lang/lib/python3.8/http/client.py\", line 915, in connect\n self.sock = self._create_connection(\n
" File \"/var/lang/lib/python3.8/socket.py\", line 787, in create_connection\n for res in getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, SOCK_STREAM):\n",
" File \"/var/lang/lib/python3.8/socket.py\", line 918, in getaddrinfo\n for res in _socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags):\n"
]
}
Here the line number 15 points to :
data=res.read()
I am new to lambda and am not sure if I am missing out something.
A:
This error refers to a failure in name resolution while looking up address of the endpoint you're trying to reach.
It might happen if you try to connect to AWS resource in other region. Take a look at previous question: AWS [Errno -2] Name or service not known
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Thank you, everyone. Basically, every time
I've spoken on stage, I've pretty much spoken
with a very close friend of mine, Ryan Deiss.
He was actually here for Zentrepreneur. Great
guy, very, very talented, and every time he
does a conference he calls me up and, "Hey,
will you come just hang out?" "Sure." And
then I come and the day before he's like,
"Hey, can you come speak about this?" And
because I'm on the stage with him, it's just
basically talking to one of my best friends,
and so I do. The last time I did, he called
me up, it was a traffic conversion. It was
2000 people. He's like, "Yeah, can you come
talk about the mobile industry for an hour?"
"All right." That's like asking someone, "Can
you come talk about the Internet for an hour?"
That's Ryan by the way.
And so, today is the first time actually speaking
without him for a very long time, so kind
of brought him along with me, kind of like
my training wheels. So, this part is for me
and the rest is all for you. Because, actually,
being on stage by myself scared the crap out
of me. I haven't done it in so long and I
have this rule that if something scares me,
there's magic on the other side. And that's
the only way to experience magic is, like,
when something just scares you from inside
but you know it's like a tingling scary, you
gotta go do it. You gotta jump off that cliff.
That's every time I've had great things happen
to my life, when I felt the fear and I jumped
off. I mean, I've fallen off cliffs sometimes,
you know, I'll be honest, and got my bruises.
But I tell you, half the time you sprout wings.
It is the best thing ever. So, here I am sprouting
new wings in front of you. So, thank you for
this.
Actually, I've thought a lot about this talk
because this isn't about me telling you about
mobile industry or venture capital or crowdfunding
or all that stuff that I could just talk in
my sleep. This is about, you know, how to
be our best selves. And I was thinking, "What
is the one thing..." and actually Noah Kagan
reminded me of this, another great guy who
is here, "What is the one thing I can share
that has really made all the difference in
my life?" If I was to look back at the arc
of my life, what is the one thing that if
I could just pass along that advice, just
like sharing, that has made all the difference
is this, okay? And I'll use [inaudible 00:02:14]
as an example.
So, we're all here, we're meeting amazing
people, we're listening to amazing speakers,
and I'm not a believer in inspiration, you
know, I live in silicon valley, we're all
very results and metrics focused. I am a believer
in transformation. So, we're meeting all these
people, we're listening to all these great
speakers and we are learning. But I would
say if you can, in these four or five days,
if you can find one thing that speaks to you,
just one thing and pick it. Something that
just really feels right or tingles or whatever,
however you judge it, and just make it your
own. It's like you commit to it, you gotta
commit. Write it on a piece of paper, you
just commit that I am going to be this. I'm
owning it. Whether it's fitness, health, gratitude,
entrepreneurship, loving yourself, whatever.
Just go all in. Take that piece of paper,
write it down, put it somewhere you can see
it, but that's just half of the equation.
You got to do the work.
You can't just sit there and visualize it.
You got to do the work. Just commit. Burn
the ships behind you, and I will bet you,
by the time the new year's come, your life
will be different. It'll be transformed. Every
time I've done this in any part of my life,
in anything in my career, it has really made
all the difference. So, you know, I was actually
talking with the very well known editor, Nils
Parker. He's edited a bunch of New York Times
bestsellers. We were talking about the power
of sharing your story, because it's like,
it doesn't do any good to tell anyone, "Hey,
listen, I'm at the top of the mountain. And
this is really awesome being at the top of
the mountain." What it is, is, "This is how
I started, this is the path I took, these
are all the roads I took and fell and did
all of this, and this is how I got on top."
And because then you actually show others
the way, and hopefully, they can avoid the
pitfalls that you did.
So, I want to tell you a story about my friend
Joanna, and I don't know if she'll be horrified
that I'm telling everyone about this or not.
I'll check with her afterwards. She's one
of my dearest, dearest friends, this amazing,
tall, beautiful, striking blonde, full of
life, big heart, incredibly smart entrepreneur.
She was also a national champion rower and
she was in the FBI, and she used to train
the Afghan police, the Iraqi police, you know,
imagine this tall blonde teaching this really
male culture, the police there, right? She
used to take the toughest assignments and
now...and she's only like early thirties if
that, I can never tell, I think she's in her
twenties but given what she's done, I think
she's early thirties. And now, she's a CEO
in Silicon Valley building this great company
and she has people who get seven-figure offers
turn them down to go work for her for 100
grand, because they want to be a part of what
she's doing. And this is what makes Joanna...I
mean, she's just amazing, right?
So, she and I are having dinner in San Francisco
about four, five months ago in this Chinese
restaurant and she's sitting against the wall
and I'm facing her and we're talking. And
she tells me, out of the blue, we're talking
about our lives and things that have really
formed us who we are. And she tells me that
when she was 24, she had a heart attack and
she died for seven minutes. I was like, "Okay."
And so, like, I lean forward, I got to ask,
"What happened?" And she goes, "I don't remember."
She was in a coma afterwards, you know, they
brought her out of it, and she was in this
bubble, like, she was like the bubble boy
for like a month.
And Joanna being Joanna was just working away
in the bubble and... But she said, "You know
what changed there was after that, everything
I've wanted in my life, like, anything, whether
it's love, how she met her husband, her career,
whatever she wants to do, it just happens.
It comes to her. So, I'm like, "All right,"
you know, I'm like, "I don't want to have
to die to get there." I'm like, "How do you
do it?" And she goes, "Well," she leans forward
and she goes, "You're gonna think I'm crazy,
but what if this is heaven?" And then she
leans back. And it was like, you ever seen
the movies, like, the camera just spans back
and things get really slow. And I was like,
"Oh my God."
And I swear there was a homeless man, you
know, behind in the window. He kind of winks
at me and I'm going...It was like, "Oh my
God." Like for a few moments, I got it. Imagine
the irony of that. She's like, "Yeah, what
if this is heaven?" Like, she's like, "I died,
how can I prove I'm not on the other side?
So, because this is heaven, given what heaven
is about, I can have, be, and do anything
I want." And she's living that. So, you know,
that's an attitude that I've seen with her
and a lot, like, not... I'm gonna separate
successful people and fulfilled people. Because
I know people who are insanely wealthy and
I know people insanely wealthy and are happy
and fulfilled. Those are the ones I want to
be like. Those are the ones who are my mentors.
And for all of them I've noticed one pattern,
including her, that whatever happens, it's
never like this is happening to me. They all
look at life as life is happening for them.
Whatever is happening, they fall down, they
lick their wounds, they get up, but this always
makes them be better.
And they've internalized this attitude. And
it is an attitude. None of us, like, all of
us are trying to live this. None of us are
unique in that since we're all humans, right?
The same minds walking around with the same
dramas and same, you know, fears. But that
attitude that life happens for her, I have
noticed consistently in all the best people
I've ever met in my life. So, my story. I
never set out to be an entrepreneur. I'm not
one of those natural, you know, selling lemonade
when I was four, unlike Noah Kagan, Neil Patel,
those guys are natural entrepreneurs. They're
two of the best entrepreneurs I've ever met.
What I did, if I can say that the smartest
thing I did, was I moved out to a place where
all the best entrepreneurs in the world went.
I moved to Silicon Valley. I moved out there,
I knew nothing, I just jumped off that cliff,
showed up there and just managed to join a
startup, and I helped build that company,
that company ended up going public. It's actually
still one of the few from that time that's
still around. And so, I got to ride that big
wave and just learn along the way. And, you
know, where I live in San Francisco, you can't
throw a rock without hitting someone who's
running a startup as an app or who's looking
for funding.
Like, my doctor, my primary care physician
left his practice last year to start a startup.
It's like your waiter starting startups, everybody
starting startups. So, like, if you move there,
you're going to start a startup. But odds
are you'll get funding too because you know
everyone. That is actually another great secret.
If you want to be fit, don't surround yourself
with people who want to be fit. Surround yourself
with people who are insanely fit. You will
just step up. Surround yourself around entrepreneurs,
you will become one.
And now I'm very good at it, but I'm not good
at it because it's natural to me. I'm good
at it because I'm surrounded by the very best.
So I can't help but step up, otherwise, I'll
be left behind. And we all have egos and none
of us want to be left behind. So, with this
company that went public, after that, I got
kind of well known for being able to do certain
things and I went consulting for CEOs of big
companies and I started more companies that
some failed, some didn't. And so, by the world's
standards, you know, I've had some success
and I thought I had success, but it was very,
like, there was a lot of ego there in all
honesty.
And my last company that I started, that was
going to be my big thing, that was going to
be my last one. That was going to be like,
you know, the island money or what we in the
valley call, excuse me, "Fuck you money."
And that's all ego by the way, right? And
I was, you know, but that's where I was. And
I built it from scratch and I decided I wasn't
going to take any funding, self-funded it,
you know, and put everything into it. I was
going to transform an industry and it finally
started to take off, this crazy idea I had,
and it was really working. And then investors
jumped in because I wanted to build it out
bigger than... I was running out of money
and...but it didn't matter because I knew
what the potential of that thing was.
And I'll tell you something interesting. In
the beginning, I used to motivate my team
and everybody about how we were going to transform
an industry. By the end, I was motivating
them by how much money we were going to make.
See that difference? Can you see that I would
make different choices as a CEO, I would choose
different partners. Can you guess what happened?
Right. The thing blew up. I mean it blew up.
It was messy. It blew up horribly, right?
I lost everything. I was in debt, I lost my
friends' money I had firmly invested and I
lost all their money, and because my ego was
attached to it, I blew up with it.
I got insanely sick. My relationships fell
apart. I was bedridden. The doctors were throwing
diagnoses at me that were very scary, like,
"Pack your bags to your mortality" kind of
diagnosis. And I tell you, if I was depressed,
that was a good day. I was just...you know,
I thought about suicide, you know the works.
Yeah, I was in a bad place. And I remember
one morning I woke up and I was like, "I can't
do this anymore. I'm getting out of this,
or I'm dying trying, but I'm done." So, I
staggered over my journal on my desk and I
write down, I don't know where it came from,
but I wrote on a vow. You know, that one thing,
committing to one thing, I wrote down a vow
that I'm going to love myself.
I'm going to fully commit every thought, every
action, every feeling, every moment I'm conscious,
I'm going to love myself. And I sat back,
I was like, "Okay, where did that come from?"
First, and second, "Oh shit, I made a vow."
So I gotta, like, figure this out. I got to
figure out how to love myself because, you
know, it's not something they teach you in
school or you learn in Silicon Valley. But
so I set about to do it and I started meditating
and working my mind and doing things. And
what worked I kept it and went deeper, what
didn't work I threw it out. And here's the
thing, within a few weeks I was fine. I got
my health back. All right? Things started
working out.
I was happy, like, depression was a fond memory,
right? But here's the thing I did not expect.
My life got better. Things I had no control
over, people came into my life, situations
came, opportunities came. I could never have
reached out. It was purely because all I did
was commit to loving myself and I went all
in. I was going to love myself or die trying.
And everything changed. Right? So, now, it's
very interesting. Oh, before we get to that
point, the book. So, I used to share what
I did with people and it really helped them,
so a lot of them were like, "Hey listen, you
need to write about it." So, basically to
shut them up I wrote this little book, it's
like 8,000 words. Really, just 8,000 words.
No publisher would have published it, I self-published
it. I figured there'd be 10 copies sold, eight
of them I would buy to give him to my friends
and be done and... Really. And I was so shy
about it.
Silicon Valley, you don't talk about loving
yourself. Right? And the book's called, "Love
yourself like your life depends on it," and
within five weeks, it was the number one self-help
book on Amazon. No marketing, I mean, really
hiding, not telling anyone... You know how
they talk about things going viral? The book
went viral. That book has gone on and sells
more copies than a lot of New York Times bestsellers.
It just continues selling and selling. And
I get emails every day from people, like,
you know, this changed their life, this stopped
them committing suicide, like, all these groups
use it. That changed my life.
What's different now is that, and because
of that, it's insane. I have success now in
different things, but I have a different kind
of success. Fulfillment. Because I realized,
what did I do with the book? All I did was
I expressed my true self. Full on open, "This
is who I am, this is how I have screwed up,
this is how I got out of it, and this is how
anyone can replicate it." You know, all I
did was, I mean, the only secret there is
I put like a little piece of my heart in every
word. That's it. Anyone can do that, right?
And whatever they do, you can put your heart
into it and be your full on self, and that's
it.
And so, now, I'm... Silicon Valley, I run
a successful venture fund, I write books,
my books do very well. I get asked to come
speak at events like this. You know, I don't
need to buy an island. I'm on an island. I'm
meeting great people, right? This is better.
Who wants to be alone on an island. And my
only rules now, and because I get lots of
opportunities, I'm in a great place in my
life, but I only take up people I love. Only
people I love. I will do anything for them.
And, you know, just I will only work with
people I love. I get opportunities to plenty
of people who want to invest in my fund, I
turn them down if something about them doesn't
seem right, "I'm sorry, I don't need your
money," because money is energy, and you know.
Money, funny enough, when you start being
your real self is the easiest thing in the
world. You just stop worrying and it just
comes.
I know everyone says it, but there is a couple
of keys to it. The other one is that whatever
I do is an expression of me. Everyone has
things that are full an expression of them.
Writing, I would do if I was stuck in a deserted
island. I would write in my head because I
love sharing knowledge. Whatever I learn,
I just want to share it. And the fund, I love
helping entrepreneurs. And this is a very
lucrative way of helping entrepreneurs. So,
and it's just me. It's stuff I would do whether
I had money or not. And it just comes, and
that's like the simple secret, right?
So, I don't necessarily believe in success
anymore. I'm surrounded by insanely successful
people, but I also know their dark sides and
I also like know my dark sides. So, like,
what I just care about is fulfillment. And
there's basically four things that matter
in fulfillment, and which includes worldly
success. First is it's gotta be pure expression
of yourself, whatever that is. And, you know,
people talk about finding your passion. For
me, this is a definition, just what is you?
And I think that actually helps people when
they're trying to find their passion. Just
what is an expression of you? That's it. The
second, this is actually easy. If it's an
expression of you, you got to give your all
because you know when you're holding back,
you know. We can be our best friends and our
worst critics, and this way you can be your
best friend and give your all to something
that's naturally you.
The third one is the one where I've actually
seen a lot of talented people stop. Whatever
you create, you got to put it out to the world.
You know, I could have written that book and
I could have just, you know, just sent the
word doc to my eight friends to shut them
up, and that would've been it, right? But
it would not have created magic in my life.
I had the fears. It scared me. I mean, putting
that book out scared the crap out of me. I
lost a lot of sleep for many...even my second
one. It scared me even more, you know, but
that's how I know that there's magic on the
other side.
The magic is when you put it out to the world.
Because when you give your full self, your
full-on self and you give your all, you put
your heart into it, the world just, gosh,
the world just gives you so much. It gives
you more than you ever could have expected.
When the book took off, I was like, "Oh, okay."
So, someone asked me what's the definition
of success for the book, I was like, "Okay,
10,000 copies." It sold out within a month.
I never could have planned for what it's doing.
And the fourth, this is another important
one. This is what I learned when my company
failed because I was attached to the outcome,
right? Because a lot of great things did come.
My friendships and things that I'm doing now
came from building that company that didn't
work, but I was attached to one outcome, which
was that company succeeding versus who I was
being. You know, one of the key things in
life is we are the effort. We're never the
outcome. And if you do that, if you just focus
on your effort, who you are expressing yourself
to the world and just setting out to the world,
ironically, the outcome is far better than
you could have planned for. Guaranteed. I
mean, really, guaranteed.
So, and what's the prize? The prize is not
necessarily the accolades or the money, I
mean, those are nice, those come. But the
real prize, actually, is who you become in
the process. The price for me has been who
I've become. Like, if I do something stupid
next month and lose all our money again, you
know what, five months later I'll have 10x
that money. I'm not worried about it because
I know who I've become. And that you only
get by doing. I don't think you can visualize
that. I don't think you can train yourself.
That kind of confidence just comes jumping
off the cliffs and you realize, "Oh. I'm jumping
another cliff, I'll sprout wings again."
I think that metaphor, jumping off cliffs,
is a great one. You know, we talk about that
in startup land, but there we say it's like
jumping off a cliff and building a plane on
the way down. I like sprouting wings better.
So, which, of course, leads us to Tokyo. When
I came back from Tokyo, an interesting thing
happened. I checked my bank account and like
two-thirds of my money was gone. I was like,
"What the hell, did I get robbed?" Well, sort
of, like, apparently I owed back taxes and
my accountant, you know, he had signed blank
checks for me, he just paid them. So, I was
robbed by the IRS, you know, good luck getting
that money back.
So, I remember for like three days or so,
I was walking out and really stressed about
money. I was like, "All right, how am I gonna
bring that back? Blah, blah blah. There's
these things I want to do." And then I read
this post by James Altucher. If you haven't
read his blog, read it. It will change your
life. Amazing man. And it was about gratitude,
and it reminded me back to Joanna's thing,
life for her, this is heaven. It reminded
me of Tokyo, all of this, the almost empty
bank account, which is scary, is for me.
And so, I just walked around for days, just
feeling gratitude. So, like three days later
I was in LA at a friend's event and I check
my email, three days of feeling this way,
and I check my email and a company I advised
like maybe five years ago that I completely
forgot about or wrote off that I had stock
in, I had an email from them, "We just sold
for a lot of money, and can you please sign
your paperwork so we can pay you?" Three days,
right?
And you start to realize, this is how life
works. Like this is, you know, entrepreneurship
whatever. All entrepreneurship is an expression
of you. You know, I think a lot of people
get caught up in the, "I'm an entrepreneur,
I'm an entrepreneur." I'd say be the entrepreneur
that's a fulfilled entrepreneur. And the only
way you're gonna do that is if it's an expression
to you. I know people will go for the money
and they do well at it. I'm not one of them.
I will always screw up if I go purely for
the money. But if I go for what's an expression
of me, the world is just amazing.
And it goes back to that one thing. If I can
just leave you with that, it's just, find
your one thing, pick one thing, it doesn't
matter. Do it for a month, 30 days. Trust
me. Your life will just blow you away. I mean,
it does each time I do, and I'm lazy, you
know. So, like, I'll do it, it'll be amazing,
then I'll get lazy and I'll fall and I'll
be like, "Oh yeah," then I'll go do it again.
And that's okay. That's part of life, you
know, part of being human. I learn about that
and write more books. And, you know, so that's
my talk, and I hope this has been of value
to you. Thank you.
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DRAGGING BRAKES (OVER TIME) LX
My brakes drag (I'm assuming), and the dragging worsens after about 10-15 minutes. The car also pulls to the left, especially when applying pressure to the brakes.
When I first start my car and begin to drive, the drag is extremely subtle, almost unnoticable.
But after driving about 10 or 15 minutes, the dragging worsens to an almost undrivable situation.
Things I have noticed are, in cool weather, or when driving at night, the brake pedal sinks down much further before grabbing, and the dragging is less intense and takes longer to intensify.
But if the weather is warm, or my car has been exposed to sunlight, the brake pedal barely goes down before it grabs, and the brakes will usually begin dragging within 2 minutes.
We've replaced the brake hoses, replaced the left caliper, and replaced the brake pads. The hoses have been bled numerous times.
Another thing, when the hoses were bled, we noticed the brake fluid is extremely thick, almost like syrup. The fluid we use is DOT 3.
A friend suggested cleaning the master cylinder.
A mechanic suggested (since he had no clue what was wrong) replacing everything. I'm thinking it's something simple, just nobody seems to know what it is.
Any ideas? If your suggestion ends up fixing the problem, expect a donation. : D
Hey Shi,
Need to start with a little detective work. Make sure the rear parking brake cables are not frozen. Also make sure the rear shoes are adjusted properly and the self adjusters work properly.
Drive the vehicle until you fell the brakes are dragging. Touch each wheel and let us know if you find some that are hotter than the others.
If you find a hottie check the steel line for any kinks or crushing. Jack the wheel up onto jackstands and spin it by hand. If the wheel is dragging start by cracking open its brake line at the master cylinder to see if it frees up. If not continue down to the next junction and do it again. Go all the way to the caliper/wheel cylinder bleeder until it releases the pressure.
Have you replaced all 4 brake hoses? A sound bit of wisdom is to always replace calipers or wheel cylnders in pairs to maintain equal performance.
By any chance has anything other than brake fluid been added to the mastercylinder?
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Search
I gotta be honest, werewolf movies really aren’t my cup of tea. There’s something about them that just strike me as kind of silly, but I guess that can be said about a lot of classic monsters. One of the most iconic werewolf films is John Landis’ horror/comedy An American Werewolf in London. Over the years this film has become known as a cult classic due to its wit, blending of genres, and it’s outstanding practical special effects. Like many horror movies that have come before and after, a sequel was released, An American Werewolf in Paris, years after the original. This one has received the opposite kind of attention and it seems that people just want to forget about it. Today, I’m going to be looking at both of them and giving my own thoughts.
Let’s start with John Landis’ original film from 1981.
David (David Naughton) and Jack (Griffin Dunne) are two American college students backpacking through England. After being warned by locals to “beware the moon” and “stay on the road,” the two end up getting lost and attacked by a large animal. Jack is killed and David is injured, waking up in a hospital three weeks later. At the hospital, David meets nurse named Alex (Jenny Agutter) and the two form a relationship with David eventually staying at her apartment. Throughout this time, David is plagued with bad dreams and is getting visits from Jack’s slowly decaying corpse who explains that he has been infected with the werewolf’s curse, and if he doesn’t die then all of the werewolf’s victims are doomed to walk the earth in limbo and more people will die because of David. David doesn’t know what to believe until the night of the full moon when he first transforms into a werewolf and begins a bloody spree throughout the city of London.
Horror and comedy often time go hand in hand. When I’m watching a really scary movie and something just frightens me more than I thought it would, I often find myself laughing at both myself and the incident that happened onscreen. This is why horror/comedies also blend dark humor and horror so well. An American Werewolf in London is one of the classics of the horror/comedy genre. This is a very lighthearted movie and at no time does it ever really take itself too seriously. Even when things do start getting more intense towards the end, the film adopts this over the top brutal slapstick that is more funny then actually scary. What is taken very seriously, however, is the outstanding make up and special effects work. Rick Baker, who previously worked on Star Wars, does amazing work with the famous transformation scene and also creating monsters and walking corpses that appear throughout the movie. Baker’s also the first person to win the Academy Award for Best Best Makeup and Hairstyling, which was a new award the year of this film’s release.
With all of the cool werewolf effects and dark humor at the forefront, there are some elements that get pushed aside. For one thing, the characters in the movie are nothing all that special. David and Jack are both fine characters, but what’s really memorable about them is the situation they’re in. The ending of the movie also can define the term “anti-climactic.” While I was being critical of how the story was being told with some scenes not seeming to go anywhere in particular, I had time to admire how much like a classic Universal monster movie An American Werewolf in London felt like. Everything from the foggy countryside to the pub in the beginning with the cautious villagers to the relationship that grows between David and Alex. You can really see how much John Landis was inspired by those movies to create a classic of his own.
An American Werewolf in London has become a shining example of horror/comedy and the work that can be achieved with practical special effects. It’s a darkly funny story of a fish out of water that also happens to be a werewolf. I only wish that the story could have been tightened up a little bit and the ending made into something more memorable. Still, any fan of horror movies or even comedies will have a lot of fun with this film and see why it’s considered a modern cult classic.
Final Grade: B+
Sixteen years after the release of An American Werewolf in London, the sequel titled An American Werewolf in Paris was released and was met with pretty overwhelming negative results. After seeing it for myself, I’m comfortable jumping on that bandwagon.
Andy McDermott (Tom Everett Scott) and his two friends are traveling Europe looking for excitement and girls. When the trio arrive in Paris, Andy chooses the Eiffel Tower for his next base jumping stunt and ends up saving a woman, Sérafine (Julie Delpy), from jumping off and killing herself. After this heroic act, Andy and Sérafine get more involved with each other, but the relationship gets more than a little complicated when it is revealed that she is a werewolf who, along with her step father, has been working on a cure for their curse. On the opposite side of Sérafine are a group of werewolves, led by the vicious Claude (Pierre Cosso), who want to reverse engineer the cure and use it as a way to transform anytime they want to.
Compared to the original film, this one is completely outrageous. The positives of An American Werewolf in London that helped it become a cult classic is its charm, simplicity in story, and the remarkable practical effects. All of this is completely absent in An American Werewolf in Paris. This film has all the charm of a bargain bin sex comedy and special effects that are guaranteed to cause belly laughs. It’s hard to even call this movie a sequel because at first glance, there’s nothing to really connect it to the original film. It was only after reading up on the film a little bit did I realize there’s an absurd connection that is teetering a very fine line of making sense. What we have here is more of an absurd remake than an actual sequel, but calling this a remake would be an insult to the original. My best guess is that this movie is simply a cash grab that’s riding on the name and popularity of Landis’ classic.
There really isn’t a whole lot to say that isn’t painfully obvious once you actually watch the movie. I’m not sure who thought that the idea of making the plot to this movie as contrived as it is was a good idea, but they couldn’t have been in their right mind. Amongst all of the negativity, I will say that Tom Everett Scott and Julie Delpy seem to be doing their best, but a lot of the lines they deliver that’s meant to be funny are cringe worthy at best. When people finally do start turning into werewolves, which feels like forever with the “character building” scenes, they aren’t anything impressive at all. In fact, the look unfinished and out of place. There are a few instances of practical effects which are welcome, but they’re so few and far between.
The bottom line is that this isn’t a movie anyone should see even if they are fans of werewolf movies. It takes the same ideas as John Landis’ film and presents them in a much weaker way without the wit and charm that should come with a movie that’s related to An American Werewolf in London. Just stay away from An American Werewolf in Paris and your brain cells have a better chance of staying intact.
Final Grade: D
There you have it. An American Werewolf in London is a cult classic that deserves all of the praise it receives whereas the sequel is a disaster disguised as a horror/comedy. Like I said before, I’m not a huge fan of werewolf movies, but An American Werewolf in London is just too much fun to pass up.
Some of my favorite horror movies come out of France. For example, there’s the more modern horror flick High Tension, but also a more classic example like Eyes Without a Face. That’s what brings us to the French horror/dark comedy Sheitan. I was first interested in this movie when I saw that Vincent Cassel was playing the psychotic villain, a role that I have yet to see him play to this degree. Developed by an underground group of French videographers, Sheitan is a movie that is made exactly how the developers wanted it to be made and without any major interference from studios. The end result is something disturbing, hilarious, and unique.
While at a Parisian night club Bart (Olivier Barthelemy), Ladj (Ladj Ly), and Thaï (Nico Le Phat Tan) meet two girls, Eve (Roxane Mesquida) and Yasmine (Leïla Bekhti). After Bart gets kicked out of the club, Eve invites everyone back to her family’s mansion in the country where they can continue the party for as long as they want to. Upon their arrival, the group meets Joseph (Vincent Cassel), the groundskeeper that tends to the house for Eve’s family. As the day goes on, Joseph introduces the group to the people of the village who are all some sort of demented, but things get even weirder that night when they all go home for dinner and it becomes clear that Joseph has something sinister in mind for all of them.
This is one hell of a bizarre movie, and for that reason I give it a lot of credit. It’s a great blend of horror and comedy while still sustaining an ominous atmosphere throughout its entire run time. The story is told in a very weird way, which I will return to later, but I was compelled to stay with this movie until the end. Sheitan slowly but surely leads you on and drops a few clues here and there as to what Joseph has up his sleeve for the unsuspecting group of friends. That being said, this movie also works as a mystery of sorts because the whole time I was trying to figure out what the hell was actually going on. When I finally figured it out, it was so rewarding because I got to see my theory play out in front of me.
Like I said, one of the main reasons I wanted to watch this movie was to see Vincent Cassel act like a lunatic, and he sure delivers a memorable performance. In fact, I might say it’s one of my favorite horror performances. There are times where I no longer saw Cassel, but was sure that the character of Joseph had completely taken over. The constant smile that is smeared across his face is made even more eerie by the face crooked teeth Cassel wore for filming. Much like the entirety of Sheitan, Cassel is both horrifying and hilarious. I also have to give credit to the rest of the cast for adding an extra layer of character. Each person felt different and important to the story.
Now, the way the story is told felt very odd. It seemed like for a very long time, nothing was really happening. In fact, the movie only starts getting really intense during the third act. This was both a good and a bad thing for me. It was good because it made me feel like I was being led along this dark, winding path to some conclusion that I couldn’t even imagine. On the other hand, I started to feel just a little bored towards the middle of the movie. I’m still pleased that the film makers decided to take their time telling the story. Even though there were some boring moments, they never bogged the movie down and I feel like they still helped create a feeling of suspense that made me have to know what happened next.
Without knowing anything about it before watching it, I can say that Sheitan is a wonderfully underrated movie. It doesn’t even seem to have garnered a cult following, even though it definitely deserves one. It not only works as a grotesque piece of horror, but also a dark comedy full of complete lunacy. The art design and cinematography was even impressive. To all the horror fans out there who are looking for something off the beaten path, Sheitan may be just what you’re looking for.
Michael Haneke’s Funny Games (I’m partial to the 2007 version) is one of my favorite films of all time, and I’ve been severely slacking at watching some of his other works. I’ve finally gotten around to it with his 2005 critical success Caché. This film was nominated for the Palme d’Or at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival and many critics call it one of the best films of the 2000s. All of those critics kind of have to slow down a little bit there. Caché is a very interesting and complex film when all is said and done, but it’s also extremely pretentious and often feels like a chore to sit through. The real joy of this movie comes through when you begin thinking about it after the credits roll.
Georges (Daniel Auteuil) and Anne (Juiliette Binoche) Laurent are a upper middle class family living a relatively quiet life in Paris. Georges is a talk show host on a public television station, Anne works as a publisher, and they both have a 12 year old son named Pierrot (Lester Makedonsky). That quiet life soon gets uprooted when they begin finding videotapes from an anonymous stalker showing up at their doorstep. Why they are being recorded and who is responsible forces Georges to look back into his past and come to learn that actions he did when he was just a young boy could be the cause of the family’s stalker finally taking his revenge.
Caché is a very smart and well executed thriller that definitely does not fit the Hollywood definition of what a thriller is supposed to be. I highly respect Michael Haneke for stepping outside what is considered to be the genre conventions. Haneke said in an interview that he didn’t want the viewer to figure out what the one possible answer is to the mystery of this movie, he wanted people to accept all of the possible answers. This makes for some ingenious movie making, but to me it didn’t hit the mark well in the entertainment department. In my opinion, there are two kinds of art house movies. There’s a movie like Drive or even Requiem for a Dream. Those movies are “artsy.” Caché falls into the other category that I like to call “artsy fartsy.”
Technically speaking, though, the movie is really cool. The very first shot lasts a few minutes, and just shows the front of the Laurent’s house. It’s a great opening shot and got me in the mood to see how Haneke’s artistic vision would help tell the story, but this trick is used a few times too many. The film is also shot on video, which is actually an appropriate choice since the whole plot revolves around videotapes being delivered to this family. All of the artistic qualities that are in Caché do enhance it and halp it stand apart from more run of the mill thrillers. I’m just saying that for me some of it was a bit too much for me.
I will praise wholeheartedly the performances in this movie. Daniel Auteuil and Juliette Binoche work perfectly together and both of their performances are very natural and feel very real. The same can be said about everyone in the movie, even the younger actor, Lester Makedonsky. Someone who really steals the show every time he’s onscreen is Maurice Bénichou, and while he’s not present very much, every scene he’s in is memorable.
This was a strange review to write because I liked Caché more as I thought about it, but as I was watching it, it felt pretty tiresome. This may be because the real payoff is looking back on the entire thing and putting all of the pieces together instead of just being confused the entire time. There’s that and the fact that Haneke goes a little overboard with long takes of nothing, which he is actually also guilty of in Funny Games, which I love. Caché is a memorable movie that is in the same vein as Hitchcock, but watching it is nowhere near as entertaining as it probably should be.
Well, ladies and gentlemen, here we are again back with that crazy guy Gaspar Noé. It hasn’t been too long since I’ve last reviewed something by this director, but I’ll do a little refresher. His first feature I Stand Alone and the short film that preceded it, Carne, were pieces of visceral art that are definitely not for the feint of heart. The same can be said of his 2009 trip down a nightmarish rabbit hole, Enter the Void. Now, however, it’s time to look at his notorious film that was nominated for the Palme d’Or at the Cannes Film Festival and made him more known internationally, Irréversible. Like his other films, this is difficult to watch, but unlike his other films, it’s so difficult that at times I found it almost unwatchable. While it is graphic, disturbing, and all too brutal it certainly isn’t trash. Just insanely difficult.
Much like Christopher Nolan’s film Memento, the action in Irréversible happen in reverse chronological order. Alex (Monica Belluci) and Marcus (Vincent Cassel) are a couple who are going to a party with Alex’s old friend, Pierre (Albert Dupontel). The three are having a fine time until Alex, annoyed with Marcus’ intoxication leaves the party. On her way home, she is brutally attacked and raped by a man known as Le Tenia (Jo Prestia), and is soon found by Pierre and Marcus. Marcus then drags Pierre through the underworld of Paris to find where Le Tenia is and get revenge for what he did to Alex and potentially ruining her life and the lives of the three friends.
To get an idea of the intensity of this movie for all those who haven’t seen it, Newsweek called Irréversible the most walked out of movie of the year. People were even leaving during the Cannes Film Festival. Imagine that, people walking out of a movie that was nominated for the festival’s most prestigious prize. It is quite clear that Noé did this on purpose with a lot of fancy film making and editing. The first thing that I noticed was how the camera flew all over the place, following all the action seamlessly, and edited all together to create the illusion of really long takes. He used this same style again in Enter the Void. The camera flies in and out of cars, flips, spins, etc. As if that’s not disorienting enough, the first 30 minutes or so of the movie as a continuous 28Hz droning that actually has a physical effect on humans that make us feel uncomfortable or even sick.
A lot of credit has to go to the people that were involved in helping Noé’s vision, disturbing as it is, to the screen. Rodolphe Chabrier had what seemed like a really tedious job as this film’s visual effects supervisor. It was his job to fix up all of the crazy, illusory long takes and make the camera look like it’s doing all of the acrobatics almost naturally. There’s a lot more visual effects in this movie than it may seem on the surface, but there were many scenes that had to be cleaned and other actions tweaked. Much props also go to Belluci, Cassel, and Dupontel. Cassel has this intense approach to his acting when appropriate and is menacing for part of this movie, while Dupontel works well as the more hesitant of the two. They work very well off each other and give commendable performances even during the quieter scenes. Belluci deserves more praise than most actresses for stepping up to the challenge of this role and also performing it in such a realistic way. The brutal attack scene is made all the more difficult by how outstanding her ability to act really is.
I may have talked about this before, but it’s something that gets me heated. Many people have condemned Irréversible as trash taken to the most extreme. They seem to be implying that there is no room for films that are disturbing or graphic or show something that makes people uncomfortable and angry. Movies are supposed to stir emotions, be they good or bad, and the worst movies are the one that leave the viewer feeling nothing in particular. Yes, this movie made me feel very uncomfortable and close to physically ill, but that’s good. The movie did what it was supposed to do. There are many films that are graphic and disturbing and are most certainly just trashy entertainment. There is nothing trashy in this film, just brutally realistic and gritty.
I’m not going to recommend Irréversible, because I feel like there are many people out there who may read this review and not be able to sit through this movie. Normally, I think people should try movies like this out and do their best to push through it, but even I had trouble with the intensity and unflinching vision of this movie. It is extremely well made and acted, once again showing that Gaspar Noé is one of the most under appreciated director working today, while definitely remaining one of the most controversial. Irréversible is gritty, brutal art that should be considered as such, but should never be referred to as trashy.
Gaspar Noé is a film makers who is known for making movies that shock and otherwise make people relatively uncomfortable. Noé’s film making should not be misunderstood, however, as his filmography is comprised of movies that are shocking, yes, but certainly not stupid nor trashy. My previous experience with this director can pretty much be described as mind melting, with his 2009 film Enter the Void. Before taking a look at his first feature film, I Stand Alone, I had to also watch his short film that starts the story, Carne. As I expected, these two movies shocked the hell out of me, but they also made me think… a lot.
A man only known as the Butcher (Philippe Nahon) lives in Paris making a living selling horse meat, and in the mean time, taking care of his autistic daughter, Cynthia (Blandine Lenoir). The relationship with his daughter is creepy and complicated, but is pushed to the limit after he severely injures someone that he believes raped her. After being thrown in prison and losing his shop, the Butcher begins dating a barista (Frankye Pain) who soon becomes pregnant and takes him to live with her mother (Martine Audrain) in northern France. Life for the Butcher soon becomes one big and continuous disappointment which leads him to violently leave again for Paris to start life once again. This seems next to impossible when he is faced with constant rejection from friends and employers leading the Butcher to sink deeper and deeper into his own twisted psychology.
The parts of that summary that involve the Butcher injuring the man and getting thrown in prison only to marry the barista is actually mainly told in Noé’s short film from 1991, Carne. To briefly talk about that film, it left me feeling very strange. The way that it’s shot, including the no nonsense scenes of a horse being killed in a slaughterhouse to seeing a child being born in all of its icky glory, really make you feel like you’re watching the work of someone who has a vision and will not let it be compromised. Other than those scenes, which mainly only happen in the beginning, this isn’t a disturbing film in the way you would think. The way the characters behave and the way that they live is uncomfortable enough. This is a great short film that has a worthy successor in I Stand Alone.
So take everything that was great in Carne, and make it a little bit longer, and you’ve got I Stand Alone. This isn’t saying that watching this film was too similar to his previous short film. What I’m saying is that Noé maintained the style and strange intensity that made his short film so good. This is probably one of the most cynical movies I have ever seen, and although it can be overbearing at times, it’s such an interesting trip inside the head of a quiet psycho who you could easily pass yourself walking down the street one day. I’ve seen a few critics compare this movie to Martin Scorsese’s Taxi Driver, and I can understand why. It has that kind of wandering feeling that’s also very French, which makes sense, this being a French production. It also has that same feeling of imminent danger, that this person can crack at any second and the outcome could very well be deadly.
The style also holds up in the transition from short film to feature film. The way this film is shot and edited is very unique and made me all giddy watching how strange it was. My favorite trick that Noé would do to make sure we’re really paying attention is a crazy kinetic dolly or pan movement accompanied by an obnoxiously loud noise. While it’s cool, it also is a cool way to visualize the instability of the Butcher’s mind. There’s also moments where the image will black out or jump cut with a low note cuing the action. This actually was kind of funny and an interesting way to edit the movie. Finally, there’s actually a 30 second warning before the gut wrenching climax warning the viewer that if they feel like they can’t sit through it, now would be a good time to stop watching the movie. This feels a little gimmicky since I was watching it on DVD, but it must have been odd to see sitting in a theater watching the movie. I’ve never seen something like that in any other movie. Like I said, I Stand Alone has a very unique style.
Speaking for both Carne and I Stand Alone, I was really affected by them. Both of these films are difficult to sit through and stomaching the content may not happen too easily (or at all), but these are movies that will leave you wondering about the characters and might even get you thinking about the truth of the world. I don’t believe that Gaspar Noé was trying to say anything with the heavy handed political and societal thoughts of the Butcher, which are made clear in long monologues throughout the films. I believe these thoughts are to allow us to sink deeper into the Butcher’s twisted mind. This is a movie about a man trapped in society and the loneliness and betrayal that he may wrongfully feel. These films are sick, stylish, and are going to stay in my mind for quite some time… which is a little unsettling.
In 1993, a young Zairian man, Makome M’Bowole, was shot in the head at point blank range while being interrogated by the police. The Parisian police claimed that the incident was an act of “self defense” but also “accidental,” which I, along with many others, find hard to believe since Makome was handcuffed to a radiator. This brought about inspiration for young film maker Mathieu Kassovitz, who at just the age of 27 too the Cannes Film Festival by storm with his internationally praised film about social conflict, La Haine. With themes of hatred and ignorance, this film has very well stood the test of time and could be used as an example of social uproar at any point in history or the future.
After a friend of his is brutally beaten into a coma, Vinz (Vincent Cassel) vows to take revenge if he dies. His friends Hubert (Hubert Koundé) and Saïd (Saïd Taghmaoui) think Vinz is all talk until he reveals that he is in possession of a police officer’s pistol that he stole the night before during a riot. The three friends spend the day together, starting in balieue where they all live but eventually they get to the heart of Paris, but one thing remains the same no matter where they go. The hatred that they carry and the hatred put towards them by the police spark numerous confrontations that could possibly end in violence, which only sparks Vinz’s fury even more.
When La Haine ended and I was left sitting on my couch trying to fully process what I just saw, I realized that this was something that was going to take time. I just couldn’t get a read on it right away, partly because of the intense and realistic approach to the subject matter. This movie has definite inspirations rooted in Italian Neorealism, but I think more so in French New Wave, and a sprinkling of American drama on top. The Neorealism can be seen in the use of predominantly unknown actors and the very on the fly style of film making. The New Wave influence can be seen in the wandering narrative where the three main characters just go about their day traveling through their environments. Finally, the American influence, especially in terms of Scorsese, can be seen in the scenes involving the streets and the inner violent tendencies that make up the characters. One scene in particular where Vinz talks to himself in the mirror is very reminiscent of Taxi Driver.
This film contains very controversial subject matter, but it was especially controversial when it was filmed and released in the early to mid ’90s. Between 1981 and 1993, fatal incidents caused by the police forces in France were at an all time high leading to all of the riots and hatred that you see in this movie. Kassovitz was inspired by this, but wanted everyone to know that this was also just a movie, especially when violence began happening that seemed to mirror that of the movie. It’s clear that Kassovitz wasn’t taking sides in La Haine, which is the best way to possibly tell this story which is about hate, through and through, on both sides. Interestingly enough, when Kassovitz won best director at the Cannes Film Festival, all of the police outside the theater turned their backs to the cast and crew when they exited. This is silly especially since they didn’t even see the movie, and also this movie is not anti-police.
The story of how the movie was made is just as interesting as the movie itself, as you can see by the inspiration for the movie. Kassovitz’s hard work really pays off with La Haine. This is a beautiful movie to look at and listen to, and all of the mostly unknown actors give it everything they got. Cassel, Koundé, and Taghmaoui are all excellent and have real chemistry together. The setting of the projects is also used to its full advantage, which makes sense since Kassovitz, the actors, and the crew all spent a few months living there to immerse themselves in the environment. All of this technical control and true talent combined with the passion everyone had for this movie really shines in every single frame.
La Haine is Kassovitz’s masterpiece, and with the work that he has been doing recently, I’m worried that he isn’t going to ever find that same passion for a project, as he certainly didn’t with Gothika and Babylon A.D. That doesn’t really matter though. What matters is that La Haine isn’t just a pretty movie that has a cool story. It’s actually a hard hitting, intense movie that leaves the audience with questions to answer about themselves, the film, and society in general. This movie is still talked about close to 20 years after it was first released, as it rightly should be. I loved it.
There are movies that experiment with experimental concepts and surrealist moods, and they succeed wonderfully. Things are often not explained and left to the viewer’s own interpretations. Holy Motors is one of those movies, except I feel like it didn’t quite succeed. This is a beautiful movie to look at and it is wonderfully acted, but I’m missing what all the hype is about. To me this was a pretentious movie that only exists so that director Leos Carax can flex his film making muscle.
Oscar (Denis Lavant) is a mysterious man. He leaves his home early in the morning and gets into a limousine with his driver Céline (Edith Scob). Céline makes mention of nine appointments that Oscar is going to make by the end of the day. We soon learn that these aren’t average meetings. First, Oscar dresses like an old female beggar and asks for change on a busy street. Then, Oscar dresses up like a crazy vagrant who lives in the sewers and abducts an American model (Eva Mendez). These types of events continue through the rest of the day, sometimes getting violent, but Oscar always seems ok and he is just doing his job.
This is what lies on the surface of Holy Motors. Obviously, there’s a lot this film is trying to say and it gets it across ok enough… I guess. By then end of the movie, I felt no connection to the characters nor was I really interested in the “story” but I did understand what Carax was saying about the evolution of film making and how technology is moving us away from the more personal films of the past. To me, this is sort of a good message but I can’t help finding it pretentious. Is this to say that Carax is the only film maker who still understands the medium? Like I said, he’s flexing his muscle, and his views on film making are spotty and only have some good points.
Denis Lavant is the best part about this movie, and if it wasn’t for him, I really wouldn’t have any interest at all. This man is incredible, and most of his role require a lot of acrobatics, dancing, and other physically demanding tasks. This is why he is perfect for the role of Oscar. Oscar has to become many different people on this movie, each one of them significantly different from the last, and some of them demanding true dramatic performance. Lavant hits all of these characters on the head, and I would almost recommend Holy Motors solely to see Lavant at work.
Holy Motors really is a beautiful movie and Carax knows how to frame a shot, but that isn’t enough to pull this movie from the mire. I felt so distanced watching this movie because I didn’t connect with anyone or anything. This isn’t supposed to be a character driven movie, but I feel like I should at least feel something. That’s just it though. This movie didn’t make me feel anything. Everything that happens in this movie is artificial, which is kind of the point, but it made me feel like I was watching a movie instead of feeling like I was watching someone’s life play out like a movie.
I have a strange kind of respect for Holy Motors, but that’s not to say I could enjoy this at all. Denis Lavant is amazing, and one scene involving a symphony of accordions is great. The rest of this movie is Leos Carax saying “Look what I can do! Don’t I have so much to say?” It might have been that I didn’t like the distance I felt, or how little is explained. To me, Holy Motors is a cold exercise in surrealism that I just couldn’t get into. I did like seeing Edith Scob don the white mask from Eyes Without a Face, though. It wasn’t necessary, but it was pretty cool.
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Q:
In c++ do you have 'out parameters' like in c#?
In c++ do you have 'out parameters' like in c#?
In c# the method signature would be:
bool TryGetValue(int key, out OrderType order)
The idea is the variable may not be assigned before passed but MUST be assigned before exiting the method.
MSDN out params link: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa645764(v=vs.71).aspx
A:
There is nothing as strict as C# out parameters in C++. You can use pointers and references to pass values back but there is no guarantee by the compiler that they are assigned to within the function. They are much closer to C# ref than out
// Compiles just fine in C++
bool TryGetValue(int key, OrderType& order) {
return false;
}
A:
No, there are no out parameters in C++ that force you to assign to it before exiting the function. Pointers and references are more like ref parameters in C#.
A:
If you really like a 'out' keyword, you can define a maro:
#define out
as a mark, although it has not effect for compiler.
Just like some one would define 'public', 'private' keyword for C.
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Q:
Woocommerce "Product URL" is overlaping with "Add to Cart" button
Hi i have one weird issue. I just noticed that when check into my store, "add to cart" button is overlaping with product info url. To explain better check images bellow:
when point on red marked place point with cursor, is point to single product description. When i move add to cart button for 30px to top, then is causing overlaping with add to cart url and product description url, and add to cart button starting to be unaccessible. How to move add to cart button for 30px to top, and allign with price ?
When is insert this CSS:
#layout .woocommerce a.button, .woocommerce-page a.button, .woocommerce
button.button, .woocommerce-page button.button, .woocommerce input.button,
.woocommerce-page input.button, .woocommerce #respond input#submit,
.woocommerce-page #respond input#submit, .woocommerce #content input.button,
.woocommerce-page #content input.button
display: inline-block;
opacity: 1;
margin-top: 230px; // when change from 250 to 230 is see the issue !
margin-left: 55px;
color: #fff;
A:
Ok just try to give to your cart button :
z-index: 100;
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Fashion designer, 29, shows off her incredible body transformation after gaining 23kg during pregnancy – as she reveals how to lose weight and still have cheat meals
Fashion designer from Queensland reveals how she lost her pregnancy weight
Thessy Kouzoukas, 29, gave birth to her daughter Zani in August last year
She said she vowed to lose the 23kg she put on in time for her wedding day
Thessy said she exercises regularly and has allowed herself the odd cheat meal
By Laura Withers For Daily Mail Australia
Published: 15:50 BST, 24 June 2019 | Updated: 15:50 BST, 24 June 2019
A fashion designer who gained 23kg during pregnancy has shown of her incredible body transformation after seven months of ‘hard work, sweat and tears’ – but reveals she does have the occasional cheat meal.
Thessy Kouzoukas, 29, from Queensland, took to Instagram on Monday to showcase her phenomenal weight loss after vowing to become the ‘fittest and leanest’ she has ever been in time for her wedding day.
The co-founder of online fashion giant Sabo Skirt, who gave birth to a baby girl named Zani in August last year, said she made a promise to herself to reach her goal weight of 53kg by the time she walks down the aisle in July.
Thessy Kouzoukas, 29, from Queensland took to Instagram on Monday to showcase her phenomenal weight loss
Despite being determined to shed weight, Thessy said she had had some moments during her journey when she was tempted to give up.
Alongside an amazing before-and-after transformation picture, the brunette beauty explained to her 143,000 followers how she had managed to get into shape.
‘So here it is! All my hard work, sweat and tears…this is result of 5 months of the @fitazfk app, and almost 2 months of the @fitazfk 8 week [challenge]. ‘
‘In 7 months I have trained 6 days a week, [and] I’ve had a total of 2 cheat meals.’
But she admitted she had spent ‘many mornings fighting’ with her fiance because she didn’t want to go for a run.
In spite of her reservations she said they ‘always ended up smashing it’.
Thessy said she had had some moments during her weight loss journey when she was tempted to give up but managed to power through
In another post Thessy (pictured with her daughter Zani and her fiance) , who endured IVF and also suffered with postpartum, said her main priority was to be a mother
‘I haven’t finished my challenge and will continue to do the 8 week challenge all the way til it finishes on Monday,’ she concluded.
The post, which has already amassed more than 24,000 likes, was met with a flurry of praise from fans who couldn’t quite believe how ‘amazing’ Thessy looked.
In another post Thessy, who endured IVF and also suffered with postpartum, said her main priority was to be a mother but she also wanted to lose weight the ‘proper way’ – without having to resort to a crash diet.
Alongside another before-and-after snap, which showed how just six weeks of eating healthy and exercising had helped her slim down, Thessy relayed her exercise routine.
Another before-and-after snap (pictured) showed how just six weeks of eating healthy and exercising had helped her slim down
‘I see the photo on the left and know I grew a human using A LOT of artificial hormones, so I am not ashamed or upset to post this photo,’ she said.
‘I know my body performed a miracle and I love myself for it. In saying this, I have a wedding I have dreamt my whole life about and I don’t want to get to 2 months out and go on a crash diet.
‘So I decided to do this the proper way. My main priority is being a mother but I found the time and dedication to exercise for 45 mins daily.
‘And what better timing.. I was selected to test the @fitazfk app, this isn’t an ad, I take my phone with me and use the gym section of the app, and do 1 cardio session and 1 resistance session every single day.
‘Days that I can’t make it to the gym (if I’m behind on work or Zani is sleeping) I’ll switch to ‘home work out’ in the app. I’m 7 weeks in… look at my progress.
Thessy said she had to ‘work her ‘ar** off’ to lose every kilo she put on during pregnancy, and added she wasn’t one of the women who ‘bounce back’ and don’t look like they ‘grew a human’.
Thessy (pictured alongside her daughter) added she had to ‘work her ‘ar** off’ to lose every kilo she put on during pregnancy
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TIKI STICK "LOVE & PROSPERITY" 40" - TIKI GOD STATUE CANE
Here is a Tiki stick featuring a hand carved Tiki, love and prosperity Tiki. This stick can be used as decoration or as a cane.
Specifications:
- Measurement: 40 inches
- Wood: hand carved and hand painted
Perfect piece of decor for your Tiki theme or island decor!
Our monthly newsletter will keep you up to date on our new items, special offers and closeouts. Subscribe and you are automatically entered to win our weekly sweepstakes!
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I would like to know what is the most general form of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem in the plane for curves. It is well known for that for any piecewise $C^2$ simply connected curve with corners, one has
$\int_{\partial \Omega} \kappa(y) dS(y) = 2\pi$,
where $\kappa$ denotes the curvature of the boundary $\partial \Omega$. This formula continues to hold for any curve for which $\hat n \cdot (1,0)$ (for instance) defines a $BV$ function.
Question: I would like to know to what extent this generalizes. For example, if $\Omega$ is a simply connected, compact set in $\mathbb{R}^2$ whose boundary has finite length and has generalized curvature $\kappa \in L^{\infty}(\partial \Omega)$, does it hold that $\int_{\partial \Omega} \kappa(y) dS(y) = 2\pi$? If not, are there counter examples in the plane where this fails?
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Getty Images
The Chiefs claimed tight end Alex Ellis off waivers from the Saints on Tuesday and waived running back Akeem Hunt with a failed physical designation.
Kansas City also cut defensive tackle Stefan Charles.
Hunt, 25, played 15 games last season, though he had only eight carries for 23 yards and four receptions for 31 yards. He played 52 snaps on offense and 171 on special teams, returning 25 kickoffs for 611 yards.
He spent 2015-16 in Houston.
Ellis, 25, played six games with Jacksonville in 2016, making three catches for 11 yards.
Charles, 29, has played 49 career games with Buffalo and Detroit, though he sat out the 2017 season after Jacksonville cut him. He signed a contract with the Chiefs this offseason.
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3 Introduction This is the assessment report of the Master in Consultancy and Entrepreneurship, Master in Finance and Accounting and Master in Logistics Management programmes, part of the degree programmes offered by the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences. The assessment was conducted by an audit panel compiled by NQA commissioned by Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences. The panel has been compiled in consultation with the study programme and has been approved prior to the assessment process by NVAO. In this report Netherlands Quality Agency (NQA) gives account of its findings, considerations and conclusions. The assessment was undertaken according to the Assessment frameworks for the higher education system of NVAO (22 November 2011) and the NQA Protocol 2014 for limited programme assessment. The site visit took place on 8 and 9 September The audit panel consisted of: Mr dr. A.C.J.M. Olsthoorn (chairperson) Mr prof. dr. J.A.A. van der Veen (representative) Mr H. van der Wal (representative) Mr. Ir E. Joustra CPIM (representative) Mr A.C.P. Peeters BA (student member) Mr drs. J.G. Betkó, NQA-auditor, acted as secretary of the panel. The study programme offered a critical reflection; form and content according to the requirements of the appropriate NVAO assessment framework and according to the requirements of the NQA Protocol The panel studied the critical reflection and visited the study programme. Critical reflection and all other (oral and written) information have enabled the panel to reach a deliberate judgement. The panel declares the assessment of the study programme was carried out independently. Utrecht, 14 November 2014 Panel chairman Panel secretary Mr dr. A.C.J.M. Olsthoorn Mr drs. J.G. Betkó NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment 3/55
5 Summary The professional study programmes Master in Consultancy and Entrepreneurship (MCE), Master in Finance and Accounting (MFA) and Master in Logistics Management (MLM) of Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences are assessed as satisfactory. The argumentation on which this assessment is based, is given in this summary and in the audit report. Standard 1 Intended learning outcomes The three study programmes, Master in Consultancy and Entrepreneurship, Master in Finance and Accounting and Master in Logistics Management (hereafter: MCE, MFA and MLM) are part of the Rotterdam Business School (RBS). The RBS has an international focus, the programmes are taught in English and there are many international students. The intended learning outcomes consist of a number of general competencies, which apply to all three of the programmes, and a set of specific competencies per programme. This places the masters somewhere in between a more generalistic and a more specific approach. There are seven general competencies, including the Interpersonal competency, Innovative competency and Environmental competency. MCE has seven specific competencies, MFA has nine and MLM has four. The RBS used the Dublin descriptors and the Standard for HBO Masters to define the master level of the intended learning outcomes. The competencies are validated by both the Advisory Board of the three master programmes, as well as by associate professors of the knowledge centres Entrepreneurship and Innovation and Mainport Innovation & Sustainable Solutions. The RBS has three themes with which it wants to distinguish itself. These are internationalisation, intercultural awareness and corporate social responsibility/sustainability, which are relevant choices. Integrating these themes in the curriculum is still work in progress. The panel assesses standard 1 as satisfactory for all three the programmes. Standard 2 Teaching-learning environment The curriculums are an adequate reflection of the intended learning outcomes. The content of the different programmes is relevant. Compared with similar bachelor programmes, the RBS masters focus more on innovation, company results, problem solving, reflection and gaining a higher level of comprehension. The programmes have a decent research line, in which students are being taught relevant research skills. Some attention could be given to statistics. It is positive that early in the curriculum, students are stimulated to think about their thesis subject. The interaction with the professional practice is adequate, thanks to interesting guest lecturers, real life casestudies and projects, and the thesis. NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment 5/55
6 The didactics used by the RBS are also adequate. A number of working methods are used, that fit their purpose and the didactical concept, in which there is a large role for student interaction. The curricula are built-up in 4 blocks, with a practice-driven, student-driven and knowledgedriven track. This adds to the coherence of the programme. The programmes consist of both specific and general modules. There are relatively a lot of different modules, with only a few EC per module. By dropping some of the smaller components and using these EC to add to the core courses in each Master, more balance between specialization and general approach might be obtained. With the relative low total number of EC (many similar programmes are larger) the programmes are ambitious in content. A thing that requires attention is the studiability of the programmes. There are several aspects that limit the studiability. The large number of modules leads to a large number of tests. The ambitious nature of the programmes makes it common that students study in evenings, weekends or holidays. For almost all students, the programme isn t taught in their first language, which makes studying more difficult. For foreign students, it s more difficult to find an organisation/company to graduate. And there are several issues in the thesis process that affect the studiability negatively. The programme management is aware of this problem and already has taken several actions on the point of studiability, but it remains a major point of attention. The staff and the facilities are adequate. The teachers cover the different professional fields and teachers are accessible. There might be more PhD s added to the staff, given that it is a programme on the master level. The panel assesses standard 2 as satisfactory for all three the programmes. Standard 3 Assessment and achieved learning outcomes The panel is positive regarding the system for testing and assessment. The programmes use good tests and assessments, which fit the competencies and the curriculum. The variety of assessment methods used corresponds with the learning methods. All three programmes mostly use exams in the first block, (individually assessed) integrated group assignments in the second block and individual integrated assignments in the third block. In the integrated assignments, professional products are made by students. The way the RBS gives feedback is a point of attention. Students who graduate have realized the intended learning outcomes and reach the master level. The topics of the thesis represent the broad, generalist approach of the programmes. The theses are of an acceptable level, but could be improved, especially by improving the supervision. More supervision by experts in the specific field of research would be an improvement, also in the phase of the thesis proposal. When more PhD s are appointed as teachers, it would be beneficial to have at least one supervisor teacher of PhD level per student. 6/55 NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment
7 These improvements could lead to better defined research questions and more coherence between the literature that students use and their own research through interviews or questionnaires. The majority of the theses deal with relevant problems for the professional field. The panel assesses standard 3 as satisfactory for all three the programmes. NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment 7/55
12 International background MFA students September 2012 February 2013 September 2013 February 2014 Number % Number % Number % Number % Dutch Other European countries Non-western % % % % International background MLM students September 2012 February 2013 September 2013 February 2014 Number % Number % Number % Number % Dutch Other European countries Non-western US 1 3 Total % % % 8 100% Table 2: Success rate Definition - The proportion of master students earning a master s degree within the official length of the programme + one year (= 2 years). Students enrol in September and February. MCE Cohort Cohort Cohort September February September February September February Success rate 100% 0%* 78% 100% 61% 78% MFA * The February group in 2010 consisted of only two students. Cohort Cohort Cohort September February September February September February Success rate 94% 80% 90% 65% 70% 79% MLM Cohort Cohort Cohort September February September February September February Success rate 95% 92% 93% 63% 93% 56% 12/55 NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment
13 Table 3: Quality of staff Definition - The proportion of teachers with a master s degree and the proportion of teachers with a PhD among the total teaching staff. Degree MA PhD Percentage 94% 10% Table 4: Student-staff ratio Definition - The ratio between the total number of fulltime students enrolled and the total number of FTEs logged by the teaching staff of the programme in the most recent academic year. Ratio MCE, MFA, MLM 10 FTEs : 229 students 1:23 Some lecturers are involved in all three master programmes (general modules), some are involved in one master programme only (specialisation modules) and others supervise students individually on the master thesis. Table 5: Contact hours Definition - The average weekly number of contact hours (= clock hours) scheduled for each year of the programme. Study year 1 2 Contact hours 16,4 0,8 The average number of contact hours per week per block. MCE MFA MLM Block 1 25,5 25,5 25,5 Block Block Block 4/5 0,8 0,8 0,8 The number of contact hours in the first three blocks is based on 8 weeks (weeks 9 and 10 of a block are for exams, hand in assignments, presentations etc.). In blocks 4 and 5 the student gets 15 hours of thesis supervision (15 hours/20 weeks = 0,8 hour per week average). NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment 13/55
14 General information on the study programmes The three study programmes, Master in Consultancy and Entrepreneurship, Master in Finance and Accounting and Master in Logistics Management (hereafter: MCE, MFA and MLM) are part of the Rotterdam Business School (RBS). RBS is a part of the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences. The RBS has an international focus. The programmes are taught in English and a large part of the students are international students (see above in the data). The programmes MCE, MFA and MLM share a number of general master competencies, as well as a number of modules in which students work on these general competencies. Each programme also trains students for a number of profession specific competencies in a number of programme specific modules. The programmes share 37 EC. This includes a 13 EC thesis, which is related to the specific study programme a student follows. All programmes aim for graduates of a relevant bachelor programme, with little or no experience in the professional field. The RBS institute, with all BA and MA programmes, went through an uncertain period for a few years. In 2012 more focus could be given to the content and coherence of the programmes. Changes that were made were, among others, the introduction of more programme specific courses in the programmes, replacing general modules. Also the didactics were modernized and became more varied, by the introduction of more case studies, reflection, role play, and integrated projects. January 2013, the MLM programme started with a double degree programme in collaboration with the Trisatki University in Jakarta, Indonesia. Indonesian students follow both the MLM programme, as well as a management programme in Jakarta, and receive two degrees. The MLM programme in Indonesia is an exact copy of the one in Rotterdam, with teachers in Rotterdam being in charge of the content of the modules taught in Jakarta. Students follow 16 EC in Rotterdam, and the other EC in Jakarta. Assessment of exams and assignments and the supervision and assessment of the master thesis are done in the Netherlands. The master programmes participated for the first time in the National Student Enquiry (NSE) in The results of the NSE 2014 are on average higher on almost all themes and subaspects. 14/55 NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment
15 2 Assessment The panel describes the findings, considerations and conclusions of each standard of the NVAO assessment framework. The final judgement concerning the study programme will be presented in chapter 3. Standard 1 Intended learning outcomes The intended learning outcomes of the programme have been concretised with regard to content, level and orientation; they meet international requirements. Findings The professions MCE: In the view of the programme, a management consultant is a professional who exchanges views in organisations through observations, interventions and advice and through supporting change and transition processes, in order to support organisations to improve their performance. MCE focuses on general business issues. An entrepreneur initiates, creates and innovates businesses and leads organisations into the desired market positions. The programme defines change management, intercultural intervention skills, strategic thinking, analytical skills, implementation strategies and entrepreneurial spirit as important skills for both consultants and entrepreneurs. MCE graduates can work as entrepreneurs, or in functions where they consult entrepreneurs. MFA: A financial manager is the professional in the organisation who is responsible for providing information to all the stakeholders of the company and who has his own responsibility concerning decisions that need to be made in order to keep the company financially healthy. The programme focuses on three main themes: financial accounting, management accounting and financial management. MLM: A logistic manager develops and communicates the strategic vision with regard to logistics and supply chain issues, such as: customer service, sourcing, production, planning, transportation, distribution, technology, ethics and environmental responsibility. Intended learning outcomes The intended learning outcomes consist of a number of general competencies, which apply to all three of the programmes, and a set of specific competencies for each of the programmes. NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment 15/55
16 There are seven general competencies, including the Interpersonal competency, Innovative competency and Environmental competency. MCE has seven specific competencies, MFA has nine and MLM has four. Appendix 1 gives an overview of all the competencies. The RBS used the Dublin descriptors and the Standard for HBO Masters to define the master level of the intended learning outcomes. In a number of matrices the content of the curriculum is related to both the general and the specific competencies and the Dublin descriptors. There is no national competency profile for either MCE, MFA or MLM. The RBS based the general competencies on the competencies of the teacher leader formulated for the Master in Learning and Innovation, since those are useful as generally applicable competencies at master level. They have been translated by RBS to the socio-economic context of (inter)national and local businesses and business development. The specific competencies have been formulated in relation to relevant professional products and roles in the professional field. The competencies are validated by both the Advisory Board of the three master programmes, as well as by associate professors of the knowledge centres Entrepreneurship and Innovation and Mainport Innovation & Sustainable Solutions. The panel finds that the competencies reflect the master level, are relevant for the professions and are adequately tuned with the professional field. Regarding the Advisory Board though, the panel finds that the way it represents the relevant working fields is up for improvement. A field like for example consultancy is only meagrely represented. There are no international representatives, even though the three programmes have a highly international focus. The Advisory Board has a majority of members who come from the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, for example from the knowledge centres, and relatively few external members. Several of the external members are alumni of the RBS, which makes the Advisory Board even more internally focussed. Profile of the programmes MCE: In comparison with other universities, the MCE programme is unique in combining the domains of consultancy and entrepreneurship in a full-time programme for international students. Comparable programmes offer either consultancy or (international) business. MFA: The combination of financial accounting, management accounting and financial management is rather rare, though the master Accounting and Control from the Haagse Hogeschool is rather similar. Other master programmes focus on either financial accounting (aimed at external stakeholders) or management accounting (aimed at internal stakeholders). MFA combines this, and adds the aspect of financial decision making. It considers financial accounting and management accounting as content related fields, necessary for decision making in the finance function of international business. 16/55 NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment
17 MLM: Compared to other logistics master programmes, MLM emphasizes the aspect of management. It is also a broad programme, that provides students with a company wide view of the role of logistics, strategically and operationally. The main focus is transforming students into well-rounded logistics and supply chain managers. General: The RBS has three themes with which it wants to distinguish itself. These are internationalisation, intercultural awareness and corporate social responsibility/sustainability. The management explained to the panel that at the moment, these aspects are mainly found in the general competencies. In the year , the RBS will adjust both the competencies and the Body of Knowledge and Skills to better reflect these themes. The panel did not find in the current curriculum explicit reference to the three themes of RBS. However, in the conversations both with management and staff the panel is convinced that this will be the case in the near future. It is, put differently, work in progress. As a result of the last accreditation visit, the RBS decided to make the programmes more specific and less generalistic. The panel is positive that the programme became more specific since the last visit. That topic stays a relevant one. The programmes are only 60 EC, which isn t that much, and about half of the content consists of general modules (see also standard 2). That leaves rather limited room for the programme specific courses, while the domains the programmes target at are very broad. The panel finds that given this situation, the masters are neither really generalistic, nor specific. On the positive side, this is a niche of it s own, but the panel advises the RBS to formulate a vision. Regarding the profile of the programmes, the panel was surprised that especially MLM does not leverage on the international image of the Rotterdam harbour. Given the position of Rotterdam as one of the biggest harbour cities in the world, and the influx of international students, some attention would be appropriate. There were no subjects specifically related to port economics and logistics were mentioned in any curriculum though. Also see standard 2 under incoming students. Considerations and conclusion The panel has determined that the intended learning outcomes of the three programmes are of the appropriate master level. They are relevant for the professions and adequately tuned with the professional field. The representation of the professional field in the Advisory Board can be improved upon, by getting more external, preferably also a few international, representants. Also some domains could be covered more adequately. As for the specific profile, the programmes are somewhere in between generalistic and specific. The three aspects the RBS has as focus points, namely internationalisation, intercultural awareness and corporate social responsibility/sustainability, are relevant choices. It is positive that the RBS will further incorporate them in the intended learning outcomes and the curriculum in the upcoming year. Based on above mentioned considerations the panel comes to the judgement satisfactory for all three programmes. NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment 17/55
18 Standard 2 Teaching-learning environment The curriculum, staff and programme-specific services and facilities enable the incoming students to achieve the intended learning outcomes. Findings Structure of the curriculum The curriculum of all three programmes has the same structure. There are three educational blocks, and a fourth block for the master thesis. Due to the similarity in structure, it is possible for students of different programmes to work together in interdisciplinary projects. The educational blocks include eight weeks course work and one week for presentations and exams. The modules that are given in these blocks consist of general and specific modules, and electives, of which students choose two. The general modules are also master-specific. The content of modules is transparently displayed in the module descriptions, which (among others) inform students about the relation with other modules, test criteria, number of EC, and study materials. The electives have a study load of 1 EC, while other modules have a study load of 2 or 3 EC. The entire programme is run two times per year, starting in September and in February. An overview of the programmes is given in annex 2. Regarding the study load of the different modules, the panel finds that the curriculum consists of a relative large number of small modules, each awarded with a few EC s. The panel spoke about this with several stakeholders, in relation to the workload of teachers and students and the coherence of the curriculum. Students mentioned to the panel that the large number of modules didn t pose problems regarding the workload. They did find it difficult that they worked in different groups all the times. Sometimes, there was some overlap in the modules. Alumni confirm that overlap occurs. Regarding the electives, the panel doubts if they have much added value, given that they are only 1 EC. Contents of the curriculum The content of the curriculum is an adequate derivative of the intended learning outcomes, the panel finds. It is obviously a step above and beyond the bachelor level, as it should be. Teachers stressed that the master is, compared with the bachelor, less about understanding, remembering and applying some theories, and more about innovation, company results, problem solving, reflection and gaining a higher level of comprehension. The panel recognizes this difference in focus in the programme. The panel has observed that the three Competencies covering matrices are not elaborated properly and include a number of inconsistencies with the referring module descriptions; this requires more attention. In addition to the competencies, the RBS formulated a Body of Knowledge and Skills (BoKS). Therein it is made clear which knowledge and skills students need to obtain. The current BoKS is formulated in keywords, and should be subject of further improvements by adding one more level of detail. The panel studied the literature lists of the programmes. 18/55 NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment
19 The amount of literature to be studied by the students is substantial in relation to the total time available.the literature itself is an adequate representation of relevant literature in the respective fields. In the case of MLM, the panel finds that the content of the curriculum doesn t cover international logistics and the ICT-aspects in logistics sufficiently. Though it is impossible to cover everything in the broad field of logistics, these are important topics, of which the RBS could consider to give them some attention. This means the curriculum also reflects the hybrid nature of the intended learning outcomes, between specialism and generalism. In some cases these aren t well balanced, like the first block of the MFA programme. This is too broad and generalistic, according to the panel. This is also a comment that has been made by the alumni that the panel has spoken with, who also mentioned overlap with their bachelor studies. The current students are divided on the matter of how far the programmes should specialize. Some prefer a broad approach, and consider endepthment to be their own responsibility, while others would prefer more specific courses. Teachers stress that even though the different modules aren t that large, there are certain recurring features, so that the major topics get more attention than the 2 or 3 EC s a module consists of. An example is the research line (see also below). Nevertheless, the panel wonders if the size of the modules is appropriate for some large, fundamental courses. This also poses a risk for the studiability, if students need in fact more time then the EC s represent. International focus All three programmes have a strong international focus. The programme is taught from a global perspective, because the majority of today s business is by nature international. There is an international curriculum and an international classroom. Both staff and students are international. There is much attention for intercultural differences, the programmes are delivered in English and make use of international literature and casuistry. The International Project has an explicit international focus. Students choose for the RBS for, among other things, the international classroom. They have some points of attention though. In some cases, the level of English of some students isn t adequate. To address this, the RBS included an English course in the curriculum, and later in the pre-master. A point of concern is that the Intranet of the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences is only in Dutch and thereby hardly accessible to international students. The intranet of the RBS is in English. Didactics The curriculum is based on the Rotterdam Educational model. It consists of three tracks: knowledge-driven, practice-driven and student-driven. This approach is based on constructivism. Students acquire a substantial knowledge and skill base in the knowledge track. They apply those directly and develop them further in the practice track. NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment 19/55
20 The student track is for coaching and giving students the opportunity to give their own direction to the study, by choosing electives and by the choice of the thesis subject. Part of student coaching is the Management Development Programme (MDP). It runs the first three blocks, and focuses on broadly building self-awareness, soft skills development, and creation of personal development goals. Students demonstrate their progress in a portfolio. The didactic approach demands intensive student participation in the curriculum. To allow this, classes usually consist of between 20 and 25 students, with a maximum of 30. Students work on case-studies and projects, either alone or in small groups, and present and discuss their findings with each other. The alumni the panel spoke are happy with this approach, they appreciate the group work. During the programme, there is an increase in the complexity of the modules. The emphasis in block 1 is on (applying) knowledge and understanding, in the subsequent blocks the emphasis shifts from applying knowledge and understanding to problem solving, and competencies are developed in a more integrated way. Product and process coaching are gradually reduced, and education becomes less instructive and supervised, and more demand driven and independent learning. Assignments are structured in block 1, more open in block 2 and in block 3 students are given only few details and prescriptions for working out assignments. An example is the International Project that covers all three of the blocks. Students of all three programmes work together in this project. In block 1 the methodology, principles and tools are introduced, which students apply to a case-study. In block 2 students work in groups, make their own project plan and have only one hour of supervision per week. The rest of the time they work together on the plan and do research. In block 3 students execute the project plan and consult the supervisor at their own initiative. In the thesis in block 4 students must demonstrate their ability to work as independent professionals at master level, by identifying, researching and solving a real life business problem. Students and teachers whom the panel spoke with confirmed this increasing level and complexity during the study. In the practice-driven track, students work with real life or simulated cases and projects. An example of this is the International Project in block 2 and 3 (see above). Also the thesis research takes place in the working field. The link with the professional practice in the curriculum is further strengthened by the use of teachers with experience in, and guest speakers from the professional field. MFA organises company visits and guest lectures that are open to all RBS-students. MCE organises yearly an Entrepreneur Seminar Day, which is also open to all, with successful entrepreneurs as key note speakers and panel members. The alumni mention that for some of them, the curriculum is too theoretical, and more links with the professional practice would be welcomed. The current students appreciate the way the International project links with the profession. Concerning the thesis, the panel has the following observation: the thesis is meant by the RBS as a research project in a company, on a real life problem. Some students choose to do a placement in the company on their own accord, next to the research. Though this is good for their working experience, it limits them in the time they can spend on research. 20/55 NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment
21 Research The programme has a research line that prepares students for their final thesis. In block 1, students are taught critical and analytical skills in the module Critical Thinking and Argument Analysis. The RBS stresses that practice in critical thinking is extra important for students from cultures in which this is not encouraged. In block 2 and 3 students follow Research Methodologies part 1 and 2. This prepares the students for the research for and writing of the master thesis. Students learn how to collect and analyse data through interviews, questionnaires and observation research and coding qualitative data using template analysis. The focus is on qualitative approaches, statistical methods are not part of the programme. Most students graduate on a case study. Preferably, students end the module Research Methodologies 2 with a research proposal that they will use for their thesis. The panel finds that the research line is adequate. On the one hand it is positive that the final thesis receives attention in the programme before the last block. From another perspective, this means that students need to come up with a subject and find a relevant company, before they finish all the educational models. The module Research Methodologies 2 is worth 2 EC. The panel deems this amount of EC quite small, for a course in which they need to write a thesis proposal as well as learn about qualitative methodology. The panel thinks the research line can be better integrated in the rest of the curriculum and related to the profession. The management of the master programmes has acknowledged this and has the ambition to integrate research further in the programme. Given the importance of statistics in all three programme domains, some attention to quantative research would be appropriate. To strengthen the programmes regarding research, the RBS started in 2014 with a research platform, in which 17 teachers participate. These teachers do research for several of the knowledge centres of the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, like Entrepreneurship and Innovation and Mainport Innovation & Sustainable Solutions. Half of these teachers are educated on PhD level. Teachers are also involved in international research projects, which deliver assignments for student projects in the International Project or for master theses. The RBS doesn t have a knowledge centre of its own, and aims to define specific research themes in relation to these knowledge centres. The Panel strongly supports the RBS in her ambition to define her own research themes as the basis for positioning research both in terms of subjects as well as methodology within the curriculum. Incoming students Students enrol in September or February. Dutch students need to have a bachelor degree in a relevant, NVAO accredited business study-programme, with a thesis grade of at least 6,5. For students with a non-dutch diploma, admission criteria are: a bachelor degree in business studies, and successfully completed tests GMAT 500, IELTS 6,5 or TOEFL IBT 90. Students who have completed a bachelor programme taught in English are exempt from the English test. RBS offers two different pre-master courses: a 12-month pre-master for students who have a bachelor degree in a non-business field, and a 6-month pre-master for students who do not meet the IELTS/TOEFL and GMAT entry requirements. NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment 21/55
22 The panel is positive about the fact that there are several options for the pre-master, depending on the deficiency an incoming student has. Students mentioned to the panel that the pre-master courses work well, and that most differences in educational level of the students from different parts of the world are overcome due to the pre-master programme. The Exam Board can grant individual students exemptions for a particular course, if they can prove they have taken a comparable course in English on the master level. Incoming students choose to study at RBS for a number of reasons: the applied science nature of the programmes, the international classroom, the fact that the programmes take only one year, while comparable programmes take longer. Some students indicated that the link between theory and practice can be made stronger and more explicit in the program. Some students come for Rotterdam as the city that is famous for it s international, world class harbour. The panel is surprised that there isn t any specific attention for this in the curriculum, especially for a programme like MLM. The more because the recruitment leaflet is decorated with a picture of a big container ship. Studiability The Panel has its doubts as the studiability of the programs is concerned. Although RBS makes an effort to spread the workload as evenly as possible over the blocks, students, generally, indicate that they spend more time than one would expect in relation to the number of EC indicated. There are several reasons for this phenomenon. In their study of the curriculum and the study material, the panel finds that the large number of modules leads to a large number of exams. In some cases, modules are completed with both an exam and a written paper (sometimes one paper for several related modules). This is quite a lot, especially since the papers in question tend to be large. In general, the study load is heavier because the programmes are taught in English. Non-native speakers face difficulties reading and understanding relatively advanced scientific texts, such as articles. It simply requires more time to do so, while the programme expects students to read 10 pages per hour. The panel spoke with several of the stakeholders about the studiability. Students and alumni the panel spoke with, differ on the matter. Some students come from a country and a culture that finds it normal to spend substantially more hours a week than is assumed by the number of EC. They might not find studiablity and issue. However, they are also not representative for all students. The school has to take this into account according to the Panel. In general, students spend between 30 and 50 hours per week on their study, more in peak periods. They have about 9 contact hours per week, which they deem sufficient. Students think it is realistic to finish the programme in 12 months, when a student starts in august and continues studying during summer, and are willing to (occasionally) work in weekends and evenings. Some students mention that the simultaneous planning of the placement and thesis increases the workload. 22/55 NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment
23 Doing a placement together with the thesis research isn t required by the RBS though, but some companies demand that a student also works there, according to students. The alumni the panel spoke, who seemed very ambitious, took on average 15 months to complete the programme. The completion of the thesis in a reasonable time poses serious problems for students, the panel finds. It starts with the grading of the thesis proposals, at the end of the module Methodology 2. There is one methodology teacher, who needs to grade all the approximately fifty proposals. This has lead to delays in the past years. Last year, the methodology teacher was assisted by four other teachers, which helped in elevating this bottleneck somewhat. The grading of the proposals is not done by teachers who are experts on the thesis-topic; they only look at the methodology. This can lead to problems, as students start with questions that are unfit given the domain. When they present their proposal to the supervisor under which they will graduate, they might have to rework their proposal yet again. Also, the grading of the proposals leads to delay for a lot of students. Many are rejected at least three times, which makes it almost impossible to finish the study in 12 months. Furthermore, during the writing of the thesis there are several issues. Only after a proposal has been accepted, students get their supervisors. The first supervisor is mostly concerned with the structure and methodology, the second supervisor is an expert on the content. It happens that the second teacher is stricter, and that in the thesis process the feedback on the content comes too late to make meaningful changes in the research. Delay in feedback is a problem for several of the alumni the panel spoke. According to them, sometimes they had to wait weeks to get an answer on a yes or no - , or had to go to the university and find the teacher in person because mail wasn t answered. The RBS states that it is policy that supervisors should answer questions within five working days. A positive note, when speaking with alumni who graduated in different years, is that the most recent graduates experienced more structure and more supervision than the earlier graduated alumni. This shows that the RBS works on the studiability issues and is making improvements. The first supervisor has 16 hours for supervision, including one visit to the company or organisation in which a student does his research. The panel thinks a few more hours for doing the supervision would be more appropriate. The RBS gives students a lot of responsibility; they need to look actively for supervision if they need it. This is done on purpose, given the master level of the programmes. Due to the international nature of the programme, there are quite some students from cultures in which asking questions is more difficult. Thus, not all students are used to the degree of independency and responsibility given to them by RBS. For those student this freedom doesn t help their successful progress through the curriculum. For them, there probably is not enough supervision and studiability is a problem. Another issue is the finding of a good organisation to do the research / thesis-project. This is more difficult for the international students, since they lack the network in the Netherlands, and need to find an organisation in which English is spoken as working language. NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment 23/55
24 The RBS helps students by attending them from the beginning of the study that they need to find a company. In the case something goes wrong with a thesis project, they have a back-up in the form of research-projects from the research platform (see above). Nevertheless, the panel thinks for international students more help would be useful or even necessary. The panel likes to emphasize that the aspect studiability has additional importance because of the international nature of the programme. When students from abroad choose to follow a 60 EC, 12 months programme, they should be able to depend on the fact that it is reasonable to complete the programme in this time. Study delay has often graver consequences for international students, like extra expenses on housing, which is much more expensive in the Netherlands than in many countries of origin. Quality of staff and study programme-specific facilities All three master programmes have a joint staff, of 48 lecturers / thesis supervisors. The balance between internal and external lecturers (who are not employed by the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences) is 56%: 44%. Up till the year more external lecturers were used. The management of the programme decided to use more internal lecturers, who are more available for students, consultation with colleagues and for tasks other than lecturing. Though the lecturers operate as one team, there are also specific teams for each of the master programmes. The panel studied the curricula vitae of the staff and the external lecturers, and is positive regarding their expertise. They represent in a proper way the domains of the three programmes. The team consists in total of 48 lecturers / thesis supervisors, 27 internal and 21 external. Of these lecturers 94% has a masters degree. Two lecturers have a degree equivalent to a masters degree (NIVRA and IDM), and five lecturers have a PhD. At the moment of the visitation, one teacher is doing a master study and six are doing a PhD study. The panel deems this number low, given that it s not uncommon for a teacher to be at least one level higher educated than the level he is teaching. The management stressed that they want to increase their number of PhD s, up to the 10% that the University has as policy. All internal and twelve external lecturers have a didactic certificate. A recent step that the programmes have taken to further improve the quality of the teaching, was to introduce a compulsory short didactic course for external teachers. In , the programmes will introduce peer consultation regarding didactics. Lecturers will visit each others lectures and give feedback. This is positive, because according to the alumni and students the panel has spoken to, some teachers lacked teaching and didactical skills. Sometimes the right balance between practical experience and teaching skills needs to be improved, though students are positive about this practical experience. All lecturers have extensive experience in the professional field, for instance in senior management positions, as executive consultant or as coach. 66% of the lecturers has experience in research and 50% has publications. The programme has a number of research lecturers, who function as linking pin between education and research. 24/55 NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment
25 Virtually all lecturers have international experience. Twenty-three have a certificate in English or are native speakers. According to the alumni the panel spoke with, there are teachers who should improve their English though. In the NSE 2013 the programmes score satisfactory on the items regarding lecturers. Some slight exceptions are a higher score on lecturer s expertise for the MCE programme and on knowledge of professional practice for all three programmes, and a lower score on availability of lecturers outside class for the MLM programme. The programme held an employee satisfactory survey in 2011 and The scores in 2013 are higher on all items. All items score at least satisfactory in The item that scores lowest, and was unsatisfactory in 2011, is workload. Students are content though about the availability of the teachers, with the exception of the thesis supervision. Services and facilities All three programmes are accommodated at the location Max Euwenlaan. There are classrooms of various sizes, as well as rooms for students to work on their projects and rooms for consultation. All classrooms and project rooms are provided with facilities like a smart board, computer and beamer. Lecturers and students can use the RUoAS library and all its facilities at the location Kralingse Zoom, which is in the vicinity. is used as the digital learning environment, where module descriptions, articles, PowerPoints, presentations and the like are accessible for students. The programme Osiris is used to monitor student progress and to give students insight in their results. The intranet, called HINT, is where practical information can be found. In general, students are satisfied with the facilities. The NSE scores of 2013 also show that students are satisfied on most items regarding services and facilities. Considerations and conclusion The panel finds that the curriculum is an adequate reflection of the intended learning outcomes. The content of the different programmes is relevant. Though the BoKS could be more specific, the content of the modules and the used literature is adequate. The International Project is an interesting way to integrate practice and theory, and to introduce a multidisciplinary element. Of course, especially given the broad nature of the programmes, it is always possible to argue that some topic could have also been included, but in general the choices the RBS makes sense given the intended learning outcomes and the 60 EC programme. Nevertheless, the panel feels that the school should reconsider the large number of small pieces in its curriculum. By dropping some of the smaller components and using these EC to add to the core course in each Master, probably a better balance between specialization and general approach can be obtained. The relative low number of EC (many similar programmes are larger) makes it also ambitious programmes. This ambitious nature seems to fit the students well. The Panel has the impression that they are ambitious themselves. NQA Rotterdam Business School: cluster MA C&E, F&A, LM limited programme assessment 25/55
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Q:
Add Google Assistant routines from my app
I'm trying to develop an interactive "allspeech-based" application and I have found some troubles.
I would be able to do every task of my app without the touch input, only the voice one.
So, my idea was to use Google Assitant to open my app, and then execute tasks with Activities "allspeech-based". My only problem is open my app with a custom phrase like "Hello myApp".
I've noticed that Google only permit to define in Manifest in which developer can set predefined method like SEARCH_ACTION (I have to say "Serch cats in myAPP..."), ... and not custom action!
Then I had an idea: to resolve this I can define a new routine in my Google Assistant where Command is "Hello myApp" and action is "Open myApp", and it works!
But I don't want to force my users to add a new tourine in their Assistant, I want to do it from my app automatically at the first opening of my app (throught an Intent and a startActivity or something similar idk).
My question is: How can I do? Which Intent I have to invoke? With which extras? Is it possible?
Please answer, thank you.
A:
There's no such intent which can directly create a new routine.
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