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Q:
Only one usage of each socket address (protocol/network address/port) is normally permitted
The last few weeks we have been experiencing this error message while using the Azure Search SDK (1.1.1 - 1.1.2) and performing searches.
We consume the Search SDK from internal APIs (deployed as Azure Web Apps) that scale up-down based on traffic (so there could be more than 1 instance of the APIs doing the searches).
Our API queries 5 different indexes and maintains an in-memory copy of the SearchIndexClient object that corresponds to each index, a very simple implementation would look like:
public class AzureSearchService
{
private readonly SearchServiceClient _serviceClient;
private Dictionary<string, SearchIndexClient> _clientDictionary;
public AzureSearchService()
{
_serviceClient = new SearchServiceClient("myservicename", new SearchCredentials("myservicekey"));
_clientDictionary = new Dictionary<string, SearchIndexClient>();
}
public SearchIndexClient GetClient(string indexName)
{
try
{
if (!_clientDictionary.ContainsKey(indexName))
{
_clientDictionary.Add(indexName, _serviceClient.Indexes.GetClient(indexName));
}
return _clientDictionary[indexName];
}
catch
{
return null;
}
}
public async Task<SearchResults> SearchIndex(SearchIndexClient client, string text)
{
var parameters = new SearchParameters();
parameters.Top = 10;
parameters.IncludeTotalResultCount = true;
var response = await client.Documents.SearchWithHttpMessagesAsync(text, parameters, null, null);
return response.Body;
}
}
And the API would invoke the service by:
public class SearchController : ApiController
{
private readonly AzureSearchService service;
public SearchController()
{
service = new AzureSearchService();
}
public async Task<HttpResponseMessage> Post(string indexName, [FromBody] string text)
{
var indexClient = service.GetClient(indexName);
var results = await service.SearchIndex(indexClient, text);
return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK, results, Configuration.Formatters.JsonFormatter);
}
}
We are using SearchWithHttpMessagesAsync due to a requirement to receive custom HTTP headers instead of the SearchAsync method.
This way we avoid opening/closing the client under traffic bursts. Before using this memory cache (and wrapping each client on a using clause) we would get port exhaustion alerts on Azure App Services.
Is this a good pattern? Could we be receiving this error because of the multiple instances running in parallel?
In case it is needed, the stack trace shows:
System.Net.Http.HttpRequestException: Only one usage of each socket address (protocol/network address/port) is normally permitted service.ip.address.hidden:443
[SocketException:Only one usage of each socket address (protocol/network address/port)is normally permitted service.ip.address.hidden:443]
at System.Net.Sockets.Socket.EndConnect(IAsyncResult asyncResult)
at System.Net.ServicePoint.ConnectSocketInternal(Boolean connectFailure,Socket s4,Socket s6,Socket& socket,IPAddress& address,ConnectSocketState state,IAsyncResult asyncResult,Exception& exception)
[WebException:Unable to connect to the remote server]
at System.Net.HttpWebRequest.EndGetRequestStream(IAsyncResult asyncResult,TransportContext& context)
at System.Net.Http.HttpClientHandler.GetRequestStreamCallback(IAsyncResult ar)
EDIT: We are also receiving this error A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time:
System.Net.Http.HttpRequestException: A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond service.ip.address.hidden:443
[SocketException:A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time,or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond service.ip.address.hidden:443]
at System.Net.Sockets.Socket.EndConnect(IAsyncResult asyncResult)
at System.Net.ServicePoint.ConnectSocketInternal(Boolean connectFailure,Socket s4,Socket s6,Socket& socket,IPAddress& address,ConnectSocketState state,IAsyncResult asyncResult,Exception& exception)
[WebException:Unable to connect to the remote server]
at System.Net.HttpWebRequest.EndGetRequestStream(IAsyncResult asyncResult,TransportContext& context)
at System.Net.Http.HttpClientHandler.GetRequestStreamCallback(IAsyncResult ar)
A:
As implemented in the code in your question, the cache will not prevent port exhaustion. This is because you're instantiating it as a field of the ApiController, which is created once per request. If you want to avoid port exhaustion, the cache must be shared across all requests. To make it concurrency-safe, you should use something like ConcurrentDictionary instead of Dictionary.
The "connection attempt failed" error is likely unrelated.
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Refugees targeted by 'deliberate' fire in Edinburgh Published duration 3 September 2017
image caption The child's buggy was set on fire five months ago
An Egyptian refugee living in Scotland has told the BBC he fears for the lives of his children after a fire attack at their home in Edinburgh.
The father-of-four claims his family was the target of a blaze at a block of flats in the Wester Hailes area of the city on Saturday.
Police said no-one was injured in the incident.
They have said they believed the fire was started deliberately and that an investigation was under way.
Fire crews were called to reports of a fire in the block just after 02:00 on Saturday morning.
'My wife screaming'
When they arrived they found a fire well alight in the common stairwell of the building.
The father-of-four, who does not want to be named, described the blaze.
He said: "Suddenly I heard my wife screaming, calling on me to wake up.
He added: "I tried to check outside the flat, but I couldn't open the door because it was very heavy smoke."
image caption The father-of-four said he no longer felt safe in his home in Wester Hailes
The refugee, who moved from Wales to Scotland in July last year, said: "I heard about Scottish people, they're friendly and welcoming to people from different countries and different cultures, never thought this was going to happen with us in Scotland."
However, he said his family were first targeted five months ago when his young daughter's buggy was set alight on the ground floor of their block.
He said: "We couldn't believe this happened. We had spoken to the police and the council as well."
He said that since the first attack his wife had stopped wearing her niqab because she no longer felt safe.
'Safest place'
He added: "My wife, she used to wear niqab, but she took it off because she is scared. We can't feel safe nowhere, it's just a disappointment really,
The man has now urged the City of Edinburgh Council to rehome him and his family.
He said: "Every day things are getting worse than ever, honestly, we don't feel safe at all, my kids can't sleep."
Local councillor, Donald Wilson, said: "Edinburgh is a diverse, culturally rich city and one of the safest places to live.
"I am appalled and saddened to think this fire may have been started deliberately and such acts have absolutely no place in our communities.
"Our refugee support network will be reaching out to the victims concerned."
A spokesman for Police Scotland said: "Police in Edinburgh are appealing for information after a common stair within a block of flats was set alight in the early hours of 2 September.
"At around 2.12am on Saturday police and fire services were called to flats after a resident reported the fire. Luckily, there were no injuries and no evacuations were necessary."
Det Insp Bruce Coutts of Corstorphine CID added: "We are treating this as a deliberate fireraising incident and are carrying out inquiries in the local area.
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Potential role of oxidative protein modification in energy metabolism in exercise.
Exercise leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via several sources in the skeletal muscle. In particular, the mitochondrial electron transport chain in the muscle cells produces ROS along with an elevation in the oxygen consumption during exercise. Such ROS generated during exercise can cause oxidative modification of proteins and affect their functionality. Many evidences have been suggested that some muscle proteins, i.e., myofiber proteins, metabolic signaling proteins, and sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins can be a targets modified by ROS generated due to exercise. We detected the modification of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) by Nε-(hexanoyl)lysine (HEL), one of the lipid peroxides, in exercised muscles, while the antioxidant astaxanthin reduced this oxidative stress-induced modification. Exercise-induced ROS may diminish CPT I activity caused by HEL modification, leading to a partly limited lipid utilization in the mitochondria. This oxidative protein modification may be useful as a potential biomarker to examine the oxidative stress levels, antioxidant compounds, and their possible benefits in exercise.
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The History of the Jews of Stanislav {Cont.}
The Jewish council of Stanislav decided to take into its hands the initiative
to establish a high national council, whose responsibilities would include the
representations of matters relevant to the Jewish population to the Ukrainian
government. Dr. Karel Halpern, one of the veteran communal leaders, and the
Zionist leader Dr. Reuven Jonas were the heads of the Jewish council. They
issued a proclamation to the Jewish communities of the world on November 24,
1918, via the national Jewish council of Vienna, informing of the establishment
of the new organization, and its neutrality in the war between the Poles and
Ukrainians.
On December 18-20, 1918, the first convention of the national councils from all
areas under Ukrainian rule took place in Stanislav. The leadership of 100
communities took part, which represented all of the streams and factions of
Jewry. In wide ranging deliberations, they dealt with practical issues of
Jewish life, especially with problems of the new organization of the community
on the nationalist basis, and the establishment of a Jewish educational
network. In unanimous resolutions, a provisional organizational charter was
agreed upon, which was written along political lines of the old community. A
national council of Jews of western Galicia was established[117] to head the
group, with Dr. Reuven Jonas as the head. Fourteen members were elected to the
council: 7 Zionists, 2 from Mizrachi, 2 from Poale Zion, 1 from Bund, and 2
without factions. Twelve replacements were also elected (6 Zionists, 2 from
Mizrachi, 2 from Poale Zion, 1 without a faction, and 1 from Bund). A
secretariat was established alongside the council, headed by Dr. Zvi Epsztejn
and the Hebrew writer Reuven Fahen.
On December 25, 1918, the council presented the Ukrainian government with a
letter of notification, informing them that the will of the Jewish people was
to organize all matters of concern to the communities, education, and general
and specific social interest, in an independent, autonomous fashion. On January
6, 1919, the heads of the council, Dr. Karel Halpern and Dr. Reuven Jonas,
visited the deputy Prime Minister Dr. Lev Gachinski, and explained to him the
neutral stance of the Jews in the struggle between the Poles and Ukrainians.
They stressed that the Jews were prepared to participate in the administrative
activities of the state and to promote its existence, on the basis of the
provisional declaration of the Republic of Western Ukraine of October 19, 1918,
which promised all of the national minorities within its borders Poles,
Jews and Germans equal rights and national autonomy[118]. Obviously,
the neutral stance of the Jews instigated the bitterness of the Ukrainians.
There were groups that claimed that it was the duty of the Jews to participate
with the Ukrainians, and to take a positive stance towards the republic in the
full sense of the term; for neutrality did not prevent the Poles in Lvov from
perpetrating atrocities against the Jews for three consecutive days.
Dr. Karl Halpern
Reb Avraham Halpern
Dr. Shmuel Shor
Dr. Anzelem Halpern
[See the enlarged pictures by clicking on the images]
[Page 57]
The representatives of the national council of the Jews demanded:
The repeal of all the restrictions that applied to the Hebrew and Yiddish
languages during the Austrian era;
The registration of Yiddish as a national
language, and the requirement that the government answer in Yiddish all letters
sent to it in Yiddish;
The opening of all government positions and
educational institutions to Jews;
The hiring of Jewish officials based on
justice, and in accordance with their administrative knowledge and professional
acumen;
The repeal of all the economic restrictions that existed in several
areas against the Jews. Aside from these demands, they also presented some
demands in the economic realm.
However, despite the assurances of the Ukrainian government, there was no
actual fulfillment. Conditions continued to worsen, for the government did not
have the power to overcome all of the difficulties and all of the provocations
of the officials out in the field, which included all sorts of persecutions and
obstacles to the economic existence of the Jews. This was despite the fact that
the government of the Western Ukrainian Republic was interested in the support
of the Jews, and its leaders attempted outside the country, particularly in
Vienna where there was a large number of Galician Jews, including well-known
Zionists, to recruit Jews who would be willing to tour the capitals of Europe
and intercede for the well being of the republic. To this end, the delegates of
this government in Vienna negotiated with the well-known Zionist from Tarnopol,
Dr. Yisrael Waldman, who had been favorable to the Ukrainians even prior to the
world war. However, he left the negotiations due to the opposing stance of the
Zionist organization for this mission. Due to this situation, the national
Jewish council saw fit to send its member, Engineer Naftali Landau to Vienna at
the beginning of January 1919, to prevent the Zionists of Vienna from
undertaking missions in favor of the national council. After lengthy
negotiations, a delegation of the national Jewish council was set up, that
began its activities immediately on January 28, 1919. Its main task was to
maintain constant communication with the council in Stanislav, to represent it
outside the country, to transmit information, and to maintain contact with
diplomatic representatives. This delegation consisted of 20 members, and was
headed by Adolf Shtend as president, and a leadership committee of 4 members:
Dr. Moshe Pechtman, Dr. Yisrael Waldman, Herman Trop, and Meir Henish. Leon
Wexler was chosen as secretary, and the information office was given to Dr. N.
M. Gelber. One of the first tasks of this delegation was to issue a
comprehensive memorandum regarding the Jews of Galicia to the American
commission, headed at the time in Vienna by Professor College. This memorandum
was written by Dr. N. M. Gelber and was presented at the end of January 1919.
In Stanislav, which became the political center of eastern Galicia, the
national council made efforts to ease the living conditions of the Jewish
population during the transitional period, and particularly to protect it from
attacks and persecutions. Nevertheless, not one day passed without deeds of
murder, pillage and robbery in Jewish homes. Most of the activities of the
national council were focused about intervening and interceding in these
events. The situation deteriorated to such an extent that Jewish commerce
stopped in many cities and towns, on account of the lack of safety along the
routes, including the railways. An economic recession arrived, which weighed
heavily upon all strata of the Jewish population. Furthermore, the Ukrainian
officials saw fit to extort the Jews in any manner possible, including the
accepting of bribes and the expropriation of merchandise and property. Theft in
broad daylight and attacks on the Jews in their homes became commonplace daily
occurrences.
[Page 58]
There is no need to state that this type of treatment inspired hatred of the
Ukrainians among the Jews, and forced the institutions of the Jewish national
council to a double stance: on the one hand to protect the lives and property
of the Jews, and on the other hand to stand in defense of the government
leaders, who, despite their good intentions, were not able to maintain order
and safety, and relate appropriately to the Jews in accordance with the law. In
the capital city of Stanislav there were no acts of theft, etc., however in the
outlying cities, not a day passed without some attack or deed of pillage.
The difficult situation of the Jews of eastern Galicia caught the attention of
the delegation of the Jewish national council in Vienna, which was joined in
February 1919 by Dr. Leon Reich, Dr. Michael Ringel, and M. A. Tenenblat, who
were freed from their Polish imprisonment through the intercession of the
Zionist leaders at the Paris peace conference, and arrived in Vienna on their
way to the peace conference. In a meeting of the delegation on February 1, they
dealt with the political situation, and the need to send a Galician delegation
to the peace conference. After deliberations regarding the status of the Jews
in the area of Polish occupation on the one hand, and the areas of Ukrainian
occupation on the other hand, a debate broke out regarding the neutrality, and
the problems with continuing that stance. There were those who claimed that the
neutrality reduced the Jews to lower class citizens, for with that stance, it
is as if they are declaring that they are unable to participate in the running
of the state, and indeed it is the right and duty of the Jews to participate in
activities of the state during the Polish Ukrainian war. Dr. Reich realized
that this opinion is the correct one, but he did not see a means of actualizing
it in day to day life. Dr. Ringel pointed out that no matter what, the
neutrality was set back by the hatred of the Poles, who do not wish to
understand the situation of the Jews. Therefore, in his opinion, it was best to
make a revision, and to participate in the political life of the Ukrainian
section, even if it came with the duty of army service. Dr. Yisrael Waldman
pointed out the fact that Ukraine is the only state that was willing to grant
to the Jews not only equal rights, but also national autonomy. Despite this,
the delegation did not see fit to make a decision to change the political
stance.
From February 6-14, the Ukrainian parliament (Natzianala Rada) convened in
Stanislav. Its deliberations were permeated by an atmosphere of Jew hatred.
Explicit complaints and attacks against the Jews were heard in the speeches of
the representatives. The parliament did not relate at all with a spirit of duty
towards the requests of the Jews. On the contrary, it requested that the
government take measures against the Jews (in matters of agrarian reform,
etc.). In light of such developments, the Jewish national council decided to
meet with the Ukrainian government. In the meantime, the Jewish national
delegation published specific details in the newspapers of Vienna regarding the
situation of the Jews in the Ukrainian area of Galicia. These details worried
the West Ukrainian consul in Vienna, Baron Vasylko, to such a degree that he
saw fit to meet with the delegate of the Austrian Jewish national council,
Robert Sztriker. The consul pointed out that it was not within his realm of
responsibility, but rather within the realm of responsibility of the Galician
council, to deal with matters of Galician Jewry. Herman Trop and Dr. Yisrael
Waldman, representatives of the delegation, were invited to a meeting with
Vice-consul Dr. Singalwich. They explained to him that the relationship with
the Ukrainian government is not satisfactory, and that he should take
cognizance of the fact that world Jewry would find means to publicize the lot
and fate of the Jews of Galicia.
[Page 59]
Dr. Singalwich admitted that, as a human being and a Ukrainian, he is
embarrassed about what is transpiring in Galicia, but he asked them to
understand that the bad situation is the fruits of the pervasive anarchy. In
the meantime, it was decided in Stanislav itself to open discussions with the
Ukrainian government regarding the participation of Jews in affairs of the
state. However, political changes overturned the pot.
The Ukrainian public was turned into a cauldron with two extreme streams. One
the one hand there was Petlora, who, defeated in Ukraine by the Bolsheviks,
arrived in Stanislav and got in touch with the allied powers. On the other hand
there was the forces of the left, who preached for the unity of Galicia with
the rest of Ukraine. Poale Zion, under the influence of Shlomo
Goldelman and Revichki, who were ministers for Jewish matters in the government
of Petlora, supported the idea of unity. Their press arm, Der Yidisher
Arbeter in Stanislav published articles in this spirit, and began to
attack the national Jewish council for its neutral stance.
Even during these days of confusion and complexity, the stamp of the
renaissance of the internal communal life of the Jews was noticeable. There was
recognizable effort particularly in the realm of education. The national
council turned the attention of the Ukrainian government to the needs of Jewish
education, and requested that the government help to establish a Jewish
educational network. The essence of the request was that the Jewish schools be
placed under the administrative and pedagogical supervision and directorship of
Jewish educational directors, even though the schools are communal institutions
funded by the government. On January 11, 1919, a meeting took place between
delegates of the council and Dr. Artimowicz, the secretary of state for
educational matters. He expressed his approval for the educational plans of the
national council; but he doubted the possibility of using the Hebrew language
as the language of teaching, and he requested explanations regarding such. The
convention of Jewish pedagogues, that was convened by the national council on
January 19-20 in Stanislav with the participation of 20 enlightened teachers,
dealt with all details of the educational network, including the public school,
cheders, high schools, from the humanist to the seminarian ends of the
spectrum. The debates, especially based on the lecture of Professor David
Horowitz regarding The nationalization of the educational network and its
Hebraization, proved that the community of teachers was imbued with a
strong desire to form a new creation in the educational realm, in the spirit of
the renaissance of Hebrew language and culture. The most difficult problem was
the question of teachers who would be able to teach in the Hebrew language.
Indeed, the number of Hebrew teachers was large, but the government was not
able to recognize their qualifications, since the vast majority did not have
the teaching certificate required by the authorities.
The convention decided that:
The Jewish schools must be public institutions, supported by the state and
open to everyone.
The teachers are public employees, who receive their
salary from the coffers of the state
Only teachers who completed the
required course of study would be hired. However, with regard to the issue of
Hebrew teachers, the national council was requested to obtain teaching permits
for them, based on their Hebrew education and their license from the Union of
Hebrew Teachers. Decisions were also taken regarding the charter of the
cheders, and placing them under the supervision of the council of Jewish
education.
The Jewish council started to negotiate with the government on the basis of the
decisions of the teachers' convention. The Ukrainian parliament decided on
February 13 to grant the minorities the right to establish schools in their own
languages.
[Page 60]
Dr. Artimowicz pointed out to the Jewish national council on February 20 that
the government is not able give a decisive answer, because the Ukrainian
parliament does not have a Jewish representative who can bring forward all the
requests of the Jews, and that complaints of Hebrew as a language of teaching
have been heard from a variety of sources. Despite this, he promised to issue
directives that would ensure the possibility of teaching the Hebrew language
and Jewish history to Jewish children. This answer was an explicit retraction
from the government regarding the Jewish educational network. In the meantime,
Poale Zion began to issue strong attacks in their newspapers regarding Hebrew
as the language of education, and they demanded Yiddish schools. These demands
were published in the Ukrainian newspapers, and the government used them as a
weapon against the demands of the national Jewish council. This excuse of the
Ukrainian government demonstrated clearly that all of its talk about the
granting of national autonomy to the Jews was nothing but idle talk. The
Zionist organizations saw a need to open up its own Hebrew public and high
schools in most cities. Private Yiddish schools were also established in
several cities. The Hechalutz movement began, and made preparations
for hachsharah (preparation programs) for aliya to the Land of Israel. The
opening of national schools encouraged the Jewish youth and intelligentsia in
their national awakening. Courses, seminars, debates, lectures, and theatrical
presentations in the meeting halls of all of the factions injected variety into
cultural life, and was a harbinger of a change of conditions in all Jewish
communal life. Yiddish papers were founded during the time of Ukrainian control
(November 1, 1918 June 1, 1919). A Yiddish newspaper Dos Yiddishe
Wort was published, edited by Leib Shusheim, who was appointed over all
journalistic matters in the Jewish national council. Yiddishe Folks
Tsaytung was published by Chaim Szafund, and Der Yiddisher
Arbeter was published. On May 13, 1919, a daily newspaper Dos
Yiddish Togblat was published, edited by M. A. Tenenblat.
Particular importance was attached to the internal reorganization of Jewish
life. Instead of the communities that were ruled by families and
cliques, a national council was established, in accordance with the
will of the masses of people. The communal council was annulled also in
Stanislav, and in its place a national council was set up with delegates from
all of the factions, and set up on a positive Jewish basis. Dr. Karel Halpern
and Dr. Reuven Jonas stood at the head of the council.
Dr. Karel Halpern[119], the son of Reb Hirsch Halpern and the grandson of Reb
Avraham Halpern, was a native of Stanislav. After he finished his course of
studies in universities in Germany, he returned to Stanislav and became
involved in agriculture. He managed the Volchinech estate, which he inherited
from his father, and employed new work methodologies with it. He refused to
flee to Vienna after the Russian armies invaded Stanislav in August 1914. He
did not leave his post, and remained with the Jewish population.
[Page 61]
With all of his heart, with all of his soul, and with all of his resources, he
organized rescue activities for the Jews of the city who were in straits, and
for the refugees who arrived in Stanislav by the thousands from the neighboring
towns and villages. The Russians did not leave him in his post for long, and
expelled him as a half-breed Russian. Thousands of Jews came to bid him
farewell. He was imprisoned in various prisons in Russia for three years. Even
there, he was astute enough to maintain contact with the refugee committees in
the country. He dedicated all of his time to delivering secret aid to the
thousand of Jews who were exiled from eastern Galicia to Russia. After the end
of the Russian-Austrian war, he returned to Stanislav and dedicated himself
from then on to national-communal work. He established the national Jewish
council along with Dr. Reuven Jonas, Engineer Naftali Landau, Dr. Alexander
Riterman, the brothers Shimon and Yisrael Reich, Dr. Anzelm Halpern, Dr. Max
Zeinfeld, Dov Weiss, and other activists.
Dr. Reuven Jonas was a member of the Zionist movement already from the 1890s,
and was one of its activists. He was one of the delegates of Galician Zionist
movement to the action committee of the World Zionist Organization for several
years. He conducted the Zionist activity in particular, and during his tenure
and in his merit, the Zionist movement became firmly grounded in the towns
surrounding Stanislav. At his side stood the veterans of the Zionist movement
Dr. Anzelm Halpern the brother of Karel, Dr. Alexander Riterman who conducted
the local national council with great energy, Dov Weiss, and Dr. Hillel Zusman.
J.
The economic situation was entirely different from the political picture, in
comparison to the situation of the Jewish population prior to the war. At the
outset, the economic situation was not bad, but a deep recession came during
the time of the Ukrainian administration. In March 1919, the number of Jewish
residents in Stanislav[120] was 36,000 people, of whom approximately 20,000
(56%) required public assistance. Prior to the war, the percentage of people
requiring support was only 11%, and there were 5,000 people (14%) who were
without livelihood and work. During the Ukrainian administration, only 30% of
the Jewish population earned their livelihood, and even these did so under
particularly difficult conditions. However in contrast with other cities, where
the number of people in need of support ranged from 61% to 90%, the situation
of the Jewish population in Stanislav was not so depressed. This was due to the
fact that Stanislav was the capital of the state, and the Ukrainian government
restrained themselves somewhat from acting in a cruel manner towards the Jews,
as was the situation in other cities and towns. Nevertheless, on March 23-24,
the city suffered an invasion of farmers and soldiers, who pillaged Jewish
shops and homes. The police and the government also acted cruelly and attacked
the Jews. The situation deteriorated from day to day, under the influence of
waves of disturbances that broke out in greater Ukraine. The Jewish National
Council decided to negotiate with the Ukrainian government regarding the
establishment of a department of Jewish affairs in the government.
[Page 62]
Already by April 2, 1919, the chief minister Dr. Holovovits, in the name of the
Ukrainian government, informed the Jewish council about its decision to
establish a department (Dezernat) aside from the presidency of the
cabinet for the purpose of protecting the Jews as a national minority. Dr.
Yisrael Waldman was called as a candidate for the Dezernent[24*]. However, after
voices were heard against him, he returned to Vienna on March 28. In the
meantime, the matter of the Dezernent was dealt with the delegation of the
council in Vienna, in the presence of the Zionist leader from the area of
Polish conquest Dr. Emil Szmurak. It was decided that Dr. Waldman be allowed to
accept the position in the Dezernent provided he place himself under the
authority of the Zionist organization. On April 20, the Ukrainian government
presented the Jewish National Council with the recommendation to form the
Jewish Dezernent alongside the Ukrainian government. In accordance with its
charter, crafted by Dr. Yisrael Waldman, the Dezernent would be responsible for
protecting the rights of the Jews as a national minority, without hampering the
establishment of an organization to protect national autonomy, as was
recommended in the government manifest of October 19, 1918. The Dezernent
participated in government sittings to the extent that it was invited to do so
by the chief ministers, however it did not have the right of voting (paragraph
2). The Prime Minister appointed the Dezernent. The Dezernent was obligated to
carry out its duties in accordance with the advice and requests of the Jewish
National Council (paragraph 3). All matters relating to Jewish autonomy were
included in its duties. It had the right to advise the government regarding the
crafting of laws, directive, and ordinances in order to protect all matters
pertaining to the Jews in a legal fashion, as well as general ordinances and
regulations. It was permitted to express its recommendations, doubts and
concerns in such matters. In its hands were the government administration of
Jewish institutions, social and economic organizations, and the supervision of
the administering of rights relating to autonomous organizations (paragraph 5).
Details of the internal organization of the Dezernent were worked out after the
appointment of the first Dezernent. The entire budget of the Dezernent was
covered from the government treasury (paragraph 7). A large-scale jurisdiction
was granted to the Dezernent by this charter, and the Jewish Dezernent had to
concern itself with all Jewish issues.
After Dr. Waldman arrived in Stanislav, he reached an agreement with the
leadership of the Jewish National Council regarding the relationship between
the council and the Dezernent. It was specifically stressed in the agreement
that the Dezernent is to fulfil its tasks as a force of the Jewish National
Council, and it is to be responsible to it in all matters. It is also to
disband in accordance with its demand. It is required to participate in all
meetings of the council, to act in accordance with its decisions and
directives, and to present to it a report of all of its activities. Prior to
offering its recommendations in fundamental or political matters, it is to
present them to the council in order to obtain its agreement. The national
council will present all of its presentations to the Ukrainian government in
writing via the Dezernent. The Dezernent will only actualize its supervision
of Jewish institutions with the full agreement of the national council. The
Dezernent would set up its own internal organization with the full concurrence
of the national council, and it would construct its charter with the
participation of the council.
During the time of the negotiations concerning the establishment of the
Dezernent, elections for the Jewish National Council took place on May 18,
1919. The voter participation was very high. This was the first time that women
were granted the right to vote. Factional activity was very evident during the
election race. Fifty representatives were elected to this council, including
six women. The composition of the council by party was as follows:
After the establishment of the Dezernent, when Dr. Waldman was supposed to
occupy his position, the Polish offensive began under the command of General
Haller. The Ukrainian government began to withdraw from Stanislav. The head of
state and the entire government left he city on May 25, and went to Chortkov.
From there, after the offensive of the Ukrainian army failed completely, they
left for greater Ukraine. The head of the Jewish Dezernent Dr. Yisrael Waldman
left for Vienna on the day that the government left Stanislav. The
dismemberment of the Republic of Western Ukraine was complete.
The armies of General Haller (Hallercziks, as they were known in disgrace)
entered Stanislav and began to attack the Jews. Theft, robbery, extortion, and
the grabbing and imprisonment of Jews became daily occurrences. With this
fortune, the era of independent Poland began.
He was born in 1870. He completed his studies in the gymnasia in Stanislav in
1888, and traveled abroad. He studied agronomics an national economics in the
universities of Berlin and Halle. He married Sabina Sussman in 1897. Return
According to a census from the archives of the delegation of the Jewish
National Council in Vienna. Return
This material is made available by JewishGen, Inc.
and the Yizkor Book Project for the purpose of fulfilling our
mission of disseminating information about the Holocaust and
destroyed Jewish communities. This material may not be copied,
sold or bartered without JewishGen, Inc.'s permission. Rights may be
reserved by the copyright holder.
JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of
the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material
for verification. JewishGen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and/or omissions.
Our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited.
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Q:
Using jsp can I get dynamic data to display in Open Graph protocol?
I have a specific page in my application where I want a user to be able to share certain selections they have made on a previous page, selection which I am receiving from my database.
So, for example - I have a user - Barry. I can access his name using ${user}.
He have been asked a question:
What is the first thing that comes to your mind when I ask about ${animals}
The answers they have chosen have been submitted to the DB, and I now want the answers to appear as the sharing description for Facebook. Obviously, the answer for each user will be unique - so I cannot hard code any information in here.
The code I have is the following:
<meta property="og:description" content="${user} thinks:%0A%0A<c:forEach var='animal' items='${animals}' >${animal} - ${animal.thoughts}%0A</c:forEach> />
When I view the source code for the page, I see this:
<meta property="og:description" content="Barry thinks:%0A%0AElephant - Gray%0ABird - Chirpy%0AMonkey - Funny%0ADog - Loyal />
However, when attempting to share the content on Facebook, the description is just empty, as though no description exists.
Unfortunately, this page is only available when the user is logged in, so using the Facebook scraper https://developers.facebook.com/tools/debug/ simply shows me the og data of the logged out landing page.
Am I missing something here?
EDIT
Based on @Cbroe's comments below, I have now adapted the code to be shared on a public page (IE one that you do not need to be logged in to see).
I have also set the description and image location as parameters in the URL - so that anybody who shares this page will see a description and an image relevant to them.
When running the full URL through Facebook scraper, I see the exact results I am after:
However, when actually sharing the link from the application, the dynamic info from the URL is being ignored.
<meta property="og:description" content="${param.description}" />
<meta property="og:image" content="${param.image}" />
My og:url contains the full URL, including the dynamic parameters. If anyone else has any ideas, I would love to hear them.
EDIT 2
Link that helped CBroe debug has been removed due to company policy. Example link provided in my answer.
A:
With massive thanks for @CBroe for baring with me through this process and helping me out in the comments, I have now got a solution to this problem.
Firstly, I created a client facing page that did not require the user to be logged in in order to view. This would act as the page that the dynamic content would be shared from.
The code that I have now looks something like this:
Meta tags
<meta property="og:title" content="My Title" />
<meta property="og:url" content="${pageUrl}" /> // generates FULL URL including all parameters
<meta property="og:description" content="${param.description}" />
<meta property="og:image" content="${param.image}" />
Sharing generator (using jQuery)
var currentLink = encodeURIComponent(window.location.href); // NB to use encodeURIComponent instead of just encodeURI
var tWindow;
$('.facebookShare').on('touchstart click', function(){
tWindow = window.open('about:blank', 'sharer', 'toolbar=0,status=0,width=548,height=325');
tWindow.location.href = 'https://www.facebook.com/dialog/share?app_id=${facebookAppId}&display=popup&href=' + currentLink;
});
The link that was then used to share the page looked something like this:
https://[myURL]?description=My%20favourite%20animals:%20Elephant%20-%20gray%20%7C%20Dog%20-%20Cute%20%7C%20Cat%20-%20Cant%20be%20trusted%20%7C%20Leopard%20-%20Never%20changes%20its%20spots&image=[url_to_my_image]
Using this code, when sharing the page, the correct (and dynamic) image and description were generated each time.
Once again, big ups to @CBroe for helping me get to the bottom of this - and I hope that this can help somebody else in the future.
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Conformational flexibility, internal hydrogen bonding, and passive membrane permeability: successful in silico prediction of the relative permeabilities of cyclic peptides.
We report an atomistic physical model for the passive membrane permeability of cyclic peptides. The computational modeling was performed in advance of the experiments and did not involve the use of "training data". The model explicitly treats the conformational flexibility of the peptides by extensive conformational sampling in low (membrane) and high (water) dielectric environments. The passive membrane permeabilities of 11 cyclic peptides were obtained experimentally using a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) and showed a linear correlation with the computational results with R(2) = 0.96. In general, the results support the hypothesis, already well established in the literature, that the ability to form internal hydrogen bonds is critical for passive membrane permeability and can be the distinguishing factor among closely related compounds, such as those studied here. However, we have found that the number of internal hydrogen bonds that can form in the membrane and the solvent-exposed polar surface area correlate more poorly with PAMPA permeability than our model, which quantitatively estimates the solvation free energy losses upon moving from high-dielectric water to the low-dielectric interior of a membrane.
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Communicating With Spirit
We’ve all heard the term school spirit before, yet Thursday, Oct. 13 there was a new type of spirit on campus.
Jamie Butler, a well-known medium, presented “Communicating with Spirit” to CSUSB with the goal to inform students about channeling spirits.
Communicating with Spirit was sponsored by and took place in the SMSU Cross Cultural Center, Communicating Spiritually & Interculturally Club, and Associated Students Incorporated.
“Both I, and the newly chartered student club, Communicating Spiritually and Interculturally (CSI) had discussed inviting Jamie Butler to CSUSB for a campus event,” said faculty member Mary Fong.
Earlier this year Fong had attended two workshops and experienced four public channeling sessions featuring Butler.
“I was so impressed. It widened my perspective on life and through a channeler, the ability to communicate to our loved ones who have died or transitioned to the spiritual realm,” said Fong
Butler pointed out the importance of debunking stereotypical views and misunderstandings regarding what she does.
“We no longer have to be the gypsy, palm reader or incense smoker to acknowledge our true abilities,” said Butler.
Communicating with Spirit was unlike any event of the same genre.
Butler glows onstage while chatting with her audience.
“The way I lecture is very conversational and full of show and tell,” said Butler.
“After sharing who I am, some outstanding stories, I will trance channel and answer questions from the audience.”
It was important to Butler to say channeling isn’t a gift.
When she came to the realization that she could channel spirits, she knew she was not normal.
“When somebody has a natural talent they don’t see it as anything extra ordinary,” said Butler. Not until there is some self-realization that their perception and abilities indeed are uniquely their own.”
Butler was only 18 years old when she started to see shadows and see through people.
It was then she realized she was not normal.
She explained, “I was hearing voices and I knew things that people did not tell me. It has really affected the way I make connections to other people.”
“This educational event is to help broaden the audience’s mind to think outside of the box and realize that all of us will transition,” said Fong. “When it is our time, life is not done and over with, but we transition and continue to live, but without a body.”
It is important to make sure students have all avenues to be able to expand their horizons.
Butler adds, “The ‘Communicating with Spirit’ event is for anyone who has found themselves questioning life, life after life, death, purpose and intuitive abilities. Curiosity is the best mode to use when showing up.”
In addition to helping broaden the minds of students at CSUSB, this event will help provide for future events on campus.
Ticket sales from the event will be used to organize future events and activities for students.
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Author Comments
CONTROLS - customizable
=========================
Arrow keys to move
Z to jump
X to shoot a weapon
C to shoot a weapon (and hold still)
M for map (you can use TAB, but it won't work in IE)
ESC or P for the menu (pause)
ABOUT THE GAME
=========================
Snailiad is an 8-bit-inspired game, which uses the NES palette most of the time, and uses NES music I wrote using Famitracker. I hope you enjoy it! :-) There's some references to eight-bit classics that helped inspire Snailiad, and you might also find a cameo or two from RPG Shooter: Starwish, if you play long enough.
Big thanks to:
AdamAtomic, for Flixel!
xdanond, for drawing some stuff!
newstarshipsmell, for lots of testing!
jsr, for Famitracker!
ABOUT SAVE DATA
=========================
Starting with Flash Player 10.3, Flash save data gets DELETED if you clear cookies or browser history. If you're having trouble with saves, this list might help:
1. Don't clear your cookies or history
2. Make sure the Flash Storage Settings say "Unlimited"
3. Make sure "private browsing" is OFF
4. Make sure "clear browser history on exit" is OFF
5. Make sure "block sites from setting any data" is OFF (for Chrome users)
6. Don't run a program that deletes stuff, like CCleaner or Better Privacy
FINDING 100% ITEMS
=========================
Once you defeat the final boss, you unlock the "radar"! The radar tells you how many items are left in the current area.
HIDDEN MODE
=========================
There's a hidden mode in Snailiad! Once you've unlocked it, it will be one of the choices in "NEW GAME", below EASY and NORMAL.
TROUBLESHOOTING
=========================
If you set your browser zoom below 100%, the bottom and right sides of the game will get cut off. Please make sure your zoom is at least 100%!
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A MAGNITUDE-8.7 earthquake has struck off the western coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, triggering a tsunami warning, the US Geological Survey reported.
For more updates, see news.com.au's rolling coverage
The earthquake struck at a depth of 33km, at a location about 495km southwest of Banda Aceh on the island of Sumatra.
An Indian Ocean-wide tsunami warning was put in place immediately following the quake, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said.
People on Twitter said tremors were felt in Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and India. High-rise apartments and offices on Malaysia's west coast shook for at least a minute.
Sky News reported that evacuations were under way in Sumatra.
An Indian Ocean-wide tsunami watch was put in place immediately following the quake, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center said.
According to the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre, the undersea earthquake struck at 6.38pm (AEST). The centre said there was no tsunami threat to the Australian mainland, islands or territories.
Indonesia straddles a series of fault lines that makes the vast island nation prone to volcanic and seismic activity.
A giant 9.1-magnitude quake off the country on December 26, 2004, triggered a tsunami in the Indian Ocean that killed 230,000 people, nearly three-quarters of them in Aceh.
Originally published as Tsunami warning after Indonesia quake
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704 N.E.2d 1104 (1999)
John ROWE, Appellant-Petitioner,
v.
STATE of Indiana, Appellee-Respondent.
No. 84A05-9710-PC-425.
Court of Appeals of Indiana.
January 29, 1999.
*1105 Monica Foster, Hammerle Foster Allen & Long-Sharp, Indianapolis, for Appellant-Petitioner.
Jeffrey A. Modisett, Attorney General, Rosemary Borek, Deputy Attorney General, Indianapolis, for Appellee-Respondent.
OPINION
BAILEY, Judge.
Case Summary
Appellant-Defendant John Rowe ("Rowe") appeals the denial of his petition for post-conviction relief from his convictions, after a jury trial, of Murder, a felony, and two counts of Attempted Murder, class A felonies.[1] We reverse.
*1106 Issue
The dispositive issue may be restated as whether there is a reasonable probability that the result of Rowe's trial would have been different had the State disclosed that one of its key witnesses had previously been convicted of Burglary and Theft.
Facts/Procedural History
On July 9, 1986, Rowe, age eighteen, shot his parents and his sister. Rowe v. State, 539 N.E.2d 474, 475-76 (Ind.1989). Rowe's father and sister survived, but Rowe's mother died. Id. at 476. Rowe raised the defenses of insanity and voluntary intoxication arguing that he was not responsible due to an organic brain disorder and/or drug-induced, toxic psychosis resulting from chronic drug abuse and/or the ingestion of a large quantity of stimulants just before the shooting. Id. at 479; (R. 1017, 1026, 1404-07, 1457, 1468).[2]
Rowe testified that he had used marijuana, Demerol intravenously ("IV"), "crank," cocaine, "acid," and other illegal drugs extensively since he was thirteen years-old.[3] (R. 962-67, 972, 1046). Rowe testified that he began injecting cocaine and "crank" at age fifteen. (R. 969, 972). Rowe began smoking "crack" cocaine in early 1985. (R. 970). Rowe had been disciplined in high school for using drugs. (R. 229). Rowe was discharged from the Marines for using drugs. (R. 230). Rowe had embezzled approximately $27,000.00 from his father's business in order to buy drugs. (R. 896, 925-26, 941, 958). Rowe had been committed to a psychiatric hospital in the fall of 1985. (R. 228, 231, 519, 925, 979, 1061, 1393).
Rowe testified that his lover/roommate, Stefan Hodges ("Hodges"), was also a longterm IV drug user. (R. 954, 986). Rowe testified that he and Hodges had gone on a "coke binge" and had ingested large quantities of drugs and alcohol the weekend before the shooting. (R. 954, 980, 982-1004). Rowe testified that they used alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, and crank that weekend. (R. 987, 991, 993, 995-96, 1009-10).
Rowe testified, and reported to his physicians, that he had taken a pill described as "Eve" and had injected five to ten grams of cocaine shortly before the shooting. (R. 1005, 1017-18, 1461). Rowe testified and reported that after he got to his parents' house, he began to have visual and auditory hallucinations, did not remember the shooting, and had not intended to kill any of the victims. (R. 1026, 1028, 1187, 1521). One of Rowe's experts testified that Rowe's description of his experience was "classic" for "cocaine toxic psychosis." (R. 1483).
Rowe's sister gave the following testimony about Rowe's appearance and behavior immediately before the shooting:
When I saw John, hehis eyes were as glossy as glass, his cheekbones were clenched, he had a really weird expression on his face. His eyes were just they're glaring. It didn't look like John. I mean, he justit wasyou know, he justthe way he just looked, with his eyes, you know, he justit didn't look like John.
(R. 906). Rowe's aunt testified that Rowe's mother was quite concerned about him because he had changed shortly before the shootings. (R. 881). Rowe's mother had said "the John we knew is gone." (R. 882). Rowe's father's friend testified that he was surprised to learn about the shooting because he had known the family for twelve years and Rowe was "one of the perfect kids." (R. 897).
The State rebutted Rowe's defenses by contesting his claim that he had taken a large quantity of drugs before the shooting. (R. 1155-56, 1195-96, 1201, 1327, 1347). Rowe's psychiatric experts conceded that the validity of their opinions depended upon the accuracy of Rowe's report that he had injected a large quantity of drugs before the shooting. (R. 1330, 1427, 1436, 1440, 1492-93).
*1107 Hodges gave the most testimony of all of the State's witnesses, filling 120 pages of the transcript. (R. 708-828). Hodges contradicted Rowe's testimony by denying that he had a drug habit or had ever ingested crack or crank. (R. 769). Hodges contradicted Rowe further by testifying that they had not taken any drugs together during the weekend before the shooting. (R. 712, 720-21, 773, 779, 780-81, 791). Additionally, Hodges testified that when he saw Rowe shortly after the shooting, he did not appear to be intoxicated on drugs or alcohol. (R. 742, 755, 820). Hodges also testified that Rowe had pointed a gun at him on two occasions. (R. 762). Finally, Hodges testified that he did not want to testify against his lover but had been subpoenaed by the State. (R. 767).
The State repeatedly emphasized the portion of Hodges' testimony in which he stated that Rowe did not use drugs extensively during the weekend prior to the shooting. (R. 1556, 1630, 1730-32). The State also emphasized Hodges' testimony that Rowe did not appear to be intoxicated on drugs after the shooting. (R. 1733-34). The State argued that Hodges, as Rowe's lover, had no reason to testify falsely against Rowe. (R. 1730).
Before trial, Rowe had filed two written motions for production which had specifically requested the State to disclose the arrest and criminal records of its witnesses. (R. 63, 96). The State certified that it had complied with Rowe's discovery requests. (R. 72). However, the State did not disclose that Hodges had a criminal record. (R. 72).
Rowe was convicted of Murder and two counts of Attempted Murder and was sentenced to an aggregate term of 100 years. (R. 223; PCR. 84). Rowe's convictions were affirmed on direct appeal. Rowe, 539 N.E.2d 474. In rejecting Rowe' insanity and intoxication defenses on appeal, our supreme court noted:
[Rowe's expert] acknowledged his opinion that appellant was unable to form intent was based on the veracity of appellant's own account of his copious drug abuse prior to the shootings and that his diagnosis would be incorrect if appellant's account were not accurate. Significantly, none of the witnesses testifying as to appellant's behavior during the hours and days prior to the shootings could confirm his own account of prodigious drug abuse.
Id. at 479.
The present post-conviction petition was filed in 1990. (PCR.14). During the post-conviction proceedings, Rowe learned that Hodges had been convicted of Burglary and Theft in 1982 and had been on probation at the time of the shooting and trial. (PCR.35). In fact, Hodges had been arrested in December of 1986 in connection with probation revocation proceedings pending against him. (PCR.358). Hodges testified for the State in Rowe's trial in March of 1987. (R. 345).
Discussion and Decision
Rowe contends that the State's failure to disclose Hodges' criminal record denied him a fair trial because the convictions could have been used to impeach Hodges' credibility. The State effectively concedes error, but argues that reversal is unwarranted because "Hodges was not a critical witness, and [Rowe] would have been found guilty without his testimony." (Appellee's brief at 17).
A. Standard of Review for Post-Conviction Relief
As recently stated in Miller v. State, Ind. No. 64S00-9408-PC-00742 (December 8, 1998):
A person convicted of, or sentenced for, a crime by a court of this state has a constitutional right to appeal that conviction or sentence directly to either [the supreme court] or the Court of Appeals. Ind. Const. art. VII, §§ 5 & 6. As stated above, [the defendant] exercised his right to a direct appeal and [the supreme court] affirmed his convictions. After such an appeal, Indiana law permits the person to seek `post-conviction relief' through a special, quasi-civil action in certain circumstances and under certain conditions. Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(1). See Lowery v. State, 640 N.E.2d 1031, 1036 (Ind.1994) (post-conviction remedy not substitute for appeal), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 992, 116 S.Ct. 525, 133 L.Ed.2d 432 (1995); Weatherford v. State, 619 N.E.2d 915, 916 (Ind. 1993) (post-conviction procedures do not provide `super appeal').
*1108 To the extent that a person seeking post-conviction relief (usually referred to as the `petitioner') has been denied relief by the post-conviction court, the petitioner appeals from a negative judgment. This is because at the trial on the petition for post-conviction relief, the petitioner has the burden of establishing any grounds for relief by a preponderance of the evidence. P-C.R. 1(5). Such is [defendant's] situation here. When a petitioner appeals from a negative judgment, he or she must convince the appeals court that the evidence as a whole leads unerringly and unmistakably to a decision opposite that reached by the trial court. [The appeals court] will disturb a post-conviction court's decision as being contrary to law only where the evidence is without conflict and leads to but one conclusion, and the post-conviction court has reached the opposite conclusion.
(Slip op. at 2-3) (some citations omitted).
B. Felon Witness Testimony
The credibility of a felon-witness is highly suspect. Ferguson v. State, 670 N.E.2d 371, 374 (Ind.Ct.App.1996), trans. denied. The jury's estimation of the truthfulness and reliability of a witness may well be determinative of guilt or innocence, and it is upon such subtle factors as the possible interest of the witness in testifying falsely that a defendant's life or liberty may depend. United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 676, 105 S.Ct. 3375, 87 L.Ed.2d 481 (1985); Ferguson, 670 N.E.2d at 374. The exposure of a witness' motivation in testifying is a proper and important function of the constitutionally protected right of cross-examination. Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316, 94 S.Ct. 1105, 39 L.Ed.2d 347 (1974). In Davis, the United State's Supreme Court reversed a criminal defendant's conviction where he was wrongfully denied the opportunity to cross-examine one of the State's witnesses regarding his status as a probationer. Id. at 321, 94 S.Ct. 1105. The Davis court held that "[t]he claim of bias which the defense sought to develop was admissible to afford a basis for an inference of undue pressure because of [the witness'] vulnerable status as a probationer." Id. at 318-19, 94 S.Ct. 1105.
C. Prior Convictions as Impeachment Evidence
Under Indiana's common law, a prior conviction may be used for impeachment if it involved dishonesty or false statement or constituted one of the "infamous crimes."[4]Bryant v. State, 660 N.E.2d 290, 301-02 (Ind. 1995), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 293, 136 L.Ed.2d 213; Ashton v. Anderson, 258 Ind. 51, 279 N.E.2d 210, 217 (1972). Hodges' Burglary and Theft convictions would both have been admissible as crimes which involve dishonesty and reflect upon a witness' credibility for truth and veracity. See Garner v. State, 274 Ind. 675, 413 N.E.2d 584, 585 (1980) (Burglary), denial of post-conviction relief reversed, 550 N.E.2d 1309, trans. denied; Geisleman v. State, 274 Ind. 241, 410 N.E.2d 1293, 1296 (1980) (Theft).
D. Suppression of Exculpatory Evidence
The suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to the accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution. Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963); Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 1565, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995); House v. State, 535 N.E.2d 103, 106 (Ind.1989), dismissal of habeas corpus affirmed, 142 F.3d 439. The State has an affirmative duty to disclose evidence favorable to the defense. Kyles, 514 U.S. 419, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 1565, 131 L.Ed.2d 490; Johnson v. State, 693 N.E.2d 941, 946 (Ind.1998). This duty of the State to disclose extends to evidence which can be used to impeach the State's witnesses. Bagley, 473 U.S. at 676-77, 105 S.Ct. 3375; Marshall v. State, 621 N.E.2d 308, 315 (Ind.1993); Tyson v. State, 626 N.E.2d 482, 489 (Ind.Ct.App.1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1176, 114 S.Ct. 1216, 127 L.Ed.2d 562 (1994). The failure of the prosecution to honor the requests of the defense for evidence, for which a substantial basis for *1109 claiming materiality exists, is seldom, if ever excusable. Bagley, 473 U.S. at 681, 105 S.Ct. 3375; Richard v. State, 269 Ind. 607, 382 N.E.2d 899, 903 (1978).
Suppression of material, favorable evidence will result in constitutional error if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Kyles, 514 U.S. 419, 115 S.Ct. at 1566. The touchstone of materiality is a "reasonable probability" of a different result, and the adjective is important. Id. This showing of materiality does not require the defendant to demonstrate by a preponderance that disclosure of the suppressed evidence would have resulted ultimately in the defendant's acquittal. Id.; Bagley, 473 U.S. at 682, 105 S.Ct. 3375. As stated in Kyles, 514 U.S. 419, 115 S.Ct. at 1566:
The question is not whether the defendant would more likely than not have received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a fair trial, understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence. A `reasonable probability' of a different result is accordingly shown when the Government's evidentiary suppression `undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial.'
(citations omitted; quoting Bagley, 473 U.S. at 678, 105 S.Ct. 3375); Johnson, 693 N.E.2d at 946; Turner v. State, 684 N.E.2d 564, 568 (Ind.Ct.App.1997), trans. denied.
E. Reasonable Possibility of Different Outcome
In the present case, Hodges was presented by the State as a witness who was reluctant to testify against Rowe because of their intimate relationship. Hodges' testimony was devastating to Rowe's insanity and intoxication defenses because it directly contradicted Rowe's testimony and the history relied upon by his experts regarding his habitual drug use and the injection of large quantities of drugs on the day of the shooting. However, Hodges had a significant incentive for failing to corroborate Rowe's testimony. If Hodges had corroborated Rowe's testimony regarding their use of illegal drugs, Hodges would have provided the State with all the evidence necessary to revoke his probation. See Jaynes v. State, 437 N.E.2d 137, 139-40 (Ind.Ct.App.1982) (the commission of any criminal offense is sufficient to warrant the revocation of probation). Moreover, considering that probation revocation proceedings were already pending against Hodges, Rowe should have had an opportunity to explore whether Hodges expected favorable treatment in exchange for his testimony. See Ferguson, 670 N.E.2d at 376 (conviction for Murder reversed under circumstances in which defendant was denied an adequate opportunity to explore whether the State had reached an understanding regarding leniency with one of its witnesses where her testimony would have subjected her to criminal prosecution).
The State argues that the error was harmless because Hodges' credibility was impeached in other respects. We disagree. In Poore v. State, 501 N.E.2d 1058, 1062 (Ind. 1986), the credibility of the felon-witness had been impeached with evidence of his extensive criminal record as well as the favorable plea agreement he had entered into in exchange for his testimony. Nevertheless, our supreme court held that the erroneous exclusion of a prior inconsistent statement which would have further impeached this witness' credibility required reversal where defendant's conviction rested substantially upon this witness' credibility. Id.
Similarly, in the present case, the suppression of Hodges' criminal record undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial because Rowe's intoxication and insanity defenses were completely hamstrung by Hodges' testimony. Based on the above, we conclude that Rowe has demonstrated a reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have been different had the State disclosed the evidence of Hodges' criminal record in response to Rowe's discovery request.
Conclusion
Rowe has carried his burden of demonstrating that the evidence as a whole leads unerringly and unmistakably to a decision opposite that reached by the post-conviction court. Therefore, we reverse and remand with instructions that Rowe's post-conviction petition be granted, that his convictions be *1110 reversed, and that the matter be set for a new trial.
Reversed.
NAJAM, J., and SHARPNACK, C.J., concur.
NOTES
[1] IND.CODE § 35-42-1-1 (Murder, a felony); IND.CODE § 35-41-5-1(a) (AttemptAttempted Murder is a class A felony).
[2] The transcript of the original criminal proceedings will be referred to as "R." The transcript of the post-conviction proceedings will be referred to as "PCR."
[3] At trial, a physician identified:
(1) Demerol as a prescription narcotic pain killer derived from opium;
(2) "Crank" as a form of amphetamine;
(3) "Acid" as Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ("LSD");
(4) "Crack" as the free-base form of cocaine.
(5)"Eve" as probably being Methylene Dioxe Amphetamine, a synthetic stimulant hallucinogen.
(R. 1390, 1400-01).
[4] The common law applies here because the present case arose before the Indiana Rules of Evidence were adopted. See Bryant, 660 N.E.2d at 301-02 n. 23 (evidence rules adopted January 1, 1994). However, Hodges' convictions would have been admissible under Ind. Evidence Rule 609.
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Q:
Spring JMS transport the onSendAfterWrite in JMSReceiverConnection sends TextMessage[ID:<507866.1373381341790.0>, null] in response
The JMSRecieverConnection.send() flushes the response to transport output stream and returns the responseMessage to replyQueue. But the responseMessage is TextMessage[null, null]. Here is the code I am using, can anybody help in finding what is going wrong?
Consumer Configuration
JMS transport configuration,
<bean id="connectionFactory" class="org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean">
<property name="jndiTemplate">
<ref bean="jndiTemplate" />
</property>
<property name="jndiName"
value="temp.connection" />
</bean>
<!-- Bean definition for jndi template -->
<bean id="jndiTemplate" class="org.springframework.jndi.JndiTemplate">
<property name="environment">
<props>
<prop key="java.naming.factory.initial">weblogic.jndi.WLInitialContextFactory
</prop>
</props>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="testQueue" class="org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean">
<property name="jndiTemplate">
<ref bean="jndiTemplate" />
</property>
<property name="jndiName"
value="temp.test.request" />
</bean>
<bean id="messageFactory" class="org.springframework.ws.soap.saaj.SaajSoapMessageFactory"/>
<bean id="defaultMessageListener" class="org.springframework.jms.listener.DefaultMessageListenerContainer">
<property name="connectionFactory" ref="connectionFactory"/>
<property name="destination" ref="testQueue"/>
<property name="messageListener">
<bean class="org.springframework.ws.transport.jms.WebServiceMessageListener">
<property name="messageFactory" ref="messageFactory"/>
<property name="messageReceiver" ref="messageDispatcher"/>
</bean>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="messageDispatcher" class="org.springframework.ws.soap.server.SoapMessageDispatcher">
<property name="endpointMappings">
<bean class="org.springframework.ws.server.endpoint.mapping.PayloadRootQNameEndpointMapping">
<property name="mappings">
<props>
<prop
key="{http://www.test.com/schema/mms/MSGM}ExampleRequest">exampleRequestEndpoint</prop>
</props>
</property>
<property name="interceptors">
<list>
<!-- ref bean="validatingInterceptor" /> -->
<bean class="org.springframework.ws.server.endpoint.interceptor.PayloadLoggingInterceptor" />
</list>
</property>
</bean>
</property>
</bean>
</beans>
Client code,
public static void main(String[] args) throws JMSException, Exception
{
String messageID = null;
String outString = null;
String qcfName = "temp.connection";
String qnameIn = "temp.test.request";
String qnameOut = "";
boolean verbose = false;
QueueSession session = null;
QueueConnection connection = null;
Context ctx = null;
QueueConnectionFactory qcf = null;
Queue inQueue = null;
Queue outQueue = null;
FileReader fr = new FileReader(new File("c:/myMsgm.xml"));
StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
IOUtil.copyCompletely(fr, sw);
outString = sw.toString();
System.out.println("input : "+sw.toString());
Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();
ht.put("weblogic.jndi.replicateBindings", "false");
ht.put(Context.INITIAL_CONTEXT_FACTORY, "weblogic.jndi.WLInitialContextFactory");
ht.put(Context.PROVIDER_URL, "t3://localhost:7001");
ctx = new InitialContext(ht);
qcf = (QueueConnectionFactory)ctx.lookup( qcfName );
inQueue = (Queue)ctx.lookup( qnameIn );
outQueue = (Queue)ctx.lookup( qnameOut );
connection = qcf.createQueueConnection();
connection.start();
boolean transacted = false;
session = connection.createQueueSession( transacted, Session.CLIENT_ACKNOWLEDGE);
QueueReceiver queueReceiver =null;
QueueSender queueSender = null;
time = Calendar.getInstance().getTime().toString();
for (int i = 0; i < 1; i++) {
queueSender = session.createSender(inQueue);
TextMessage outMessage = session.createTextMessage(outString);
Queue tempQueue = session.createTemporaryQueue();
outMessage.setJMSReplyTo(tempQueue);
queueSender.send(outMessage);
messageID = outMessage.getJMSMessageID();
System.out.println("Message ID : "+messageID);
// String selector = "JMSCorrelationID = '"+messageID+"'";
queueReceiver = session. createReceiver(tempQueue);
Message inMessage = queueReceiver.receive();
System.out.println("inMessage type : "+inMessage.getJMSType());
System.out.println("inMessage : "+inMessage);
if ( inMessage instanceof TextMessage ){
String replyString = ((TextMessage) inMessage).getText();
System.out.println("response message : "+ replyString);
}
}
System.out.println("start time : "+ time);
System.out.println("end time : "+ Calendar.getInstance().getTime());
sw.close();
queueReceiver.close();
queueSender.close();
session.close();
session = null;
connection.close();
connection = null;
}
Output
Message ID : ID:<507866.1373381334004.0> inMessage type : null
inMessage : TextMessage[ID:<507866.1373381341790.0>, null] response
message : null start time : Tue Jul 09 15:48:53 BST 2013 end time :
Tue Jul 09 15:49:01 BST 2013
Debugging result
The responseMessage is TextMessage[ID:<507866.1373381341790.0>, null] while sending reply to replyQueue in onSendAfterWrite of JMSReceiverConnection.
A:
This problem is fixed using Spring-ws-core 1.5.4. This was a bug in spring-ws-core 1.5.1 and fixed from 1.5.3. Thanks to the people who have taken a look to resolve it.
reference: https://jira.springsource.org/browse/SWS-367
Prabhu
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Eling, Berkshire
Eling is a village in the county of Berkshire, England.
Eling is situated within the civil parish of Hermitage. At the 2011 census the majority of the population was included in the civil parish of Hampstead Norreys. The settlement lies next to the M4 motorway, and is located approximately north-east of Newbury.
The Eling estate was owned by Gerald Palmer and is now administered by a charitable trust.
References
External links
Category:Villages in Berkshire
Category:West Berkshire District
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Background {#Sec1}
==========
The HIV epidemic in Israel, one of the 53 WHO European region countries, mostly affects specific groups, similarly to other low HIV prevalence countries \[[@CR1]--[@CR6]\]. The major risk categories in Israel are: 1) people living with HIV (PLWHIV) originating from country with Generalized HIV Epidemic (OGE); 2) Men who have sex with men (MSM); and 3) Intravenous Drug Users (IDU) \[[@CR4]--[@CR6]\]. The prevalence of these risk groups changes throughout the study period, most notably with mass immigration from countries with a generalized HIV epidemic in the 1990s and ongoing undocumented migration. MSM accounted for over 30% of all new HIV infections and 46% of new HIV cases among men notified to the Israeli Ministry of Health (MoH) between 2011 and 2015. HIV incidence rates among MSM in Israel are comparatively lower than reported in other developed countries and have recently begun to decline \[[@CR4]\]. In 2015, the incidence rate of HIV among MSM in Israel, Western Europe and the United States was 4.9, 9.9 and 24.9 cases per 100,000 men, respectively \[[@CR1], [@CR2], [@CR4]\].
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) became available under Israel's universal National health insurance in 1997, in the form of nucleoside-analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors and the introduction of the triple drug combinations utilizing protease inhibitors. These drugs often caused several side-effects, which in times deterred patients\" compliance and therefore did not inhibit progress to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as much as expected \[[@CR7]\]. As of 2008, HAART (Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy), including integrase inhibitors with significantly less side effects, were introduced. Available ART currently includes nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, CCR5 receptor inhibitors and maturation inhibitors, and is fully subsidized by the National Israeli health insurance to all HIV-infected persons who are clinically followed in the HIV treatment centers. The aim of this study is to describe HIV epidemiological trends and clinical characteristics of MSM living with HIV in Israel since the first report in 1981.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
This retrospective study includes all individuals reported to the Israeli MoH with HIV and self-identified as MSM between 1981 and 2015. MSM also reported as being IDU were separately analyzed. HIV and clinical information, including development of the AIDS defining diseases and mortality are notified to the National HIV/AIDS Registry (NHAR) operated by the Department of Tuberculosis and AIDS (DTA) at the MoH. The reports are sent by different health departments and HIV treatment centers following patient interviews that include personal identifiers, behavioral characteristics and additional clinical information.
HIV tests in Israel are free of charge at primary health care clinics, HIV treatment centers, and sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics to both citizens who present with a National Israeli identity document and to non-citizens who present with a passport whether tourists, students, workers, or migrants. Data were analyzed separately for citizens and non-citizens due to different demographic determinants. Most tests in Israel are performed confidentially, where only medical personnel involved has access to the identity of the patient, Anonymous tests are also available, where nobody knows the identity of the patient, who is given a random number. Peripheral laboratories send their positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results to the National HIV Reference Laboratory (NHRL) which performs a confirmatory Western blot assay, genetic profiling, and the majority of drug resistance analyses, reporting its findings to the MoH.
AIDS defining diseases were characterized according to the 1993 European AIDS surveillance case definition and the updated versions \[[@CR8]\]. AIDS-related deaths were identified by cross-referencing deaths of persons from the NHAR to their medical files and death certificates. Rate calculations were performed using the population size for all Israeli men aged 15--64 at any notifying year published by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics \[[@CR9]\]. Interquartile ranges for each year of notification were generated for age at HIV and AIDS notification. Survival analyses for years between HIV diagnosis to AIDS diagnosis, and between HIV diagnosis and death were performed using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method and the Mantel-Cox log-rank test presented by 95% confidence intervals. KM estimates were generated for three different HIV periods: 1981--1996, 1997--2007, and 2008--2015, used as proxies for different treatment regimen available in Israel during each period. The first period (pre-antiretroviral therapy -- pre-ART) encompasses when HIV was diagnosed but lacked treatment options \[[@CR10]\]. The second period (early-ART) includes the availability of first generation ART in Israel, specifically nucleoside-analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors and the introduction of the triple drug combinations utilizing protease inhibitors \[[@CR11], [@CR12]\]. The third period (late-ART) began in 2008, when integrase inhibitors became available with fewer adverse drug reactions than previous treatment regimens \[[@CR13]\]. AIDS-defining diseases were analyzed by period of AIDS diagnosis and total disease diagnosis and percentages were calculated.
Power analysis was not required as it includes the entire population rather than a sample. When calculating the cumulative survival probability between HIV notification and AIDS diagnosis, survival was calculated as years elapsing from date of HIV diagnosis until the date of an AIDS diagnosis. Censored cases included all cases that either died or left Israel since being diagnosed, or were never diagnosed with AIDS. In cumulative survival probability between HIV notification and all-cause mortality, survival was calculated as the time elapsed from date of HIV diagnosis until the date of death. All cases that died of all causes were included and those who had left the country or lived by the end of 2015 were censored. A second set of survival analysis was conducted among HIV-infected patients until AIDS-related death, where censored cases included those who had died from all other causes, had left Israel or lived beyond the end of 2015. In survival analysis among AIDS patients to death, censored cases included those who left Israel or lived beyond the end of 2015.
Survival was further analyzed using Cox's proportional hazard analysis to examine covariates associated with survival among age at HIV diagnosis and the period of HIV diagnosis. First, each aforementioned period-group was analyzed separately and then age was entered in a stepwise conditional proportional-hazard regression model. The latest period (2008--2015) was used as the reference group during analysis and was iterated 20 times.
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (V.20.0) (Statistical Package for Windows, SPSS Inc., Chicago IL, USA).
This data analysis included information retrieved for surveillance purposes (mandatory by Israeli law) and therefore the need for Helsinki ethical review board approval was not required. The corresponding author is the Director of the DTA, and the material could be obtained from him if the request is in accordance to the Israeli MoH requirements.
Results {#Sec3}
=======
Of all 8850 people living with HIV (PLWHIV) cases ever reported to the NHAR between 1981 and 2015, 2151 (24.3%) were self-identified as MSM (of those, 2052 \[95.4%\] were Israeli citizens and 99 \[4.6%\] were non-Israeli citizens). MSM represented 41.5% of all male cases among Israeli citizens. AIDS was diagnosed in 296 PLWHIV Israeli MSM, of whom 154 (52%) were "surprise" cases -- in other words, notified with AIDS diagnosis before they were aware they had HIV-infection. Eighteen AIDS were diagnosed among non-Israeli patients, of whom 14 were surprise cases. By the end of 2015, of the 2052 MSM Israeli citizens infected with HIV, 1747 (85.1%) were living in Israel, 44 (2.1%) have left the country, and 261 (12.7%) died\--of those, 137 (52.5%) were AIDS-related deaths.
As shown in Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}, the overall rates of HIV increased during the study period, up to a peak of 6.2 per 100,000 men in 2011. Since then, a gradual but fluctuating decline was shown from 6.2 to 4.9 cases per 100,000 men by the end of 2011 and 2015, respectively.Fig. 1Newly-Diagnosed HIV Cases among MSM\* Israeli citizens, and their proportion out of all male HIV cases, Israel, 1981--2015. \*MSM -- Men Having Sex with Men
The trend profile in rates of new HIV diagnoses found among the MSM population are similar to those found in Western European populations from 2006 until 2015 \[[@CR1]\]: after increasing rates, a plateau was observed during 2007 until approximately 2012, followed by a recent decrease (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 2Newly-diagnosed HIV cases among MSM\* per 100,000 men, 2006--2015. \*MSM -- Men having Sex with Men
The mean age at notification for the entire study period among Israelis was 34.9 ± 9.96 years (median 33, range 16--84). Among all age groups, 25--29 and 30--34 year-olds experienced the highest risk of infection. Only 4 cases that were not vertically infected were ever reported to be under the age of 18. From 1981 to 1996, the mean age at HIV diagnosis was 33.5 ± 8.5 (*N* = 333). The mean age at AIDS diagnosis was 37.7 ± 8.4 (*N* = 186). From 1997 to 2007, the mean age at HIV diagnosis was 33.7 ± 9.6 (*N* = 571) and the mean age at AIDS diagnosis was 41.9 ± 10.3 (*N* = 69). From 2008 to 2015 the mean age at HIV diagnosis was 35.9 ± 10.4 (*N* = 1118) and at AIDS diagnosis was 38.2 ± 12.0 (*N* = 41). While the absolute caseload has increased, the proportion of notifications from each age group has remained steady. Interquartile range (IQR) models illustrated a steady median age at notification from 1981 to 2015; for the aforementioned periods the median ages at diagnosis were 32 (IQR = 12), 32 (IQR = 12) and 34 (IQR = 14), respectively (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Similar patterns were also observed for age at AIDS notification (not shown).Fig. 3IQR at notification age, by year of (**a**) HIV diagnosis and (**b**) AIDS diagnosis, Israel 1981--2015
AIDS defining diseases by period of treatment availability {#Sec4}
----------------------------------------------------------
The complete description of AIDS-defining diseases by period of available treatment is presented in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}. Due to the occurrences of multiple diagnoses per case, percentages can exceed 100%.Table 1AIDS-defining diseases among Israeli Men having sex with Men according to HIV treatment regimen period, Israel, 1981--2015HIV treatment regimen period1981--19961997--20072008--20151981--2015Number of AIDS cases*N* = 186*N* = 69*N* = 41*N* = 296DiseasesDiagnosis%^a^Diagnosis%^a^Diagnosis%^a^Diagnosis%^a^*Pneumocystis carinii* pneumonia8143.51927.51843.911839.9Kaposi's sarcoma4423.71014.5512.25919.9Wasting syndrome due to HIV3217.21623.212.44916.6Candidiasis, esophageal2211.868.724.93010.1Toxoplasmosis of brain in a patient over one month of age2211.845.812.4279.1Cytomegalovirus retinitis2111.300.000.0217.1Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary158.111.437.3196.4Opportunistic Infections, not specified94.868.749.8196.4*Mycobacterium avium* complex or M. *kansasii*, disseminated or extrapulmonary147.511.412.4165.4Pneumonia, recurrent in an adult or an adolescent (aged 13 years or over)115.922.924.9155.1Cytomegalovirus disease (other than liver, spleen or nodes) in a patient over one month of age94.834.324.9144.7Lymphoma, not specified94.834.312.4134.4Cryptosporidiosis, intestinal with diarrhea (\> 1 month duration)94.822.900.0113.7Lymphoma, immunoblastic52.757.200.0103.4Lymphoma, Burkitt's21.134.349.893.0Herpes simplex: chronic ulcer(s) (\> 1 month duration) or bronchitis, pneumitis or esophagitis in a patient over 1 month of age84.300.000.082.7Lymphoma, primary, of the brain63.200.012.472.4Encephalopathy, HIV-related52.711.412.472.4Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy42.222.900.062.0*Mycobacterium tuberculosis*, pulmonary in an adult or adolescent (aged 13 or over)00.045.824.962.0*Mycobacterium tuberculosis*, pulmonary in an adult or adolescent10.522.912.441.4*Mycobacterium*, other species or unidentified species, disseminated or extrapulmonary21.100.000.020.7Salmonella (non-typhoid) septicaemia, recurrent00.022.900.020.7Candidas of the bronchi, trachea or lungs10.500.000.010.3Histoplasmosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary10.500.000.010.3Total number of diagnoses333179.092133.349119.5474160.1(^a^) The percentage can exceed 100% due to the fact that there are sometimes multiple AIDS defining diseases per case
From 1981 to 1996, 333 diagnoses of AIDS-defining diseases were made among 186 AIDS patients (51.2% of all HIV/AIDS MSM diagnosed during this period). From 1997 to 2007, of 69 patients diagnosed with AIDS (12.1% of all HIV/AIDS MSM diagnosed during this period) 92 AIDS-defining disease diagnoses were made. Between 2008 and 2015, of 41 AIDS patients (3.7% of all HIV/AIDS MSM diagnosed during this period), 49 AIDS-defining diseases were diagnosed. During the three respective periods, *Pneumocystis carinii* pneumonia (PCP) (39.9%), Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) (19.9%), and wasting syndrome (WS) (16.5%) were consistently the three most common diseases among Israeli MSM who had developed AIDS.
In terms of overall prevalence, PCP dropped from 435.5 to 275.4 between 1997 and 2007 but rose up to 439 per 1000 MSM AIDS cases during the subsequent period. The prevalence of KS among MSM diagnosed with AIDS steadily declined over the periods (from 236.6 per 1000 MSM AIDS cases during the first period, to 144.9 during the second, to 122 per 1000 MSM AIDS cases during the third). The prevalence of WS declined as well from 172 per 1000 MSM AIDS cases during the first period, subsequently rising to 231.9 during the second, then plummeting to 24.4 per 1000 MSM AIDS cases.
MSM reported as also being intravenous drug users (IDU) {#Sec5}
-------------------------------------------------------
Among the 38 MSM IDU reported as HIV positive to the NHAR between 1981 and 2015, 16 developed AIDS. At the end of 2015, 21 were living in Israel, 16 had died, and 1 had left the country. Only one MSM IDU case was not of Israeli citizenship. During the three studied periods, 24, 6 and 9 AIDS diagnoses were made, respectively, among MSM IDU. Altogether (in term of diagnosis), during the first period, 17 AIDS-defining diseases (81%) were diagnosed. in the second 2 AIDS-defining diseases (9.5%) were diagnosed, and in the third period 2 (9.5%) were diagnosed. The three most common AIDS-defining diseases in all three periods were PCP (4 diagnoses), toxoplasmosis of the brain (4 diagnoses), and wasting syndrome (4 diagnoses).
Time from HIV notification to AIDS diagnosis {#Sec6}
--------------------------------------------
During the three time periods previously mentioned, the total numbers of newly reported HIV cases and of AIDS diagnosis were as follows: 363, 571 and 1118 for HIV alone, and 186, 69 and 41 for AIDS (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}), respectively. The average time between HIV notification and AIDS diagnosis in 1981--1996, 1997--2007, and 2008--2015 were 15.5 (95% CI 14.0--16.9), 16.0 (95% CI, 15.5--16.4), and 6.7 (95% CI, 6.7--6.8) years, respectively. Improvements in reduced AIDS diagnoses among patients from the second and especially the last period compared to the first period is evident (log-rank tests *p* \< 0.0001, Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}a). In the Cox regression analysis, the risk of an AIDS diagnosis was greater for both periods 1981--1996 (HR: 14.1; 95% CI: 10.0--19.9; *p* \< 0.001) and 1997--2007 (HR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.7--3.7; *p* \< 0.001) compared to the last period 2008--2015. When controlling for age, the risk of an AIDS diagnosis was HR: 1.03 (95% CI: 1.0,-1.0; *p* \< 0.001).Fig. 4Cumulative survival probabilities of (**a**) AIDS diagnosis (**b**) all-cause mortality(**c**) and AIDS-related mortality, among Israeli MSM\* patients diagnosed with HIV, according to treatment periods
Time from HIV notification to death of all causes {#Sec7}
-------------------------------------------------
During the three intervals studied, 190 (1981--1996), 56 (1997--2007), and 17 (2008--2015) HIV-infected MSM died representing 52.3, 9.8, and 1.5% of HIV-infected MSM, respectively. The overall average time between HIV diagnosis and death among those who died was 25.9 (95% CI, 25.1--26.6) years. The average estimated time from HIV/AIDS notification to death in 1981--1996, 1997--2007, and 2008--2015 was 17.5 (95% CI, 16.0--18.9), 16.6 (95% CI, 16.2--17.0) and 6.9 (95% CI, 6.8--6.9) years, respectively. A sharp decrease in mortality between the latter two groups and the earliest period is apparent, log-rank *p* \< 0.0001 (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}b). However, that discrepancy could be explained by the fact that time elapsed between the last study period and the present day is far below the average for the other two periods. The risk of all-cause mortality among MSM diagnosed with HIV was greater for both periods 1981--1996 (HR: 21.4; 95% CI: 12.9--35.4; *p* \< 0.001) and 1997--2007 (HR: 3.1; 95% CI: 1.8--5.4; *p* \< 0.001) compared to the last period 2008--2015. When controlling for age, the risk of death was HR: 1.0 (95% CI: 1.0--1.0; *p* \< 0.001).
Time from HIV notification to AIDS-related mortality {#Sec8}
----------------------------------------------------
During the study period, the reported number of AIDS-related deaths was 106, 23 and 8 for each period, respectively. The average estimated time from HIV/AIDS notification to AIDS-related death in 1981--1996, 1997--2007, and 2008--2015 was 22.7 (95% CI, 21.3--24.2), 17.4 (95% CI, 17.1--17.6) and 7.9 (95% CI, 7.9--8.0) years, respectively. The overall average of time between HIV diagnosis and AIDS-related death was 28.9 (28.3--29.4) years. Death among the latter two groups was similar, while the earliest period demonstrated higher rates, log-rank test *p* \< 0.0001 (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}c).
Time from AIDS diagnosis to all-cause mortality {#Sec9}
-----------------------------------------------
The total number of deaths among MSM diagnosed with AIDS during the three periods was 161, 29 and 12 deaths among 186, 69 and 41 AIDS patients, respectively. The mean time from AIDS diagnosis until death in years was 5.1 (95% CI, 3.8--6.3), 10.3 (95% CI, 8.5--12.2) and 5.0 (95% CI, 4.0--5.9), log-rank test *p* \< 0.0001.
Discussion {#Sec10}
==========
MSM remains the second most common route of HIV transmission in Israel, and the most common among men and Israeli-born. We can observe that similarly to the Israeli population in which the proportion of Israeli born has increased from 35% in 1948 to 50% in 2000 to 75% in 2016, the proportion of Israeli born MSM living with HIV increased with time \[[@CR14]\]. Diagnosis rate among MSM has steadily increased between 1981 and 2011, hit a peak, and has since been on the decline. This decline could be primarily be attributed to the expanded availability of ART that has become easier to take and safer, in addition to a reduction in risky sexual behaviours for a certain proportion of the MSM community, due to increased education and reduced stigma in recent years.
Despite expanded ART therapy and the recent declines, the MSM population continues to experience a disproportionate HIV burden, accounting for over a quarter of all HIV cases in Israel while only estimated to constitute some 3% of the male population \[[@CR15]\]. Individual-level risks for HIV acquisition include unprotected anal intercourse, high number of male sex partners and concurrency, and recreational drug use before or during sex \[[@CR16], [@CR17]\]. A phylogenetic analysis of subtype B virus, more common among MSM, was performed in Israel and found an increasing number of clusters \[[@CR18]\] were co-infected with syphilis \[[@CR19]\]. This suggests the existence of unprotected anal sex and sexual networks characterized by high-risk behavior. Community-level risks include higher numbers of sexual partners facilitated by use of social networking websites and apps, and acceptability of partner fluidity \[[@CR20]\].
While MSM in Israel are disproportionately affected by HIV, the burden is lower than in other developed countries\--the average Israeli HIV infection rate is half of the average Western Europe rate: 4.9 per 100,000 men compared to 9.9 per 100,000 men, respectively \[[@CR1]\]. The difference between Israeli and European rates may be due to a combination of cultural determinants. Israel has characteristically high rates of male circumcision (MC), where nearly all males are circumcised according to Jewish or Islamic tradition \[[@CR15]\]. This may be a potential factor in the observed lower rates where MC has been proven to significantly decrease HIV incidence among heterosexual males \[[@CR21]\] although conclusive evidence pointing to a similar effect among MSM is lacking \[[@CR3], [@CR22]\]. However, an ecological study found HIV incidence in Israel among heterosexuals to be lower than other similar developed countries in all aspects except MC \[[@CR23]\]. Further research is required to determine the protective effect of MC among Israeli MSM.
The significant improvement in survival outcomes between the three periods are influenced by the protective impact of ART in people living with HIV/AIDS, both in delaying the development of AIDS and the risk of death, as reported in international reports \[[@CR24], [@CR25]\]. However, for the last period, it should be highlighted that the period is truncated when compared to the other periods. Additionally, the middle period could be considered as a truncated period to a lesser degree. In addition, during the last period, advances in ART regimens, including a better safety profile and fewer daily dose regimens has increased drug adherence in comparison to earlier periods \[[@CR26], [@CR27]\]. Preventative measures including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) were not yet available during the study period, but are offered as of September 2017.
Interestingly, while the incidence of HIV has increased, the proportion of notifications from each age group remained steady. Although information on the precise time of infection may not be determined, the stable median age supports the validity of the results, showing no significant changes over time, even as testing has become more accessible along with the study periods. The pattern observed in our cohort is akin to the pattern observed in median ages in Norway \[[@CR28]\]. The few HIV cases under the age of 18 are an important characteristic of the Israeli MSM HIV/AIDS population. While it is common for younger MSM to undergo routine HIV testing less frequently than their older counterparts \[[@CR29]\], the rate of young MSM under the age of 18 notifying infection is much smaller than rates observed in other countries, such as the United States \[[@CR30]\].
The three most common AIDS-defining diseases found among the Israeli MSM cohort are similar to findings from Western Europe, Canada, and the US, where the three common defining diseases in 2015 were *Pneumocystis carinii* Pneumonia, oesophageal candidiasis and Kaposi's sarcoma \[[@CR1], [@CR31]\].
This study is subject to several limitations. First, the lack of CD4 count/Viral Load (VL) and ART treatment records at the NHAR limited our ability to conduct more detailed analyses. Second, MSM classification was based self-reporting, which may prove unreliable due to the stigma or taboo of homosexuality among some of the more conservative and religious social strata \[[@CR15]\]. Sexual behavior is a sensitive matter and is subject to reporting bias, which may have resulted in a misclassification of MSM as heterosexuals, and a consequent underestimation of PLWHIV that are part of the MSM risk group. If occurred, this underestimation is non-differential. An additional limitation resides in the unequal years captured in each period. While the periods reflect treatment regimens available in Israel in each period, the differences in the number of cases may slightly contribute to a biased comparison. Last, AIDS-related mortality was used to give a more 'accurate' picture of survival estimates among HIV-positive MSM than just all-cause mortality. However, national medical records, and specifically cause of death, are subject to potential misclassification.
Conclusion {#Sec11}
==========
This is the first Israeli national epidemiological study on the HIV epidemic among MSM living with HIV/AIDS. This study's strength relies on the updated and monitored NHAR, and the capability of cross-referencing with the Civil Registry for deaths and those who left Israel. The observed decline in HIV rates in recent years and improved survival outcomes are encouraging. The proliferation and advances in ART have significantly decreased HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and all-cause mortality, ultimately improving the quality of life of people living with HIV. However, HIV infection incidence still remains disproportionately high among the MSM population, where therapy adherence failure and loss to follow-up pose serious challenges in reducing HIV infections. The Israeli MoH already offers free access to the health care services and facilitates interventions to relieve the burden of HIV/AIDS in the MSM community in joint partnerships with local non-governmental organizations and continues to reduce the burden of HIV in Israel. Sustained efforts to abate HIV infection and AIDS development in this vulnerable community are still necessary.
AIDS
: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ART, HAART
: Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
DTA
: Department of Tuberculosis and AIDS
HIV
: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HR
: Hazard Ratio
IDU
: Intravenous Drug Users
IQR
: Interquartile range
KM
: Kaplan-Meier
KS
: Kaposi's Sarcoma
MC
: Male Circumcision
MoH
: Ministry of Health
MSM
: Men who have Sex with Men
NHAR
: National HIV/AIDS Registry
NHRL
: National HIV Reference Laboratory
OGE
: Originating from country with Generalized HIV Epidemic
PCP
: *Pneumocystis Carinii* Pneumonia
PLWHIV
: People living with HIV
PrEP
: Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
STI
: Sexually Transmitted Infection
WS
: Wasting Syndrome
**Publisher's Note**
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The authors wish to thank Ms. Zehuvit Wiexelbom for her exceptional maintenance of the National HIV/AIDS Registry and Ms. Jordan Hannink for having editing the manuscript.
DC is the Director of the Department of TB and AIDS (DTA), which manages the National HIV/AIDS Registry. He conceived and supervised the study, suggested methods for analysis and wrote an important part of the manuscript, together with organizing its review. ZM suggested methods for analysis, participated in the interpretation of the results and reviewed the manuscript. NH, the representative of the DTA for the Israeli LGBT organizations in the past decade, participated to the writing of the manuscript. NA conducted the literature review, performed all the statistical analysis, participated in the interpretation of the results and significantly contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All co-authors have read and approved the manuscript and ensure this is the case. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not purport to represent the opinions of the agencies with which they are associated.
Authors' information {#FPar1}
====================
Dr. Daniel Chemtob, MD, MPH, DEA, is a senior Public Health physician. He established the Department of Tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS at the Ministry of Health (in 1996) and the National TB program (in 1997) and continues to manage them. He is an Adjunct Clinical Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine, Braun School of Public Health & Community Medicine, at the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
Dr. Zohar Mor, MD, MPH, MHA, is a senior Public Health physician, who is in charge of research in the Tel Aviv Department of Health. He is also the head of the program for Public Health in Ashkelon Academic College, Israel.
Ms. Neta Harel, MSW, MHA, is the National Welfare Coordinator for Tuberculosis and HIV at the Department of Tuberculosis and AIDS, Ministry of Health, Israel.
Ms. Nechama Averick, MPH, was a Research Assistant at the Department of Tuberculosis and AIDS, Ministry of Health, Israel.
There were no sources of funding.
Data is not publically available. Material could be obtained from the corresponding author if the request is in accordance to the Israeli Ministry of Health requirements.
For this type of retrospective study, using data collected for surveillance purpose (mandatory by Israeli law), formal consent Institutional Review Board (IRB/Helsinki Ethical Committee) approval is deemed unnecessary according to national regulations (Ministry of Health Department of Clinical Trials, Policy 14/2016, subsection 2.13).
Not Applicable.
DC is an Associate Editor of BMC Public Health. DC had no role in the editorial process of the manuscript.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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[Postoperative adjuvant therapy with interferon alfa-2B following laser surgery of condylomata acuminata].
Sexually transmitted diseases caused by human papilloma viruses, such as condylomata acuminata, are increasing in incidence and are often difficult to treat because of their tendency to recur. Many reports in the literature document the usefulness of interferons topically or systemically in these diseases. A randomized study was conducted to evaluate interferon Alfa-2b (Intron A) as adjuvant therapy following CO2 laser surgery of condylomata acuminata. A low-dose regimen was administered (two courses with 1 million I.U. s.c. daily for 6 days with a 2-week interval between the courses) and had hardly any side-effects. The recurrence rate in the therapy group was significantly reduced (42% vs 81%), so routine prophylaxis of recurrence with interferons in condylomata acuminata should be discussed.
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77 A.2d 178 (1950)
MORFESSIS
v.
MARVINS CREDIT, Inc.
No. 982.
Municipal Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
Argued October 30, 1950.
Supplemental Record Filed November 27, 1950.
Decided December 12, 1950.
Ewing Laporte, Washington, D. C., for appellant.
Abraham Chaifetz, Washington, D. C., for appellee.
*179 Before CAYTON, Chief Judge, and HOOD and CLAGETT, Associate Judges.
HOOD, Associate Judge.
This appeal raises the question, among others, of the validity of service of process upon appellant. The marshal's return showed service by leaving copies of summons and complaint "at his (appellant's) usual place of abode with Katina Tsoulis a person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein at 809 3rd St., S. E."[1]
Appellant moved to quash service on the ground that he did not and never had lived at said address, that Katina Tsoulias did not reside there, and that said address was a place of business and the abode of no one.
At hearing on the motion a deputy marshal testified he left copies of summons and complaint with Katina Tsoulias at appellant's place of business, that she said appellant very seldom came in and she would accept the papers for him, and that she gave the marshal the following written statement:
"Miss Katina Tsoulias
"I received summons A29-200 for Telemachas Morfessis, 809 3rd St. S. E. Wash. D. C. on April 26th 1950. I shall take full responsibility."
Miss Tsoulias testified that she had been employed by appellant for two or three years and that appellant had instructed her to receive and accept "all business papers," that she received the summons and complaint from the marshal and gave him the writing above quoted, that she had never before received similar papers, and that appellant did not "bawl her out" for receiving them.
Appellant testified that he received the papers from Miss Tsoulias who was his secretary and sole office employee, that he had instructed her to accept "all of his business papers and mail," and that he had never instructed her not to accept service of legal papers.
On this testimony the trial court permitted the marshal to amend his return by adding after the name of Miss Tsoulias the words "who stated she was authorized to accept service." Thereupon the court denied the motion to quash, ruling that the evidence established an agency to accept service. Thereafter appellant filed an answer, trial was had and judgment went against appellant.
Appellee insists that appellant waived any defect in service of process by answering and defending on the merits after his motion to quash was overruled. This contention is without merit. It has long been the rule that a properly presented objection to the validity of service of process is not waived by defending on the merits after overruling of the objection.[2] Furthermore, the rules of the trial court provide that no defense or objection is waived by being joined with one or more defenses or objections in a responsive pleading or motion.[3]
The trial court apparently sustained the service of process under that portion of its rule 4(c) (1) which permits service on an individual by delivering copy of the summons and complaint "to an agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process." As no claim is made that appellant's secretary was authorized by law to receive service, the question is whether she was authorized by appointment. The quoted portion of the rule is taken verbatim from F.R.C.P. 4(d) (1). There is a scarcity of cases construing that portion of the rule, but Moore's Federal Practice (2d Ed.), Vol. 2, § 4:12, says: "The phrase `an agent authorized by appointment to receive service of process' *180 is intended to cover the situation where an individual actually appoints an agent for that purpose." Barron and Holtzoff's recent work on Federal Practice and Procedure, Vol. 1, § 177, points out that the agent of an individual for other purposes is not necessarily authorized to receive service.
In this case there is no evidence of any actual appointment by appellant of Miss Tsoulias as agent to receive service. Her statement, if she made such a statement, that she was authorized to receive service was nothing more than her conclusion and was not binding on appellant. The fact that she was appellant's secretary and only office employee in no way tended to establish her agency to receive service of process; and her authority to receive "business papers and mail" cannot be construed to include authority to receive service of process.[4] The fact that appellant never instructed his secretary not to accept service of legal papers is of no consequence. It does not follow that such an employee has authority to do something simply because she was not forbidden to do it. And the fact that appellant took the papers from his secretary and did not reprimand her for having received them is likewise without significance. We see no evidence in the record justifying a finding that appellant's secretary was his agent authorized by appointment to receive service of process. If it were otherwise, then almost anyone who employs a secretary whose duties include receiving mail and business communications would find himself having unknowingly and unintentionally appointed an agent with authority to receive service of process. Such a result in our opinion was not intended by the rule.
In view of our holding that the court was without jurisdiction over appellant, it is unnecessary to consider the assigned errors relating to the trial.
Since argument appellee has filed a motion to dismiss the appeal on the ground that the judgment has been satisfied by execution. An involuntary satisfaction of judgment does not render the appeal moot.[5]
Judgment reversed with instructions to grant the motion to quash service of process on appellant.
NOTES
[1] See Municipal Court Rule 4(c) (1) based on F.R.C.P. 4(d) (1), 28 U.S.C.A.
[2] Harkness v. Hyde, 98 U.S. 476, 25 L. Ed. 237; See also Ellerbe v. Goldberg, D.C.Mun.App., 60 A.2d 232.
[3] Municipal Court Rule 12(b), based on F.R.C.P. 12(b). See Vilter Mfg. Co. v. Rolaff, 8 Cir., 110 F.2d 491; Orange Theatre Corp. v. Rayherstz Amusement Corp., 3 Cir., 139 F.2d 871, certiorari denied Orange Theatre Corp. v. Brandt, 322 U.S. 740, 64 S.Ct. 1057, 88 L.Ed. 1573.
[4] Cf. Fleming v. Malouf, D.C.W.D., N.Y., 7 F.R.D. 56.
[5] Lalekos v. Manset, D.C.Mun.App., 47 A. 2d 617; King v. McKnight, D.C.Mun. App., 61 A.2d 714.
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Would there be a way to set it up so it boots with POWER button to retail and when booting with Tray out to modded state. I say this because that would be the COOLEST thing ... everyone could play the xbox as RETAIL and forget about it... then When booting with TRAY OUT ... LCD changes to ORANGE and up pops XBMC!... push tray in and it stays modded.
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The present invention relates to automated clinical analyzers having the ability to provide multiple assay versatility and flexibility, and more particularly, to a method for controlling the operation of the plurality of interrelated automated analytical and sample preparation devices and for obtaining information about the status of a given sample or device.
Clinical diagnostic analyzers are being developed with increasing levels of complexity and sophistication in order to fully automated the performance of chemical assays and immunoassays of biological fluids such as urine, blood serum, plasma, cerebrospinal liquids and the like. Generally, reactions between an analyte in a patient sample and reagents used during the assay result in generating some sort of signal that can be measured by the analyzer. From this signal the concentration of a analyte in the patient sample may be calculated.
In addition to automation, there is increased emphasis on the capability of an analyzer to provide multiple assay versatility and flexibility and at the same time reducing demand on the skills of the operating technician to perform complex programming and scheduling of assays or other analyzer functions. At the same time, modern clinical analyzers must be more cost and performance effective in terms of operating costs, turnaround time of test results, maintenance, operator training, etc. Thus, during the operation of such an analyzer, it is often critical for a technician to be able to easily and quickly obtain particular information about the assay status of a given sample among a large number of sample also being assayed, the quality performance of an analyzer, and generally be able to access a vast amount of information helpful in providing clinical diagnosis to a patient.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,058,764 discloses an analytical apparatus which can produce an analytical value on the basis of data entered during manual sample preparation which can be easily traced and used editing of the analytical result of the analyzer. The analytical apparatus has an input device for inputting sample preparation procedures through a display screen, and various computations based on weighed quantities, and constant dilution volume are automatically entered during the manual preparation as to eliminate human error.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,530 describes a high throughput automated immunoassay system which can perform high volume testing on a broad range of analytes while selecting from among a diverse set of immunoassays for any given sample. The immunoanalyzer has the capacity to perform a wide range of different types of immunoassays by facile storage and automated combination aboard the or analyzer among a wide variety of different types of reagents and heterogenous immunoassay beads stored on-board the analyzer. The automated design allows reduced user interface (e.g., tests are performed automatically from computer input) including the ability to order, perform and reassay tests reflexively based on test results without operator intervention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,861 is typical of modern analyzers and discloses a typical modern automated analyzer providing continuous and random access analysis, having apparatus and methodology capable of simultaneously performing multiple assays of liquid samples using different assay methodologies. A method is also disclosed of operating an automated continuous and random access analytical system capable of simultaneously effecting multiple assays of a plurality of liquid samples wherein scheduling of various assays of the plurality of liquid samples is followed by creating a unit do disposable and separately transferring a first liquid sample and reagents to a reaction vessel without initiation of an assay reaction sequence, followed by physical transfer of the unit dose disposable to a processing device, whereby a mixture of the unit dose disposable reagents and sample are achieved during incubation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,838 discloses a multi-tasking clinical laboratory work-flow system for test sample an reagent transfer to semi-automate various laboratory assays. The system includes a controller having a menu of protocols which provide format instructions to a robotic sample transfer device. The sample transfer device includes a work-flow surface having defined coordinates for mounting one or more test racks and one or more reaction mediums, and means for interacting a test sample with one or more reagent(s) or gel in a reaction medium.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,726 discloses an automated immunoassay analyzer includes a computer controlled instrument and display. The display provides a real-time presentation of all operations being performed within the instrument. A large number of samples can be loaded into the instrument, and the order of testing the samples can be rearranged according to a priority determined by the operator at any time. A variety of immunoassays can be performed on each sample and different immunoassays can be performed on any one sample. Information related to the type of immunoassays being performed on particular samples is collected by a bar code reader and this information is conveyed to the computer for presentation on the display. The computer tracks the progress of each immunoassay through the reaction circuit to the detection device. The time to completion for particular immunoassays as well as the concentration information for recently completed immunoassays is provided.
Such prior art analyzer interface modules are increasingly unsatisfactory as the degree of analyzer complex and automation increases. For example, many known systems for controlling an analyzer depend simply inputting the assays desired to be completed and do not allow for handling of special informational messages about the samples being analyzer or maintenance of the analyzer. In addition, it is becoming necessary to couple one or more analyzers to one or more sample preparation devices adapted to automatically perform special sample preparation operations like sample identification, aliquotting, dilution, centrifugation, etc, before a sample is presented to an analyzer for analysis. In such instances, the need for controlling the operation of the plurality of interrelated automated devices and for obtaining information about the status of a given sample or automated device exceeds the abilities of known clinical system control and information display modules Accordingly, as the state of the art advances and more demands are made on the analyzer""s control and display systems there is a continuing need for a simple and rapid method to easily provide control and information display modules that are capable of rapidly determining information defining the overall status of the analytical system without an undue amount of operator training or effort obtain the needed information. It is particularly desirable to operate such an improved module without recourse to hand-held mouse-like input devices that consume valuable space in a clinical analytical system.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a computer interface module that allows for a user to easily and quickly access a variety of control screens and status information display screens that full describe a plurality of interrelated automated devices used for sample preparation and clinical analysis of a patient""s biological sample. This and other advantages are accomplished in accordance with the invention by providing a computer interface module having a first information display screen that is directly linked to a plurality of additional information display screens containing on-line information out the operational status of plurality of interrelated automated devices as well as information describing the location of any specific sample and the status of clinical tests to be performed on the sample. The computer interface display module is thus adapted to facilitate interactions between an operator and an automated clinical analytical system wherein the module comprises a visual touch screen adapted to display a menu including icons, scroll bars, boxes and buttons through which the operator may interface with the clinical analytical system and wherein the menu comprises a number of function buttons programmed to display functional aspects of the clinical analytical system. The computer interface further comprises a number of function specific buttons programmed to display detailed functional aspects for each function button so that additional information about the status and performance of the clinical analytical system may be displayed by activating no more than two of said function buttons and function specific buttons. The unique design of the computer interface module and its interface with a clinical laboratory""s patient and operating database allows an operator to access nearly all important information screens using such a flat menu where only two screens are activated whereby the need for a simple and rapid method to easily display information defining the overall status of the analytical system is achieved.
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The long standoff detection or sensing of chemical analytes is important in many applications. In the policing of borders and reduction or elimination of illegal drug trafficking, the detection of chemical constituents from a large distance associated with illegal drugs can help identify smuggling routes and perpetrators. The detection of these chemicals could drastically improve the border patrol's effectiveness. In biochemical warfare, the detection or sensing of hazardous bioagents from afar is also of high importance in order to provide early warning and identify proper countermeasures. In today's war zones, the detection or sensing of vapor-phase explosives with high-sensitivity is of utmost importance, particularly, because in many war zones, the use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) have resulted in a large number of deaths, e.g., more than 50% of all coalition deaths in Iraq and Afghanistan. These deaths could be significantly reduced if it was possible to accurately detect the presence of these IEDs from a distance without jeopardizing the lives of human investigators.
Most commercially-available chemical sensing devices or systems have several drawbacks. First, these devices and systems generally require skilled human operators, making it difficult to deploy these devices or systems remotely and/or autonomously. Second, these systems and devices generally only provide chemical detection capability over a limited geographical area and are not amenable to wide area scanning. Third, these chemical detection devices are generally too large and/or heavy to be used for covert operations.
Vapor-phase explosives detection technology has emerged as one of the most sensitive tools in the military's explosives detecting arsenal. In these so-called “sniffing” explosives detection devices, e.g., the FIDO™ XT portable explosives detector (available from ICx Technologies, Mass.), the detection of the chemicals/explosives is based on the attachment of specific, known chemicals/explosives to fluorescent polymers. The fluorescence of these polymers is dependent on the binding of specific chemical analytes to the polymers. For example, an explosive may cause a reduction in fluorescence of the polymers. The polymer is excited by light from a light emitting diode (LED) or laser. These fluorescent polymers have the property that their photoluminescence becomes quenched as vapor-phase chemicals bind to the surface of the fluorescent polymer. The reduced fluorescence of the polymer film is detected by a photodetector to generate an electrical current signal.
Despite their demonstrable success, portable explosives detection devices such as the Fido™ XT also have several drawbacks. First, in devices such as the FIDO™ XT, there are significant optical losses in the transmission of photons from the fluorescent polymer to the photodetector, yielding inefficient chemical to electrical signal transduction. These detection devices are difficult to miniaturize because efficient isolation of optical signals with similar wavelengths is difficult if one wishes to have a small micrometer-scale device. In particular, the micro-fabrication of closely packed fluorescent polymer layers with similar fluorescence spectra can be problematic due to the difficulty in isolating the optical signal from each element. Of particular relevance, commercially-available chemical detectors cannot be deployed remotely as they do not have any remote interrogation capabilities, and due to their size, typically are deployed in the field with a skilled user, thereby putting lives at risk. In particular, commercially-available chemical detection systems and devices are not capable of being interrogated from large distances, e.g., a few km, making them unusable for covert detection applications, and greatly limiting the area over and speed with which chemical analytes can be found.
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ABSTRACT Sterilization like any other surgical procedure must be carried out under the general ethical principles of respect for autonomy beneficence and justice Women requesting sterilization should be encouraged to discuss their decision and associated issues with their husbands or other appropr...
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Pterostilbene-O-acetamidoalkylbenzylamines derivatives as novel dual inhibitors of cholinesterase with anti-β-amyloid aggregation and antioxidant properties for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
A series of pterostilbene-O-acetamidoalkylbenzylamines were designed, synthesized and evaluated as dual inhibitors of AChE and BuChE. To further explore the multifunctional properties of the new derivatives, their antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects on self-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation and HuAChE-induced Aβ1-40 aggregation were also tested. The results showed that most of these compounds could effectively inhibit AChE and BuChE. Particularly, compound 21d exhibited the best AChE inhibitory activity (IC50=0.06 μM) and good inhibition of BuChE (IC50=28.04 μM). Both the inhibition kinetic analysis and molecular modeling study revealed that these compounds showed mixed-type inhibition, binding simultaneously to the CAS and PAS of AChE. In addition to cholinesterase inhibitory activities, these compounds showed different levels of antioxidant activity. However, the inhibitory activities against self-induced and HuAChE-induced Aβ aggregation of these new derivatives were unsatisfied. Taking into account the results of the biological evaluation, further modifications will be designed in order to increase the potency on the different targets. The results displayed in this Letter can be a new starting point for further development of multifunctional agents for Alzheimer's disease.
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You are currently viewing the old forums. We have upgraded to a new NFL Forum. This old forum is being left as a read-only archive.
Please update your bookmarks to our new forum at forums.footballsfuture.com.
Washington D.C. mayor Vincent C. Gray suggested on Wednesday that he would like to discuss a possible name change with the Washington Redskins franchise.
Quote:
"Does anyone really believe that the name 'Redskins' will survive the 21st century?" he writes.
Quote:
Gray is in position to make the nickname a political and financial issue. If the Redskins don't change the name, they may not get a new stadium.
MODLY REMINDER
- This is a relevant topic and there is room for forum-appropriate discussion. We believe we can all behave and act maturely when discussing this. However, we will not hesitate to lock the thread if people start drifting into unwarranted conversation._________________
Any suggestions? Most of the Washington sports teams pay tribute to their political status (Capitals/Nationals). I think the Redskins name and logo are iconic and historic but I can understand the motivation to change it as well.
Washington underwent a recent name change with the wizards and some of the rejected names include: seadogs, dragons, express and stallions. I hope they can come up with something better.
FedEx Field isn't even 20 years old... Are they really thinking about getting a new stadium? I don't understand why they want the name changed, I don't think the Redskins are doing it to be disrespectful._________________
FedEx Field isn't even 20 years old... Are they really thinking about getting a new stadium? I don't understand why they want the name changed, I don't think the Redskins are doing it to be disrespectful.
It's a racial slur. It doesn't matter if it's done to be disrespectful or not.
Which brings up a funny side note: Using the term to describe someone on this forum would be grounds for a warning, no?
“I think that if they get serious with the team coming back to Washington, there’s no doubt there’s going to have to be a discussion about that, and of course the team is going to have to work with us around that issue,” Gray said, via the Washington Post. “I think it has become a lightning rod, and I would be love to be able to sit down with the team . . . and see if a change should be made.”
Gray did not state categorically that changing the team name would be a requirement to moving back into the city, but he did express discomfort with having a divisive nickname for the team.
I guess there's discussion about them moving back into DC at some point in the (near?) future._________________
MrDrew wrote:
Can somebody give me a good reason there's not a giant statue to fret somewhere?
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Q:
Is it nessecary to set FlushMode.Commit when using ITransactions?
I have built an NHibernate infrastructure for using Web and Desktop applications.
However, I would like to know if it is necessary to use FlushMode.Commit whenever transactions are used.
Would be a problem if I have the default FlushMode.Auto when getting or creating an ISession?
I have read the following: "Set the session's flush mode to Commit to avoid unnecessary trips to the database when using transactions.".
However, I would like somebody to assure me that as far as functionality the FlushMode.Auto also does the job.
Is it just a performance issue for avoiding the unnecessary trips to the database?
I might live with it.
Please give me your light!
A:
TL;DR
No, it is not necessary to change flush mode. Leave it as Auto if unsure. You will avoid bugs.
Full explanation
The default flush mode Auto works as described here:
From time to time the ISession will execute the SQL statements needed
to synchronize the ADO.NET connection's state with the state of
objects held in memory. This process, flush, occurs by default at the
following points
from some invocations of Find() or Enumerable()
from NHibernate.ITransaction.Commit()
from ISession.Flush()
This logic is done for ensuring that querying the DB will not return stale data, in regards to what have been done into the current transaction.
Except when you explicity Flush(), there are absolutely no guarantees
about when the Session executes the ADO.NET calls, only the order in
which they are executed. However, NHibernate does guarantee that the
ISession.CreateQuery(..) methods will never return stale data; nor
will they return the wrong data.
Changing the default flush mode may cause your queries inside a transaction to return data not tacking into account what have been previously done in the same transaction.
Unless your are quite sure you would not be bitten by any bug due to stale data returned by subsequent queries in the same transaction, better leave the flush mode as Auto.
Changing the flush mode for limiting SQL round-trips inside a transaction would requires to check all current transactions and add explicit calls to Flush before queries needing to take into account what have been previously done in their transaction. Then hope that any new development will not forget to do it too. And so, not only you will not necessarily save many SQL round-trip, but also you will create new opportunities for bugs.
Personally I consider it is not worth changing the default flush mode in the hope of reducing SQL round-trips. Especially if you do not check it does it significantly or marginally in the case of your application.
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Astrophotography - Milky Way
This section is dedicated to wide-field views of the Milky Way galaxy and
for images of objects inside our galaxy that don't fit anywhere else.
The Milky Way galaxy is the galaxy we live in. It is a platter
shaped group of around around 400 billion
stars - our sun being one of them. Nearly everything you can
view in the sky is part of our own galaxy, though we estimate that there are
over 100 billion galaxies in the universe. Because the Milky Way
is relatively flat shaped, the majority of the stars within the galaxy can
be viewed in a band that goes across the sky. You may have seen this cloud
looking, slightly immuminated, 'milky' band on a clear night.
Milky Way 2007 Panorama - 8/8/2007
Mouse over the image to view labels
For my first real astrophotography session of the summer (yes, I know it's already August) I decided to
capture a wide field image of the Milky Way. While I'm
happy with this image, I think it could have been much better. The framing was a bit difficult due to a
very limiting camera mount to my telescope (I just ripped the head off a mini-tripod) so I wasn't able to frame
each shot very well. The result is much more narrow than I wanted and it was a major pain to get the mosaic
stitched together.
Milky Way Panorama
Taken from a VERY dark site while spending a night helping out at girl's camp,
this picture shows much nebulosity and structure of the Milky Way galaxy. The
LARGE dark area is a pine tree. The dark bands in the Milky Way are dark
nebula - areas of dust and debris that block the glow of the stars behind.
This image is
a composite of two images. Each one is 3X3 minutes registered
and stacked in Iris and processed in Photoshop. Taken with an unmodified
Nikon D70 on an AS-GT mount. Nikkor AS-S DX 18-70mm lens at 18mm. ISO 800
and f/4. The framing was kinda bad and after stitching the two images
together, I decided on the somewhat awkward angle so as to not lose the bright
nebulous M20 region at the bottom right.
Cygnus Milky Way
Mouse over image to see labels
A view of the Cygnus and Cephus region of the Milky Way. You can begin
to see nebulocity (glowing colors) in the images. Nebulas are huge clouds
of gaseous (mostly Hydrogen Alpha and Beta) materials mixed in with interstellar
dust. Nebulas are classified as planetary nebulas, supernova remnants, and
diffuse nebulas, including reflecting, emission, and dark nebulas. Also in the
photo are several star clusters, groups of stars held together by mutual gravitational
forces. Star clusters can be comprised of anywhere from 2 to several million
stars.
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Polyamory Without Rules = Chaos?
I have been thinking a lot lately about rules, boundaries and negotiations in polyamorous relationships. A poly friend of mine once said to me, to him freedom feels more loving than rules. And to a certain extent, I agree with him. But if there are no rules at all, is that just relationship anarchy and chaos? Everyone can do whatever they want with anyone that they want at any given moment, both emotionally and sexually? There are aspects about that that do not feel loving to me. It feels a little bit… disrespectful… and unsafe, both emotionally and physically.
As I’ve been thinking about this, I realized that it comes down to there being a balance in our relationships if they are to remain healthy and strong. The relationship needs to feel fair to all parties. Each person needs to feel like their needs are getting adequately met. Back to my emotional bank account analogy from the last post… are you taking more out of the emotional bank account than you are putting in, thus the other person feels deleted, or used, or in some way cheated or dissatisfied? Maybe you are being completely honest and open, thus not actually “cheating” behind someone else’s back. But what if it feels like things are “out of whack?” On the flip side, are lies of omission actually lies? What if you tell a lover, I am polyamorous and have other lovers, but you don’t reveal the depth and extent of those other relationships or reveal the number of other lovers there actually are. Is that wrong or unethical? What if the other person is more a “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” type (a style of relating that I don’t subscribe to as I think it’s more about putting one’s head in the sand and saying “la, la, la, I don’t want to hear the truth.” Personally, I’d rather know the truth and deal with reality than play dumb and be in the dark.)
The interesting thing about this notion is that no one can answer it for you. You have to reflect and answer it for yourself. And you have to muster up the courage to have a direct, maybe difficult heart to heart with your partner and own up to exactly which of your needs does not feel like it is being met VS. saying something like “I forbid you from doing X.” That statement is more an act of controlling or manipulating VS. figuring out honestly and in a vulnerable moment, which need is not being adequately met by your partner, and saying it out loud to them in a nonviolent, not blaming or criticizing way. This can be tough and tricky stuff. And this is something that I am thinking about now. What are my own boundaries? Where can I “draw the line” for myself yet do it in a manner where I am respecting myself, yet not telling someone else “what to do” or who they can see, or how many lovers they can have?
In this area, monogamy is certainly simpler overall as compared to polyamory, which is much more complex and some can argue that polyamory takes more maturity and emotional strength to navigate. With monogamy, the “rules” and boundaries are pretty straight forward: I’m with you exclusively and you are with me exclusively, both emotionally and physically. Anything outside of that is cheating. Boom! Done. End of negotiations. But for me, at least over time, that scenario is just not realistic. I need more freedoms. My partner does not own me. Thus I work very hard to navigate the waters of polyamory and find my own way, which is not an easy task some days. Today is one of those days for me. I do however have faith that I can figure it out, in a loving, compassionate, supportive way, with the help of my partners who love me. Leading a polyamorous life is a journey. And this is the road that I choose.
Here is an excellent article that I found that relates to this topic. I hope you can find something useful here, as I did, in my quest for answers to polyamorous questions:
Great post Kitty. I know this issue is a huge one for many polyfolk, maybe the one that’s most often a concern in my own polycule, and you’ve laid out a clear-headed approach. You’re vulnerable but true to yourself. I like the clarification in both your post and the linked article between rules IMPOSED on someone else and boundaries that you are free to set on how YOU will choose to act or react.
No control of another person, but retaining the control to choose YOUR path, accomplishing much the same outcomes in a truer, more fair and more honest and balanced way. So thanks for the post, and the link. Both very helpful (but I like your writing much better 🙂 )
Thank you for offering your insights and feedback. And I’m so glad that you enjoyed the post! I agree whole-heartedly that we need to be true to ourselves and allow personal growth to look inside and determine what feels right to us. Sometimes we have to show our soft underbellies to do that, and it can be scary, admitting a vulnerability or a weakness, or (gasp) a need. I need to feel loved, valued, appreciated and safe with my partners. Yes, I like the concept and practice of boundaries that one is free to set, versus imposing rules on another. I also believe in asking for reassurance when we need it. Our partners are not mind-readers. “Retaining the control to choose YOUR path” = perfect. And lastly, thanks for the compliment on my writing. <3
“With monogamy, the “rules” and boundaries are pretty straight forward…” which is really the trap where monogamy begins to fail for many, the assumptions made when people believe their definition of something (monogamy) is the same as everyone elses. Interestingly it seems a lot of people fall into this same trap with polyamory, thinking it will solve the poor assumptions problem when the reality is that polyamory often requires much more relationship negotiation.
I strongly recommend people negotiate their relationships regardless of the design outcome (mono, poly, whatever). It is in those negotiations that common language is found and assumptions are corrected. Though I believe some ‘rules’ or ‘boundaries’ (IMHO those are the same in a relationship, a control measure) are okay in the beginning of relationships, they should have a trigger (time or an action) that invalidates them. Instead I encourage people to recognize language and other differences during relationship negotiations and create ‘agreements’ that acknowledge those differences clearly. Agreements, rather than being limits or for behavior modification, are simply common language that let the parties involved have a clear understanding of how they each feel about a particular action, situation, etc. IMHO, with that clear understanding the question then becomes one of respect and consideration for other partners, and if our own needs for respect and consideration are being met.
Thank you so much for contributing here. Interesting perspective. And I agree that polyamory often requires much more relationship negotiation. That’s a great recommendation, as I think good communication and negotiation skills are important for every relationship. I like the notion of common language (understanding) and correcting assumptions (more understanding). The one place I differ is that I feel a rule is something imposed on another person. Whereas a boundary an individual defines for themselves. I whole-heartedly agree with using “agreements” as a way to communicate and negotiate and that is the word we have used thus far. I neglected to put it in this blog post, so thanks for reminding us here. I like how you described it as well… that it’s NOT about limits or behavior modification. I like that. And I LOVED this:
“…with that clear understanding the question then becomes one of respect and consideration for other partners, and if our own needs for respect and consideration are being met.”
I can’t imagine being in any form of poly relationship and no rules exist; calling it chaos doesn’t begin to describe the type of insanity a lack of rules can bring to a situation. Oddly enough, I found that in my poly quartet, some of the rules of monogamy were still valid, while others – and a lot of others – had to be created to further define the relationship and its boundaries.
Since each poly situation is different, the rules are going to be different and I’m not sure if there’s a “one size fits all” approach that can be taken other than employing sound logic and common sense as well as having a shared vision of what the poly relationship is going to look like, how it will behave, etc.. Yeah, the rules are imposed by agreement – hopefully; I mean, there has to be rules even if a poly relationship is open to changing the rules as required but, yeah, if you’re gonna do this or be a part of this, there are rules. They shouldn’t be about controlling anyone… but isn’t that what rules also do other than being a form of governance? They’re about what can and cannot be done and, effectively, controlling the behavior of all who participate and if someone feels that they are being controlled, well, that’s when you speak up and let this concern be known so that the rules can be tweaked so everyone can be happy and comfortable in this situation.
Putting rules together can be a sticky situation… but having a poly relationship without any rules is just inviting disaster.
kdaddy23, as always thanks for offering your perspectives here. I love hearing your perspectives from your own individual experiences. It’s good to know that some type of rules, negotiating and boundaries worked for you in your poly experiences. I agree that each polyamorous situation / relationship is different, and that sound logic and common sense, with a shared vision is the way to go. I view some rules as a safety measure, such as practicing safe sex. To me, that is not about controlling another person, but simply goes back to your sound logic and common sense thoughts. Finding a way to assert oneself and speak up when there’s an issue, in an effort to make sure everyone is happy and comfortable is key. Thanks again for your thoughts here. I think they are very insightful.
Hamlet:
Slanders, sir; for the satirical rogue says here that old men have grey beards, that their faces are wrinkled, their eyes purging thick amber and plum-tree gum, and that they have a plentiful lack of wit, together with most weak hams; all which, sir, though I most powerfully and potently believe, yet I hold it not honesty to have it thus set down, for yourself, sir, shall grow old as I am, if like a crab you could go backward.
Polonius:
Though this be madness, yet there is method in’t.
Hamlet Act 2, scene 2, 193–206
* * *
Some poly tribes/families/groups have a simple rule, “There is no rule”. If any one wants to bring another rule in there, what will happen? Chaos. There are different types of poly tribes/families/groups. Some are Open poly, some are closed poly, poly fidelity etc. etc. Each type has its own way. They set their rules or “there is no rule” rule to satisfy their arrangements.
We are fluid bonded and we are open poly. If any of us want to have sex with someone else, that person need to take some steps to protect him/her and us so that rest of us don’t have to ask (worry). We all trust each other because we’ve demonstrated to others that we are trustworthy. We tell before we are asked. We inform before the need to ask arises. These are very simple rules we follow to make all of us happy.
All’s fair in love and war. That’s cow poo. There is no rape in love. Genocide isn’t allowed in war. I agree that some areas of life are so important and overwhelming that you cannot blame someone for acting in their own best interest. But when you are in a relationship it’s different. You can’t clap with one hand. Respect, love and trust are two way streets. Respect, love and trust are some of the key ingredients of any relationship. In any relationship, how do you respect and be respected, how do you love and be loved, how can you trust and be trusted? You do something to achieve those, don’t you? Your relationship, your rule.
As long as everyone is happy in any relationship any rule or no rule is perfectly fine.
Thank you so much for sharing your thoughts and feedback here. It is greatly valued. I like the “we inform before the need to ask arises.” Sometimes, I feel the need to ask because I don’t feel informed I realize. I generally don’t like feeling “in the dark.” I like and prefer the truth, even if it hurts. I agree that when you are in a relationship, it’s different. I loved your thought that “you can’t clap with one hand.” Amen! Very nicely worded. As well as amen to “respect, love and trust are a two way street.” Everything you said is very insightful and valuable, and I am so happy that you shared it. <3
In my opinion, regardless if you are having a threesome for the first time or well-established in a polyamorous relationship having rules ensures things remain balanced. It is the key element that allows trust and it provides a ‘safety net’ to let all involved it will not go beyond a certain point.
Thank you so much for your contribution here to the conversation. I definitely agree that balance for each individual is a big key to all of this. You are correct, sir! Trust and a “safety net” sound good to me. I know others differs on this point, but I am in the camp with you. Safety is very important, and trust is paramount.
I know there are some who believe they do not want boundaries because they want to ‘fully experience’ it and not be constrained by ‘rules. Unfortunately they are the ones who go online upset about the experience because their partner did something they did not expect. Had they put some basic boundaries in place then most likely the ‘unexpected’ would not have occurred.
I think that is a valid and wonderful point to bring up, thank you. And again, in some ways, it really just comes down to honest and open communication with our respective partners. It’s important to remember that none of us are mind readers. We need to voice our concerns, needs and expectations to have a good, solid chance at a healthy relationship, and this becomes even more important when there are multiple relationships in play.
The key difference, in my experience, is “agreements” rather than “rules”. Rules are generally perceived as set in stone, unchangeable, requiring punishment when breached. They also have a sense of being handed down from above – a moral imperative, at times. Agreements, on the other hand, are more like a contract – clearly stated parameters by which consenting adults choose to abide. No coercion, nor hidden assumptions. How can anything go wrong with that, right? Well, things change in real life. When this happens, an agreement can be renegotiated. Rules generally can’t. They’re “rules”. And the result of a renegotiation is that trust is maintained, love can continue to thrive, and respect given to all parties. Sometimes a “renegotiation” can result in the loss or substantial modification of a relationship. I prefer to live in this space of honesty and openness, even if it’s painful at times, than to play society’s monogamy game, where “cheating” (as if it was a win/lose game?), betrayal of trust, and near-slavery often result.
Wow, that was so powerful. Thank you so much for your thoughtful words here. I really appreciate it as I sift through my own renegotiations and agreements. This is all so very helpful, not only for me, but everyone who reads my blog and these comments. What you said is very clear to understand, and makes good sense. I also wish to not play society’s monogamy game.
Depending on the poly structure, you need a shared vision, some rules or guidelines (that includes being safe in all things and not just sex), and some good management and communication skills but most of all, trust; without that trust, failure becomes an option. I was reading what MoG wrote about “rules” vs. “agreements” and it’s really all semantics; break an agreement and there’s usually some form of punishment waiting for you as well. Again, perception: To me rules are never set in stone except when they absolutely, positively, have to be; otherwise, everything’s negotiable and change shouldn’t be resisted; if it ain’t broke, it probably doesn’t need to be fixed… but it might need some adjustments so when it comes to this,flexibility is a great thing for the gestalt to establish along with everything else.
Just two more cents; ain’t saying MoG is wrong about what he said but just as every poly situation is different, so is the perception of those participating in it.
I like breaking it down to something as simple as a “shared vision” and also that you brought up being safe in all things, not just sex. I couldn’t agree more. And YES on the trust. If there is no trust, you have nothing. There can be no healthy relationship without it. I have been in the situation where agreements were broken. Instead of the relationship dissolving, we decided to continue, but we had to rebuild that trust from that point forward. And we did successfully. Go us! As we evolve and change, so does the relationship(s), and we need to communicate about the new place we find ourselves. Yes, Flexibility is key as does the trust in your partner that they have your best interests (as well as theirs) in mind because you both chose to happily be in the relationship. A friend of mine says: “Remember the value of staying together.”
Well, it’s why people who try this fail more often than not because they don’t realize that this is a very different kind of relationship and that ‘normal’ relationship standards aren’t going to work (depending on what kind of poly relationship you’re having, wanting, find yourself in, etc.).
They don’t have the necessary mindset; they don’t have the expanded skills that are necessary and, yes, things like trust and flexibility wind up being lacking because no kind of relationship is static – yet, that’s how we behave, like, the relationship’s started and we don’t have to do anything else to keep it alive, fresh, and other things that are important to the survival of a relationship… and this kind of thinking just will not work when you’ve stepped up to be poly – it is, in my opinion, the ultimate relationship state and the most difficult to be in successfully.
Wow, all very well stated. Every day that I am in polyamorous relationships, I would say I agree with you more and more on your thoughts on this. Sometimes, we all get exhausted from all of the “talking” and “sorting out” and checking in. But it seems absolutely necessary as we move forward. In my poly family, as a result, we have just gotten better and better at making these conversations pleasant and respectful, so everyone feels heard and needs get met. When a new person comes into the mix, it can turn things sideways as we learn how skillful they are at any of this complex stuff. We try to make sure feelings don’t get hurt as a result, as we are all doing the best that we can. We are protective that we try to find “sane” and respectful new friends. And yes, the trust and flexibility is HUGE I am finding. Showing new friends my blog has proved very helpful as well, as they see that we are “legit” and actually trying very hard at all of this. Thanks for your contributions!
Thank you for letting me contribute. One last thing that’s important is managing the relationship, which means you need exceptional communication skills as well as excellent time management skills – and a mind capable of juggling and sorting out all the different personalities you’re dealing with, remember who likes what and who doesn’t like this or that; I know from my own experienced in a closed poly group that it’s a lot of information to process and keep track of… and those processes never stop because the dynamic is always changing… and that’s because the people you’re dealing with – as well as yourself – are always changing!
Very very good point! I find for me, generally speaking, I don’t feel that I can handle more than two full-time relationships (as in primary-like and in my case, living with them, thus VERY primary). To do relationships WELL, I need the time and the brain capacity to do it. To honor these extremely important relationships, I need the bandwidth and don’t want to get spread too thin. But I know others, maybe they have several part-time relationships, or simply friends with benefits that maybe they only see a few times a year. But yes, you still have to keep this all straight in your head and be respectful and polite in all of your dealings, or it becomes unhealthy or not sustainable. Sometimes unhealthy relationships tend to fizzle out on their own I have seen. Yes, lots of moving parts (pardon the pun LOL)
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It is known to compress metallic powder and also powder of other material into compacts with a view to sintering the compact subsequently. It is specifically tools of sintered carbide which are manufactured in the sintering process, e.g. reversible cutting blades for milling. Powder presses operate either as eccentric presses or hydraulic presses. Hydraulic presses are preferred because the hydraulic press cylinders can be controlled better with regard to the pressure and path. In a hydraulic press, an upper press cylinder and a lower press cylinder each are connected to the upper ram and lower ram which are associated with a die-bore. The powder is filled in by means of a charging shoe when the lower ram has been moved into the die-bore. Precise proportioning is accomplished by causing the lower ram to move up by a certain amount subsequently, whereupon any powder projecting beyond the die-plate surface is removed by stripping. Subsequently, the powder is compressed by means of the upper ram, in which process the lower ram may be shifted accordingly.
The factor crucial for the quality of the compact is that the powdered material be as homogeneous as possible in its density. It is known to enhance homogeneity by actuating the charging shoe in a predetermined manner, e.g. using different speeds in the forward and backward strokes. It is further known not to move the charging shoe to and fro only linearly in a single direction, but to overlay this motion by at least one lateral motion. It is further known to cause the charging shoe and the die-plate to oscillate by means of an appropriate vibration device of a predetermined frequency and amplitude to improve the homogeneity of the powder in the die-bore. Finally, it is also imaginable to vibrate the lower and upper rams, particularly during the fill-in procedure and at the beginning of the compression procedure. In case of compacts which are of different width extensions in an axial direction care has to be taken that the rams do not travel against an edge so as to be damaged. This will naturally damage the die-bore, too Hence, it is also known to associate the rams with distance-measuring transducers which ensure that the rams can be moved to predetermined positions.
When compacts are manufactured according to the method described it is further essential for the compacts to exhibit approximately equal densities. This requires that the maximum compression force which is achieved in the end position of the upper ram, for example, should remain as equal as possible. However, the compression force is dependent on different factors. When the filling volume is varied the maximum compression force produced will naturally vary, too. A different compression force will also result when the powder is distributed inhomogeneously.
It is further known to arrange a load cell between the press cylinder and the ram, by which the respective maximum compression force can be recorded. In operation, care has to be taken that if the maximum compression force differs too much from a predetermined value an approximation to the desired compression force be obtained by modifying certain parameters.
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The present invention relates to an optical transmitter, for instance, used for communication using an optical fiber. More particularly, the invention relates to an optical transmitter for implementing a screening test of a light-emitting diode.
A light-emitting diode is generally used in various kinds of electronic equipment including an optical transmitter causing a light signal to be incident into an optical fiber. In particular, the reliability of the light-emitting diode used for the optical transmitter is important.
In general, a semiconductor element such as a light-emitting diode and so forth initially incorporates inferior goods with prescribed probability. Thus, such inferior goods are removed in the process of the selection (screening) after manufacturing. In this screening process, the elements to be screened are mounted on a heat sink and so forth, or are assembled in a module. The screening process causes the element to be screened under conditions more severe than those of normal use. Large and small changes in the characteristics of the element are checked before and after screening under the severe conditions. When the change in the characteristics is larger than the prescribed change, the element is removed as inferior goods.
Now, in general, when the process causes a light-emitting diode to be selected before being arranged on an optical transmitter, the light-emitting diode is selected as being a single element. In order to select the light-emitting diode as being the single element, for instance, as shown in the Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. HEI 10-160785 which discloses a technique about selection of a semiconductor laser, it is not necessary to measure current-light output characteristics. It may be accomplished by measuring other characteristics such as current-voltage characteristics of the light-emitting diode.
However, in such a method, even though the inferior goods are removed from the light-emitting diode after manufacture, if the process causes the light-emitting diode to be damaged in the assembling stage to the optical transmitter, the inferior goods are mixed with the optical transmitter as being finished goods. Consequently, it is necessary to implement the selection two times, thus the cost becomes high because of the selection process. The technique disclosed in the Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. HEI 4-321288 implements the selection of the element under the condition that the drive circuit is connected to the element similar to the semiconductor laser drive circuit. However, in the case of the optical transmitter, such a selection is incapable of being implemented. As is described hereinafter.
FIG. 1 shows a conventional device for selection of the light-emitting diode. The light-emitting diode 12 and the light-emitting diode drive integrated circuit (LD drive LSI) 13 for driving thereof are arranged in the optical transmitter 11. The optical transmitter 11 is provided with two terminals of a power supply terminal for light-emitting diode 14 and a power supply terminal for drive circuit 15. When the process implements selection of the light-emitting diode 12, it is capable of discriminating a change of the characteristic in a short time because the process causes the light-emitting diode to be driven under high temperature. For that reason, the process of the screening is implemented with the condition that the optical transmitter 11 is contained in the isothermal vessel 17. The isothermal vessel 17 is maintained with prescribed temperature while this manufacturing process is implemented by the control circuit 18. Further, the control circuit 18 applies prescribed voltage both to the power supply terminal for light-emitting diode 14 and the power supply terminal for drive circuit 15 from the constant-voltage source 19 while the present manufacturing process is implemented, thus the control is implemented such that the prescribed current 21 flows into the light-emitting diode 12.
In the optical transmitter 11 shown in FIG. 1, the current 21 which flows at the time of the manufacturing process of selection to the light-emitting diode 12 is larger than the ordinary value. However, the present current value is remarkably larger than the current value which the LD drive LSI 13 is capable of driving the light-emitting diode 12. Consequently, it is incapable of implementing the selection of the light-emitting diode 12 while using the LD drive LSI 13 after the LD drive LSI 13 and the light-emitting diode 12 are mixed to be mounted. Of course, it is not economical that the optical transmitter is produced while using together the LD drive LSI 13 capable of driving the light emitting diode 12 with large current and the light-emitting diode 12.
In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention in order to overcome the above-mentioned problems, to provide an optical transmitter which mounts the light-emitting diode and the driving circuit for driving thereof at regular time in mixed condition, and which is capable of selecting the light-emitting diode.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, for achieving the above-mentioned object, there is provided an optical transmitter which includes a light-emitting diode, a drive circuit for outputting a light signal while driving the light-emitting diode which is connected between two electrodes of an anode and a cathode of the light-emitting diode, a voltage applying terminal for light-emitting diode which is arranged on a package on which these light-emitting diode and the drive circuit are mounted, for applying voltage to one electrode of the light-emitting diode, and a current supplying terminal for light-emitting diode selection which is arranged at the package for applying current at the time of screening of the light-emitting diode to the other electrode of the light-emitting diode.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical transmitter which includes, a light-emitting diode, a drive circuit for outputting a light signal while driving the light-emitting diode which is connected between two electrodes of an anode and a cathode of the light-emitting diode, a voltage applying terminal for light-emitting diode which is arranged on a package on which these light-emitting diode and the drive circuit are mounted, for applying voltage to one electrode of the light-emitting diode, a current supplying terminal for light-emitting diode selection which is arranged at the package for applying current at the time of screening of the light-emitting diode to the other electrode of the light-emitting diode, and a switch for turning ON/OFF electrically between the current supplying terminal for light-emitting diode and another electrode of the light-emitting diode.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the first aspect or the second aspect, there is provided an optical transmitter, wherein the current applying terminal for light-emitting diode selection is arranged at rear surface part of the package so as not to protrude to side surface part.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the first aspect or the second aspect, there is provided an optical transmitter, wherein the one electrode is a cathode, while the other electrode is anode.
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, in the first aspect or the second aspect, there is provided an optical transmitter, wherein prescribed current which is more than ordinary use is supplied from constant current source with the condition that the package is heated to prescribed temperature in isothermal vessel to the current applying terminal for light emitting diode selection.
According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, in the first aspect or the second aspect, there is provided an optical transmitter, which further includes a constant-current source connected to the current applying terminal for light-emitting diode selection for supplying prescribed current which is more than ordinary use from constant current source with the condition that the package is heated to prescribed temperature in isothermal vessel for the sake of light emitting diode selection, and the control circuit executes temperature control of the isothermal vessel, current control of the constant current source, and an application control of constant-voltage to the voltage application terminal for light-emitting diode.
The above and further objects and novel features of the invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description when the same is read in connection with the accompanying drawings. It should be expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for purpose of illustration only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention.
The present disclosure relates to Japanese Patent Application No. 10-232469 filed Aug. 19, 1998, and which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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It's possible. I turn my HTPC (XBMC-Live) on and off with my imon remote. However, the receiver is an Antec Multimedia Station Elite with a built in vfd and sits between the power supply and motherboard.
I'm not sure about powering a computer on with a remote. The computer has to keep the usb device "hot" so that it can receive the instruction. However, it should be pretty easy to set your remote up to wake your OS from suspend or hibernate.
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Neuronal and astroglial responses to the serotonin and norepinephrine neurotoxin: 1-methyl-4-(2'-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.
1-Methyl-4-(2'-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (2'-NH2-MPTP) causes long-term loss of forebrain serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) and consequently, is unlike 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and its other 2'-analogs that primarily deplete striatal dopamine (DA). In the present investigation into the acute effects of 2'-NH2-MPTP in mice, profound decreases in cortical and hippocampal 5-HT and NE to 10 to 40% of control were observed as early as 30 min post-treatment and lasted throughout the ensuing 21 days. Striatal DA was decreased to 60 to 80% of control during the first 48 h but returned to normal by 72 h. Reactive gliosis, which occurs in response to neurodegeneration was not evident by immunocytochemistry but was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, where glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was increased to 130% of control in cortex, hippocampus, and brain stem 48 to 72 h post-treatment. To explore the possibility that 5-HT modulates the astrocytic response to injury, 2'-NH2-MPTP was used to damage 5-HT axons 2 weeks before administration of the potent DA neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-(2'-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (2'-CH3-MPTP). Despite a 90% decrement in striatal DA in 2'-NH2-MPTP/2'-CH3-MPTP-treated mice, increases in GFAP were attenuated compared to mice treated with 2'-CH3-MPTP alone. Thus, 2'-NH2-MPTP causes severe and immediate decrements in 5-HT and NE in frontal cortex and hippocampus, yet induces a modest GFAP response compared with other MPTP analogs that have their primary effect on DA. These results demonstrate the importance of obtaining quantitative assessments of GFAP to detect astroglial responses associated with selective damage to neurotransmitter systems with low-density innervation and suggest that serotonin may facilitate the astrocytic response to striatal injury.
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Q:
Evaluate the indefinite integral!
$\displaystyle \int \frac{\tan(\ln(x^5))}{x}\, dx$. Please help me evaluate this! I'm having trouble figuring out what "u" should be using "u" substitution.
A:
Put $$ u =\ln(x^5) = 5 \ln x $$ So we put $$u = 5 \ln x\implies du = \dfrac 5x\,dx \implies \frac {du}{5} = \frac {dx}{x}$$
Then $$\int \frac{\tan(\ln(x^5))}{x}\, dx = \frac 15\int \tan u\,du\tag{1}$$
Integrating $\int tan u \,du$ is fairly straightforward, if we rewrite $\tan u = \dfrac{\sin u}{\cos u}$:
$$\frac 15\int \tan u\,du = \frac 15 \int \dfrac{\sin u}{\cos u}\,du\tag{2}$$ and then set $w = \cos u \implies dw = -\sin u \,du \iff -dw = \sin u \,du$. Substituting into $(2)$ gives us $$ \frac 15 \int \dfrac{\sin u}{\cos u}\,du = -\frac 15 \int \frac{dw}{w} = -\frac 15\ln|w| + C$$
Now it's just a matter of back substituting $w = \cos u$, and then $u = 5\ln x$ to get our final result as a function of $x$.
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Adjusting the inter-particle spacing of a nanoparticle array at the sub-nanometre scale by thermal annealing.
A successful attempt to fabricate nanoparticle arrays with sub-nanometre spacing by thermal annealing of the prepared nanoparticle self-assembly was made. The molecular dynamics simulation indicated that the spacing decrease could be attributed to the temperature-enhanced mobility of the ligand, which promoted the relaxation of the nanoparticles to a more compact arrangement.
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The visitor came, uninvited, to the Stanton home one day in 1988, its boorish form reeking the rudeness and discourtesy so typical of an unwelcome, unwanted houseguest. The middle Stanton child, Justin, was an infant when it came; his brother, Jonathan, a toddler. Neither recalls its arrival. But as they, and new sister Tiffany, grew, the stubborn, obnoxious invader, settling in fast and tight, became impossible to ignore.
On a cold day about four months ago, the unsavory visitor finally left. Sadly, its departure was as sinister as its very existence, perhaps more. It was gone, but in its wake was a young family with broken hearts.
It took from them their husband and father, a successful dentist and accomplished trumpeter, a gregarious man who loved doing things with his family, who regularly volunteered his skills at free dental clinics for the poor.
Ken Stanton died in mid-January at 48. With his wife, Ann Vermette, also a dentist, and the kids at his side, he fought that "unwelcome visitor" – a family euphemism for his cancer – for 17 years.
Ann says she latched onto the euphemism at the advice of a friend, who just happened to be Peg Gilmour, at the time president and CEO of Home Health & Hospice Care.
"I was overwhelmed, between trying to keep things normal for the kids, all the appointments, working to keep his practice (it was in Manchester) going and attending to mine (in Dracut, Mass.)," she said. "Peg told me, 'Just think of cancer as an uninvited guest in your house that you can't get rid of, no matter what.'
"That's the philosophy we lived by for 17 years."
Now, with memories of the unsavory visitor still fresh, 17-year-old Justin is taking up arms and joining the war on cancer – specifically osteosarcoma, or bone cancer, which took his father.
On June 4, a bunch of people – the Stantons hope a big bunch – will walk the paths of Mine Falls Park with cancer research on their minds and Ken Stanton in their hearts. Their collective goal will be raising money for Massachusetts General Hospital's orthopedic oncology unit, the arm that handles cases such as Ken Stanton's, his son said.
The "Kenneth Stanton Walk for Cancer" is Justin Stanton's brainchild, a two-pronged endeavor that, in addition to raising funds for cancer research, is the community service project part of his bid to become an Eagle Scout. He's been with Troop 410 since first grade.
With an ambitious goal of 250 walkers raising $50,000, the Bishop Guertin High School junior can't afford to sit back and wait for walk day. Not that he would anyway, what with school, scouts and his fast-growing lawn care business keeping him out straight from dawn to dusk and beyond.
The exact route isn't yet set, but it'll be about 4� miles long, and start and end at the Nashua High School South parking lot adjacent to the park, he said.
Stanton is planning to go the whole nine yards, presently covering every imaginable base with posters and letters, soliciting donations from grocery stores for a post-walk cookout, and lining up volunteers to help out.
Perhaps showing early signs of political savvy, Stanton has put feelers out to some heavy political hitters, inviting them to walk, and if not, make a donation – or at least acknowledge his efforts.
He started right at the top.
"I faxed a letter to the White House for the president," Stanton said, quite matter-of-fact. Letters also went to Gov. John Lynch and Massachusetts Sen. Ted Kennedy; he's actually heard from U.S. Rep. Charles Bass, who promised a concerted effort to attend, Stanton said. That was enough to get the veteran congressman listed as an honorary committee member.
Ann Vermette said her kids' memories of their father range from giving him injections of medicine to coaxing him out of his chair to do things with them.
"It was always, 'C'mon, dad, let's go,' " Vermette said. "They knew he loved to do things, that he just needed a push sometimes – he was always glad once he got going."
Understandably, the couch must have been pretty inviting for a guy going through what Ken Stanton did.
It all began with a little bump on his hip, his wife remembers.
"One day he said to me, 'Ann, feel this – what do you think?' Unfortunately, it was five months before a CAT scan was done . . . he was given pre-op chemo, then they operated," she said.
The cancer had spread; to save his life, surgeons had to take one of his legs. Stanton got a prosthesis, though, with hopes of returning to dentistry, and filled his time volunteering at the kids' Bicentennial School, gardening at home, then progressing to long walks and dancing.
"He even climbed Mt. Monadnock, and got involved with the adaptive (sports) program at Sunapee," Vermette said.
But the physical – and emotional – roller coaster wore on. A checkup showed the cancer had spread to his lungs. More surgery, recovery, then he began having seizures.
More bad news: A brain tumor.
"The tumor was totally independent of the other cancer," Vermette said. "We couldn't believe it."
It meant another operation, more chemo. Stanton's short-term memory faded; dashed were his hopes of ever returning to dentistry.
The Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Burlington, Mass., had by now joined Mass. General as a frequent destination for the Stantons. It was there in November 2004, Vermette said, that she was told to take her husband home. Nothing more could be done.
In February, Justin Stanton decided a cancer-research fundraiser in his dad's memory would be his Eagle project.
Whether he realized at the time how fitting the choice would turn out to be is anyone's guess, but his mom believes he knew: "Ken really wanted Justin to get his Eagle."
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Tag Archives: Jack Nieborg
King Lear, translated and directed by Jack Nieborg, Shakespeare Theater Diever, The Netherlands, 8 September 2018. Reviewed by by Paul Franssen (Utrecht University) This year, the Diever amateur theatre had chosen King Lear for their annual production. In line with some other recent stage adaptations of Shakespeare plays, the tragedy was set in the world of […]
The Taming of the Shrew, translated and directed by Jack Nieborg, Shakespeare Theater Diever, The Netherlands, 26 August 2017. Reviewed by Paul Franssen, Utrecht University The annual open-air Shakespeare production at Diever, staged by amateurs, seems to be drawing bigger crowds every year. This year’s production of The Taming of the Shrew makes it clear why: […]
Richard III, translated and directed by Jack Nieborg, Shakespeare Theater Diever, The Netherlands, 3 September 2016 Reviewed by Paul Franssen (Utrecht University) This year, the venerable Diever Shakespeare festival celebrated its 70th anniversary. Ever since the Second World War, this village in the North of the Netherlands has staged a Shakespeare production during the summer […]
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847 So.2d 584 (2003)
Jorge CORZO and Barbara Corzo, his wife, Appellants,
v.
AMERICAN SUPERIOR INSURANCE COMPANY, Appellee.
No. 3D03-308.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Third District.
June 18, 2003.
*585 Harold B. Klite Truppman, for appellants.
Groelle & Salmon and Robin B. Rothman, for appellee.
Before COPE, SHEVIN and WELLS, JJ.
COPE, J.
Jorge and Barbara Corzo appeal a final judgment denying their suit for appraisal. We affirm.
Jorge and Barbara Corzo are homeowners insured by American Superior Insurance Company. They made a claim for damages to their home due to nearby blasting activities. The insurer denied the claim, asserting that coverage is excluded by the insurance policy.
The Corzos filed a lawsuit in which the sole claim for relief was a demand for appraisal. The trial court entered summary judgment in favor of the insurer on the demand for appraisal, and the Corzos have appealed.
We entirely agree with the trial court. The court correctly ruled that where, as here, the claim has been denied in its entirety on the ground that it is not covered by the insurance policy, the issue of coverage is one for the court, not for the appraisers. Johnson v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., 828 So.2d 1021 (Fla. 2002). The Corzos' complaint did not bring suit on the insurance policy, and did not challenge the insurer's interpretation of the insurance policy. That being so, the plaintiffs had sought the wrong remedy and appraisal was properly denied. The trial court's ruling in substance means that the request for appraisal was premature absent a determination that coverage exists under the insurance policy.
The insurer concedes that the plaintiffs remain free to file suit on the insurance policy, and at that time, reassert their claim for appraisal. The plaintiffs express concern that the trial court's denial of the request for appraisal will have some preclusive effect in the future, but that is not so. Since the demand for appraisal was premature, the dismissal was necessarily without prejudice.
Affirmed.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to semiconductor memory devices and operating method therefor, and more particularly, to an increase of an access speed of a semiconductor memory device.
2. Description of the Background Art
FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a structure of a conventional dynamic random access memory (hereinafter referred to as a dynamic RAM).
In a dynamic RAM 100 in FIG. 8, a memory array 1 includes a plurality of bit line pairs BL, a plurality of word lines WL crossing the plurality of bit line pairs BL and a plurality of dynamic type memory cells MC provided at the crossings thereof. Each of the bit line pairs BL is connected to a data bus DB through a N channel MOS transistors 31 and 32 constituting a transfer gate.
A /RAS buffer 2 receives an externally applied row address strobe signal /RAS to generate a control signal .phi..sub./RAS. A /CAS buffer 3 receives an externally applied column address strobe signal /CAS to generate a control signal .phi..sub./CAS. A /WE buffer 4 receives an externally applied write enable signal /WE to generate a control signal .phi..sub./WE.
An X address buffer 5 receives externally applied address signals A0-An, and generates an X address signal XA in response to the control signal .phi..sub./RAS. An X address decoder 6 selects any one of a plurality of word lines WL in response to the X address signal XA.
A Y address buffer 7 receives externally applied address signals A0-An, and generates a Y address signal YA in response to the control signals .phi..sub./RAS and .phi..sub./CAS. A Y address decoder 8 responds to the Y address signal YA to apply column selection signals C1 to Cm for selecting any one of a plurality of bit line pairs BL to the gates of transistors 31 and 32.
An ATD generating circuit 9 detects a transition of the Y address signal YA to generate a detection signal ATD. The detection signal ATD is a pulse signal. A signal generating circuit 10 responds to the detection signal ATD to generate an equalize signal EQ. A signal generating circuit 11 responds to the detection signal ATD to generate an amplifying circuit activation signal SE. A signal generating circuit 12 responds to the detection signal ATD to generate a Y address decoder activation signal DE.
A Din buffer 13 responds to the control signals .phi..sub./WE, .phi..sub./CAS and .phi..sub./RAS to apply an externally applied input data Din to the data bus DB. An equalizing circuit 14 responds to an activation signal EQ to equalize the potentials on the data bus DB. An amplifying circuit 15 responds to the activation signal SE to amplify the data on the data bus DB.
A signal generating circuit 16 responds to the control signals .phi..sub./CAS, .phi..sub./WE to generate an output circuit activation signal OE. An output circuit 17 responds to the activation signal OE to provide the data amplified by the amplifying circuit 15 as an output data Dout.
Next, a normal reading operation of the dynamic RAM shown in FIG. 8 will be described with reference to a signal waveform diagram of FIG. 9.
The X address XA is applied to the X address decoder 6 in response to the fall of the row address strobe signal /RAS, whereby any one of a plurality of word lines WL is selected. As a result, data are read from a plurality of memory cells MC connected to the selected word line WL to the corresponding bit line pairs BL, respectively.
When address signals A0-An change from the X address XA to the Y address YA1, the detection signal ATD rises to a logic high or "H" level. The equalize signal EQ rises to "H" in response to the rise of the detection signal ATD, whereby the equalizing circuit 14 is activated and the potentials on the data bus DB are equalized. At the same time, the activation signal DE rises to "H", whereby the Y address decoder 8 is activated.
After a prescribed period of time, the detection signal ATD falls to a logic low or "L" level. The equalize signal EQ falls to "L" in response to the fall of the detection signal ATD, whereby equalization of the data bus DB is completed.
The Y address decoder 8 raises any one of the column selection signals C1 to Cm to "H", whereby one bit line pair BL is selected and the transistors 31 and 32 corresponding thereto are turned on. As a result, data is read to the data bus DB from the selected bit line pair BL.
In addition, the activation signal SE rises to "H" in response to the fall of the detection signal ATD, whereby the amplifying circuit 15 is activated and the data on the data bus DB is amplified. Data amplified by the amplifying circuit 15 is applied to the output circuit 17 at a high speed. After data is applied to the output circuit 17, the activation signal DE and the activation signal SE fall to "L" in order to suppress an operation current.
When the address signals A0-An change from the Y address YA1 to a Y address YA2, the detection signal ATD rises to "H", whereby, similarly the potentials on the data bus DB are equalized by the equalizing circuit 14, then data read to the data bus DB is amplified by the amplifying circuit 15, and the amplified data is applied to the output circuit 17 at a high speed.
When the activation signal OE rises to "H", the output circuit 17 is activated to provide the output data Dout.
Next, static column mode operation of the dynamic RAM shown in FIG. 8 will be described with reference to the signal waveform diagram of FIG. 10.
In the static column mode, data is accessed as Y address changes. When the column address strobe signal /CAS is "L", data is provided.
First, the X address XA is applied to the X address decoder 6 in response to the fall of the row address strobe signal /RAS, whereby any one of a plurality of word lines WL is selected. Then, data is read from a plurality of memory cells MC connected to the selected word line WL to the corresponding bit line pairs BL, respectively.
When address signals A0-An change from the X address XA to the Y address YA1, the detection signal ATD rises to "H". An activation signal EQ rises to "H" in response to the rise of the detection signal ATD, whereby the equalizing circuit 14 is activated and the potentials on the data bus DB are equalized. Simultaneously, the activation signal DE rises to "H", whereby the Y address decoder 8 is activated.
The detection signal ATD falls to "L" after a prescribed period of time. The equalized signal EQ falls to "L" in response to the fall of the detection signal ATD, whereby the equalization of the data bus DB is completed.
The Y address decoder 8 raises any one of the column selection signals C1-Cm to "H", whereby one bit line pair BL is selected and the transistors 31 and 32 corresponding thereto are turned on. As a result, data of the Y address YA1 is read from the selected bit line pair BL to the data bus DB.
In addition, the activation signal SE rises to "H" in response to the fall of the detection signal ATD, whereby the amplifying circuit 15 is activated and data on the data bus DB is amplified. Data amplified by the amplifying circuit 15 is applied to the output circuit 17 at a high speed. The activation signals DE and SE fall to "L" a prescribed period of time after the rise, respectively.
When the activation signal OE rises to "H", the output circuit 17 is activated, whereby data of the address YA1 is provided as the output data Dout.
When address signals A0-An change from the Y address YA1 to the Y address YA2, the detection signal ATD rises to "H", whereby the potentials on the data bus DB are equalized by the equalizing circuit 14 and, then data of a Y address YA3 read to the data bus DB is amplified by the amplifying circuit 15. In this case, the output circuit 17 is activated and data in the Y address YA2 is provided as an output data Dout.
In addition, when address signals A0-An change from the Y address YA2 to the Y address YA3, the detection signal ATD rises to "H", whereby the potentials on the data bus DB are equalized by the equalizing circuit 14, and then data in the Y address YA3 read to the data bus DB is amplified by the amplifying circuit 15. In this case, the output circuit 17 is activated and data in the Y address YA3 is provided as the output data Dout.
Thus, data is sequentially provided in response to the transition of the Y address.
As described above, in a conventional dynamic RAM, the potentials on the data bus DB are equalized after the detection signal ATD rises to "H". The amplifying circuit 15 cannot be operated until the equalization of the data bus DB is completed so that the potentials on the data bus DB are made to be the same. Therefore, access time of data is made to be longer by the time required for the equalization.
In the static column mode, data cannot be provided by the output circuit 17 until data on the data bus DB is amplified by the amplifying circuit 15. Therefore, the access time and the cycle time cannot be shortened.
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Till a few years in the past, these OBD scanners price hundreds of dollars and were only sold to auto car repair insurance reviews (click here for more ( https://jutounet.com/ )) retailers and mechanics.
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Was playing Borderlands 2 but it is evaporating into a super hyped up disappointment. So I'm probably going to go back to Skyrim unless the console DLC for Dark Souls has come out. Then it will be back to Lordran for me........ *shivers*
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Q:
Django-Angular's djng_rmi template tags do not expand
I'm trying to use Django-Angular's djangoRMIProvider to give my angular app that sits on top of django access to some django methods.
The snippet I've copied in (and customised the my_app name), and added a console.log to is:
{% load djangular_tags %}
…
<script type="text/javascript">
console.log("djangoRMIProvider: "+djangoRMIProvider);
my_app.config(function(djangoRMIProvider) {
djangoRMIProvider
.configure(
{% djng_current_rmi %} <!--errors here -->
);
});
</script>
It turns out that neither {% djng_current_rmi %} nor {% djng_all_rmi %} expand out to what they should.
I've gone as far as copying the Django-Angular file djangular_tags.py under:
my_app
↳ templatetags
↳ djangular_tags.py
And I'm certain that both my_app and django_angular (I had to rename the Django-Angular app djangular to django_angular as there is another package, Djangular, with the app name djangular - try saying that ten time fast) are in 'INSTALLED_APPS'.
I even used this dirty hack to force the tags into the builtins but either I've done it wrong, or it doesn't work (I do get errors saying it's looking in django.templatetags.my_app.templatetags.djangular_tags, which is not right, or other erros, if I put anything but my_app.templatetags.djangular_tags in that function call)
A:
The {} for the function declaration confuse django when it looks for tags to inject. By moving it outside of the function declaration, it should work fine.
{% load djangular_tags %}
…
<script type="text/javascript">
var tags = {% djng_current_rmi %}
my_app.config(function(djangoRMIProvider) {
djangoRMIProvider
.configure(
tags
);
});
</script>
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If this is your first visit, be sure to
check out the FAQ by clicking the
link above. You may have to register
before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages,
select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.
Manning will or should win ______.
Did anyone catch it yesterday when they were talking about what Manning had to do to overcome and come back? They were saying he had to watch himself in a mirror just to relearn his throwing motion cause he couldn't feel it. It got me looking and I came across this.
So is his comeback more or less than Peterson is he worthy MVP or is he worthy of none? I know main has a million of these and some of us have to speak in tongues and satire. I just wanted to get our thought and opinions.
CPOY is a definite. Doctors said he may never play again and to do what he's doing after that is unreal. I personally think he should win MVP but but if the award goes to Brady or Peterson then that's fair enough because each have been insane. If Manning doesn't get it, Peterson should.
I don't think he should win MVP but that's just my honest opinion. I won't complain if he does though.
He should get CPOY.
he's won co MVP before could happen again. If indy wins sunday and Denver gets homefield and 1 seed that would be quite the accomplishment. I can't think of too many people, not just FB players with that worrk ethic and drive to do what he's done. I am a colt and Manning fan so I want Indy to beat houston and I hope they can win 1 playoff gm. and that's as far as they can go. Denver regardless of 1 or 2 seed will likely be in the SB and I honestly will root my butt off for the whole team. even though I'm an Indy[Manning,stokely, tamme] I like a lot of the players they've grown on me, mostly I like what the team as a whole can do in all 3 phases of the game and I believe they're the best team in the NFL hands down. Good luck I hope you guys win it all. We colt fans can wait till Manning has another ring or 2 before he retires.
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---
abstract: 'The goal of this paper is to present advances on recent 3GPP standardization activities related to Device-to-Device (D2D) and public safety. The paper provides a clear 3GPP state of the art, including when the 3GPP work on D2D and public safety communications started. Finally, it presents important conclusions with respect to further 3GPP work on this topic.'
author:
-
title: 'Recent Advances in 3GPP Rel-12 Standardization related to D2D and Public Safety Communications'
---
D2D; Device-to-Device; ProSe; Public Safety; Proximity Services; GCSE; Group Communications; Group Communication System Enablers; 3GPP; LTE; LTE-A; Release 12; Rel-12; Release 13; Rel-13.
Introduction
============
In the past few years D2D communication emerged as an important research topic and many publications provided D2D communication advantages over LTE such as higher data rates and better resource reallocation [@Nokia; @Ericsson]. Nowadays D2D communication for LTE technology is sufficiently mature that it can be standardized [@Waterloo]. Moreover, recently a strong move has been made by the public safety ecosystem, starting in the US, towards LTE and 3GPP for the development of next generation of public safety networks, as shown in [@Paulson].
In order to better understand the evolution of 3GPP standardization activities for Device-to-Device (D2D) communications and how this subject relates to public safety in the latest releases, the next paragraphs describe the structure and the organization of 3GPP. As depicted in Fig. \[3GPP\], the highest decision making group in 3GPP is the Project Coordination Group (PCG) being for example responsible for final adoption of 3GPP Work Items (WIs), ratifying election results and resources committed to 3GPP. Below the PCG there are four Technical Specification Groups (TSGs):
- GERAN (GSM EDGE Radio Access Networks), responsible for the radio access specification of GSM/EDGE,
- RAN (Radio Access Networks), responsible for the definition of the functions, requirements and interfaces of UTRA/E-UTRA network,
- CT (Core Network & Terminals) responsible for specifying terminal interfaces (logical and physical), terminal capabilities (such as execution environments) and the core network part of 3GPP systems,
- SA (Service & Systems Aspects), responsible for the overall architecture and service capabilities of systems based on 3GPP specifications.
As presented in Fig. \[3GPP\], each of the four TSGs is structured in different working groups, each 3GPP Working Group (WG) having a particular area of expertise, as will be explained later on. Moreover, TSG SA has the responsibility for cross TSG coordination. Therefore, as shown in the next paragraphs, each new 3GPP WI is first initiated by TSG SA. Obviously, this was also the case for D2D communications.
![Structure of 3GPP and D2D active groups as in June 2014[]{data-label="3GPP"}](3GPP-structure_bis)
One of the responsibilities of 3GPP is to produce Technical Reports (TRs) and Technical Specifications (TSs) on evolution of existing radio technologies or new radio technologies defined by 3GPP, such as HSPA/HSPA+, LTE and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A). 3GPP specifications are grouped into “Releases”, and a mobile system can be implemented based on the set of all specifications which comprise a given Release. Whenever a new feature is required by the market, it is proposed to be specified in a given release. Currently 3GPP is working on LTE-A Rel-12, intended to be functionally frozen in June 2014. Two of the major features to be developed in Rel-12 are D2D communication and discovery, as a support for so-called Proximity Services (or ProSe). These services are considered for use in commercial scenarios (e.g. for providing higher data rate or reuse of radio resources locally, based on proximity of communicating users) and in scenarios related to public safety and critical communications.
Currently, from Fig. \[3GPP\], only the highlighted groups are involved. WG SA1 (working group responsible for service requirements) started to work on a feasibility study on D2D ProSe at the end of 2011, with the outcomes compiled in TR $22.803$ [@22803]. Normative work was then conducted by WG SA1, mainly in TS $22.278$ [@22278]. Based on these normative requirements, several working groups are also conducting a feasibility study, WG SA2 for the architecture, WG SA3 for the security aspects of proximity-based services. For example, WG SA2 possible solutions have been compiled in TR $23.703$ [@23703]. In parallel, WG RAN1 (working group responsible for the specification of the physical layer of the radio interface), and to some extent, WG RAN2 (in charge of the radio interface architecture and protocols), are evaluating the feasibility of providing D2D ProSe via LTE in TR $36.843$ [@36843].
In parallel with ProSe WI, 3GPP has started standardization work for Group Communication System Enablers for LTE (GCSE\_LTE) designed for critical communications purposes, leading to the requirement for groupcast (or 1-to-many) communications to be supported by ProSe. It has therefore been decided that the purpose of GCSE\_LTE WI is not for the time being for commercial use but only for public safety use as explained in Fig. \[3GPP\_WIs\].
![3GPP Proximity Services and Group Communication Work Items[]{data-label="3GPP_WIs"}](3GPP_view_related_to_Proximity_Group_bis)
For the reasons mentioned above, Table \[WID\_bis\] summarizes the current technical reports and specifications not only for ProSe but also for GCSE\_LTE scenarios because both represent public safety scenarios. As presented in Table \[WID\_bis\], SA1 TS $22.468$ [@22468] and SA2 TR $23.768$ [@23768] are the main documents of interest for GCSE\_LTE.
------------- ----------- ---------- ------------------- --------------------------------------
Responsible Related TS or TR Number Status (as at October 2013)
Work Group Work Item
SA1 ProSe TS $22.278$ [@22278] Rel-12 requirements are frozen
SA1 GCSE\_LTE TS $22.468$ [@22468] Rel-12 requirements are frozen
SA2 ProSe TR $23.703$ [@23703] Document is being progressed in 3GPP
SA2 GCSE\_LTE TR $23.768$ [@23768] Document is being progressed in 3GPP
RAN1 ProSe TR $36.843$ [@36843] Document is being progressed in 3GPP
------------- ----------- ---------- ------------------- --------------------------------------
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section \[Sec\_UseCases\] presents the key use cases for 3GPP D2D related technologies and summarizes the D2D required features in Rel-12. Some generalities about ProSe architecture are then described in Section \[Sec\_CoreOptions\]. In relationship with Section \[Sec\_CoreOptions\], an important attention is dedicated to discovery feature in Section \[D2D\_Discovery\] and to communication feature in Section \[D2D\_Communication\]. Finally, 3GPP ProSe roadmap for Rel-12 and important conclusions are provided in Section \[Sec\_3GPPOrg\] and Section \[Sec\_Conclusion\] respectively.
Use Cases for D2D Technologies in 3GPP and Required Features {#Sec_UseCases}
============================================================
The standardization work on D2D technologies in 3GPP is focused on a set of use cases, which were identified to fit the needs of both public safety and commercial mobile networks. Use cases can be defined by various services offered in various situations. The core features supported by D2D technologies in 3GPP are:
1. direct discovery;
2. direct 1:1 communication;
3. direct 1:many communication.
Here “direct” means making use of the direct radio interface between the devices instead of going through the network infrastructure, this use being under the control of the network operator, either through on-line (i.e., making use of cellular links of the users) or off-line (i.e., pre-configuration of User Equipments (UEs)).
The direct discovery feature is designed to support a new discovery service, to be offered to users to “discover” other users in the vicinity. Note that some Enhanced Packet Core (EPC) based solution (i.e., without use of the D2D interface) is also considered to offer this service, with the limitation that it would only work on-line. The discovery can therefore be an EPC-level ProSe discovery (if the discovery is performed by the EPC) or a ProSe direct E-UTRA discovery (if discovery is performed at radio level).
The direct 1:1 communication feature is designed to support the usual data communication service between 2 users. The direct 1:many communication feature is designed in order to support a new groupcast service called Group Communication (inspired by GCSE\_LTE WI and which is not covering the direct communications aspects 1:1 or 1:many). From the point of view of direct communication, the UEs may communicate directly with each other via LTE technology, and the communication may happen with or without network assistance (e.g., signaling and control) for both 1:1 and 1:many situations. Direct D2D communication via WLAN connection is also possible with the support of the EPC.
On top of direct communication, 3GPP defines a UE relaying feature which is used for public safety scenarios. This feature is applicable in situations such as UE-to-Network relaying (when a UE is relayed to the network by a UE with relaying capabilities called UE-Relay) or UE-to-UE relaying (when a UE is relayed to another UE with the help of a UE-Relay). To some extent this can be already included to the direct communication features. However, this can be seen as a different feature at least from the point of view of the control: a UE relaying another UE could also be able to perform e.g. Radio Resource Control (RRC) functions that normally a legacy UE cannot support by itself.
With respect to all core features, and more precisely features that a D2D UE and a D2D-supporting network should have, Table \[Req\_Features\] summarizes the current Rel-12 3GPP priority per WI.
--------------- ---------------- --------------
D2D Public Safety Commercial
Feature Use Case Use Case
Discovery Required Required
(on-&off-line) (on-line)
1:1 Required Required
Communication (on-&off-line) (on-line)
1:Many Required Not Required
Communication (on-&off-line)
with UE Required Not Required
Relaying (on-&off-line)
--------------- ---------------- --------------
: \[Req\_Features\] Required Features for ProSe in Rel-12
For each feature, multiple use cases can be described for a pair of users (then they can be extrapolated to any number of users) depending on:
1. whether none, one or both users are served by a D2D-supporting network;
2. when both are served by adequate network, whether it is by the same network or two different networks;
3. when both are served by same network, whether they are served by the same cell or different cells;
4. whether both users are subscribers of the same operator;
5. whether none, one or both users are in a roaming situation.
Moreover, these core features described above are subject to different level of performance with regard to:
1. management of Quality of Service (QoS);
2. management of security;
3. management of service continuity.
QoS, security and service continuity are therefore key performance indicators that have to be taken into account by 3GPP work on D2D communications.
Core Options for System Architecture {#Sec_CoreOptions}
====================================
At the beginning of 2013 the SA2 group started the system architecture definition suitable to fulfill the requirements identified for ProSe and GCSE. As usual for defining complex new features, a two-step approach was performed. In a first step, a TR document proposing different solutions would be defined. In a second step, the best solution would be chosen, and would lead to the definition of TS documents that will be the normative specification of the features. Since the beginning of 2013, TR $23.703$ [@23703] and TR $23.768$ [@23768] have progressed and currently contain the following information:
- a list of key issues to be solved;
- the definition of an overall system architecture;
- the identification of technical solutions expected to meet the system requirements.
An overall architecture for the non-roaming cases, and a variant for the roaming cases were defined. Those architectures identified the main components and reference points of the system. For example, ProSe overall architecture [@23703] for the non-roaming case is presented in Fig. \[architecture\].
![ProSe Overall Architecture[]{data-label="architecture"}](ProSe_Overall_Architecture_bis_colours_improved)
As described by Fig. \[architecture\], six reference points have been introduced, as well as a ProSe Function located in the EPS, and a ProSe APP Server that is outside of the EPS. The new component “ProSe Function” is created to support the Evolved Packet System (EPS) features of ProSe. The ProSe APP Server, which is located outside the 3GPP network, represents the application server of a ProSe provider. This architecture has to support a wide range of solutions and is thus very generic and flexible.
The overall architecture has also to support all the features of ProSe, such as the discovery and the communication between UEs. This later one includes the communication required allowing a UE out-of-network coverage to access to the network infrastructure through a UE-Relay.
The architecture allows a wide split of functionalities and a different type of interfaces. The ProSe Function and the ProSe APP Server split can be very different. Some solutions can be based on the use of IMS in the ProSe APP Server, other solutions allow to use ProSe control plane messages over the PC3 interface between the UE and the ProSe Function by using IP user plane messages, while other solutions could use Non-Access Stratum (NAS) messages.
Another architecture has been defined in $23.768$ [@23768] for GCSE\_LTE. This architecture has a new component GCSE Application Server (GCSE AS) and a Multipoint Service (MuSe) component most probably based on already existent Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)-type solution. In the case of GCSE\_LTE, five new reference points have been proposed: GC1 between GCSE AS and GCSE application on UE side, GC2 between the GCSE AS and MuSe, GC3 between MuSe and the base station eNB, GC4 between MuSe and the Mobility Management Entity MME, and finally GC5 between MuSe and the Packet-GateWay (P-GW).
In ProSe TR 23.703 [@23703], the solutions proposed to meet the ProSe requirements can be divided in four categories:
- solutions related to the definition of ProSe identities (see Section \[D2D\_Discovery\] and more precisely Subsection \[Identifiers\]);
- solutions related to direct discovery (see Section \[D2D\_Discovery\] and more precisely Subsection \[Disc\_Information\_in\_RRC\]);
- solutions related to direct communication (see Section \[D2D\_Communication\]);
- solutions related to UE-Relay.
The next sections \[D2D\_Discovery\] and \[D2D\_Communication\] provide a review of the latest 3GPP RAN2 [@RAN283bis] and SA2 [@SA299] discussions and the material provided in these sections tries to summarize the most important contributions.
3GPP D2D Discovery Solutions {#D2D_Discovery}
============================
As previously mentioned, the first subsection from Section \[D2D\_Discovery\] (i.e. Subsection \[Identifiers\]) deals with the UE and Group Identities for both discovery and communication on PC5, while the second subsection (i.e. Subsection \[Disc\_Information\_in\_RRC\]) shows how the discovery information is being transmitted and received.
User Equipment and Group Identities {#Identifiers}
-----------------------------------
In order to perform the direct discovery, a UE has to broadcast a discovery information using direct communication. The direct 1:1 communication could be done in a Question/Answer-based manner (e.g. Question: Is the service or the UE “A” around? followed by the Answer: Yes, “A” is available at UE-John.Doe) or in an Announcement-based manner which is regularly repeated during the broadcast period (e.g. Announcement: Service “A” is available at UE-John.Doe). The information communicated during the D2D communication therefore contains a discovery identifier relating D2D communication to the UEs and to the service (i.e. “Discovery Type” from Fig. \[identities\]). After the discovery identities are defined and produced by e.g. an application server (or by a UE), they have to be communicated to the UEs that need to use them either for broadcast purposes, either for detection purposes. In the particular cases of public safety where UEs are out-of-network coverage, the discovery identities have to be independently determined by each concerned UE (i.e. “UE-related Identity” from Fig. \[identities\]).
More than that, the discovery identities need to be unique in all circumstances. In particular, it has to be noted that the discovery service can be performed in an inter-operator scenario or when UEs are in a roaming situation, and therefore the UE-related Identity may not assure uniqueness. In order to keep the uniqueness of the identities, some proposed solutions use an application-level URL-type identifier (e.g., [email protected]) that can be converted to a unique discovery code (i.e. “Discovery Code” from Fig. \[identities\]) to be broadcasted between the UEs. Some other solutions add Layer 2 identities of discoveree/discovered UEs, i.e. a solution proposed to create a generic Layer 2 source and destination addresses in each D2D discovery messages.
For exemplification, Fig. \[identities\] presents a possible example of discovery message composed from: the type of discovery message, the UE-related identity and the discovery code.
![Example of Discovery Message[]{data-label="identities"}](Discovery_Identities_bis_bis_colours)
Moreover, in the particular case of public safety UEs, the discovery is used to find UEs related to a particular communication group. A specific identity related to the group could be therefore added or included as part of the application identifier (e.g. John.Doe:[email protected]). Also, for public safety UEs, the discovery services could be available when the UEs are out-of-network coverage requiring a pre-configuration of identifiers or different methods for local generation of identifiers. With respect to all the above mentioned, the security of the identifiers broadcasted over the air will be defined by the 3GPP WG SA3 in order to keep the required level of confidentiality and security.
Discovery Information Transmission and Reception {#Disc_Information_in_RRC}
------------------------------------------------
The goal of Subsection \[Disc\_Information\_in\_RRC\] is to describe how the discovery information is transmitted (see Subsection \[TxDiscInfo\]) and how discovery information is received and used (see Subsection \[RxDiscInfo\]) for different RRC states.
### Transmission of Discovery Information {#TxDiscInfo}
In current LTE network system, legacy UE transmission control by eNB during RRC connected mode ensures that eNB dynamically restricts the intra-cell and inter-cell interference. However, the eNB does not need to control RRC idle mode legacy UEs since they do not cause interference. As explained below, the needs are different when considering direct discovery because 1) in RRC idle mode the D2D UEs may need to transmit without directly entering in RRC connected mode and 2) too many transitions from the RRC idle mode to RRC connected mode are expensive from the signaling point of view.
For example, users running an application on their phone may want to find other nearby users of the same application at any time. Requesting the UE to enter RRC connected mode to transmit a discovery message and then to enter again RRC idle mode once the message has been transmitted would result in a high signaling overhead. It is therefore desirable that a UE transmitting D2D discovery messages be allowed to transmit while in RRC idle mode. Moreover, the transition of a UE from RRC idle to connected mode may result in random access procedure, RRC connection establishment, initial security activation, default EPS and radio bearer establishments. Thus, any RRC idle to connected mode transition caused by discovery will overload the random access procedure, will increase the control plane overhead and will impact the UE power consumption.
### Reception of Discovery Information {#RxDiscInfo}
It seems obvious that allowing devices to receive discovery messages while in RRC idle mode would provide several advantages compared to requesting the devices to enter RRC connected mode.
For example, a user can activate an application which is notifying of the proximity of restaurants of interest. The relevant application would conceivably be continuously running on the device, meaning that if discovery was only permitted while in RRC connected mode, the device would be unable to leave this state unless the application was deactivated. However, requesting a UE to remain in RRC connected mode to receive discovery messages may be unacceptable for several reasons. Firstly, the power consumption of a UE remaining in RRC connected mode may be considerably high. Secondly, compared with a UE in RRC idle mode, a UE remaining in RRC connected mode may increase the amount of signaling throughout the network as a result of handover procedures. It is therefore much more practical for the device to discover a restaurant while in RRC idle mode and only enter RRC connected mode if the user requested more information on the restaurant, such as opening times and menus.
3GPP Radio Resource Allocation Schemes for D2D Communication {#D2D_Communication}
============================================================
The main focus of Section \[D2D\_Communication\] is on direct 1:many communication for 3GPP Rel-12 for in-network coverage and out-of-network coverage situations. In order to ensure efficient usage of resources and to allow an efficient UE power consumption in both situations, two main types of resource allocation schemes have been currently proposed:
- Centralized approach (see Subsection \[Centralized\]): The network controls the resource allocation. This approach can either apply to an eNB in-network coverage or to a cluster head in out-of-network coverage case. The centralized approach consists in a dynamic or semi-persistent scheduling for which the UE is scheduled with resources for every D2D transmission.
- Distributed approach (see Subsection \[Distributed\]): The UE autonomously allocates resources by itself from a pool of semi-statically configured resource blocks. As the resource allocation is distributed, and therefore same resource blocks can be allocated at the same time by different UEs, there might be a contention situation that has to be properly solved.
Centralized Approach {#Centralized}
--------------------
For the centralized approach, the D2D transmitting UE sends a scheduling request to the network controller or centralized node. Upon receiving the scheduling request from the transmitting UE, the centralized node allocates a resource which is not being used by other member UEs (i.e. UEs involved in groupcast communication) or by all UEs (i.e. UEs in proximity) within the cell or within the coverage of the centralized node. The centralized node assigns resources based on the amount of data to be sent and also based on the radio conditions. If the amount of data requested by the transmitting UE cannot be fulfilled by a single schedule, multiple schedules are required. Depending on the application or the type of service, it may also be possible to provide semi-persistent resources. The centralized node also informs the D2D UEs with the resources used for transmission by other member UEs involved in a groupcast communication or all other UEs which are in proximity.
Distributed Approach {#Distributed}
--------------------
For the distributed approach, a pool of resources is semi-statically allocated by the network (i.e. for the in-network coverage case) or is pre-configured when the UE is registered with the network (i.e. for the out-of-network coverage case). The UEs use this pool of resources to transmit/listen direct discovery beacons, but the pool of resources can also be used for direct 1:1 and 1:many communication. As it is a contention-based access, some form of collision handling mechanism (e.g. Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection or Collision Avoidance, CSMA/CD or CSMA/CA) is needed to detect/avoid/resolve any collision. In CSMA, the transmitting UE listens to the pool of resources to determine which of resources are being used or not for transmission by other UEs. Once it determines that a resource is not occupied, the UE may transmit using the same resource. The random selection of the unused resources may decrease the number of collisions, but collisions may still occur if the pool of resources is limited.
Centralized Approach vs. Distributed Approach
---------------------------------------------
In Subsection \[Centralized\] and Subsection \[Distributed\] two main approaches were presented: centralized approach (i.e. full scheduling) and distributed approach (i.e. CSMA-like resource allocation). Table \[Approaches\] further provides a comparison of the two main approaches, with their advantages and disadvantages.
------------------- ------------- --------------------------
Centralized Distributed
Approach Approach
Resource High Low (depending on the
Efficiency type of CSMA solution)
Signaling High Low
Overhead
Pre-configuration No Yes (e.g., determination
of Resources of resource pool)
Interference Low Medium
------------------- ------------- --------------------------
: \[Approaches\] Comparisons of the Resource Allocation Approaches
Based on Table \[Approaches\], it can be easily observed that CSMA-like mechanism has relatively lower complexity and signaling overhead. However, the drawback of the distributed approach is its weakness in terms of interference control and collision resolution. The collision resolution is typically implemented using probabilistic approaches, e.g. using medium/carrier sensing and a random back-off timer to perform retransmission if medium is occupied (e.g. CSMA/CA). These mechanisms typically increase power consumption of the UE when active and may lead to degradation of system performance. On the other hand, centralized approach has the advantage that it can efficiently manage radio resources in a cell and it can avoid UE interference with other UEs or with the network. For D2D communications, the centralized approach may also need to consider the D2D channel condition and the D2D buffer status reported by the UEs. If for example the number of transmitting D2D UEs is high, this will probably increase the signaling overhead significantly and therefore new measurement, configuration and reporting methods have to be defined by 3GPP.
3GPP ProSe Roadmap and Prioritisation {#Sec_3GPPOrg}
=====================================
Among other important activities, 3GPP TSG RAN and 3GPP TSG SA are also involved in D2D proximity services from overall work plan management. In September 2013, during SA 61 meeting, 3GPP TSG SA reviewed the Rel-12 progress in different working groups. Due to the important activities in the radio access area, not only due to proximity services, 3GPP TSG RAN proposed to reduce the scope of proximity services in Rel-12. Similarly, experimenting an overload situation, 3GPP WG SA2 proposed to limit Rel-12 to a list of essential features. Based on these information, 3GPP TSG SA decided to limit the proximity features for Rel-12 to discovery and public safety group communication.
3GPP ProSe tentative roadmap for Rel-12 and Rel-13 can be found in Fig. \[Roadmap\]. The UE-Relay feature was maintained in Rel-12, but is considered as a lower priority item and remains at risk for the final release. Regarding the overall schedule for Rel-12, it is highly possible to have a planning exception and complete three months later than the official timescale currently set to June 2014. The service aspects and network requirements (covered by stage 1) are now complete, but the completion of the architecture (stage 2) would then be finalized by March 2014 and the completion of the protocols (stage 3) would be finalized by September 2014 for both Core Network (CN) and RAN-related aspects. With respect to Rel-13, the main work will probably concern direct discovery feature (including interaction with 3rd party applications and UE terminal applications), direct 1:many communication feature for commercial use, UE-Relay feature with RAN impact (not covered by Rel-12) and service continuity aspects.
Conclusion {#Sec_Conclusion}
==========
This paper shows the latest 3GPP contributions on D2D communications and public safety. With respect to all the D2D features presented above (i.e., direct discovery, direct 1:1 and 1:many communications) there are some important research topics that have to be considered in order to improve the user experience such as energy consumption, QoS, security, resource allocation, interference management (i.e., including interference avoidance) and service continuity.
Acknowledgment {#acknowledgment .unnumbered}
==============
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement CRS-i number 318563. The research leading to this paper has been also supported in part by the Celtic-Plus project SHARING, project number C2012/1-8.
[16]{}
Klaus Doppler, Mika Rinne, Carl Wijting, Cássio B. Ribeiro and Klaus Hugl, Device-to-Device Communication as an Underlay to LTE-Advanced Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, Dec. 2009. Gábor Fodor, Erik Dahlman, Gunnar Mildh, Stefan Parkvall, Norbert Reider, György Miklós and Zoltán Turányi, Design Aspects of Network Assisted Device-to-Device Communications, IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2011. Lei Lei, Zhangdui Zhong, Chuang Lin and Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, Operator Controlled Device-to-Device Communications in LTE-Advanced Networks, IEEE Wireless Communications, June 2012.
Anna Paulson and Thomas Schwengler, A Review of Public Safety Communications, from LMR to Voice over LTE (VoLTE), IEEE PIMRC 2013, 8-11 September 2013, London, UK.
3GPP Technical Report $22.803$, 3GPP WG SA1, Feasibility study for Proximity Services (ProSe), http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/22803.htm. 3GPP Technical Specification $22.278$, 3GPP WG SA2, Service Requirements for the Evolved Packet System (EPS), http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/22278.htm.
3GPP Technical Report $23.703$, 3GPP WG SA2, Study on architecture enhancements to support Proximity Services (ProSe), http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/23703.htm.
3GPP Technical Report $36.843$, 3GPP WG RAN1, Feasibility Study on LTE Device to Device Proximity Services - Radio Aspects, http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36843.htm.
3GPP Technical Specification $22.468$, 3GPP WG SA1, Group Communication System Enablers for LTE (GCSE\_LTE), http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/22468.htm.
3GPP Technical Report $23.768$, 3GPP WG SA2, Study on Architecture Enhancements to Support Group Communication System Enablers for LTE, http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/23768.htm.
RAN2 meeting number 83 bis (R2-83b), 7-11 October 2013, Ljubljana, ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/TSG\_RAN/WG2\_RL2/TSGR2\_83bis/Docs/.
SA2 meeting number 99 (S2-99), 23-27 September 2013, Xiamen, ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/TSG\_SA/WG2\_Arch/TSGS2\_99\_Xiamen/Docs.
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A due windows system history, how completely ?
Windows system restore feature is redundant if TI is in use.
I know how to disable that.
But how can I erase all data he could collect before ?
"System Volume Information" should be the store of
win system restore, but I can see also under
%WINDOWS% some subdirectories like $NtUninstallKBxxxx$,
where xxxx stays probably to numbers of MS Knowledge Base Articles.
Can I safety remove those directories as well ?
That would spare space while imaging my system partition.
The storage System Volume Information is seen as empty
from user point of view with restricted privileges.
Should I leave that ?
but I can see also under
%WINDOWS% some subdirectories like $NtUninstallKBxxxx$,
where xxxx stays probably to numbers of MS Knowledge Base Articles.
Can I safety remove those directories as well ?
That would spare space while imaging my system partition.
Click to expand...
The $NtUninstallKBxxxx$ files are uninstall files for Windows Hotfixes, for example the monthly security updates. They can be safely deleted once you are sure the update has not introduced a problem. Do some searching on the internet on these so you are comfortable with your decisions. I use the CCleaner program, http://www.filehippo.com/download_ccleaner/ to remove these, by checking the Hotfix Uninstallers box, but only after several weeks of trouble free running after new updates. The $hf_mig$ folder should be left intact.
chrizio said:
The storage System Volume Information is seen as empty
from user point of view with restricted privileges.
Should I leave that ?
Click to expand...
Yes, leave this one, absolutely.
bodgy said:
You can always 'exclude' this folder from your backup task.
Colin
Click to expand...
Colin, chrizio indicated he is imaging his system partition, can he exclude folders from this, and would he want to if he could? I’ve never seen that option, but am always willing to be corrected.
Colin, chrizio indicated he is imaging his system partition, can he exclude folders from this, and would he want to if he could? I’ve never seen that option, but am always willing to be corrected.
CF
Click to expand...
Under Tools\Options it has a screen for exclusions, I assumed this would give a default setting for imaging. But as it is the same screen as for files and folders I'm now not so sure - so ignore that idea for now
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What are Masternodes? Crypto Beginner’s Guide
Cryptocurrency has become one of the best investments for the modern digital age. There is always a new opportunity to earn passive income and contribute to projects that help make the world a better place one altcoin at a time. While some people may feel iffy about a digital currency, they must remember that even the dollar and other fiat currencies are backed by nothing too.
There are plenty of methods one can take to earn a couple coins here or there. If you are willing to really invest in cryptocurrency, then you can easily look into the many different projects that offer larger earning incentives. Proof of stake and proof of work are definitely the most well-known methods of earning altcoins.
But not everyone is into the idea of mining cryptocurrency or making small-scale forging contributions. There are other means of earning cryptocurrencies that one can try.
Some of the common proof methods are proof of importance, proof of storage, proof of stake anonymous, delegated proof of stake, proof of stake time, proof of stake velocity, proof of burn, proof of activity, proof of capacity, and proof of checkpoint. But these methods aren’t the only investment strategies for earning a mass amount of cryptocurrency.
You can try a wide variety of earning methods ranging from vlogging/blogging, commenting, buying and hodl, faucet farming, bounties, airdrops, gaming, network support, micro tasks, selling goods and services, affiliate marketing, freelancing, trading and more. But one of the biggest investment methods is running a massive masternode.
With all the ways and methods to earn altcoins, it may leave some feeling a bit overwhelmed. After all, with all the scams running amok in the cryptocurrency industry it can leave many investors feeling jaded. Add in the various price fluctuations in crypto exchanges and you can end up with many investors looking elsewhere for reliable investment.
So how does cryptocurrency manage to stay afloat and attract enough investors to keep the belief in digital altcoins going? Is there a way to really earn a passive income with minimal effort? How can one invest enough into cryptocurrency and know that they will at least get something worthwhile back?
Cryptocurrency definitely comes with many ups and downs but when you take part in the blockchain systems and networks it can be a reliable way to earn some serious altcoin. If you have the extra cash and are willing to take a well thought out dive into cryptocurrency, then read on and learn about a great investment method for a wonderful source of passive income.
Masternodes: Earning Passive Income From Investments and Mining While You Sleep
Many people often hear about masternodes when they learn about the various inner workings of cryptocurrency. But what are masternodes really? Are they some sort of super node or are they something else entirely? Well, a node is basically a device in the blockchain network and is the technology responsible for an altcoin’s ability to function and survive.
However, a masternode works in a slightly different way. It too is a type of device but instead of being a foundation of a blockchain network, a masternode is really a type of cryptocurrency wallet. This digital wallet is known as a full node and contains a copy of the ledger in real-time. This means all transactions that have ever occurred on the blockchain networks will be in that digital wallet.
While nodes are an essential component of any blockchain, masternodes hold a very special set of roles.
A masternode will often have features such as:
Keeping all transactions on the blockchain private
Providing an adequate treasury system for cryptocurrency
Enabling governance and voting for the cryptocurrency, projects, developer team, bonuses, and so on
Enables instant transactions all along the blockchain preventing any digital hiccups along the various blockchain networks
These massive nodes are often referred to as MN. They are not standalone and often relay information between other nodes and masternodes within the decentralized network.
Getting to Know the Nodes of Cryptocurrency
Now that you have become familiar with masternodes, it is time to get to know its little digital companion – the node. The node in cryptocurrency plays a small but also very important role. It is the backbone of a blockchain and is responsible for relaying transaction information and supporting the blockchain network. They are basically the tiny digital parts that make up a blockchain.
A node can be made active with just about any device that has an IP address. This means your mobile phone, computer, tablet, and even your printer can be a node so long as it is connected to the internet.
Nodes, unlike masternodes, are arranged in binary trees. These binary trees are what provide the basic essence and functionality in blockchain technology. Nodes and masternodes do share a few things in common. Both are run by users to earn a profit and often have to adhere to an altcoin’s consensus protocol before a user/miner/forger is allowed to run the node or masternode.
Miners generally run nodes through a proof of work system. Since each users computer becomes a node, they, in essence, have an equal opportunity to earn transaction fees for processing blocks. Often users require a computer system that has the right hardware and can handle being a node since mining, in general, is hard on a computer.
Nodes can be either a point of communication redistribution or a communication endpoint. Small nodes often don’t have a full copy of a cryptocurrency’s ledger. There are five types of nodes in a blockchain.
Types of nodes:
Leaf Node
This node is a node with no children linked to it.
Parent Node
This is a type of node that often has other nodes extending from it like a digital branch.
Root Node
This is the highest binary node in the entire binary tree.
Child Node
This type of node is the one that typically branches out from the parent node.
Sibling Node
This is the type of node that is often sharing the same parent node with other child nodes.
Other important terminologies to remember for nodes are:
Tree
A set of nodes that stem from the main root node. This is usually where you will see a combination of leaf, child, sibling, and parent nodes.
Forest
This is a set of binary trees compiled of various types of nodes.
Edge
This is the connection between the nodes all along the various trees, forests and individual nodes.
Degree
The number of child nodes within a binary tree.
How Does a Masternode Work?
Now that you know how a simple node functions and how a blockchain is formed, you can begin to understand how a masternode essentially works. They often function in a similar fashion to regular nodes only this time they can have a full copy of a blockchain with live updates.
Masternodes are simply using a digital wallet to act as both treasury and live ledgers. Masternodes may perform other tasks beyond regular nodes depending on the type of altcoin you are investing in. Each altcoin can offer its own incentives and other bonuses for running one or more of their masternodes.
Generally, all a user has to do is lock down a certain number of coins that are required to run a masternode. Typically, a set amount of altcoin investment is usually stated by an altcoin when it comes to those who wish to run a masternode. Usually, this can range from 1,000, 5,000, to even 10,000 and more of altcoins kept in storage. Users can expect to earn up to 5 – 20% block rewards.
This means those who run a masternode can expect to get a decent slice of the transaction fees and profits just for running the masternode. The more masternodes you run the more profit you can receive depending on the cryptocurrency and their rules for running a masternode.
To run a masternode you will need to make sure your computer meets the basic requirements for the cryptocurrency you wish to be a part of.
Is a Masternode Proof of Stake or Proof of Work?
Masternodes usually function on the basis of the proof of stake method. This is because masternodes often require users to make a large investment into a particular altcoin. Masternodes also require users to maintain that specified amount in their digital wallet consistently. There are some masternodes that can operate on the basis of proof of work since all a masternode is, is a full node.
Users can have a combination of masternodes and regular nodes thus giving them perks of both proof of stake and proof of work altcoin earning methods. But this can be taxing on a computer system and is very energy intensive since you are doing both mining and forging at the exact same time.
Can You Really Make Money Using a Masternode?
In essence, yes you can make a decent amount of money by running a few masternodes. If you pick the right cryptocurrency to invest in then you have plenty of opportunities to earn a reliable source of income. Not all cryptocurrencies rely on masternodes nor will they offer the same incentives. Some masternodes can be harder to run compared to others.
Since masternodes are mass investments, make sure you do all your research before you start the process of running a masternode. Just like there are many pyramid schemes and pump and dump scams in cryptocurrency, there are also scams involving masternodes. These scams and the high costs of investment often leave many people feeling a bit reluctant to take part in running a masternode.
However, if you choose reliable cryptocurrencies that have a decent following and community then you are more likely to have no problems running a masternode.
Another bonus with running a masternode is you can run multiple masternodes. You can also run different masternodes for different altcoins as well.
How to Host Your Own Masternode
Running a masternode is an investment venture that can be risky but also worth it. How you can run your own masternode is fairly simple. Follow these simple steps to get your masternode up and running. If you are ever confused on how to set up a particular masternode you can always consult the altcoin’s community forums or developer team for some guidance.
1.) Buy the required amount of collateral altcoins. It is advised to purchase a little more than required to account for transaction fees.
2.) Install the cryptocurrency wallet on your server. Some choose to use VPS installed with Linux OS or use Vultr.
3.) Send your purchased altcoins or tokens to your wallet.
4.) Setup a node address within your digital wallet and transfer all of your altcoins to that particular node. Typically, you will need a dedicated IP address to run a masternode.
5.) Setup the masternode
6.) Once you have everything you needed to be configured, you will now be ready to start up the server for the masternode. From this point, you will need a node daemon.
7.) Once you have the server running and the node daemon you are now ready to earn altcoins on your newly acquired masternode. You can repeat these steps to run multiple masternodes. Remember like with any investment it takes a little bit of patience and time to see results.
How Masternodes Can Benefit Many Cryptocurrencies
Masternodes benefit cryptocurrencies because they ensure a cryptocurrencies decentralized feature. Think of each masternode as a server. The more servers for the cryptocurrency the smoother the transactions are. This is also cheaper in the long run for many cryptocurrencies since they won’t have to run their own servers.
This can also make the cryptocurrency secure and anonymous which are the other key components in blockchain technology. Cryptocurrencies such as Dash and PIVX are great first time options to go with when figuring out how to run a masternode for the first time.
There are plenty of smaller altcoins that will allow you to run a masternode, however, they may not be as reliable and can rapidly depreciate in value making your investment worthless.
The Drawbacks of Running a Few Masternodes
As mentioned previously, masternodes are also flooded with scammers. When sifting through potential investment options, any altcoin that offers a return of investment (ROI) of 1000% and above is actually a scam and should be treated with caution. As the old saying goes, if it looks too good to be true it usually is.
If the altcoin doesn’t offer a utility with the masternodes, you should avoid these digital coins as well. While investing in a new altcoin might sound like a good idea, new altcoins have a very high rate of failing which is why many users stick to the tried and true major cryptocurrencies for their investments.
Final Thoughts on Masternodes
As long as you have the tech and cash, masternodes are one of the more reliable options for passive income in cryptocurrency. Depending on the altcoin you choose will determine all the other benefits you may receive. Like with any digital investments always do your research, read all of the fine print, and make sure that what you put in will bring you a solid return of investment.
While it may seem complicated at first, running a masternode or two is not only a great investment but also a great way to make your own contribution. After all, a blockchain network is extensive and to keep it decentralized means many people need to take part in running nodes and masternodes.
5 / 5 ( 4 votes )
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Typical Simms observation...."gee Jim, the Broncos are doing so well their fans are drowning out the Steeler fans". Wow Phil what a great point, probably has nothing to do with the fact they're playing at friggin Denver.
Typical Simms observation...."gee Jim, the Broncos are doing so well their fans are drowning out the Steeler fans". Wow Phil what a great point, probably has nothing to do with the fact they're playing at friggin Denver.
Earlier in the game he said something like, "To be a forward pass, the ball has to go forward."
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Product Description
OTC 6540 Rear Axle Bearing Puller Set
This 8 piece set contains slide hammer and popular attachments needed for servicing flange type floating rear axle bearing and seals in most late model rear wheel drive cars and light trucks. Also included is a molded case for storage.
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The 2015 Italian Grand Prix Preview
Two weeks after a rather routine victory for Lewis Hamilton at Spa, the focus shifts to another iconic F1 circuit – the fast and furious Monza, in Italy.
Monza has been hosting grands prix since 1921, and hosted an F1 race for the first time in the sports inaugrial 1950 season. This year’s event will mark the 65th Italian Grand Prix held at Monza, a Formula 1 record.
No track can boast a faster average speed than Monza – this is hardly surprising; the layout is one made for speed, with few tight corners and plenty of straight track to hit hard. Despite this, turn 1 is a hard-braking zone, as the corner (really more of a chicane) can come up at you quite suddenly. Unsurprisingly, first lap chaos can often erupt here, as 22 cars will scream toward the corner, only to try and out-brake each other.
Turn 2 can be taken reasonably quick, whilst turn 3 is another corner requiring a firm application of the brake, and turn 4 can be taken quite quickly, if you’re feeling brave (as can turn 5). It’s risky though, as it’s easy to slip off onto the grass.
Turn 9 is another deceptive corner – it looks reasonably fast, but you don’t want to be too aggressive, lest you cost yourself your exit onto the main straight.
It’s ironic that Ferrari (for whom Monza is a spiritual home) will come here at a potential disadvantage – whilst their 2015 car is much improved over last year’s design, and their engine has certainly gotten stronger, Monza, being a power circuit, will play into the hands of the Mercedes-powered teams. Mercedes themselves will be favourites, especially having taken a one-two finish here last season (with a few fans wondering if Rosberg was ordered to cede the win to Hamilton).
Lotus (despite being on the verge of financial collapse) are expected to race here, amidst ongoing speculation regarding their future. The Renault-powered Red Bull and Toro Rosso teams will probably struggle, even their weaker engines, whilst McLaren will want this over and done with swiftly. It’s hard to look past a Mercedes one-two once again.
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RoadToEverest Log #10
After the 2 hour trek from Dingboche to Chhukung, we rested for the remaining day to acclimatize further at the elevation, 4.7kms high to be precise.
The next day we woke up early and started our climb to Chhukung Ri which is a 5550m trekking mountain. This is where our real adventure began. Whatever we did till then were baby steps. We pounded and broke out lungs for 2-3 hours, and made it up the last point of the Chhukung Ri peak. We stopped and cried looking down at the sheer height we had reached.
We returned back to the village in no time but had to bear the consequences of going high. Our heads wanted to explode, such was the feeling. The Sherpas were quick to order in the all powerful Sherpa garlic soup and I was back to normal after a few hours rest.
Once I got better, I spent the day reading a book by Reinhold Messner about his antics in the Himalayas. It wasn’t even close to what we were doing or what we had been through.
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I watched silently as two dozen 4th graders trickled into my classroom, dropped their backpacks by the wall, and obediently took their places. Time for our daily morning ritual: the feigned prayer. The scene doesn’t draw much attention from passersby; it’s easy to miss the mechanic looks on the children’s faces or the way their bodies seem to sink into their seats. The optics can be deceiving. My students sing along. They have their fingers on the place. Most of them even read the words aloud, some with great devotion. But I know better. My students are present and absent, all at once. There may be a rhythm to their singing, a familiar ring to their cadence and beat. But beneath that façade lies a starker feeling, one that is at once apprehensive, mystified and defeated. When morning tefillah rolls around, I get the feeling that my students are ready to leave just as soon as they arrive. Their siddurim are open, but their hearts are closed.
These kids are praying without passion.
Talking to colleagues from around the country, I know their passive state is hardly unique. The passionless prayer reverberates across denominational and age lines. It creeps its way into coed and single-gender classrooms. It lives inside of schools of all stripes and sizes. Short-term fixes – the crisp-looking tefillah guides, the alluring incentive programs, the outright bribery and recriminations from teachers – they do little to breathe meaning into an utterly predictable, painfully prescribed morning rite that is simply not resonating with kids in day schools. For my part, I’ve swung the tefillah pendulum back and forth over the years in an effort to capture and sustain passion. More singing. Less singing. More room for reflection. More room for expression. Longer selection of prayers. Shorter selection of prayers. Somehow, nothing tips the scales of passion. As their teacher, it’s not my job to force students into a relationship with God. But it is my job to help them make acquaintances.
So on Tuesday, after a particularly comatose round of tefillah, I handed out slips of paper to my students and asked them for brutal honesty: What do you find so challenging about prayer? Their answers were touching and sobering: I don’t know what the words mean. We go too quickly. People around me are whispering to one another. It’s hard to concentrate. But the one that struck hardest: It’s not like I can see God, anyway.
This last sentiment hangs like a dark cloud over tefillah gatherings everywhere. Feeling like you’re talking when no one is on the other line can be a lonely and frustrating experience. It tests the limits of the human mind to imagine an “other” that is, well, unlike any other out there. When our conversations feel one-sided, we never experience the subtle joys of communication: the give-and-take, the practiced empathy, the chance to listen to another’s voice. With tefillah, it seems like we’re living inside ourselves and can’t break through.
I imagine these kids at their siddur celebration three years earlier and remember a different time. The wide-eyed marvel of receiving their very first siddur. The way they carefully massaged its pages, brand new and crackling with every turn. They were so happy then, so full of optimism and promise. So much passion. What happened?
The answer is complex, but I think it has to do with another “p” – purpose.
As kids grow, so does their need for understanding. And with that understanding comes an appreciation of how and why things work and what it all means. Life becomes more familiar, more intuitive. In their emerging worldview, children assign value to the things they can comprehend. If they can’t grasp an object’s purpose, it has little or no value. I believe this is part of the reason we start to see diminishing returns on our tefillah investment when kids move past the honeymoon period. The pages don’t crackle anymore. The siddur celebration is a cherished but distant memory. All that’s left is a series of words and behaviors that seem to belong to another time and place. A sense of unfamiliarity settles in, giving way to pointed questions about prayer itself. Why do we do it? Who’s really listening? Why does it have to be so repetitive? There always seem to be more questions than answers. The cognitive rank of tefillah falls. The passion erodes. Slowly, tefillah becomes a mindless and motorized action, something that we do out of habit but not conviction, like blinking.
How can we put the passion back into prayer? By defining its purpose and taking the strangeness out of it. Some well-intentioned educators, sensing this urgency, default to the text. They explain the siddur, line by line, until its prayers no longer read like a dispatch from a foreign country. That’s a noble pursuit, but it’s intellectually painstaking and time exhaustive. We need a “right now” solution for our kids, something that captures their hearts, not just their minds.
I see two ways forward. The first is to personalize prayer by making it relatable to a child’s everyday world. In my 4th grade classroom, we just started a daily feature called “News for Jews,” where we share news stories ripped from day’s headlines and relate them to a phrase or concept from the tefillah. The whimsical story about a German pig who solves digital puzzles gave rise to a short discussion about mankind’s superior intellectual gifts described in the fourth blessing of the Amidah. A profile of a deep-sea diver who narrowly escaped an oceanic tragedy helped us appreciate the sentiment in chapter 145 of Psalms that “God is good to all, and His kindness rests upon all of His creations.” Politics and sports make great fodder for highlighting connections about struggle, perseverance, service and compromise, all described at various points in the daily prayers. The news stories form an imprint on the child’s mind and make it stick to the text, so that the next time the phrase or concept is re-encountered, there’s an image attached to it. Tefillah then becomes a personal story about the world, helping students write their own chapters within a much larger narrative.
The second enhancer is thematic. If prayer is supposed to open a portal to the soul, then we need to define the scope of the journey. What are the raw human spirits we want students to touch during their prayer encounters? In my classroom, we focus on a different nobility for each day of the week and then use the silent moments following the Amidah to reflect: Could I be doing a better job in this arena? How will I live this lesson today?
When prayer becomes an exercise in human consciousness, we stand a better chance of igniting the passions of students who want things to matter. They’ll appreciate the circles of meaning that are traced from the text to the wider world and then spill back onto the pages of their siddur. Prayer experiences no longer follow a straight line, but a curved path – through places big and small, near and far, familiar and mysterious. The wonder of prayer can return, and with it, the passion that comes with discovering something for the first time, all over again.
On the days following these changes, I noticed a resurgence in the students’ energy and attention. They mouthed the words with new meaning. They seemed more focused and self-aware. Maybe they sensed that they were on the verge of something different and exciting – an adventure of the heart. Whether these enhancements are enough to sustain more passionate prayer is still an open question. I hope they are. One student, acting on his own, produced a drawing that gives me hope:
Maybe that’s the secret to passionate prayer: Believing that it’s important to keep talking, even if you don’t hear anyone on the other line.
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Everyone has a friend like Tony. He’s the guy who is really cool when he’s straight. He works hard running a small company. He’s a great single dad to his precocious son. He’s funny. He’s smart. He’s a pleasure to be around during the day. At night, however, he likes to drink. Mostly beer, though if it’s another beverage that has alcohol in it he won’t say no. He doesn’t think he has a drinking problem, and maybe he doesn’t.
He doesnt crash his car or blackout on the sidewalk. He doesn’t vomit in public. He can “hold” his liquor. But when he drinks, which is just about every evening, he becomes an aggressive, fright ening prick. He gets in bar fights. He gets loud and pushy with women. His speech becomes profane. When Tony drinks, no one wants to be around him.
Everyone also has a friend like Derek. He’s the guy who is really quiet and hard to make small-talk with when he’s straight. He’s a professional musician, and he usually doesn’t get out of bed until Noon, sometimes later. He forgets his girlfriend’s birthday, and to pay the phone bill. He’s only funny once you get to know him well. He’s smart, but you couldn’t tell by his DVD collection, which leans toward cartoons and Bruce Lee movies. He’s subdued and introverted, and some folks consider him antisocial and withdrawn. But when he smokes pot, which is almost every day (unless he’s burned through his stash) he’s funny, kind, empathetic, warm, and prone to using the word “incredible” and giving out hugs. He tells outlandish stories that sort of make sense. He laughs often. He makes astonishing improvised music. He’s easily pleased. When Derek smokes, everyone wants to be around him, so long as the pantry cabinets are locked.
With the caveat that there are exceptions to every rule, it’s safe to say that drinkers are prone to get mean and aggressive, whereas stoners can be, at worst, rambling and annoying. Drinkers throw punches. Stoners throw corn chips — and then regret wasting such a delectable morsel.
Drinkers speed and cause fatal car accidents. Stoners drive really, really slow, because they’re fascinated by the orange glow of the taillight ahead of them, which looks, you know, like a miniature sun that somehow got implanted on the back of a municipal transit bus, and, if you think about it, could possibly be an actual sun, the nexus of a tiny universe with microscopic planets we can’t see orbiting around it, which might be the home of even more microscopic inhabitants whose cells are so tiny that…
Drinkers are Walter, the bitter and violent Vietnam vet in The Big Lebowski. Stoners are The Dude.
Soccer hooligans don’t pass around a joint. They chug pints of lager. Imagine a world, though, where rowdy skinhead football ôsupportersö were prohibited from drinking and encouraged to eat hash brownies. They might lose their place in the official Team Song and be forced to begin again (and again, and again), but tears of joy would blind them to the fact that the screaming blokes on the other side of the stadium don’t love their goal-scoring boys as much as they do.
Our elected leaders, we are assured, aren’t stoners. They prefer another drug. Dick Cheney, you can tell, is a drinker. A mean old cuss with a mean old view of the world. Indeed, the United States of America is one of the most violent societies on the planet outside of African and Asian nations enduring civil war and tribal genocides. We’re aggressive. We’re cruel. We’re bullies. We’re a nation of drinkers.
We need to mellow out.
We need to cut down on the juice and take a hit.
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The present invention relates to a novel organopolysiloxane compound and a composition containing the same as a principal ingredient suitable for use as a fabric-finishing agent or waterproofing agent capable of imparting excellent softness in touch feeling to a fabric material and resistance against yellowing as well as waterproofness to cellulosic materials including paperboards treated therewith to serve as a covering of plasterboards.
It is an established prior art technology that fabric materials in general can be imparted with softness and smoothness or slipperiness in touch feeling by a treatment with a fabric-finishing agent containing an organopolysiloxane compound including dimethylpolysiloxanes, epoxy group-containing organopolysiloxanes, aminoalkyl group-containing organopolysiloxanes and the like. In respect of the high softness in touch feeling imparted to the fabric material treated with the fabric-finishing agent, those formulated with an aminoalkyl-containing organopolysiloxane are preferred and those of which the aminoalkyl group in the aminoalkyl-containing organopolysiloxane compound is a 3-aminopropyl group --C.sub.3 H.sub.6 NH.sub.2, 3--(N-2-aminoethylamino)propyl group --C.sub.3 H.sub.6 NHC.sub.2 H.sub.4 NH.sub.2 and the like are the most widely employed for the purpose (see Japanese Patent Publications 48-1480, 54-43614 and 57-43673, Japanese Patent Kokai 60-185879, 60-185880 and 64-61576 and elsewhere).
Aminoalkyl group-containing diorganopolysiloxanes, when used as the principal ingredient of silicone-based fabric-finishing agent, however, have a very serious disadvantage that, when a fabric material is treated with a fabric-finishing agent containing such an organopolysiloxane, the aminoalkyl groups are liable to cause degradation by the influences of heat in the drying process after the treatment or by the influences of ultraviolet light in the sunlight falling on the fabric material in the lapse of time. This problem is particularly serious when the fabric material subjected to a fabric-finishing treatment is a white-colored or light-colored one because yellowing of the fabric material proceeds as a consequence of the degradation of the aminoalkyl groups.
As a countermeasure to prevent yellowing of fabric materials treated with an aminoalkyl group-containing organopolysiloxane-based fabric-finishing agent, proposals are made for the modification of the amino groups by the reaction of the organopolysiloxane with a monocarboxylic acid anhydride or chloride (Japanese Patent Kokai 57-101076), with an epoxy compound (Japanese Patent Kokai 59-179884), with a higher fatty acid (Japanese Patent Kokai 1-306683) and with an organic carbonate compound (Japanese Patent Kokai 2-47371).
Although improvements to some extent can be expected for yellowing prevention of fabric materials treated with an aminoalkyl group-containing organopolysiloxane-based fabric-finishing agent by the application of the above mentioned prior art methods as compared with unmodified aminoalkyl group-containing organopolysiloxanes, the effectiveness is still quite insufficient and rather an adverse influence is caused in the softness and slipperiness of the fabric materials treated therewith.
Besides the above mentioned application of an organopolysiloxane-containing composition as a fabric-finishing agent, organopolysiloxane compounds are employed as a principal ingredient in a waterproofing agent for various kinds of cellulosic materials including paperboards. Cellulosic materials of a class in which a waterproofing treatment is of great significance are paperboards as a covering layer in a so-called plasterboard consumed in large quantities as a building material not only in living houses but also in office buildings. As is known, a plasterboard has a layered structure consisting of a core board of hydrated and hardened gypsum sandwiched between two multilayer-sheeted paperboards each adhesively bonded to one of the surfaces of the core board. The paperboard used in plasterboards must satisfy several requirements that the mechanical strength of the paperboard per se is high enough, that the paperboard has good moisture-proofness, that the paperboard exhibits small dimensional changes between the dried and moistened states, that good adhesive bonding can be obtained between the core board of hydrated gypsum and the paperboard, that paperboard has moderate moisture permeability, and so on, of which the requirements for moistureproofness and dimensional stability by moistening are particularly important.
It is conventionally practiced in the industry of plasterboards that the surface of a paperboard is subjected to a waterproofing treatment by using a waterproofing agent when the paperboard is desired to have improved moisture resistance and dimensional stability by moistening. Most of the waterproofing agents currently under use for this purpose contain, as a principal ingredient, a silicone oil including dimethylsilicone oils and various types of modified silicone oils which, in most cases, are used in the form of an aqueous emulsion to prepare a water-base waterproofing agent.
Use of an epoxy-modified silicone oil, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,389,042, in the waterproofing treatment of paperboard materials is also not quite satisfactory for solving the problems. Use of a mercapto group-containing silicone oil, such as those disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication 56-47994, as a principal ingredient in a silicone-based waterproofing agent has a serious problem of a strongly offensive odor as an inherent property of mercapto compounds in general to cause great deterioration of the working environment even though a substantial improvement can be obtained thereby in the waterproofing effect. The inventors previously made a proposal for an improved method of waterproofing treatment of paperboards by using an aqueous emulsion of an aminoalkyl group-containing organopolysiloxane disclosed in Japanese Patent Kokai 5-42637. This method, however, is not quite suitable for practical applications due to a relatively long time before appearance of a full waterproofing effect even though the improvement ultimately accomplished therewith is quite substantial.
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Search
There is beauty in the kindness of strangers
Defending the weak from foul mouthed words
The vulnerable seeking support against abusive tirade
Black woman scorned and brown mate sworn at just for the colour of skin
There is beauty in the
Kindness of strangers
A bus full of “ethnicity”
Made to feel insecure by the majority
Unspoken words vocalised by a drunken minority
Anger fuelled by a dichotomy
Tissues at the ready
Snot smeared on the seat next to an ugly personality
Words of hate from lips of a woman who sounds like she’d had a lobotomy
Hate filled words pollute the air with no dignity
Crash claimed hearts with vulgarity
Man came to part with some words of clarity
Took down the drunk with his love for community
Mate call the police for your sanity
Strange kind words spoke for humanity.
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Fantasy Football Today
2017 Outlook: C.J. Uzomah
by
CBS Sports Staff
Jun 19, 2017
• 1 min read
It was C.J. Uzomah who picked up a lot of playing time when Tyler Eifert was hurt for the Bengals last season. Uzomah will work to be that guy again this summer in training camp. However, it's not like Uzomah was just as productive as Eifert, scoring once in 10 games. So even if Uzomah gets another chance to start for Cincy, Fantasy owners should leave him on the bench.
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DESCRIPTION: The overall aim of the project is to determine the structure of the adenovirus virion in atomic detail. A novel approach is mandated by its large size (ca. 1000 A diameter) and the complicated arrangement of its constituent 2,700 polypeptides from 10 different protein species. The human type 2 virion will be investigated by combining information from an X-ray crystallographic analysis of the coat protein hexon, with information from complementary electron microscopy studies. Hexon is a trimeric molecule with three identical polypeptide chains of 967 residues (109,077 Daltons each). The structure of adenovirus type 2 hexon is being completed at 2.2 A resolution with crystallographic methods. The hexon structure will be analyzed to uncover the contribution of charge, hydrogen bonding, hydropathy, and topology to the extraordinary stability of the molecule. The effect of pH on the structure will be studied to understand the basis for conformational changes that may be important in viral infectivity. The approximate positions of the hexon in the virion have been determined from difference imaging combining the crystallographic hexon model with an image reconstruction of the virion at 35 A resolution from cryo- electron microscopy. These positions will be refined using the 2.2 A hexon model to provide a high resolution atomic model for the 240 hexons in the capsid. This will permit a complete analysis of the hexon-hexon capsid interactions. The nature of the binding "pockets" of the minor capsid proteins will be investigated by comparing the high-resolution capsid model with the density for these proteins in the image reconstruction. This will provide a detailed view of the hexon environment for polypeptides IIIa, VI and IX, which bind at strategic positions and stabilize the virion. The chemical characteristics of the pockets will be used to model interactions of the minor proteins with hexon. A full understanding of the role played by "cementing" proteins not only has relevance for the architecture of adenovirus but also for their role in other large macromolecular assemblies. This will lay the foundation for drugs designed to disrupt the infective process by destabilizing or over-stabilizing the virion. The structure of the immunologically distinct human type 5 hexon will be determined, and the study extended to other serotypes. Comparative studies will reveal the structural basis for their immunological differences, and reveal how the viral coat has differentiated. They should also give a better understanding of the tissue-specificity of adenovirus serotypes, which has immediate relevance to the use of adenovirus as a vector in human gene therapy. The structural studies on adenovirus serve as a model for mammalian viruses and other assemblies that are too large to be amenable to crystallography alone. Study of these biological systems requires an integration of investigative methods including electron microscopy, biochemistry, and molecular biology to probe their full range of physical and biological properties.
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asics ladies training shoes vancouver
Art and the Feminist Revolution is predicated on the notion that gender was and remains fundamental to culture and that a contemporary understanding of the feminist in art must necessarily look back to the late 1960s and 1970s.asics womens shoes for flat feet pain Therefore even though they seem like a really great solution, the conditions for wearing them have to be just right. (Oh, and if you arrived here looking for the Motown Junkies music group, they're nothing to do with me, I'm afraid but they are very nice people, and they can be found at www.
When you talk about Confessions, you bring up the famous scene of the pears, maybe you can recount that section.asics gel-excel33 3 natural running shoes review india Both of us being strong willed and firm in our convictions, we had occasional differences, but they were always about tactics and never principles,and we remained friends, even after I moved on. In many cases the full costs are effectively subsidised by the Institute, so the material fee charged to the student may be lower than the true full cost of the materials used.asics womens gel kayano 21 running shoes 2016
STA Travel Start the adventure CALL US ON 0333 321 0099* Call us 9AM 10PM Mon Fri, 9AM 6PM Sat & Sun 10AM 5:30PM Sun. A site about games and game paraphernalia and how nothing's as good as we remember it, probably because we used to inhabit a FANTASY WORLD. Tags: Barkarama Loves Eats Charity Continue reading The Ultimate Dog Lovers Valentine's Gift… Pet Art Saturday, 06 February 2016 For Humans We're forsaking a Valentine's gift guide this year, as there's already a cute one from yours truly, over on the animal pages of Townandcountry.asics gt-2000 new york running shoes
Again, whether you fully believe Donaghy or not, he does provide a fascinating perspective into the world of refereeing that simply no one else can provide.
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Developmental enamel defects in children born preterm: a systematic review.
The purpose of this review was to evaluate the association between developmental enamel defects and children born preterm. An identical search was performed in PubMed and Embase and was limited to human studies and studies written in English, German, Danish, Swedish, or Norwegian. Reviews, case studies, and case series were excluded. A total of 283 articles were identified. Twenty-three publications, of which 19 were follow-up studies, two were case-control studies, and two were cross-sectional surveys, were enrolled in the review. The majority of the studies (n = 17) dealt with enamel hypoplasia of the primary teeth. Thirteen studies reported an association between preterm birth and enamel hypoplasia, and, in addition, few studies reported an increased risk of enamel opacities in the primary teeth, in children with a birth weight <1500 g. Seven studies dealt with enamel disturbances of the permanent teeth, four of which suggested an increased risk of enamel opacities. This systematic review suggests an increased risk of enamel hypoplasia in primary teeth of children born preterm and enamel opacities in very-low birth-weight children. A larger number of well-designed studies are, however, needed in order to increase the validity of the studies.
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325 S.C. 231 (1997)
482 S.E.2d 554
SOIL REMEDIATION COMPANY and Yadkin Brick Company, Inc., Respondents,
v.
NU-WAY ENVIRONMENTAL, INC., Defendant/Third-Party Plaintiff,
v.
CAROLINA EASTMAN DIVISION, A DIVISION OF EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, and Yeargin, Inc., Third-Party Defendants, Of whom Carolina Eastman Division, a Division of Eastman Kodak Company, is Appellant.
No. 24574.
Supreme Court of South Carolina.
Heard December 5, 1996.
Decided February 10, 1997.
Rehearing Denied March 21, 1997.
*232 Robert Y. Knowlton and Deborah P. Morgan, both of Sinkler & Boyd, P.A., Columbia, for appellant.
William L. Pope and Roy F. Laney, both of Pope & Rodgers, Columbia, for respondent Soil Remediation Company.
George A. Kastanes, Lexington, for respondent Yadkin Brick Company, Inc.
Russel T. Burke, of Nexsen, Pruet, Jacobs & Pollard, Columbia, for defendant/third-party plaintiff Nu-Way Environmental, Inc.
Stephen E. Hudson, of Kilpatrick & Cody, Atlanta, Georgia, for third-party defendant Yeargin, Inc.
MOORE, Justice:
This appeal involves the sole issue whether the trial judge properly granted partial summary judgment regarding liability for breach of contract and indemnification. We reverse.
FACTS
Appellant Carolina Eastman Division (Owner) hired Nu-Way Environmental, Inc., (Engineer) to remove petroleumcontaminated sludge from Owner's Dowtherm Basin, a concrete basin that holds run-off from the floor drains in Owner's facility. Engineer contracted with respondent Soil Remediation Company (SRC) to dispose of the sludge. SRC then arranged with respondent Yadkin Brick Company (Yadkin) for delivery of Owner's sludge to Yadkin's brick facility to be used in making bricks.
After removal and delivery of Owner's sludge was underway, Yadkin advised it would no longer accept the sludge from *233 Owner's facility because of its odor. Meanwhile, Yadkin mixed Owner's sludge with other materials in an attempt to mask the smell. Eventually, it was discovered that Owner's sludge was contaminated with Dowtherm, a heat transfer liquid, which had contaminated the entire batch of materials Yadkin had mixed it with.
SRC and Yadkin commenced this action against Engineer alleging several causes of action, including breach of contract, and damages arising from the cost of disposing of the Dowtherm contaminated materials. Engineer impleaded Owner as a third-party defendant. The trial judge granted SRC and Yadkin partial summary judgment on the issues of liability for breach of contract and indemnification under the contract between SRC and Engineer. The issue of damages was reserved for trial. Owner appeals.
DISCUSSION
The trial judge granted SRC and Yadkin partial summary judgment on the ground Engineer breached its contract with SRC by failing to disclose that Owner's sludge was contaminated with Dowtherm. Owner contends this was error because a genuine issue of material fact exists regarding the construction of the contract. We agree.
The contract between SRC and Engineer includes the following warranty provision:
2. Owner and Engineer warrant that sufficient testing has been conducted on the material described in this Agreement and that such material contains no hazardous substance under U.S.E.P.A. Section 3301 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Another document that is part of the contract is a form completed and signed by Engineer. It includes the following disclosure requests:
General Directions: In order to determine whether we can properly and safely handle and treat your PCS material, we must obtain information about the chemical and physical properties of the waste. Please be complete in your answers....
5) Type of Contamination (Gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, other): (fuel oil # 6) (virgin material).
*234 9) Is this soil a "Hazardous Waste" as defined by Regulation of the U.S.E.P.A. pursuant to Section 3001 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (See 40 CFR, Part 261 for definition) Yes_____ No x
The following certification provision is also part of the contract:
I hereby certify that the above attached description is complete and accurate to the best of my knowledge and ability to determine, that no deliberate or willful omissions of composition of properties exist and all known or suspected hazards have been disclosed.
(Emphasis added). The issue is whether Engineer breached these provisions as a matter of law by failing to disclose the Dowtherm contamination.
It is undisputed Dowtherm is not defined as "hazardous" in the regulations promulgated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the regulations specified in the contract. It is, however, considered a "health hazard" under different federal regulations promulgated under the Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act. The question then becomes whether Engineer breached the certification provision that "all known or suspected hazards have been disclosed."
Here, the warranty provision and disclosure requests contained in the contract refer to "hazardous" as defined under specific regulations. The certification provision, however, contains an unqualified reference to "hazards." Accordingly, the contract may or may not require disclosure of a substance that is not a hazard under the specified regulations but may be otherwise considered a hazard. Although as a general rule contracts are to be construed by the court, where a contract is capable of more than one construction, the question of what the parties intended becomes one of fact to be submitted to jury. Cafe Assoc. Ltd. v. Gerngross, 305 S.C. 6, 406 S.E.2d 162 (1991); see also Gilliland v. Elmwood Properties, 301 S.C. 295, 391 S.E.2d 577 (1990). Since the contract is capable of more than one construction, summary judgment was improperly granted.
REVERSED.
FINNEY, C.J., and TOAL, WALLER and BURNETT, JJ., concur.
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Friday, December 29, 2006
I have no hesitation in beginning with Rakyesh Mehra’s Rang De Basanti which has become one of the top grosser this year and is undoubtedly one of the best films of this year. It is no wonder that it is India’s official entry at the Annual Academy Awards to be held in early 2007. Aamir Khan, Atul Kulkarni, Sharman Joshi, Siddharth, Kunal Kapoor and Soha Ali Khan were very good. A. R. Rahman’s music was great as well.
So much was the impact of the film that there were demonstrations where people took to the streets with candles in their hands in protest against the injustice done to the families of Nitish Katara, Jessica Lal and Priyadarshini Mattoo and as a result of the public outrage, the judiciary has actually re-opened these cases and managed to convict the killers of Jessica Lal and Priyadarshini Mattoo. Real life imitating Reel life. I wish UTV, Rakyesh Mehra, Aamir Khan and the rest of the star cast of Rang De Basanti all the best for the Oscars.
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Q:
Delete file with same name contained in different sub-folders
For some reason, I have a copy of dismhost.exe in a lot of folders, inside temp folder; what I want to do is delete every instance of it, which are inside folders inside temp.
So the structure is as follows:
/temp
/folder1
dismhost.exe
/folder2
dismhost.exe
/folder3
dismhost.exe
...
I first tried
rm ./*/dismhost.exe
but then I remembered there is no rm in windows, so I tried with rd with same arguments. That raised an error, saying that the * modifier is not valid.
How can I achieve this?
A:
This can be done using a FOR loop iterating over a list of files returned by a recursive DIR search. When you are satisfied with the output, remove ECHO in order to actually delete the files.
FOR /F "usebackq tokens=*" %f IN (`DIR /S /B /A:-D \temp\dismhost.exe`) DO (ECHO DEL "%~f")
If this is placed into a .bat script, be sure to double the % characters on the variable.
FOR /F "usebackq tokens=*" %%f IN (`DIR /S /B /A:-D \temp\dismhost.exe`) DO (
ECHO DEL "%%~f"
)
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"...This is awesome. Wow. I just got baptized in the Jordan River. Hallelujah."
[Faithwire.com] Actor and TV host Mario Lopez is currently on a tour of Israel, visiting various holy sites and reconnecting with his Christian faith. The father-of-two recently stopped at the Sea of Galilee to explore the very area where Jesus walked on water, the Church of the Annunciation in Nazareth, and the Mount of Beatitudes, where Jesus is thought to have delivered His famed "Sermon on the Mount." (Photo: Mario Lopez/Twitter/via Faithwire.com)
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[Dystrophic Calcinosis Cutis: a rare fearsome issue of Chronic Kidney Disease].
Disorders of calcium-phosphate-parathormone balance, are very important issues in ESRD patients, that may lead to severe complications, as dystrophic calcinosis cutis, a rare disease, caused by calcium salt deposits in cutaneous or subcutaneous tissues and many organs. We present the case of a 47 years old woman, in ESRD due to membranous glomerulopathy, treated by peritoneal dialysis, who, after 7 months of dialysis, developed painful masses on second finger and fifth metacarpus of the right hand. Laboratory and instrumental data showed hyperparathyroidism with a parathyroid mass consistent with adenoma. Increasing of therapy with phosphate binders and cinacalcet only, was not effective to solve cutaneous masses, that were biopsied. Histological exam revealed deposition of amorphic material with calcific component, consistent with cutaneous dystrophic calcinosis. We further increased dialysis and therapy and we observed complete regression of masses in 2 months.
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Synthesis of Cyclic and Acyclic Pyrimidine Nucleosides Analogues with Anticipated Antiviral Activity.
A convenient method for preparation of cyclic and acyclic nucleosides was achieved by alkylation of 6-(2,4-dichlorophenoxymethyl) pyrimidine-2,4-dione (1) with a variety of acyclic and cyclic activated sugar analogues, namely (2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl acetate (3), 2-(acetoxymethoxy)propane-1,3-diyl dibenzoate (4), benzyloxymethyl acetate (5), 2-acetoxy-5-(benzoyloxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl dibenzoate (12), 5-chloro-2-((4-chlorobenzoyloxy)methyl) tetrahydrofuran-3-yl 4-chlorobenzoate (13) and 2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-bromotetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate (14), respectively. Deprotection of the synthesized nucleosides was achieved by using methanolic ammonia. The structures of the newly synthesized nucleoside analogues were fully characterized by analytical methods (mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis).
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Actual product packaging and materials may contain more or different information than that shown on our website. You should not rely solely on the information presented here. Always read labels, warnings and directions before using or consuming a product. View full Product Information Disclaimer
Nutrition Facts
Grilled Marinated Artichoke Hearts
Serving Size
1.00 oz(28g)
Serving Per Container usually 8
Amount Per Serving
Calories
30
Calories from Fat
25
%DV
Total Fat
3g
5%
Saturated Fat
0.5g
3%
Trans Fat
0g
Cholesterol
0mg
0%
Sodium
110mg
5%
Total Carbohydrate
1g
1%
Dietary Fiber
0g
0%
Sugars
0g
Protein
0g
Vitamin A
0%
Vitamin C
2%
Calcium
0%
Iron
0%
IS or Contains: Kosher
*Percentage Daily values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.Your Daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs
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Comparison of laboratory test frequency and test results between African-Americans and Caucasians with diabetes: opportunity for improvement. Findings from a large urban health maintenance organization.
To compare African-American and Caucasian patients with preexisting diabetes in a health maintenance organization (HMO) on: 1) frequency with which they received a subset of recommended laboratory tests according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) consensus guidelines and 2) the results of laboratory test values (glycosylated hemoglobin, cholesterol, and creatinine). A cross-sectional study of 2,312 HMO members with diabetes continuously enrolled during 1991 was conducted using computerized medical record and billing data. Receipt of the ADA recommended tests for glycosylated hemoglobin, cholesterol, and creatinine was compared between African-Americans and Caucasians, stratified by insulin requirements. In addition, group comparisons were made based on the laboratory test results. Less than 20 percent of all subjects received the recommended number of ADA tests. This did not differ by race except for creatinine and cholesterol testing in insulin users only, where African-Americans had more tests. On average, after adjusting for covariates, African-Americans had significantly higher glycosylated hemoglobin and creatinine laboratory values. Both groups had elevated cholesterol values. The opportunity exists to improve the process of care for both African-Americans and Caucasians with diabetes in an HMO setting. The need to improve glycosylated hemoglobin results and subsequently limit complications is especially pressing among the African-American population.
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Detection of hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage affecting the 1 (1cen-q12) region in lentigo malignant melanoma (LMM), superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) and congenital nevus (CN) cells in vitro by the multicolor FISH technique.
The centric/pericentric region of chromosome 1 (cen-q 2) of human melanoma cells of different stages of carcinogenicity (superficial spreading melanoma (SSM), lentigo malignant melanoma (LMM)) and premalignant precursor lesions (congenital nevus (CN)) were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with tandem DNA probes. The pericentric heterochromatin region 1(q12) is large and highly prone to breakage in contrast to the adjacent centromeric region which is much smaller and less prone to such events. All samples of melanoma cells were obtained from patients and cultivated in vitro. LMM cells showed the highest number of breakage events within the 1q12 region (90% of cells). The number of hyperdiploid cells was not increased in comparison to CN cells. In contrast to LMM cells, SSM cells showed a significant increased number of hyperdiploid cells which were mainly tetrasomic for chromosome 1 (P < or = 0.05). The number of chromosome breaks was not significantly increased in this type of melanoma cells. The spontaneous rates of chromosomal breakage and hyperdiploidy is relatively low in CN cells (1.5-2.5% and 3.2-5.8%, respectively) but these frequencies also differ between CN samples from different patients. These results show that the multicolor FISH technique represents a fast and reliable detection method, distinguishing structural and numerical chromosomal alterations in interphase nuclei. This technique is useful as a histological marker to differentiate between specific tumor subtypes and to investigate the relationship between genomic instability and clinopathological parameters (tumor grading and staging).
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Nutrition
If I were to give you one tip for the Devizes to Westminster Canoe Race, it would be Food = Happiness. If you get your nutrition right then you will find the race easier and finish it faster. What’s not to like?!
Not only will nutition be important on race day, but it will help your body make the most of your training and ensure you store up energy in the week running up to the race.
This page is more about the types of food you should be eating. If you’re wanting to know more about the logistics of being fed and watered by a support team then visit the support page.
Protein builds muscle, therefore you want to keep up your protein levels during the months you are training. Try to avoid long periods without protein and aim to have some protein (e.g a yoghurt or glass of milk) before going to bed. Your body builds muscle really well whilst you sleep so make the most of it!
If you can lose some fat before the race then that’s not a bad thing. Simply put, it’s less weight to carry in the boat. Training on no carbs is a great way to teach your body to burn fat, so an easy way to do this is exercising in the morning before breakfast.
Reduce the carbs in your diet as this will help you avoid putting on fat. Your body only has a certain amount of space for carbs, so once this space is full it just gets converted to fat. Aim to only eat as many carbs as you can burn off, so an obvious time to avoid carbs is before bed (unless you’re an energetic sleep walker).
Eat as soon as possible after training. Your body is very effective at replenishing lost carbs for around 1 hour after finishing exercise. If you don’t eat soon enough then your body won’t replace the lost energy and you will likely feel lethargic and in extreme cases make yourself ill.
If you’ve been for a really long paddle, don’t trust your stomach to tell you when you’ve replaced lost carbs. After several hours paddling you may have burnt so much energy that your stomach isn’t able to hold enough food to refuel in one go. Don’t make yourself sick, but just hold in mind that feeling full doesn’t always mean you’ve refuelled.
Make sure you have enough energy when you are on long paddles by following some tips from the race day nutrition advice further down. As much as possible, eat and drink the same food on training runs as you will on the race day to get your body familiar with it.
Nutrition 48 hours before the race
Concentrate on eating beige carb-rich foods 48 hours before the race and avoid fibre in the last 12 hours. Keep yourself hydrated with lots of water. The rationale is:
As your body only has a certain amount of space for carbs, you don’t need to build up your energy stores any earlier than 48 hours before the race. If you start carb-loading a week beforehand then you’ll just start putting on fat.
Kayaking involves sitting and moving in a way that is awful for digestion. Fibre is a really important part of your diet overall, but you want as little fibre in your system as possible for the race. This will help everything pass through you easily and stop you feeling bloated.
Hopefully it’s common sense that you need to be well hydrated for race day, so keep a big bottle of water with you and aim to drink at least 2 litres each day.
Nutrition on race day
In theory, race day is a case of scientfically replacing the carbs you burn off, keeping your energy levels up whilst spending minimal time eating and drinking. In reality this doesn’t happen – especially if you’re a novice just aiming to complete the race. It very quickly becomes apparent after paddling for a few hours that morale is far higher up your priority list than monitoring the grams of carbohydrates you’ve consumed.
As much as possible stick to these guidelines, but be aware that you will crave certain foods and denying yourself those cravings will only make you miserable. Keeping yourself happy should be your first priority as it’s your mood that will make or break you on race day.
Have breakfast 2-3 hours before the start of the race, remembering to choose something high-carb, low fibre and to drink water. This will give you a good base of energy and hydration to start with.
Have a snack 30 mins before you start the race for a last minute boost.
You will be nervous at the start of the race which will make it difficult to stomach food and will also make you need the loo endlessly. Do your best to keep drinking and eating little and often even if you don’t feel you want to. Caffiene will make you need the loo even more so avoid too many cups of tea or coffee in the morning.
Avoid fibre-rich foods as you will struggle to digest these whilst paddling.
Avoid high-fat foods during the race as this is a more difficult way for your body to get energy. Carbs are much easier to process and use.
Avoid excessive sugar as you risk getting a ‘low’ if you have too much in one go.
Use energy powders in your water as this is another great way to take on carbs without feeling full. We used SIS Go Energy which was like rocket fuel! I’d definitely suggest watering it down more than the packet suggests though. It was a bit too intense at full strength.
Eat little and often in bitesize chunks. Your body can only absorb a certain amount of carbs in a certain time frame. Glucose and fructose are two different types of carbohydrate so vary what you’re eating and your body will find it easier to absorb it all.
Have caffeine at regular intervals once your early nerves have subsided. Caffeine is a performance enhancer, but it’s effect will depend on your body’s reaction to it. If you drink 10 cups of coffee each day you may need more than someone who just has a weak tea for breakfast. There’s not really any downsides to caffeine, just that it will make you need to go to the toilet more often (especially when nervous). For the majority of people a coffee/tea/caffeine gel will get their energy up and then slowly fade out of their system without any ‘low’ afterwards. Pay attention to your own tolerance, but the absolute maximum you should have in one go is 500mg (equivalent of 5 cups of coffee).
Aim to have some hot food every 4 hours or so – especially through the night. It keeps you warm and will boost your mood. Choose hot food that doesn’t require too much chewing (e.g. soup) as you want to avoid standing around and eating for any more than a few minutes.
Finally, think ahead of time about what you’re likely to crave and make sure your support team have access to this. It’s amazing the difference some Haribo can make!
Be warned that even if you follow all of the advice above, you will still have points in the race where you feel miserable. Beyond eating and drinking the right stuff, it all boils down to mental endurance. Even the fittest and most well fed paddler won’t be able to get through DW if they can’t trick their brain into carrying on to the bitter end. For tips and tricks on psychology and motivation click here.
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Compared effects of irradiation and cyclophosphamide induced erythroid aplasia on the catabolism of exogenous erythropoietin.
The effect of erythroid aplasia on the clearance rate of exogenous erythropoietin from the circulation has been studied in irradiated (200, 400 and 800 r) and cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg) treated rats. After irradiation, the T1/2 was increased from 1.5 h in controls to 2.3 h. In spite of similar aplasia, the T1/2 observed after cyclophosphamide administration was identical to the T1/2 in controls. These results suggest that the action of X-rays on the catabolism of erythropoietin is independent of erythroid aplasia and could be related to an extramedullary effect of irradiation.
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Q:
Not generating a complete response from a HttpWebResponse object in C#
I am creating a HttpWebRequest object from another aspx page to save the response stream to my data store. The Url I am using to create the HttpWebRequest object has querystring to render the correct output. When I browse to the page using any old browser it renders correctly. When I try to retrieve the output stream using the HttpWebResponse.GetResponseStream() it renders my built in error check.
Why would it render correctly in the browser, but not using the HttpWebRequest and HttpWebResponse objects?
Here is the source code:
Code behind of target page:
protected void PageLoad(object sender, EventsArgs e)
{
string output = string.Empty;
if(Request.Querystring["a"] != null)
{
//generate output
output = "The query string value is " + Request.QueryString["a"].ToString();
}
else
{
//generate message indicating the query string variable is missing
output = "The query string value was not found";
}
Response.Write(output);
}
Code behind of page creating HttpWebRequest object
string url = "http://www.mysite.com/mypage.aspx?a=1";
HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest) WebRequest.Create(url)
//this if statement was missing from original example
if(User.Length > 0)
{
request.Credentials = new NetworkCredentials("myaccount", "mypassword", "mydomain");
request.PreAuthenticate = true;
}
request.UserAgent = Request.UserAgent;
HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse) request.GetResponse();
Stream resStream = response.GetResponseStream();
Encoding encode = System.Text.Encoding.GetEncoding("utf-8");
StreamReader readStream = new StreamReader(resStream, encode, true, 2000);
int count = readStream.Read(read, 0, read.Length);
string str = Server.HtmlEncode(" ");
while (count > 0)
{
// Dumps the 256 characters on a string and displays the string to the console.
string strRead = new string(read, 0, count);
str = str.Replace(str, str + Server.HtmlEncode(strRead.ToString()));
count = readStream.Read(read, 0, 256);
}
// return what was found
result = str.ToString();
resStream.Close();
readStream.Close();
Update
@David McEwing - I am creating the HttpWebRequest with the full page name. The page is still generating the error output. I updated the code sample of the target page to demonstrate exactly what I am doing.
@Chris Lively - I am not redirecting to an error page, I generate a message indicating the query string value was not found. I updated the source code example.
Update 1:
I tried using Fiddler to trace the HttpWebRequest and it did not show up in the Web Sessions history window. Am I missing something in my source code to get a complete web request and response.
Update 2:
I did not include the following section of code in my example and it was culprit causing the issue. I was setting the Credentials property of the HttpWebRequest with a sevice account instead of my AD account which was causing the issue.
I updated my source code example
A:
I need to replace the following line of code:
request.Credentials = new NetworkCredentials("myaccount", "mypassword", "mydomain");
with:
request.Credentials = System.Net.CredentialCache.DefaultNetworkCredentials;
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Q:
have a UINavigationBar title for each page in PageViewController
I have set up my pageViewController (embedded in a NavigationController) with an array of ViewControllers to use as the pages (seen below):
`
class PageViewController: UIPageViewController {
var arrayIndex: Int = 0
var navigationBar = UINavigationBar()
var pageControl = UIPageControl.self
override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
dataSource = self
if let firstViewController = orderedViewControllers.first {
setViewControllers([firstViewController],
direction: .Forward,
animated: true,
completion: nil)
}
}
// set up & order all view controllers
private(set) lazy var orderedViewControllers: [UIViewController] = {
return [self.newDayViewController("monday"),
self.newDayViewController("tuesday"),
self.newDayViewController("wednesday"),
self.newDayViewController("thursday")//,
self.newDayViewController("friday"),
self.newDayViewController("saturday"),
self.newDayViewController("sunday")
]
}()
// instantiate view controllers above that contain 'day' (easiest method to differentiate from other controllers)
private func newDayViewController(day: String) -> UIViewController {
return UIStoryboard(name: "Main", bundle: nil) .
instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier("\(day)")
}
func pageViewController(pageViewController: UIPageViewController, didFinishAnimating finished: Bool, previousViewControllers: [UIViewController], transitionCompleted completed: Bool) {
if (!completed) {
return
}
arrayIndex = Int(pageViewController.viewControllers!.first!.view.restorationIdentifier!)!
switch arrayIndex {
case 0:
navigationBar.topItem!.title = "Monday"
break
case 1:
navigationBar.topItem!.title = "Tuesday"
break
case 2:
navigationBar.topItem!.title = "Wednesday"
break
case 3:
navigationBar.topItem!.title = "Thursday"
default:
navigationBar.topItem!.title = "Timetable"
}
}
}
extension PageViewController: UIPageViewControllerDataSource {
func pageViewController(pageViewController: UIPageViewController, viewControllerBeforeViewController viewController: UIViewController) -> UIViewController? {
guard let viewControllerIndex = orderedViewControllers.indexOf(viewController) else {
return nil
}
let previousIndex = viewControllerIndex - 1
guard previousIndex >= 0 else {
return orderedViewControllers.last
}
guard orderedViewControllers.count > previousIndex else {
return nil
}
return orderedViewControllers[previousIndex]
}
func pageViewController(pageViewController: UIPageViewController,
viewControllerAfterViewController viewController: UIViewController) -> UIViewController? {
guard let viewControllerIndex = orderedViewControllers.indexOf(viewController) else {
return nil
}
let nextIndex = viewControllerIndex + 1
let orderedViewControllersCount = orderedViewControllers.count
//MARK: - determine which viewController the user is on
guard orderedViewControllersCount != nextIndex else {
return orderedViewControllers.first
}
guard orderedViewControllersCount > nextIndex else {
return nil
}
return orderedViewControllers[nextIndex]
}
func presentationCountForPageViewController(pageViewController: UIPageViewController) -> Int {
return orderedViewControllers.count
}
func presentationIndexForPageViewController(pageViewController: UIPageViewController) -> Int {
guard let firstViewController = viewControllers?.first,
firstViewControllerIndex = orderedViewControllers.indexOf(firstViewController) else {
return 0
}
return firstViewControllerIndex
}
}
`
I am wondering how I could have it so that when the user is swiping through the pageViews, the UINavigationBar's title changes to the title of the view they are looking at ? e.g : When the user is looking at the mondayViewController, the title is monday and they can swipe to tuesday and the title will change etc.
Any suggestions are welcome
Thanks!
A:
There are some errors in your code, first of all there isnt a UIPageViewControllerDelegate, so the delegates method will never be called.
Then, I dont know if your PageViewController really have a UINavigationController. To ensure that you can embed it by selecting your PageViewController and make the same thing as maded in picture:
so you can see in your storyboard both UINavigationController and UIPageViewController like this:
After you have all your day UIViewController created with each storyboard id, for example for monday:
you can modify you code like the code below:
import UIKit
class PageViewController: UIPageViewController,UIPageViewControllerDelegate {
var arrayIndex: Int = 0
var pageControl = UIPageControl.self
private(set) lazy var orderedViewControllers: [UIViewController] = {
return [self.newDayViewController("monday"),
self.newDayViewController("tuesday"),
self.newDayViewController("wednesday"),
self.newDayViewController("thursday"),
self.newDayViewController("friday"),
self.newDayViewController("saturday"),
self.newDayViewController("sunday")
]
}()
override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
dataSource = self
delegate = self
if let firstViewController = orderedViewControllers.first {
self.navigationController!.navigationBar.topItem!.title = "monday"
setViewControllers([firstViewController],
direction: .Forward,
animated: true,
completion: nil)
}
}
private func newDayViewController(day: String) -> UIViewController {
return UIStoryboard(name: "Main", bundle: nil) .
instantiateViewControllerWithIdentifier("\(day)")
}
func pageViewController(pageViewController: UIPageViewController, didFinishAnimating finished: Bool, previousViewControllers: [UIViewController], transitionCompleted completed: Bool) {
if (!completed) {
return
}
if let firstViewController = viewControllers?.first,
let arrayIndex = orderedViewControllers.indexOf(firstViewController) {
switch arrayIndex {
case 0:
self.navigationController!.navigationBar.topItem!.title = "Monday"
break
case 1:
self.navigationController!.navigationBar.topItem!.title = "Tuesday"
break
case 2:
self.navigationController!.navigationBar.topItem!.title = "Wednesday"
break
case 3:
self.navigationController!.navigationBar.topItem!.title = "Thursday"
default:
self.navigationController!.navigationBar.topItem!.title = "Timetable"
}
}
}
}
extension PageViewController: UIPageViewControllerDataSource {
func pageViewController(pageViewController: UIPageViewController, viewControllerBeforeViewController viewController: UIViewController) -> UIViewController? {
guard let viewControllerIndex = orderedViewControllers.indexOf(viewController) else {
return nil
}
let previousIndex = viewControllerIndex - 1
guard previousIndex >= 0 else {
return orderedViewControllers.last
}
guard orderedViewControllers.count > previousIndex else {
return nil
}
return orderedViewControllers[previousIndex]
}
func pageViewController(pageViewController: UIPageViewController,
viewControllerAfterViewController viewController: UIViewController) -> UIViewController? {
guard let viewControllerIndex = orderedViewControllers.indexOf(viewController) else {
return nil
}
let nextIndex = viewControllerIndex + 1
let orderedViewControllersCount = orderedViewControllers.count
//MARK: - determine which viewController the user is o
guard orderedViewControllersCount != nextIndex else {
return orderedViewControllers.first
}
guard orderedViewControllersCount > nextIndex else {
return nil
}
return orderedViewControllers[nextIndex]
}
func presentationCountForPageViewController(pageViewController: UIPageViewController) -> Int {
return orderedViewControllers.count
}
func presentationIndexForPageViewController(pageViewController: UIPageViewController) -> Int {
guard let firstViewController = viewControllers?.first,
firstViewControllerIndex = orderedViewControllers.indexOf(firstViewController) else {
return 0
}
return firstViewControllerIndex
}
}
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No voice mail during business hours. A real person,
knowledgeable about all vehicle under seat storage bins,
answers the phone. 7 AM to 8 PM Mon-Fri and 10 AM to 4 PM
Sat & Holidays, Mountain Standard Time
We Accept
Diversified Products is a
2004 Dodge Ram 1500 Du-Ha Under Seat Truck Storage and Organizer
The Dodge Ram Quad Cab/Crew Cab model is designed to fit underneath your pre-existing back seats. It's constructed from heavy duty polyethylene and comes with a lifetime warranty. If your truck came equipped with a metal trays or a lid system under the back seat, you will need to remove the trays/lid prior to installing your DU-HA. These trays are interchangeable, so you will be able to re-install them later if needed. This DU-HA holds 2 guns, one with scope, but may not act as a legal gun case in states with gun case laws, unless guns are first placed in sleeves. Check with your local authorities for the gun case laws in your state.
Scroll down for more photos and information on this under seat unit.
This organizer fits a 2004 Dodge Ram 1500 Quad Cab Does NOT fit with factory navigation system or factory subwoofer.
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Mariners slip past White Sox 4-1
The Australian left-hander pitched eight innings to lead the
Mariners to a 4-1 victory over the Chicago White Sox on
Wednesday night.
Rowland-Smith allowed nine hits and struck out two, punctuating
his outing with an escape of a seventh-inning jam. The White Sox
had runners on first and third with one out, but the bottom of
the order failed to deliver as Rowland-Smith (4-3) retired Alex
Rios and Jayson Nix.
After the game, Mariners manager Don Wakamatsu paid
Rowland-Smith some high praise.
"He looked so polished tonight. I'm awfully proud of him,"
Wakamatsu said. "This is his eighth quality start since he's
been back. He's learning a knack to get deeper and deeper into
ballgames. I'm awfully excited about him now and in the future."
Rowland-Smith threw 116 pitches, but it didn't take much for him
to convince Wakamatsu to let him go out for the eighth inning,
given the struggles in the Mariners bullpen.
"Tonight was good because I felt like I got stronger as the game
went on," said Rowland-Smith, whose ERA fall to 3.59. "I was
making better pitches. The quality of the pitches was better."
Closer David Aardsma, who last pitched on Sept. 2, worked the
ninth for his 35th save.
The White Sox have little margin for error in the AL Central
with 16 games to play, falling 6 1/2 games behind first-place
Detroit.
Ichiro Suzuki hit the first pitch of the game from Chicago
starter Gavin Floyd (11-11) into the gap in left-center for a
double. He scored on Jose Lopez's double, one of three the
Mariners hit in the first two innings. Seattle made it 3-0 with
a sacrifice fly from Ryan Langerhans in the second.
Floyd's early struggles were attributed to a sore left hip,
which led manager Ozzie Guillen to pull the right-hander after
just three innings and 42 pitches in his shortest outing of the
year. Guillen noted Floyd would probably miss his next turn in
the rotation.
"Hopefully we can skip him one time and give him a little more
rest," Guillen said. "And hopefully he will get better for
whatever we got left."
Three batters into the fourth inning, D.J. Carrasco gave up a
solo homer to Seattle rookie Mike Carp, the first of his career.
When the game ended, Carp was given a beer shower and had an ice
cream pie shoved in his face by a couple of the veterans. A
Mariners official was able to track down the ball, and it was
handed to him by a smiling Ken Griffey Jr. When Carp looked at
the ball, he saw the butchered handwriting that read:
"Congradulashun Mike Karp."
Griffey then tossed Carp the real ball and later autographed it
for him.
"I grew up as a kid wanting to hit a home run in a big league
ballpark," Carp said. "Finally got it out of the way."
The White Sox, who are near the bottom of the American League in
team hitting with a .260 average, scored in the eighth on Gordon
Beckham's one-out homer to left.
NOTES: Mariners SS Jack Wilson said after the game it would be a
"10 to 15" day situation with his bruised right heel. ...
Mariners utilityman Bill Hall was not in the lineup one day
after experiencing cramps in his right quad. ... The Mariners
said they will monitor RHP Ian Snell to see if he makes his next
start as he recovers from a jammed wrist.
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Cancer-testis antigens in haematological malignancies.
Immunotherapy is an attractive therapeutic option for patients with haematological malignancies. Until recently, the progress in the development of tumour vaccines for haematological malignancies had been slow due to the lack of suitable targets. Cancer-testis (CT) antigens are potentially suitable molecules for tumour vaccines of haematological malignancies because of their high immunogenicity in vivo and their relatively restricted normal tissue distribution. This review evaluates the properties and potential functions of CT antigens. We discuss the expression of CT antigens in patient with haematological malignancies and provide evidence in support of their immunogenicity in vivo in these patients. We also address the role of 'epigenetic' regulation of CT antigens in haematological malignancies and how hypomethylating agents could induce the expression of some of these antigens in tumour cells to overcome the problem of heterogeneity of expression of the antigen within individual tumour specimens. Data implicating the interaction of the promoter genes of some of these CT antigens with the MeCP2 protein also suggest the potential role of the histone deacetylase inhibitors in inducing antigen expression in tumour cells. Finally, we discuss the direction of future research in advancing the development of tumour vaccines for haematological malignancies.
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Police investigating similar robberies
John Pirro
Updated 11:24 pm, Wednesday, February 13, 2013
DANBURY -- Police late Wednesday were investigating two robberies, one in which a handgun was shoved into the neck of the victim, that occurred less than one hour and less than a mile apart.
Three suspects are being sought in each case, but Lt. Shaun McColgan said it was too early to say whether the holdups were related, or whether one or both may be connected to another robbery in the same area that was reported some 24 hours earlier.
The first robbery on Wednesday took place on Lincoln Street about 7:40 p.m. A young woman in her 20s said she was walking home when two men came up behind her. One of the robbers threw snow in her face and grabbed her cellphone, while his accomplice attempted to steal her purse.
McColgan said the victim held on to the purse, and the two suspects, described as Hispanic males in their 20s, jumped into a silver car driven by a third person and drove off.
Some 50 minutes later, a couple in the late 30s was walking on William Street toward George Street, when they encountered one black male and two white males standing on the street corner.
The black male shoved a handgun into the male victim's neck and demanded his wallet. The three also took the woman's purse and fled in a black car.
McColgan said patrol officers and detectives were looking for the suspects late Wednesday, but as of 10 p.m. none had been located.
The robberies occurred not far from the spot where a 57-year-old woman was mugged by two men after leaving a West Street hair salon Tuesday evening.
The victim told police she was leaving Dawn's Pizzazz just before 8 p.m. when a man grabbed her from behind and put a hand over her mouth so she couldn't call for help. His accomplice grabbed her purse, then the first man threw her to the ground, police said.
The woman described both suspects as Hispanic males in their 20s. The pair fled with the purse, which contained less than $20 cash, a cellphone and personal papers.
Police were on the scene in minutes, but a sweep of the area with a police dog came up empty.
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WASHINGTON — Less than halfway through his first term, President Barack Obama has appointed more openly gay officials than any other president in history. Gay activists say the estimate of more than 150 appointments so far – from agency heads and commission members to policy officials and senior staffers – surpasses the previous high of about 140 reached during two full terms under President Bill Clinton.
White House spokesman Shin Inouye confirmed the record number, saying Obama has hired more gay officials than the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations combined. He said Obama “is proud that his appointments reflect the diversity of the American public.”
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“He is committed to appointing highly qualified individuals for each post,” Inouye said. “We have made a record number of openly LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender) appointments and we are confident that this number will only continue to grow.”
Item #2 of 2 comes from a pro-homosexual web site that not only helps LGBT’s learn how to get appointed and where LGBT’s can upload their resumes and lists almost 200 of Obama’s LGBT Appointments.Source: http://www.glli.org/presidentialPresidential Appointments Project
Help the president lead the nation.
Whether you are a recent graduate or a seasoned professional, if you have ever considered public service, now is the time to share your expertise and give our community a voice at the table.
In addition to full-time appointed positions, there are opportunities to serve on boards, advisory committees and grant reviewing groups across the country. These bodies make recommendations on how government can work better, smarter and more effectively.
Learn what it takes to work for the president and apply today through the Presidential Appointments Project.
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Learn about appointments and how the Project works.
Upload your resume now as a Microsoft Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf) file and answer the required questions.
LGBT Appointments in the Obama Biden Administration
To date, the Obama-Biden Administration has appointed more than 190 openly LGBT professionals to full-time and advisory positions in the executive branch; more than all known LGBT appointments of other presidential administrations combined.
Corporation for National and Community ServiceKimberly Allman Deputy Director of Intergovernmental Relations
Frederick Loo Wong Public Affairs Specialist
Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentRaul Alvillar Congressional Relations Officer
Raphael Bostic* Assistant Secretary, Policy Development and Research
Neill McG. Coleman General Deputy Assistant Secretary, Office of Public Affairs
Jennifer C. Jones Advisor, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public and Indian Housing
Mercedes Marquez* Assistant Secretary for Community Planning and Development
Patrick Pontius Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Policy Development and Research
Executive Office of the PresidentAnthony Bernal Scheduler/Trip Director, Office of Dr. Jill Biden, Office of the Vice President
Jeremy Bernard Social Secretary, The White House
Brian Bond Deputy Director, Office of Public Engagement, The White House
Brook Colangelo Chief Information Officer, Office of Administration
Jeffrey Crowley Director, Office of National AIDS Policy, The White House
Monique Dorsainvil Staff Assistant, Office of Public Engagement, The White House
Carlos Elizondo Residence Manager & Social Secretary to the Vice President & Dr. Biden, Office of the Vice President
Alan O. Fitts Deputy Director of Advance and Trip Director, Office of the First Lady
Michael Fleming Member, Council for Community Solutions, The White House
Kathleen Hartnett Associate Counsel to the President and Special Assistant to the President, The White House
Shin Inouye Director, Specialty Media, Office of Communications, The White House
Brad Kiley Director, Office of Management and Administration, The White House
Kei Koizumi Assistant Director for Federal Research and Development, Office of Science and Technology Policy
Jeffrey Lerner Regional Director, Office of Political Affairs, The White House
Denise Maes Director of Administration, Office of the Vice President
Ryan Metcalf Senior Analyst, Office of Presidential Correspondence, The White House
Greg Millett Senior Policy Advisor, Office of National AIDS Policy, The White House
Ven Neralla Director of Priority Placement, Presidential Personnel Office, The White House
Diana Noyes Researcher, Office of the White House Counsel, The White House
Ellie Sue Schafer Director, White House Visitors Office, The White House
Campbell Spencer Regional Director, Office of Political Affairs, The White House
Everette Stubbs Deputy Director, White House Visitors Center, The White House
Nancy Sutley* Chair, Council on Environmental Quality
Chris Van Es Correspondence Analyst, Office of Presidential Correspondence, The White House
Kamala Vasagam Special Assistant to the President, Office of Presidential Personnel, The White House
Ebs Burnough Deputy Social Secretary, Office of the First Lady, The White House
Karine Jean-Pierre Regional Director, Office of Political Affairs, The White House
Zach Liscow Staff Economist, Council of Economic Advisers
Alison Nathan Associate Counsel to the President, The White House
Zachary A. Portilla Assistant, Office of Presidential Personnel, The White House
Moe Vela Director of Operations, Office of the Vice President
William Woolston Staff Economist, Council of Economic Advisers
United States Commission on Civil Rights
Roberta Achtenberg Commissioner
United States CourtsEdward DuMont** Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
Emily Hewitt Chief Justice, U.S. Court of Federal Claims
J. Paul Oetken** Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
Donna M. Ryu Magistrate Judge, District Court for the Northern District of California
United States Interagency Council on HomelessnessJennifer Ho Deputy Director, Accountability Management
“You may not believe today, but one day you will. There are no unbelievers in heaven AND there are no unbelievers in hell. What you believe now determines where you will spend eternity.”
Lucky for me, I’m not going to either place. Since they don’t exist.
I’m returning to the earth, going to become worm food and to nourish nature as she has nourished me throughout my life.
Some of me will hopefully live on, in the form of organs and tissues donated to those who can still use them thanks to modern medical science. And hopefully more of me donated to research hospitals, to train the next generation of medical professionals to care for the living hear on Earth where it is needed.
“I feel very sad for every unrepentant sinful soul who ends up in hell for all eternity in eternal suffering, burning forever and forever, without ceasing. That makes me feel sad.”
I feel sad for those who worship and swear loyalty to a deity who would condemn innocent children to eternal torture simply by being born into a culture that doesn’t practice the same belief system as you.
If your God is omnipotent, omniscient and omni-benevolent, why would He make humans the only creatures in all of Creation about which He cares? Would He not be concerned about the souls of the horses? Or the trees? Or the dung beetle?
And if the souls of humanity are so important, and can only be saved by swearing fealty to Him, why would he create cultures such as the Bhuddists in India, or the aboriginal tribes in the Amazon, where worship of your God is not known? Is he creating these people solely for the purpose of populating his Hell with fresh souls, even though He never gave them a chance to be redeemed?
“If King James repented of his sins…then he is living in heaven, praising God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost, for all eternity. That is the Good News of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. No one is beyond redemption.”
I feel very sad for every unrepentant sinful soul who ends up in hell for all eternity in eternal suffering, burning forever and forever, without ceasing. That makes me feel sad. If King James did not repent of all his sins, including the one that a commenter below points out, then King James is burning in hell forever and ever. If King James repented of his sins, possibly by reading the Bible named after him because he requested that scholars of the time put it together, then he is living in heaven, praising God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost, for all eternity. That is the Good News of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. No one is beyond redemption. All can be forgiven of all their sins. Jesus Christ paid the price for our sins IF we accept Him as our Lord and Savior. Joseph’s brothers sought to do evil and sinned against him grievously, leaving him for dead and selling him to evildoers. But it turned out that that act saved the lives of Joseph’s brothers and his father. Read Genesis starting in chapter 3 and read it all the way to the end where it ends gloriously: It is written: Genesis 50:20 KJV But as for you (Joseph’s brothers), ye thought evil against me (Joseph); but God meant it unto good, to bring to pass, as it is this day, to save much people alive. — and there you have it! St. Paul wrote of this same thing in the New Testament: Romans 8:28 KJV And we know that all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who are the called according to his purpose.
You may not believe today, but one day you will. There are no unbelievers in heaven AND there are no unbelievers in hell. What you believe now determines where you will spend eternity.
Romans 14:11-12 KJV [11] For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, every knee shall bow to me, and every tongue shall confess to God.
[12] So then every one of us shall give account of himself to God.
Those who don’t love homosexuals will hide the truth from them. They really don’t care where people spend eternity. They pretend to love the homosexual by not telling them what they must do to be saved. What must they do? They must repent of their sin and accept Christ as Lord and Savior. When they do these things the Holy Spirit will help them to live godly lives. Yes, they won’t be perfect. Yes, they might fall back into the sin, but in their hearts, they will know the sin of homosexuality is wrong and not okay with God. Why? They have been saved and they do not want to do things which are not pleasing in God’s sight. My prayer: May God bless each homosexual someone who loves them enough to tell them the truth. May heaven be their eternal home. May they live in true peace and joy as they wait for Christ’s return.
The word sodomite troubles the lost sinner because it calls sin, sin. Truth can feel like hate to the lost soul. I speak the truth in love. I pray for you that God remove the scales from your eyes and the blocks from your ears so that you can be a hearer of the Word of God and be saved. I pray that you can see the truth and that you find it quickly in The Word of God in the powerful and righteous King James Bible. In Jesus name, I pray, for you. Amen.
I’m starting to like the term “sodomite” more and more too. I think the funniest thing we could do is to start wearing it like a mark of pride and endearment. We’d thus take away the power of a word from hate, the one force that sustains the shriveled and blackened souls of “Christians’ in this country.
My only issue is this: as a hetero male who fancies himself as libertine as any gay man, what term can I use? Perhaps “Gomoroahan?”
By submitting these comments, I agree to the beliefnet.com terms of service, rules of conduct and privacy policy (the "agreements"). I understand and agree that any content I post is licensed to beliefnet.com and may be used by beliefnet.com in accordance with the agreements.
Heartwarming! Service dog helps teen with diabetes Calvin's Commentary: The following story and video is about a young 18-year old teenager, Sadie Jensen, with a debilitating, life-threatening, incurable, life-long illness and a service dog named Bailey. Bailey has been trained to detect and ...
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Watchwoman on the Wall
by Donna Calvin
Shouting from the rooftops, proclaiming warning to a sleeping nation, Donna offers her unique perspective on current events
Disclaimer
Some items on Beliefnet may not reflect the views of Doers of the Word Church, Pastor Ernie Sanders, and “What’s Right, What’s Left, the Voice of the Christian Resistance,” all of whom promote this Watchwoman on the Wall blog on their web site < www.WRWL.org> and radio program. The Bible-based, conservative call-in talk radio program can be heard 10 PM-12 midnight, M-F on Salem Christian Radio Network, Cleveland’s powerful 50,000 watt radio station on the dial at 1220 AM & 1440 AM – and over the Internet worldwide at www.WRWL.org. Donna Calvin is a frequent co-host of “What’s Right, What’s Left.” The pro-life, conservative, non-compromising, King James only, Christian program, hosted by Pastor Ernie Sanders, has been airing for over 40 years and has over 6 million listeners.”
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Q:
Understanding the validity of this proof for interesection of power sets
Link: Let $A, B$ be sets. Show that $\mathcal P(A ∩ B) = \mathcal P(A) ∩ \mathcal P(B)$.
In the first answer, particularly in this line:
"Let $Y \in P(A)\cap P(B)$.
Then $Y \in P(A) $ and $Y \in P(B)$. Therefore each element of $Y$ is an element of $A$ and $B$."
I don't see why this implies that $Y$ is an element of $A$, $B$. Clearly from an example I don't see it to be true either.
Let $A = \{0,1\}$ and $B = \{1,2\}$.
$P(A) = \{ \{0\},\{1\},\{0,1\},\{\}\}$ and $P(B) = \{\{1\},\{2\},\{1,2\},\{\}\}$
There isn't an element in $P(A)$ and $P(B)$ that is in $A$ or $B$, since the elements of the power sets are sets themselves, yet the elements in $A$ and $B$ aren't.
For example, let $Y = \{1\}$.
Am I misunderstanding this?
A:
Recall that a Powerset is the set of subsets. $$Y\in \mathcal P(A)\iff Y\subseteq A$$
Then too recall the definition of subset.$$Y\subseteq A {~\iff~ \forall x~(x\in Y\to x\in A) \\ ~\iff~ \forall x\in Y~(x\in A)}$$
Thus if $Y$ is an element of the powerset of $A$, then any element of $Y$ is an element of $A$, et vice versa.
So we have that:
$${\begin{array}{l|c:l}1&Y~\in~\mathcal P(A)\cap\mathcal P(B) & \text{Assume}\\2& Y\in \mathcal P(A)~\wedge~ Y\in\mathcal P(B) & \text{Definition of Union}\\ 3&Y\subseteq A~~\wedge~~ Y\subseteq B & \text{Definition of Powerset}\\ \quad 4&\forall x\in Y~(x\in A)~\wedge~\forall x\in Y~( x\in B) & \text{Definition of Subset(eq)} \\\quad 5& \forall x\in Y~(x\in A\wedge x\in B) & \text{Distribution over universal quantifier} \\\quad 6&\forall x\in Y~(x\in (A\cap B)) &\text{Definition of intersection}\\ 7& Y~\subseteq ~(A\cap B) &\text{Definition of Suset(eq)}\\ 8& Y\in \mathcal P(A\cap B) & \text{Definition of Powerset} \end{array}\\... \text{and vice versa on every step}\\ Y\in\mathcal P(A)\cap \mathcal P(B)~ \iff ~Y\in \mathcal P(A\cap B)}$$
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Antibody to hepatitis C virus second envelope (HCV-E2) glycoprotein: a new marker of HCV infection closely associated with viremia.
The second envelope protein (E2) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) was cloned and expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. This E2 glycoprotein was purified using ion exchange and lectin chromatography and used to construct an enzyme immunoassay for HCV E2 antibodies. The assay was shown to have good specificity, and detection of E2 antibodies was positively correlated (97.3%) to the presence of HCV RNA in serum and plasma. A high concordance between HCV 2.0 and E2 EIA reactivities was also observed. E2 antibody was the first serological marker to appear in 3/5 HCV seroconversion panels. This work demonstrated that 42.4% of core and 15.4% of NS3 indeterminate specimens also contained antibodies to E2, suggesting that HCV infection had occurred in these individuals. The E2 antibody assay was used to evaluate HCV 2.0 EIA-positive, HCV 3.0 EIA-negative plasma donors with indeterminate reactivity on RIBA HCV 2.0 or MATRIX HCV 1.0. Several HCV 3.0-negative specimens were shown to contain E2 antibodies in addition to an original indeterminate serological marker, primarily core. It is concluded that anti-E2 is a useful marker for determining HCV infection, and that the presence of antibodies to two nonoverlapping viral gene products suggests true HCV exposure. New HCV 3.0 blood screening tests should detect HCV 2.0-positive donors who present with an indeterminate pattern by RIBA or MATRIX and who also carry E2 antibodies.
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Q:
Unity game on iOS ArgumentOutOfRangeException in dictionary
I have an achievement module for saving and loading a dictionary with the name of the achievement (key) and if it's been accomplished (bool value). I'm using GDE (Game Data Editor) plugin (this one).
My module works fine in the Unity editor, saving and loading everything. But in iOS it crashes with an argument out of range exception. My save and load methods:
public void Load(){
GDEAchievementsData achievements;
if (!GDEDataManager.DataDictionary.TryGetCustom(GDEItemKeys.Achievements_Achievements, out achievements)){
Debug.LogError("Error reading save data!");
}
LoadAchievementsInDictionary(achievements);
Debug.Log("Achievement loaded data");
}
public void Save(){
GDEAchievementsData achievements;
if (!GDEDataManager.DataDictionary.TryGetCustom(GDEItemKeys.Achievements_Achievements, out achievements)){
Debug.LogError("Error reading save data!");
}
SaveDictionaryInAchievements(AchievementScript.achievements, achievements);
achievements.Set_Achievements();
Debug.Log("ACHIEVEMENTS saved data");
}
void LoadAchievementsInDictionary(GDEAchievementsData gdeData){
Debug.Log("Achievements: "+gdeData.Achievements);
if(achievements==null){
achievements = new AchievementList();
}
foreach(List<String> achievement in gdeData.Achievements){
if(achievements.list.ContainsKey(achievement[0]))
{
achievements.list[achievement[0]] = (achievement[1]=="true")||(achievement[1]=="True");
}else{
achievements.list.Add(achievement[0], achievement[1]=="true"||achievement[1]=="True");
}
}
}
void SaveDictionaryInAchievements(AchievementList list, GDEAchievementsData gdeData){
for(int i = 0; i < gdeData.Achievements.Count; i++){
List<string> item = gdeData.Achievements[i];
string achievementName = item[0];
item[1] = list.list[achievementName].ToString();
}
}
And the errors generated in XCode debugger, for saving:
ArgumentOutOfRangeException: Argument is out of range.
Parameter name: index
at System.Collections.Generic.List`1[System.String].get_Item (Int32 index) [0x00000] in :0
at AchievementScript.SaveDictionaryInAchievements (.AchievementList list, GameDataEditor.GDEAchievementsData gdeData) [0x00000] in :0
at AchievementScript.Save () [0x00000] in :0
at AchievementScript.OnApplicationFocus (Boolean focusStatus) [0x00000] in :0
at AchievementScript.OnApplicationPause (Boolean pauseState) [0x00000] in :0
And for loading:
ArgumentOutOfRangeException: Argument is out of range.
Parameter name: index
at System.Collections.Generic.List`1[System.String].get_Item (Int32 index) [0x00000] in :0
at AchievementScript.LoadAchievementsInDictionary (GameDataEditor.GDEAchievementsData gdeData) [0x00000] in :0
at AchievementScript.Load () [0x00000] in :0
at AchievementScript.OnApplicationFocus (Boolean focusStatus) [0x00000] in :0
Asking the same question for the GDE team, but if anyone has any idea why this is happening, it'd be great to have some enlightenment.
A:
Multiple time you access achievement[0] and achievement[1], without checking the size of achievement first - this can result in an out of index exception because there aren't enough elements in achievement. Note that even accessing the [0] can cause this error if said List<> is empty.
To solve this, make sure you check the list size. This can be done via Linq
foreach(List<String> achievement in gdeData.Achievements.Where(l => l.Count >= 2)
or via an if statement
foreach(List<String> achievement in gdeData.Achievements)
{
if(achievment < 2) continue;
// Put the rest of your foreach logic here.
}
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Wolf Run (Tohickon Creek)
Deep Run is a tributary of the Tohickon Creek in Bedminster Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania in the United States.
Statistics
Wolf Run lies entirely within Bedminster Township. Its GNIS identification number is 1191669, its Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources identification number is 03141. Its length is , its watershed is , rising at an elevation of . It reaches its confluence at the Tohickon Creek's 7.90 river mile, at an elevation of , only about downstream of where Mink Run and Deer Run reach the Tohickon. The average slope is
Course
Wolf Run rises in Bedminster Township north of Pennsylvania Route 113 (Bedminster Road) near the village of Bedminster and is northeast oriented in a relatively straight course to the Tohickon Creek.
Geology
Appalachian Highlands Division
Piedmont Province
Gettysburg-Newark Lowland Section
Brunswick Formation
Wolf Run lies within the Brunswick Formation in the Newark Basin laid down during the Jurassic and the Triassic. Rocks includes mudstone, siltstone, and reddish-brown, green, and brown shale. Mineralogy includes red and dark-gray argillite and hornfels.
Crossings and Bridges
Rolling Hills Road
Haas Court
Creamery Road
See also
List of rivers of the United States
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
List of Delaware River tributaries
References
Category:Rivers of Pennsylvania
Category:Rivers of Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Category: Fitness
Nowadays, it is very alarming that a huge number of people all over the world are considered obese. Some people may think that it is just a simple condition. But the thing is, it is not just all about being overweight. Obesity comes with several health problems and most of these are life threatening.
So, if you have weighed yourself out lately and you know for a fact that your weight is no longer healthy, you should take the necessary steps as early as possible. Do not wait for the time when you can already feel the symptoms of health conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and other ailments that are related to being overweight. You need to find the best way on how to fight obesity.
How you can fight obesity
There are so many ways on how to fight obesity. The first thing that you need to focus on is, of course, your weight. You should come up with a diet plan that is effective in getting rid of the extra pounds. You can even utilize weight loss supplements like Pure Cambogia Ultra.
Here are some great tips on how to fight obesity.
Observe proper nutrition
Take a look at the foods that you have been eating. Which of them are healthy and which are not? Are you into junk foods? If you are, that is one of the biggest things that you need to eliminate. When you say ‘junk foods’, it doesn’t refer to only the candies and chips that you are consuming. It includes all the unhealthy foods that you are taking in everyday.
With the help of supplements, there is no doubt that you will be able to achieve a healthier weight in no time as long as you also observe proper nutrition. Instead of dwelling on fatty foods and other unnecessary snacks, you should increase your intake of fresh fruits and vegetables.
Increase your activity level
Having a sedentary lifestyle is not healthy at all. Instead of you sitting on the couch watching TV all day long, you should start increasing your activity level. There are many exercises and physical activities that you can engage yourself in. You can always go to the gym and work out for, at least, one or two hours. If you do this regularly, you will be able to increase your metabolism, which will make it easier for you to shed the extra pounds.
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If you are Canadian, you most likely remember a fairly low budget TV show that ran for several seasons called Kenny vs. Spenny. Two friends who challenged each other to complete some simple, yet deranged tasks. From seeing who could get further with each other's mom to seeing who could remain blind folded the longest, the two made relatively boring concepts come to life and become extremely entertaining.The loser having to face a "humiliation" at the end of the show which usually involved something disgusting, like smelling the other's breath for 60 seconds straight after eating an onion.
After the show ended its major run, there were some youtube uploads from Kenny (Kenny Hotz) and some internet buzz. But for the most part, to most people in the general public the two faded out of the spotlight. Until recently, when the two announced they were going to do a live tour across Canada and hit most major cities. Facebook and Youtube started buzzing as they uploaded videos displaying the same contrasting senses of humor, only this time with a little more gray in the hair.
A few days ago (March 7) to be exact, Kenny started a hashtag campaign on twitter "#BringBackKvS" (Bring Back Kenny vs. Spenny) targeting netflix's social media accounts. According to hashtracking.com, there have been 1,500 tweets bouncing around twitter and the tweets themselves have reached over 750,000 timelines and reached just shy of 450,000 twitter accounts.
Netflix Canada's twitter account has yet to respond to one of the tweets. (https://twitter.com/Netflix_CA).
The hope of the campaign is to prompt netflix (or another production company I would assume -- a.k.a. anyone who could potentially finance another season) to get a new season going. Either way, the campaign has only been circulating social media for two days and already doing a lot of positive for the Kenny vs. Spenny brand.
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Q:
Texture spill over android open gl es
I have adapted lesson six of insantydesign's android examples (http://insanitydesign.com/wp/projects/nehe-android-ports/) to work for a 2d square and the texture is displaying fine but I also have other (non textured) shapes drawn on screen and the texture from the square "spills over" to them.
In my on surface created method I have the line
squaretexture.loadGLTexture(gl, this.context);
which I think may be the problem.
My question is where should I put this line in order to fix my problem?
A:
You need to enable texturing when you want to draw textures primitives, and disable texturing when you want primitives without a texture. For example:
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
drawObjectA();
glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
drawObjectB();
Object A will be textured, but object B won't.
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Fate of caffeine in mesocosms wetland planted with Scirpus validus.
Uptake, accumulation and translocation of caffeine by Scirpus validus grown in hydroponic condition were investigated. The plants were cultivated in Hoagland's nutrient solution spiked with caffeine at concentrations of 0.5-2.0 mg L(-1). The effect of photodegradation on caffeine elimination was determined in dark controls and proved to be negligible. Removal of caffeine in mesocosms without plants showed however that biodegradation could account for about 15-19% of the caffeine lost from solutions after 3 and 7 d. Plant uptake played a significant role in caffeine elimination. Caffeine was detected in both roots and shoots of S. validus. Root concentrations of caffeine were 0.1-6.1 μg g(-1), while the concentrations for shoots were 6.4-13.7 μg g(-1). A significant (p<0.05) positive correlation between the concentration in the root and the initial concentrations in the nutrient solution was observed. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of caffeine for roots ranged from 0.2 to 3.1, while BAFs for shoots ranged from 3.2 to 16.9. Translocation from roots to shoots was the major pathway of shoot accumulation. The fraction of caffeine in the roots as a percentage of the total caffeine mass in solution was limited to 0.2-4.4% throughout the whole experiment, while shoot uptake percentage ranged from 12% to 25% for caffeine at the initial concentration of 2.0 mg L(-1) to 50-62% for caffeine at the initial concentration of 0.5 mg L(-1). However, a marked decrease in the concentration of caffeine in the shoots between d-14 and d-21 suggests that caffeine may have been catabolized in the plant tissues subsequent to plant uptake and translocation.
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The association between health-related behaviours and the risk of divorce in the USA.
This study investigates the link between health-related variables and risks of divorce. The findings indicate that physical characteristics associated with poor health--namely, obesity and short stature--are not significantly related to risks of marital dissolution for either men or women. On the other hand, risk-taking behaviours--such as smoking and drug use--are strongly related to higher risks of divorce for both sexes. Overall, the results emphasize the need to accommodate health-related variables in the dominant economic and social psychological theories of marital dissolution.
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A printed circuit board (PCB) is formed by printing a circuit pattern on an electric insulating substrate with a conductive material, and refers to a circuit board which is configured such that positions for mounting each component are determined, and circuit line for connecting the components is printed on and is fixed to the surface of a flat board, thereby enabling many kinds of electronic components to be densely mounted on the flat board.
Meanwhile, an embedded printed circuit board (PCB) is a printed circuit board in which passive components, such as a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor, are embedded in a substrate. Technologies for mounting negative components, such as an integrated circuit (IC) chip, have been also developed. In terms of this fact, regardless of the kind of mounted components, the embedded printed circuit board (PCB) has been used as a term called a printed circuit board in which electronic components are embedded.
With regard to a technology for a printed circuit board, in order to embed electronic components, a method of mounting the components, a cavity processing method, a method of connecting the electrode of a chip and a PCB circuit, and the like are very important.
Also, as the number of components embedded in the printed circuit board has been increased, and each thickness of components has been increased, a thickness of the printed circuit board has been also increased. Thus, the development of a technology for reducing a thickness of the printed circuit board has been needed.
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Introduction {#s1}
============
Peanut or groundnut (*Arachis hypogaea* L.), a glycophytic plant, is particularly vulnerable to water deficit stress or drought since it is usually grown under rainfed conditions on sandy soils (Banjara et al., [@B5]; Bhauso et al., [@B11]). Nearly 70% of peanut-growing areas are located in semi-arid regions of the world, where drought is fairly common, limiting its production and productivity (Sarkar et al., [@B47]; Nawade et al., [@B37]). Reduction in the peanut productivity is nearly unpredictable since productivity is highly dependent on the timing, duration, and intensity of drought (Bhatnagar-Mathur et al., [@B10]; Sarkar et al., [@B48]). Globally, drought stress (DS) alone can cause an annual peanut yield loss of around 6--7 million tons, making the situation alarming and attracting utmost attention of the scientific community working on this crop (Bhatnagar-Mathur et al., [@B9]; Sarkar et al., [@B47]).
The adverse effect of DS on plants begins with a decrease in the transpiration rate (TR) and stomatal conductance (SC) and consequently leaf water potential (WP), resulting in overall imbalance in water relationships and the photosynthetic rate (Pn) (Farooq et al., [@B21]; Krasensky and Jonak, [@B32]; Ashraf and Harris, [@B4]; Osakabe et al., [@B39]). These effects are followed by a reduction in the turgor pressure, transpiration, and relative water content (RWC) and often the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and ultimately poor yield (Farooq et al., [@B21]; Akcay et al., [@B3]; Patel et al., [@B41]).
Under DS conditions, plants also undergo various molecular changes, resulting in increased expression of stress-associated genes responsible for synthesizing various regulatory proteins, detoxifying enzymes, proline, and compatible solutes (Chaves et al., [@B14]; Osakabe et al., [@B39]). Compatible solutes such as, polyols, betaines, sugars, and amino acids can stabilize macromolecules and cellular structures, maintain the turgor pressure in cells through osmotic adjustments and re-establish the cellular redox balance by scavenging free radicals (Krasensky and Jonak, [@B32]; Patel et al., [@B41]).
Mannitol is the most common naturally occurring polyol, which has been reported in over 100 plant species of various families, including Apiaceae, Oleaceae, and Rubiaceae (Conde et al., [@B18]), but not in peanut (Bhauso et al., [@B11]). Mannitol, an important photosynthetic product, is a non-cyclic sugar alcohol and is one of the main phloem-translocated carbohydrate having functions such as, osmoregulation, coenzyme regulation, and free radical scavenging. The *Escherichia coli*-derived mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (*mtlD*) gene products catalyze the reversible conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to mannitol-1-phosphate, which is converted into mannitol through a naturally occurring non-specific phosphatase (Tarczynski et al., [@B54]). Mannitol accumulation by transforming the *E. coli mtlD* gene, which codes mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (MTD; EC 1.1.1.17), is associated with different abiotic stress tolerance in various plant species, including peanut (Nguyen et al., [@B38]; Bhauso et al., [@B11],[@B12]; Hema et al., [@B25]; Patel et al., [@B41]). ROS damage cellular structures, cause cell death, affect chlorophyll content, and reduce fertility (Chaves and Oliveira, [@B15]; Krasensky and Jonak, [@B32]), resulting in reduction in plant growth and ultimately plant yield.
Mannitol improves DS tolerance through scavenging of hydroxyl radicals and stabilization of macromolecular structures (Shen et al., [@B50]; Patel et al., [@B41]). It uses carbon skeletons and energy sources by which it plays a vital role in abiotic stress tolerance (Conde et al., [@B18]; Hema et al., [@B25]). Additionally, mannitol has water-like hydroxyl groups that mimic the structure of water and sustain an artificial sphere of hydration around macromolecules and function as osmoprotectants, providing tolerance to DS and resulting in better yield (Stoop et al., [@B53]; Conde et al., [@B18]).
Previously, we reported the successful transfer of the *mtlD* gene in peanut (cv. GG−20) and also demonstrated PEG-induced DS tolerance in transgenic (T) events in the hydroponic system (Bhauso et al., [@B12]). Drought during reproductive stages such as, pegging and pod formation results in a drastic reduction of peanut yield and quality (Kambiranda et al., [@B28]). Thus, these stages are essential for DS tolerance analysis using the lysimeter system (Vadez et al., [@B56], [@B55]; Ratnakumar et al., [@B45]). However, most of the previous DS experiments have been performed at the initial growth phase of *mtlD* T peanut plants, either in Petri plates, hydroponics or in small pots with least focus on the yield parameter (Nguyen et al., [@B38]; Bhauso et al., [@B11],[@B12]; Hema et al., [@B25]). The hypothesis of the present study is that the *mtlD* transgene in T peanut imparts DS tolerance even at maturity stages and improves peanut yield through a cascade of growth-regulating machinery.
Under DS conditions, root growth is accelerated in search of maximum available soil moisture content (Spollen et al., [@B51]; Durand et al., [@B20]). Small pot-based studies are suitable to study the initial discrimination of DS tolerance, but they may not provide a clear understanding of the actual performance of the transgenic plant in a field-like situation. Thus, this study was undertaken with the objective to evaluate *mtlD* T peanut lines at reproductive stages in the lysimeter system for various physio-biochemical and yield-related parameters, including root parameters, under DS conditions in a controlled containment facility.
Materials and methods {#s2}
=====================
Plant material and creation of progressive soil moisture deficit conditions
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Four transgenic (T) events (MTD1, MTD2, MTD3, and MTD4) in the T~5~ generation along with a wild-type (WT) line (cv. GG−20) were used for evaluating progressive soil moisture deficit stress or DS response through dry-down experiments. The T lines were confirmed for the presence of a transgene using gene-specific PCR primers (Figure [S1](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The seeds were grown in lysimeters, which were made of cylindrical PVC tubes of 1-m length and 20-cm diameter, containing \~42 kg of a soil mixture having soil:sand:FYM in 1:2:0.1 ratio. The experiments were conducted at ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat (India) in a controlled glasshouse under 16-h light conditions at 35 ± 2°C for 120 days.
At 40 days after sowing (DAS), a single plant, each from all four T lines and the WT line, was grown per lysimeter for both well-watered (WW) and DS treatments in three replications. Furthermore, at 40 DAS, the soil of both WW and DS lysimeters were saturated with water till field capacity (Colman, [@B17]). The soil surfaces were then covered using 500 g of plastic beads per lysimeter to prevent evaporation and were weighed at 3-day intervals between 09:00 and 10:00 h. Throughout the experiment, the WW plants were maintained at nearly 80% field capacity by supplementing water, which was lost through transpiration, at 3-day intervals. DS conditions were created by withholding irrigation until severe wilting symptoms appeared. Leaf samples of both WT and T lines were taken at 0, 10, and 24 days of DS imposition for physio-biochemical analysis. At the end of the experiment, all DS plants were re-watered with 200 mL of water for plant recovery up to 3 days at an interval of 24 h.
Estimation of mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
---------------------------------------------------------
MTD activity was measured as described by Iwamoto et al. ([@B27]) using fresh leaf tissues at day 24 of DS. The MTD activity was expressed as fructose-6-phosphate reduction μmol mg^−1^ protein min^−1^, and the analyses were done using a Specord 200 spectrophotometer (Analytikjena, Germany).
Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and chlorophyll estimation
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Photosynthesis, SC and transpiration were measured as per Banjara et al. ([@B5]) on the third nodal leaflet using a portable photosynthesis system (LI-COR 6400, Li-Cor, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA). The mean of three measurements obtained for each sample was used for analysis. The total chlorophyll content (TCC) in leaflets was measured at the center of each leaflet of every primary leaf using a portable chlorophyll measurement meter (SPAD−502PLUS, Konica Minolta, Japan) according to Banjara et al. ([@B5]).
Measurement of relative water content and leaf water potential
--------------------------------------------------------------
For RWC, both fresh weight (FW) and turgid weight (TW) of eight fresh leaf discs (1-cm diameter) were measured. These discs were then dried in a hot air oven (80°C, 72 h) and weighed until a consistent dry weight (DW) was obtained. RWC was calculated as RWC = \[(FW--DW)/(TW--DW)\] × 100 (Barrs and Weatherley, [@B6]). WP was measured as per Matthews et al. ([@B35]) using a psychrometer CR7 (Campbell Scientific Inc., USA), which was first stabilized for 30 min, and then the leaf discs were placed in chambers equipped with a thermocouple for 30 min and data were collected for further analysis.
Estimation of proline content
-----------------------------
Free proline content was estimated using the protocol of Bates et al. ([@B7]). Approximately 500 mg of fresh leaves was extracted with 5 mL of 3% sulphosalicylic acid and the homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C. To 1 mL of supernatant, 1 mL of acid ninhydrin reagent and 1 mL of glacial acetic acid were added, mixed and incubated for 1 h at 100°C. The reactions were terminated on an ice bath. To the mixture, 2 mL of toluene was added and mixed vigorously, and the chromophore containing toluene was aspirated, warmed to room temperature and absorbance was measured at 520 nm. Proline content was calculated from a standard curve using 0--100 μg mL^−1^ of L-proline (Amresco, USA) and represented as μg g^−1^ of fresh tissue.
Estimation of malondialdehyde content
-------------------------------------
The level of lipid peroxidation was measured in terms of MDA content using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction method (Heath and Packer, [@B24]). Leaf tissue was homogenized in trichloroacetic acid (10 mL, 0.1%, w/v) and centrifuged (15 min, 15,000 × g), and 1 mL of supernatant was mixed with 4 mL of TBA reagent (0.5%, w/v TBA in 20% w/v TCA). The mixture was heated (95°C, 30 min) and then cooled on ice and centrifuged (10 min, 10,000 × g). The absorbance of the supernatant was measured at 532 nm and the MDA content was calculated using the extinction coefficient of 155 mM^−1^ cm^−1^ and expressed as μmol g^−1^ FW.
Detection of cell death and *in situ* localization of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*In situ* localization of hydrogen peroxide (H~2~O~2~) and superoxide radicals ($\text{O}_{2}^{-}$) and cell death were studied by histochemical staining using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB; Fryer et al., [@B22]) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT; Ramel et al., [@B44]) dyes and lactophenol trypan blue (Pogany et al., [@B42]), respectively. For this, 1 mg mL^−1^ of DAB (pH 3.8) was prepared in distilled water and 1 mg mL^−1^ of NBT was prepared in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) containing 10 mM sodium azide. Lactophenol trypan blue (0.5 mg mL^−1^) solution was prepared in a phenol:glycerol:lactic acid:distilled water (1:1:1:1; v/v) mixture and the solution was diluted using an equal volume of absolute ethanol. Leaflets after 24 d of DS imposition, from both WW and DS plants were immersed in DAB, NBT, and lactophenol trypan blue solutions and kept in dark for 12 days. For lactophenol trypan blue staining, the leaflets were boiled for 1 min in the lactophenol trypan blue solution, bleached twice in an acetic acid:glycerol:ethanol (1:1:3; v/v/v) solution (80°C, 5 min) and stored in a glycerol:ethanol (1:4; v/v) solution until photographed. On the bleached leaflets, H~2~O~2~ was visualized as brown spots due to DAB polymerisation, $\text{O}_{2}^{-}$ as dark blue spots due to NBT precipitation and dead cells as blue spots.
Measurement of soil moisture content, growth, and yield parameters
------------------------------------------------------------------
Soil moisture content was measured for samples in each lysimeter at 0, 10, and 24 days after DS imposition using the gravimetric method \[(FW--DW)/DW × 100\] (Black, [@B13]). The soil samples from 30 to 45-cm depths were taken using a screw auger and FW was measured, then the samples were dried at 72°C for 2 days and DW was measured. Different growth parameters, including lateral growth as root length (cm) and shoot length (cm), were measured for both WT and T plants after harvesting (120 DAS). Thereafter, the plants were dried (70°C, 72 h) and used for measuring traits including root and shoot biomass (g), pod weight (PW; g), and harvest index (HI,%). The HI was determined using the following formula: HI = (Economical yield/Biological yield) × 100. Where, PW was used as the "economical yield" and total biomass, including roots, as the "biological yield."
Statistical analysis
--------------------
To determine the significance of variation between WT and T lines, the data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and significant differences between WT and T lines were analyzed using Tukey\'s multiple ranges at 5% (LSD~*P*\ ≤\ 0.05~) probability level. Each assay was performed in triplicate and the correlation coefficient was determined using PAST software (Paleontological Statistics, version 1.89).
Results and discussion {#s3}
======================
Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
-------------------------------------------
The role of mannitol accumulation as a way to overcome various abiotic stresses including DS has been proved in many crop species (Nguyen et al., [@B38]; Hema et al., [@B25]). Therefore, the *mtlD* gene coding for MTD was used for studying the imposition of drought tolerance in T peanut lines. Among various lines studied, WT peanut line showed almost nil MTD activity, whereas T lines showed significantly high MTD expression under both WW and DS conditions (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). This not only confirmed the presence but also the expression of the transgene in the *mtlD* T peanut lines. Furthermore, among four T lines, significantly higher MTD activity was recorded in MTD1, MTD2, and MTD4, while least activity was recorded in MTD3 at day 24 of DS treatment (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Similar trend was also recorded for mannitol activity when measured at day 24 of DS treatment (Table [S1](#SM3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Thus, variations in MTD activity and mannitol content in different T lines could be due to the positional difference in the site of transgene integration (Bhauso et al., [@B12]; Patel et al., [@B41]). Hence, both MTD activity and mannitol content clearly indicated their role in imparting DS tolerance to T lines as also reported by Patel et al. ([@B41]) for salinity tolerance.
######
Comparison of mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of WT and transgenic lines at 24 days under well-watered and drought stress conditions.
**Plant ID** **Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (μmol min^−1^ mg^−1^ protein)**
---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------
MTD1 0.062 ± 0.005^a^ 0.034 ± 0.003^a^
MTD2 0.053 ± 0.003^a^ 0.028 ± 0.001^b^
MTD3 0.027 ± 0.003^b^ 0.016 ± 0.001^c^
MTD4 0.067 ± 0.004^a^ 0.036 ± 0.002^a^
WT 0.002 ± 0.001^c^ 0.004 ± 0.002^d^
LSD ~(*P*\ =\ 0.05)~ 0.01 0.005
*The mean values ±SE (n = 3) were followed by similar lower case letters within a column are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05)*.
Photosynthetic responses to drought stress
------------------------------------------
Photosynthesis, the fundamental, and complex physiological process in all plants, is severely affected by abiotic stresses (Osakabe et al., [@B39]) that alter the ultra-structure of organelles, concentration of pigments, including enzymes involved, and stomatal regulation (Chaves et al., [@B14]; Ashraf and Harris, [@B4]). Various transgenic plants having the *mtlD* gene are tolerant to various abiotic stresses (Maheswari et al., [@B34]; Nguyen et al., [@B38]; Hema et al., [@B25]), including peanut (Bhauso et al., [@B11],[@B12]; Patel et al., [@B41]). However, detailed account of the effect of mannitol accumulation on photosynthetic performance under water-limiting stress in *mtlD* T peanut is not known.
Data were recorded at days 10 and 24 of progressive DS development, and both WT and T lines showed a significant reduction in various photosynthetic parameters (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). However, no significant differences (*P* ≤ 0.05) were recorded under WW conditions (Figure [S2](#SM2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Furthermore, the rate of decline for these parameters was fairly steep in the WT line compared with the three T lines, MTD1, MTD2, and MTD4. The photosynthetic parameters were significantly higher in T lines than in the WT line (*P* ≤ 0.05), such as, Pn (30 and 71%; Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), SC (39 and 33%; Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), TRs (53 and 60%; Figure [1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), and SPAD values (14 and 25%; Figure [1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) measured at days 10 and 24, respectively. Similar results were obtained by Hu et al. ([@B26]) and Sticklen et al. ([@B52]) for higher SC and Pn in *mtlD* T poplar and maize plants, respectively, under salinity stress.
{#F1}
DS conditions inevitably generate ROS such as, H~2~O~2~, $\text{O}_{2}^{-}$, singlet oxygen ^1^O~2~, and hydroxyl radicals OH^−^, which have a deleterious effect on the activity of several photosynthesis-associated enzymes, including those for thylakoid electron transport, phosphorylation, and carboxylation (Osakabe et al., [@B39]; Cicero et al., [@B16]). Moreover, mannitol is well known for its OH^−^ scavenging activity, osmoregulation, and protection of thiol-regulated enzymes of the Calvin cycle (Shen et al., [@B50]; Chaves and Oliveira, [@B15]; Adrees et al., [@B2]). Thus, the improved performance of T lines compared with the WT line could be due to mannitol accumulation, which in turn has protected the photosynthetic machinery even under DS conditions.
Relative water content and leaf water potential
-----------------------------------------------
RWC and WP are physiological indexes associated with water uptake by roots and water loss through transpiration. Hence, these parameters are considered as apt indicators when studying the water retention capacity of plants (Donovan et al., [@B19]; Bhauso et al., [@B11]). As expected, no significant reduction (*P* ≤ 0.05) in RWC and water potential (WP) of WT and T lines was recorded under WW conditions (Table [S2](#SM4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, a steady reduction in RWC and WP was recorded in both WT and T lines with the progression of DS duration (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Furthermore, the reduction was more prominent in WT line compared with T lines under DS conditions. In DS, three T lines, MTD1, MTD2, and MTD4, had a significantly higher RWC after 10 (76.6, 75.6, and 76.9%) and 24 days (59.3, 56.4, and 61.9%) compared with WT line (63.0 and 41.4%, respectively; Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Similarly, in DS, WT line had a more negative WP of up to −3.22 MPa compared with T lines MTD1, MTD2, and MTD4, which had a negative WP ranging from −2.56 to −2.71 MPa at 24 days of DS (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Enhanced water retention parameters have been reported in *mtlD* T lines of wheat (Abebe et al., [@B1]), tomato (Khare et al., [@B30]), and maize (Nguyen et al., [@B38]) under various abiotic stresses.
######
Comparison of relative water content, water potential, proline and malondialdehyde content in WT and transgenic lines at 0, 10 and 24 days under drought stress conditions.
**Plant ID** **RWC (%)** **Water potential (MPa)** **Proline (μg g^−1^ FW)** **MDA (μmol g^−1^ FW)**
------------------ --------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------ ----------------- --------------- ------------------- ------------------ ---------------- ----------------- -----------------
**0 days** **10 days** **24 days** **0 days** **10 days** **24 days** **0 days** **10 days** **24 days** **0 days** **10 days** **24 days**
WT 89.5 ± 3.0^a^ 62.9 ± 3.0^c^ 41.4 ± 4.6^d^ −0.96 ± 0.14^a^ −2.33 ± 0.09^a^ −3.21 ± 0.11^a^ 201 ± 9.3^a^ 1, 056 ± 71.6^b^ 2, 385 ± 179^c^ 2.88 ± 0.21^a^ 4.97 ± 0.17^a^ 7.13 ± 0.12^a^
MTD1 87.5 ± 3.2^a^ 76.5 ± 4.2^a^ 59.2 ± 2.5^ab^ −0.98 ± 0.12^a^ −1.82 ± 0.10^b^ −2.71 ± 0.13^b^ 215 ± 10.4^a^ 1, 321 ± 40.9^a^ 3, 158 ± 50.9^b^ 2.61 ± 0.24^a^ 4.17 ± 0.16^bc^ 5.72 ± 0.12^c^
MTD2 85.3 ± 3.8^a^ 75.5 ± 2.9^a^ 56.3 ± 2.6^b^ −1.03 ± 0.13^a^ −1.98 ± 0.15^ab^ −2.53 ± 0.06^b^ 206 ± 14.5^a^ 1, 173 ± 51.3^ab^ 3, 876 ± 66.4^a^ 2.52 ± 0.16^a^ 3.82 ± 0.16^c^ 5.97 ± 0.15^bc^
MTD3 87.4 ± 2.3^a^ 68.9 ± 3.7^b^ 46.5 ± 2.4^c^ −1.08 ± 0.11^a^ −2.10 ± 0.14^ab^ −3.24 ± 0.07^a^ 200 ± 10.1^a^ 1, 174 ± 51.3^ab^ 2, 695 ± 46.5^c^ 2.66 ± 0.17^a^ 4.43 ± 0.24^ab^ 6.45 ± 0.21^b^
MTD4 86.5 ± 5.3^a^ 76.9 ± 2.6^a^ 61.8 ± 2.3^a^ −0.95 ± 0.11^a^ −1.79 ± 0.12^b^ −2.55 ± 0.11^b^ 198 ± 7.3^a^ 1, 175 ± 51.3^a^ 3, 841 ± 86.2^a^ 2.86 ± 0.18^a^ 3.78 ± 0.19^c^ 5.54 ± 0.20^c^
LSD (*P* = 0.05) 5.79 5.21 4.72 0.384 0.387 0.322 33.30 146.54 310.92 0.58 0.57 0.48
*The mean ±SE (n = 3) followed by similar lower case letters within a column are significantly not different (P ≤ 0.05)*.
In cells, the water-like hydroxyl groups of mannitol mimic the structure of water (Stoop et al., [@B53]; Conde et al., [@B18]), and mannitol accumulation plays a vital role in the retention of WP (Mahajan and Tuteja, [@B33]; Khare et al., [@B30]) by which it prevents the intracellular loss of water and maintains the osmotic balance. Similarly, our results confirm that the better water retention capacity of T peanut lines over the WT line is because of mannitol accumulation, which in turn imparted tolerance to DS.
Proline content
---------------
Proline is known to accumulate in plants under DS (Sarkar et al., [@B47]), which may play a role in neutralizing the negative effect of drought (Bhauso et al., [@B12]). In DS, MTD1, MTD2, and MTD4 had more proline content (11--25% and 32--63% at days 10 and 24, respectively) compared with WT (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Similar type of enhanced proline accumulation was also reported in both *mtlD* and *DREB1A* T peanut plants (Bhauso et al., [@B12]; Sarkar et al., [@B47]) under PEG-induced DS and in *AtDREB1A* and *MuNAC4* T peanut plants (Bhatnagar-Mathur et al., [@B8]; Pandurangaiah et al., [@B40]) in a dry-down experiment in pots. Thus, not only *mtlD* transgene but also other transgenes also induces proline formation when a T plant encounters various types of abiotic stresses. Because proline plays an important role in maintaining osmotic homeostasis and is a key component of cell wall proteins, its synthesis helps protect the plant from cellular dehydration (Pandurangaiah et al., [@B40]; Ravikumar et al., [@B46]).
Malondialdehyde content and *in situ* localization of H~2~O~2~, $\text{O}_{2}^{-}$, and cell death detection
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DS causes loss of cellular homeostasis accompanied by the excessive generation of ROS that results in lipid membrane peroxidation, which significantly increases the MDA content (Akcay et al., [@B3]). Compared with the WT line, there was a significantly lower MDA content and H~2~O~2~ and $\text{O}_{2}^{-}$ accumulation and cell death in T lines (Akcay et al., [@B3]; Patel et al., [@B41]), suggesting effective detoxification of H~2~O~2~ and $\text{O}_{2}^{-}$ and lower oxidative lipid injury in T plants (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}).
Further, the extent of DS damage was analyzed as lipid membrane peroxidation, *in situ* accumulation of H~2~O~2~ and $\text{O}_{2}^{-}$ and cell death. Here, three T lines, MTD1, MTD2, and MTD4, had less MDA content (5.5--6.0 μmol g^−1^ FW) than the WT line (7.1 μmol g^−1^ FW), and were also found better in responding to DS. Histochemical *in situ* localization distinctly showed the lower accumulation of H~2~O~2~ (visualized as deep brown spots, Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) and $\text{O}_{2}^{-}$ (visualized as dark blue spots, Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) in T lines compared with the WT line under DS conditions. Similarly, cell death assay also evidently showed the significantly less number of dead cell patches (visualized as blue spots, Figure [2C](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) in T lines compared with the WT line.
{#F2}
Soil moisture content and visual observations
---------------------------------------------
DS was imposed by withholding irrigation for 24 days at reproductive stages such as, pegging and pod formation. The soil moisture content, which ranged from 18.9--20.8% initially, was reduced to 11.3--12.4 and 5.4--7.1% on days 10 and 24, respectively (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). All the T lines (except MTD3) showed improved phenotypic traits over WT. In WT, wilting symptoms started to appear on day 18, while in T lines, the symptoms appeared on day 20. Since on day 24 under DS condition, both T and WT plants started expressing severe wilting and dehydration symptoms; therefore, the plants were re-watered using 200 mL of water per day for 3 consecutive days for their recovery. Moreover, the severity of wilting was more pronounced in the WT line than in T lines (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, during recovery, the T lines recovered easily, while 67% of WT plants failed to recover, suggesting a more pronounced effect of DS on WT plants. Similar delayed wilting symptoms and fast recovery of T lines over WT after withdrawal of stress were reported by Bhatnagar-Mathur et al. ([@B9]) and Sarkar et al. ([@B48]) in *AtDRAB1A* T peanut plants. Bhauso et al. ([@B11]) also demonstrated lower water loss in T lines than in WT in an excised leaf assay.
{#F3}
{#F4}
The possible reasons for better survival and less wilting symptoms in T lines under DS conditions or even at same soil-moisture content could be the improved root architecture including a profuse and deep rooting system. This type of rooting pattern expectedly helped the T plants in better uptake of water from the deeper and wider soil volume. Similar results were also observed for *AtDREB1A* peanut line by Vadez et al. ([@B55]) and Sarkar et al. ([@B48]).
Growth and yield parameters
---------------------------
Growth and yield parameters were also measured for both T and WT plants under DS and WW conditions after harvesting (120 DAS). T lines (except MTD3) under DS were relatively healthier than the WT line and showed notably enhanced growth parameters such root length (RL), root biomass (RB), shoot biomass (SB), pod weight (PW), and harvest index (HI) (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). However, no significant differences were recorded for growth and yield parameters between WT and T lines under WW conditions (Table [S3](#SM5){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
######
Comparison of growth parameters of WT and transgenic lines after harvesting under drought stress conditions.
**Plant ID** **SL** **RL** **SB** **RB** **PW** **HI**
------------------ --------------- ---------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------- ----------------
WT 51.3 ± 1.2^a^ 61.4 ± 2.9^c^ 23.6 ± 1.2^a^ 2.9 ± 0.1^b^ 5.4 ± 0.4^c^ 21.8 ± 0.3^c^
MTD1 54.1 ± 1.3^a^ 76.3 ± 2.0^ab^ 24.4 ± 0.8^a^ 3.3 ± 0.2^ab^ 10.5 ± 0.6^ab^ 29.1 ± 1.2^a^
MTD2 52.0 ± 1.3^a^ 68.9 ± 3.0^bc^ 23.8 ± 0.6^a^ 3.0 ± 0.1^b^ 8.3 ± 0.8^bc^ 26.8 ± 1.3^ab^
MTD3 51.1 ± 1.3^a^ 63.4 ± 3.5^c^ 23.6 ± 0.4^a^ 2.7 ± 0.3^b^ 6.3 ± 0.7^c^ 25.0 ± 2.0^bc^
MTD4 52.9 ± 1.0^a^ 80.6 ± 2.2^a^ 25.1 ± 0.5^a^ 3.9 ± 0.3^a^ 11.9 ± 1.0^a^ 30.1 ± 1.9^a^
LSD (*P* = 0.05) 3.8 8.7 2.4 0.66 2.25 4.56
*The mean ±SE (n = 3) followed by similar lower case letters within a column are significantly not different (P ≤ 0.05). Where, SL, Shoot length; RL, Root length; SB, Shoot biomass; RB, Root dry Biomass; PW, Pod weight; HI, Harvest index*.
Although the characteristics of roots are generally evaluated using destructive sampling at set dates (Kashiwagi et al., [@B29]) in a lysimeter, they can be more easily and precisely estimated (Vadez et al., [@B56]; Bhatnagar-Mathur et al., [@B10]). Compared with WW conditions, the RL, and RB of WT peanut plants increased by 1.40-fold and 1.94-fold, respectively, under DS conditions. However, the increase in RL and RB for T peanut plants was 1.51--1.74-fold under WW conditions and 2.25--2.27-fold under DS conditions, respectively (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}; Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). These results reiterate the fact that root growth was accelerated in search of maximum available soil moisture under DS conditions (Spollen et al., [@B51]; Durand et al., [@B20]). The SB of WT plants was reduced by 30%, whereas that of MTD1, MTD2, and MTD4 only by 6--18% (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). Yield parameters such as, PW and HI were significantly higher for T lines than for the WT line under DS conditions (except MTD3). The PW and HI of T lines were 1.52--2.19-fold and 1.23--1.38-fold, respectively, more those of the WT line (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). Overall, the growth parameter data in the present study were consistent with data in other *mtlD* expression studies in maize, sorghum, and wheat (Abebe et al., [@B1]; Maheswari et al., [@B34]; Nguyen et al., [@B38]). The improved growth and yield parameters of T plants than of WT plants could be attributed to the multiple effects of a large photosynthetic surface area, a better Pn, improved osmoregulation and a higher chlorophyll content due to mannitol accumulation (Banjara et al., [@B5]; Nguyen et al., [@B38]).
{#F5}
Correlation analysis of various physio-biochemical and growth parameters
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Linear correlation analysis was performed to find the relationship between different physio-biochemical parameters and growth-related traits under DS conditions at day 24 (Table [4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). The Pn strongly and positively correlated with the TR (*r* = 0.92), RWC (*r* = 0.90), WP (*r* = 0.86), and TCC (*r* = 0.75), while MDA content negatively correlated with the Pn (*r* = −0.79). This suggests that the Pn is strongly correlated with water retention-related parameters and TCC. It also implies the role of mannitol accumulation in osmoregulation, which helps retain photosynthetic capacity under DS conditions (Shen et al., [@B50]; Conde et al., [@B18]; Bhauso et al., [@B12]).
######
Correlation analysis among various physio-biochemical and growth parameters.
**Pn** **SC** **TR** **TCC** **PRO** **MDA** **RWC** **WP** **SL** **RL** **RB** **SB** **PW** **HI**
----- ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- --------
Pn 1.00
SC 0.73[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.00
TR 0.92[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.75[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.00
TCC 0.75[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.67[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.62[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.00
PRO 0.68[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.39 0.72[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.54 1.00
MDA −0.79[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.64[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.64[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.89[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.60[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.00
RWC 0.90[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.72[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.85[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.65[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.71[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.91[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.00
WP 0.86[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.61[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.78[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.52 0.83[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.83[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.88[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.00
SL 0.67[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.51[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.55[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.38 0.19 −0.46 0.40 0.35 1.00
RL 0.61[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.75[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.80[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.47 0.58[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.65[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.83[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.66[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.58[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.00
RB 0.50[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.62[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.60[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.47 0.49 −0.55 0.63[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.53[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.31 0.77[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.00
SB 0.77[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.64[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.85[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.84[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.72[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.81[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.89[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.61[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.46 0.76[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.70[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.00
PW 0.75[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.82[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.79[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.86[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.68[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} −0.71 0.77[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.40 0.34 0.84[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.83[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.59[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.00
HI 0.65[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.56[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.66 0.71[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.20 −0.66 0.57[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.56[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.33 0.80[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.76[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.40 0.94[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.00
Asterisks represent significant correlation at
P ≤ 0.05 and
*P ≤ 0.01*.
*For each parameter, average values of four T lines along with WT were used. Where, Pn, photosynthetic rate; SC, Stomatal conductance; TR, transpiration rate; TCC, total chlorophyll content; PRO, proline; MDA, malondialdehyde; RWC, relative water content; WP, water potential; SL, shoot length; RL, root length; SB, shoot biomass; RB, root biomass; PW, pod weight; HI, harvest index*.
In general, RWC and WP have strong to moderate positive correlation with RL, RB, TR, proline content, Pn, and SC. These results reiterate the fact that improvement in RWC and WP has a direct positive effect on the overall growth of T peanut plants (Sarkar et al., [@B47]). The significant positive correlation of proline content with WP (*r* = 0.83), TR (*r* = 0.72), and RWC (*r* = 0.71) confirmed that the free proline accumulation is responsible for better osmotic adjustments in T lines (Hayat et al., [@B23]).
Negative correlation of MDA was observed with RWC (*r* = −0.91), TCC (*r* = −0.89), WP (*r* = −0.83), SB (*r* = −0.81), and Pn (*r* = −0.79). This means that the cell membrane was severely damaged with increasing oxidative stress under DS conditions, which ultimately results in disturbed plant osmoregulation along with a reduced Pn, TCC, and SB. In the correlation studies of growth parameters, the RL showed a significant positive correlation (*r* = 0.76--0.84) with other growth-related parameters such as, RB, SB, PW, and HI. It means that improved root growth helps to absorb maximum available moisture from a wider soil volume and ultimately helps to improve other growth-related traits.
These findings support the hypothesis that mannitol accumulation not only improves the water retention capacity of T peanut plants but also protects the photosynthetic machinery during DS conditions (Shen et al., [@B50]; Chaves and Oliveira, [@B15]; Adrees et al., [@B2]). Thus, better DS tolerance of *mtlD* T peanut plants could be attributed to the osmoregulation and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of mannitol, which could have imparted protection against oxidative injuries during DS conditions as also observed for *mtlD* T poplar (Hu et al., [@B26]) and maize (Sticklen et al., [@B52]).
Poor performance of MTD3 event
------------------------------
As discussed in previous sections, for most of the physio-biochemical parameters, no significant difference was observed in the MTD3 line when compared with the WT line even at day 24 of DS. The plausible reasoning for the poor performance of MTD3 could be the lower expression of the transgene. Besides, several other factors, such as, the site of transgene integration, mutagenesis of transgene after insertion, pleiotropy, or transgene-induced endogenous silencing, may be present, which might have resulted in poor *mtlD* transgene expression (Yin and Malepszy, [@B57]; Kohli et al., [@B31]; Rahman et al., [@B43]). However, this finding needs further confirmation.
Conclusions {#s4}
===========
Evaluation of four peanut *mtlD* T events along with a WT line was performed using a lysimeter system in a controlled containment facility, to simulate open-field conditions. The best performing T events, MTD1 and MTD4, will be used for open-field trials for their release as cultivars, especially for use in drought-prone areas. Furthermore, these identified T lines can also be used as a valuable pre-breeding resource to transfer the transgene using a backcross breeding approach into other favored genetic backgrounds, such as, backcross-derived Golden rice lines of Swarna (Nandakumar et al., [@B36]) and drought-tolerant *TaDREB3*-derived lines of wheat (Shavrukov et al., [@B49]). The results clearly signified that mannitol accumulation in the T lines played an important role in osmoregulation and hydroxyl radical scavenging, which facilitated maintenance of better photosynthetic machinery and lower oxidative damage. Thus, these DS-shielding mechanisms ultimately resulted in a better water-economizing capacity in *mtlD* peanut lines that grew well under DS conditions and gave a higher economic yield than the WT line.
Author contributions {#s5}
====================
KP, Executed the experiments; RT, Conceived and helped in executing the experiments; GM, Prepared the manuscript; VM, Assisted in laboratory analysis; AK and JD, Helped in conducting the experiments.
Conflict of interest statement
------------------------------
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
**Funding.** This work was taken up under the core funded project of ICAR-DGR.
Supplementary material {#s6}
======================
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2017.01881/full#supplementary-material>
######
PCR based reconfirmation of transgenic lines using *mtlD* transgene specific primers in T5 generation. Where, lanes 1--4 are transgenic lines MTD 1, MTD 2, MTD 3, and MTD 4, respectively; P, Positive control (*mtlD* gene-construct); N, Negative control (WT: GG−20). The primer used was MtlD~694~ Fwd- 5′TCA ATC AGG TGG TAC TTG ATG C3′ and MtlD~694~ Rev−5′ TAG CGC TTG ATC AAT ACT GCA C3′ which gave 694 bp amplification only in the positive control and T lines.
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Estimation of photosynthetic parameters of wild-type and transgenic lines under well-watered conditions. Where **(A)** Comparative photosynthetic rate, **(B)** Stomatal conductance, **(C)** Transpiration rate, and **(D)** SPAD values of WT and transgenic lines at 0, 10, and 24 days. The mean values ±SE (*n* = 3) followed by similar lower case letters within a column are not significantly different (*P* ≤ 0.05).
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Click here for additional data file.
ROS
: Reactive oxygen species
DS
: Drought-stressed
WW
: Well-watered
DAS
: Days after sowing
MDA
: Malondialdehyde
WT
: Wild-type.
[^1]: Edited by: Andy Pereira, University of Arkansas, United States
[^2]: Reviewed by: Maria Balota, Virginia Tech, United States; Ratna Karan, University of Florida, United States
[^3]: This article was submitted to Plant Abiotic Stress, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science
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This invention relates to a process for generating alkali utilizing a complexing reaction.
Alkalies are greatly versatile reagents finding utility in a variety of reactions including hydrolysis, polymerization, color reaction, redox reaction, and neutralization reaction. There are many commercially available products having alkalies contained therein, as exemplified by silver photographic developing solution and various detergents.
However, it is undesirable to contain alkalies in daily direct access products and products requiring aging stability because alkalies have a stability problem in that they tend to be neutralized by absorbing carbon dioxide in air and a safety problem in that they exert an adverse influence on the living body as by irritating the skin during their handling. If an alkali generating process which can solve the aforementioned stability and safety problems is established, such a process would find great potential applications as well as the above-indicated applications.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,260,598 discloses an image forming process utilizing the mechanism wherein alkali-releasing agents, a very slightly water-soluble metal hydroxide Z(OH).sub.n and a compound XY are reacted to release hydroxyl ions to increase the pH wherein Z represents a metal atom, X represents a sodium or potassium atom, Y represents a citrate radical, an oxalate radical, a fluorine atom, a ferricyanide radical, a tartrate radical, a sulfite radical, an ethylenedinitrilo tetraacetate radical, a 1,3-diamino-2-propanol tetraacetate radical, a trimethylamine triacetate radical, and other aliphatic nitrogenous polycarboxylate radicals, and n is 2, 3, or 4. This process, however, is less efficient in alkali generation. There is a need for further improvement.
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Characterisation of the protolytic properties of synthetic carbonate free fluorapatite.
The acid/base surface properties of carbonate free fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F) have been characterised using high precision potentiometric titrations and surface complex modelling. Synthetic carbonate free fluorapatite was prepared and characterised by SEM, XRD, FT-IR and FT-Raman. The specific surface area was determined to be 17.7+/-1.2 m2 g(-1) with BET (N2 adsorption). The titrations were performed at 25+/-0.2 degrees C, within the pH range 5.7-10.8, in 0.10 and 0.50 mol dm(-3) NaNO3 ionic media. Experimental data were interpreted using the constant capacitance model and the software FITEQL 4.0. The surface equilibria: [triple bond]S1OH <==> [triple bond]S1O- + H+ lg betaS(-110) (int), [triple bond]S2OH <==> [triple bond]S2O- + H+ lg betaS(-101) (int) well describes the surface characteristics of synthetic fluorapatite. The equilibrium constants obtained were: lg betaS(-110) (int) = -6.33+/-0.05 and lg betaS(-101) (int) = -8.82+/-0.06 at I = 0.10 mol dm(-3). At the ionic strength 0.50 mol dm(-3), the equilibrium constants were slightly shifted to: lg betaS(-110) (int) = -6.43+/-0.05 and lg betaS(-101) (int) = -8.93+/-0.06. The number of active surface sites, N(s), was calculated from titration data and was found to be 2.95 and 2.34 sites nm(-2) for the ionic strengths 0.10 and 0.50 mol dm(-3), respectively. pH(PZC) or the IEP was found to be 5.7 from Z-potential measurements.
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Elijah V. White
Elijah Viers "Lige" White (August 29, 1832 – January 11, 1907) was commander of the partisan 35th Battalion of Virginia Cavalry during the American Civil War. His men became commonly known as "White's Comanches" for their war cries and sudden raids on enemy targets.
Early life
Elijah White was born in the area of Poolesville, Maryland. In 1855, White moved to Missouri to fight in the border wars with Kansas. The following year, he returned home and bought the Ball farm across the Potomac River in Loudoun County, Virginia, in the vicinity of the Big Spring north of Leesburg.
Civil War
At the outbreak of the Civil War, White enlisted in Captain Daniel T. Shreve's Loudoun Cavalry, where he quickly rose to the rank of corporal. His service with the unit was short, and in June 1861 he joined Company C in Lt. Col. Turner Ashby's 7th Virginia Cavalry. While home on furlough, White served as an aide and scout for Col. Eppa Hunton's 8th Virginia Infantry during the Battle of Ball's Bluff, which took place near his farm. For his invaluable service in the fight, White was given a captain's commission and granted permission to raise a company of men from Loudoun County for border service in the Provisional Army of the Confederacy.
The 35th
In December 1861, White established recruiting offices for his command in Leesburg, and by January 11 he had raised enough men to have an active unit in the army. He was ordered to scout around Waterford. Two months later on March 19, the Comanches had enough members to be formally organized as the 35th Battalion of Virginia Cavalry. Although raised for border service and highly involved in the partisan fighting in Loudoun County, Elijah White and the 35th were quickly mustered into regular service and fought in several major campaigns and battles, including Jackson's Valley Campaign and the Battle of Brandy Station. The 35th Battalion was one of the first Confederate units to arrive in Gettysburg, chasing off Pennsylvania militia on June 26, 1863, during an expedition to the Susquehanna River.
For the final months of the war, Elijah White and the 35th were a part of the celebrated "Laurel Brigade." Following the Battle of High Bridge on April 6, 1865, in which General James Dearing was fatally wounded, White was placed in command of that brigade. Four days later, White disbanded the Laurel Brigade and the 35th. Nearly a month later on May 8, White was paroled in Winchester.
Postbellum life
After the war, White returned to Loudoun County a hero and resumed his farming operations. In 1866 he successfully ran for county sheriff. The four-year term was the only time in public office that White would spend. He served as President of Peoples National Bank of Leesburg for a time and also took over operation of Conrad's Ferry, changing the name to White's Ferry, which still operates today.
White died January 11, 1907, and is buried in Union Cemetery in Leesburg.
References
35th Battalion Virginia Cavalry website
Category:Loudoun County in the American Civil War
Category:People of Virginia in the American Civil War
Category:Confederate States Army officers
Category:People from Loudoun County, Virginia
Category:People from Montgomery County, Maryland
Category:1832 births
Category:1907 deaths
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This invention relates to devices for teaching a patient to keep his lips closed. Such devices are particularly useful to combat a tendency to dribble, for example in patients suffering from certain forms of dysarthria, especially those associated with spasticity; in patients who persistently breathe through their mouths; and in patients who have suffered strokes. It is often possible for such a patient to swallow his saliva provided he can be taught to keep his lips closed.
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The analysis of complex developmental programmes: amphibian metamorphosis.
Metamorphosis in frogs and toads is a set of complex developmental programmes controlled by thyroid hormone (TH). The pervasive and dramatic changes that occur as a tadpole turns into a frog have captured the attention of life scientists from many disciplines. For evolutionary biologists, the extent to which related organisms incorporate metamorphosis in their life cycle is of paramount interest. For specialists who study cell death, a burgeoning field of research interest, apoptosis is a major event in metamorphosis. It can be induced in many tissues, even in whole organs, by TH. For endocrinologists, TH-induced metamorphosis is a model for the general problem of the molecular basis of TH action and the interaction of the hypothalamus, the pituitary and the thyroid glands. However, the emphasis in this essay is the use of amphibian metamorphosis to study complex developmental programmes such as vertebrate organogenesis which can be initiated by the simple addition of TH to the tadpole's rearing water.
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Buying clothes for a fancy event, tucking in the tags, and returning them to the store the next day has for years been the strategy of thrifty shoppers. Today, people are doing it just for the ‘gram.
According to a survey commissioned by the credit card company Barclaycard, nearly one in 10 UK shoppers (9%) admit to buying clothing only to take a photo on social media. After the “outfit of the day” makes it online, they return it back to the store.
The survey of 2,002 adults showed that shoppers aged 35-44 are the most likely to do this, and men outnumbered women. (That being said, the survey omits teenagers, a massive demographic for Instagram).
According to Barclaycard, the introduction of “try before you buy” policies at online retailers—where people pay for clothing they ordered online after they’ve tried it on at home—could be contributing to this trend.
But the rise of social media has meant that everyone, not just celebrities, is expected to maintain and curate a personal brand. Since we’re constantly documenting our lives and posting them online for public judgement, getting caught in the same outfit more than once—which many see as a faux pas—is almost unavoidable. And the cost of all those #ootd’s adds up, making returns an understandable tactic.
There are brands that tailor specifically to the Instagram shopper, like the uber-popular Fashion Nova. “These are clothes made for social media: meant to be worn once, maybe twice, photographed, and discarded,” Allison P. Davis wrote in her deep-dive about the company in The Cut. Another favorite of the Instagram age is Rent the Runway, which embraces the return philosophy, and lets customers rent designer clothing for a fee.
Some, however, are moving in the opposite direction. Pieces embracing “work uniforms” have proliferated in recent years, aiming to liberate women from the tyranny of outfit decisions. The concept of the “capsule wardrobe”—which calls for investing in a small number of high-quality pieces instead of lots of trendy, discardable clothes—is also making a comeback. Environmentalists have also raised the issue of the landfill waste created by returns. And then there’s fashion icon Kate Middleton, the Duchess of Cambridge, whose every outfit sells out in seconds, but who frequently wears the same outfit twice (as did former US first lady Michelle Obama, another trendsetter).
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382 Timber Trail Road, BRECKENRIDGE
SLOPE SIDE LOCATION! One of a Kind Home has Superior Access and Unobstructed Views Bordering the World Class Breckenridge Ski Resort. Step into the Large Living Area with a Rustic Fireplace and Feel the Comfortable Warmth and Coziness that this Home Exudes. Log Accents throughout, Open Floor Plan, All Bedrooms En Suite, Wood Flooring, Vaulted Ceilings, 5 Fireplaces, Outdoor Heated Patio with Hot Tub, Family Room, Wet bar and Huge Bunk Room.
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The most magnificent SKI-IN SKI-OUT luxury residence in the central Colorado Rocky Mountains. A truly remarkable setting gives you the most convenient SKI-IN SKI-OUT access directly in & out of your back door to the Snowflake Lift. This exclusive SKI-IN SKI-OUT location is coupled with the extraordinary high quality old-world craftsmanship that makes this stunning residence an elite work of art. Annual gross rental income projection is
$6,795,000
350 Timber Trail Road, BRECKENRIDGE
The aroma of a hearty breakfast lingers on a snowy morning as the sound of snapping buckles & giggling fill the ski room in anticipation of another magical powder day on the slopes. This Allen/Guerra masterpiece is timeless in its design with timber trusses, reclaimed wood floors, open kitchen, great room & dining room, two master suites, walk behind bar in the lower level family room as well as a slope side ski room with fireplace &
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Hospices of Hope
Hospices of Hope is a non-profit organisation which aims to provide palliative care services to adults and children with terminal and life-limiting illnesses in Southeastern Europe. The main areas of delivery are Romania, Serbia, and Moldova. Hospices of Hope also provides training and education programmes in countries outside of the core provision.
The organisation is headquartered in Otford, Kent, in the United Kingdom.
History
After visiting Romania before and after the Revolution of 1989, founder, Graham Perolls OBE, CMG, learned of the nonexistence of palliative care in the country. Having previously established the Ellenor Foundation in 1985 which built a hospice in Dartford, Kent, the organisation started fundraising for palliative care provisions in Romania. The Ellenor Foundation was behind operations in Romania until 2000 when that part took on its independent identity, Hospices of Hope. Most fundraising activities contributed to training programmes which was provided by UK nurses until 1997 when an education centre was opened and run in large part by Romanian nurses trained under previous programmes run by the charity. In 2002, its first in-patient hospice was built in Brasov.
Scope of Work
Romania
HOSPICE Casa Sperantei, Brasov
Founded in 1992, Casa Sperantei provides care for people living with terminal illnesses and children with a range of life-limiting illnesses with a team also serving the capital, Bucharest. There also exists an education programme to aid the development of palliative care nationally and in neighbouring Balkan countries. The hospice works to develop a national strategy for palliative care with the Ministry of Health.
Hospice Casa Sperantei Rural Teams
These teams operate in the Fagara and Zarnesti regions and provide palliative care in the form of home visits.
HOSPICE Casa Sperantei "Princess Diana" Education Centre, Brasov
Established in 1997, this centre is accredited by Ministry of Public Health as the National Study and Resource Centre for Palliative Care. In 2000, it became the Regional Palliative Care Training Centre for South-Eastern Europe.
Hospice Casa Sperantei, Bucharest
HOSPICE Casa Sperantei, Bucharest, was established in 2005. It delivered care via medical teams which provided home and hospital visits. Bucharest’s first out-patient clinic opened in 2007. In 2014, a new hospice was built in the Romanian capital.
Serbia
Hospices of Hope supports Belhospice which was established in 2004 by Dr. Natasa Milicevic. In 2006 the Prue Dufour medical educational centre was established.
Moldova
Hospices of Hope Moldova supports existing palliative care organisations in the regions of Orhei, Soroca, and Ocnita. Medical supplies such as stoma bags and prosthetic breasts are also sent to Moldova from UK donations.
References
Category:Hospices
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Q:
WipeDrive Utility?
What is the best and fastest wipe drive (zero fill) utility that can be burned to a CD?
A:
Darik's Boot And Nuke is the one I use and highly recommend.
EBAN (Enterprise Boot and Nuke) is the commercially supported edition for those that require it.
A:
Not a software solution,.. but I'm kinda partial to (although have never tried :{ ) energetic compounds in various forms: fire, explosives, thermite, corrosives and firearms.
Or for the more liability adverse, a set of screwdrivers (and an intern) will get you (or him/her) some cool round mirrors and a pair of really strong magnets.
If you heat the HDD patters to 770 °C (1418 °F) they will lose all magnetic properties. (A charcoal grill might work for that.) Data errors start cropping up at lower temperatures so sticking it in your oven might also work.
Found a link to someone actually doing some of these!
FWIW: Unless you are worried about major players (NSA, FBI, CIA, other countries equivalents or mega-corp industrial espionage) programs that overwrite the data once are enough as after that their is no way to recover the data without hardware modifications and special equipment. If you need more security than that, either you are doing something you shouldn't be (e.g. criminal) or you are a big enough player to afford going with one of the "energetic compounds" type solutions.
A:
Here is a list of options for Windows, Mac and Unix
Windows
Macintosh
Unix
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[Case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in tropical snakes].
Microbiologic and morphologic studies were carried out with there tropical snakes (two Boa constrictor and one Pithon molurus) that contracted the disease and died. Pseudomonas aeroginosa was the only organism isolated from the affected portions of the oral cavity and the lung. It was found that all strains of the species isolated were sensitive to gentamycin, tobramycin, and polymixin B. Up to their death two of the animals were treated with tobramycin with no curative effect whatever. The morphologic lesions were confined to the oral cavity, the lung, and the skin only. Histologically, there were necrotic stomatitis and necrotic exudative pneumonia, diffuse fibrinoid degeneration of the connective tissue within all viscera, deposition of fibrinoid in the walls of the myocardial blood vessels, hyaline droplet degeneration of the hepatocytes and the kidney epithelium, and focal infiltrations of pseudoeosinophile leukocytes in the spleen. It is believed that due to the irreversible injuries of the internal parenchymal organs all treatment in the advanced stages of the disease was ineffective even with the use of antibiotics to which the etiologic agent was strongly susceptible.
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The invention disclosed herein is intended to be an improvement to a system of the type described in Applicant's Finnish publication No. 50,651, of which U.S. patent application Ser. No. 310,805, filed Nov. 30, 1972, now abandoned, is a counterpart. This system, which is known and will be referred to herein as the "Sym-Press" press section, includes a closed transfer press section which is a development which has been substantially responsible for recent increases in the operating speeds of paper machines. A reason for this is that, in addition to efficient dewatering, the Sym-Press section has the further advantage that web breaks are virtually eliminated.
However, in the practice of further raising paper machine speeds, the free runs of the web following after the press section have now become a bottleneck, the free runs or open draws referred to carrying the web either from the press section to the drying section or through the first free interstices in the drying section. Attempts have been made to avoid the web breaks at these points, and to avoid the consequent shutdowns of equipment by various techniques including by means of the expedients taught in Finnish Pat. No. 45,558 corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,075,768; and Finnish patent applications No. 3720/74 and No. 761114, both corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,032. While these techniques have resulted in improvements, they have not completely eliminated web breaks occurring after the press section, which breaks have harmful effects on run ability of the paper machine.
Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus by which the running speed and reliability of a paper machine can be improved by enhancing the dewatering action in the press section so that the web leaves the press section having a higher dryness and higher strength than in previous devices.
It is appropriate to observe in this connection that the object of the invention is not so much to achieve in paper machines the optimum condition as regards heat economy, but rather to optimize the operation economy of the paper machine in view of its running efficiency and reliability in operation.
It is a well-known physical fact that the viscosity of water considerably decreases with increasing temperature of the water. This phenomenon has been utilized in paper machines in order to enhance the dewatering of the paper web. As examples of these prior art approaches, reference is made to previously issued U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,907,690; 3,097,994; 3,560,333; and 3,655,507. Of these, the first mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 2,907,690 discloses a normal paper machine press wherein a hot gas jet is directed from nozzles with small holes against the felt on the suction roll prior to the press nip, the intention being to lower the viscosity of the water residing in the felt and thereby to enhance the dewatering action.
The U.S. Pat. No. 3,097,994 also mentioned above discloses the use of steam supplying means in various parts of the paper machine and the means in question consists of a steam feeder box and a suction box opposed thereto. As regards the use of this particular design in the aid of enhanced dewatering in a press nip, the drawback to be observed is that the steam-supplying means has been placed rather a long distance before the conventional suction press nip, with the result that the web cools before it reaches the nip.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 3,560,333, there is disclosed means for the supplying of steam into the throat between the well-known Yankee cylinder and the suction roll opposing it, the aim being to prevent the cooling of Yankee cylinder at the press nips.
In the U.S. Pat. No. 3,655,507, a press nip with two felts is shown wherein pressurized steam-supplying means is provided inside one of the two rolls, the steam heating the felt for enhanced dewatering action in the subsequent nip.
The means for enhancement of dewatering which are based on the raising of the temperature of felt, web and/or roll have not gained very extensive application, particularly not in fast paper machines. This is partially due to the fact that it has not been possible, using the means of the prior art, to conduct to the points of supply a sufficiently high heat flow. This, again, is caused by the fact that, for example, to avoid destruction of the felt, the temperature of the treatment gas is limited and also because the available time is short because of the high web and felt speed, and further on account of space consideration, the heat transfer surface is also quite restricted. An aim of the present invention is to provide a solution to the problems presented.
Briefly described, the invention includes a process of enhancing the dewatering of a paper web in the press section of a paper machine of the type having at least two press nips through which the web consecutively passes, the first one of the nips being formed between a water-receiving roll and a suction roll and a subsequent one of the nips, in the direction of web travel, being defined by the suction roll and a plain roll, and wherein the web runs on the suction roll between the nips, the improvement comprising the step of treating the web by exposing the outer surface thereof to hot steam between the two nips so that a significant proportion of the treatment steam condenses thereon, thereby imparting the latent heat of the steam to the web.
The invention also includes apparatus for accomplishing this method in a machine of the type described and includes steam supply means mounted adjacent the web and means for conducting steam to the supply means, the supply means comprising at least one steam supply box extending across the entire width of the web adjacent the suction roll, the box having an interior space and an open side opening toward the suction roll and conforming to the curvature of the roll over a substantial sector thereof to define a flow path for treatment steam onto the sector.
Since according to the invention hot steam is used to raise the temperature of the web, the steam will in its condensation process release and impart to the web its considerable latent heat, in the order of 2,270 kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg). When, furthermore, the point where the steam is supplied is located as taught by the invention, the supply surface can be made rather large and the steam can be induced to penetrate immediately into the web which is being treated and also partly into the felt lying thereunder quite efficiently, also utilizing the vacuum zone at this part of the suction roll of the press. It is a further advantage of the invention that, exactly at the point of supply specified in the invention, adequate space exists for expedient steam supply means. It is also an advantage that when according to the invention the point of steam supply is placed after the first nip, then the web has had time when entering that nip, which is advantageously formed between two felts and in which the web is efficiently dewatered in two directions, to attain a dry matter content (in the order of 20 to 35%) such that one need not heat unnecessarily by the steam supply such water which is even otherwise easy to remove from the web.
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Category: politika
Last night, my wife and I watched the election results as our newborn daughter slept in the crib next to us. Donald Trump is our next president. This much is now certain. What this means for our daughter’s future however, is less certain — like all futures.
Whether you voted for Hilary or whether you voted for Trump, all-in-all, it’s important not to overstate the importance of a single four-year presidential term of one person on your life. Yes, the President of the United States is like a Keystone species: with a disproportional large effect relative to size. Yet, still no one person is all-powerful. In fact, I think about some of the most notable individuals throughout history that have changed society for the better: those who have brought about social change, or have opened our eyes to new perspectives. Heroes like Dr. Martin Luther King, Rosa Parks, Susan B. Anthony, Ghandi, Mother Teresa, Nelson Mandela or Albert Einstein. None of those heroes were US Presidents. Additionally, all of these individuals suffered severe discrimination in their lifetimes: Einstein fled Germany from Adolf Hitler’s regime, Mandela was jailed for 27 years, Ghandi and King were assassinated. My point is that it’s not from a position of comfort that brings out the best in us — provoking society to change for the better — but significant change often comes from a position of discomfort and suffering: extraordinary achievements from seemingly ordinary individuals.
If you didn’t vote for Trump, and you don’t like the political trajectory of the nation in the upcoming years, four years is not a long time to wait for another election. I have many close friends who are both republicans and democrats. Even my family, although we share DNA, we don’t always share similar feelings on politics. Yet we still talk to one another, love and care for one another, all despite our politics. I think the same goodwill applies to the nation as a whole. Sure, there are gray dark spots on the fringes: those groups mired in exceptional hate. They will always exist in some form, but they are diminishing.
We all know John F. Kennedy famously remarked that the country is more about the individual’s endeavors rather than what an amorphous “country” might do for (or against) us. But another lesser known quote by JFK that I like even more, is that it is better to light a candle than to curse in the darkness. We can watch what happens in the next four years passively, or we can be an active participant of the future of our nation, and the future of our children. What candle will we light? What specific cause close to our hearts will we take up in the next four years and what passions will we inspire to that cause? That, my friends, is ultimately the thing that will matter most to our onlooking sons and daughters — that is, when they wake up in the morning.
The thought of a world where you can be arrested and sentenced to prison for criticizing public officials or for simply voicing an opinon is quite scary. So scary in fact, I often feel they are just confined to Orwell’s fictional and pejorative views of the distant future, the ominous mid-80’s ..ooooooo. And then there’s Rand, with Anthem, her take on the future–just as dismal. But then, when the book is closed, it’s all over; the world within the pages, is not the world you live in. Everything’s fine.
…then there’s China.
This week, bloggers in China are being required by law to register their websites with the government in another attempt to duct tape the mouths of their citizens.
So for those “seditious” bloggers that are being strong-armed by their government to stop writing on their blogs, I welcome you to host on my server. Contact me via e-mail.
Tom Delay has the makings of the archetypical corrupt politician. Look, he even has all the requisite character traits:
1. Inverted Philanthropist: Siphon large amounts of money back into your own pocket. Delay’s method, hiring wife and daughter as “political consultants”, and paying them a modest 500,000.
2. Opportunist: Regardless of the frailty of circumstances, leap beyond appointed purview and share officious legal misinterpretations to the judiciary. Be as obstreperous as possible, and shy not away from slandering.
3. Interest Conflicter: With open arms and a bright artificial smile, accept the “donations” of wealthy foreign interests–and hey, you may even get a free trip to S. Korea from it.
You got to give it to him. Dubya has a knack for appointing high-ranking officials. Now that most of the cast involved in Act I of the Bush Administration have pushed and shoved their way in line, handing over papers of resignation, Bush is trying to reshuffle the cards and in the process– spilling the deck all over the table.
First blooper, a replacement for Sec. Tom Ridge of Homeland Security with Bernard Kerik, the former NYC Police commissioner. And of course, turns out this guy has a messy criminal record with indictments of conspiracy, an FBI probe for alleged fraud, and various acts of infidelity not quite the unadulterated record we’re looking for in such a high appointment. Needless to say, Kerik has withdrawn from the nomination.
Second blooper, the replacement of Attorney General John Ashcroft; you may remember him from such works as “The Patriot Act” and “Liar Liar”. And for this replacement, the Bush administration nominates Alberto Gonzales, a former White House council that has been intimately tied to prisoner abuse scandals in Abu Garib. Another Swing and a miss.
Although recounting the votes will never change the results of the past presidential election, certification of the election results is absolutely necessary. It may seem fitting for the sore loser to wallow over the final score, fret over the bad call, ostracize the interfering fan, and churn up a deluge of “what if’s” and “should of’s”, and although the timing of the situation may seem to be in favor of this assessment, I don’t feel this is the motivating factor behind these recounts. Even if things miraculously turn up different during this recount, if we find that John Kerry may have actually won Ohio, there is no way an ostensibly disinterested and republican-owned congress would certify any one less than George Bush as President; and I think many wrongly consider the re-counts as a ray of hope in such an abdication. John Kerry formally stated that he was not participating in the recount, not to be misunderstood as deprecation, but done primarily to discredit this misinterpretation that democrats have called for this action as a last ditch efforts to usurp Dubya.
The acutal goal of the recount is to bring to light a clear problem in our election process, particularly with the shortage of voting machines and of miscounted absentee ballots, both happening to appear in Ohio, a critical state in this election. I think the goal is that in going forward, for future elections, if these issues in our election process are not addressed now, we may run into the dire predicament where the wrong candidate comes out winning the election. Take election 2000 (Gore/Bush) for example (I’m not bitter–okay, maybe a little).
Every Tuesday afternoon, at about 1:30, I can usually crack open my front door, stick my arm out and feel for the latest TIME magazine. And, of course being that time-of-year, specifically the week before the New Year, TIME does its “Person of the Year” and guess who is smack dab on the cover–Dubya!
Yes, President Bush is Person of the Year, according to TIME. But, no need to cancel your subscription just yet. The way they figure out who is person of the year, isn’t entirely subjective, and it’s not always meant for accolades, although you could look at that way. It’s determined by who has been in the News the most the past year, the famous and infamous, and you can’t deny the fact that Dubya has had a headline or two pretty persistently, and not always for honorary reasons. And to any liberals out there, you may take comfort in the fact that 4 years ago, when TIME was to determine, Person of the Century, they were actually considering Hitler. But, in keeping with political correctness, and staying off their own covers, they went with the more Innocuous Einstein instead– a reasonable choice.
But this year, with Dubya, and keeping with my suspicious nature, I think there could have been a splash of agenda involved with this final decision. This year’s election has been said to have two big losers, Democrats and the Media. Democrats for obvious reasons, and the Media, since some bias reports put their objectivity into question. Perhaps TIME was hoping for a way to absolve themselves from this stigma? Perhaps.
a (1) : the state of being united to a person of the opposite sex as husband or wife in a consensual and contractual relationship recognized by law (2) : the state of being united to a person of the same sex in a relationship like that of a traditional marriage
Now, It has been speculated that moral issues were the biggest reason why Bush won reelection. But among this subset of issues, one in particular seemed to harbor the most dissenting opinions, Gay marriage.
The bible is the primary reactionary tool that opponents cite when bashing gay marriage, which for me does not seem relevant. Soon, these hot-button issues that have polarized our nation will have to be addressed, but governmentally, is it sound to base our rationale on the spiritual teachings that represent just one of the myriad religions practiced in this country. In India, Hinduism and Islam are dominant religions, would it make sense for that country to simply pick one of these religions and base law simply around the more popular of the two, without any representation for the others? Would this be fair? Sure, I am Christian, and I do believe in the bible and it’s spiritual merit, but I just don’t feel that my beliefs should be forcibly imposed on another of differing convictions. Recently, I had asked my friend Nick about his opinion on these issues, and he brought up a really profound, rhetorical point, “Wasn’t this country founded for religious freedom?”.
6 – number of days until the general election270 – number of electoral votes needed to win∞ – number of lies told by Bush in the past four years3 – sequentially ordered number of this guest blog entry
Todays question, posed by Derick, is “Will this election be over on November 3rd?”
While I’d like to say ‘yes’, the teachings of 2000 tell me ‘probably not’. In the great spirit of America, both sides have lawyers at the ready (maybe I should say ALL sides, since I somewhat expect Nader to declare himself the righteous winner after a post-election tirade about the illegal, discriminatory two-party system). Both John Kerry and George Bush are ready to challenge whatever results come out of this election.
The ‘experts’ predict a close race. I think if the race actually is close, say within 2%, then we will see another drawn out period of legal battles (think Lord of the Rings, only in court). Last time, it took until December 13 for Gore to finally concede the election. And we only had problems in one state! This time, multiple states are already facing legal challenges regarding election practices… and the election hasn’t even begun.
If the race is outside 2%, I think we can expect a quicker official declaration of the winner. Although, I’m pretty sure if Bush wins by any margin greater than 2% the Democrats will have a hard time believing the election was legit.
Whichever way things go, there will be huge emotional upset for one side. Honestly, I’m worried about this country’s short-term stability after November 2nd.
Hello again. Chris here for the second installment of guest-blogorama. Today’s topic, chosen by me, is Bias in the Media.
Since I started paying attention to what’s going on in this country a few years ago, I noticed that the distinguishing line between news and entertainment has become so blurry that it’s nearly impossible to see.
Talk radio (yes, the shows on those fuzzy AM frequencies) is a good example. The two main AM competitors in Rhode Island both feature taglines promoting themselves as news stations:
“news talk radio” – 920 WHJJ
“news radio” – 630 WPRO
Yet the majority of their programming lineups feature unquestionably partisan commentary on the news. Sure, they have special ‘news jockeys’ come on for five minutes every hour and spout off the AP’s headlines. But how can they, in good faith, call themselves news stations when 92% of the air-time is dedicated to commentary and advertising? One might make the argument that “news talk radio” means talk radio about the news… but the real problem is hidden further below the surface.
Take Fox News, for example. They have personalities who come out and present the news during the week and then host partisan talk shows on the weekends. Fox will often cut from news segments directly to commentary about the news. And as Fox’s ratings go up-up-up, other stations have begun to adopt similar strategies.
People are more trustful of news coming from someone with whom they agree. Which is why Fox has done so well. People see anchors who clearly express their opinions on the issues. And when people agree with those opinions they are more likely to trust those anchors as valid news sources. Fox continually beats out the other news stations in ratings because their viewers trust them. And what is that trust based on? An agreement of opinions. It’s sneaky… and it works.
Hello Ariyam.com loyalists. This is Chris from millsplace.com. You might remember me from such events as Halloween 2002 or as “the guy who used to live at Greenhill before Derick.” As previously mentioned, Derick and I are guests on each other’s blogs for the week. The topic chosen (by Derick) for today’s guest blog was “Why is the outcome of this election so critical?”
After thinking about it for a while, I began to realize that everything I came up with was very partisan. I thought of countless things George Bush has done that I simply disagree with. And then I realized what the real problem was.
The country has not been so divided in a looooong time. For many years democrats and republicans disagreed on the issues, but they always found some common ground. Today, I fear our country is no longer trying, or able, to find that common ground. This administration has turned a blind eye to anyone with a viewpoint differing from it’s own.
And who was to stop them? The republicans have control of the House, Senate, and White House (and arguably, the Supreme Court). What ever happened to checks and balances?
Only bad things can come from a situation like that… and only bad things have. This country has been taken down a dark path. I worry that November 2nd may be the only chance we have to get back on track before it’s too late.
And while I’d like to launch into a condemnation of nearly everything that’s taken place over the last 4 years, I’ll end it here instead.
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Q:
error while executing `VBoxManage` (vagrant/ virtualbox)
I'm following the installation tutorial from Data Science at the Command Line which includes the following steps:
$ mkdir MyDataScienceToolbox
$ cd MyDataScienceToolbox
$ vagrant init data-science-toolbox/data-science-at-the-command-line
$ vagrant up
This works perfectly on one of my computer but not the other. Why?
Both computers are using Virtualbox version:4.3.12 and Windows 7.
This is the error message:
$ vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Importing base box 'data-science-toolbox/data-science-at-the-command-line'...
There was an error while executing `VBoxManage`, a CLI used by Vagrant
for controlling VirtualBox. The command and stderr is shown below.
Command: ["import", "C:\\Users\\bernard\\.vagrant.d\\boxes\\data-science-toolbox-VAGRANTSLASH-data-science-at-the-command-line\\0.0.5\\virtualbox\\box.ovf", "--vsys", "0", "--vmname", "packer-virtualbox-iso_1410075150030_92186", "--vsys", "0", "--unit", "7", "--disk", "C:\\cygwin64\\home\\bernard\\VirtualBox VMs\\packer-virtualbox-iso_1410075150030_92186\\packer-virtualbox-iso-disk1.vmdk"]
Stderr: 0%...10%...20%...30%...40%...50%...60%...70%...80%...90%...100%
Interpreting C:\Users\bernard\.vagrant.d\boxes\data-science-toolbox-VAGRANTSLASH-data-science-at-the-command-line\0.0.5\virtualbox\box.ovf...
OK.
0%...
Progress state: VBOX_E_FILE_ERROR
VBoxManage.exe: error: Appliance import failed
VBoxManage.exe: error: Could not create the clone medium 'C:\cygwin64\home\bernard\VirtualBox VMs\packer-virtualbox-iso_1410075150030_92186\packer-virtualbox-iso-disk1.vmdk'.
VBoxManage.exe: error: VMDK: cannot write allocated data block in 'C:\cygwin64\home\bernard\VirtualBox VMs\packer-virtualbox-iso_1410075150030_92186/packer-virtualbox-iso-disk1.vmdk' (VERR_DISK_FULL)
VBoxManage.exe: error: Details: code VBOX_E_FILE_ERROR (0x80bb0004), component Appliance, interface IAppliance
VBoxManage.exe: error: Context: "int __cdecl handleImportAppliance(struct HandlerArg *)" at line 779 of file VBoxManageAppliance.cpp
A:
It looks like on the failing system your C: drive might not have enough free space. From the tail end of the error messages: "VERR_DISK_FULL".
Similar question on Super User: What causes the "Failed to create the hard disk storage" error when creating a new virtual machine?
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Follow Tammy Lynn Michaels?
LEAANE•February 17, 2011 17:08
MELISSA IS SO DAMN IRRISPONSIBLE MOTHER,WHO THE HELL SHE THINK SHE IS ?MESSING WITH WOMEN LIKE ,WHOS NEXT LINDA?SHE BETTER NOT GET PRGNT CZ SHE WILL DUMP HER LIKE RUBISH.TAMMY SHULD JUST HANG IN THERE AND GET A STABLE JOB FOR HER AND HER KIDS & GET THIS LOOSER OUT OF THE WAY.BY THE TAMMY IS SO DAMN BEAUTIFUL WOMAN ,I JUST WISH SHE WAS MINE WHOOOO,MELISSA DIDNT REALISE HOW LUCKY SHE WAS TO HAVE TAMMY THROGHOUT EVERYTHING HAPPENED 2 HER LIFE, MELISSA SHLD BETTER GET THIS 1 RIGHT WITH LINDA CZ SHE WILL NEVER EVER FIND SOMEONE ELSE
outandproud•July 29, 2010 11:28
im a fan of tammy and melissa but melissa is being such a big jerk just realise what if it was melissa who got pregnant with the twins and she's the one who does'nt have a job because she is a full time housewife. file for divorce that's fine but to not take care of your kids WTF!
outandproud•July 29, 2010 11:18
i love tammy and for melissa etheridge shame on you girl how can you be so selfish? if u didnt want to take care of a family you shouldnt have gotten married and had kids you shoulda just fooled around with ho's instead
lezy•July 29, 2010 11:07
this happens a lot to couples gay or not when they file for divorce suddenly they dont give a shit to each other anymore and i totally feel bad for tammy shes now living as a single mom who doesnt have a stable job im sure she wants to work again in hollywood but with the twins who are not even in pre school how can she do it? its only fair for melissa that she gives her soon to be ex-wife and twins some financial support every month because thats her responsibility as the second parent of the twins i hope melissa will step up and stop neglecting her responsiblity
sherri solito•July 24, 2010 11:49
Tammy. I will help. I will watch your babies. I feel for you. Been thru this before. You will be ok. We love you and care about you sooo much. Want to talk to you. And for those who don't like what you read, don't read. It's that simple.
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In other words, sustainable business in the 21st century is one that meets what I’ve advocated for years—the Triple Bottom Line: People, Planet, Profit.
Tying all of these together is a central focus on purpose and vision. What is the purpose of each individual in your organization, including you? What really matters to us? For many, at the top of the list are family and friends, our health and that of those we love, and the need to make a difference in the world. Understanding what matters most is essential in creating a vision that transcends traditional definitions of success.
When a company consciously invests in the overlap between our individual sense of purpose and vision and the organization’s purpose and vision, that investment pays off in attracting and retaining top talent, increasing productivity, and lowering health care and absenteeism costs, just to name a few. (Take a look, for example, at the Blue Zone concept being implemented at Minneapolis staffing agency Salo and next—Google.)
Likewise, looking at how our business purpose and vision can overlap with that of our planet, both in environmental causes and social justice, will not only serve those in our company whose individual purpose is to make a difference in the world. It will also serve the increasing numbers of customers and clients, especially among 50+ women, who consciously choose companies that share their values.
In other words, the Triple Bottom Line means:
Purpose & vision: organizational + individual + planetary = profit
And in turn, that profit feeds back into our ability to focus more on what matters most to us as individuals, as businesses, and as a global community.
Which element of the Triple Bottom Line needs the most attention in your organization?
Karen Sands, MCC, BCC
Leading GeroFuturist and thought leader on the Longevity Economy and Ageless Aging. An advocate for The New Story of Our Age, she is a “visionary with wrinkles” who empowers people to rock their Age. High-impact Certified Master & Mentor Coach for visionary world shakers, conscious entrepreneurs and change makers who are ready to shape the world and their role in it. A Trusted Advisor and expert authority on midlife, Boomers and women 40+ for go-getters who want to stay in sync with the people who keep them in business. #1 Amazon Best Selling Author, Firecracker Speaker and All-Around Game Changer.
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The US Justice Department will step up enforcement of federal law against recreational marijuana, White House spokesman Sean Spicer has said, offering the Trump administration's strongest indication to date of a looming crackdown on the drug, even as a solid majority of Americans believe it should be legal.
“I do believe you'll see greater enforcement of it,” Spicer said in response to a question during a news conference. But he offered no details about what such enforcement would entail. President Donald Trump does not oppose medical marijuana, he added, but “that's very different than recreational use, which is something the Department of Justice will be further looking into.”
A renewed focus on recreational marijuana in states that have legalised pot would present a departure from the Trump administration's statements in favour of states' rights. A day earlier, the administration announced that the issue of transgender student bathroom access was best left to states and local communities to decide.
Enforcement would also shift away from marijuana policy under the Obama administration, which said in a 2013 memo that it would not intervene in state's marijuana laws as long as they keep the drug from crossing state lines and away from children and drug cartels.
But the memo carried no force of law and could be rewritten by Attorney General Jeff Sessions, who has consistently said he opposes legal marijuana but has not indicated what he might do.
Eight states and Washington, D.C., have legalised marijuana for recreational use. The Justice Department has several options available should it decide to enforce the law, including filing lawsuits on the grounds that state laws regulating pot are unconstitutional because they are pre-empted by federal law. Enforcement could also be as simple as directing US attorneys to send letters to recreational marijuana businesses letting them know they are breaking the law.
Washington's attorney general, Bob Ferguson, said he and Governor Jay Inslee, both Democrats, requested a meeting with Sessions about his approach to legal, regulated marijuana. Ferguson led the states in fighting off Trump's executive order on immigration in court and said Thursday he's prepared to lead the way in defending legal marijuana, too.
“We will resist any efforts to thwart the will of the voters in Washington,” Ferguson said.
Kevin Sabet, head of the group Smart Approaches to Marijuana, said pot enforcement is needed for public safety and Spicer's comments made him hopeful.
“The current situation is unsustainable,” Sabet said in a statement. “This isn't an issue about states' rights, it's an issue of public health and safety for communities.”
Spicer's comments came the same day as a Quinnipiac poll said 59 percent of Americans think marijuana should be legal and 71 percent would oppose a federal crackdown.
Pot advocates said they hoped Spicer's prediction would not come to pass.
“It is hard to imagine why anyone would want marijuana to be produced and sold by cartels and criminals rather than tightly regulated, taxpaying businesses,” said Mason Tvert, communications director for the Marijuana Policy Project.
States have been flouting the US Controlled Substances Act since at least 1996, when California voters approved marijuana for sick people, a direct conflict with federal guidelines barring the use of marijuana for medical purposes.
The controversial orders Donald Trump has already issued Show all 9 1 /9 The controversial orders Donald Trump has already issued The controversial orders Donald Trump has already issued Trump and the media White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer takes questions during the daily press briefing Getty Images The controversial orders Donald Trump has already issued Trump and the Trans-Pacific Partnership Union leaders applaud US President Donald Trump for signing an executive order withdrawing the US from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations during a meeting in the Roosevelt Room of the White House in Washington DC. Mr Trump issued a presidential memorandum in January announcing that the US would withdraw from the trade deal Getty The controversial orders Donald Trump has already issued Trump and the Mexico wall A US Border Patrol vehicle sits waiting for illegal immigrants at a fence opening near the US-Mexico border near McAllen, Texas. The number of incoming immigrants has surged ahead of the upcoming Presidential inauguration of Donald Trump, who has pledged to build a wall along the US-Mexico border. A signature campaign promise, Mr Trump outlined his intention to build a border wall on the US-Mexico border days after taking office Getty Images The controversial orders Donald Trump has already issued Trump and abortion US President Donald Trump signs an executive order as Chief of Staff Reince Priebus looks on in the Oval Office of the White House. Mr Trump reinstated a ban on American financial aide being granted to non-governmental organizations that provide abortion counseling, provide abortion referrals, or advocate for abortion access outside of the United States Getty Images The controversial orders Donald Trump has already issued Trump and the Dakota Access pipeline Opponents of the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines hold a rally as they protest US President Donald Trump's executive orders advancing their construction, at Columbus Circle in New York. US President Donald Trump signed executive orders reviving the construction of two controversial oil pipelines, but said the projects would be subject to renegotiation Getty Images The controversial orders Donald Trump has already issued Trump and 'Obamacare' Nancy Pelosi who is the minority leader of the House of Representatives speaks beside House Democrats at an event to protect the Affordable Care Act in Los Angeles, California. US President Donald Trump's effort to make good on his campaign promise to repeal and replace the healthcare law failed when Republicans failed to get enough votes. Mr Trump has promised to revisit the matter Getty Images The controversial orders Donald Trump has already issued Donald Trump and 'sanctuary cities' US President Donald Trump signed an executive order in January threatening to pull funding for so-called "sanctuary cities" if they do not comply with federal immigration law AP The controversial orders Donald Trump has already issued Trump and the travel ban US President Donald Trump has attempted twice to restrict travel into the United States from several predominantly Muslim countries. The first attempt, in February, was met with swift opposition from protesters who flocked to airports around the country. That travel ban was later blocked by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. The second ban was blocked by a federal judge a day before it was scheduled to be implemented in mid-March SANDY HUFFAKER/AFP/Getty Images The controversial orders Donald Trump has already issued Trump and climate change US President Donald Trump sought to dismantle several of his predecessor's actions on climate change in March. His order instructed the Environmental Protection Agency to reevaluate the Clean Power Plan, which would cap power plant emissions Shannon Stapleton/Reuters
And presidents since Bill Clinton have said the federal government unequivocally rejects a state's ability to modify federal drug law.
However, three presidents over the last 20 years have each concluded that the limited resources of the US Department of Justice are best spent pursuing large drug cartels, not individual users of marijuana.
Nevada state Senate Majority Leader Aaron Ford said in a statement Thursday that meddling in recreational pot laws would be federal overreach and harm state coffers that fund education.
In Washington state, sales at licensed pot shops now average nearly $4.4 million per day - with little evidence of any negative societal effects. That's close to $1 billion in sales so far for the fiscal year that began last July, some $184 million of which is state tax revenue.
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Also known as the History of the Great Rebellion. Warning: Do not take this seriously. Also, to whomever was on the Republic's side, I apologize if I was a bit mean with some of my comments.
A History of the Rebellion Against James the Benevolent
On the Ides of March, Lady Wu and Kong Wen collaborate with seditious intent. They quietly remove James the Benevolent, the rightful leader of the Scholars of Shen Zhou, from power and exile him.
The next day, the two traitors announce their deeds and form the “Republic” of Shen Zhou. They create a Senate and appoint the honorable Rhiannon the Just to the position of Tribune. The righteous Shi Tong begins calling for the return of James, while Sun Gongli, the Bastion of Justice, creates a Collation against the Republic along with Judas Ezekiel, DynastyWarriors6, and other heroes. He briefly skirmishes with Adam Sizemore, who is loyal to the traitors.
On the seventeenth, unrest begins to grow. The traitors attempt to satiate the unrest, but their efforts bear no fruit. The common members begin picking sides. The despicable lessthanpleased, who has been appointed as Speaker of the fraudulent Senate, begins to slander James the Benevolent.
On the eighteenth, the growing Collation begins to openly question the legitimacy of the Republic. The villain Kong Wen attempts to slander the Coalition, but fails. Meanwhile, the corrupt Lady Wu appoints Mindless Minion as an Administrator after being bribed by urbanterrorist.
On the nineteenth, Rhiannon the Just is pressured into denouncing James and calling for the surrender of the Coalition. Despite pressure to the contrary, she extends protection to James.
On the twentieth, Ranbir and Sun Hua break away from both factions and become independent. Meanwhile, Kong Wen attempts to satiate the population with false promises of elections.
On the twenty-first, the villains Kong Wen and Lady Wu attempt to permanently remove James the Benevolent from the member list, but Rhiannon the Just continues to protect him. Meanwhile, Catalyst, one of the rebels’ supporters, joins in calling for elections. Lion’s Mane voices his support for the traitors.
On the twenty-second, Ranbir and Sun Hua, the independent leaders, join the righteous in decrying the traitors. lessthenpleased suggests that Rhiannon will become a tyrant just as the villains claim James the Benevolent had. She briefly contemplates joining the Bastion of Justice Sun Gongli.
On the twenty-third, Lessthanpleased suggests that Rhiannon be exiled, as James had before. In response, Rhiannon the Just breaks from the Republic, reforming the Scholars and taking the temporary title of Empress-Regent. The villains attempt to slander Rhiannon for taking this course of action. Sun Gongli continues to call for the restoration of the Scholars proper and the return of James.
On the twenty-fourth, the Coalition, believing that the traitors will take no action against them, begins increasing their verbal campaigns. The Bastion of Justice even dares the villain Kong Wen to make him a martyr and appoints the Honorable Knight DynastyWarriors6 as his successor.
On the twenty-fifth, the villain Kong continues his rally against the Collation, but refuses to face them. There are no skirmishes this day.
There are no records of the twenty-sixth, undoubtedly because the traitors committed a heinous act and had to cover it up. Scoundrels.
On the twenty-seventh, Kong Wen, having become power-crazed and driven mad by the Coalition, removes Lady Wu and declares himself dictator. He also removes Rhiannon the Just and replaces her with lessthanpleased.
On the twenty-eighth, in an attempt to quash dissent once and for all, Kong Wen bans Bastion of Justice Sun Gongli. Honorable Knight DynastyWarriors6 vows to continue the Coalition’s work. Judas Ezekiel defects to the traitors, but is rejected and bans himself in shame. The Coalition begins to break up despite the attempts by Honorable Knight DynastyWarriors6 to keep it together.
On the twenty-ninth, the battle continues. The villains Kong Wen and lessthanpleased declare the absolute victory of the fraudulent republic.
On the thirtieth day, lessthanpleased slanders James the Benevolent and the Coalition, along with Kong Wen. Some traitors in the Coalition do not recognize Honorable Knight DynastyWarriors6 as leader and thus defect.
On the thirty-first day, the villains lessthanpleased and Kong Wen continue to gloat over their supposed victory. Despite suffering setbacks, the Coalition continues the attack.
On the first day of April, James the Benevolent is beaten in the battle of KMA and is forced to flee there well. Kong Wen decides to take over it as well, and change it to Kong Wen’s Archives, a site completely dedicated to himself. The Coalition, defeated, surrenders.
On the second of April, James the Benevolent returns to power along with Rhiannon the Just and all of the other heroes and destroys the rebels. Thus was the Scholars of Shen Zhou saved from the edge of the abyss.
My avatar is Roy from Fire Emblem: Binding Blade, as he appears in Fire Emblem: AwakeningQuote of the "Day": "The world always seems brighter when you've just made something that wasn't there before." -Neil Gaiman
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Introduction {#section1-2050312114524952}
============
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small non-coding entities discovered first in *Caenorhabditis elegans* when the product of *lin-4* gene was found to suppress *lin-14* gene expression.^[@bibr1-2050312114524952]^ They provide a ubiquitous and powerful mechanism for RNA-mediated control of gene expression.^[@bibr2-2050312114524952]^ A total of 7000 miRNAs are defined by now, which impact the understanding of information encoded by genomic sequences and transcribed units. About 1872 precursors and 2578 mature human miRNAs have been reported in human genome as per current version of miRBase. (<http://www.mirbase.org>).^[@bibr3-2050312114524952]^ miRNAs affect gene expression at multiple levels including pre-transcriptional, transcriptional and post-transcriptional.^[@bibr4-2050312114524952]^ The extent of genome regulation by miRNAs is controversial, with some reports suggesting more than 70% of the human genome being regulated by miRNAs,^[@bibr5-2050312114524952]^ while others report a number close to 30%.^[@bibr6-2050312114524952]^ Each miRNA has multiple targets inside a cell, and similarly, each gene is targeted by multiple miRNAs. Recently, miRNAs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a spectrum of diseases and are believed to serve as important functional targets of the future.
Synthesis of miRNAs {#section2-2050312114524952}
===================
miRNAs are synthesized as primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) with a hairpin structure from non-coding region of DNA by RNA polymerase II.^[@bibr7-2050312114524952]^ pri-miRNA is then acted upon by DGCR8/ Pasha and Drosha (RNAase III) to form 70-to-80-nucleotides-long precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is exported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm using Exportin. In the cytoplasm, pre-miRNA is targeted by another RNAase III, Dicer and trans-activation response (TAR) RNA binding protein (TRBP) to form miRNA. The immature miRNA then associates with Ago-proteins to form mature RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). RISC binds to the 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR) of target messenger RNA (mRNA) by a 'seed region' composed of six to seven nucleotides. Mature RISC causes degradation of mRNA if the binding sequence shows a perfect complementarity with mRNA. It can suppress translation if there is imperfect binding between mRNA and miRNA.^[@bibr8-2050312114524952]^ [Figure 1](#fig1-2050312114524952){ref-type="fig"} shows biogenesis of miRNA.
{#fig1-2050312114524952}
miRNAs can be transcribed independently as single transcription units (e.g. micro RNA(miR)-143)^[@bibr9-2050312114524952]^ or together with genes in which they are located (e.g. miR-126).^[@bibr10-2050312114524952]^ Furthermore, miRNAs may also be derived directly from introns when they are known as mirtrons.^[@bibr11-2050312114524952]^ Proteins produced by mRNAs that are targets of miRNA can also regulate the expression of many miRNAs adding complexity to miRNA-induced gene regulation.^[@bibr12-2050312114524952],[@bibr13-2050312114524952]^ miRNAs regulate transcription factors, which in turn regulate the expression of miRNA forming a double negative feedback. For example, p53, which is a target of multiple miRNAs, regulates miR-143.^[@bibr14-2050312114524952]^ Similarly, SMAD, a signal transducer of transforming growth factor--beta (TGF-β), regulates miR-21 and miR-199a.^[@bibr15-2050312114524952]^ Furthermore, many miRNAs are subjected to regulation by methylation patterns governed by epigenetic mechanisms, which are determined by environmental and other pathophysiological states.^[@bibr16-2050312114524952]^
miRNAs and cardiac hypertrophy {#section3-2050312114524952}
==============================
Cardiac hypertrophy is a major compensatory cellular response of the heart to stressful conditions such as ischemia, injury, metabolic alterations, hypertension or genetic abnormalities. The pathological hypertrophy in fact acts as a major predictor of sudden cardiac death, heart failure and arrhythmias. It involves altered expression profile of certain miRNAs with a shift to the fetal gene program. There is a change in intracellular signaling pathways leading to increased protein synthesis and enhanced deposition of extracellular matrix proteins.^[@bibr17-2050312114524952]^ miRNAs upregulated in cardiac hypertrophy include miR-21, miR-23a, miR-23b, miR-24, miR-208, miR-212, miR-125, miR-129, miR-195 and miR-199, while those downregulated are miR-1, miR-133, miR-29, miR-30 and miR-150.^[@bibr18-2050312114524952][@bibr19-2050312114524952]--[@bibr20-2050312114524952]^
One miRNA which is consistently linked with stress and functions to regulate cardiac growth is miR-21. miR-21 is involved in the pathogenesis of many cancers too and is termed as oncomiR.^[@bibr21-2050312114524952]^ It is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes^[@bibr22-2050312114524952]^ and fibroblasts.^[@bibr23-2050312114524952]^ miR-21 inhibition in cultured cardiac cells suppresses cardiomyocyte growth and can also block β-adrenergic receptor--mediated cardiomyocyte growth.^[@bibr24-2050312114524952]^ The in vivo effect of miR-21 on cardiomyocytes was shown in a study where downregulation of miR-21 was found to reduce the heart size. miR-21 targets the 'sprouty gene'---*SPRY1*---and represses its function resulting in overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) and consequently causing fibrosis. Other genes targeted by miR-21 include programmed cell death gene (*PDCD4*) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (*PTEN*).^[@bibr25-2050312114524952]^ Another miRNA which is upregulated in rodent and human hearts in hypertrophic conditions is miR-195. Forced expression of miR-195 has been found to induce hypertrophic growth.^[@bibr18-2050312114524952]^
miR-208 contributes to stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy by regulating triiodothyronine-dependent repression of β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC).^[@bibr26-2050312114524952],[@bibr27-2050312114524952]^ It targets thyroid hormone receptor--associated protein and derepresses β-MHC resulting in hypertrophy of myocytes. miR-208 indeed works cooperatively with stress signaling to modulate gene expression. Targeting miR-208 with a locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based antagomir (antagonist of miRNA) has been recently shown to prevent functional deterioration and improve survival in patients with heart failure.^[@bibr28-2050312114524952]^
miR-23 is a pro-hypertrophic miRNA, activated by nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT).^[@bibr29-2050312114524952]^ miR-23 then targets muscle-specific ring finger protein which is thought to be cardio-protective.^[@bibr29-2050312114524952]^ Thus, miR-23 can be considered as a useful target in cardiac hypertrophy. More recently, miR-22 overexpression has been linked to hypertrophic pathways. miR-22 functions as an integrator of Ca^2+^ hemostasis during stress and as a regulator of protein content of myofibres.^[@bibr30-2050312114524952]^ miR-22 is believed to promote hypertrophy by suppressing PTEN, thereby stimulating phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt (PI~3~K/Akt)pathway.^[@bibr31-2050312114524952]^ miR-22 expression--mediated hypertrophic changes have been recently shown to be modulated by the hypolipidemic drug Atorvastatin suggesting a novel role of pharmacological interventions in cardiac hypertrophy.^[@bibr32-2050312114524952]^
In contrast to the above miRNAs, which have a stimulatory role in cardiac hypertrophy, downregulation of miR-133 and miR-1 manifests in cardiac hypertrophy. Significant hypertrophy was induced in mice after knockdown of miR-133 using antisense oligonucleotides, while overexpression of miR-133 by adenovirus-mediated transfer-inhibited cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. miR-133 targets RhoA and Cdc42 as a basis to suppress hypertrophy.^[@bibr33-2050312114524952]^ It also targets connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and thereby inhibits extracellular matrix protein synthesis.^[@bibr34-2050312114524952]^ miR-1 targets hypertrophy-associated calmodulin and attenuates calcineurin--NFAT pathway involved in signaling hypertrophy.^[@bibr35-2050312114524952]^ miR-133 and miR-1 seem to be cardio-protective and may be targeted as a promising therapeutic strategy.
Other miRNAs which are downregulated in various models of hypertrophy and heart failure are miR-29 and miR-9. miR-29 targets elastin, fibrillin and collagen. Therefore, derepression of these proteins in 'miR-29 downregulation' opens up events leading to cardiac fibrosis. In vivo administration of cholesterol-based oligonucleotides against miR-29 has shown increased collagen expression and fibrotic changes.^[@bibr36-2050312114524952]^ miR-9 is downregulated in animal models of hypertrophy induced by aldosterone and isoproterenol, while nuclear factor of activated T-cells c3 (NFATc3) and myocardin appear to be overexpressed. Administration of miR-9 carries the potential to suppress myocardin expression and hence to regulate the hypertrophic program.^[@bibr37-2050312114524952]^
Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the pathological hypertrophy of the heart and finding out novel therapeutic targets is evolving as a field of immense interest.
Arrythmias and miRNAs {#section4-2050312114524952}
=====================
Normal conduction in the heart requires a proper functioning of various ion channels. Na^+^ influx leads to membrane depolarization, while K^+^ efflux results in repolarization. A protein Connexin 43(Cx43) is essential for conduction across gap junctions.^[@bibr38-2050312114524952],[@bibr39-2050312114524952]^ L-type Ca^2+^ channels determine the shape of the action potential by facilitating excitation--contraction coupling. miR-1 targets GJAI coding for Cx43^40^ and KCNJ2 coding for Kir2.1.^[@bibr41-2050312114524952],[@bibr42-2050312114524952]^ miR-1 is increased in coronary artery disease and results in slowing up of conduction and arrhythmias. Blocking miR-1 with antisense oligonucleotides has been shown to normalize conduction and attenuate the arrhythmias seen in myocardial infarction (MI). This is complicated by the results of another study which showed increased ventricular septal defects in mice with targeted deletion of miR-1-2 owing to derepression of Irx5 transcription factor.^[@bibr43-2050312114524952]^ Inward rectifier potassium current--mediated repolarization is also affected by miR-133 which represses hERG (human ether-a-go-go-related gene).^[@bibr44-2050312114524952]^ miR-133 also targets *HCN2* gene involved in automaticity.^[@bibr45-2050312114524952]^ miR-1 and miR-133 may serve as targets in the management of arrhythmias.
MI and miRNAs {#section5-2050312114524952}
=============
Oxidative stress and myocyte apoptosis are the key factors involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease. Angiogenesis and myocardial preconditioning serve as cardio-protective mechanisms in this setting. miRNAs involved in angiogenesis and ischemic preconditioning are potentially of therapeutic use in MI. Various miRNAs implicated in ischemic heart disease include miR-1, miR-133, miR-19, miR-21, miR-199 and miR-320. miR-320 has been found to be consistently overexpressed in the ischemic heart in a mouse model of ischemia reperfusion--mediated injury. It targets cardio-protective heat shock protein--20 (hsp 20) and contributes to myocyte death.^[@bibr46-2050312114524952]^ Furthermore, miR-21 is found to be downregulated in infarcted areas, and adenovirus-mediated expression of miR-21 leads to an attenuated rate of myocyte apoptosis by repression of *PDCD4*.^[@bibr47-2050312114524952]^ miR-21 may also provide cardio-protection via upregulation of hsp 70.^[@bibr48-2050312114524952]^
miR-199 acts as a molecular switch when the oxygen tension in myocytes falls in short supply. It targets the protective mediators---hypoxia inducible factor--1α (HIF-1α) and sirtuins---involved in ischemic preconditioning. It can be utilized in preventing hypoxic damage to the heart.^[@bibr49-2050312114524952]^ miR-92a targets pro-angiogenic α-5 integrin and inhibits angiogenesis. Antagomirs designed against miR-92a resulted in improved blood vessel growth and reduced functional deterioration of heart tissue.^[@bibr50-2050312114524952]^
miR-22 which has already been discussed as a promoter of myocardial hypertrophy has been found to be protective against ischemia reperfusion--mediated injury. miR-22 targets adenosine 3′5′ cyclic monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) and functions via anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of miR-22 in animals has shown a reduction in infarct size, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and decline in creatine kinase levels.^[@bibr51-2050312114524952]^
Contrastingly, a miRNA which plays a detrimental role in cardiac remodeling is miR-34. It has been seen to be elevated under conditions of pressure overload and silencing of miR-34 and, with suitable interventions, attenuates cardiac remodeling and improves systolic function in animals.^[@bibr52-2050312114524952]^ Apart from serving as potential therapeutic targets, miRNAs have the potential to be used as biomarkers of infarction, being present as microparticles in the circulation.^[@bibr53-2050312114524952],[@bibr54-2050312114524952]^
Metabolic syndrome, cholesterol regulation and miRNAs {#section6-2050312114524952}
=====================================================
miR-33 is involved in cholesterol metabolism. miR-33b is co-expressed with SREBP1, and miR-33a is co-expressed with SREBP2.^[@bibr55-2050312114524952]^ miR-33 regulates ABCA1 and reverse cholesterol transport. Antagomirs against miR-33b have shown increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and reduction in the size of plaques in mice deficient in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors.^[@bibr56-2050312114524952],[@bibr57-2050312114524952]^ On the other hand, overexpression of miR-33b is linked with decreased functioning of ABCA1 and hence reduction in HDL levels. Thus, downregulation of miR-33 may be protective in atherosclerosis.
Vascular disease and miRNAs {#section7-2050312114524952}
===========================
Vascular proliferation {#section8-2050312114524952}
----------------------
Vascular injury is a fundamental event in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and restenosis post-angioplasty. Multiple miRNAs are overexpressed in vascular diseases. miR-21 upregulation is linked with increased proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. *PTEN* and *PDCD4* are believed to be the normal targets of miR-21. Knockdown of miR-21 has been shown to inhibit vascular injury, and therefore, miR-21 can be targeted for modulating the progress in vascular disease.^[@bibr58-2050312114524952]^ Furthermore, miR-221 and miR-222 are also upregulated in injured carotid arteries. P27 (Kip1) and P57 (Kip2) are the major targets of miR-221 and miR-222. miR-221 and miR-222 downregulation may serve as a useful strategy in vascular proliferative disease.^[@bibr59-2050312114524952]^
Inflammation {#section9-2050312114524952}
------------
Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are major determinants of initiation and progression of coronary artery disease. Various factors contributing to endothelial dysfunction include increased LDL, raised blood glucose, obesity, smoking and reactive oxygen species.^[@bibr60-2050312114524952]^ Normal endothelium does not express any adhesion molecules, but once activated, there is an increased expression of P and E selectins and vascular cell adhesion molecule--1 (VCAM-1), resulting in enhanced recruitment of leucocytes. Some miRNAs are present in endothelial cell and regulate the inflammatory status. miR-126 expressed in endothelial cell inhibits the activation of VCAM-1. Downregulation of miR-126 is linked to increased tumor necrosis factor--α (TNF-α)--mediated VCAM-1 expression.^[@bibr61-2050312114524952]^ miR-126 is in fact the first miRNA found to be associated with vascular inflammation. It is regulated by transcription factors Ets-1 and Ets-2.^[@bibr62-2050312114524952]^ Ets-1 can be induced by multiple stimuli like angiotensin II (Ang II)^[@bibr63-2050312114524952]^ and TNF-α.^[@bibr64-2050312114524952]^ miR-126 supplementation has been shown to provide atheroprotection which is thought to be because of CXCL12-mediated recruitment of progenitor cells.^[@bibr65-2050312114524952]^ Ang II is known to provoke vascular injury and cardiac remodeling acting via angiotensin 1 receptors (AT1R). miR-155 targets and inhibits AT1R expression as demonstrated in in vivo studies.^[@bibr66-2050312114524952]^ miR-155 further downregulates Ang II-mediated expression of VCAM-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1).^[@bibr67-2050312114524952]^ miR-155 seems to be protective in endothelial dysfunction and inflammation induced by Ang II.
Apart from the Ang II pathway, another pathway of note in inflammation-mediated vascular injury is nuclear factor kappa-beta (NF-κβ) signaling. Various inflammatory stimuli---LDL, lipopolysaccharides and cytokines---appear to induce the expression of inflammatory genes through NF-κβ. This results in upregulation of P-selectins, intercellular adhesion molecule--1 (ICAM-1) and VCAM-1.^[@bibr68-2050312114524952]^ miR-10a is protective against the NF-κβ pathway as downregulation of miR-10a is linked with increased expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and VCAM-1.^[@bibr69-2050312114524952]^ Another miRNA believed to interfere with NF-κβ functioning is miR-181-b. miR-181-b targets importin-a3, a protein required for nuclear translocation of NF-κβ. miR-181-b levels are reduced in mice exposed to inflammatory stimuli and in patients with sepsis. miR-181-b replacement seems to protect against NF-κβ-mediated vascular injury.^[@bibr70-2050312114524952]^
Angiogenesis {#section10-2050312114524952}
------------
Angiogenesis is a major determinant of cardiac repair following MI. Vascularization depends on growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF).^[@bibr71-2050312114524952]^ Various aspects of blood vessel growth are modulated by miRNAs. miR-126 promotes vascularization by targeting Spred-1, which is an inhibitor of MAPK involved in downstream signaling of VEGF.^[@bibr72-2050312114524952]^ Upregulation of miR-126 therefore frees VEGF signaling from being suppressed by Spred-1. miR-126 is also involved in migration of hematopoietic stem cells to the sites of cardiac injury.^[@bibr73-2050312114524952]^ Other miRNAs that influence blood supply include miRNA-221 and miRNA-222. miR-221 and miR-222 inhibit angiogenesis by targeting c-kit and by decreasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression.^[@bibr74-2050312114524952],[@bibr75-2050312114524952]^
Heart failure and miRNAs {#section11-2050312114524952}
========================
Majority of studies relating miRNAs and heart disease have been conducted on heart failure. Heart failure is a situation when cardiac output is unable to meet the demands of tissues. Since hypertrophy, arrhythmias and vascular disease discussed above can lead to heart failure, it would not be wrong to say that miRNAs implicated in these pathological conditions may also be involved in heart failure. Notably, the miRNAs upregulated include miR-21, miR-129 and miR-210, while those downregulated include miR-30 and miR-182.^[@bibr35-2050312114524952]^ As in hypertrophy, there is a shift toward fetal gene programming in heart failure too. Various miRNAs are expressed in a similar way in adult failing heart as in the fetal heart.^[@bibr24-2050312114524952]^ This change toward fetal gene expression may contribute to pathological features seen in heart failure. Understanding the miRNA profile expressed in failing heart may give us an opportunity to validate the targets selectively.
Preeclampsia and miRNAs {#section12-2050312114524952}
=======================
Preeclampsia acts as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women.^[@bibr76-2050312114524952]^ It also increases the risk that a child born to a mother with the condition would suffer a stroke in adulthood.^[@bibr77-2050312114524952]^ Results of four surveys conducted recently on miRNA expression in preeclamptic mothers show a total of 67 human miRNAs to be differently regulated.^[@bibr78-2050312114524952]^ These include miR-181a, miR-195, miR-584, miR-155, miR-222 and miR-210. miR-210 is induced in response to hypoxia.^[@bibr79-2050312114524952]^ Recently, some miRNAs have been detected in the plasma of preeclamptic mothers. These include miR-144, miR-181a and miR-130a.^[@bibr80-2050312114524952]^ A rich source of these miRNAs is the placenta.^[@bibr81-2050312114524952]^ Detection of miRNA molecular markers at an early stage may aid in diagnosing as well as prove useful in understanding the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
Endothelial dysfunction and miRNAs {#section13-2050312114524952}
==================================
As has been discussed, endothelial dysfunction has a pivotal role in atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. The involvement of miR-126 and miR-155 in the same has been highlighted.^[@bibr61-2050312114524952][@bibr62-2050312114524952][@bibr63-2050312114524952][@bibr64-2050312114524952][@bibr65-2050312114524952]--[@bibr66-2050312114524952]^ miR-34 and miR-217 bring about endothelial senescence by suppressing sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), which is normally required for endothelial proliferation.^[@bibr82-2050312114524952]^ miR-10a inhibits endothelial inflammation by suppressing NF-κβ signaling pathway.^[@bibr82-2050312114524952]^
Folic acid in high dose has been shown to improve endothelial function in various studies.^[@bibr83-2050312114524952],[@bibr84-2050312114524952]^ The mechanisms of folate action which have been proposed include increasing the bioavailability of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH~4~), enhancing the coupling of BH~4~ with eNOS, favoring the generation of active forms of BH~4~ from inactive BH~2~ and assuring the direct activation of eNOS independent of BH~4~.^[@bibr85-2050312114524952]^ miRNAs may be intricately linked to the functioning of folate. Both are associated with aberrant phenotypes ranging from neural tube defects to tumor genesis. Misexpression of various miRNAs has been demonstrated in neural tube defects resulting from folate deficiency.^[@bibr86-2050312114524952]^ Folate deficiency state is also linked with many cancers,^[@bibr87-2050312114524952]^ and recently, altered expression of miRNAs has been shown under conditions of cellular stress in vitro.^[@bibr88-2050312114524952]^ Taking this into consideration, the improvement in endothelial function after folate supplementation in diabetes and coronary artery disease may also be linked to the modulation of miRNAs. Adding to this, obesity-linked hormones such as leptin are also subject to transcriptional regulation.^[@bibr89-2050312114524952]^ [Table 1](#table1-2050312114524952){ref-type="table"} shows the involvement of various miRNAs in heart disease.
######
Involvement of various microRNAs (miRNAs) in cardiovascular disease.
Condition miRNAs involved
------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cardiac hypertrophy miR-21,^[@bibr24-2050312114524952]^ miR-22,^[@bibr31-2050312114524952]^ miR-23,^[@bibr29-2050312114524952]^ miR-1,^[@bibr35-2050312114524952]^ miR-29^[@bibr36-2050312114524952]^
Arrythmias miR-1,^[@bibr43-2050312114524952]^ miR-133^[@bibr44-2050312114524952]^
Myocardial infarction miR-320,^[@bibr46-2050312114524952]^ miR-22,^[@bibr51-2050312114524952]^ miR-21^[@bibr47-2050312114524952]^
Vascular disease miR-21,^[@bibr58-2050312114524952]^ miR-222,^[@bibr59-2050312114524952]^ miR-126,^[@bibr61-2050312114524952]^ miR-155^[@bibr67-2050312114524952]^
Angiogenesis miR-126,^[@bibr72-2050312114524952]^ miR-92^[@bibr50-2050312114524952]^
Cholesterol metabolism miR-33^[@bibr56-2050312114524952],[@bibr57-2050312114524952]^
Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation miR-126,^[@bibr61-2050312114524952],[@bibr62-2050312114524952]^ miR-10,^[@bibr82-2050312114524952]^ miR-155^[@bibr66-2050312114524952]^
miRNA-based therapies {#section14-2050312114524952}
=====================
Antagomirs {#section15-2050312114524952}
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Antagomirs are a sequence of antisense oligonucleotides designed to act against the targeted miRNA involved in disease pathology. They may act either by competing with miRNA and inhibiting the RISC function or may interfere with the processing of primary miRNA.^[@bibr90-2050312114524952]^ Suppression of miRNA results in derepression of protein by inhibiting the degradation of concerned mRNA or preventing the translational suppression by miRNA. As discussed above, antagomirs against miR-208 and miR-21 have given useful results.^[@bibr25-2050312114524952],[@bibr28-2050312114524952]^ To increase the binding affinity of antagomirs to their target miRNA, certain modifications like 2′-O-methyl and 2′-O-methoxy ethyl are introduced to the oligonucleotides. Further addition of phosphorothioate groups leads to the formation of tiny LNAs, which adds to the biostability and increases delivery to the tissues as well. Tiny LNAs may be well suited for inhibition of disease-specific miRNAs.^[@bibr91-2050312114524952]^ However, there are some shortcomings of this antisense technique. Being polyanionic, they are not suitable for oral use. Only routes used currently are intravenous and subcutaneous.^[@bibr90-2050312114524952]^ In addition, there are problems because of poor cellular uptake and degradation by nucleases in plasma. Further concern is of toxicity. Toxicities may arise because of the chemical nature of antagomirs as in case of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, which can activate the innate immunity^[@bibr92-2050312114524952]^ and complement cascade.^[@bibr93-2050312114524952]^ Toxicity may also arise because of hybridization with and inactivation of unintended target RNA resulting in off-target side effects. These effects can be minimized by stringent selection of sequences.^[@bibr90-2050312114524952]^
miRNA mimics {#section16-2050312114524952}
------------
These are synthetic miRNAs which are useful in miRNA-deficient conditions.^[@bibr94-2050312114524952]^ Using a suitable viral vector, they can be continually expressed to circumvent the problem of miRNA downregulation in underlying disease. Short double-stranded RNA sequences are used for loading into RISC. Problem of off-target side effects is unlikely in this approach since only miRNA of interest with sequence same as that of natural miRNA is delivered. As discussed above, miR-1, miR-133 and miR-29 upregulation may be a useful strategy in the management of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.^[@bibr33-2050312114524952][@bibr34-2050312114524952][@bibr35-2050312114524952]--[@bibr36-2050312114524952]^ The field of miRNA mimics is still in the period of basic research.
Several other approaches recently studied include miRNA sponges, miRNA erasers and miRNA occupiers. miRNA sponges consist of a series of oligonucleotides in the 3′UTR of a reporter gene, which have a perfect or imperfect binding site for the target miRNA. Thus, all members of a miRNA family are inhibited by miRNA sponges.^[@bibr95-2050312114524952]^ miRNA erasers are similar to miRNA sponges except that they are composed of only two copies of antisense sequence with a perfect binding to target miRNA. miRNA occupiers rather bind directly to 3′UTR of mRNA and inhibit the binding of miRNA to mRNA. Occupiers, therefore, carry the advantage of minimizing the off-target effects.^[@bibr94-2050312114524952],[@bibr96-2050312114524952]^ In vivo efficacies of these approaches are yet to be discovered.
Conclusion {#section17-2050312114524952}
==========
miRNAs represent important entities which serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers in a variety of diseases as well as bear therapeutic interest. The role of miRNAs in cardiovascular and other conditions is being deciphered with ongoing research. Various miRNAs have been implicated in cardiovascular diseases, and targeting these miRNAs has already given useful results in experimental studies. The area needs more investigation related to the underlying mechanisms as more and more miRNAs are discovered. In days to come, technologic advances may facilitate pharmacodynamic understanding and pharmacokinetic maneuvering to make medical implications a sound reality. Clinical trials in humans employing the use of antagomirs have already begun, and the field of cardiovascular disease is hopefully the next to be targeted.
This study was reported from the Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
**Declaration of conflicting interests:** There is no conflict of interest on the part of any author.
**Funding:** This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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