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5907583

Teaching of fertility regulation in medical schools: a survey in the United States and Canada, 1964.

Fertility regulation is taught didactically in 82 of 94 medical school departments of obstetrics and gynecology in the United States and Canada, but students are given clinical experience in only 59 medical schools, according to a survey conducted in 1964 by mittee of the American Public Health Association. Legal prohibitions impeded teaching in 1964 in two States and in all of Canada. Nearly all schools teach that help with fertility regulation should be offered for medical and socioeconomic stress, and most teach that it should be offered routinely in premarital counselling and in the postpartum period, but only two-thirds teach that this help should be given to unmarried adults and only one-third teach that any person requesting help with fertility regulation should receive it.

5907584

Canadian medical student interest in general practice and the specialties.

The interest of 1900 Canadian medical students in the various fields of medical practice was measured by a questionnaire. The students were asked to rank the various fields in order of their interest in them. It was found that general practice, internal medicine and surgery were the fields which consistently captured most interest among the students. Few students ranked dermatology, administration, teaching and research in the first three ranks.Striking differences in the interest preferences of male and female students were demonstrated, with the women ranking pediatrics and psychiatry higher than the men. Significantly more men, however, expressed a prime interest in surgery.Interest in general practice increases with the senior years in medical school, but it was shown that this increase is associated with marital status and with the number of children rather than with the year of training alone.Interest in the fields of medical practice varied between medical schools, with general practice ranking highest at British Columbia and relatively low at McGill and Manitoba. Significant differences between the students of the schools were displayed in the case of neurology, obstetrics, pediatrics and psychiatry.

5907585

The status of medical education: a medical student's viewpoint.

ANY EDUCATIONAL PROCESS INVOLVES FOUR DISTINCT STAGES: the selection of goals, the selection of learning experiences, the organization of these experiences and the evaluation of achievement. If the results of evaluation are unsatisfactory, then the goals were unrealistic, the learning experiences were inadequate, or the experiences were poorly organized.The characteristics of the good physician and the recognition of these in candidates for medical education are matters of great interest. Does a student learn because he has good teachers or because he has proper motivation for success? Is it possible for one to teach another, and if so, what is the best technique of instruction? How can the student best be evaluated?Medical education is in a state of rapid change, but changes of significance will not occur until the quality of the teachers is improved and the barriers of departmental organization are removed, thus putting the students' instruction in the hands of persons unbiased by concentration on a small field of endeavour.

5907820

Fixed ratio and extinction performance of infants in the second year of life.

Five 14(1/2)- to 19(1/2)-month-old infants were trained to lever press for snacks on small fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement. Within four to nine sessions, responding under FR 10 was established for four subjects and FR 15 for the other. Each subject's last session revealed behavioral patterns similar to animal and human FR trained subjects-a high and constant ratio rate, mixed with a zero rate following reinforcements. Deviations were mostly in the form of prolonged and variable post-reinforcement pauses. These and other irregularities were probably due to the limited deprivation conditions and improper training procedures in which the ratio (for two subjects) was ascended too early and too quickly. Extinction was instituted during the last session. The degree to which extinction performance matched that of other organisms depended upon how stable and "ratio-like" performance was during conditioning.

5907821

Analysis of water and NaCl solution acceptance by schedule-induced polydipsia.

Animals were trained on a VI 1-min schedule for food pellets, and concurrent water intake was measured. The polydipsia induced was analyzed in terms of the frequency distribution of post-pellet licking burst sizes and the trend of polydipsia throughout the session. An ascending series of NaCl solutions was presented consecutively over daily sessions and a typical NaCl acceptance-rejection intake function was generated. Beginning in the 0.9-1.2% NaCl range, the animals drank less often during the session but took larger drinks when they did drink. Neither the frequency of drinks nor the mean licking burst size were simply related to the volumes of NaCl solution consumed. The NaCl acceptance-rejection function cannot be explained in terms of water repletion factors alone.

5907823

Operant behavior and the galvanic skin potential under DRL schedule.

Motor and galvanic skin potential (GSP) activity were investigated during the conditioning, extinction, and reconditioning of motor responses under a differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedule of reinforcement. Interresponse time (IRT) distributions for motor responses during conditioning and reconditioning gradually stabilized at a peak just beyond the minimal IRT required for reinforcement. Few unreinforced motor responses and "bursts" of motor responses were observed during conditioning and reconditioning. Relative to conditioning and reconditioning, extinction effected larger IRTs and smaller GSP amplitudes. GSP amplitudes were greater for unreinforced than for reinforced motor responses during conditioning and reconditioning. However, GSP amplitudes associated with the unreinforced extinction responses were smaller than either the reinforced or unreinforced responses during conditioning and reconditioning.

5907824

The post-reinforcement pause.

Measurements of the post-reinforcement pause and response rate were obtained from four birds on a range of fixed ratio schedules from 25 to 150. The results indicated a consistent increase in the length of the pause as the ratio was increased. Response rate tended to decrease, but these data were less consistent and some reversals were apparent.

5907828

Two types of behavioral contrast in discrimination learning.

Two groups of pigeons received daily discrimination training at two values on a line-tilt continuum. S+ (VI 1) and S- (EXT) intervals alternated, and a 30-sec criterion of no responding to S- was required before S+ returned. Rates of responding to S+ showed two separate contrast effects: at an intermediate stage of training a high peak rate appeared which declined, later in training, to a stable level still in excess of the VI baseline rate. The peak rate was correlated with the total number of responses to S-, while the final rate was not; suggesting that the peak rate and final rate may not be functions of the same variable. These results pared with performance on a red-green discrimination where the two stages were not so clear. A line-tilt discrimination was repeated with fixed length S- intervals terminated by TO, and showed the same contrast magnitude in the final rate without any peak. The peak rate was interpreted as an effect of the ;punishment' contingency where responding to S- prolongs S- for 30 sec, while the final rate was taken to be analogous to previous demonstrations of contrast.

5907829

A computer-oriented system for high-speed recording of operant behavior.

A method is described by which large quantities of data, generated at high and variable rates from a large number of test boxes, are recorded on a single eight-channel punched paper tape. The data, which include a record of the occurrence time of each event in 1/10-sec units, are in pact form, suitable for conversion to standard Hollerith punched card codes and for decoding and summarizing by a large puter. Experience with the system has demonstrated a high degree of accuracy and reliability, and low operating cost.

5907831

Probability of response and probability of reinforcement in a response-defined analogue of an interval schedule.

Variable interval (VI) responding was hypothesized to be a function of differential reinforcement susceptibilities of various unspecified behavior chains that mediate interresponse times (IRTs). To test this hypothesis, probabilities of reinforcement were regulated for the lengths of chains of key pecking responses of pigeons, analogous to the way that VI regulates probabilities of reinforcement for IRTs. This procedure generated a number of VI-like effects, supporting the notion that VI behavior can be construed as a special case of an interaction between the organism's function relating reinforcement susceptibilities to chain length and the experimenter's function relating probabilities of reinforcement to chain length.

5907832

Operant conditioning in the newly hatched chicken.

Techniques are described for conditioning key-pecking reinforced with food and for recording cheeping in newly hatched chickens. A mirror in the test box is essential when conditioning isolated chickens up to five or more days old. Conditioning proceeds more rapidly when frequently pecked objects and materials that move when scratched are not present. Stimulus control over key-pecking is present in the three-day-old chicken and multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule control develops in succeeding days. In young chickens, pecking and cheeping are inversely related. The newly hatched chicken is useful for pharmacological studies and appears to offer other advantages for behavioral studies.

5907906

Myoinositol kinase: partial purification and identification of product.

Myoinositol kinase found in plant, animal, and microbial extracts has been partially purified by densitygradient centrifugation. The product of the enzymic reaction has been tentatively identified by paper chromatography. as myoinositol-1-phosphate.

5907907

Calcite deposition during shell repair by the aragonitic gastropod Murex fulvescens.

Shell repair was induced by coating the inner surfaces of gastropod shells with nail polish. In aragonitic gastropods initial deposition on the nail-polish membrane was of aragonite spherulites and, in one species, polygonal calcite crystals; later the normal crossed-lamellar structure of the shell was restored.

5907908

Proteins and disulfide groups in the aggregation of dissociated cells of sea sponges.

A sponge extract that produced specific aggregation of dissociated cells was treated with various enzyme preparations to determine which enzymes would destroy its aggregating properties. The results indicate that proteins play a key role in the aggregating effect of the extract on dissociated, glutaraldehyde-fixed sponge cells. Further studies confirm the necessity of calcium for the aggregation and indicate the necessity of intact disulfide groups.

5907909

Spontaneous mutation rates at five coat-color loci in mice.

Examination of 1.5 million mice yielded natural mutation rates estimnated from 5.2 million gene reproductions at five specific coat-color loci. The average rates were 11.1 x 10(-6) for forward mutations and 2.7 x 10(-6) for reverse mutations. Differences between the frequencies of mutations at the individual loci were evident.

5907911

Sorbitol pathway: presence in nerve and cord with substrate accumulation in diabetes.

Glucose, sorbitol, fructose, and inositol are present in peripheral nerve and spinal cord. Marked elevation of these substances occurs in these tissues in mildly diabetic animals. These alterations provide biochemical mechanisms which could be significant in the etiology of diabetic neuropathy.

5907910

Medium for selective isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans.

A medium has been developed that permits the selective recovery of Cryptococcus neoformans from heavily contaminated materials. It employs creatinine as a nitrogen source, diphenyl (C(6)H(5)C(6)H(5)) and chloramphenicol as mold and bacterial inhibitors, and Guizotia abyssinica seed extract as a specific color marker. The medium has proved to be effective in the direct isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon nests and from the air.

5907912

Plasma membranes: phospholipid and sterol content.

The molar ratios of sterol to phospholipid in plasma membranes of five different types of rat cells range from 0.24 to 1.32. position of the plasma membrane of a cell has no fixed relation to that of the mitochondria. Thus the structure of cellular membranes shows both tissue and functional specificity.

5907913

Fatty change of the granular pneumocyte.

Fat vacuoles develop in the granular pneumocytes of guinea pigs exposed to severe hypoxia in low-pressure chambers. The ostiniophilic lamellar bodies are apparently reduced in size and decreased in number. The fatty change of the granular pneumocyte may represent a metabolic alteration and interfere with the production of surfactant. This hypoxic lesion of the pneumocyte may be a significant factor in high-altitude pulmonary insufficiency.

5907914

DNA content of a chromosome of Trillium erectum: effect of cold treatment.

The DNA (Feulgen) contents of a specific cold-treated (3 degrees C) chromosome and of a control (25 degrees C) were measured by means of photographic-plate microdensitometry. Despite marked morphological alterations in the cold-treated B chromosome of Trillium erectum, its DNA content was unchanged from that of the control.

5907915

Control of pain motivation by cognitive dissonance.

Responses by humans to painful electric shocks are significantly modified at subjective, behavioral, and physiological levels by verbal manipulations of degree of choice and justification for further exposure to the aversive stimuli. Pain perception, learning, and galvanic skin resistance are altered under these conditions of "cognitive dissonance," as they are by reductions in voltage intensity.

5907943

Pituitary ablation for diabetic retinopathy.

Pituitary ablation was performed on 26 patients with advanced diabetic retinopathy by pituitary stalk section (nine patients) or transphenoidal hypophysectomy (17 patients). After a latent period varying from six to 12 months, retinal hemorrhages disappeared, vitreous hemorrhages stopped and new vessels regressed. Eight of 10 patients followed up for more than a year had plete remission, although in one of two patients whose ablation was plete the retinopathy remained active. Preoperative visual acuity levels were preserved in 47 of 50 eyes of patients followed up for a mean period of 12 months. Three patients have died, two from causes related to their operation. Twenty of the survivors have continued in their usual occupation. Pituitary ablation is effective in preventing the progressive visual deterioration usually associated with advanced diabetic retinopathy.

5907944

Nutritional anemia and megaloblastosis in pregnancy.

Macrogranulocytic and/or erythroid megaloblastic bone marrow changes which could not be accurately predicted from the hematologic findings in the blood were present in 25% of 305 mildly to moderately anemic pregnant women attending a public antepartum clinic in Montreal. Iron deficiency was the primary cause of anemia in most instances. Serum folate activity of less than 4.1 ng./ml. and/or serum vitamin B(12) levels of less than 100 pg./ml. were present in 90% of the 77 patients having these bone marrow changes, whereas approximately one-third of 228 patients with normoblastic marrow had these low values. Red cell folate did not correlate as well as serum folate activity with bone marrow changes. After treatment with oral folic acid in the range of 0.2 mg. to 0.8 mg., daily, for seven to 14 days, the megaloblastic and macrogranulocytic changes in patients with low serum folate activity and normal serum vitamin B(12) values disappeared in 15 of 21 patients. Of five women having both low folate and vitamin B(12) values, three failed to respond and two showed only partial improvement after 0.4 mg. of folic acid daily, per os, for 10 days. The average diet of these anemic women was suboptimal in folate and in iron.

5907946

Mail-order chromosome analysis.

A simple but reliable technique has been developed for the mailing of plasma to chromosome laboratories for cytogenetic analysis. Cultures have been grown successfully from plasma which has been as long as four days in transit. Plasma is removed after heparinized whole blood has been left standing at room temperature for at least three hours. Phytohemagglutinin (0.1 ml. PHA/ml. plasma) and two to three drops of red cells are added to the plasma, and the specimen is immediately transmitted by air mail to the nearest cytogenetic laboratory. Sterile technique is used throughout.

5907947

A psychiatric home care program: a report based on three years' experience (1962-1964).

The activities covering a three-year period of a psychiatric home care treatment program attached to a psychiatric unit of a general hospital are described. A detailed account of its operation and the roles played by each member of the team is given. This service frequently provides a substitute for hospitalization in the management of both acute and chronic psychiatric states and thereby constitutes an important preventive measure in the field of public health. Even if the initial attitude of the patient is negative it is possible to gain the co-operation of the family who e a useful ally in the treatment. The co-operation of the patient is not as essential as has been thought. The traditional role of the psychiatrist is reversed by virtue of his attending the patient at home. The active participation of social agencies is an integral part of the treatment.

5907945

A service for human chromosome studies in Saskatchewan.

A service has been developed in Saskatchewan to make available the results of studies of human chromosomes, the material being forwarded to the laboratory by local transport facilities. During the first year of this project chromosome studies were requested for five doubtful cases of trisomy-21 (two were found to be normal) and for 20 definite cases of trisomy-21 in young patients (two had translocations but the parents of both these children had normal karyotypes). Eleven confirmed cases of Turner's syndrome, two of Klinefelter's syndrome, and one each of the D and E syndromes were also studied. The largest group for which studies were prised 36 patients with mental retardation; only two abnormal karyotypes were encountered in this group.

5908073

Mitochondrial DNA in yeast and some mammalian species.

Yeast DNA, in a cesium chloride density gradient, shows a minor or satellite band with a density lower than that of the main ponent. The DNA isolated from purified mitochondria of yeasts corresponds in density to this satellite band. In solution, this DNA more easily undergoes renaturation pared to DNA from cell nuclei. The ease of this renaturation is presumably due to a homogeneity greater than that of nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA isolated from several mammalian species has the same or higher density than nuclear DNA, but differs in its ready renaturability.

5908074

Synchronization of mammalian cells with tritiated thymidine.

Short exposures of mammalian cells to tritiated thymidine of high specific activity destroys the proliferative capacity of mammalian cells. Since the killing is limited to cells that have synthesized DNA in the presence of the pound, an exposure duration of less than one generation can yield a synchronized population.

5908075

Thermoregulation in a brooding female Indian python, Python molurus bivittatus.

At varying environmental temperatures, measurements of body temperatures and gas exchange of a female Indian python (Python molurus bivittatus) show that during the brooding period this animal can regulate its body temperature by physiological means analogous to those in endotherms. Ambient temperatures below 33 degrees C result in spasmodic contractions of the body musculature with a consequent increase in metabolism and body temperature.

5908076

Magnesium pemoline: enhancement of learning and memory of a conditioned avoidance response.

Magnesium pemoline, a mild stimulant of the central nervous system, enhances the acquisition and retention of a conditioned avoidance response in rats. Methamphetamine and methylphenidate do not have this effect.

5908077

Acquisition of imitative speech by schizophrenic children.

Two mute schizophrenic children were taught imitative speech within an operant conditioning framework. The training procedure consisted of a series of increasingly fine verbal discriminations; the children were rewarded for closer and closer reproductions of the attending adults' speech. We found that reward delivered contingent upon imitation was necessary for development of imitation. Furthermore, the newly established imitation was shown to have acquired rewarding properties for the children.

5908078

Unconditioned response to electric shock: mechanism in planarians.

Some implications of a mathematical theory relating neuronal geometry to the parameters of excitation in unconditioned response of planarians to electric shock are experimentally verified. The regions and patterns of primary neural excitation depend on the relation between the distribution of neural sizes and the wave form of the electric stimulus.

5908423

Medical education. I. Medical students in Canadian universities: report of statistics, 1965-66.

Enrolment in the 12 Canadian medical schools in 1965-66 reached a new high of 4023, an increase of 3.8% over 1964-65. The percentage of women among medical students (11.4%) was close to that for the preceding two years. The decline in the numbers of students from outside Canada continued into the present year; in 1965-66, 9.1% of medical students were non-Canadian. This decline has been primarily in the number of students from the U.S.A. The number of students from Commonwealth countries has shown a steady increase over the seven-year period under review; in 1965-66 they make up nearly one-half of all non-Canadian students. It was noted that 27% of overseas students came to Canada under governmental or intergovernmental sponsorship. Of the Canadian students, 95% came from the "home" provinces of the medical schools.

5908424

Canadian applicants to medical schools in Canada for 1965-66.

An examination of applicants to Canadian medical schools for 1965-66 revealed that 4660 applications were received by the 12 schools for approximately 900 places available; 2852 of these were from Canadians, but because many applicants applied to more than one school, these 2852 applications represented only 1767 individuals. Evaluations made by the schools concerning the acceptability of these applicants showed that only 36 persons rated as "acceptable" by one or more schools failed to gain admission to any Canadian school for 1965-66. Furthermore, 66 "marginal" applicants were accepted, as were 130 multiple applicants who were rated as "acceptable" by one school but "marginal" and/or "unacceptable" by one or more other schools. Of the 464 multiple applicants, only 40% received the same evaluation from all schools to which they applied. If those multiple applicants who were rated as acceptable by all schools to which they applied are added to single applicants rated as acceptable, the pool of these clearly acceptable candidates (40% of all Canadian applicants) is sufficient only to fill 78% of places available. It was thus concluded that it is erroneous to speak of a surplus of well-qualified Canadian applicants at the present time.

5908631

Light induced concentration changes of adenosine-triphosphate in phycomyces sporangiophores.

The concentrations of extractable adenosine triphosphate (ATP) following the induction of positive light-growth responses in yces sporangiophores by blue light stimuli have been measured by means of the luciferin-luciferase assay. The ATP concentration in the light-sensitive growing zone increases 30 to 50% within 30 seconds after the start of a light stimulus and returns to the normal adapted level within 1 minute after stimulation. The ATP concentration is constant for any level of light adaptation and is uniform along the length of sporangiophores even though the light sensitivity is confined to a growing zone less than 5 mm long. These results suggest that one of the initial biochemical steps after a light stimulus is the production of extractable ATP.

5908632

Site of fluoride accumulation in navel orange leaves.

Fluoride-polluted navel orange leaves, Citrus sinensis (Linn.) Osbeck, were fractionated into the ponents in hexane/carbon tetrachloride mixtures having various densities. Fluoride was determined at each fraction. Analyses were also made for the subcellular distribution of chlorophyll, nitrogen, and DNA to assess the extent of cross-contamination of ponent. The fraction containing cell wall, nuclei, and partly broken cells apparently contained a major amount of fluoride. However, if allowance was made for the cross-contamination of chloroplasts and chloroplast fragments, the fraction of chloroplasts was found to be the site of the highest fluoride accumulation. When each ponent was washed with water after drying, bined washings contained more than 50% of the total fluoride of the isolated fractions. The usual method of subcellular fractionation with aqueous solvent shifted the major site of fluoride accumulation from the fraction of chloroplasts to that of the supernatant.

5908633

On the ability of Taphrina deformans to produce indoleacetic acid from tryptophan by way of tryptamine.

The metabolism of tryptophan by Taphrina deformans has been studied to confirm the reported ability of this organism to produce tryptamine. Such amine production was not observed, despite use of amine oxidase inhibitors at levels which should have resulted in the accumulation of tryptamine in the medium. It has been shown that the metabolites of tryptophan include indolepyruvic acid, indolelactic acid, tryptophol, and indoleacetic acid, and that the original report of tryptamine production must be reevaluated in light of the extraction procedures employed.

5908634

Choline kinase and phosphorylcholine phosphatase in plants.

Choline kinase was present in barley and wheat roots and leaves of barley, wheat, tobacco, spinach and squash plants. The kinase was purified 25-fold from spinach leaves. The enzyme had a broad pH optimum between 7.5 and 10.0. Mg(++) was required for activity and in the presence of Mg(++) the enzyme was relatively stable. Maximum enzyme activity was obtained when the Mg(++): ATP ratio was 1:1. The K(m) was 1 x 10(-4)m. The kinase from leaves was similar to that from rapeseed or from yeast, except that the leaf and seed enzymes were not inhibited pounds which attach sulfhydryl groups. Only a very slow hydrolysis of phosphorylcholine by similar plant extracts was observed. This phosphatase activity was purified 200- or 300-fold and appeared to be caused by a nonspecific acid phosphatase. The activity of both the kinase and the phosphatase did not seem sufficient to account for the rapid equilibration of the large phosphorylcholine reservoir of plants with exogenous P(32)-labeled orthophosphate.

5908635

Effect of Cycocel derivatives and gibberellin on choline kinase and choline metabolism.

Cycocel stimulated the activity of partial purified choline kinase from spinach or squash leaves, but it inhibited the activity of yeast choline kinase. The activity of different Cycocel analogs on plant growth corresponded to their stimulatory effect on the isolated choline kinase. Cycocel had no effect upon the activity of a plant phosphatase which hydrolyzed phosphorylcholine nor upon adenosine triphosphatase from wheat roots or leaves. Gibberellin A(3) inhibited choline kinase activity and reversed the stimulatory effect of Cycocel on the kinase. Total choline kinase activity per squash plant was not greatly increased by Cycocel treatment. However, on the basis of fresh weight, total kinase activity was increased by Cycocel treatment. Gibberellin A(3) partially reversed these increases. Treatment with Cycocel plus indoleacetic acid resulted in a large increase in choline kinase activity. The same distribution of tracer among phosphorylcholine, choline and betaine was observed when either phosphorylcholine-C(14) or choline-C(14) was fed to barley or wheat roots. Cycocel stimulated the incorporation of choline-C(14) into the insoluble fraction and into lipids. Cycocel inhibited phosphorylcholine uptake by roots. Thus Cycocel stimulated choline kinase activity and the utilization of choline-C(14). The effect of Cycocel upon kinase activity in vivo and in vitro was reversed by gibberellin A(3).

5908720

A census of residents in Canadian hospitals approved for training by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, April 1965.

A census taken in April 1965 revealed that there were 3162 residents training in Canadian hospitals approved by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Thirty-one of the 151 approved hospitals had no residents in training, and another 43 hospitals each having 20 or more residents accounted for 85% of all residents training in Canada. Fifty-seven per cent of the residents in Canada were Canadian citizens, 19% were landed immigrants, and 24% were foreign trainees. Major teaching hospitals contained 65% of all residents; 70% of Canadian graduates and 60% of non-Canadian graduates were training in major teaching hospitals. Hospitals approved for full training in the specialty of the trainee contained 57% of all residents; 64% of Canadian graduates and 48% of foreign graduates were in such hospitals.

5908721

Observations on a medical teacher training program.

An increasing interest in educational science as applied to medical education is apparent in the past decade. Recently, a six-week teacher training program was held at the Center for the Study of Medical Education at the University of Illinois. Fifteen medical faculty members, including five Canadians, participated. During this period there was an opportunity to engage in discussions and independent study of several aspects of medical education, using the personnel from the Center's four major divisions as resource people. Training in educational science is important for all teachers, and a centre to provide this type of instruction should be available in Canada.

5908722

The teaching of psychiatry as applied to pediatrics: proposals based on a report prepared by the education committee, Canadian Paediatric Society.

With changing patterns of pediatric practice, the practising physician needs to acquire a deeper understanding of the emotional and intellectual development of the child. Skill is also required in the techniques of interviewing and counselling parents, and, with a knowledge of the origin of behavioural disorders, in treating these disorders. The Education Committee of the Canadian Paediatric Society was asked to survey the present teaching of psychiatry as applied to pediatrics in all Canadian medical schools. Based on this survey and other studies, a training program for undergraduate medical students and graduates is proposed.

5908723

Northern venture.

During the past year the Department of Pediatrics at Queen's University has supplied a pediatric consulting service to the James Bay Zone of the Indian and Northern Health Services. Five pediatricians and three pediatric residents have visited the area for periods of two weeks. The organization of the program, the educational opportunities inherent in the scheme, the health problems encountered and the special character and challenge of the work are briefly described.

5908724

Medical education and research: the foundations of quality health care.

In May 1964 the Royal Commission on Health Services declared that "health research is essential to health progress". However, since that time the means of providing adequate health care have received far less attention than have methods of payment for physicians' services. Because medical education and research is the source from which all other health benefits flow, urgent attention must be paid to the adequate support of teacher-scientists, as set forth in the Woods, Gordon (Gundy) report. It is the numbers and quality of these men and women, more than any other factor, that will determine the shape of medical science and, hence, medical practice in Canada in the future. Expensive as it is, Canadian medicine and Canadian medical scientists must have generous support if medical care in this country is to be of high quality.

5908725

The resident's view of residency training in Canada.

In the view of residents in their last year of specialty training, the Fellowship is now ing the operative standard for obtaining hospital privileges in urban centres and they felt that this implied that the two standards, the Certificate and the Fellowship of the Royal College, were not achieving the purpose for which they were designed. Although 80% of the residents intended to write the Fellowship, few viewed a year in a basic science department or in research as of intrinsic value in terms of their future practice.The examinations of the Royal College were the subject of criticism, most residents feeling that the examinations did not test the knowledge and ability gained in training. Most expressed a desire for ongoing evaluation during the training period.Service responsibilities were generally regarded as too heavy.Despite the criticism of both training and examination, most residents felt that their training had provided them with the experience and background they needed to practise as specialists.

5908727

The physician of the future.

The good physician of the future will need to master not only the basic and traditional medical skills but many new concepts and techniques as well. He will need to be, as always, passionate and intelligent man. If he is to retain his status as a healer in the eyes of his patients, he will have to be fully aware of what is happening in the social and technological environment, or he will run the risk of being relegated to the position of a high-grade technician.He will have new physical tools and new thinking tools to help him. To understand and use these, and also to understand the technical world of the future, he will need a sound knowledge of the physical sciences and some fluency in the language of modern mathematics.

5908960

Pesticide residues in total-diet samples.

Small amounts of pesticide residues were found in food samples from 18 markets consisting of 82 foods collected from three different geographical areas. The samples were separated into twelve similar classes of foods, made ready to eat, and analyzed by methods capable of detecting small quantities of mon pesticide chemicals.

5908961

Food imprinting in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina.

Three groups of hatchling snapping turtles, totaling 20, were fed either meat, fish, or worms. When they were tested for preference after 12 daily feedings, each preferred the diet to which it was accustomed. After 12 more days of eating a different food, each still preferred its original diet. A form of imprinting may be operative in the feeding behavior of this species.

5908963

Thymine addition to ethanol: induction by gamma irradiation.

When thymine in dilute, deaerated, aqueous solution was irradiated with gamma-rays in the presence of ethanol, a high yield of products containing both the thymine and ethanol moieties was obtained. These were shown to be isomers formed by the attack of CH(3)CHOH radicals at the carbon No. 6 position of thymine. A similar reaction was observed with N, N'-dimethylthymine, but O,O'-dimethylthymine did not react. The reaction may be relevant to the resistance of certain cells to ionizing radiation.

5908964

New symbols for the amino acid residues of peptides and proteins.

A system of symbols for the amino acid residues of proteins and peptides is proposed. The symbols convey immediate meaning in chemical terms and therefore allow rapid recognition of the distribution and frequency of occurrence of the various functional groups. The system is readily adaptable to description of new amino acids and amino acid modifications.

5908965

Bradykinin: effect on ureteral peristalsis.

Bradykinin, a known smooth-muscle stimulant, affects ureteral perlstalsis in the dog; the changes were judged by cinefluorography, peristaltic pressures, and ureteral perfusions. No effect on urine flow was detected. Experiments with rats also demonstrated the effect of the drug on the ureter.

5908966

Cyclopentanoid terpene biosynthesis in a phasmid insect and in catmint.

The stick insect, Anisomorpha buprestoides, and the catmint, Nepeta cataria, produce closely related cyclopentanoid terpenes, anisomorphal and nepetalactone. Tracer experiments with isotopes indicate that anisomorphal is synthesized by the walking stick from normal terpene precursors (acetate or mevalonate). In the catmint plant, isolated leaf disks synthesized nepetalactone, utilizing the same precursors.

5908967

Chediak-Higashi syndrome: hereditary gigantism of cytoplasmic organelles.

In the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, an anomalous hypopigmentation is associated with large lysosomal granules in the blood leukocytes. Since the inheritance pattern is that of an autosomal recessive trait, we postulated mon mechanism for these two primary features of the disease. Electron microscopy of melanocytes revealed that the pigmentary anomaly is indeed based on giant melanosomes. Since both types of granules, leukocytic and melanosomal, are characterized by limiting membranes, Chediak-Higashi disease may be a genetic disease of membranes.

5908968

Endoplasmic reticulum in rat renal interstitial cells: molecular rearrangement after water deprivation.

Cylindrical bodies in renal interstitial cells of dehydrated rats are confluent with membranes of endoplasmic reticulum. The cylinder posed of helically arranged pentagonal tubules, may represent a molecular rearrangement of the membrane structure. The cylinders may represent a morphologic expression of altered ergastoplasmic function possibly related to the production of concentrated urine.

5908969

Inositol deficiency resulting in death: an explanation of its occurrence in Neurospora crassa.

The incorporation of radio-active inositol and choline into the cytoplasmzic membranes of inositol-and choline-auxotrophic mnutants of Neuros-pora crassa revealed that the membrane of particles which contain proteases is relatively poor in lecithin and rich in inositol-phospholipid. In mycelia of the mutant requiring inositol, grown in a suboptimum amount of exogenous inositol, the strlctural initegrity of the protease particles is lost, and the bulk of intracellular protease activity is recovered in the soluble fraction of the cell. Death from this kind of inositol deficiency is interpreted as autolysis of the cytoplasm cautsed by free proteases.

5908970

Properties of bursicon: an insect protein hormone that controls cuticular tanning.

On gel filtration the retention volume of bursicon indicates a molecular weight of about 40,000. On disc electrophoresis bursicon migrates toward the anode and appears at an R(F) (relative to the marker dye) of 0.3 to 0.4. The properties of fractions with bursicon activity in blood, brain, and ganglion of a fly (Sarcophaga bullata), and in blood, ganglion, and corpora cardiaca of a roach (Periplaneta americana) are similar, but not identical. Bursicon in the blood is more heat labile, and the activity in brain and corpora cardiaca shows two peaks in electrophoresis, instead of one as in the other fractions.

5909245

Office treatment of lower extremity injuries. A view of feasibility, limitations and hazards.

The injuries to the lower extremities seen in a surgical office may be classified as contusions, lacerations, sprains, lesions of tendons and their sheaths, involvement of bursae, chronic muscle fatigue, infections and deformities of the nails, leg ulcers, and fractures of the ankle, foot and toes. The treatment of these conditions in an office will vary under different circumstances, but one should be guided by certain fundamental rules. Contusions are best treated by the application of pression bandages. Extensive lacerations should be explored under local anesthesia with the tourniquet in place, injured tissue excised, and the wound sutured. Ankle sprains should be strapped. Immediate hospitalization must be considered in all moderate to severe initial sprains to the knee. Lesions of bursae usually respond to the injection of hydrocortisone preparations. The same treatment is used in chronic muscle fatigue, plus immobilization of the part. Chronic recurrent infection and deformities of the nails are treated by removal of the nail under local anesthesia. Fractures of the ankle, the foot and toes may be reduced under local anesthesia and a cast applied. If further swelling is feared, the patient should be put in hospital immediately.

5909246

Prevention of mental disorder. The role of the general practitioner.

As prevention in psychiatry really refers to early detection and consequent prevention plications and chronicity, the general practitioner is the most important person in the munity in preventing mental disorders. As more postgraduate courses in psychiatry e available to practicing family physicians, the majority of patients with psychiatric disorders will be effectively managed by the general medical practitioner. The family physician is already doing this, although not as well as he could. In some instances, he may be unaware of the extent to which the disease with which he deals is psychic disease. As the number munity health centers increases, family physicians will play a vital role in their function. With the necessary knowledge to detect psychic disturbance and to treat emotional disorders effectively, the family physician will prevent many of the instances of progression to chronic psychiatric illness with which we are now plagued. The psychiatrist of the future will act as consultant, treating only patients with the plicated mental disorders.

5909247

Acromegaly. The effects of various steroid hormones on the insulin-induced growth hormone response.

The availability of a sensitive assay for human growth hormone has made it possible to directly measure the effects of various agents purported to alter growth patterns. Acromegalic patients present a special problem both in early diagnosis and in therapy. Being able to measure growth hormone in these patients provides an accurate index of activity and a precise measure of therapeutic effectiveness. In an attempt to determine whether a pituitary block of growth hormone secretion is feasible in this condition, a study was made of the effects of estrogen, androgen and glucocorticoid administration on growth hormone response to a standard insulin tolerance test in a patient with active acromegaly. In the dosage schedules used in this study, it was not possible to suppress either basal growth hormone secretion or blunt its responsiveness to the normal physiologic stimulus of hypoglycemia.

5909248

Aftercare of state hospital patients. The role of the general practitioner.

Of all the problems facing patients released from a state hospital, the most serious one is adjustment. Failure here means a return to the hospital. The present aftercare program of the Department of Mental Hygiene does not and is not intended to meet all of the patient's needs. It must rely upon other agencies to assist. It must rely upon the general practitioner to provide the continuity of care which is so important to successful rehabilitation. The general practitioner can often make return to a state hospital unnecessary by an accurate assessment of the patient's problems, by effective intervention, by utilizing available consultation and by judicious referral. When services are not available, he can do much to make them available through the effective use of his professional channels.

5909249

The troubled adolescent patient. How the general practitioner may be helpful.

The disturbed adolescent is psychologically isolated from the worlds of childhood and adulthood. His sense of alienation results from both the upsurge of instinctual drives and his uneasy attempts to master changing physical attributes and new freedoms and responsibilities. The former result in conformity and in concerns about "normality." The latter lead to confusion and to alternating rebellion and over-dependence. The general practitioner may be the first person consulted by the troubled adolescent or his parents. The physician's sensitivity can be crucial in helping the family work together toward a solution. Persistent anxiety in either parent or child is in itself a problem. An understanding of those factors inherent in the adolescent experience may provide the physician with a recognition of disturbance denied by the adolescent with a facade of bravado or indifference. The physician must be prepared to help the adolescent accept a protracted period of stress, usually with only partial resolution of distressing problems.

5909250

Pigmented nevi. Induced changes in the junctional component.

The pigmented nevus represents a potentially more dynamic lesion than has been indicated by most published studies. New nevus cell clusters frequently appear in the epidermis over the residual portion of a nevus that remains after partial surgical excision. Even in relatively inactive nevi in adults, new junctional nevus cells may be induced by surgical trauma. This stimulated growth usually regresses by the time one year or more has elapsed. The growth of nevus cells is parable to that induced in other cells by traumatic injury. There is no evidence to suggest that it is related to the development of melanoma in pigmented nevi.

5909251

Radiographic diagnosis of intestinal perforation in early infancy.

Records of 25 patients with intestinal perforation in early infancy who were treated at the Los Angeles County General Hospital in a period of 15 years were reviewed. Sixteen had roentgen evidence of pneumoperitoneum, and nine did not. The mortality rate was 94 per cent in the group with pneumoperitoneum, 78 per cent in the other, and 88 per cent overall. Multiple sites in the gastrointestinal tract were involved, and the causes of the lesions were diverse and frequently obscure. Prematurity, obstetrical and plications, and congenital anomalies were factors often associated with intestinal perforation. Roentgen features appeared to offer the best hope for diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

5909252

Lung cancer. Improved cytologic detection by inducing production of sputum.

The principle of producing bronchial lavage by deposition of large amounts of heated aerosol has resulted in a significantly greater yield of positive cytologic diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma than with repeated "volunteer" specimens of sputum. Positive pressure plus bronchodilators augments greater sputum volume. Using this technique, cases in which results of bronchoscopy and aspiration biopsy were negative for malignant change, were diagnosed cytologically. Application of this technique can sometimes detect early lung carcinoma before roentgenographic changes are detectable. Positive tests in clinically far advanced disease may prevent unnecessary surgical intervention. The simplicity of the technique, the freedom from adverse reactions, and its wide acceptance by the subjects tested, make it valuable in the diagnosis of lung cancer.

5909253

The long-term effectiveness of methyldopa in hypertension.

A trial of methyldopa in hypertension was conducted in 60 patients for a mean time of 9.4 months. Initially, four different dosages of methyldopa were studied and blood pressure was significantly lowered in the supine and standing positions. Standing blood pressure was significantly reduced more than supine. An average of 5.2 visits passed before maintenance blood pressure was obtained. There was no significent evidence of deterioration during the duration of this study. Side effects were mild. Only two patients voluntarily requested discontinuance of this study. Tolerance to the drug occurred and approximately 50 per cent of the patients no longer had a significant blood pressure reduction to methyldopa alone by the end of the study. Methyldopa appears to be a significant addition to the drug therapy of hypertension.