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30864246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia%20Nseries | Nokia Nseries | The Nokia Nseries was a lineup of smartphones and tablets marketed by Nokia Corporation from 2005 to 2011. The Nseries devices commonly supported multiple high-speed wireless technologies at the time, such as 3G, or Wireless LAN. Digital multimedia services, such as music playback, photo/video capture or viewing, gaming or internet services were the central focus of the lineup. The lineup was replaced in 2011 by the Nokia Lumia line as the company's primary smartphone lineup.
The Nokia N1 tablet was introduced in November 2014 and so revived the 'N' prefix, but it was not marketed as 'Nseries'.
History
On 27 April 2005, Nokia announced a new brand of multimedia devices at the press conference of mobile phone manufacturers in Amsterdam. The first three Nseries devices introduced at the conference consists of N70, N90 and N91. On 2 November 2005, Nokia announced the N71, N80 and N92, and on 25 April 2006, Nokia announced the N72, N73 and N93, and on 26 September 2006, Nokia announced the N75 and N95. On 8 January 2007, Nokia announced the Nokia N76, Nokia N77 and Nokia N93i. On 29 August 2007, Nokia announced the N95 8GB, N81, N81 8GB, and on 14 November 2007, Nokia announced the N82, the first Nokia with xenon flash. At the 2008 GSMA held in Barcelona, the N96 and N78 were unveiled. Two new Nseries devices were revealed at the end of August 2008, the Nokia N79 and Nokia N85. On 2 December 2008, Nokia Nseries announced the Nokia N97. On 17 February 2009, Nokia announced the Nokia N86 8 MP, which is Nokia's first 8-megapixel phone. The Nokia N8 with 12-megapixel camera was announced in April 2010 and on 21 June 2011 Nokia showcased their Nokia N9 smartphone based on the MeeGo OS, their fourth non-Symbian Nseries device (after the Maemo OS-based N800 and N810 Internet tablets, and N900 smartphone). The Nseries was retired and replaced by Lumia that year. The company introduced the Nokia N1 tablet on 18 November 2014, which marked the return of the N prefix, but 'Nseries' branding has still been absent.
Features
The Nokia Nseries is aimed at users looking to pack as many features as possible into one device. The better-than-average cameras often found on Nseries devices (with many using the higher-quality Carl Zeiss optics) are one such example, as are the video and music playback and photo viewing capabilities of these devices, which resemble those of standalone portable media devices. As of 2008, in all recently launched devices GPS, MP3 player and WLAN functionality also have been present.
The numbers describe the traits of the phone:
N7x - 7 series is the balanced, least expensive Nseries range with fewer features
N8x - 8 series is the higher range Nseries range w/ cameras (ex. N82, N85 and N86 8MP)
N9x - 9 series is the highest end and the most expensive Nseries ran, e models
There are exceptions though - considering N8x, both the N82 and N86 8MP were top-of-the-range smartphones with advanced cameras, so are clearly 'high-end' as their fellow N9x models.
Operating systems
The first Nseries device was the Nokia N90 in 2005, which ran the Symbian OS 8.1 mobile operating system with Series 60 2nd Edition Feature Pack 3, as did the simultaneously-announced Nokia N70.
The Nokia N8, released in September 2010, was the world's first phone to run Symbian^3, and the first phone by Nokia featuring a 12-megapixel autofocus lens.
On the Nokia N800 and Nokia N810 Internet tablets (2007), and Nokia N900 smartphone (2009), Nokia chose to use the Linux-based Maemo operating system.
The last Nseries mobile phones were the developer-only Nokia N950 in mid-2011 and the Nokia N9, released in September 2011. Maemo had merged with Intel's Moblin to create MeeGo in May 2010, so Nokia opted to use MeeGo "Harmattan" 1.2 for these devices.
The Android-powered Nseries tablet Nokia N1 developed by Nokia, released in January 2015, uses Android (operating system) 5.0 (Lollipop). It is manufactured by Foxconn and has 8-megapixel back camera and 5-megapixel front camera.
List of Nseries devices
In June at the Nokia Connections in Singapore Nokia launched the new N9 with MeeGo 1.2 Harmattan OS which the company calls Qt device as the whole app and UI framework is written in Qt. It is also the world's first pure touch phone with no buttons for home screen and a great new swipe UI. Reviews have been average to good for this phone, with most reviewers liking the phone's good quality and operating system, but expressing concern over the fact that it loses out to competitors in terms of specs. The device was expected to be sold in selected regions in Q3 2011.
See also
Nokia Cseries
Nokia Eseries
Nokia Xseries
List of Nokia products
References
External links
Nokia Europe | Nseries
Talk About N Series | Nokia Phone Reviews
sv:Lista över Nokia-smartphones#Nserien |
57388949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ML.NET | ML.NET | ML.NET is a free software machine learning library for the C# and F# programming languages. It also supports Python models when used together with NimbusML. The preview release of ML.NET included transforms for feature engineering like n-gram creation, and learners to handle binary classification, multi-class classification, and regression tasks. Additional ML tasks like anomaly detection and recommendation systems have since been added, and other approaches like deep learning will be included in future versions.
Machine learning
ML.NET brings model-based Machine Learning analytic and prediction capabilities to existing .NET developers. The framework is built upon .NET Core and .NET Standard inheriting the ability to run cross-platform on Linux, Windows and macOS. Although the ML.NET framework is new, its origins began in 2002 as a Microsoft Research project named TMSN (text mining search and navigation) for use internally within Microsoft products. It was later renamed to TLC (the learning code) around 2011. ML.NET was derived from the TLC library and has largely surpassed its parent says Dr. James McCaffrey, Microsoft Research.
Developers can train a Machine Learning Model or reuse an existing Model by a 3rd party and run it on any environment offline. This means developers do not need to have a background in Data Science to use the framework. Support for the open-source Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX) Deep Learning model format was introduced from build 0.3 in ML.NET. The release included other notable enhancements such as Factorization Machines, LightGBM, Ensembles, LightLDA transform and OVA. The ML.NET integration of TensorFlow is enabled from the 0.5 release. Support for x86 & x64 applications was added to build 0.7 including enhanced recommendation capabilities with Matrix Factorization. A full roadmap of planned features have been made available on the official GitHub repo.
The first stable 1.0 release of the framework was announced at Build (developer conference) 2019. It included the addition of a Model Builder tool and AutoML (Automated Machine Learning) capabilities. Build 1.3.1 introduced a preview of Deep Neural Network training using C# bindings for Tensorflow and a Database loader which enables model training on databases. The 1.4.0 preview added ML.NET scoring on ARM processors and Deep Neural Network training with GPU's for Windows and Linux.
Performance
Microsoft's paper on machine learning with ML.NET demonstrated it is capable of training sentiment analysis models using large datasets while achieving high accuracy. Its results showed 95% accuracy on Amazon's 9GB review dataset.
Model builder
The ML.NET CLI is a Command-line interface which uses ML.NET AutoML to perform model training and pick the best algorithm for the data. The ML.NET Model Builder preview is an extension for Visual Studio that uses ML.NET CLI and ML.NET AutoML to output the best ML.NET Model using a GUI.
Model explainability
AI fairness and explainability has been an area of debate for AI Ethicists in recent years. A major issue for Machine Learning applications is the black box effect where end users and the developers of an application are unsure of how an algorithm came to a decision or whether the dataset contains bias. Build 0.8 included model explainability API's that had been used internally in Microsoft. It added the capability to understand the feature importance of models with the addition of 'Overall Feature Importance' and 'Generalized Additive Models'.
When there are several variables that contribute to the overall score, it is possible to see a breakdown of each variable and which features had the most impact on the final score. The official documentation demonstrates that the scoring metrics can be output for debugging purposes. During training & debugging of a model, developers can preview and inspect live filtered data. This is possible using the Visual Studio DataView tools.
Infer.NET
Microsoft Research announced the popular Infer.NET model-based machine learning framework used for research in academic institutions since 2008 has been released open source and is now part of the ML.NET framework. The Infer.NET framework utilises probabilistic programming to describe probabilistic models which has the added advantage of interpretability. The Infer.NET namespace has since been changed to Microsoft.ML.Probabilistic consistent with ML.NET namespaces.
NimbusML Python support
Microsoft acknowledged that the Python programming language is popular with Data Scientists, so it has introduced NimbusML the experimental Python bindings for ML.NET. This enables users to train and use machine learning models in Python. It was made open source similar to Infer.NET.
Machine learning in the browser
ML.NET allows users to export trained models to the Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX) format. This establishes an opportunity to use models in different environments that don't use ML.NET. It would be possible to run these models in the client side of a browser using ONNX.js, a javascript client-side framework for deep learning models created in the Onnx format.
AI School Machine Learning Course
Along with the rollout of the ML.NET preview, Microsoft rolled out free AI tutorials and courses to help developers understand techniques needed to work with the framework.
See also
Scikit-learn
Accord.NET
LightGBM
TensorFlow
Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit
List of numerical analysis software
List of numerical libraries for .NET framework
References
Further reading
Applied machine learning
Data mining and machine learning software
Deep learning
Probabilistic models
Probabilistic software
Free statistical software
.NET software
Free software programmed in C Sharp
Free software programmed in C++
Microsoft free software
Artificial intelligence applications
Open-source artificial intelligence
Software using the MIT license
2018 software |
54386174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi%20Wu | Naomi Wu | Naomi Wu, also known as Sexy Cyborg (), is a Chinese DIY maker and internet personality. As an advocate of women in STEM, transhumanism, open source hardware, and body modification, she attempts to challenge gender and tech stereotypes with a flamboyant public persona, using objectification of her appearance to inspire women.
Work
Wu's maker projects often center on wearable technology, including cyberpunk clothes and accessories, along with other projects. One of her early designs (2015) was 3D-printed "Wu Ying" (Chinese for "shadowless") platform heels, with a compartment that hides hacker tools including a keystroke recorder, a wireless router, and lock-picking tools. She explained to an interviewer that women's clothing often lacks pockets, but "chunky platform style shoes that many women in China wear to appear taller—have a lot of unused space."
In addition to her public work as a maker, Wu says she also works as a professional coder in Ruby on Rails, using a masculine pseudonym to protect her identity and preclude gender discrimination; she also reviews electronics. Wu maintains active Reddit and Twitter accounts under the noms de plume of and , respectively.
On International Women's Day 2017 she was listed as one of the 43 most influential women in 3D printing, a male-dominated field, by 3D Printer & 3D Printing News. She regards the usage of 3D printing to teach design principles and creativity in the Chinese classroom as the most exciting development of the technology, and more generally regards 3D printing as being the next desktop publishing revolution. She regards "Chinese gadgets" as good as or better than foreign.
In 2013 the Post-Polio Health International (PHI) organizations estimated that there were only six to eight iron lung users in the United States; as of 2017 its executive director knew of none. Press reports then emerged, however, of at least three (perhaps the last three) users of such devices, sparking interest among those in the makerspace community such as Wu (who had never heard of iron lungs before) in the remanufacture of the obsolete components, particularly the gaskets, and prompting discussion of the regulatory and legal issues involved. Wu hoped to achieve a solution with help from her followers on Twitter and YouTube, saying, "Anything from the 50s and 60s, we can whip up in a makerspace, no problem."
On November 5, 2017 Dale Dougherty, the CEO of Maker Media, publisher of Make: magazine, doubted Wu's authenticity in a since deleted tweet —"I am questioning who she really is. Naomi is a persona, not a real person. She is several or many people." On November 6, 2017, Dougherty publicly apologized to Wu for "my recent tweets questioning your identity," saying they represented a failure to live up to the inclusivity Make magazine should value. Wu herself considers the matter settled.
Wu appeared on the February/March 2018 cover of Make, which also included an article about her experiences with open source hardware in China. Wu was the first Chinese person ever to appear on the cover of Make.
Vice article
In 2018, a reporter from Vice spent three days with Wu in Shenzhen, exploring the city, meeting Wu's friends, photographing Wu's home, and describing in depth the local creative history and Wu's recent creation, the Sino:Bit, a single-board microcontroller for computer education in China, and the first Chinese open-source hardware product to be certified by the Open Source Hardware Association.
The article which revealed details of her personal life drew criticism from Wu and from others when according to her agreement with Vice, such details should have been left out of the article, out of fear of retaliation by the Chinese government and also to protect her own private life. Vice refused to comply with the agreement and published the details regardless.
After Vice failed to retract the story, Wu created a video in which she made boots with tiny video screens, which briefly displayed Vice's editor-in-chief's home address. Vice responded by having Wu's Patreon account withdrawn for "doxxing". This temporarily stalled Wu's independent maker career, and she returned to freelance coding for a brief period of time.
After the Vice article
In November 2019, Wu was detained by Chinese authorities for an interstitial Wall Street Journal interview expose piece on Chinese censorship in an episode of Netflix's Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj.
See also
Hacker culture
Maker culture
References
External links
Thingiverse designs
Naomi Wu's channel on YouTube
Naomi Wu on Imgur
Portrayal in DFRobot & China Daily
NYT Welcome Our New Fembot Overlords (Naomi Wu appears at 2:24)
Make (magazine)-Vol 61, March 2018 - Cover story about Naomi Wu and other makers from that region.
Sexy Cyborg FAQ on Pastebin
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
DIY culture
Hacker culture
Chinese transhumanists
People from Shenzhen
Chinese YouTubers
Place of birth missing (living people) |
2667648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retransmission%20%28data%20networks%29 | Retransmission (data networks) | Retransmission, essentially identical with automatic repeat request (ARQ), is the resending of packets which have been either damaged or lost. Retransmission is one of the basic mechanisms used by protocols operating over a packet switched computer network to provide reliable communication (such as that provided by a reliable byte stream, for example TCP).
Such networks are usually "unreliable", meaning they offer no guarantees that they will not delay, damage, or lose packets, or deliver them out of order. Protocols which provide reliable communication over such networks use a combination of acknowledgments (i.e. an explicit receipt from the destination of the data), retransmission of missing or damaged packets (usually initiated by a time-out), and checksums to provide that reliability.
Acknowledgment
There are several forms of acknowledgement which can be used alone or together in networking protocols:
Positive Acknowledgement: the receiver explicitly notifies the sender which packets, messages, or segments were received correctly. Positive Acknowledgement therefore also implicitly informs the sender which packets were not received and provides detail on packets which need to be retransmitted.
Negative Acknowledgment (NACK): the receiver explicitly notifies the sender which packets, messages, or segments were received incorrectly and thus may need to be retransmitted (RFC 4077).
Selective Acknowledgment (SACK): the receiver explicitly lists which packets, messages, or segments in a stream are acknowledged (either negatively or positively). Positive selective acknowledgment is an option in TCP (RFC 2018) that is useful in Satellite Internet access (RFC 2488).
Cumulative Acknowledgment: the receiver acknowledges that it correctly received a packet, message, or segment in a stream which implicitly informs the sender that the previous packets were received correctly. TCP uses cumulative acknowledgment with its TCP sliding window.
Retransmission
Retransmission is a very simple concept. Whenever one party sends something to the other party, it retains a copy of the data it sent until the recipient has acknowledged that it received it. In a variety of circumstances the sender automatically retransmits the data using the retained copy. Reasons for resending include:
if no such acknowledgment is forthcoming within a reasonable time, the time-out
the sender discovers, often through some out of band means, that the transmission was unsuccessful
if the receiver knows that expected data has not arrived, and so notifies the sender
if the receiver knows that the data has arrived, but in a damaged condition, and indicates that to the sender
See also
Error control
Reliable system design
Truncated binary exponential backoff
TCP congestion avoidance algorithm
Development of TCP
QSL card
Network protocols |
428677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN%20party | LAN party | A LAN party is a gathering of people with computers or compatible game consoles, where a local area network (LAN) connection is established between the devices using a router or switch, primarily for the purpose of playing multiplayer video games together. The size of these networks may vary from as few as two people to very large gatherings of a hundred or more. Small parties can form spontaneously and take advantage of common household networking equipment, but larger ones typically require more planning, equipment, and preparation.
As of 2020, the world record for the size of a LAN party is 22,810 visitors, set at DreamHack, in Jönköping, Sweden.
LAN party events differ significantly from LAN gaming centers and Internet cafes in that they generally require participants to bring your own computer (BYOC) and are not permanent installations, often taking place in general meeting places or residences.
Small LAN parties
Usually, smaller LAN parties consist of people bringing their computers over to each other's houses to host and play multiplayer games.
These are sometimes established between small groups of friends, and hosted at a central location or one that is known to all participants. Such events are often organized quickly with little planning, and some overnight events, with some stretching into days (or even weeks). Because of the small number of players, games are usually played on small levels and/or against bots.
A small LAN party requires either a network switch, with enough ports to accommodate all the players, or if all the computers have Wi-Fi capability, an ad hoc network may be set up. This allows two or more computers to connect over a wireless connection, thereby eliminating the need for a wired network, a fair amount of power, and suitable surfaces for all the computers. Providing refreshments is often also a duty of the host, though guests are usually asked to contribute. In larger parties where participants may not all know each other personally, an entry fee may even be charged. Another tradition of some small groups is to purchase large amounts of fast food for consumption over many days. Many LAN participants will also bring food or drink to consume over the course of the party—though they can be held at any hour, many LAN parties begin late in the evening and run through the next morning, making energy drinks a popular choice.
When some of the participants cannot be present or when merging a few LAN parties together, VPN software such as Hamachi can be used to arrange computers over the Internet so they appear to be on the same LAN.
Normally, the host will host the games but sometimes at very small LAN parties (e.g. 2 or 3 people) all participants will connect to an online internet server and add a word in front of their name to tell everyone else that they are a clan or group. At bigger LANs (e.g. 5 or more people) the host or a friend of the host will use a spare PC as a game server to serve all the participants. Usually the host and/or the owner are administrators.
The group can play together in another server as well if they wish as long as they are in the same LAN.
Private LAN parties were at their peak in popularity during the late 1990s to early 2000s when broadband internet access was either unavailable or too expensive for most people at the time. Another purpose for attending private LAN parties was also the opportunity to share software, movies or music among the participants. File-sharing over LAN networks provided a convenient way to exchange content among participants, as most average internet users did not have access to the high-speed and bandwidth that a broadband Internet connection offers to accommodate large file size downloads. Since the wide availability of high-speed internet, friends can more easily remotely play their multiplayer games together, using gaming-orientated software such as TeamSpeak, Discord and Steam. Social media can also assist in online meet-ups and communication for groups of friends to be able to play their multiplayer games online together, in the comfort of their own homes rather than the inconvenience of packing and then setting up their PC's to the LAN party host's location.
Console-based LAN parties
While traditional LAN parties have solely consisted of computer gaming, the widespread adoption of network-centric console platforms, such as Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, has led to an evolution in LAN parties. Modern consoles equipped with Ethernet ports are able to communicate with each other over standard routers or switches, much like traditional computers.
Console-LAN attendees need only their console, games, and television to garner the same local gaming experience as their computer-based counterparts. Many popular multiplayer games for the console have also been ported to the PC (e.g. Battlefield: Bad Company 2 and Halo: Combat Evolved). Developers have given consumers the choice to enjoy the same multiplayer games on multiple platforms, paving way for an alternative stage in 21st-century LAN parties.
Larger LAN parties
Many commercialized parties offer various tournaments, with competitions in such games as StarCraft, Warcraft III, World of Warcraft, Counter-Strike: Source, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Unreal Tournament, Fortnite, Kirby Air Ride, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Garry's Mod, and games from the Quake, Left 4 Dead, Call of Duty, Battlefield, Doom and Halo series. Prizes may be awarded to winners, and can include computer hardware such as overclocking kits, cases, lights, fans, graphics cards and sometimes even complete computers (often considered humorous as typically the winner of the competition would already have (and be competing on) a custom PC far superior to the prize).
The duration of events is not standardized; organized parties often last for a weekend.
Big LAN parties often offer a quiet place to sleep, shower, and eat, as well as hired security, alternative entertainment (such as music), and a dedicated support crew, as well as a professionally managed network including a connection to the Internet. Catering might come in the form of a bar, delivered food such as pizza, or nearby shops. Some parties come fully catered in the form of regular barbecues or even employment of a catering staff running a public canteen.
Gaming clans — groups of gamers that often play in team games—often use these gatherings to meet one another, since they typically play together over the Internet between other parties with little real-world contact. Their goal is often to win tournaments. Clans are often in "ladders" where they move up after winning a match. As well as counting for standings in national and international gaming leagues such as the CPL there are regular events such as QuakeCon in which the very best players from around the world compete against one another, much like in popular sports. Practice matches are usually held prior to a match so competitors can get a rough idea of what they are up against.
Often case modders and overclockers attend these events to display their computers, which otherwise would be seen by few. Some come just to display their computers and look at others' computers.
Some attendees also use these parties for the purpose of file sharing. Copyright infringement via file sharing is often discouraged or forbidden by the larger parties. However, enforcement is rare and spotty due to the time involved and often a lack of desire by organizers. Some LAN parties actively support file sharing for legitimate purposes (game patches, updates, user-contributed content), and may run Direct Connect hubs or other P2P service servers. One of the main reasons for running such servers is so file sharing can be monitored/controlled while standard Windows file sharing (SMB/CIFS) can be blocked, thus preventing the spread of SMB/CIFS-based viruses. Most P2P setups used at LAN parties also have a 'centralized' chat area, where all members of the LAN party can converse in an IRC-like environment.
There are also other kinds of parties not referred to as "LAN parties" where temporary LANs are built but are not used as the main attraction. Amongst these are demoparties such as Assembly and hacker conventions such as DEF CON.
In the traditionally active demoscene countries, such as those in Northern Europe, the LAN party culture is often heavily influenced by demoparties. This is due to the fact that many of the largest demoparties were already well established in the early 1990s and their facilities were also suitable for large-scale LAN party activity. This eventually led to gaming clans and other similar groups to attend these events and regard them merely as large LAN parties. On the other hand, it is not uncommon for "pure" LAN parties in Northern Europe to organize some demoscene-like competitions in areas such as computer graphics or home videos.
Sponsorship
Many computer companies, including NVIDIA, Cooler Master, Cyber Snipa, Antec, Corsair, Alienware, SteelSeries, Tesoro, and Thermaltake, offer sponsorship packages to large LAN parties, with funding, prizes, or equipment given in return for advertising. Many large-scale LAN parties seek such sponsorship, in order to reduce operating risk (often the organisers risk losing tens of thousands of dollars) and provide prizes for attendees.
Culture
LAN parties have their own unique culture. Enthusiasts often show off computers with extravagant aftermarket cooling systems, LED lighting effects, multi-display setups, and custom-built cases, and many other enhancements. Highly caffeinated drinks, termed energy drinks, are very popular in these events to improve concentration and stamina, since LAN parties often run into the early morning hours. Large parties can last for several days with no scheduled breaks. Most of the time, sleep is compromised to play for extended periods of time lasting from night to morning. There are also designated rooms separated from the LAN party for sleep.
Notable events
Assembly demo party, held annually in Helsinki, Finland, the world's largest gathering of demoscene programmers.
CampZone, the world's largest outdoor LAN party held in the Netherlands.
Cyberathlete Professional League, formerly one of the largest LAN events in the United States.
DreamHack, claimed to be the largest LAN party in the world. Held twice annually in Jönköping, Sweden.
Euskal Encounter, the largest (6000 people) and oldest (since 1994) LAN party in Spain, celebrated every July at the Bilbao Exhibition Centre in Baracaldo.
Fragapalooza, one of the largest LAN parties in Canada. Held in Edmonton, Alberta.
Frag Infinity Tournament, F.I.T.E.S. LAN is a major event held yearly in south central Pennsylvania.
Gaming Scotland, the largest Scottish LAN party held at the Dobbie Hall, Scotland.
Lan ETS, the largest LAN party in Canada. Held in Montreal, Quebec.
Minho Campus Party, LAN party held annually in the Minho region, Portugal.
Insomnia Gaming Festival, the largest LAN party in the United Kingdom, hosted by Multiplay. Held twice annually at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham, England.
Organised Chaos, Africa's largest monthly LAN party (1200 people). Held in the Bellville Velodrome in Cape Town, South Africa. Posted Over 2 days in the Weekend.
PDXLAN, is one of the largest family and friend oriented annual LAN parties in the Northwestern US.
Pittsburgh LAN Coalition, holds Iron Storm, a major semi-yearly LAN in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
QuakeCon, largest LAN party in the United States Held annually in Dallas, Texas.
The Gathering, held in Hamar, Norway is one of the world's largest computer parties
See also
Block party
Demoscene
Install fest
MIDI Maze
References
External links
The LAN Party Exchange - US LAN Party List
LAN Party List - Worldwide list of LAN Parties
LAN Link Network - Australian LAN Party Information
lanlist.org - A List of LAN Parties, with a focus on the UK
LAN Party EH - A List of LAN Parties, with a focus on Canada
LAN Party guide at Tom's Hardware Guide
Running a LAN
LAN Survival guide
Video game gameplay
Video game culture |
484117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob%20%28programming%29 | Glob (programming) | In computer programming, glob () patterns specify sets of filenames with wildcard characters. For example, the Unix Bash shell command mv *.txt textfiles/ moves (mv) all files with names ending in .txt from the current directory to the directory textfiles. Here, * is a wildcard standing for "any string of characters" and *.txt is a glob pattern. The other common wildcard is the question mark (?), which stands for one character. For example, mv ?.txt shorttextfiles/ will move all files named with a single character followed by .txt from the current directory to directory shorttextfiles, while ??.txt would match all files whose name consists of 2 characters followed by .txt.
In addition to matching filenames, globs are also used widely for matching arbitrary strings (wildcard matching). In this capacity a common interface is fnmatch.
Origin
The glob command, short for global, originates in the earliest versions of Bell Labs' Unix. The command interpreters of the early versions of Unix (1st through 6th Editions, 1969–1975) relied on a separate program to expand wildcard characters in unquoted arguments to a command: /etc/glob. That program performed the expansion and supplied the expanded list of file paths to the command for execution.
Glob was originally written in the B programming language. It was the first piece of mainline Unix software to be developed in a high-level programming language. Later, this functionality was provided as a C library function, glob(), used by programs such as the shell. It is usually defined based on a function named fnmatch(), which tests for whether a string matches a given pattern - the program using this function can then iterate through a series of strings (usually filenames) to determine which ones match. Both functions are a part of POSIX: the functions defined in POSIX.1 since 2001, and the syntax defined in POSIX.2. The idea of defining a separate match function started with wildmat (wildcard match), a simple library to match strings against Bourne Shell globs.
Traditionally, globs do not match hidden files in the form of Unix dotfiles; to match them the pattern must explicitly start with .. For example, * matches all visible files while .* matches all hidden files.
Syntax
The most common wildcards are , , and .
Normally, the path separator character ( on Linux/Unix, MacOS, etc. or on Windows) will never be matched. Some shells, such as Bash have functionality allowing users to circumvent this.
Unix-like
On Unix-like systems , is defined as above while has two additional meanings:
The ranges are also allowed to include pre-defined character classes, equivalence classes for accented characters, and collation symbols for hard-to-type characters. They are defined to match up with the brackets in POSIX regular expressions.
Unix globbing is handled by the shell per POSIX tradition. Globbing is provided on filenames at the command line and in shell scripts. The POSIX-mandated case statement in shells provides pattern-matching using glob patterns.
Some shells (such as the C shell and Bash) support additional syntax known as alternation or brace expansion. Because it is not part of the glob syntax, it is not provided in case. It is only expanded on the command line before globbing.
The Bash shell also supports the following extensions:
Extended globbing (extglob): allows other pattern matching operators to be used to match multiple occurrences of a pattern enclosed in parentheses, essentially providing the missing kleene star and alternation for describing regular languages. It can be enabled by setting the shell option. This option came from ksh93. The GNU fnmatch and glob has an identical extension.
globstar: allows ** on its own as a name component to recursively match any number of layers of non-hidden directories. Also supported by the JS libraries and Python's glob.
Windows and DOS
The original DOS was a clone of CP/M designed to work on Intel's 8088 and 8086 processors. Windows shells, following DOS, do not traditionally perform any glob expansion in arguments passed to external programs. Shells may use an expansion for their own builtin commands:
Windows PowerShell has all the common syntax defined as stated above without any additions.
COMMAND.COM and cmd.exe have most of the common syntax with some limitations: There is no and for COMMAND.COM the may only appear at the end of the pattern. It can not appear in the middle of a pattern, except immediately preceding the filename extension separator dot.
Windows and DOS programs receive a long command-line string instead of argv-style parameters, and it is their responsibility to perform any splitting, quoting, or glob expansion. There is technically no fixed way of describing wildcards in programs since they are free to do what they wish. Two common glob expanders include:
The Microsoft C Runtime (msvcrt) command-line expander, which only supports and . Both ReactOS (crt/misc/getargs.c) and Wine (msvcrt/data.c) contain a compatible open-source implementation of , the function operating under-the-hood, in their core CRT.
The Cygwin and MSYS command-line expander, which uses the unix-style routine under-the-hood, after splitting the arguments.
Most other parts of Windows, including the Indexing Service, use the MS-DOS style of wildcards found in CMD. A relic of the 8.3 filename age, this syntax pays special attention to dots in the pattern and the text (filename). Internally this is done using three extra wildcard characters, . On the Windows API end, the equivalent is , and corresponds to its underlying . (Another fnmatch analogue is .) Both open-source msvcrt expanders use , so 8.3 filename quirks will also apply in them.
SQL
The SQL operator has an equivalent to and but not .
Standard SQL uses a glob-like syntax for simple string matching in its LIKE operator, although the term "glob" is not generally used in the SQL community. The percent sign () matches zero or more characters and the underscore () matches exactly one.
Many implementations of SQL have extended the LIKE operator to allow a richer pattern-matching language, incorporating character ranges (), their negation, and elements of regular expressions.
Compared to regular expressions
Globs do not include syntax for the Kleene star which allows multiple repetitions of the preceding part of the expression; thus they are not considered regular expressions, which can describe the full set of regular languages over any given finite alphabet.
Globs attempt to match the entire string (for example, matches S.DOC and SA.DOC, but not POST.DOC or SURREY.DOCKS), whereas, depending on implementation details, regular expressions may match a substring.
Implementing as regular expressions
The original Mozilla proxy auto-config implementation, which provides a glob-matching function on strings, uses a replace-as-RegExp implementation as above. The bracket syntax happens to be covered by regex in such an example.
Python's fnmatch uses a more elaborate procedure to transform the pattern into a regular expression.
Other implementations
Beyond their uses in shells, globs patterns also find use in a variety of programming languages, mainly to process human input. A glob-style interface for returning files or an fnmatch-style interface for matching strings are found in the following programming languages:
C# has a library called Glob which can be installed using NuGet.
D has a globMatch function in the std.path module.
JavaScript has a library called minimatch which is used internally by npm, and micromatch, a purportedly more optimized, accurate and safer globbing implementation used by Babel and yarn.
Go has a Glob function in the filepath package.
Java has a Files class containing methods that operate on glob patterns.
Haskell has a Glob package with the main module System.FilePath.Glob. The pattern syntax is based on a subset of Zsh’s. It tries to optimize the given pattern and should be noticeably faster than a naïve character-by-character matcher.
Perl has both a glob function (as discussed in Larry Wall's book Programming Perl) and a Glob extension which mimics the BSD glob routine. Perl's angle brackets can be used to glob as well: <*.log>.
PHP has a glob function.
Python has a glob module in the standard library which performs wildcard pattern matching on filenames, and an fnmatch module with functions for matching strings or filtering lists based on these same wildcard patterns. Guido van Rossum, author of the Python programming language, wrote and contributed a glob routine to BSD Unix in 1986. There were previous implementations of glob, e.g., in the ex and ftp programs in previous releases of BSD.
Ruby has a glob method for the Dir class which performs wildcard pattern matching on filenames. Several libraries such as Rant and Rake provide a FileList class which has a glob method or use the method FileList.[] identically.
Rust has multiple libraries that can match glob patterns.
SQLite has a GLOB function.
Tcl contains a globbing facility.
See also
Regular expression
Wildcard character
Matching wildcards
References
C POSIX library
Pattern matching
Unix programming tools |
66555766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20lists%20of%20softwares | List of lists of softwares | List of educational software
List of version-control software
List of SIP software
List of reporting software
List of statistical software
List of optimization software
List of open-source software for mathematics
List of information graphics software
List of music software |
1849503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File%20attribute | File attribute | File attributes are a type of meta-data that describe and may modify how files and/or directories in a filesystem behave. Typical file attributes may, for example, indicate or specify whether a file is visible, modifiable, compressed, or encrypted. The availability of most file attributes depends on support by the underlying filesystem (such as FAT, NTFS, ext4)
where attribute data must be stored along with other control structures. Each attribute can have one of two states: set and cleared. Attributes are considered distinct from other metadata, such as dates and times, filename extensions or file system permissions. In addition to files, folders, volumes and other file system objects may have attributes.
DOS and Windows
Traditionally, in DOS and Microsoft Windows, files and folders accepted four attributes:
Archive (A): When set, it indicates that the hosting file has changed since the last backup operation. Windows' file system sets this attribute on any file that has changed. Backup software then has the duty of clearing it upon a successful full or incremental backup (not a differential one).
Hidden (H): When set, indicates that the hosting file is hidden. MS-DOS commands like dir and Windows apps like File Explorer do not show hidden files by default, unless asked to do so.
System (S): When set, indicates that the hosting file is a critical system file that is necessary for the computer to operate properly. MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows use it to mark important system files. MS-DOS commands like dir and Windows apps like File Explorer do not show system files by default even when hidden files are shown, unless asked to do so.
Read-only (R): When set, indicates that a file should not be altered. Upon opening the file, file system API usually does not grant write permission to the requesting application, unless the application explicitly requests it. Read-only attributes on folders are usually ignored, being used for another purpose.
As new versions of Windows came out, Microsoft has added to the inventory of available attributes on the NTFS file system, including but not limited to:
Compressed (C): When set, Windows compresses the hosting file upon storage. For more information, see .
Encrypted (E): When set, Windows encrypts the hosting file upon storage to prevent unauthorized access. For more information, see .
Not Content-Indexed (I): When set, Indexing Service or Windows Search do not include the hosting file in their indexing operation.
Other attributes that are displayed in the "Attributes" column of Windows Explorer include:
Directory (D): The entry is a subdirectory, containing file and directory entries of its own.
Reparse Point (L): The file or directory has an associated re-parse point, or is a symbolic link.
Offline (O): The file data is physically moved to offline storage (Remote Storage).
Sparse (P): The file is a sparse file, i.e., its contents are partially empty and non-contiguous.
Temporary (T): The file is used for temporary storage.
In DOS, OS/2 and Windows, the attrib command in cmd.exe and command.com can be used to change and display the four traditional file attributes. File Explorer in Windows can show the seven mentioned attributes but cannot set or clear the System attribute. Windows PowerShell, which has become a component of Windows 7 and later, features two commands that can read and write attributes: Get-ItemProperty and Set-ItemProperty. To change an attribute on a file on Windows NT, the user must have appropriate file system permissions known as Write Attributes and Write Extended Attributes.
Unix and POSIX
In Unix and Unix-like systems, including POSIX-conforming systems, each file has a 'mode' containing 9 bit flags controlling read, write and execute permission for each of the file's owner, group and all other users (see File-system permissions §Traditional Unix permissions for more details) plus the setuid and setgid bit flags and a 'sticky' bit flag.
The mode also specifies the file type (regular file, directory, or some other special kind).
4.4BSD and derivatives
In 4.4BSD and 4.4BSD-Lite, files and directories (folders) accepted four attributes that could be set by the owner of the file or the superuser (the "User" attributes) and two attributes that could only be set by the superuser (the "System" attributes):
(User) No-dump: When set, it indicates that the file or directory should not be saved during a backup operation.
(User and System) Immutable: When set, indicates that the file or directory should not be altered. Attempts to open the file for writing, create a file within the directory, remove a file from the directory, rename a file within the directory, rename the file or directory, or remove the file or directory will fail with a permissions error.
(User and System) Append-only: When set, indicates that the file should only be appended to.
(User) Opaque: When set on a directory, indicates that the directory is opaque when viewed through a union stack.
FreeBSD added some additional attributes, also supported by DragonFly BSD:
(User and System) No-unlink: When set, indicates that the file or directory should not be renamed or removed. Attempts to rename or remove the file or directory will fail with a permissions error.
FreeBSD also supports:
(System) No-archive: When set, indicates that the file or directory should not be archived.
(System) Snapshot: When set, indicates that the file or directory is a snapshot file. This attribute is maintained by the system, and cannot be set, even by the super-user.
whereas DragonFly BSD supports:
(User and System) No-history: When set, indicates that history should not be retained for the file or directory.
(User) Swapcache: When set, indicates that clean filesystem data for the file, or for the directory and everything underneath the directory, should be cached in swap space on a solid-state drive.
(System) Swapcache: When set, indicates that clean filesystem data for the file, or for the directory and everything underneath the directory, should not be cached in swap space on a solid-state drive.
(System) Archived: When set, indicates that the file or directory may be archived.
NetBSD added another attribute, also supported by OpenBSD:
(System) Archived: When set, indicates that the file or directory is archived.
macOS added three attributes:
(User) Hidden: When set, indicates that the file or directory should not, by default, be displayed in the GUI; ls will display it, however.
(System) Restricted: When set, indicates that the file or directory will be protected by System Integrity Protection
(User and System) Compressed: Read-only attribute for files compressed using HFS+ Compression
In these systems, the chflags and ls commands can be used to change and display file attributes. To change a "user" attribute on a file in 4.4BSD-derived operating systems, the user must be the owner of the file or the superuser; to change a "system" attribute, the user must be the superuser.
Linux
The Linux operating system can support a wide range of file attributes that can be listed by the lsattr command and modified, where possible, by the chattr command.
Programs can examine and alter attributes using ioctl operations.
Many Linux file systems support only a limited set of attributes, and none of them support every attribute that chattr can change. File systems that support at least some attributes include ext4, XFS and btrfs.
See also
Extended file attributes
Hidden file and hidden directory
Volume label
References
External links
Definition of: DOS Attrib on PC Magazine
Microsoft File Attribute Constants
Win32 File Attributes
Computer file systems |
14726567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20build%20automation%20software | List of build automation software | Build automation involves scripting or automating the process of compiling computer source code into binary code. Below is a list of notable tools associated with automating build processes.
Make-based
GNU make, a widely used make implementation with a large set of extensions
make, a classic Unix build tool
mk, developed originally for Version 10 Unix and Plan 9, and ported to Unix as part of plan9port
MPW Make, developed for the classic Mac OS and similar to but not compatible with Unix make; the modern macOS (OS X) comes with both GNU make and BSD make; available as part of Macintosh Programmer's Workshop as a free, unsupported download from Apple
nmake
PVCS-make, basically follows the concept of make but with a noticeable set of unique syntax features
Make-incompatible
Apache Ant, popular for Java platform development and uses an XML file format
Apache Buildr, open-source build system, Rake-based, gives the full power of scripting in Ruby with integral support for most abilities wanted in a build system
Apache Maven, a Java platform tool for dependency management and automated software build
ASDF LISP build system for building LISP projects
A-A-P, a Python-based build tool
Bazel, a portion of Blaze (Google's own build tool) written in Java, using Starlark (BUILD file syntax) to build projects in Java, C, C++, Go, Python, Objective-C, and others
BitBake, a Python-based tool with the special focus of distributions and packages for embedded Linux cross-compilation
Boot, a Java build and dependency management tool written in Clojure
boost.build For C++ projects, cross-platform, based on Perforce Jam
Buck, a build system developed and used by Facebook, written in Java, using Starlark (BUILD file syntax) as Bazel
Buildout, a Python-based build system for creating, assembling and deploying applications from multiple parts
Cabal, a common architecture for building applications and libraries in the programming language Haskell
Dub, the official package and build manager of the D Language
Fastbuild, a high performance, open-source build system for Windows, Linux and OS X. It supports highly scalable compilation, caching and network distribution
FinalBuilder, for Windows software developers. FinalBuilder provides a graphical IDE to both create and run build projects in a single application. The final builder also includes the ability the execute the unit test, deploy web projects or install and test applications.
Flowtracer
Gradle, an open-source build and automation system with an Apache Groovy-based domain specific language (DSL), combining features of Apache Ant and Apache Maven with additional features like a reliable incremental build
Grunt, a build tool for front-end web development
Gulp, another build tool for front-end
IncrediBuild
Leiningen, a tool providing commonly performed tasks in Clojure projects, including build automation
Mix, the Elixir build tool
MSBuild, the Microsoft build engine
NAnt, a tool similar to Ant for the .NET Framework
Ninja, a small build system focused on speed by using build scripts generated by higher-level build systems
Perforce Jam, a build tool by Perforce, inspired by Make
Phing, PHP project build system, based on Apache Ant
Psake, domain-specific language and build-automation tool written in PowerShell
Qt Build System
Rake, a Ruby-based build tool
sbt, a build tool built on a Scala-based DSL
SCons, Python-based, with integrated functionality similar to autoconf/automake
Stack, a tool to build Haskell projects, manage their dependencies (compilers and libraries), and for testing and benchmarking.
tup, a graph based build system that uses file modification monitoring to provide near-optimal build times, with automatic dependency discovery.
Visual Build, a graphical user interface software for software builds
Waf, a Python-based tool for configuring, compiling and installing applications. It is a replacement for other tools such as Autotools, Scons, CMake or Ant
Wake, a build orchestration tool and language from SiFive.
Build script generation
These generator tools do not build directly, but rather generate files to be used by a native build tool (as the ones listed in the previous two sections).
BuildAMation, a multi-platform tool, using a declarative syntax in C# scripts, that builds C/C++ code in a terminal using multiple threads, or generates project files for Microsoft Visual Studio, Xcode or MakeFiles.
CMake generates files for various build tools, such as make, ninja, Apple's Xcode, and Microsoft Visual Studio. CMake is also directly used by some IDE as Qt Creator, KDevelop and GNOME Builder.
GN is a build generator which knows how to generate ninja build files.
GNU Build System (aka autotools), a collection of tools for portable builds. These in particular include Autoconf and Automake, cross-unix-platform tools that together generate appropriate localized makefiles.
GYP (Generate Your Projects) - Created for Chromium; it is another tool that generates files for the native build environment
imake
Meson, a build system optimized for performance and usability is based on ninja on Linux, Visual Studio on Windows and Xcode on macOS. Meson is also directly used by GNOME Builder.
OpenMake Software Meister
Premake, a Lua-based tool for making makefiles, Visual Studio files, Xcode projects, and more
qmake
Continuous integration
AnthillPro, build automation with pipeline support for deployment automation and testing. Cross-platform, cross-language
Apache Continuum - discontinued
Azure DevOps (formerly TFS and VSTS), can be Azure-hosted services or self-hosted server build capabilities
Bamboo, continuous-integration software
Bitbucket Pipelines and Deployments, continuous integration for Bitbucket hosted repositories
Buildbot, a Python-based software development continuous-integration tool which automates the compile/test cycle
Buildkite, a platform for running fast, secure, and scalable continuous integration pipelines on your own infrastructure.
CircleCI, a hosted continuous-integration service for GitHub and Bitbucket projects.
CodePipeline, a fully managed continuous delivery service that helps automate release pipelines for fast and reliable application and infrastructure updates.
CruiseControl, for Java and .NET
Drone CI by Harness, a self-service Continuous Integration platform for busy development teams.
Go continuous delivery, open source, cross-platform
GitLab (GitLab Runner), continuous integration and git server
GitHub (GitHub Actions), free continuous integration service for open-source projects and git server
Hudson, an extensible continuous-integration engine
Jenkins, an extensible continuous-integration engine, forked from Hudson
Spinnaker, open source multi-cloud continuous delivery service from Netflix and Google
TeamCity
Travis CI, a hosted continuous-integration service
Configuration management
Ansible (Python-based)
CFEngine
Chef (Ruby-based)
LCFG
OpenMake Software Release Engineer
Otter
Puppet (Ruby-based)
Salt (Python-based)
Rex (Perl-based)
Meta-build
A meta-build tool is capable of building many different projects using a subset of existing build tools. Since these usually provide a list of packages to build, they are also often called package managers.
Pkgsrc, Portage, MacPorts and other package managers derived from the BSD Ports Collection.
Nix, functional package manager for Linux and macOS focusing on reproducible builds, used for the NixOS Linux distribution.
Guix, functional package manager based on Nix, used for the GuixSD Linux distribution.
Collective Knowledge, cross-platform package manager to rebuild software environment for research workflows
Homebrew, package manager for macOS
Others
checkinstall, checkinstall is a program that monitors an installation procedure and creates a standard package for your distribution.
Open Build Service, a hosted service to help build packages for various Linux distributions
Licensing overview
References
External links
Build automation
Lists of software |
38397317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Zyuden%20Sentai%20Kyoryuger%20characters | List of Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger characters | This is a character list for the 37th Super Sentai series Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger. Aside from dinosaur themes, the series also incorporates Japanese and English word play related to the characters and terminologies.
Kyoryugers
The , short for , are humans partnered with Zyudenryu to defend Earth from the Deboth Army. Having witnessed a race of prehistoric people that lived alongside the dinosaurs, Torin created the Kyoryugers with one fundamental in mind: music as means to guide the Zyudenryu alongside humans able to move to the rhythm. The current generation of Kyoryugers are a team of five individuals who use the guns to transform and access their weapons, or . The group operates out of a shrine called the , which is located in Japan as it is an ideal area to cultivate the energy that powers the Kyoryugers' power source, the , which house the of the dinosaurs that became the Zyudenryu. The Tiger Boy family restaurant also serves as the team's civilian hangout.
Each Kyoryuger use their partner Zyudenryu's Zyudenchi to transform and additional Zyudenchi to perform a multitude of attacks. While the Spirit Rangers, Kyoryu Gold, and Kyoryu Silver all have their own arsenal, the other Kyoryugers each possess a sword-like sidearm called the , which can combine with the Gaburivolver to form the . All ten Kyoryugers possess the , which can transform into a mobile phone and store their Zyudenchi. With an activation cry of , the Kyoryugers can install a Zyudenchi in their weapons and invoke a Brave Charge. For additional help, the Kyoryugers can also use the lesser Zyudenryu and as a motorcycle and power-enhancing armor respectively.
To further aid them in battle, the five primary Kyoryugers can use the Zyudenchi of the lesser Zyudenryu to combine their personal weapons into a powerful harpoon composed of the , Kyoryu Red and Black's combined weapons, and the , Kyoryu Blue, Green, and Pink's combined weapons. After Kyoryu Red gains the ability to assume Carnival form, the five Kyoryugers use the Zyudenchi to channel their combined Brave through the Gabutyra de Carnival to perform the . Additionally, it can be enhanced further into the with the additional Kyoryugers using the Zyudenchi. During the events of the film Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger vs. Go-Busters: The Great Dinosaur Battle! Farewell Our Eternal Friends, the Kyoryugers are able to combine the Kentrospiker with the Zyurangers' Howling Cannon and the Abarangers' Dino Bomber to create the .
Daigo Kiryu
, who encourages others to call him , is a wild, gallant, and charismatic man who possesses the unique quality to charm anyone into becoming his friend and treasures his relationships above all else. A decade prior to the series, he traveled the world with his father, Dantetsu, before the latter left to fight the Deboth Army. Though he was given the option to return to Japan, Daigo sought to instead follow in his father's footsteps and continue traveling the world. When his journey brought him into a battle against a group of Zorima, Daigo received his Gaburivolver from Torin and battled Gabutyra for a month to tame him. Though he succeeds, Daigo is only able to become the , , after convincing Gabutyra to let him fight alongside him and quickly becomes the team's leader.
As Kyoryu Red, Daigo wields the gauntlet. Over the course of the series, Daigo gains additional weapons such as the gauntlet through the Zyudenchi during the DVD special Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger: It's Here! Armed On Midsummer Festival!! and a secondary Gabutyra Fang through the Zyudenchi during the film Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger: Gaburincho of Music.
When Gabutyra becomes Minityra and assumes mode, Kyoryu Red can transform into and gain additional power. The Gabutyra de Carnival can also combine with the Gaburivolver to create the cannon. Through the process of Snapping Changes, Kyoryu Red Carnival can borrow his allies' Zyudenchi and channel the power of the Kyoryugers' mecha, Kyoryuzin, via the following forms:
: A form accessed from the Stegotchi and Dricera Zyudenchis that arms him with the Stegotchi Shield and Dricera Drill.
: A unique form accessed from the Stegotchi and Tobaspino Zyudenchis that arms him with the Stegotchi Shield and Spino Boomerang.
: A form accessed from the Parasagun and Zakutor Zyudenchis that arms him with the Parasa Beam Gun and Zakutor Sword.
: A form accessed from the Ankydon and Dricera Zyudenchis that arms him with the Ankydon Hammer and Dricera Drill.
: A form accessed from the Ankydon and Bunpachy Zyudenchis that arms him with the Ankydon Hammer and Bunpachy Ball.
Daigo Kiryu is portrayed by , who also portrays Lord Iwaizumi Mōshinosuke. As a child, Daigo is portrayed by .
Ian Yorkland
is a cheerful casanova and former archaeologist whose bright personality and dry wit hides a tragic past. During the Deboth Army's initial attack, he lost his best friend and fellow treasure hunter, Shiro Mifune, to Aigallon. After surviving the ordeal, Ian was found by Torin and defeated Parasagun to become the , . He originally distances himself from the other Kyoryugers until Daigo helps him overcome the trauma he suffered from Shiro's death and become friends with his teammates. As the Kyoryugers' smartest member, Yorkland is a diligent and skilled tactician who helps lead the team whenever Daigo is unavailable.
As Kyoryu Black, Yorkland wields the beam gun.
Ian Yorkland is portrayed by .
Nobuharu Udo
is a hardworking and optimistic handyman with incredible strength who defeated Stegotchi and became the , . Previously a salaryman, he moved in with his sister, Yuko Fukui, and his niece, Rika, after the untimely death of Yuko's husband Kenichi, and took over operations for Kenichi's shop, . Due to his being the oldest member of the team and penchant for using oyaji gags, outdated and unfunny puns which his late brother-in-law enjoyed, Canderrilla finds amusing, and others find annoying, Udo's peers have taken to calling him , much to his dismay. Originally, he is reluctant to fight as he worries about his family getting caught in the crossfire. However, Daigo convinces Udo that his family is a source of strength and motivation rather than a weakness.
As Kyoryu Blue, Udo wields the buckler and often uses sumo kiai and pro wrestling moves in battle.
Nobuharu Udo is portrayed by .
Souji Rippukan
is a cool-headed student of , the youngest member of the Kyoryugers, and member of the , a family of swordsmen who have been practicing the assassination kenjutsu since the Sengoku period. Despite his formidable skill as a swordsman and respect for his father Genryu's hope that he will carry on the family legacy, Souji is unsure of what he wants to do with his life and resents his father for neglecting his mother. As an act of defiance against him, Souji defeated Zakutor to become the , , and developed a feral sword-fighting style, which would later become his personal kenjutsu, the . Initially distant from the other Kyoryugers, Souji eventually joins the team when Daigo helps resolve his issues with Genryu.
During the events of the V-Cinema Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Returns: Hundred Years After, Souji lives to become 116 by the year 2114 due to life-expectancy improving in the intervening years and become his great-grandson, Soujirou's, mentor before helping him and his friends Icchan and Uppie become part of the new Kyoryugers.
As Kyoryu Green, Souji wields the claw. He later inherits Torin's Feather Edge near the series finale and would later pass on the sword to Soujirou in the future.
Souji Rippukan is portrayed by . As a child, Souji is portrayed by .
Amy Yuuzuki
is a headstrong college student from a wealthy family who defeated Dricera while living in the United States and became the , . Though she has a personal butler named Gentle who attends to her needs, Yuuzuki works as a part-time waitress at the Tiger Boy family restaurant and makes no effort to hide her personality even in spite of Gentle's efforts to help her behave like an elegant lady until he eventually comes to understand her true nature. After being captured by the Deboth Army, Souji learns Amy acquired the ability to use her feet like a second pair of hands, a skill ironically obtained due to laziness instead of hard work. When the Ulshades join the team, Yuuzuki struggles with the possibility that she has feelings for Daigo until she discovers he reciprocates during their final battle with Deboth himself.
As Kyoryu Pink, Amy wields the drill.
Amy Yuuzuki is portrayed by .
Utsusemimaru
, nicknamed by Yuuzuki, is a samurai from the Sengoku period who defeated Pteragordon, became the , , and a practitioner of the kenjutsu. He previously served under and fought alongside Lord against the Deboth Army until Deboth Army members Chaos and Dogold formulated a scheme to enrage Utsusemimaru and gain control of Pteragordon. Once the samurai had fallen into their trap, he was sealed within Dogold's body for centuries. While Utsusemimaru was presumed dead, the modern day Kyoryugers eventually discover what happened and free him from Dogold. Despite this, he initially puts on an air of arrogance and distances himself from them as his late lord believed kindness was a sign of weakness. After Yuuzuki and Daigo discover his humble and considerate personality, Utsusemimaru drops the facade and joins the Kyoryugers. Amidst their battles with the Deboth Army, the samurai develops a rivalry with Dogold until the latter falls under Endolf's control. Utsusemimaru eventually frees his rival and joins him in destroying Endolf before giving Dogold an honorable death. The samurai also falls in the battle, but he is revived by the power of the True Melody of the Earth. Following Deboth's destruction, Utsusemimaru adopts the surname for himself out of respect for his deceased Lord.
As Kyoryu Gold, Utsusemimaru uses the brace to transform and wields the sword. During the events of the DVD Special Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger: It's Here! Armed On Midsummer Festival!!, he temporarily acquires the via the Zyudenchi.
Utsusemimaru is portrayed by .
Ramirez
is an optimistic European man who became Ankydon's partner and fought as the , , five centuries prior to the series. By the present, he became a ghostly due to his bond with his Zyudenryu and provides assistance to the modern day Kyoryugers when he can before eventually passing on his powers to Nobuharu's sister, Yuko Fukui.
As Kyoryu Cyan, Ramirez wields the .
Ramirez is portrayed by .
Tessai
is a focused yet hard-headed martial artist from sixth century China who regards himself as the embodiment of yin and yang. When the Deboth Army attacked his homeland, Tessai became Bunpachy's partner and fought the threat as the , , before becoming a Spirit Ranger like Ramirez. Once he tests the modern day Kyoryugers' worthiness and helps them become stronger, Tessai assists them in their fight against the Deboth Army before eventually passing on his powers to his descendant, Shinya Tsukouchi.
As Kyoryu Gray, Tessai's signature move is the .
Tessai is portrayed by .
Doctor Ulshade
is a genius scientist who has a habit of getting carried away and giving himself back problems. Having defeated Plezuon to become the , , decades prior to the series, he invented and mass-produced the Kyoryugers' Zyuden Arms from his underwater . After the primary Kyoryugers are assembled, Ulshade left on a six-month expedition into space to learn more about Deboth. Once he fulfills this mission, he returns to Earth to entrust Plezuon to the Kyoryugers prior to being temporarily hospitalized while fighting the Deboth Army. Due to this, he is forced to retire and pass on the mantle of Kyoryu Violet to his granddaughter, Yayoi.
Doctor Ulshade is portrayed by , who also serves as the series' narrator and voice of the Kyoryugers' weapons.
Yayoi Ulshade
is Doctor Ulshade's granddaughter and assistant. After he is temporarily hospitalized following his return to Earth, she takes over her grandfather's task of upgrading Plezuon and inherits the mantle of Kyoryu Violet from him despite initial fears that she could not live up to it. After becoming Kyoryu Violet, She provides technical and combat assistance to the Kyoryugers whenever she is not training with her grandfather.
Yayoi Ulshade is portrayed by . As a child, Yayoi is portrayed by .
Torin
is the anthropomorphic bird-like mentor of the Kyoryugers. Originally known as , he was a member of the Deboth Army who was created to attack Earth 100 million years prior to the series. However, Torin came to love the planet's beauty and resolved to protect its lifeforms instead. Though he was unable to save the dinosaurs and forced to watch his partner Bragigas sacrifice himself to damage their enemy's heart, Torin managed to freeze Deboth's body and wound his older brother, Chaos. Following the fight, he used Bragigas' remains to create the Spirit Base under the "Golden Land", which would go on to become Japan, and dedicated himself to keeping Deboth from fully resurrecting by creating the Kyoryugers over the intervening millennia.
While helping them, Torin successfully hides his heritage from the Kyoryugers until Chaos works with Endolf to seek revenge by exposing Torin's true nature. Torin attempts to commit suicide to ensure Deboth could not be resurrected, but his allies revive him to prove that they maintain their faith in him. After reuniting with Bragigas, Torin initially believes he is not worthy to be his partner. With help from Yayoi Ulshade and Daigo Kiryu, Torin realizes he is the embodiment of Brave and gains an upgraded version of the Gaburivolver called the so he can become the , , to aid the Kyoryugers in battle. Following Deboth's resurrection, Torin works with Dantetsu Kiryu to arrange the former's death so he can destroy Deboth Hell and ensure Deboth's permanent demise.
Torin's spirit returns during the events of the Korean sequel series Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Brave and the V-Cinema special Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Returns: Hundred Years After to recruit the Kyoryuger Brave and help Dai-kun become the new Kyoryu Red respectively.
On his own, Torin can teleport, sense Deboth cell-based beings like himself, fire energy orbs, and wields the sword in battle. However, he is unable to remain outside of the Spirit Base's healing aura for extended periods of time due to his past injuries, which cause him to slowly petrify. After Tessai temporarily modifies the Maximum Zyudenchi, Torin can assume the human alias of . As Kyoryu Silver, he is able to use the Feather Edge to perform the finisher.
Wise God Torin is voiced by , who also portrays his "Torii" alias.
Dantetsu Kiryu
is Daigo's father who took him on worldly travels. When Daigo was an infant, Dantetsu was bathed in the Light of the Earth and gained the ability to hear the planet's melody. After being found by Torin, who refers to him as mankind's King, Dantetsu proved instrumental in the development of the modern Kyoryugers' arsenal. A decade prior to the series, Dantetsu sensed the Deboth Army gathering strength and left his amber pendant with Daigo before embarking on a quest to find the Lost Stones. By the present day, he returns to give Torin the Lost Stones he had found by then and save Daigo from Dogold. Upon locating the Earth's original melody, Dantetsu and Torin arrange the latter's death so he can destroy Deboth hell while the former takes on the mantle of Kyoryu Silver to help the Kyoryugers defeat Deboth himself.
Due to being empowered by the Light of the Earth, Dantetsu possesses the Earth's Rage, which allows him to utilize powerful qi punches strong enough to damage Debo Monsters and incapacitate Deboth's generals. As Kyoryu Silver, he can perform the attack.
Dantetsu Kiryu is portrayed by .
Yuko Fukui
is Nobuharu Udo's sister who possesses similar strength as her brother. A single mother to her daughter, Rika, she was widowed when her husband, , died four years prior to the series. Yuko initially believes both the Kyoryugers and the Deboth Army are dangerous after Rika was injured during one of the latter group's attacks and she witnessed Kyoryu Blue apparently attacking her. Over time, her opinion on the Kyoryugers and Kyoryu Blue soften. After she deduces Udo is Kyoryu Blue, she accepts it and keeps it secret from him until she becomes the new Kyoryu Cyan.
Yuko Fukui is portrayed by .
Shinya Tsukouchi
is a kindly young manga author and Tessai's descendant who writes Amy Yuuzuki's favorite manga series under the female alias to help people feel good about themselves. He comes into contact with the Kyoryugers after requesting Yuuzuki's help in posing as his pen name to give a terminally ill fan his autograph, which Tessai resents, believing his descendant is being dishonest. After seeing Tsukouchi save a woman from the Deboth Army using his fighting style and learning the author's reasoning for writing mangas however, Tessai sees him in a new light and later appoints Tsukouchi as the new Kyoryu Gray.
Shinya Tsukouchi is portrayed by Masayuki Deai, who also portrays Tessai.
2114 Kyoryugers
In the year 2114, during the events of the V-Cinema Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Returns: 100 Years After, Canderrilla and Luckyulo recruit a new team of Kyoryugers from the previous team's descendants to fight the revived Deboth Army. However, due to Arslevan's temporal abilities, they accidentally give most of the new Kyoryugers the wrong Zyudenchi, though they eventually realize the mistake and assume their ancestral predecessors' original roles. Once assigned to their proper Zyudenchi, the 2114 Kyoryugers are able to assume Zyuden Arms versions of their forms the instant they transform.
: Daigo Kiryu and Amy Yuuzuki's great-grandson who initially lacked self-confidence and became with the Tobaspino Zyudenchi. After meeting Minityra and Torin's spirit, Dai-kun eventually finds his Brave and becomes the new Kyoryu Red. Dai-kun is portrayed by Ryo Ryusei, who also portrays Daigo Kiryu.
: Ian Yorkland's descendant and a womanizing musician who initially becomes the new Kyoryu Silver before becoming Kyoryu Black. Icchan is portrayed by Syuusuke Saito, who also portrays Ian Yorkland.
: Nobuharu Udo's descendant and Rika Fukui's grandson from the Tōhoku region's countryside who becomes the new Kyoryu Blue. Nobuta-san is portrayed by Yamato Kinjo, who also portrays Nobuharu Udo.
: Souji and Rin Katsuyama's impatient great-grandson who initially becomes the new Kyoryu Gray before becoming Kyoryu Green and inheriting the Feather Edge. Soujirou is portrayed by Akihisa Shiono, who also portrays Souji Rippukan.
: Daigo and Yuuzuki's straightforward and gutsy great-granddaughter and Dai-kun's older sister who initially becomes the new Kyoryu Cyan before becoming Kyoryu Pink. Ami is portrayed by Ayuri Konno, who also portrays Amy Yuuzuki.
: Real name , he is Utsusemimaru's descendant who became a flashy pro-bowler following the bowling boom of 2114. He initially becomes the new Kyoryu Violet before becoming Kyoryu Gold. Uppie is portrayed by Atsushi Maruyama, who also portrays Utsusemimaru.
Zyudenryu
The are sentient dinosaurs given power by Torin to fight the Deboth Army during their first invasion. After defeating them the first time, the Zyudenryu entered hibernation in various parts of the world until they are reawakened in the modern day when the Deboth Army returns and gain Kyoryuger partners. When a Zyudenchi is used, the Kyoryu Spirit within it allows the Zyudenryu to assume a more powerful , which increases their combat capability and grants them the ability to combine with other Zyudenryu via to battle enlarged Debo Monsters.
: A red Tyrannosaurus and Kyoryu Red's partner that normally resides in a volcanic island in the south seas until he is summoned. When Gabutyra enters his battle mode, his crest raises and he can harness the power of other Zyudenchi. Despite becoming Daigo's partner, Gabutyra is initially reluctant to place him in harm's way before Daigo convinces the Zyudenryu to let him fight by his side. With the Carnival Zyudenchi, Gabutyra can shrink down to a palm-sized nicknamed . During the events of the film Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger vs. Go-Busters: The Great Dinosaur Battle! Farewell Our Eternal Friends, Gabutyra's past self uses the power of Dino Hope to communicate with his future partner so they can stop Voldos. In the film Heisei Riders vs. Shōwa Riders: Kamen Rider Taisen feat. Super Sentai, Gabutyra gains the ability to transform into the .
Gabutyra's past self is voiced by .
: A black Parasaurolophus and Kyoryu Black's partner that normally resides in an old European castle until it is summoned. When Parasagun enters its Battle Mode, its tail becomes a rifle. When Parasagun is used in a Zyudenryu combination, it grants the . When combined with Zakutor, they grant a "Western" combination.
: A blue Stegosaurus and Kyoryu Blue's partner that normally resides in the North Pole until it is summoned. When Stegotchi enters its Battle Mode, a blade grows from its back. When Stegotchi is used in a Zyudenryu combination, it grants the .
: A green Velociraptor that normally resides in a bamboo thicket in Japan's mountains until it is summoned. When Zakutor enters its Battle Mode, its tail becomes a large claw. When Zakutor is used in a Zyudenryu combination, it grants the . When combined with Parasagun, they grant a "Western" combination.
: A pink Triceratops and Kyoryu Pink's partner that normally resides near the Grand Canyon in the United States until it is summoned. When Dricera enters its Battle Mode, its tail becomes a drill. When Dricera is used in a Zyudenryu combination, it grants the . When combined with Ankydon, they grant a "Macho" combination.
: A golden Pteranodon and Kyoryu Gold's partner that normally resides in dark clouds until it is summoned. Pteragordon became Utsusemimaru's partner during the Sengoku period, but sustained damage after its partner fell under Dogold's control. While healing in Gabutyra's volcano, Chaos releases it to serve the Deboth Army until Utsusemimaru is freed from Dogold and allows Pteragordon fight by its fellow Zyudenryu's side once more. When Pteragordon enters its Battle Mode, it can emit lightning bolts.
: A cyan Ankylosaurus and Kyoryu Cyan's partner that normally resides underground until it is summoned. Originally forming a pact with Ramirez in the Middle Ages, Ankydon battled Debo Viruson before it was possessed by the Zetsumate. In the present, Yuuzuki eventually tricks Debo Viruson out of the Zyudenryu. When Ankydon enters its Battle Mode, its tail becomes a hammer. When Ankydon is used in a Zyudenryu formation, it grants the . When combined with Dricera or Bunpachy, they grant a "Macho" or "Kung-Fu" combination respectively.
: A gray Pachycephalosaurus and Kyoryu Gray's partner that normally resides behind the in China until it is summoned. Bunpachy became Tessai's partner fifteen centuries prior and spent the intervening years in spiritual meditation until the modern day Kyoryugers require its aid. When Bunpachy enters its Battle Mode, its forehead separates and turns the Zyudenryu's tail into a morning star. When Bunpachy is used in a Zyudenryu formation, it grants the . When combined with Ankydon, they grant a "Kung-Fu" combination.
: A violet Plesiosaurus and Kyoryu Violet's partner that normally resides in the Plezuon Lab's dock until it is summoned. Originally a purely aquatic Zyudenryu, Doctor Ulshade granted Plezuon the ability to travel through space. When Plezuon switches from to Battle Mode, its wings unfold to enable it to travel through outer space. With Yayoi Ulshade's help, Plezuon is upgraded with the to increase its effectiveness against Debo Monsters.
: A silver Brachiosaurus, Kyoryu Silver's partner, as well as the largest and most powerful Zyudenryu who fought alongside Torin during the original fight with Deboth. After using the unstable to defeat Deboth, Bragigas was dragged underground and drastically weakened until the Kyoryugers find the Lost Stones and revive it. Following this, Bragigas reabsorbs the Spirit Base and resides near the Earth's core until it is needed. Unlike most of the other Zyudenryu, Bragigas can use the Guardians' Zyudenchi alongside its own to access their powers while in Battle Mode.
: A navy blue Spinosaurus and the first Zyudenryu to manifest in the ancient battle against the Deboth Army. While Tobaspino fell under D's enchantment and was forced to attack its allies, an ancient priestess' singing gave the Zyudenryu the will to resist D's control and defeat him. Following this, Tobaspino entered a deep sleep until the events of the film Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger: Gaburincho of Music, when D awakens it after putting the priestess' descendant Mikoto Amano under his spell. Tobaspino almost destroys the world before the Kyoryugers purify the Zyudenryu. Ever since, Tobaspino became a permanent ally of theirs. When Tobaspino enters its Battle Mode, a boomerang emerges from its sail.
: Lesser Zyudenryu who took part in the original fight against the Deboth Army. Despite being killed in battle, Bragigas's tears fossilized the Guardians into the Lost Stones, which were scattered across the Earth until the Kyoryugers recover and use them to revive Bragigas. The Guardians' Zyudenchi are primarily used by the Kyoryugers and the Zyudenryu for various attacks, though Bragigas can use all their abilities at once. The Guardians are composed of Deinochaser, Deinosgrander, Kentrospiker, , , , , , , , , , and .
Zyuden Giants
The are robots combined/transformed from the Zyudenryu, which the Kyoryugers pilot through motion capture, capable of executing their own self-titled . In battle, a Zyuden Giant can also arm/exchange their limbs with another Zyudenryu for additional strength.
: The Kyoryugers' primary mecha and the combination of Gabutyra, Stegotchi, and Dricera. Once all main five Kyoryugers join in the cockpit, the Stegotchi Shield transforms into , with which it can perform the finisher.
: The combination of Gabutyra, Parasagun, and Zakutor that grants proficiency in both long-range and close combat.
: The combination of Gabutyra, Ankydon, and Dricera that grants super-strength.
: The combination of Gabutyra, Ankydon, and Bunpachy that grants proficiency in martial arts.
: The combination of Kyoryuzin and Pteragordon that grants a pair of for aerial combat proficiency. With the Goren Zyudenken, it can perform the .
: A variation of Raiden Kyoryuzin armed with the Go-Busters' mecha Tategami LiOh's . Its finisher is , which is performed alongside the Zyurangers and Abarangers' respective mecha, Daizyuzin and AbarenOh. This formation appears exclusively in the film Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger vs. Go-Busters: The Great Dinosaur Battle! Farewell Our Eternal Friends.
: A consisting of Kyoryuzin and Kamen Rider Wizard's WizarDragon capable of harnessing the power of past Tyrannosaurus-themed Sentai mecha. Its finisher is the . This formation appears exclusively in the crossover film Kamen Rider × Super Sentai × Space Sheriff: Super Hero Taisen Z.
: The combination of Gabutyra, Bunpachy, and Plezuon that possesses the ability to paralyze Deboth cells via the attack. Its finisher is the .
: A unique formation wherein Kyoryuzin is armed with a giant baseball bat, with which it can perform the attack.
: The combination of Kyoryuzin, Parasagun, Zakutor, and Bragigas armed with the staff. With the help of Yayoi, Bragigas' Gigant Cannon is modified into a safer variant called the so the mecha can perform the finisher.
: Pteragordon's mecha form achieved via that is armed with the blades and the cannon. Under Dogold's influence, the brainwashed Zyuden Giant gains a bulletproof cape on its back.
: The combination of Pteragordon, Parasagun, and Zakutor.
: Plezuon's mecha form achieved via that is armed with the rocket fist and the . While strong and sluggish in terrestrial environments, PlezuOh becomes fast and agile in space through the use of its boosters.
: Bragigas' mecha form achieved via that is armed with the .
: The combination of Tobaspino, Ankydon, and Bunpachy that is armed with the and the . D originally forced this combination into being to execute the attack until the Kyoryugers free Tobaspino from his influence. Its finishers are the SpinoDaiOh Brave Finish and .
: The combination of Tobaspino, Parasagun, and Zakutor.
Kyoryuger Brave
The are the protagonists of the Korean sequel series Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Brave. Composed of South Korean residents, Torin assembles the team in the wake of the Neo-Deboth Army's attack. The five core Kyoryuger Brave's transformation device is the and a new set of Zyudenchi which correspond to their respective Zyudenryu. They also possess a sword as a sidearm.
Kwon Juyong
is the who trained himself in the mountains from a young age and searches for his long lost older brother. During the Neo-Deboth Army's attack, Torin gives him the ability to transform into after seeing the original Kyoryu Red, Daigo Kiryu, in him. Kwon is a bright and reliable leader who smiles when facing challenges. He is later revealed to be the true successor of the Power of the 'Saur King.
Kwon Juyong is portrayed by Kim Se-yong of MYNAME and voiced by in the Japanese dub. As a child, Juyong is portrayed by .
Jeon Hyeonjun
is a police officer with superhuman strength who gains the ability to become . Despite his adherence for rules, he is quite friendly to others.
Jeon Hyeonjun is portrayed by Hong Sung-ho and voiced by Yamato Kinjo in the Japanese dub.
Kim Sechang
is a member of the idol group who gains the ability to become . A befitting idol, he retains his elegance while fighting.
Kim Sechang is portrayed by Oh Se-hyeon and voiced by in the Japanese dub.
Lee Pureun
is a millionaire noble who gains the ability to become . While he is a spoiled individual, he demonstrates tremendous skill in gunfights.
Lee Pureun is portrayed by Injun and voiced by in the Japanese dub.
Yun Dohee
is an aspiring nurse who gains the ability to become . She is excellent in fast attacks.
Yun Dohee is portrayed by Lee Yu-jin and voiced by in the Japanese dub.
Juhyeok
is Juyong's older brother who became a space mercenary, uses the to become , and wields the Zandar Thunder like the original Kyoryu Gold. After being hired by the Neo-Deboth Army, he pretends to be the successor of the Power of the 'Saur King until Juyong's power is awakened. After his contract with the Neo-Deboth Army is nullified, Juhyeok joins forces with the Kyoryuger Brave so he can continue serving as Juyong's decoy.
Juhyeok is portrayed by Lee Se-young and voiced by in the Japanese dub. As a child, Juhyeok is portrayed by .
Zyudenryu
: Brave Kyoryu Red's Tyrannosaurus Zyudenryu, based on Kyoryu Red's Gabutyra, which possess a forehead-mounted Gatling gun. Like Gabutyra, Guntyra serves as the core of the Zyudenryu's combinations, forming either with Stegonsaw and Shovecera or with Parasaser and Rapx.
: Brave Kyoryu Black's Stegosaurus Zyudenryu, based on Kyoryu Blue's Stegotchi. When entering Battle Mode, it produces a large chainsaw from its back, which becomes a sword for Brave Kyoryuzin to wield.
: Brave Kyoryu Blue's Triceratops Zyudenryu, based on Kyoryu Pink's Dricera. When entering Battle Mode, its front horns become a large shovel.
: Brave Kyoryu Green's Parasaurolophus Zyudenryu, based on Kyoryu Black's Parasagun. When entering Battle Mode, its tail becomes a rifle. Unlike Parasagun, Parasaser is also armed with a mouth cannon.
: Brave Kyoryu Pink's Velociraptor Zyudenryu, based on Kyoryu Green's Zakutor. When entering Battle Mode, its tail becomes a labrys.
: Brave Kyoryu Gold's Pteranodon Zyudenryu, based on Kyoryu Gold's Pteragordon. Like its predecessor, it also possesses the ability to transform into its own robot mode, , and combine with Brave Kyoryuzin to form .
: A silver and purple Brachiosaurus Zyudenryu, based on Kyoryu Silver's Bragigas. Like its predecessor, it houses the Spirit Base, which also doubles as Canderrilla and Luckyulo's living space, possesses the ability to transform into its own robot mode, , and combine with Brave Kyoryuzin, Parasaser, and Rapx to form . It is sealed by Jinarik during the Neo-Deboth Army's arrival, but Torin manages to remove the Spirit Base at the last minute to save Canderrilla and Luckyulo. The Kyoryuger Brave and Torin are later able to free Gigabragigas from Jinarik's control.
Other Zyudenchi
In a similar manner to the Guardians, the Kyoryuger Brave also utilize Zyudenchi that provide them additional attacks.
: The Zyudenchi of a Supersaurus Zyudenryu that grants its user super-speed.
: The Zyudenchi of a Pliosaurus Zyudenryu that grants the ability to turn invisible.
: The Zyudenchi of a Nyctosaurus Zyudenryu that grants the ability to fly.
: The Zyudenchi of a Dracorex Zyudenryu that grants the ability to turn into living metal.
: The Zyudenchi of an Irritator Zyudenryu that induces a spicy sensation in opponents.
: The Zyudenchi of a Thecodontosaurus Zyudenryu that grants the ability to perform continuous taekwondo feats.
Allies
Shiro Mifune
was a treasure hunter and Ian Yorkland's best friend. While on an expedition in Europe to find a mysterious stone prior to the series, Mifune was ambushed and killed by Aigallon for the stone following the Deboth Army's reawakening. As Aigallon was wearing his invincibility cloak at the time of the incident and Debo Doronboss wore it when he confronts the Kyoryugers, Yorkland initially believes the latter was Mifune's murderer before eventually discovering the truth and stealing the stone back.
Shiro Mifune is portrayed by .
Rika Fukui
is Yuko Fukui's daughter and Nobuharu Udo's headstrong niece, the latter of whom she affectionately refers to as . After she was injured during an attack by the Deboth Army prior to the series, despite Kyoryu Blue's best efforts to protect her and her mother, Rika sees Kyoryu Blue as a hero as opposed to her mother. She later learns of her uncle's heroic identity and takes pride in being Kyoryu Blue's niece, though she keeps Udo's identity a secret from her mother.
Rika Fukui is portrayed by .
Genryu Rippukan
is Souji's strict father and the current head of the Rippukan House who wants his son to follow in his footsteps. Due to this strictness, Genryu was divorced by his wife Reiko while Souji stayed by his side after seeing him break down into tears. Though he originally fears Souji was deviating from their Musouken style to an unorthodox feral fighting style, Genryu learns his son incorporated aspects of their kenjutsu and praised him for his ingenious technique, inspiring him to create and apply new ways for their kenjutsu's future.
Genryu Rippukan is portrayed by .
Gentle
is a title given to the Yuuzuki family's butlers. The current Gentle works to accommodate all of Amy's needs while she lives in Japan, exhorting her to always behave like an elegant and graceful young lady despite her headstrong personality. While Gentle is initially taken aback by Yuuzuki single-handedly defeating a group of Zorima and learning she is a Kyoryuger, he agrees to keep it a secret from her parents.
Gentle is portrayed by .
Rin Katsuyama
is the kendo club manager at Souji's high school. She has a crush on him, but he is oblivious to her feelings despite the other Kyoryugers' best efforts, which upsets her greatly. As of the V-Cinema special Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Returns: 100 Years After, Katsuyama married Souji, died, and is survived through her descendant, Soujirou.
Rin Katsuyama is portrayed by .
Mikoto Amano
is a popular idol known as "Meeko", an acquaintance of Daigo Kiryu's, and the descendant of an ancient priestess who sang to free the powerful Zyudenryu Tobaspino from the Deboth Army's control. First appearing in the film Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger: Gaburincho of Music, D kidnaps her because she had inherited her ancestor's ability and forces her to help him regain control of Tobaspino. However, Mikoto is able to resist and help the Kyoryugers purify Tobaspino before entrusting them with the Zyudenryu's Zyudenchi. Mikoto later returns to Japan after another tour to seemingly meet with Daigo, but she has fallen under D's control, who intends to use her to create an undead army to exact his revenge. Daigo however, manages to get through to her so she can help him defeat D.
Mikoto Amano is portrayed by .
Reiko Tanba
is a wealthy fashion designer and Souji's mother. She and Genryu separated while Souji was still a child, though Souji stayed with his father. In the present, she returns to take her son under her wing and travel the world against his will until Torin intervenes and Souji drives off an attack by the Deboth Army, both of which convince Reiko to accept her son's choices and make peace with Genryu.
Reiko Tanba is portrayed by .
Canderrilla
is a vain, air-headed, happy-go-lucky hearts/Dorothy Gale-themed monster who encourages others to . Originally a member of the Deboth Army, Canderrilla was tasked with amassing joy so Deboth can better understand human emotions after they resurfaced. She initially and wholeheartedly supports the Deboth Army until she creates the Debo Monster Debo Kantokku and indirectly helps Nobuharu Udo defeat her creation. As she starts to have second thoughts and leaves the Deboth Army to find the dismissed Luckyulo, Canderrilla is eventually deemed a threat and replaced by Killborero as Deboth's Joyful Knight. After Aigallon sacrifices himself to protect her, she and a repentant Luckyulo temporarily go into hiding before helping Torin and the Spirit Rangers destroy Deboth Hell. Soon after, Canderrilla is motivated by Nobuharu to help humans.
During the events of the crossover film Ressha Sentai ToQger vs. Kyoryuger: The Movie and the Korean sequel series Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Brave, Canderrilla helps reunite the Kyoryugers so they can join forces with the ToQgers to defeat Devius and support the Kyoryuger Brave in the wake of the Neo-Deboth Army's attack respectively.
When the Deboth Army returned in 2114 during the events of the V-Cinema special Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Returns: Hundred Years After, Canderrilla helps restore the Kyoryugers as . However, due to Arslevan's influence and her desire to be helpful like Torin, she temporarily forgets the previous team's colors before Udo's descendant helps her remember.
In battle, she wields the , with which she can execute the attack, and can utilize her singing voice to enhance Deboth cell-based beings with her "Joyful Song".
Canderrilla is voiced by , who also portrays her human form.
Luckyulo
is Canderrilla's childish rag doll/diamonds/Scarecrow-themed subordinate and bodyguard and former member of the Deboth Army. While he aids all three of Deboth's knights, Chaos regards him as a lazy eyesore as Luckyulo spends more time reading manga instead of contributing to Deboth's revival and makes several failed attempts to correct his behavior. When the Deboth Army is apparently destroyed, Luckyulo attempts to defeat the Kyoryugers himself by creating Debo Akkumuun to attack them in their dreams. Though this scheme fails, Luckyulo gains Chaos' praise after he inspires Endolf's creation. Following the creation of Deboth Super-Growth Cells however, Chaos deems Luckyulo expendable and orders him to be killed. After Aigallon sacrifices himself to save Luckyulo, the latter and a distraught Canderrilla go into hiding before resurfacing to help her get into Deboth Hell with his so they can help Torin and the Spirit Rangers. Soon after, Luckyulo decides to assist Canderrilla in helping humans.
When the Deboth Army returns in 2114 during the events of the V-Cinema special Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Returns: Hundred Years After, a mature helps Canderrilla revive the Kyoryugers to combat them.
During his time with the Deboth Army, Luckyulo is charged with enlarging the Debo Monsters using , a fluid that intensifies anything made of Deboth cells, kept in the pumpkin-themed watering can. He can also use his wallet to store various things. Chaos later gives Luckyulo to absorb Restoration Water and shrink enlarged Debo Monsters if necessary.
Luckyulo is voiced by , who also portrays his elderly female human disguise.
Deboth Army
The are The Wonderful Wizard of Oz-themed alien beings formed from the cells of their group's namesake to aid him in invading Earth during the Mesozoic era by exterminating the planet's dominant lifeform, the dinosaurs. While they were defeated and sealed in ice by the Zyudenryu after centuries of battle, the Deboth Army slowly resurfaced over the following millennia to harvest humans' emotional energy to thaw Deboth and increase his knowledge on them so he can herald a new mass extinction. Once they fulfill their objective, Deboth creates the to count down the Earth's destruction before opening numerous portals to Deboth Hell before the final destruction occurs. However, the Deboth Army is ultimately defeated by the Kyoryugers.
Deboth
, also known as the , is an aggressive Emerald City-themed, plant-like being created by Devius for the purpose of becoming the ultimate being. To this end, Deboth traveled to numerous planets to study their dominant lifeforms, evolve into a form reflecting the targeted species, and leave the planet to unleash a melody that reduces it to a lifeless world. After coming to Earth however, his creation Torin betrayed him and damaged his heart while the Zyudenryu Bragigas damaged his body and sealed it in the Antarctic seabed, where it became the , from which the Deboth Army's members are based. By the present, Deboth is partially thawed, but remains inactive as he now requires emotional energy from humans to adapt and destroy them. Eventually, Chaos grows impatient and subjects his master to a large amount of Restoration Water to forcibly resurrect Deboth, who goes on a rampage before Chaos calms him down.
While the Kyoryugers discover their enemy is afraid of their Brave and seemingly destroy him, Deboth survives by transferring his heart to Chaos before his body is destroyed and reverts to the Frozen Castle. After gaining the emotional energy he requires, Deboth fully resurrects and briefly possesses Chaos until he can transfer his heart back to his original body and evolve into the anthropomorphic Wizard of Oz-themed . Using his newly acquired knowledge on humanity and dark melody to negate the Kyoryugers' transformation capabilities, he attempts to achieve his goal of planetary genocide until Daigo Kiryu confronts and destroys him using the power of Earth's melody while the Zyudenryu destroy the Frozen Castle.
In the caterpillar/dinosaur-esque form he assumed during the Mesozoic, Deboth possesses the and the forearm-mounted , which allow him to execute the attack. While he is frozen, his stirring grants his creations increased power. In his anthropomorphic form, he is armed with the staff, is much faster and stronger than in his previous form, can perform the attack, and enlarge on his own by removing his shawl.
Deboth is voiced by .
Chaos
is the Statue of Liberty-themed acting leader of the Deboth Army until Deboth's resurrection and one of his oldest creations who has overseen the destruction of several planets alongside his younger brother Torin. After Torin's betrayal however, Chaos vowed revenge, purposefully keeping an injury he sustained during their previous encounter as a reminder. Chaos resurfaced during Japan's Sengoku era to mastermind Utsusemimaru's capture and take control of the Zyudenryu Pteragordon before thawing out his followers in the present to revive Deboth and exterminate humanity just as they did with the dinosaurs. Even in spite of losing Pteragordon, Chaos begins preparing for Deboth's revival before Plezuon returns to Earth. While he seemingly perishes alongside Deboth while battling Bakuretsu Kyoryuzin, Chaos becomes his master's emotional conduit and temporarily goes into hiding before returning weeks later to create Endolf, Icelond, and Killborero to accelerate Deboth's revival. Amidst his master's endgame, Chaos leads his fellow Deboth Knights into battle against the Kyoryugers before allowing himself to be destroyed so he can protect the pillar holding Deboth Hell in place. However, they are both destroyed by the Spirit Rangers, Torin's spirit, and Canderrilla.
In battle, Chaos can generate orbs and carries the book. While serving as Deboth's host, his master can briefly control his body, turning him into , and allow him to perform the and attacks.
Chaos is voiced by .
Dogold
is a foul-tempered club/Cowardly Lion/Raijin/banchō-themed Deboth Knight, Chaos's second-in-command, and a living suit of armor capable of controlling anyone with a rage-filled mindset. As such, he is charged with amassing anger for Deboth. While aiding Chaos during Japan's Sengoku period, Dogold formed around Utsusemimaru's body to gain control of Pteragordon. Following his revival in the present day, he influences the amnesiac samurai to instill rage in humans until the Kyoryugers discover what happened and free their comrade while Dogold is forced to use Cambrimas as hosts. Following a failed attempt to take the android as his host, Dogold undermines Endolf and uses him instead due to their similar primary emotions; gaining an increase in power in the process. As he was ordered not to kill his fellow knight, Dogold attempts to keep this secret from Chaos. However, Dogold later discovers Endolf's personality was influencing his and attempts to take Dantetsu Kiryu as his new host to maintain his sense of self, only to be betrayed by the Debo Yanasanta brothers and lose his hold over Endolf. With his rage quota filled and having lost his standing with Chaos, who knew of his transgression from the beginning, Dogold is forcibly equipped with two Deboth Cell-based rings and forced to become Endolf's bodyguard, apparently losing his sense of honor. During the Deboth Army's final battle however, Dogold regains his freedom and joins forces with Utsusemimaru to destroy Endolf. Having sustained heavy damage during the fight, Dogold forces the Kyoryuger to give him a warrior's death.
In battle, Dogold can generate lightning and wields the Seven-Branched Sword. With Utsusemimaru as his host, Dogold can wield the Pteragordon Zyudenchi and control Pteragordon in both its Zyudenryu mode and as PteraidenOh.
Dogold is voiced by .
Aigallon
is a spade/Tin Man-themed crybaby Deboth Knight with a sharp tactical mind charged with amassing sadness for Deboth. After being revived a year prior to the series, Aigallon donned a cloak of invincibility and traveled to Europe to steal an amber gemstone to add to his collection of jewels, murdering Shiro Mifune in order to do so and developing a rivalry with a vengeful Ian Yorkland. After losing the gemstone, Deboth's apparent death, and Debo Hyogakki seeking vengeance for it using his Freeze-cry Tactic, a rage-filled Aigallon seeks to kill the Kyoryugers with a suicide attack in retaliation for not being able to cry, but the Kyoryugers survive while his armored body prevents his soul from entering Deboth Hell. Chaos secretly revives Aigallon, which causes the knight to suffer from inexplicable personality shifts and take on a psychotic side. During this time, he develops a crush on fellow knight Canderrilla and defects from the Deboth Army once he learns Chaos plans to kill her. While protecting her and Luckyulo from his replacement, Icelond, Aigallon learns the truth of his revival and confesses his feelings for her before taking a fatal blow meant for Canderrilla. Seeing what happened, a conflicted Yorkland forgoes his revenge and puts Aigallon out of his misery by destroying his armor, allowing his soul to find peace.
In battle, Aigallon is armed with the battle axe, which with he can perform the and attacks.
Aigallon is voiced by .
D
is an ancient ace/Toto-themed warmonger who Chaos created during the Mesozoic to combat the Zyudenryu and harvest the dinosaurs' emotional energy. To complete the latter task, D took control of Tobaspino and used it to exterminate the dinosaurs before a priestess' singing freed the Zyudenryu, who crushed D. During the events of the film Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger: Gaburincho of Music, Chaos resurrects D and grants him the Deathryuger Zyudenchi so he can become the navy blue Kyoryuger-like , kidnap the priestess' descendant, Mikoto Amano, and renew his efforts to use Tobaspino to destroy the world. He is mortally wounded and defeated by Kyoryu Red, but D evolves into a new form and escapes Deboth Hell months later to kidnap Mikoto once again and use her to raise an undead army. When the Kyoryugers foil his plans, D enlarges himself to destroy the world before he is hindered by Mikoto's singing and destroyed by SpinoDaiOh.
In battle, D wears the and can perform the attack. As Deathryuger, D wields the , which can be used as a boomerang and a sword, and perform the attack. In his evolved form, he wields the and utilizes the motorcycle.
D is voiced by .
Endolf
is the joker/winged monkey/candle-themed embodiment of Deboth's hatred created by Chaos after seeing that resentment is the ideal emotion to battle the Kyoryugers' Brave. Endolf is tasked with accelerating Deboth's evolution by aiding the other Deboth Knights and targeting the Kyoryugers themselves, endearing himself to Aigallon and Canderrilla while making enemies out of Dogold and a distrustful Luckyulo. Endolf seemingly meets his end after being mortally wounded by Kyoryu Red Samba Carnival and becoming Dogold's host, but by Christmas, he amasses enough hatred to manipulate Dogold and arrange his freedom with the aid of the Debo Yanasanta brothers. While Canderrilla and Aigallon stop Endolf from exacting revenge, Endolf uses his new position as Chaos' second-in-command to turn Dogold into his personal slave in an attempt to break him. However, Endolf is caught off-guard when Dogold joins forces with Kyoryu Gold to destroy him.
In battle, Endolf is armed with the , the , and the candlestick-like gun that doubles as the hilt of his sword.
Endolf is voiced by .
Icelond
, is a faucet/conductor-themed Deboth Knight created by Chaos to serve as Aigallon's replacement in amassing sadness for Deboth's revival, eventually becoming one of Chaos's personal enforcers. He is sent to kill Canderrilla for betraying the Deboth Army, but Aigallon sacrifices himself to protect her before Kyoryu Black uses Aigallon's Tohohawk to destroy Icelond.
In battle, Icelond wields the and the for performing sound-based attacks, such as the , either by himself or with Killborero.
Icelond is voiced by .
Killborero
, is a brass instrument-themed Deboth Knight created by Chaos to serve as Canderrilla's replacement in amassing joy for Deboth's revival, eventually becoming one of Chaos's personal enforcers. Amidst Deboth's endgame, Killborero enlarges and battles the Zyudenryu before Plezuon seemingly destroys him. While he resurfaces in the Kyoryugers' Spirit Base to destroy it, he is destroyed by Kyoryu Black, Blue, and Green.
In battle, Killborero wields the trumpet, with which he can utilize sound-based attacks either by himself or with Icelond.
Killborero is voiced by .
Zorima
The are the Deboth Army's -themed foot soldiers created from scattered fragments of Deboth's body that grew into human-sized creatures that are armed with a . Due to their Deboth cells, groups of Zorima can clump together and merge into the dinosaur-like to combat the Zyudenryu. The are armored variants who served under Debo Tangosekku during the Sengoku period armed with a sword or a bident.
In an attempt to steal women's beauty, Canderrilla and Aigallon modify a Zorima into the drag queen-themed and arm him with the in order to do so. Beautiful Zoreamer can also use his brush on the Kyoryugers to boost his Zorima supporters' powers by stealing the former's colors. After being defeated by Kyoryu Red Samba Carnival, Beautiful Zoreamer is enlarged by Luckyulo before he and his entourage of Giant Zorima and Cambrima are destroyed by Gigant BragiOh and PteraidenOh Dricera.
The Zorima are voiced by and while Beautiful Zoreamer is voiced by .
Cambrima
The are Cambrian period marine life-themed guardian knights under Chaos created from all three of the Deboth Knights' energies armed with , which become via Restoration Water. Despite being 100 times stronger than the Zorima, they have a month-long lifespan as most are subjected to being Dogold's hosts.
The Cambrima are voiced by and .
Dino Girls
The , and , are two human-like warriors who serve D using their energy beams and sword respectively until they are destroyed by Kyoryu Black and Pink. The Dino Girls appear exclusively in the film Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger: Gaburincho of Music.
Lemnear and Earthy are portrayed by and respectively.
Gadoma
is a cemetery-themed giant armed with the and the . Gadoma was created by Deboth as a last line of defense during his original battle with the Zyudenryu before Bragigas mortally wounded the monster with the Gigant Cannon. Despite being weakened, Gadoma dragged Bragigas underground in what would become lake bed. While fragments of its body were laced in the Zyudenchi, Gadoma's core remained intact, as Chaos has it fished out of Lake Madō before the lake dries out while the Kyoryugers revive Bragigas. After creating a new body from the surrounding ground, Gadoma overwhelms the Kyoryugers by using its fragments to invoke a curse on them before they eventually manage to break it. Gadoma is destroyed by Gigant Kyoryuzin, but it uses the last of its power to connect Earth to Deboth Hell.
Mad Torin
is a Southern cassowary-themed evil doppelgänger of Torin, whom he considers a "lousy brother", armed with the sword, with which he can perform the attack. He is created by Chaos to guard the portal to Deboth Hell, but he is defeated in battle by Kyoryu Silver and destroyed by Gigant Kyoryuzin, which seals the portal. Mad Torin later returns from Deboth Hell during Deboth's endgame to warn him of Torin's actions before dying from his injuries.
Mad Torin is voiced by Toshiyuki Morikawa, who also voices Torin.
Arslevan
is a Deboth Knight born from Deboth's regret amidst his final destruction armed with the sword. The former hid himself away between dimensions for 100 years to rebuild the Deboth Army and used his temporal abilities to tamper with the world's memories of the Kyoryugers. Emerging in 2114 during the events of the V-Cinema special Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Returns: 100 Years After, Arslevan manipulates his creation Gaos into believing the latter was the reincarnated Chaos and pretends to serve under him while he amasses humans' negative emotional energy. Once he absorbs his followers to finish doing so, Arslevan travels back in time to prevent Deboth's defeat, only to be blasted back to 2114 by the present day Kyoryugers and destroyed by their descendants.
Arslevan is voiced by .
2114 Deboth Army
The 2114 Deboth Army was originally created and absorbed by Arslevan as part of his revenge plan, though they outlive their creator and become the enemies of the 2114 Kyoryugers.
: The flippant and ignorant figurehead leader who resembles Chaos and was manipulated by Arslevan into believing he was him. Gaos is voiced by Takayuki Sugō, who also voices Chaos.
: A monster who resembles Dogold, but is prone to complaining and whining. He wields the , which appears identical to Dogold's Kenka Jōtō. Sneld is voiced by Satoshi Tsuruoka, who also voices Dogold.
: A monster who resembles Aigallon, but is prone to incessantly expressing envy towards everyone. Hoshiigallon is voiced by Yū Mizushima, who also voices Aigallon.
Debo Monsters
The are alien monsters created by Deboth and one of the Deboth Knights' energies. With the exception of the Zetsumates, the majority that followed them are based on modern day objects and correspond to the knight who created them. Deceased Debo Monsters are sent to , also known as the , under Lake Madō. When the lake is dried up, several of them are brought back and ingest items to regain their physical forms before the lake is restored. After the Kyoryugers seal the path to Deboth Hell and destroy several of the revived Debo Monsters however, Deboth loses the ability to create new Debo Monsters. Amidst Deboth's endgame, the Debo Monsters were to be revived once more, but Torin, the Spirit Rangers, and Canderrilla destroy Deboth Hell and ensure the Debo Monsters' permanent demise.
: A car crusher-themed Debo Monster created to serve Aigallon by using his to flatten buildings. He is defeated by the Kyoryugers, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Kyoryuzin. Debo Peshango is voiced by .
: A prison-themed Debo Monster created to serve Dogold by using his to entrap martial artists and athletes in inescapable cages to enrage them. He is defeated by Kyoryu Red and Green, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Kyoryuzin Stegotchi Zakutor. Debo Royaroya is voiced by .
: A raven/bank vault-themed Debo Monster created to serve Aigallon by using his chest-mounted 's hammerspace, shurikens, and Aigallon's invincibility cloak to deprive humans of their favorite things. He is defeated by the Kyoryugers, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Kyoryuzin Western. Debo Doronboss is voiced by .
: A pâtissier-themed Debo Monster created to serve Canderrilla by using his whisk and to produce cakes that make humans unbearably happy. After Debo Viruson infects him however, he transforms into a and uses his newly acquired teeth bullets to give people painful cavities and to shoot fireballs. Debo Bathisie is eventually defeated by the Kyoryugers, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Kyoryuzin. Debo Bathisie is voiced by .
: A branding iron/taiyaki mold-themed Debo Monster armed with the and the . He is created to serve Dogold by using his to disguise Zorima, grant them the ability to tap into a person's subconscious, and infuriate people by telling them their worst trait. Debo Yakigonte is defeated by the Kyoryugers, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Kyoryuzin Macho. Debo Yakigonte is voiced by .
: A maze-themed Debo Monster armed with the flag. He is created to serve Aigallon by forcing people to see illusions of deceased family members. However, Debo Kokodoko is defeated by Kyoryu Blue, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Kyoryuzin Western. Debo Kokodoko is voiced by .
: A bone-themed Debo Monster created to serve Canderrilla by using his ability to remove male humans' thoracic vertebrae to make them her ardent admirers. He is defeated by Kyoryu Pink and Gold after they exploit Debo Honenukki's inability to use his powers on women, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Kyoryuzin and PteraidenOh. Debo Honenukki is voiced by .
: A Children's Day-themed Debo Monster armed with the , the ability to transform into a Koinobori-esque form, and the , which can produce and for transporting himself and his opponents to another dimension. He was originally created to serve Dogold during the Sengoku period before returning in the present to kidnap young boys and make them violent. He is defeated by the Kyoryugers, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Raiden Kyoryuzin. In the DVD special It's Here! Armed On Midsummer Festival!!, he and Debo Tanabanta are revived as the ghostly and possess Nobuharu Udo before they are destroyed by Kyoryu Red and Gold. Debo Tangosekku is voiced by in the series and in the special.
: A cutlery/Swiss Army knife-themed Debo Monster armed with the built-in . He is created to serve Aigallon by using his and to destroy relationships. Debo Jakireen is defeated by Kyoryu Green and Gold, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by PteraidenOh Western. Debo Jakireen is voiced by .
: A strict classroom-themed Debo Monster armed with the pointer, the arm-mounted gun, and knowledge on the Kyoryugers' arsenal. He is created by Chaos to train Luckyulo into a more effective Deboth Army member, but the Debo Monster kidnaps Amy Yuuzuki instead and is destroyed by Kyoryu Gold. Following his return from Deboth Hell, Debo Kibishidesu forms the with Debo Spokorn and Debo Akkumuun to exact revenge on the Kyoryugers, only to be defeated by Kyoryu Silver, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Gigant Kyoryuzin. Debo Kibishidesu is voiced by .
: A treasure-themed Debo Monster armed with the pickaxe, , and the ability to perform the attack. He is created to serve Canderrilla by making humans find treasures. He is defeated by the Kyoryugers, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Raiden Kyoryuzin. Debo Zaihon is voiced by .
: A vampire-themed Debo Monster armed with the , the ability to enslave men, and assume the form of baby-like monster whose inherent cuteness forces people to fall in love with her. In this form, she is armed with baby rattle, which allows her to perform the attack. As one of Aigallon's prized minions, she is tasked with forcing doting parents to abandon their spoiled children in a two-pronged scheme to siphon joy from the former and sorrow from the latter. However, the Kyoryugers defeat her before she is enlarged by Luckyulo and destroyed by PteraidenOh Bunpachy. Debo Kyawaeen is voiced by .
: A vain and prideful Tanabata-themed Debo Monster armed with the and the ability to perform the and attacks. He is created to serve Canderrilla by granting people's Tanabata wishes and siphon their joy until they die the day after. He is defeated by the Kyoryugers and Dantetsu Kiryu, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Kyoryuzin Kung-Fu. In the DVD special It's Here! Armed On Midsummer Festival!!, he and Debo Tangosekku are revived as the ghostly Festival Brothers and possess Nobuharu Udo before they are destroyed by Kyoryu Red and Gold. Debo Tanabanta is voiced by in the series and Takahiro Yoshimizu in the special.
: A counting sheep/sleep-themed Debo Monster armed with the pillow, the pillow, and the pillow. He is created by Luckyulo to use his dream invasion ability to give the Kyoryugers nightmares, but they are able to defeat the Debo Monster. Debo Akkumuun is subsequently enlarged by Luckyulo and destroyed by PteraidenOh, PlezuOh, and Kyoryuzin Stegotchi Zakutor. Following his return from Deboth Hell, he becomes a student under Debo Kibishidesu and Debo Spokorn and joins them in a scheme to switch the Kyoryugers' minds using his newly acquired pillow before he is defeated by the Kyoryugers, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Gigant Kyoryuzin. Debo Akkumuun is voiced by .
: A ninja-themed Debo Monster armed with the sword and the techniques , , and . He is created to serve Endolf by killing Daigo Kiryu to make the other Kyoryugers resentful. He is defeated by Kyoryu Red Carnival, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Bakuretsu Kyoryuzin. Debo Shinobinba is voiced by .
: A hunter-themed Debo Monster armed with the machete, the crossbow, and the motorcycle. He is created to serve Endolf by killing Daigo Kiryu to make the other Kyoryugers resentful, only to be destroyed by Kyoryu Black, Blue, Green, and Pink. Debo Karyudosu is voiced by .
: A hybrid Debo Monster armed with Debo Zaihon's Kokohore Wonder and Debo Doronboss' Bick Bank. He is accidentally created by Luckyulo to steal a Lost Stone, though the latter was attempting to recreate Debo Doronboss and Aigallon believed he meant Debo Zaihon. Debo Zaihodoron is defeated by Kyoryu Red Macho Carnival, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Bakuretsu Kyoryuzin. Debo Zaihodoron is voiced by Hajime Iijima.
: A crab-like summer vacation-themed Debo Monster armed with the pincer and the , with which he can perform the attack. He was created by Canderrilla during the summer, but she forgot about him until autumn began. Despite his apparent uselessness, Dogold offers to help by having Debo Vacance enlarged, enter Earth's orbit, and use his to turn humans into lazy "Holi-Humans" as well as enrage unaffected individuals so they can siphon their joy and anger respectively all while a clone takes the Debo Monster's place to distract the Kyoryugers. After Kyoryu Red destroys the clone, Debo Vacance shrinks down and attempts to flee, only to be destroyed by Kyoryu Red Kung-Fu Carnival. Debo Vacance is voiced by .
: A sports equipment-themed Debo Monster armed with the , with which he can perform the attack. He is created by Dogold to train the Zorima into a more effective fighting force, distract the Kyoryugers from the Deboth Army's attempt to steal a Lost Stone, and help Aigallon fill his sadness quota. The Debo Monster and his team are defeated by the Kyoryugers, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Bakuretsu Kyoryuzin, PteraidenOh Western, and PlezuOh Ankydon. Following his return from Deboth Hell, Debo Spokorn becomes the Deboth Academy Private School's coach to help Debo Kibishidesu educate Debo Akkumuun and exact revenge on the Kyoryugers. However, they are defeated by the Kyoryugers, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Gigant Kyoryuzin. Debo Spokorn is voiced by .
: An autumn-themed Debo Monster armed with the and the mortar and pestle. He can also perform the attack, the , the , the attack, and the . He is created to serve Aigallon by pulling people into the and siphon their sadness, only to be defeated by the Kyoryugers, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by PteraidenOh Parasagun. Debo Akidamonne is voiced by .
: An otaku/Mount Rushmore-themed Debo Monster armed with the and the ability to perform the attack. He is created to serve Canderrilla, but is defeated by the Kyoryugers, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Raiden Kyoryuzin. Debo Bravesky appears exclusively in the web-exclusive special episode and is voiced by .
: A durable fishing-themed Debo Monster armed with the and the . He is created by Chaos to retrieve Gadoma's core from Lake Madō. Once he fulfills his mission, Debo Tairyon fights and is defeated by the Kyoryugers and Spirit Rangers, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Gigant BragiOh. Debo Tairyon is voiced by .
: A movie camera/film director-themed Debo Monster armed with the clapperboard-like axe and the ability to create film genre-themed scenarios. He is created by Canderrilla to help her stage romantic scenes and trap men that fall for her. He is defeated by Kyoryu Blue with Canderrilla's indirect help, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Gigant Kyoryuzin. Debo Kantokku is voiced by .
: Quintuplet, Christmas-themed Debo Monster brothers armed with Christmas tree-like swords, the jetpack for flying purposes, the ability to fuse with each other to increase their strength, and perform the , , and attacks. They are seemingly created to serve Dogold by distributing gifts containing Deboth's to siphon the disappointed children's anger and merge into giant . The first and second Debo Yanasanta merge into a form with 12 times their individual strength, but are defeated by Kyoryu Red and Gold while the Kyoryugers destroy the Clone Deboth. The remaining brothers return to Japan to capture Dantetsu Kiryu on Dogold's orders and merge into a form with 345 times their individual strength. However, they betray Dogold for their true master, Endolf, who enlarges them before they are destroyed by Gigant Kyoryuzin, PteraidenOh Ankydon, and PlezuOh Bunpachy. The Debo Yanasanta brothers are all voiced by .
Zetsumates
The , are a trio of ancient Debo Monsters infamous for causing the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that killed the dinosaurs. Working together, they can perform the attack. Though each is destroyed individually in the present, the Zetsumates are resurrected by Chaos to stop Plezuon's return and get revenge on the Kyoryugers, though they are all destroyed once more.
: An Impact winter-themed Debo Monster armed with the , which can fire the . He is the first Debo Monster and Zetsumate to confront the Kyoryugers and is destroyed by Kyoryu Red and Gabutyra. After being revived alongside his fellow Zetsumates, they attack Plezuon Lab, but are repelled. Following Deboth's apparent death, Debo Hyogakki attempts to exact revenge with his to freeze people alive via their tears, only to be defeated by the Kyoryugers, enlarged by Luckyulo, and destroyed by Bakuretsu Kyoryuzin. Debo Hyogakki is voiced by .
: A virus-themed Debo Monster and the second Zetsumate to confront the Kyoryugers. He is armed with the , the ability to infect others with various diseases and control them, bio-maniuplation, and can spawn clones of himself. Revived during the Middle Ages, Debo Viruson was seemingly destroyed by Kyoryu Cyan and Ankydon. In reality, a piece of him ended up in Ankydon's Zyudenchi and regenerated, allowing the Debo Monster to infect the Zyudenryu over the centuries and project his image outside of it. Though he inadvertently sabotages Canderrilla's scheme with Debo Bathisie, Debo Viruson offers his aid to her by using his to make humans fall into a permanent slumber filled with sweet dreams. After Amy Yuuzuki tricks him into leaving Ankydon, he is destroyed by Kyoryuzin Macho. After being revived alongside his fellow Zetsumates, Debo Viruson creates the computer virus-themed to destroy Plezuon Lab while he infects a dam with Restoration Water using his to revive Deboth. However, Debo Viruson is enlarged and absorbed by the reawakened Deboth, which causes Debo Computer Viruson to die as well. Both Debo Viruson and Debo Computer Viruson are voiced by .
: A meteoroid/Chicxulub impactor-themed Debo Monster and the last Zetsumate to face the Kyoryugers. He is armed with the and the . Using the meteorites on his abdomen, he can perform the , , and attacks. Revived in sixth century China, Debo Nagareboshi battled Kyoryu Gray before being sealed within a volcano. By the present, the former is awakened by Deboth's increasing power. After learning of his fellow Zetsumates' demises, Debo Nagareboshi vows to avenge them, only to be destroyed by Kyoryuzin Kung-Fu. He is later revived alongside his fellow Zetsumates, but is destroyed by PlezuOh. Debo Nagareboshi is voiced by .
Attack Team Four Seasons
The is a quartet of seasonal-themed Debo Monsters created to serve Arslevan in 2114 during the events of the V-Cinema special Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Returns: Hundred Years After, only to be destroyed by the 2114 Kyoryugers.
: A spring-themed Debo Monster who resembles Debo Tangosekku and is armed with the shamisen weapon. Debo Harudamonne is voiced by Noriaki Sugiyama.
: A summer-themed Debo Monster who resembles Debo Vacance. Debo Natsudamonne is voiced by Yasuhiro Takato.
Debo Akidamonne: An autumn-themed Debo Monster identical to Aigallon's version. Debo Akidamonne is voiced by Takehiro Murozono.
: A winter-themed Debo Monster who resembles Debo Yanasanta. Debo Fuyudamonne is voiced by Chō.
Neo-Deboth Army
The is the successor to the present day Deboth Army following the latter's destruction at the hands of the original Kyoryugers. 100 million years prior, the Zyudenryu banished the Neo-Deboth Army to space. As of the events of the Korean sequel series Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Brave, they return to Earth via a spaceship powered by space dinosaurs in a renewed attempt to conquer Earth and seek out the . Aside from reusing the Zorima as their foot-soldiers, the executive members are named after Earth elements.
Deizarus
is the fossil-themed leader of the Neo-Deboth Army. Apart from seeking the Power of the 'Saur King to become a destroyer of worlds, Deizarus bears a personal vendetta against the Zyudenryu, who drove him from Earth in a humiliating manner. He initially assumes Juhyeok is his quarry until he learns Kwon Juyong is the true 'Saur King and abducts him to siphon his power for himself. After Juhyeok foils the absorption process and saves Juyong, Deizarus enlarges and converts his spaceship into exo-armor in an attempt to capture the brothers before he is destroyed by Brave Raiden Kyoryuzin.
Deizarus is voiced by .
Raimein
, also known as the , is an unscrupulous substation-themed member of the Neo-Deboth Army who believes in winning at all costs. Similar to Dogold, he is armed with a seven-branched sword and holds Juhyeok in contempt. Raimein is destroyed by Brave Kyoryu Gold.
Raimein is voiced by .
Homuras
, also known as the , is a sadistic lighter-themed member of the Neo-Deboth Army. Similar to Endolf, he is armed with a sword whose hilt can be used as a makeshift pistol. Homuras is the first member of the Neo-Deboth Army to launch an attack on Earth and fights Brave Kyoryu Red, Black and Blue before retreating. During Deizarus' endgame, Homuras battles the Kyoryuger Brave before willingly becoming a sacrificial distraction while fighting Brave Gigant Kyoryuzin.
Homuras is voiced by .
Wahab
, also known as the , is a pitcher pump-themed member of the Neo-Deboth Army and Deizarus' most loyal follower. Similar to Aigallon, he is armed with a battle axe. Wahab is destroyed by Juhyeok when the former learns the latter's secret and attempts to tell Deizarus.
Wahab is voiced by .
Tsuraira
, also known as the , is a kakigōri maker-themed member of the Neo-Deboth Army who wields a rapier similar to Icelond. Tsuraira enlarges before he is destroyed by Brave Raiden Kyoryuzin.
Tsuraira is voiced by .
Arash
, also known as the , is a fan-themed member of the Neo-Deboth Army and the cruelest and most fearless of Deizarus' generals. Similar to Killborero, Arash is armed with a trumpet-like gun. He enlarges before he is destroyed by Brave Gigant Kyoryuzin.
Arash is voiced by .
Jinarik
, also known as the , is a tire-themed member of the Neo-Deboth Army armed with a sword, possesses the ability to reconstruct his body even if he is destroyed, and is capable of sealing and controlling Zyudenryu. He attacks and brainwashes Gigabragigas until Torin eventually frees the latter. Jinarik enlarges before he is destroyed by Brave Gigant BragiOh.
Jinarik is voiced by .
Bojinma
The are a quartet of Four Symbols-themed giant robots utilized by the Neo-Deboth Army to fight the Kyoryuger Brave's Zyudenryu.
: The first model to be deployed that utilizes hand-to-hand combat in battle. It assists Homuras in his rampage on Earth before it is destroyed by Brave Kyoryuzin.
: The second model to be deployed that possesses an arm-mounted Gatling gun. Arash deploys it to cover his escape from the Kyoryuger Brave following his defeat before it is destroyed by Brave Kyoryuzin Western.
: The third model to be deployed that possesses an arm-mounted lance. Wahab deploys it after he and Tsuraira fail to intercept the Kyoryuger Brave before it is destroyed by Brave Kyoryuzin.
: The fourth and last model to be deployed after Brave Kyoryu Gold betrays Homuras and Raimein. This model is armed with Sei and Suza Bojinma's Gatling gun and lance respectively. It is destroyed by Brave Raiden Kyoryuzin.
Voldos
is an evil entity similar to Deboth who was created from the combined hatred of the Abarangers and Zyurangers' enemies, the Dezumozorlya and Great Satan respectively, to destroy all dinosaur-themed Super Sentai groups during the events of the film Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger vs. Go-Busters: The Great Dinosaur Battle! Farewell Our Eternal Friends. To assist him in his endeavors, he creates Neo-Geilton and Neo-Grifforzar, revives and joins forces with Vaglass, and corrupts AbaRed and Tyranno Ranger to harness the power of Dark to complete his evolution. Voldos also corrupts the Kyoryugers and sends them back in time to destroy their Zyudenryu partners' past selves, but they, AbaRed, and Tyranno Ranger eventually break free and join forces with AbaRed and Tyranno Ranger's respective teams and the Go-Busters to defeat the space dinosaur's forces and Voldos himself.
Voldos is voiced by .
Neo-Geilton
is a servant of Voldos created from the residual hatred of the Dezumozorlya's Evoliens in the image of their Geilton armor. After being defeated by the Abarangers, Neo-Geilton uses Vaglass' data to transform into , only to be destroyed by the ToQgers before he could use his new power.
Like his source of inspiration, Neo-Geilton is armed with the and .
Neo-Geilton is also voiced by Takuma Terashima.
Neo-Grifforzar
is a servant of Voldos created from the residual hatred of Great Satan's Bandora Gang in the image of their knight Grifforzar. After being defeated by the Zyurangers, he absorbs energy from the dinosaur Sentai teams' combined attacks and uses it to complete Voldos's evolution, sacrificing himself in the process.
Like his source of inspiration, Neo-Grifforzar is armed with the and enlarges using Witch Bandora's staff.
Neo-Grifforzar is voiced by .
Devius
is a moth/Wicked Witch of the West-themed alien armed with the who created Deboth ages prior and appears exclusively in the crossover film ToQger vs. Kyoryuger. After siphoning a Galaxy Line station's energy to assume a physical form, he attacks the Kyoryugers and ToQgers, but is defeated by ToQ 1gou. Devius enlarges, only to be destroyed by the ToQgers, Kyoryugers, and the Shadow Line's leaders.
Devius is voiced by .
Salamazu
is one of Devius's minions who is armed with the and appears exclusively in ToQger vs. Kyoryuger. He arranges an alliance with the Shadow Line on Devius' behalf before using the former for their energy and absorbing several of their monsters to transform into . Despite this, he is destroyed by ToQ Rainbow and Gigant Kyoryuzin.
Salamazu is voiced by .
Notes
References
Bibliography
Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger |
3705744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watering%20hole%20attack | Watering hole attack | Watering hole is a computer attack strategy in which an attacker guesses or observes which websites an organization often uses and infects one or more of them with malware. Eventually, some member of the targeted group will become infected. Hacks looking for specific information may only attack users coming from a specific IP address. This also makes the hacks harder to detect and research. The name is derived from predators in the natural world, who wait for an opportunity to attack their prey near watering holes.
Defense techniques
Websites are often infected through zero-day vulnerabilities on browsers or other software. A defense against known vulnerabilities is to apply the latest software patches to remove the vulnerability that allowed the site to be infected. This is assisted by users to ensure that all of their software is running the latest version. An additional defense is for companies to monitor their websites and networks and then block traffic if malicious content is detected.
Examples
2012 US Council on Foreign Relations
In December 2012, the Council on Foreign Relations website was found to be infected with malware through a zero-day vulnerability in Microsoft's Internet Explorer. In this attack, the malware was only deployed to users using Internet Explorer set to English, Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Russian.
2013 Havex ICS software supply chain attack
Havex was discovered in 2013 and is one of five known Industrial Control System (ICS) tailored malware developed in the past decade. Energetic Bear began utilizing Havex in a widespread espionage campaign targeting energy, aviation, pharmaceutical, defense, and petrochemical sectors. The campaign targeted victims primarily in the United States and Europe.
Havex exploited supply chain and watering-hole attacks on ICS vendor software in addition to spear phishing campaigns to gain access to victim systems.
2013 US Department of Labor
In mid-early 2013, attackers used the United States Department of Labor website to gather information on users' information. This attack specifically targeted users visiting pages with nuclear-related content.
2016 Polish banks
In late 2016, a Polish bank discovered malware on computers belonging to the institution. It is believed that the source of this malware was the web server of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority. There have been no reports on any financial losses as a result of this hack.
2017 Montreal-based International Civil Aviation Organization attack
There was an organization-level watering-hole attack in Montreal from 2016-2017 by an unknown entity causing a data breach.
2017 CCleaner attack
From August to September 2017, the installation binary of CCleaner distributed by the vendor's download servers included malware. CCleaner is a popular tool used to clean potentially unwanted files from Windows computers, widely used by security-minded users. The distributed installer binaries were signed with the developer's certificate making it likely that an attacker compromised the development or build environment and used this to insert malware.
2017 NotPetya attack
In June 2017, the NotPetya (also known as ExPetr) malware, believed to have originated in Ukraine, compromised a Ukrainian government website. The attack vector was from users of the site downloading it. The malware erases the contents of victims' hard drives.
2018 Chinese country-level attack
There was a country-level watering-hole attack in China from late 2017 into March 2018, by the group "LuckyMouse" also known as "Iron Tiger", "EmissaryPanda", "APT 27" and "Threat Group-3390."
2019 Holy Water Campaign
In 2019, a watering-hole attack, called Holy Water Campaign, targeted Asian religious and charity groups. Victims were prompted to update Adobe Flash which triggered the attack. It was creative and distinct due to its fast evolution. Motive remains unclear. Experts provided a detailed technical analysis along with a long list of Indicators of Compromise (IoCs) involved in the campaign, but none could be traced back to an Advanced Persistent Threat.
References
Types of malware |
29846289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach%20Nelson | Zach Nelson | Zach Nelson served as president and chief executive officer of NetSuite, Inc. prior to its acquisition by Oracle Corp.
Early life and education
Nelson was born in Omaha, Nebraska in 1961, and was one of 10 children. He holds B.S. and M.A. degrees in biological sciences and anthropology respectively from Stanford University.
Career prior to NetSuite
Nelson held a variety of executive positions in the high-tech industry, spanning marketing, sales, product development and business strategy with leading companies such as Oracle Corporation, Sun Microsystems, and McAfee/Network Associates.
Early in his career, Nelson was responsible for creating the "Powered by Motorola" ingredient brand for the Motorola 68000 microprocessor while he was working at Cunningham Communication.
At Sun, Nelson drove the marketing and branding of the first version of the Solaris operating system, and led the product and corporate marketing effort at the company's SunSoft Division. He was then Vice President, World Wide Marketing at Oracle Corp., where he was responsible for global marketing strategy and implementation. Nelson, at 31 years old, was the youngest VP of Marketing in Oracle's history.
While at McAfee, Nelson helped lead the company's expansion into the network management arena with the $1.4 billion acquisition of Network General. Later, as CEO of NAI subsidiary, myCIO, he created the world's first business-to-business security application services provider.
NetSuite
CEO of NetSuite since 2002, Nelson led the company's successful IPO in December 2007 and its rise from startup to become one of the industry's leading cloud computing companies. During his tenure, NetSuite grew from a startup with annual sales of $1 million to revenue of $1 Billion in 2017 with a global customer base of approximately 24,000 mid-size and enterprise companies and subsidiaries. NetSuite's market capitalization was put at $7.8 billion as of March 2015 in an index of public cloud computing companies tracked by venture capital firm Bessemer Venture Partners.
Under Nelson, NetSuite released global business management software suite NetSuite OneWorld in 2008 and the B2C and B2B ecommerce platform NetSuite SuiteCommerce in 2012.
Nelson also spearheaded NetSuite's acquisition of commerce marketing software company Bronto in 2015 social HR player TribeHR in 2014 and of OrderMotion, Retail Anywhere and Venda in 2013.
In 2016, NetSuite reached a $1 billion run rate. NetSuite was acquired by Oracle for $9.3 billion on November 7, 2016, making it the third largest software company acquisition by enterprise value in the industry.
Influence and honors
Nelson has won multiple awards and received many accolades in his career including being named to CRN's 25 Most Influential of 2014 list, which highlights individuals who made the largest impact on the technology industry in the year. Nelson was also named to 2013 Business Insider's 50 Most Powerful People in Enterprise Tech list, and to Fortune magazine's 2012 Businessperson of the Year list. Under Nelson's leadership, NetSuite was named to Forbes Most Innovative Growth Companies 2014 list and to Forbes America's 100 Most Trustworthy Companies 2013.
Venture Capital
Nelson is an active and successful investor in the technology, media, entertainment and hospitality sectors. Nelson was also an early investor in the evolution of on-line media sites. He was a seed investor in Curbed.com, a popular real estate blog network with sites in New York, San Francisco and Los Angeles that was acquired by Vox Media. Nelson is a director of the PagerDuty Board. Nelson also holds two other board roles. He is a director of board at Freshworks. Most recently, he is appointed to the board of directors at Snyk.He is active in the golfing industry including an ownership stake in Dumbarnie Links, a new golf course designed by Clive Clark on the Firth of Forth near St. Andrews.
Additional background
Nelson holds a software patent that covers a method for integrating software applications and codifying them into a single architecture.
References
External links
Interview on Bloomberg
NetSuite
Businesspeople in software
Stanford University alumni
1961 births
Living people
American technology chief executives
People from Nebraska |
30873116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D%20modeling | 3D modeling | In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical coordinate-based representation of any surface of an object (inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software by manipulating edges, vertices, and polygons in a simulated 3D space.
Three-dimensional (3D) models represent a physical body using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by various geometric entities such as triangles, lines, curved surfaces, etc. Being a collection of data (points and other information), 3D models can be created manually, algorithmically (procedural modeling), or by scanning. Their surfaces may be further defined with texture mapping.
Outline
The product is called a 3D model. Someone who works with 3D models may be referred to as a 3D artist or a 3D modeler.
A 3D Model can also be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena.
3D Models may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. The 3D model can be physically created using 3D printing devices that form 2D layers of the model with three-dimensional material, one layer at a time. Without a 3D model, a 3D print is not possible.
3D modeling software is a class of 3D computer graphics software used to produce 3D models. Individual programs of this class, such as SketchUp, are called modeling applications.
History
3D models are now widely used anywhere in 3D graphics and CAD but their history predates the widespread use of 3D graphics on personal computers.
In the past, many computer games used pre-rendered images of 3D models as sprites before computers could render them in real-time. The designer can then see the model in various directions and views, this can help the designer see if the object is created as intended to compared to their original vision. Seeing the design this way can help the designer or company figure out changes or improvements needed to the product.
Representation
Almost all 3D models can be divided into two categories:
Solid – These models define the volume of the object they represent (like a rock). Solid models are mostly used for engineering and medical simulations, and are usually built with constructive solid geometry
Shell or boundary – These models represent the surface, i.e. the boundary of the object, not its volume (like an infinitesimally thin eggshell). Almost all visual models used in games and film are shell models.
Solid and shell modeling can create functionally identical objects. Differences between them are mostly variations in the way they are created and edited and conventions of use in various fields and differences in types of approximations between the model and reality.
Shell models must be manifold (having no holes or cracks in the shell) to be meaningful as a real object. In a shell model of a cube, the bottom and top surface of the cube must have a uniform thickness with no holes or cracks in the first and last layer printed. Polygonal meshes (and to a lesser extent subdivision surfaces) are by far the most common representation. Level sets are a useful representation for deforming surfaces which undergo many topological changes such as fluids.
The process of transforming representations of objects, such as the middle point coordinate of a sphere and a point on its circumference into a polygon representation of a sphere, is called tessellation. This step is used in polygon-based rendering, where objects are broken down from abstract representations ("primitives") such as spheres, cones etc., to so-called meshes, which are nets of interconnected triangles. Meshes of triangles (instead of e.g. squares) are popular as they have proven to be easy to rasterize (the surface described by each triangle is planar, so the projection is always convex); . Polygon representations are not used in all rendering techniques, and in these cases the tessellation step is not included in the transition from abstract representation to rendered scene.
Process
There are three popular ways to represent a model:
Polygonal modeling – Points in 3D space, called vertices, are connected by line segments to form a polygon mesh. The vast majority of 3D models today are built as textured polygonal models, because they are flexible, because computers can render them so quickly. However, polygons are planar and can only approximate curved surfaces using many polygons.
Curve modeling – Surfaces are defined by curves, which are influenced by weighted control points. The curve follows (but does not necessarily interpolate) the points. Increasing the weight for a point will pull the curve closer to that point. Curve types include nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS), splines, patches, and geometric primitives
Digital sculpting – Still a fairly new method of modeling, 3D sculpting has become very popular in the few years it has been around. There are currently three types of digital sculpting: Displacement, which is the most widely used among applications at this moment, uses a dense model (often generated by subdivision surfaces of a polygon control mesh) and stores new locations for the vertex positions through use of an image map that stores the adjusted locations. Volumetric, loosely based on voxels, has similar capabilities as displacement but does not suffer from polygon stretching when there are not enough polygons in a region to achieve a deformation. Dynamic tessellation,which is similar to voxel, divides the surface using triangulation to maintain a smooth surface and allow finer details. These methods allow for very artistic exploration as the model will have a new topology created over it once the models form and possibly details have been sculpted. The new mesh will usually have the original high resolution mesh information transferred into displacement data or normal map data if for a game engine.
The modeling stage consists of shaping individual objects that are later used in the scene. There are a number of modeling techniques, including:
Constructive solid geometry
Implicit surfaces
Subdivision surfaces
Modeling can be performed by means of a dedicated program (e.g., Blender, Cinema 4D, LightWave, Maya, Modo, 3ds Max) or an application component (Shaper, Lofter in 3ds Max) or some scene description language (as in POV-Ray). In some cases, there is no strict distinction between these phases; in such cases modeling is just part of the scene creation process (this is the case, for example, with Caligari trueSpace and Realsoft 3D).
3D models can also be created using the technique of Photogrammetry with dedicated programs such as RealityCapture, Metashape, 3DF Zephyr, and Meshroom. Cleanup and further processing can be performed with applications such as MeshLab, the GigaMesh Software Framework, netfabb or MeshMixer. Photogrammetry creates models using algorithms to interpret the shape and texture of real-world objects and environments based on photographs taken from many angles of the subject.
Complex materials such as blowing sand, clouds, and liquid sprays are modeled with particle systems, and are a mass of 3D coordinates which have either points, polygons, texture splats, or sprites assigned to them.
Human models
The first widely available commercial application of human virtual models appeared in 1998 on the Lands' End web site. The human virtual models were created by the company My Virtual Mode Inc. and enabled users to create a model of themselves and try on 3D clothing. There are several modern programs that allow for the creation of virtual human models (Poser being one example).
3D clothing
The development of cloth simulation software such as Marvelous Designer, CLO3D and Optitex, has enabled artists and fashion designers to model dynamic 3D clothing on the computer.
Dynamic 3D clothing is used for virtual fashion catalogs, as well as for dressing 3D characters for video games, 3D animation movies, for digital doubles in movies as well as for making clothes for avatars in virtual worlds such as SecondLife.
Comparison with 2D methods
3D photorealistic effects are often achieved without wire-frame modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in the final form. Some graphic art software includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D raster graphics on transparent layers.
Advantages of wireframe 3D modeling over exclusively 2D methods include:
Flexibility, ability to change angles or animate images with quicker rendering of the changes;
Ease of rendering, automatic calculation and rendering photorealistic effects rather than mentally visualizing or estimating;
Accurate photorealism, less chance of human error in misplacing, overdoing, or forgetting to include a visual effect.
Disadvantages compare to 2D photorealistic rendering may include a software learning curve and difficulty achieving certain photorealistic effects. Some photorealistic effects may be achieved with special rendering filters included in the 3D modeling software. For the best of both worlds, some artists use a combination of 3D modeling followed by editing the 2D computer-rendered images from the 3D model.
3D model market
The first company to sell 3D models was Viewpoint (Orem, UT), founded by John Wright in 1988. John's first digitized 3D model was a car made in 1984 using Movie.byu on a HP 9000 computer. The first 3D model "Catalog" was made for Wallace Colvard in 1990 who was working for NBC to create the first football and helmet for a new super bowl 3d animation commercial called "Bud Bowl". Wallace called John and asked if Viewpoint had a 3d Football in their "catalog". Viewpoint didn't have a catalog, so John and his team quickly made the first catalog of 3D objects which included just a few 3D objects and "faxed" it to Wallace. Viewpoint's 3D model business grew to over $6 million in sales by 1998 and their models are still showing in thousands of movies (Total Recall, Independence Day, Antz, etc.) A large market for 3D models (as well as 3D-related content, such as textures, scripts, etc.) still exists – either for individual models or large collections. Several online marketplaces for 3D content allow individual artists to sell content that they have created, including TurboSquid, CGStudio, CreativeMarket, Sketchfab, CGTrader and Cults. Often, the artists' goal is to get additional value out of assets they have previously created for projects. By doing so, artists can earn more money out of their old content, and companies can save money by buying pre-made models instead of paying an employee to create one from scratch. These marketplaces typically split the sale between themselves and the artist that created the asset, artists get 40% to 95% of the sales according to the marketplace. In most cases, the artist retains ownership of the 3d model while the customer only buys the right to use and present the model. Some artists sell their products directly in its own stores offering their products at a lower price by not using intermediaries.
Over the last several years numerous marketplaces specialized in 3D printing models have emerged. Some of the 3D printing marketplaces are combination of models sharing sites, with or without a built in e-com capability. Some of those platforms also offer 3D printing services on demand, software for model rendering and dynamic viewing of items, etc. 3D printing file sharing platforms include Shapeways, Sketchfab, Pinshape, Thingiverse, TurboSquid, CGTrader, Threeding, MyMiniFactory, and GrabCAD.
3D printing
The term 3D printing or three-dimensional printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three-dimensional object is created from successive layers material. Objects can be created without the need for complex expensive molds or assembly with multiple parts. 3D printing allows ideas to be prototyped and tested without having to go through a production process.
In recent years, there has been an upsurge in the number of companies offering personalized 3D printed models of objects that have been scanned, designed in CAD software, and then printed to the customer's requirements. 3D models can be purchased from online marketplaces and printed by individuals or companies using commercially available 3D printers, enabling the home-production of objects such as spare parts and even medical equipment.
Uses
Today, 3D modeling is used in various industries like film, animation and gaming, interior design and architecture. They are also used in the medical industry to create interactive representations of anatomy.
The medical industry uses detailed models of organs; these may be created with multiple 2-D image slices from an MRI or CT scan. The movie industry uses them as characters and objects for animated and real-life motion pictures. The video game industry uses them as assets for computer and video games.
The science sector uses them as highly detailed models of chemical compounds.
The architecture industry uses them to demonstrate proposed buildings and landscapes in lieu of traditional, physical architectural models.
The archaeology community is now creating 3D models of cultural heritage for research and visualization.
The engineering community utilizes them as designs of new devices, vehicles and structures as well as a host of other uses.
In recent decades the earth science community has started to construct 3D geological models as a standard practice.
3D models can also be the basis for physical devices that are built with 3D printers or CNC machines.
In terms of video game development, 3D modeling is one stage in a longer development process. Simply put, the source of the geometry for the shape of an object can be:
A designer, industrial engineer or artist using a 3D-CAD system
An existing object, reverse engineered or copied using a 3-D shape digitizer or scanner
Mathematical data stored in memory based on a numerical description or calculation of the object.
A wide number of 3D software are also used in constructing digital representation of mechanical models or parts before they are actually manufactured. CAD- and CAM-related software is used in such fields, and with this software, not only can you construct the parts, but also assemble them, and observe their functionality.
3D modeling is also used in the field of industrial design, wherein products are 3D modeled before representing them to the clients. In media and event industries, 3D modeling is used in stage and set design.
The OWL 2 translation of the vocabulary of X3D can be used to provide semantic descriptions for 3D models, which is suitable for indexing and retrieval of 3D models by features such as geometry, dimensions, material, texture, diffuse reflection, transmission spectra, transparency, reflectivity, opalescence, glazes, varnishes, and enamels (as opposed to unstructured textual descriptions or 2.5D virtual museums and exhibitions using Google Street View on Google Arts & Culture, for example). The RDF representation of 3D models can be used in reasoning, which enables intelligent 3D applications which, for example, can automatically compare two 3D models by volume.
Testing a 3D solid model
3D solid models can be tested in different ways depending on what is needed by using simulation, mechanism design, and analysis. If a motor is designed and assembled correctly (this can be done differently depending on what 3D modeling program is being used), using the mechanism tool the user should be able to tell if the motor or machine is assembled correctly by how it operates. Different design will need to be tested in different ways. For example; a pool pump would need a simulation ran of the water running through the pump to see how the water flows through the pump. These tests verify if a product is developed correctly or if it needs to be modified to meet its requirements.
See also
List of 3D modeling software
List of common 3D test models
List of file formats#3D graphics
3D city model
3D computer graphics software
3D figure
3D printing
3D scanner
3D scanning
Additive manufacturing file format
Building information modeling
Cloth modeling
Computer facial animation
Cornell box
Digital geometry
Edge loop
Geological modeling
Holography
Industrial CT scanning
Marching cubes
Open CASCADE
Polygon mesh
Polygonal modeling
Ray tracing (graphics)
Scaling (geometry)
SIGGRAPH
Stanford bunny
Triangle mesh
Utah teapot
Voxel
B-rep
References
External links
3D computer graphics
3D imaging
Visual effects
Video game design
Computer-aided engineering
ja:3Dモデリング |
19148552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NanoHUB | NanoHUB | nanoHUB.org is a science and engineering gateway comprising community-contributed resources and geared toward education, professional networking, and interactive simulation tools for nanotechnology. Funded by the United States National Science Foundation (NSF), it is a product of the Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN).
NCN supports research efforts in nanoelectronics; nanomaterials; nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS); nanofluidics; nanomedicine, nanobiology; and nanophotonics.
History
The Network for Computational Nanotechnology was established in 2002 to create a resource for nanoscience and nanotechnology via online services for research, education, and professional collaboration.
Initially a multi-university initiative of eight member institutions including Purdue University, the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Molecular Foundry at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Norfolk State University, Northwestern University, and the University of Texas at El Paso, NCN now operates entirely at Purdue.
The US National Science Foundation (NSF) provided grants of approximately $14 million from 2002 through 2010, with principal investigator Mark S. Lundstrom.
Continuing US NSF grants have been awarded since 2007 with principal investigator Gerhard Klimeck and co-principal investigator Alejandro Strachan, with total funding of over $20 million.
Resources
The Web portal of NCN is nanoHUB.org and is an instance of a HUBzero hub. It offers simulation tools, course materials, lectures, seminars, tutorials, user groups, and online meetings.
Interactive simulation tools are accessible from web browsers and run via a distributed computing network at Purdue University, as well as the TeraGrid and Open Science Grid. These resources are provided by hundreds of member contributors in the nanoscience community.
Main resource types:
Interactive simulation tools for nanotechnology and related fields
Course curricula for educators
News and events for nanotechnology
Lectures, podcasts and learning materials in multiple formats
Online seminars
Online workshops
User groups
Online group meeting rooms
Virtual Linux workspaces that facilitate tool development within an in-browser Linux machine
Simulation tools
The nanoHUB provides in-browser simulation tools geared toward nanotechnology, electrical engineering, materials science, chemistry, and semiconductor education. nanoHUB simulations are available to users as both stand-alone tools and part of structured teaching and learning curricula comprising numerous tools. Users can develop and contribute their own tools for live deployment.
Examples of tools include:
SCHRED calculates envelope wavefunctions and the corresponding bound-state energies in a typical Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) or Semiconductor-Oxide-Semiconductor (SOS) structure and a typical SOI structure by solving self-consistently the one-dimensional (1D) Poisson equation and the 1D Schrödinger equation.
Quantum Dot Lab computes the eigenstates of a particle in a box of various shapes including domes and pyramids.
Bulk Monte Carlo Tool calculates the bulk values of the electron drift velocity, electron average energy and electron mobility for electric fields applied in arbitrary crystallographic direction in both column 4 (Si and Ge) and III-V (GaAs, SiC and GaN) materials.
Crystal Viewer helps in visualizing various types of Bravais lattices, planes and Miller indices needed for many material, electronics and chemistry courses. Also large bulk systems for different materials (Silicon, InAs, GaAs, diamond, graphene, Buckyball) can be viewed using this tool.
Band Structure Lab computes and visualizes the band structures of bulk semiconductors, thin films, and nanowires for various materials, growth orientations, and strain conditions. Physical parameters such as the bandgap and effective mass can also be obtained from the computed band structures.
nano-Materials Simulation Toolkit uses molecular dynamics to simulate materials at the atomic scale.
DFT calculations with Quantum ESPRESSO uses density functional theory to simulate the electronic structure of materials.
Infrastructure
Rappture Toolkit
The Rappture (Rapid APPlication infrastrucTURE) toolkit provides the basic infrastructure for the development of a large class of scientific applications, allowing scientists to focus on their core algorithm. It does so in a language-neutral fashion, so one may access Rappture in a variety of programming environments, including C/C++, Fortran and Python. To use Rappture, a developer describes all of the inputs and outputs for the simulator, and Rappture generates a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the tool automatically.
Jupyter notebooks
To complement the existing Rappture GUI tools within nanoHUB, the more recent browser based Jupyter notebooks are also available on nanoHUB, since 2017. Jupyter in nanoHUB offer new possibilities using the existing scientific software, and most notably all Rappture tools, within nanoHUB with the notebooks of interspersed code (e.g. Python, text, and multimedia.
Workspaces
A workspace is an in-browser Linux desktop that provides access to NCN's Rappture toolkit, along with computational resources available on the NCN, Open Science Grid, and TeraGrid networks. One can use these resources to conduct research, or as a development area for new simulation tools. One may upload code, compile it, test it, and debug it. Once code is tested and working properly in a workspace, it can be deployed as a live tool on nanoHUB.
A user can use normal Linux tools to transfer data into and out of a workspace. For example, sftp [email protected] will establish a connection with a nanoHUB file share. Users can also use built-in WebDAV support on Windows, Macintosh, and Linux operating systems to access their nanoHUB files on a local desktop.
Middleware
The web server uses a daemon to dynamically relay incoming VNC connections to the execution host on which an application session is running. Instead of using the port router to set up a separate channel by which a file import or export operation is conducted, it uses VNC to trigger an action on the browser which relays a file transfer through the main nanoHUB web server. The primary advantage of consolidating these capabilities into the web server is that it limits the entry point to the nanoHUB to one address: www.nanohub.org. This simplifies the security model as well as reduces on the number of independent security certificates to manage.
One disadvantage of consolidating most communication through the web server is the lack of scalability when too much data is transferred by individual users. In order to avoid a network traffic jam, the web server can be replicated and clustered into one name by means of DNS round-robin selection.
The backend execution hosts that support Maxwell can operate with conventional Unix systems, Xen virtual machines, and a form of virtualization based on OpenVZ. For each system, a VNC server is pre-started for every session. When OpenVZ is used, that VNC server is started inside of a virtual container. Processes running in that container cannot see other processes on the physical system, see the CPU load imposed by other users, dominate the resources of the physical machine, or make outbound network connections. By selectively overriding the restrictions imposed by OpenVZ, it is possible to synthesize a fully private environment for each application session that the user can use remotely.
Usage
The majority of users come from academic institutions using nanoHUB as part of their research and educational activities. Users also come from national labs and private industry.
As a scientific resource, nanoHUB was cited hundreds of times in the scientific literature, peaking in 2009.
Approximately sixty percent of the citations stem from authors not affiliated with the NCN. More than 200 of the citations refer to nanotechnology research, with more than 150 of them citing concrete resource usage. Twenty citations elaborate on nanoHUB use in education and more than 30 refer to nanoHUB as an example of national cyberinfrastructure.
nanoHUB-U
The nanoHUB-U online course initiative was developed to enable students to study a subject in a five-week framework roughly equivalent to a 1-credit class. No credit is given – quizzes and exams are simple and are intended to be aids to learning rather than rigorous tests for acquired skills. In the spirit of a research university, nanoHUB-U courses aim to bring new advances and understanding from research into the curriculum; in addition, simulation (often from nanoHUB) are heavily included in the courses. Every effort is made to present courses in a way that is accessible to beginning graduate students with a variety of different backgrounds with a minimum number of prerequisites. The ideal nanoHUB-U course is accessible to any students with an undergraduate degree in engineering or the physical sciences. Courses include nanoelectronics, nanoscale materials, and nanoscale characterization.
nanoHUB-U courses are now a part of edX.
See also
Materials informatics
Integrated computational materials engineering
Multiscale modeling
References
Further reading
EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 42, no. 6 - nanoHUB: Community & Collaboration
Publications related to HUBzero
Federal Resources for Educational Excellence
IBM.com: nanoHUB Does Remote Computing Right
External links
Cyberinfrastructure |
47342532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%20continuous%20delivery | Go continuous delivery | GoCD is an open-source tool which is used in software development to help teams and organizations automate the continuous delivery (CD) of software. It supports automating the entire build-test-release process from code check-in to deployment. It helps to keep producing valuable software in short cycles and ensure that the software can be reliably released at any time. It supports several version control tools including Git, Mercurial, Subversion, Perforce and TFVC (a la TFS). Other version control software can be supported by installing additional plugins. GoCD is released under the Apache 2 License.
History
GoCD was originally developed at ThoughtWorks Studios in 2007 and was called Cruise before being renamed GoCD in 2010. GoCD was released as open source software in 2014 under the Apache 2 License.
Plugins
GoCD allows for extending its feature by allowing users to install several plugins to allow integration with authentication and authorization software, version control software, build tools, notification and chat tools and cloud computing providers.
See also
Comparison of continuous integration software
References
External links
Free software
Software development kits
Software release
2015 software
Java development tools |
7792117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsystems%20Software%2C%20Inc.%20v.%20Scandinavia%20Online%20AB | Microsystems Software, Inc. v. Scandinavia Online AB | Microsystems Software, Inc. v. Scandinavia Online AB, 226 F.3d 35 (1st Cir. 2000), was a civil case filed in 2000 in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts and appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. It received considerable attention in the online community because it involved reverse engineering and cryptanalysis of content-control software, allegedly in violation of copyright law and a clickwrap license agreement.
In early 2000, Eddy L. O. Jansson and Matthew Skala reverse engineered the content-control package Cyber Patrol and published a report titled The Breaking of Cyber Patrol 4 detailing what they found, including a cryptanalysis of the CRC-32-based hash function that concealed the configuration password and Web site and Usenet newsgroup blacklists. They commented critically on the content of the blacklist, and highlighted apparent errors in it, innocuous sites and newsgroups blocked as objectionable for no visible reason. Along with the essay, they included software in C and Delphi demonstrating the attacks and allowing users to disable the package, change its configuration, or browse the blacklists in decrypted form. The break was widely reported on March 11, 2000.
On March 15, Microsystems Software, the publisher of Cyber Patrol, and Mattel, its parent company, filed suit against Jansson, Skala, and the ISPs that hosted their personal Web sites, Scandinavia Online and Islandnet. They filed in US court, though Jansson and Scandinavia Online were located in Sweden and Skala and Islandnet were located in Canada. They alleged that the reverse engineering was copyright infringement by Jansson and Skala; that distributing the essay and software (or, in the case of Islandnet, the link on Skala's site pointing to the essay and software on Jansson's site) was copyright infringement by the ISPs; and that Jansson and Skala's actions constituted breach of the clickwrap license agreement on Cyber Patrol, interference with advantageous business relations,
conversion, and theft of trade secrets. Once the lawsuit became known, it attracted considerable attention from the online community, far overshadowing the discussion of the reverse engineering itself.
In response to demands from the plaintiffs, Scandinavia Online deleted Jansson's Web site and Islandnet asked Skala to remove his link to Jansson's (now non-existent anyway) Web site. The document and software had already been mirrored on many sites worldwide, however. The plaintiffs asked for, and received, a temporary restraining order against distribution of what they termed the "bypass code", and were authorized to serve it by email on mirror sites, along with a subpoena demanding the identities of every Web user who accessed the information. Some commentators dubbed these email-distributed subpoenas "spampoenas"; use of email for official service of court documents was, and remains, highly unusual if not absolutely unheard of.
On March 27, Skala announced that he had settled the cases against him (including one filed in a Canadian court as well as the US case) out of court and that Jansson was close to doing the same, with an agreement to stop distributing the essay and software and assign its copyrights to the plaintiffs. Other parties had become involved, however, including three mirror site operators associated with Peacefire and backed by the ACLU. The suit continued with the main issue being whether those mirror sites would also be forced to stop distributing the material. When their motions on that topic were dismissed, the mirror sites took that as an indication that they could continue to distribute it safely.
Meanwhile, some controversy erupted when news sources suggested that the exploit software had been released under the GPL, making any restriction on its distribution problematic. Statements from Jansson and Skala denying any intention to place it under the GPL, the lack of any copyright notice in Skala's code, and a vague nonstandard GPL notice in Jansson's code, made it fall apart as a possible GPL test case. In 2001, Jansson stated on his Web site that he had in fact intended his code to be under the GPL after all, even if he had not put in the proper notices to make that stick.
At the time of the case, the DMCA was not relevant because its enforcement was under suspension pending a review by the United States Copyright Office of whether exceptions to its provisions should be made. Lawrence Lessig nonetheless used the Microsystems case as an example of tension between the DMCA and the First Amendment in his essay Battling Censorware; and when the Copyright Office issued their rulemaking on DMCA exemptions, they also cited this case in their discussion of why reverse engineering of content-filter blacklists was one of only two categories of activities exempted.
References
Slashdot article on the case
Wired news article on the case
External links
Amicus brief from law professors and ACM committee, supporting the mirror site appeal
Canadian copyright law
Cryptography law
2000 in United States case law
United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit cases
United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts cases |
782760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20Southern%20University | Georgia Southern University | Georgia Southern University (GSU or Georgia Southern) is a public research university in the U.S. state of Georgia. Its flagship campus is in Statesboro, and other locations include the Armstrong Campus in Savannah and the Liberty Campus in Hinesville. Founded in 1906 as a land grant college, Georgia Southern is the fifth largest institution in the University System of Georgia and is the largest center of higher education within the southern half of Georgia. The institution offers over 140 different academic majors in a comprehensive array of baccalaureate, masters, and doctoral programs. The university has a combined enrollment of approximately 26,000 students from all 50 states and approximately 85 nations. Georgia Southern is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity" and a comprehensive university by the University System of Georgia.
On the Statesboro Campus is the Center for Wildlife Education and the Lamar Q Ball Jr. Raptor Center, an educational and research facility that is home to Georgia Southern's bald eagle mascot as well as 85 other birds, 67 reptiles, 70 amphibians, and eight mammals. The university also manages the Effingham Wetlands, some 1,400 acres donated by the Southeastern Trust for Parks and Land (STPAL).
The George-Anne, the university's primary publication, is published twice a week during academic semesters. There are also magazines published by students, such as The Reflector, a student interest news magazine of Georgia Southern University and, until 2016, The Miscellany, a literary arts magazine composed of submissions from the student body and university community.
Georgia Southern University's intercollegiate sports teams, known as the "Eagles", compete in the Sun Belt Conference.
History
Georgia Southern University began as First District Agricultural & Mechanical School, a land grant college under federal legislation and support. It opened in 1908 with four faculty members and 15 students.
Founded as a school for teaching modern agricultural production techniques and homemaking skills to rural school children, First District A&M within two decades shifted its emphasis to meet the growing need for teachers within the state. Its name and mission were changed in 1924 to Georgia Normal School, as a training ground for teachers. Five years later in 1929, after development of a four-year curriculum, it was granted full-fledged senior college status by the state, and the school was renamed as South Georgia Teachers College.
Ensuing decades found more name and mission changes: to Georgia Teachers College in 1939 and Georgia Southern College in 1959.
The university finally integrated its student body in 1965, eleven years after the United States Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). College President Marvin Pittman had been fired in 1941 by Georgia governor Eugene Talmadge for supporting racial integration; he was eventually rehired.
Georgia Southern has continued its program and physical expansion. With the development of graduate programs in numerous fields and associated research, the institution was granted university status in 1990 as Georgia Southern University.
Since then, the university has embarked on a massive upgrade of facilities, adding more than $300 million in new construction. Georgia Southern was named a Doctoral/Research University by Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 2006. The university is recognized in publications including U.S. News & World Reports "America's Best Colleges" and "Best Graduate Schools", Forbes' "America's Best Colleges" and, most recently, by Kiplinger for being one of the "Top 100 Best Values among Public Colleges and Universities." Additionally, Georgia Southern's MBA program was named one of the "Best 301" in the country by The Princeton Review.
Since 1999, two new colleges have been established: the College of Information Technology in 2001, and the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health in 2004. Additional undergraduate and graduate programs were formed, including doctorate degrees in psychology, public health and nursing. In 2011, the university established the Allen E. Paulson College of Engineering and Computing, formerly known as College of Engineering and Information Technology, which combines the previous College of IT with its engineering programs. In addition, at the same time it created the College of Science and Mathematics, previously known as the Allen E. Paulson College of Science and Technology.
Online bachelor's degrees are available in nursing, general studies, and information technology. Master's programs are offered in kinesiology, instructional technology, accomplished teaching, instructional improvement, higher education administration, reading education, middle grades education, secondary education, special education, and educational leadership. Additionally, the university offers master's degrees in business administration, applied economics, accounting, computer science and sport management. Georgia Southern also offers online endorsements in online teaching and learning, K-5 math, and reading.
Since 1999, the university has had its most significant growth in its more than 100-year history. It has grown in enrollment and physical facilities. Under a Campus Master Plan, the university added the new 1,001-bed residence hall Centennial Place. It has completely renovated and significantly expanded the Zach S. Henderson Library. Completed in 2009, the Eugene M. Bishop Alumni Center is a gathering place for alumni and friends of the university. The Center for Wildlife Education and the Botanical Garden have also been expanded. Currently, the university is concluding construction on a new Engineering and Research Building. The building's primary focus is aimed at manufacturing engineering.
On January 11, 2017, the Regents of the University System of Georgia announced that the university would merge with Armstrong State University in Savannah as part of the ongoing campus consolidations recommended by the University System of Georgia (USG). Since 2011, in an attempt to improve efficiency and lower costs, the USG has consolidated several colleges and universities within its system, merging some and closing others while altering or transforming curriculums. In January 2018, both Armstrong State and its smaller Liberty Campus, located in Hinesville, formally merged with Georgia Southern.
Campuses
Statesboro Campus
Georgia Southern's flagship campus is located in the city of Statesboro, Georgia and is accessible by Interstate 16 from the cities of Macon and Savannah. By car, Statesboro is approximately one hour from Savannah, two hours from Macon, and three hours from Atlanta. Georgia Southern has smaller campuses in Savannah and Hinesville.
Center for Wildlife Education and Lamar Q Ball Jr. Raptor Center
The Center for Wildlife Education and the Lamar Q Ball Jr. Raptor Center is an educational and research facility located on . In addition to undergraduate and graduate research, the center hosts over 165,500 annual visitors through general admission and off-site outreach programs. The center is home to "Freedom", Georgia Southern's American bald eagle mascot, as well as 85 other birds, 67 reptiles, 70 amphibians, and eight mammals. Species of birds of prey include hawks, owls, falcons, kestrels, vultures. The center also contains an amphitheater and an indoor classroom. Inside the center, exhibitions of reptiles and amphibians such as alligators, painted turtles, box turtles, and gopher tortoises, rattlesnakes, corn snakes, king snakes, boa constrictors, pythons, are held. The staff perform demonstrations of raptors in flight. In 2009, the center added a expansion known as the Wetland Preserve, featuring various species of water fowl in their native habitats. The center is the only one of its kind to be located within the campus of a major university campus.
Recreation Activity Center (RAC)
The Recreation Activity Center (the RAC) is a complex that includes areas for weight lifting, cardio, and basketball. It includes an indoor track, two dance studios, a studio for yoga and pilates, five racquetball courts, and a indoor climbing wall.
In 2006, the RAC was expanded, adding additional basketball and multi-purpose courts, weight and fitness rooms, an Olympic-size swimming pool, a rehabilitation pool, and more space for CRI (Campus Recreation and Intramural) personnel. The expansion also brought a bandshell area that has hosted several national touring artists.
Botanical Garden
The Georgia Southern Botanical Garden is centered on an early 20th-century farmstead and offers visitors a view of the cultural and natural heritage of the southeastern coastal plain, an area rich in endangered plants. The garden's nearly site includes woodland trails, the Bland Cottage Visitor Center and Gift Shop, Heritage Garden, Rose Arbor, Children's Vegetable Garden, Camellia Garden, Native Plant Landscape Garden, Native Azalea Collection and Bog Garden.
Student housing
Georgia Southern currently has seven housing facilities, Centennial Place, Watson Hall, Eagle Village, University Villas, Freedom's Landing, Southern Courtyard, and Southern Pines (with Kennedy Hall closed for remodeling) offering mostly suite and apartment configurations. In the fall of 2008, Centennial Place, a residential complex with four buildings, was constructed. It contains 1,001 beds and retail space. Eagle Village is a housing facility reserved for freshmen only and houses roughly 775 freshman residents each year. First-year Georgia Southern students, with some exceptions, are required to live on campus.
Georgia Southern University purchased Campus Club during May 2012 and began offering campus housing under the name of Freedom's Landing for the fall 2012 semester. Located near the stadium, Freedom's Landing contains 978 beds and is dedicated housing for upperclassmen.
Eagle Dining Services
Eagle Dining Services (part of Auxiliary Services at Georgia Southern University) manages all dining locations on campus. Eagle Dining completed two new dining commons (named Landrum and Lakeside, after the former facilities) that opened in the fall of 2013.
Retail dining locations by Eagle Dining Services include an on-campus Starbucks and Chick-fil-A, that are managed by EDS staff. They also have their own concepts of Zach's Brews (located in the Zach Henderson Library), Market Street Deli (located in the IT Building), Sushi with Gusto (located in the Nursing/Chemistry Building), and Oasis Smoothie & Juice Bar (located in the Recreation and Activities Center). Eagle Dining Services also manages concessions for many Georgia Southern Athletics events, vending all across campus, Catering Services and two convenience stores known as Gus Marts (located in the Russell Union and IT Building).
Georgia Southern University is one of the first to implement a biometric iris recognition system to gain entry to the dining halls in lieu of a swipe card. This system was added to the RAC in the fall of 2015.
Georgia Southern Museum
For more than two decades, the University Museum has showcased artifacts of the natural and cultural history of the region, as well as offered visiting exhibits from U.S. and international museums. It holds both permanent and traveling educational programs which include interactive and hands-on programs. Permanent collections and exhibits focus on preserving the natural and cultural history of the Coastal Plain.
Center for Art & Theatre
The Center for Art & Theatre opened on February 29, 2008. One of its three galleries is the permanent home of the Georgia Artists Collection, a continuously expanding gift of pieces established and curated by Betty Foy Sanders, Bulloch County native and wife of former Georgia Governor Carl Sanders. Other galleries feature scheduled exhibitions of private, student, and faculty works. The center also hosts a 150-seat Black Box Theatre for student performances.
Performing Arts Center
The Performing Arts Center is home to touring shows, lecturers, and programs for cultural outreach. The 825-seat theatre features an orchestra pit and shell, a full-sized stage, and technology for lighting, sound, and production.
Southern Express
Southern Express is Georgia Southern's bus transportation system. In the fall of 2010, adjustments were made and two new routes with a total of eight buses were introduced. The Gold Route runs from the University Store and makes two stops on Forest Drive before proceeding to the RAC and the park-ride lot at Paulson Stadium. The Gold Route Buses then return to the store making the same stops as before. The Blue Route makes one large circle. The Blue route starts at the University Store and makes two stops on Forest Drive and two stops on Lanier Drive before returning to the University Store. The buses change their routes on days of football games to accommodate fans. During the 2009–2010 school year the buses carried almost 1.6 million passengers.
Armstrong Campus
Georgia Southern's Armstrong Campus is located in Savannah, accessible by Interstate 16 and Interstate 95. Prior to consolidation with Georgia Southern, the Armstrong Campus was founded as Armstrong Junior College in 1935 by Mayor Thomas Gamble to help Savannah's youth and the community at large in stimulating the local economy during the height of the Great Depression. Originally housed in the historic Armstrong House downtown, Armstrong moved to its current location in January 1966.
The Armstrong campus is located in a suburban setting near the Savannah Mall, with direct access to downtown Savannah via Abercorn Expressway. The landscaped campus includes subtropical ferns and flowers, southern magnolias, oak trees draped with Spanish moss, and a wide variety of native plants scattered throughout the arboretum-style grounds.
The campus is home to the Georgia Southern's Colleges of Education, Health Professions, and Public Health.
Lane Library is the main academic and research library on the Armstrong campus. Its collection comprises more than 200,000 books and printed materials as well as 18,000 audiovisual works. The university recently invested $5 million in a renovation and expansion of the facility.
The Science Center complex is a two-building complex connected by an enclosed glass walkway. It is home to the Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Physics, and Psychology departments. It includes classroom and lecture space, faculty offices, and labs. The facility opened in 2001 as the largest single increase in instructional space on campus since the campus opened.
A , $24 million student union opened in 2010. It was the Armstrong State University's first green building, built with rapidly renewable and recycled materials and featuring a high-efficiency chilled water cooling system. The union houses a 300-seat food court, 200-seat movie theatre, ballroom, bookstore, coffeehouse, convenience store, and expansive porches and lounges. Next to the Student Union is the Memorial College Center. Commonly known as the MCC, it houses the Student Affairs and Student Activities offices for the campus.
Armstrong's athletic facilities are located in the southeast area of campus. The Student Recreation and Aquatic Center is a athletic facility that includes a fitness center, and two basketball courts. The Alumni Arena is located adjacent to the Rec Center and includes an indoor running track, weight room, coaches offices, classroom space, and a 4,000-seat arena home to the men's and women's basketball teams.
Since consolidation with Georgia Southern, the Armstrong Campus has not maintained a separate athletics program, with the future of these athletic facilities uncertain. Near the end of the 2017–2018 academic year, there were talks of renovating the campus' current athletic facilities to allow for the university's tennis and soccer teams to practice and play at the Armstrong Campus, in addition to creating new recreational and general purpose fields. Such a proposal, if approved, could take up to a decade to complete, with the entire project having a low-end cost of forty million dollars to upgrade the campus's current athletic facilities, including infrastructure needs as mandated by division standards.
More than 1,400 students live on campus in the four residential communities located in the southwest portion of the campus. Windward Commons, which opened in 2010, is Armstrong's suite-style freshmen residential community and is home to nearly 600 students. It features private and semi-private suites, music practice rooms, multipurpose classrooms, lounge/social areas, laundry facilities, courtyards with outdoor sitting space and barbecue areas, and two classrooms. Compass Point, University Terrace, and University Crossings are apartment-style residence halls for upperclassmen and graduate students.
On April 24, 2013, Armstrong completed renovations to the Memorial College Center, opening the Learning Commons. The space was developed as an extension to the campus's Lane Library. Features include Mac and PC labs, three multi-touch tables, and group study rooms.
Liberty Campus
The Liberty Campus in Hinesville first began operations as a satellite campus of Armstrong State University in 1997, moving to its current facilities in January 2016. It offers select programs to residents of Liberty County and surrounding areas. The Liberty Campus provides special services to Fort Stewart military personnel and their families. A variety of programs are offered or supported, including associate’s degrees in arts and applied sciences, and bachelor's degrees in criminal justice, nursing, early childhood education, middle grades education, and liberal studies, with plans to develop consortium programs with Savannah State University in the years post-consolidation.
Academics
Georgia Southern is classified as a comprehensive university by the University System of Georgia. Georgia Southern University is accredited by Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and is overseen by the Georgia Board of Regents.
Georgia Southern University consists of eight primary colleges: the College of Business Administration, the College of Education, the College of Health Professions, the College of Engineering and Computing, the College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, the College of Science and Mathematics, the College of Public Health, and the College of Arts and Humanities.
Degree programs
The university offers more than 140 bachelor's degree, master's degree, and doctorate programs in eight colleges.
In 2010, Georgia Southern received approval to offer three new engineering degrees: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering, and the Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering. Classes for the engineering school began in the fall of 2011.
The Parker College of Business houses the only School of Economic Development in the southeastern United States. The School of Accountancy in the Parker College of Business is the only AACSB certified school in the United States to offer forensic accounting courses to both undergraduate and graduate students.
Georgia Southern has significantly expanded its online degree offerings after launching the program on January 9, 2008.
Georgia Southern's Department of Writing and Linguistics is the only freestanding writing department in the State of Georgia.
The Ph.D. in Logistics/Supply Chain Management is the first of its kind to be offered in the state of Georgia through the university's Parker College of Business. Classes began in the fall of 2010.
Enrollment statistics
In the fall of 2014 the university enrolled 18,004 students in undergraduate programs and 2,513 students in graduate programs. The student population was 52% female and 48% male. With the consolidation with Armstrong State University, the university's overall student population was 27,459 for the 2017–2018 school year.
For incoming freshmen in fall 2018 the average SAT score was 1139, average ACT score was 23, and the average high school GPA was 3.36.
Research
Facilities and Classification
Georgia Southern is involved in energy-related issues in a move toward energy independence and self-sufficiency, with a focus on renewable energy and environmental science research. The State of Georgia established and funded an Endowed Chair of Renewable Energy at Georgia Southern, and biofuel facilities in the state are converting Georgia-grown agricultural products into marketable fuel. The research team is identifying renewable sources of energy in south Georgia and design and evaluate products to capture the energy in a usable form for commercial or residential use in the region. The research team is also assisting regional industries in energy consumption analysis, appropriate strategies for conservation of energy, and preservation of our environments. In addition to creating a regional repository of technology that showcases renewable energy application, these activities will help advance the State of Georgia and the region through the
benefits of higher education.
Georgia Southern is home to the Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology. In honor of the founder of the institute, the name was changed in 2013 to the James H. Oliver Jr., Institute for Coastal Plain Science. An integral part of this program is the U.S. National Tick Collection, the largest collection of ticks in the world, with more than one million specimens representing most of the world's 850 species.
Georgia Southern is classified as a "R2" research university by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Herty Advanced Material Development Center
Georgia Southern University welcomed Georgia Governor Nathan Deal to campus in April 2012 to sign Georgia Senate Bill 396 into law transferring management of the Herty Advanced Materials Development Center to the university. The new legislation, which aligned the university and Herty to create the Georgia Southern University Herty Advanced Materials Development Center, is designed to enhance economic and business development in the state of Georgia. The alignment became effective July 1, 2012. Herty's clients are currently focused in the transportation, forest and paper related products, building materials, energy and the environment and bio-products industries.
The Herty Advanced Material Development Center, which is located near the Port of Savannah, is named for the chemist, businessman and academic Charles Herty (1837-1938), who revolutionized the nation's naval stores industry through innovations in turpentine and paper making in the early 1900s. Herty devised the first system for manufacturing newsprint from southern pines, giving the South a tremendously successful cash crop. His first experiments on southern pines were conducted in a forest located on the university's campus. The university erected a plaque in 1935 noting the site.
Student organizations
There are many types of organizations on campus, including professional, Greek letter, cultural, service and religious. The Armed Forces ROTC would be considered as a professional student organization while the Hispanic Student Association would be considered a cultural student organization. Other professional organizations include AITP.
Political organizations include the Young Democrats and Young Americans for Liberty. The Young Democrats of Georgia Southern has established significant efforts in getting students to vote. These efforts include working with city and county officials to get a voting precinct on campus, and the Voter Action Program, which has a voter hotline and an email system to coordinate with students.
Eagle Battalion ROTC
Although Georgia Southern is not a military college, it has an Eagle Battalion ROTC. It also produces a large number of military nurses. In 2010 and 2011, it was presented with the prestigious MacArthur Award, recognizing the unit as one of the eight best in the country.
Student Media
The Department of Student Media houses six divisions: the George-Anne, Business, Marketing, Magazines, and two Production divisions, one digital, one print. Each of these divisions is led by one student Executive Officer who reports to the director and the Student Media Advisory Board. The board is composed of students and staff. The organization has around 70 student members.
The George-Anne, Student Media's flagship publication for the Statesboro, is published on the Statesboro Campus every Tuesday and Thursday during the fall and spring semesters. During the summer terms, it is published biweekly on Thursdays. It also publishes online daily at thegeorgeanne.com. It does not print during the week of finals.
The George-Anne, Inkwell Edition publishes weekly on Thursdays for the Armstrong Campus. It publishes its articles online at theinkwellonline.com.
The Magazines Division produces The Reflector, The Miscellany, Our House, Lantern Walk and Our Neighborhood. The Reflector is the student interest news magazine of Georgia Southern. The Miscellany is a literary arts magazine made up of submissions from the student body and university community. Our House is a publication geared toward helping upperclassmen find housing once they leave the on-campus options. Our Neighborhood contains information about the surrounding community, like restaurants and places to shop in town. The Lantern Walk is a publication distributed at Georgia Southern's graduation ceremony that includes information about graduation as well as the names of every graduate.
The Business Division earns 40 percent of Student Media's operating budget through advertising sales.
The Marketing Division organizes all of the publication's events, including release parties, fundraisers and Student Media's award-winning First Amendment Free Food Festival. The division is also in charge of distributing all of Student Media's publications.
The Digital Division is home to Student Media's videographers and web designers. They maintain thegeorgeanne.com, produce video coverage and monitor multiple social media accounts for Student Media.
The Creative Division oversees the production of all of Student Media's print publications and assists with thegeorgeanne.com. Designers and photographers produce visual content for Student Media's publications.
Student Government Association
The Georgia Southern University Student Government Association (SGA) is a devolved system in which the individual campuses are self-governing. The Liberty Campus operates under the jurisdiction of the Armstrong Campus. While led by a single President, each campus maintains their own separate legislative and executive branches led by a Speaker and Executive Vice President respectively. They preside over meetings of their respective campus-level branch. The SGA President chairs the Presidential Advisory Committee, which acts in a similar capacity as the individual campus executive boards. Executive and legislative elections are held concurrently across all three campuses in April.
Each campus has sole jurisdiction over issues that only affect their campus and represent the academic colleges housed within their respective campus; each Senate has two additional "colleges" in addition to their respective academic colleges: one for students whose major is not located on their primary campus, and another to represent the interests of graduate-level students. To discuss and advocate for issues at the university level, the two Senates meet during a joint session as a convention, which can pass legislation by a two-thirds vote.
Fraternities and sororities
The first fraternities and sororities were chartered on the campus in 1953 and 1968. There are four governing bodies for Greek-letter organizations at Georgia Southern University, governing all North American Interfraternity Conference (NIC), National Panhellenic Conference (NPC), or National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) recognized organizations on campus, and the United Greek Council. Approximately 12% of undergraduate students are active in social fraternities and sororities on campus.
There are also Greek-letter professional fraternities, along with a number of academic honor societies (such as Alpha Upsilon Alpha, Beta Gamma Sigma, and Phi Alpha Theta). In addition, there are a number of Greek-letter service organizations, such as Gamma Sigma Sigma and Omega Phi Alpha.
Music-based social fraternities
Latina-based social sororities (NALFO)
National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations
Social sororities (NPC)
National Panhellenic Conference
Social sororities (NPHC)
National Pan-Hellenic Council
Latino-based social fraternities (NALFO)
National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations
Fraternities (NIC)
North American Interfraternity Conference
Social fraternities (NPHC)
National Pan-Hellenic Council
Speaker controversies
In October 2019, some students of Georgia Southern University publicly burned books of Cuban-American novelist Jennine Capó Crucet after she gave a talk on campus. The university declared that "book burning does not align with Georgia Southern's values" but declined to discipline the students. Campus events were scheduled October 15 and 16 to discuss censorship and free speech in response to the book burning.
Journalist Abby Martin was scheduled to be the keynote speaker at Georgia Southern University's eighth annual International Critical Media Literacy Conference at Georgia Coastal Center in Savannah on February 28, 2020. When she received the contract for this engagement from GSU, she noted a paragraph included pursuant to Georgia's law prohibiting participation in boycotts of Israel on the part of parties doing business with the State of Georgia passed in 2016. She refused to agree to its stipulations and after she communicated her refusal to GSU, GSU cancelled the engagement. Thereupon, Martin filed suit against GSU and a number of its officials in the Federal District Court for Northern Georgia seeking the voiding of the Georgia statute on grounds of unconstitutional violation of her rights. The event was cancelled.
Athletics
Georgia Southern's athletic teams are known as the Eagles. The Eagles compete in baseball, basketball, rifle, football, golf, tennis, volleyball, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, cross country and track and field. The university's baseball team has participated in the College World Series twice (1973 and 1990). The university has two cheerleading squads, an all-female squad of 22 members and a co-ed squad of seven. Georgia Southern's Athletic Director is Jared Benko. The university offers, intramural teams for all varsity level sports, equestrian events, fencing, and judo.
Football
Georgia Southern's football team currently competes in NCAA Division I FBS as a member of the Sun Belt Conference. The football team won six NCAA Division I-AA national championships (1985, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1999 and 2000) prior to moving to Division I. Georgia Southern announced on March 27, 2013, that it would move to the Sun Belt Conference in 2014, becoming bowl eligible in 2015. During Georgia Southern's last year in Division I FCS (2013), the football schedule remained the same, but they were ineligible for the FCS playoffs.
Traditions
School colors
The official school colors for Georgia Southern are blue and white.
School mascot
The official school mascot for Georgia Southern are the Eagles.
Notable alumni
List of Georgia Southern University alumni
References
Notes
Further reading
"TSC Blues Review Interview with Erk Russell" Southern-Connection.com August 2002
External links
The Fabulous Fifty of 1906/The Delegates historical marker
Education in Bulloch County, Georgia
Educational institutions established in 1906
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Tourist attractions in Bulloch County, Georgia
Buildings and structures in Bulloch County, Georgia
1906 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Public universities and colleges in Georgia (U.S. state) |
52677063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE%20Projects | KDE Projects | KDE Projects are projects maintained by the KDE community, a group of people developing and advocating free software for everyday use, for example KDE Plasma and KDE Frameworks or applications such as Amarok, Krita or Digikam. There are also non-coding projects like designing the Breeze desktop theme and iconset, which is coordinated by KDE's VisualDesignGroup. Even non-Qt applications like GCompris, which started as a GTK-based application, or web-based projects like WikiToLearn are officially part of KDE.
Overview
As of today there are many KDE projects that are either stand-alone or grouped into larger sub-projects:
KDE Plasma Workspaces
KDE Frameworks (formerly KDE-Libs): A collection of libraries that provides frameworks and functionality for developers
KDE Applications Bundle: Containing core applications like Konqueror, Dolphin, KWrite, and Konsole.
KDE Core projects
Plasma – UI for multiple workspaces
KWin – Window manager
KHTML – HTML rendering engine, forked into WebKit in 2004
KJS - JavaScript engine
KIO – Extensible network-transparent file access
KParts – Lightweight in-process graphical component framework
XMLGUI – Allows defining UI elements, such as menus and toolbars via XML files
Phonon – Multimedia framework
Solid – Device integration framework
Sonnet – Spell checker
ThreadWeaver – Library to use multiprocessor systems more effectively
KDE Applications
Major applications developed by KDE include:
Ark – Archiving tool
Dragon Player – Media player.
Dolphin – File manager
Gwenview – Image viewer
Kate – Text editor
Konsole – Terminal emulator
Kontact – Personal information manager featuring an e-mail client, a news client, a feed aggregator, to-do lists, etc.
Konqueror – Web browser and File manager
Kopete – Instant messaging client
Krita – Raster graphics editor for Digital painting
Kdenlive – Video editing software
Thematically related groups of applications
KDE-Plasma-Addons: Additional Plasma widgets.
KDE-Network
KDE-Pim
KDE-Graphics
KDE-Multimedia
KDE-Accessibility: Accessibility applications.
KDE-Utilities
KDE-Edu
Calligra Suite: Integrated office suite
KDE-Games
KDE-Toys
KDE-Artwork: Additional icons, styles, etc.
KDE-SDK
KDE-Bindings
KDEWebdev: Web development tools.
KDE-Extragear: Extragear is a collection of applications and tools that are not part of the core KDE Applications.
KDE-Playground: This repository contains new and unstable software. It is a place for applications to mature.
Other projects
KDE Connect: An Android application to connect the Plasma desktop to phones for remote control
KDE neon: a distro featuring the latest KDE software packages on top of an Ubuntu base.
Wiki2Learn: a wiki-based web framework for people to participate and share knowledge.
Development
Source code
The source code of every KDE project is stored in a source code repository using Git. Stable versions are released to the KDE FTP server in the form of source code with configure scripts, ready to be compiled by operating system vendors and to be integrated with the rest of their systems before distribution. Most vendors use only stable and tested versions of KDE programs or applications, providing it in the form of easily installable, pre-compiled packages.
Implementation
Most KDE projects are using the Qt framework, which runs on most Unix and Unix-like systems (including Mac OS X), and Microsoft Windows. CMake serves as the build tool. This allows KDE to support a wider range of platforms, including Windows. GNU gettext is used for translation. Doxygen is used to generate api documentation.
Licensing
KDE software projects must be released under free licensing terms. In November 1998, the Qt framework was dual-licensed under the free and open-source Q Public License (QPL) and a commercial license for proprietary software developers. The same year, the KDE Free Qt foundation was created which guarantees that Qt would fall under a variant of the very liberal BSD license should Trolltech cease to exist or no free version of Qt be released during 12 months.
Debate continued about compatibility with the GNU General Public License (GPL), hence in September 2000 Trolltech made the Unix version of the Qt libraries available under the GPL in addition to the QPL which eliminated the concerns of the Free Software Foundation. Trolltech continued to require licenses for developing proprietary software with Qt. The core libraries of KDE are collectively licensed under the GNU LGPL but the only way for proprietary software to make use of them was to be developed under the terms of the Qt proprietary license.
Starting with Qt 4.5, Qt was also made available under the LGPL version 2.1, now allowing proprietary applications to legally use the open source Qt version.
See also
:Category:KDE software
:Category:KDE Applications
List of KDE applications
KDE Applications
KDE Extragear
References
External links
The KDE website
KDE.News, news announcements
KDE community forums, the official forum board
Planet KDE, blog aggregate
KDE wikis
KDE Localization
KDE Store, free extensions and addons for KDE Software
1998 software
Free desktop environments
KDE software
Unix windowing system-related software
Utilities for Linux
Utilities for macOS
Utilities for Windows |
35929516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t%20Let%20Me%20Down%20%28Leona%20Lewis%20song%29 | Don't Let Me Down (Leona Lewis song) | "Don't Let Me Down" is a song recorded by British singer-songwriter Leona Lewis for her second studio album Echo (2009). Lewis co-wrote the song with Mike Elizondo, James Fauntleroy, Justin Timberlake and Robin Tadross. It was produced by The Y's and co-produced by Elizondo. Lewis and Timberlake carried out the vocal production. Having wanted to work with Timberlake for a long time, the collaboration came to be after he had asked Lewis to perform at a charity concert he was holding in Las Vegas in October 2008. It was reported that they were going to cover Dolly Parton's song "I Will Always Love You" as a duet, however they worked together on new songs for Echo instead, and "Don't Let Me Down" was created. Lewis revealed that her cover of "Run" inspired Timberlake.
Lyrically, the song is about making difficult decisions in life and trying to take control of situations. The song garnered a mixed response from music critics. While Lewis' vocal performance relieved unanimous praise, some felt that the track lacked any soul or emotion. Its production received comparisons to Timberlake's songs "Cry Me a River" and "What Goes Around... Comes Around". Lewis has performed the song at Rock in Rio and it was included on her debut concert tour, The Labyrinth, and later on the accompanying DVD release, The Labyrinth Tour: Live from the O2.
Background and development
Prior to creating "Don't Let Me Down" for Lewis' second studio album Echo, Justin Timberlake had asked the singer to perform at a charity concert that he was hosting in Las Vegas in October 2008. The singers got to know each other and became friends, resulting in Timberlake asking Lewis to join him in the recording studio to work on some material, which she accepted. In January 2009, it was reported that the pair were planning to cover Dolly Parton's song "I Will Always Love You" as a duet, and were going to record it sometime within the next couple of months when they both had some spare time in their busy schedules. In June 2009, Lewis confirmed that she was over halfway through the recording process for Echo in an interview with Digital Spy, and that she and Timberlake had collaborated on several tracks together. She said that Timberlake was "awesomely talented", and that he had contributed vocals on a couple of the songs.
In a November 2009 interview, Lewis said that she had always wanted to work with Timberlake. In February 2010, she said that a few weeks after the two of them had met in Las Vegas, they went into a recording studio, where Lewis played him her cover of "Run". She revealed that Timberlake was "really inspired" after hearing "Run", and they created "Don't Let Me Down" shortly afterward. She characterised her time in the studio with him as "amazing" and Timberlake as "really hardworking and focused". Lewis said that her favourite song by him is "Cry Me a River", which critics later compared to "Don't Let Me Down" upon the release of Echo.
Internet leak
In August 2009, computer hackers leaked "Don't Let Me Down" on the internet. Record label SyCo and music trade body IFPI called in the police to help them find the hackers. Jeremy Banks, head of IFPI's Internet Anti-Piracy Unit, spoke about the situation in an interview for The Sun, saying "IFPI is working with SyCo and law enforcement agencies in the US and Europe to trace the individuals who stole the Leona Lewis/Justin Timberlake track". He clarified that the investigation was ongoing and stated that such pre-release leaks are damaging for the members who invest budgets in marketing and promotion before release. The Sun reported that SyCo's personal computers were also hacked the previous month and unfinished tracks by singer Alexandra Burke were also leaked. SyCo also expressed their opinion, stating that they believe the song was leaked by hackers and not by someone in the music industry. A representative for the BBC confirmed that the record label's personal computers had been under "sustained attack" for some time and said "We will certainly look to bring charges against those who are responsible."
Recording and composition
"Don't Let Me Down" was co-written by Lewis with Mike Elizondo, James Fauntleroy, Timberlake and Robin Tadross. Production of the song was done by The Y's, while Elizondo served as the co-producer. Lewis and Timberlake carried out the vocal production. The track was recorded by Paul Folley at Henson Studios and was mixed by Jean-Marie Harvat at East West Studios, both of which are located in Los Angeles, California. Harvat was assisted in the mixing process by Mimi Parker. Larry Gold was enlisted as the string arranger. Timberlake also contributes uncredited background vocals. "Don't Let Me Down" appears as the eleventh track on the standard edition of Echo, and lasts for a duration of . The song appears as the tenth track on the North American edition of the album and lasts for one second less at . It was composed in the key of E Major using common time at 60 beats per minute. Instrumentation consists of a piano, guitar, strings, and "subtle" percussion. The style in which "Don't Let Me Down" was produced received comparisons to song recorded by Timberlake, including "Cry Me a River" and "What Goes Around... Comes Around". According to Michael Cragg of musicOMH, Lewis is singing about "making tough decisions and trying to take back control".
Reception and live performances
Cragg wrote that "Don't Let Me Down" and another Echo track "I Got You" are "equally infectious"; he also praised Lewis' vocal performance and described it as "genuinely stirring". Nick Levine for Digital Spy was brief in his description of the song, simply calling it "lovely". BBC Music's Mike Diver wrote that although the track resembles Timberlake's songs "Cry Me a River" and "What Goes Around... Comes Around", Lewis fails to deliver "Don't Let Me Down" with "any comparable soulfulness." As part of his review of Echo, Matthew Cole for Slant Magazine wrote that too much of the album is dominated by "thoughtless" ballads like "Stop Crying Your Heart Out" and "Don't Let Me Down". While he noted that Lewis gives a "technically unimpeachable" vocal performance, he wrote that it does not compensate for the "dull arrangement" and lack of emotion in her delivery.
Lewis performed "Don't Let Me Down" at the Rock in Rio festival held in Lisbon on 22 May 2010. The song was included as the second song on the set list of her debut concert tour, called The Labyrinth (2010). It was later included on the DVD release of the tour, The Labyrinth Tour: Live from the O2. Lewis performed the song in the first section of the set list, along with "Brave" as the opener, "Better in Time", "Whatever It Takes" and "Take a Bow". Jade Wright for the Liverpool Echo wrote that the singer belted out the track. The set was decorated in the style of a castle; acrobats performed as they were hanging from the ceiling on large pieces of fabric while Lewis wore a gold sequined dress and thigh high boots.
Track listings
Echo standard edition
Echo United States standard version
The Labyrinth Tour: Live from the O2
Credits and personnel
Recording
Recorded at Henson Studios, Los Angeles, CA.
Mixed at East West Studios, Los Angeles, CA.
Personnel
Songwriting – Mike Elizondo, James Fauntleroy, Leona Lewis, Justin Timberlake, Robin Tadross
Production – The Y's, Mike Elizondo (co-producer)
Vocal recording – Paul Folley
Vocal production – Leona Lewis, Justin Timberlake
Mixing – Jean-Marie Harvat
Assistant mixing – Mimi Parker
String arrangements – Larry Gold
Background vocals – Justin Timberlake (not credited in booklet)
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Echo.
References
2000s ballads
2009 songs
Leona Lewis songs
Songs written by Leona Lewis
Songs written by Mike Elizondo
Songs written by James Fauntleroy
Songs written by Justin Timberlake
Songs written by Rob Knox (producer) |
4650831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20computer%20systems%20from%20Croatia | List of computer systems from Croatia | This is the list of computer systems from Croatia. See History of computer hardware in Croatia for more information.
See also
History of computer hardware in Croatia
List of computer systems from SFRY
History of computer hardware in the SFRY
Croatia
Computer systems from Croatia
Computer systems from Croatia |
53940712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money%20Heist | Money Heist | Money Heist (, , "The House of Paper") is a Spanish heist crime drama television series created by Álex Pina. The series traces two long-prepared heists led by the Professor (Álvaro Morte), one on the Royal Mint of Spain, and one on the Bank of Spain, told from the perspective of one of the robbers, Tokyo (Úrsula Corberó). The narrative is told in a real-time-like fashion and relies on flashbacks, time-jumps, hidden character motivations, and an unreliable narrator for complexity.
The series was initially intended as a limited series to be told in two parts. It had its original run of 15 episodes on Spanish network Antena 3 from 2 May 2017 through 23 November 2017. Netflix acquired global streaming rights in late 2017. It re-cut the series into 22 shorter episodes and released them worldwide, beginning with the first part on 20 December 2017, followed by the second part on 6 April 2018. In April 2018, Netflix renewed the series with a significantly increased budget for 16 new episodes total. Part 3, with eight episodes, was released on 19 July 2019. Part 4, also with eight episodes, was released on 3 April 2020. A documentary involving the producers and the cast premiered on Netflix the same day, titled Money Heist: The Phenomenon (). In July 2020, Netflix renewed the show for a fifth and final part, which was released in two five-episode volumes on 3 September and 3 December 2021, respectively. Similar to Money Heist: The Phenomenon, a two-part documentary involving the producers and cast premiered on Netflix the same day, titled Money Heist: From Tokyo to Berlin. The series was filmed in Madrid, Spain. Significant portions were also filmed in Panama, Thailand, Italy (Florence), Denmark and in Portugal.
The series received several awards including the International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series at the 46th International Emmy Awards, as well as critical acclaim for its sophisticated plot, interpersonal dramas, direction, and for trying to innovate Spanish television. The Italian anti-fascist song "Bella ciao", which plays multiple times throughout the series, became a summer hit across Europe in 2018. By 2018, the series was the most-watched non-English-language series and one of the most-watched series overall on Netflix,<ref
name=newstatesman_180824/> having particular resonance with viewers from Mediterranean Europe and the Latin American regions.
Premise
Set in Madrid, a mysterious man known as the "Professor" recruits a group of eight people, who choose city names as their aliases, to carry out an ambitious plan that involves entering the Royal Mint of Spain, and escaping with €984 million. After taking 67 people hostage inside the Mint, the team plans to remain inside for 11 days to print the money as they deal with elite police forces. In the events following the initial heist, the group's members are forced out of hiding and prepare for a second heist, with some additional members, this time aiming to escape with gold from the Bank of Spain, as they again deal with hostages and police forces.
Cast and characters
Main
Úrsula Corberó as Silene Oliveira (Tokyo): a runaway turned robber who is scouted by the Professor, then joins his group and participates in his plans. She also acts as the unreliable narrator.
Álvaro Morte as Sergio Marquina (The Professor) / Salvador "Salva" Martín: the mastermind of the heist who assembled the group, and Berlin's younger brother
Itziar Ituño as Raquel Murillo (Lisbon): an inspector of the National Police Corps who is put in charge of the case.
Pedro Alonso as Andrés de Fonollosa (Berlin): a terminally ill jewel thief and the Professor's second-in-command and older brother
Paco Tous as Agustín Ramos (Moscow) (parts 1–2; featured parts 3–5): a former miner turned criminal and Denver's father
Alba Flores as Ágata Jiménez (Nairobi): an expert in counterfeiting and forgery, in charge of printing the money and oversaw the melting of gold
Miguel Herrán as Aníbal Cortés (Rio): a young hacker who later becomes Tokyo's boyfriend
Jaime Lorente as Ricardo / Daniel Ramos (Denver): Moscow's son who joins him in the heist
Esther Acebo as Mónica Gaztambide (Stockholm): one of the hostages in the Mint who is Arturo Román's secretary and mistress, carrying his child out of wedlock; during the robbery, she falls in love with Denver and becomes an accomplice to the group
Enrique Arce as Arturo Román: a hostage and the former Director of the Royal Mint of Spain
María Pedraza as Alison Parker (parts 1–2): a hostage in the Mint and daughter of the British ambassador to Spain
Darko Perić as Mirko Dragic (Helsinki): a veteran Serbian soldier and Oslo's cousin
Kiti Mánver as Mariví Fuentes (parts 1–2; featured parts 3–4): Raquel's mother
Hovik Keuchkerian as Santiago Lopez (Bogotá; parts 3–5): an expert in metallurgy who joins the robbery of the Bank of Spain
Luka Peroš as Jakov (Marseille; parts 4–5; featured part 3): a member of the gang who joins the robbery of the Bank of Spain and serves as a liaison for the group.
Belén Cuesta as Julia Martinez (Manila; parts 4–5; featured part 3): godchild of Moscow and Denver's childhood friend, a trans woman, who joins the gang and poses as one of the hostages during the robbery of the Bank of Spain
Fernando Cayo as Colonel Luis Tamayo (part 4–5; featured part 3): a member of the Spanish Intelligence who oversees Alicia's work on the case
Rodrigo de la Serna as Martín Berrote (Palermo / The Engineer; parts 3–5): an old Argentine friend of Berlin who planned the robbery of the Bank of Spain with him and assumed his place as commanding officer
Najwa Nimri as Alicia Sierra (parts 3–5): a pregnant inspector of the National Police Corps put in charge of the case after Raquel departed from the force
Recurring
Roberto García Ruiz as Dimitri Mostovói / Radko Dragić (Oslo; parts 1–2; featured parts 3–4): a veteran Serbian soldier and Helsinki's cousin
Fernando Soto as Ángel Rubio (parts 1–2; featured parts 3–5): a deputy inspector and Raquel's second-in-command
Juan Fernández as Colonel Luis Prieto (parts 1–2; featured parts 3–4): a member of the Spanish Intelligence who oversees Raquel's work on the case
Anna Gras as Mercedes Colmenar (parts 1–2): Alison's teacher and one of the hostages in the Mint
Fran Morcillo as Pablo Ruiz (part 1): Alison's schoolmate and one of the hostages in the Mint
Clara Alvarado as Ariadna Cascales (parts 1–2): one of the hostages who works in the Mint and seduces Berlin
Mario de la Rosa as Suárez: the chief of the Grupo Especial de Operaciones
Miquel García Borda as Alberto Vicuña (parts 1–2; featured parts 4-5): Raquel's ex-husband and a forensic examiner
Naia Guz as Paula Vicuña Murillo (parts 1–2; featured parts 3–4): Raquel and Alberto's daughter
José Manuel Poga as César Gandía (parts 4–5; featured part 3): chief of security for the Bank of Spain who escapes from hostage and causes havoc for the group
Antonio Romero as Benito Antoñanzas (parts 3–5): an assistant to Colonel Luis Tamayo, who is persuaded by the Professor to do tasks for him
Diana Gómez as Tatiana (featured parts 3–5): the fifth ex-wife of Berlin who is a professional pianist and thief
Pep Munné as Mario Urbaneja (featured parts 3–5): the governor of the Bank of Spain
Olalla Hernández as Amanda (featured parts 3–5): the Secretary to the governor of the Bank of Spain and hostage who Arturo rapes
Mari Carmen Sánchez as Paquita (featured parts 3–5): a hostage in the Bank of Spain and a nurse who tends to Nairobi while she recovers
Carlos Suárez as Miguel Fernández (featured parts 3–5): a nervous hostage in the Bank of Spain
Ahikar Azcona as Matías Caño (Pamplona; featured parts 3–5): a member of the group who largely guards the hostages in the Bank of Spain
Ramón Agirre as Benjamín Martinez (Logroño; featured parts 4–5): father of Manila who aids the Professor in his plan
Antonio García Ferreras as himself (featured parts 4–5): a journalist
José Manuel Seda as Sagasta (part 5): leader of the army detail inside the bank
Patrick Criado as Rafael (featured part 5): Berlin's son and Professor's nephew
Miguel Ángel Silvestre (featured part 5): René, Tokyo's boyfriend before working with the Professor
Alberto Amarilla as Ramiro (part 5): member of Sagasta's Special Forces
Jennifer Miranda as Arteche (part 5): member of Sagasta's Special Forces
Ajay Jethi as Shakir (featured parts 4–5): the lead Pakistani hacker that was hired by the Professor during the Bank of Spain robbery
Production
Conception and writing
The series was conceived by screenwriter Álex Pina and director Jesús Colmenar during their years of collaboration since 2008. After finishing their work on the Spanish prison drama Locked Up (Vis a vis), they left Globomedia to set up their own production company, named Vancouver Media, in 2016. For their first project, they considered either filming a comedy or developing a heist story for television, with the latter having never been attempted before on Spanish television. Along with former Locked Up colleagues, they developed Money Heist as a passion project to try new things without outside interference. Pina was firm about making it a limited series, feeling that dilution had become a problem for his previous productions.
Initially entitled Los Desahuciados () in the conception phase, the series was developed to subvert heist conventions and combine elements of the action genre, thrillers and surrealism, while still being credible. Pina saw an advantage over typical heist films in that character development could span a considerably longer narrative arc. Characters were to be shown from multiple sides to break the viewers' preconceptions of villainy and retain their interest throughout the show. Key aspects of the planned storyline were written down at the beginning, while the finer story beats were developed incrementally to not overwhelm the writers. Writer Javier Gómez Santander compared the writing process to the Professor's way of thinking, "going around, writing down options, consulting engineers whom you cannot tell why you ask them that," but noted that fiction allowed the police to be written dumber when necessary.
The beginning of filming was set for January 2017, allowing for five months of pre-production. The narrative was split into two parts for financial considerations. The robbers' city-based code names, which Spanish newspaper ABC compared to the colour-based code names in Quentin Tarantino's 1992 heist film Reservoir Dogs, were chosen at random in the first part, although places with high viewership resonance were also taken into account for the new robbers' code names in part 3. The first five lines of the pilot script took a month to write, as the writers were unable to make the Professor or Moscow work as narrator. Ultimately, Tokyo was chosen as an unreliable narrator. Flashbacks and time-jumps increased the narrative complexity and made the story more fluid for the audience. The pilot episode required over 50 script versions until the producers were satisfied. Later scripts would be finished once per week to keep up with filming.
Casting
Casting took place late in 2016, spanning more than two months. The characters were not fully fleshed out at the beginning of this process, and took shape based on the actors' performances. Casting directors Eva Leira and Yolanda Serrano were looking for actors with the ability to play empathetic robbers with believable love and family connections. Antena 3 announced the ensemble cast in March 2017 and released audition excerpts of most cast actors in the series' aftershow Tercer Grado and on their website.
The Professor was designed as a charismatic yet shy villain who could convince the robbers to follow him and make the audience sympathetic to the robbers' resistance against the powerful banks. However, developing the Professor's role proved difficult, as the character did not follow archetypal conventions and the producers were uncertain about his degree of brilliance. While the producers found his Salva personality early on, they were originally looking for a 50-year-old Harvard professor type with the looks of Spanish actor José Coronado. The role was proposed to Javier Gutiérrez, but he was already committed to starring in the film Campeones. Meanwhile, the casting directors advocated for Álvaro Morte, whom they knew from their collaboration on the long-running Spanish soap opera El secreto de Puente Viejo, even though his prime-time television experience was limited at that point. Going through the full casting process and approaching the role through external analysis rather than personal experience, Morte described the professor as "a tremendous box of surprises" that "end up shaping this character because he never ceases to generate uncertainty," making it unclear for the audience if the character is good or bad. The producers also found that his appearance of a primary school teacher gave the character more credibility.
Pedro Alonso was cast to play Berlin, whom La Voz de Galicia would later characterize as a "cold, hypnotic, sophisticated and disturbing character, an inveterate macho with serious empathy problems, a white-collar thief who despises his colleagues and considers them inferior." The actor's portrayal of the character was inspired by a chance encounter Alonso had the day before receiving his audition script, with "an intelligent person" who was "provocative or even manipulative" to him. Alonso saw high observation skills and an unusual understanding of his surroundings in Berlin, resulting in unconventional and unpredictable character behaviour. Similarities between Berlin and Najwa Nimri's character Zulema in Pina's TV series Locked Up were unintentional. The family connection between the Professor and Berlin was not in the original script, but was built into the characters' backstory at the end of part 1 after Morte and Alonso had repeatedly proposed to do so.
The producers found the protagonist and narrator, Tokyo, among the hardest characters to develop, as they were originally looking for an older actress to play the character who had nothing to lose before meeting the Professor. Úrsula Corberó eventually landed the role for bringing a playful energy to the table; her voice was heavily factored in during casting, as she was the first voice the audience hears in the show. Jaime Lorente developed Denver's hallmark laughter during the casting process. Two cast actors had appeared in previous TV series by Álex Pina: Paco Tous (Moscow) had starred in the 2005 TV series Los hombres de Paco, and Alba Flores (Nairobi) had starred in Locked Up. Flores was asked to play Nairobi without audition when Pina realised late in the conception phase that the show needed another female gang member. For the role opposite to the robbers, Itziar Ituño was cast to play Inspector Raquel Murillo, whom Ituño described as a "strong and powerful woman in a world of men, but also sensitive in her private life". She took inspiration from The Silence of the Lambs character Clarice Starling, an FBI student with a messy family life who develops sympathies for a criminal.
The actors learned of the show's renewal by Netflix before the producers contacted them to return. In October 2018, Netflix announced the cast of part 3; the returning main cast included Pedro Alonso, raising speculation about his role in part 3. Among the new cast members were Argentine actor Rodrigo de la Serna, who saw a possible connection between his character's name and the Argentine football legend Martín Palermo, and Locked Up star Najwa Nimri. Cameo scenes of Brazilian football star, and fan of the series, Neymar, as a monk were filmed for part 3, but were excluded from the stream without repercussions to the narrative until judicial charges against him had been dropped in late August 2019. A small appearance by Spanish actress Belén Cuesta in two episodes of part 3 raised fan and media speculation about her role in part 4.
Design
The show's look and atmosphere were developed by creator Álex Pina, director Jesús Colmenar, and director of photography Migue Amoedo, according to La Vanguardia "the most prolific television trio in recent years". Abdón Alcañiz served as art director. Their collaboration projects usually take a primary colour as a basis; Money Heist had red as "one of the distinguishing features of the series" that stood over the gray sets. Blue, green and yellow were marked as a forbidden colour in production design. To achieve "absolute film quality", red tones were tested with different types of fabrics, textures and lighting. The iconography of the robbers' red jumpsuits mirrored the yellow prison dress code in Locked Up. For part 3, the Italian retail clothing company Diesel modified the red jumpsuits to better fit the body and launched a clothing line inspired by the series. Salvador Dalí was chosen as the robbers' mask design because of Dalí's recognisable visage that also serves as an iconic cultural reference to Spain; Don Quixote as an alternative mask design was discarded. This choice sparked criticism by the Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation for not requesting the necessary permissions.
To make the plot more realistic, the producers requested and received advice from the national police and the Spanish Ministry of Interior. The robbers' banknotes were printed with permission of the Bank of Spain and had an increased size as an anti-counterfeit measure. The greater financial backing of Netflix for part 3 allowed for the build of over 50 sets across five basic filming locations world-wide. Preparing a remote and uninhabited island in Panama to represent a robber hide-out proved difficult, as it needed to be cleaned, secured and built on, and involved hours-long travelling with material transportation. The real Bank of Spain was unavailable for visiting and filming for security reasons, so the producers recreated the Bank on a two-level stage by their own imagining, taking inspiration from Spanish architecture of the Francisco Franco era. Publicly available information was used to make the Bank's main hall set similar to the real location. The other interior sets were inspired by different periods and artificially aged to accentuate the building's history. Bronze and granite sculptures and motifs from the Valle de los Caídos were recreated for the interior, and over 50 paintings were painted for the Bank to emulate the Ateneo de Madrid.
Filming
Parts 1 and 2 were filmed back-to-back in the greater Madrid region from January until August 2017. The pilot episode was recorded in 26 days, while all other episodes had around 14 filming days. Production was split into two units to save time, with one unit shooting scenes involving the Professor and the police, and the other filming scenes with the robbers. The main storyline is set in the Royal Mint of Spain in Madrid, but the exterior scenes were filmed at the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) headquarters for its passing resemblance to the Mint, and on the roof of the Higher Technical School of Aeronautical Engineers, part of the Technical University of Madrid. The hunting estate where the robbers plan their coup was filmed at the Finca El Gasco farm estate in Torrelodones. Interior filming took place at the former Locked Up sets in Colmenar Viejo and at the Spanish national daily newspaper ABC in Torrejón de Ardoz for printing press scenes. As the show was designed as a limited series, all sets were destroyed once production of part 2 had finished.
Parts 3 and 4 were also filmed back-to-back, with 21 to 23 filming days per episode. Netflix announced the start of filming on 25 October 2018, and filming of part 4 ended in August 2019. In 2018, Netflix had opened their first European production hub in Tres Cantos near Madrid for new and existing Netflix productions; main filming moved there onto a set three times the size of the set used for parts 1 and 2. The main storyline is set in the Bank of Spain in Madrid, but the exterior was filmed at the Ministry of Development complex Nuevos Ministerios. A scene where money is dropped from the sky was filmed at Callao Square. Ermita de San Frutos in Carrascal del Río served as the exterior of the Italian monastery where the robbers plan the heist. The motorhome scenes of the Professor and Lisbon were filmed at the deserted Las Salinas beaches in Almería to make the audience feel that the characters are safe from the police although their exact location is undisclosed at first. Underwater scenes inside the vault were filmed at Pinewood Studios in the United Kingdom. The beginning of part 3 was also filmed in Thailand, on the Guna Yala islands in Panama, and in Florence, Italy, which helped to counter the claustrophobic feeling of the first two parts, but was also an expression of the plot's global repercussions. Filming for the fifth and final season concluded on 14 May 2021.
Music
The series' theme song, "My Life Is Going On," was composed by Manel Santisteban, who also served as composer on Locked Up. Santisteban approached Spanish singer, Cecilia Krull, to write and perform the lyrics, which are about having confidence in one's abilities and the future. The theme song is played behind a title sequence featuring paper models of major settings from the series. Krull's main source of inspiration was the character Tokyo in the first episode of the series, when the Professor offers her a way out of a desperate moment. The lyrics are in English as the language that came naturally to Krull at the time of writing.
The Italian anti-fascist song "Bella ciao" plays multiple times throughout the series and accompanies two emblematic key scenes: at the end of the first part the Professor and Berlin sing it in preparation for the heist, embracing themselves as resistance against the establishment, and in the second part it plays during the thieves' escape from the Mint, as a metaphor for freedom. Regarding the use of the song, Tokyo recounts in one of her narrations, "The life of the Professor revolved around a single idea: Resistance. His grandfather, who had fought against the fascists in Italy, taught him the song, and he taught us." The song was brought to the show by writer Javier Gómez Santander. He had listened to "Bella ciao" at home to cheer him up, as he had grown frustrated for not finding a suitable song for the middle of part 1. He was aware of the song's meaning and history and felt it represented positive values. "Bella ciao" became a summer hit in Europe in 2018, mostly due to the popularity of the series and not the song's grave themes.
Episodes
Season 1: Parts 1 and 2 (2017)
Part 1 begins with the aftermath of a failed bank robbery by a woman using the alias "Tokyo" as a man called the "Professor" saves her from being caught by the police. He proposes to include her in a heist of massive proportions. After a brief outline of the plan, the story jumps to the beginning of a multi-day assault on the Royal Mint of Spain in Madrid. The eight robbers are code-named for cities: Tokyo, Moscow, Berlin, Nairobi, Rio, Denver, Helsinki, and Oslo. Dressed in red jumpsuits and masks depicting artist Salvador Dalí, the robbers take 67 hostages as part of their plan to print and escape with €2.4 billion through a self-built escape tunnel. The Professor heads the heist from an external location. Flashbacks throughout the series show the five months of preparation at an abandoned hunting estate in the Toledo countryside; the robbers are not to share personal information nor engage in personal relationships, and are warned that there will be casualties.
Throughout parts 1 and 2, the robbers inside the Mint have difficulties sticking to their roles and face uncooperative hostages, violence, isolation, and mutiny. Tokyo narrates events through voice-overs. While Denver pursues a love affair with hostage Mónica Gaztambide, inspector Raquel Murillo of the National Police Corps negotiates with the Professor on the outside and begins an intimate relationship with his alter ego "Salva." The Professor's identity is repeatedly close to being uncovered and Raquel eventually realizes Salva is the Professor, but she is emotionally unable to hand him over to the police. At the end of part 2, after 128 hours, the robbers escape from the Mint with €984 million, but Oslo, Moscow and Berlin are killed. One year after the heist, Raquel finds a series of postcards left by the Professor, who wrote the coordinates for a location in Palawan in the Philippines, where she reunites with him.
Season 2: Parts 3 and 4 (2019–2020)
Part 3 begins two to three years after the heist on the Royal Mint of Spain, showing the robbers enjoying their lives paired-up in diverse locations. However, when Europol captures Rio with an intercepted phone, the Professor picks up Berlin's old plans to assault the Bank of Spain to force Europol to hand over Rio to prevent his torture. He and Raquel (going by "Lisbon") get the gang, including Mónica (going by "Stockholm"), back together, and enlist three new members: Palermo, Bogotá and Marseille, with Palermo in charge. Flashbacks to the Professor and Berlin outline the planned new heist and their different approaches to love. The disguised robbers sneak into the heavily guarded bank, take hostages and eventually gain access to the gold and state secrets. At the same time, the Professor and Lisbon travel in an RV and then an ambulance while communicating with the robbers and the police. The robbers thwart a police breach of the bank, forcing the police, led by Colonel Luis Tamayo and pregnant inspector Alicia Sierra, to release Rio to the robbers. Nairobi is injured by a police sniper's shot to the chest. With another police assault on the bank coming, and believing Lisbon has been executed by the police, the Professor radios Palermo and declares DEFCON 2. The robbers respond by firing a rocket at the armored police vehicle that is advancing on the bank, turning the robbers from folk heroes to killers in the eyes of the public. Part 3 concludes by showing Lisbon alive and in custody, and Tokyo narrating that the Professor had fallen for a trap. She concludes that because of the Professor's miscalculation, "the war had begun."
Part 4 begins with the robbers rushing to save Nairobi's life. While Tokyo stages a coup d'état and takes over command from Palermo, the Professor and Marseille deduce that Lisbon must still be alive and being interrogated by Sierra in the police command post tent outside the bank. They persuade Tamayo's assistant, Antoñanzas, to help them so the Professor can establish a 48-hour truce with the police. As the group manages to save Nairobi's life, the restrained Palermo attempts to reassert command by colluding with Gandía, the restrained chief of security for the Bank of Spain. Gandía escapes, begins communications with the police from within a panic room inside the bank, and participates in a violent cat-and-mouse game with the gang. Palermo reverses course, regains the trust of the group, and rejoins them. Gandía shoots Nairobi in the head, killing her instantly, but the gang later recapture him. As the police prepare another assault on the bank, the Professor exposes to the public the unlawful torture of Rio and Lisbon's detention and interrogation. Sierra is fired and begins pursuing the Professor on her own. The Professor enlists external help to free Lisbon after she is transferred from the command post tent to the Supreme Court building. Part 4 concludes with Lisbon rejoining the gang inside the bank, and with Sierra finding the Professor's hideout, then holding him at gunpoint.
Season 3: Part 5 Volumes 1 and 2 (2021)
Part 5 Volume 1 begins with Sierra finding the Professor and knocking him out, then tying him up and interrogating him. After Lisbon enters the bank, the gang prepares for an attack by troops of the Spanish army. The gang captures Gandia, then frees him rather than killing him. Gandia wants to exact revenge on the gang, so Tamayo has him join the assault by the soldiers. After finding out the Professor has been caught but that Sierra has not notified the police, Lisbon tells the gang they will not give up. Benjamin and Marseille find the Professor, and Sierra knocks them out and ties them up. When Sierra struggles to deliver her baby, she frees the Professor, Marseille, and Benjamin so they can help. Sierra gives birth to a daughter, whom she names Victoria. Arturo Roman, a hostage in both the Royal Mint and the Bank of Spain, had an affair with Stockholm before the first heist, and Arturo's reminders anger Denver. When Arturo, the governor of the bank, and other hostages start a rebellion, Stockholm shoots Arturo, who is released so he can receive medical care. In a flashback, Berlin convinces his son Rafael to help him steal 12 kilograms of gold with Tatiana, Bogota, and Marseille. In the present, the gang starts fighting the soldiers, with Helsinki sustaining a severe injury. Stockholm feels guilt over shooting Arturo, who is her son's birth father, and takes morphine while nursing Helsinki, which leaves her unable to aid in the gang's defense against the attacking soldiers. Part 5 Volume 1 concludes with Tokyo sacrificing herself to defeat Gandia and the soldiers.
In Part 5 Volume 2, Sierra runs away and the Professor and Marseille chase after her. Initially enemies, the Professor and Sierra soon become allies as they face their common enemy - the police. When they go back to the stormwater tank, they see the gold has already been delivered to them by the gang. However, the police find the stormwater tank and arrests the Professor, Sierra, Benjamin and Marseille. They escape, but find the gold missing. It is revealed that the gold is stolen by Rafael and Tatiana because she broke up with Berlin in the past to be with Rafael. In the present, Tatiana and Rafael bury the gold. Palermo and the Professor discover that it is their doing, but at this time, the army captured the gang. The Professor gives Sierra a note for Rafael, and convinces her to find the gold as that is their only hope while he drives to the bank. When he enters the bank, Tamayo taunts him and interrogates each gang member separately. Denver goes first, but does not reveal anything and is escorted to the police tent. The gang reveals to the public the gold has already been removed from the bank, leading to public panic and an economical meltdown, putting Spain in danger of bankruptcy. Sierra is able to locate the stolen gold. Outside the bank, the gold has arrived in trucks, but the Professor says it is gold-coated brass. The gang members are killed on Tamayo's orders, shocking Denver in the tent. They are taken out of the bank in body bags, and it is revealed they are alive as the Professor convinced Tamayo to stop the chase; the return of the "gold" has stabilized the country's economy. 24 hours after the heist, the gang reunite at an air base. Everyone receives new passports as Rafael and Tatiana return the gold to the gang with a promise that they will receive a share. The gang leaves the air base, having successfully robbed the Bank of Spain.
Themes and analysis
The series was noted for its subversions of the heist genre. While heist films are usually told with a rational male Anglo-centric focus, the series reframes the heist story by giving it a strong Spanish identity and telling it from a female perspective through Tokyo. The producers regarded the cultural identity as an important part of the personality of the series, as it made the story more relatable for viewers. They also avoided adapting the series to international tastes, which helped to set it apart from the usual American TV series and raised international awareness of Spanish sensibilities. Emotional dynamics like the passion and impulsivity of friendship and love offset the perfect strategic crime for increased tension. Nearly all main characters, including the relationship-opposing Professor, eventually succumb to love, for which the series received comparisons to telenovelas. Comedic elements, which were compared to Back to the Future and black comedy, also offset the heist tension. The heist film formula is subverted by the heist starting straight after the opening credits instead of lingering on how the gang is brought together.
With the series being set after the financial crisis of 2007–2008, which resulted in severe austerity measures in Spain, critics argued that the series was an explicit allegory of rebellion against capitalism, including The Globe and Mail, who saw the series as "subversive in that it's about a heist for the people. It's revenge against a government." According to Le Monde, the Professor's teaching scenes in the Toledo hunting estate, in particular, highlighted how people should seek to develop their own solutions for the fallible capitalist system. The show's Robin Hood analogy of robbing the rich and giving to the poor received various interpretations. El Español argued that the analogy made it easier for viewers to connect with the show, as modern society tended to be tired of banks and politics already, and the New Statesman said the rich were no longer stolen from but undermined at their roots. On the other hand, Esquire's Mireia Mullor saw the Robin Hood analogy as a mere distraction strategy for the robbers, as they initially did not plan to use the money from their first heist to improve the quality of life of regular people; for this reason, Mullor also argues that the large following for the robbers in part 3 was not understandable even though they represented a channel for the discontent of those bearing economic and political injustices.
The characters were designed as multi-dimensional and complementary antagonists and antiheroes whose moralities are ever-changing. Examples include Berlin, who shifts from a robber mistreating hostages, to one of the series' most beloved characters. There is also the hostage Mónica Gaztambide, as well as inspector Raquel Murillo, who eventually join the cause of the robbers. Gonzálvez of The Huffington Post finds that an audience may think of the robbers as evil at first for committing a crime, but as the series progresses it marks the financial system as the true evil and suggests the robbers have ethical and empathetic justification for stealing from an overpowered thief. Najwa Nimri, playing inspector Sierra in part 3, said that "the complex thing about a villain is giving him humanity. That's where everyone gets alarmed when you have to prove that a villain also has a heart". She added that the amount of information and technology that surrounds us is allowing us to verify that "everyone has a dark side." The series leaves it to the audience to decide who is good or bad, as characters are "relatable and immoral" at various points in the story. Pina argued that it was this ability to change the view that made the series addictive and marked its success.
With the relative number of female main characters in TV shows generally on the rise, the series gives female characters the same attention as men, which the BBC regarded as an innovation for Spanish television. While many plot lines in the heist series still relate to males, the female characters become increasingly aware of gender-related issues, such as Mónica arguing in part 3 that women, just like men, could be robbers and a good parent. Critics further examined feminist themes and a rejection of machismo in the series through Nairobi and her phrase "The matriarchy begins" in part 2, and a comparative scene in part 3, where Palermo claims a patriarchy in a moment that, according to CNET, is played for laughs. La Vanguardia challenged any female-empowering claims in the series, as Úrsula Corberó (Tokyo) was often shown scantily clad, and Esquire criticized how characters' relationship problems in part 3 were often portrayed to be the women's fault. Alba Flores (Nairobi) saw no inherent feminist plot in the series, as women only take control when it suits the story, whilst Esther Acebo (Mónica) described any feminist subtext in the show as not being vindicative.
Broadcast and release
Original broadcast
Part 1 aired on free-to-air Spanish TV channel Antena 3 in the Wednesday 10:40 p.m. time slot from 2 May 2017 till 27 June 2017. Part 2 moved to the Monday 10:40 p.m. time slot and was broadcast from 16 October 2017 till 23 November 2017, with the originally planned 18 to 21 episodes cut down to 15. As the series was developed with Spanish prime-time television in mind, the episodes had a length of around 70 minutes, as is typical for Spanish television. The first five episodes of part 1 were followed by an aftershow entitled Tercer Grado ().
Despite boycott calls after Itziar Ituño (Raquel Murillo) had protested against the accommodations of ETA prisoners of her home Basque Country in March 2016, the show had the best premiere of a Spanish series since April 2015, with more than four million viewers and the majority share of viewers in its timeslot, almost double the number of the next highest-viewed station/show. The show received good reviews and remained a leader in the commercial target group for the first half of part 1, but the viewership eventually slipped to lower figures than expected by the Antena 3 executives. Argentine newspaper La Nación attributed the decrease in viewer numbers to the change in time slots, the late broadcast times and the summer break between the parts. Pina saw the commercial breaks as responsible, as they disrupted the narrative flow of the series that otherwise played almost in real time, even though the breaks were factored in during writing. La Vanguardia saw the interest waning only among the conventional audience, as the plot unfolded too slowly at the rate of one episode per week. Writer Javier Gómez Santander regarded the series' run on Antena 3 as a "failure" in 2019, as the ratings declined to "nothing special", but commended Antena 3 for making a series that did not rely on typical stand-alone episodes.
Netflix acquisition
Part 1 was made available on Netflix Spain on 1 July 2017, like other series belonging to Antena 3's parent media group Atresmedia. In December 2017, Netflix acquired the exclusive global streaming rights for the series. Netflix re-cut the series into 22 episodes of around 50 minutes' length. Cliffhangers and scenes had to be divided and moved to other episodes, but this proved less drastic than expected because of the series' perpetual plot twists. Netflix dubbed the series and renamed it from La casa de papel to Money Heist for distribution in the English-speaking world, releasing the first part on 20 December 2017 without any promotion. The second part was made available for streaming on 6 April 2018. Pina assessed the viewer experience on Antena 3 versus Netflix as "very different", although the essence of the series remained the same.
Without a dedicated Netflix marketing campaign, the series became the most-watched non-English language series on Netflix in early 2018, within four months of being added to the platform, to the creators' surprise. This prompted Netflix to sign a global exclusive overall deal with Pina shortly afterwards. Diego Ávalos, director of original content for Netflix in Europe, noted that the series was atypical in being watched across many different profile groups. Common explanations for the drastic differences in viewership between Antena 3 and Netflix were changed consumption habits of series viewers and the binge-watching potential of streaming. Some people in Spain also came to know the series only from Netflix, unaware of its original Antena 3 broadcast. Pina and Sonia Martínez of Antena 3 would also later say that the series, with its high demand of viewer attention, unknowingly followed the video-on-demand format from the beginning.
Renewal
In October 2017, Álex Pina said that part 2 had remote but intentional spin-off possibilities, and that his team was open to continue the robbers' story in the form of movies or a Netflix renewal. Following the show's success on the streaming platform, Netflix approached Pina and Atresmedia to produce new chapters for the originally self-contained story. The writers withdrew themselves for more than two months to decide on a direction, creating a bible with central ideas for new episodes in the process. The crucial factors in accepting Netflix's deal were the creators recognising that characters still had things to say, and having the opportunity to deviate from the perfectly orchestrated heist of the first two parts. Adamant that the story should be set in Spain again, the producers wanted to make it a sequel rather than a direct continuation, and expand on the familiarity and affection between the characters instead of the former group of strangers. Rio's capture was chosen as the catalyst to get the gang back together because he as the narrator's boyfriend represented the necessary emotional factor for the renewal not to be "suicide."
Netflix officially renewed the series for the third part with a considerably increased budget on 18 April 2018, which might make part 3 the most expensive series per episode in Spanish television history, according to Variety. As writing was in progress, Pina stated in July 2018 that he appreciated Netflix's decision to make the episodes 45 to 50 minutes of length, as the narrative could be more compressed and international viewers would have more freedom to consume the story in smaller parts. With Netflix's new push to improve the quality and appeal of its English-language versions of foreign shows, and over 70 percent of viewers in the United States choosing dubs over subtitles for the series, Netflix hired a new dubbing crew for part 3 and re-dubbed the first two parts accordingly. Part 3, consisting of eight episodes, was released on 19 July 2019; the first two episodes of part 3 also had a limited theatrical release in Spain one day before.
In August 2019, Netflix announced that part 3 was streamed by 34 million household accounts within its first week of release, of which 24 million finished the series within this period, thereby making it one of the most-watched productions on Netflix of all time, regardless of language. The viewership of part 3 increased, when Netflix reported that part 3 was viewed 44 million households during its first month and became the most popular show on Netflix during the third quarter. Netflix had an estimated 148 million subscribers world-wide in mid-2019. In October 2019, Netflix ranked Money Heist as their third-most-watched TV series for the past twelve months, and named it as the most-watched series across several European markets in 2019, including France, Spain and Italy, though not the UK. Twitter ranked the show fourth in its "Top TV shows worldwide" of 2019.
Filming of an initially unannounced fourth part of eight episodes ended in August 2019. Álex Pina and writer Javier Gómez Santander stated that unlike part 3, where the intention was to re-attract the audience with high-energy drama after the move to Netflix, the story of part 4 would unfold slower and be more character-driven. At another occasion, Pina and executive producer Esther Martínez Lobato teased part 4 as the "most traumatic [part] of all" because "this much tension has to explode somewhere". Alba Flores (Nairobi) said the scriptwriters had previously made many concessions to fans in part 3, but would go against audience wishes in part 4 and that "anyone who loves Nairobi will suffer". According to Pedro Alonso (Berlin), the focus of part 4 would be on saving Nairobi's life and standing by each other to survive. Part 4 was released on 3 April 2020; a documentary involving the producers and the cast premiered on Netflix the same day, titled Money Heist: The Phenomenon. Part 4 broke numerous viewership records for a non-English Netflix series, attracting 65 million of households during its first four weeks, and went to become the most watched non-English series at the time.
In October 2019, the online editions of Spanish newspaper's ABC and La Vanguardia re-reported claims by the Spanish website formulatv.com that Netflix had renewed the series for a fifth part, and that pre-production had already begun. In November 2019, La Vanguardia quoted director Jesús Colmenar's statement "That there is going to be a fifth [part] can be said", and that the new part would be filmed after Vancouver Media's new project Sky Rojo. Colmenar also stated that there have been discussions with Netflix about creating a spin-off of the series, as well as Pina. In an interview in December 2019, Pina and Martínez Lobato would not discuss the possibility of a fifth part because of confidentiality contracts, and only said that "Someone knows there will be [a part 5], but we don't." On 31 July 2020, Netflix renewed the show for a fifth and final part. On 24 May 2021, it was announced that the fifth part of the show would be released in two five-episode volumes on 3 September and 3 December, respectively. Similar to Money Heist: The Phenomenon, a two-part documentary involving the producers and cast premiered on Netflix the same day, titled Money Heist: From Tokyo to Berlin.
Future
South Korean adaptation
In November 2020, Netflix announced that it will create a South Korean adaptation of the show. The 12-part production, titled Money Heist: Korea - Joint Economic Area, will be a collaboration between BH Entertainment and Contents Zium, with Kim Hong-sun set to direct. Production of the adaptation has been delayed by COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea.
Spin-off series
In November 2021, Netflix announced that it will create a spin-off series titled Berlin, which is set to be released in 2023.
Reception
Public response
After the move to Netflix, the series remained the most-followed series on Netflix for six consecutive weeks and became one of the most popular series on IMDb. It regularly trended on Twitter world-wide, largely because celebrities commented on it, such as football players Neymar and Marc Bartra, American singer Romeo Santos, and author Stephen King. While users flooded social networks with media of themselves wearing the robbers' outfit, the robbers' costumes were worn at the Rio Carnival, and Dalí icons were shown on huge banners in Saudi Arabia football stadiums. Real footage of these events would later be shown in part 3 as a tribute to the show's international success. The Musée Grévin in Paris added statues of the robbers to its wax museum in summer 2018. The show's iconography was used prominently by third parties for advertising, sports presentations, and in porn.
Although the show's first two parts were popular, the domestic market in Spain failed to convince Antena 3 to continue the series and it was shelved until international response escalated to the point where the cast and crew were called back for another two seasons.
There have also been negative responses to the influence of the show. In numerous incidents, real heist men wore the show's red costumes and Dalì masks in their attacks or copied the fictional robbers' infiltration plans. The robbers' costumes were banned at the 2019 Limassol Carnival Festival as a security measure as a result. The series was used in an attack on YouTube, when hackers removed the most-played song in the platform's history, "Despacito", and left an image of the show instead. In unrelated reports, a journalist from Turkish TV channel AkitTV and an Ankaran politician have both warned against the show for supposedly encouraging terrorism and being "a dangerous symbol of rebellion".
Spanish newspaper El Mundo saw the public response as a reflection of the "climate of global disenchantment" where the robbers represent the "perfect antiheroes", and the New Statesman explained the show's resonance with international audiences as coming from the "social and economic tensions it depicts, and because of the utopian escape it offers." Viewer response was especially high in Mediterranean Europe and the Latin world, in particular Spain, Italy, France, Portugal, Brazil, Chile and Argentina, so Spanish as a common language did not appear to be a unifying reason for the show's success. Writer Javier Gómez Santander and actor Pedro Alonso (Berlin) rather argued that the Latin world used to feel at the periphery of global importance, but a new sentiment was coming that Spain could compete with the global players in terms of media production levels and give the rest of the world a voice.
Netflix partnered with Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege for an in-game event, where hostages on the Bank map, wore Money Heist outfits. Outfits for 2 in-game characters were purchasable and the music in the background during the heist, was Bella Ciao.
The series is one of two Spanish language TV series to be featured in TV Time'''s top 50 most followed TV shows ever, currently being the fifth most followed series on the platform.
Critical reception
The series' beginning on Antena 3 was received well by Spanish media. Nayín Costas of El Confidencial named the premiere a promising start that captivated viewers with "adrenaline, well-dosed touches of humor and a lot of tension," but considered it a challenge to maintain the dramatic tension for the remainder of the series. While considering the pilot's voice-over narration unnecessary and the sound editing and dialogs lacking, Natalia Marcos of El País enjoyed the show's ensemble cast and the ambition, saying "It is daring, brazen and entertaining, at least when it starts. Now we want more, which is not little." Reviewing the full first part, Marcos lauded the series for its outstanding direction, the musical selection and for trying to innovate Spanish television, but criticized the length and ebbing tension. At the end of the series' original run, Nayín Costas of El Confidencial commended the series for its "high quality closure" that may make the finale "one of the best episodes of the Spanish season", but regretted that it aimed to satisfy viewers with a predictable happy ending rather than risk to "do something different, original, ambitious", and that the show was unable to follow in the footsteps of Pina's Locked Up.
After the show's move to Netflix for its international release, Adrian Hennigan of the Israeli Haaretz said the series was "more of a twisty thriller than soapy telenovela, driven by its ingenious plot, engaging characters, tense flash points, pulsating score and occasional moments of humor", but taunted the English title "Money Heist" as bland. In a scathing review, Pauline Bock of the British magazine New Statesman questioned the global hype of the series, saying that it was "full of plot holes, clichéd slow-motions, corny love stories and gratuitous sex scenes", before continuing to add that "the music is pompous, the voice-over irritating, and it's terribly edited". John Doyle of The Globe and Mail praised parts 1 and 2 for the heist genre subversions; he also said that the series could be "deliciously melodramatic at times" with "outrageous twists and much passion" like a telenovela. Jennifer Keishin Armstrong of the BBC saw the series' true appeal in the interpersonal dramas emerging through the heist between "the beautiful robbers, their beautiful hostages, and the beautiful authorities trying to negotiate with them." David Hugendick of Die Zeit found the series "sometimes a bit sentimental, a little cartoonesque," and the drama sometimes too telenovela-like, but "all with a good sense for timing and spectacle."
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave part 3 an approval rating of 100% based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "An audacious plan told in a non-linear fashion keeps the third installment moving as Money Heist refocuses on the relations between its beloved characters." While lauding the technical achievements, Javier Zurro of El Español described the third part as "first-class entertainment" that was unable to transcend its roots and lacked novelty. He felt unaffected by the internal drama between the characters and specifically, disliked Tokyo's narration for its hollowness. Alex Jiménez of Spanish newspaper ABC found part 3 mostly succeeding in its attempts to reinvent the show and stay fresh. Euan Ferguson of The Guardian recommended watching part 3, as "it's still a glorious Peaky Blinders, just with tapas and subtitles," while Pere Solà Gimferrer of La Vanguardia found that the number of plot holes in part 3 could only be endured with constant suspension of disbelief. Though entertained, Alfonso Rivadeneyra García of Peruvian newspaper El Comercio'' said the show does "what it does best: pretend to be the most intelligent boy in class when, in fact, it is only the cleverest."
Awards and nominations
Notes
References
External links
Money Heist on Rotten Tomatoes
Money Heist
2010s crime drama television series
2020s crime drama television series
2017 Spanish television series debuts
2021 Spanish television series endings
Antena 3 (Spanish TV channel) network series
Crime thriller television series
Spanish crime television series
Spanish-language television shows
Spanish-language Netflix original programming
Television shows set in Madrid
Television shows set in Panama
Television shows set in Florence
Television shows set in Thailand
International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series winners
Television shows filmed in Spain
Television shows remade overseas
2010s Spanish drama television series
2020s Spanish drama television series
Spanish thriller television series
Fiction with unreliable narrators
Television series by Vancouver Media |
7164066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWICS | TWICS | TWICS (Two Way Information Communication System) was a Japanese Internet Service Provider and online community. It was started in 1982 as a part of the non-profit International Education Center in Tokyo. Between 1982 and 1993, TWICS focused on their online community. Howard Rheingold wrote about their diverse international online community in his book, The Virtual Community. Joi Ito contributed ideas that led to the growth of the community, both as a teenager and later as president of PSINet Japan. Prior to TWICS offering public access Internet, Jeff Shapard led the company and developed the foundation for the community
.
Until the mid-1990s, TWICS based their community on the Participate conferencing system running on a VAX computer from Digital Equipment Corporation.
In 1993 TWICS became the first organization in Japan to offer public access Internet services by leasing a line from a US-owned company called InterCon International KK (a subsidiary of TCP/IP software maker, InterCon Systems Corporation). After Jeff Shapard left TWICS, Tim Burress
took over as president, leading the company through the complex regulatory process in Japan, and was chief engineer that led the project to successful connection to the public Internet. This achievement made them a target of intense rivalry from older more established companies who had already spent a year unsuccessfully trying to obtain licenses to provide similar services.
TWICS and Linux in Japan
Starting from 1995, TWICS started to move their systems to HPUX under the technical leadership of Paul Gampe. Under Paul's leadership, TWICS also started to move edge systems to Linux. Paul later became VP of global engineering services and operations at Red Hat after leaving TWICS. Kevin Baker, another senior engineer at TWICS, worked at Red Hat as an engineering manager for 8 years. The Tokyo Linux Users Group (TLUG) was formed in the TWICS forum. Craig Oda, who was president of TWICS at the time was also president of the TLUG and co-authored an O'Reilly Japan book on Japanese support of Linux. Craig went on to become VP of product marketing and management at Turbolinux.
Acquisition by PSINet
In 1998, PSINet acquired TWICS
as part of their expansion into Japan. Rimnet was acquired at the same time. After the dot-com bubble popped, Cable & Wireless IDC acquired PSINet Japan along with TWICS in December 2001.
.
In 2003, TWICS was taken over by Inter.net Global Inc.
External links
Wiring Japan The controversial start-up of Internet services in Japan
TWICS.com at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine
Japan and the Net Chapter from Howard Rheingold's book, The Virtual Community
Building On-Ramps to the Information Superhighway Computing Japan
References
Defunct Internet service providers
Defunct companies of Japan
Internet service providers of Japan |
25100606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela%20State%20University | Isabela State University | Isabela State University is a public university in the province of Isabela, Philippines. It is mandated to provide advanced instruction in the arts, agricultural and natural sciences as well as in technological and professional fields. Its main campus is located in Echague, Isabela.
Milestone
The Isabela State University traces its beginning in December 1918 to a farm school – the Echague Farm School, constituting a four-room academic building and a home economics building established through the efforts of an American supervising teacher, Mr. Horatio Smith, under the provisions of the Compulsory Education Act.
With ten teachers to run the school, it accommodated 100 pupils from grades five to seven to take up elementary agriculture. Soon after, growth was gradually seen when the 100 enrollees increased to 300, necessitating the hiring of more home economics teachers and a farm manager as was provided by the same provision. Subsequently, more infrastructures were gradually constructed in 1925 to include a modest library building, a granary, a poultry swine building, garden houses and a nursery.
More developments soon followed with the conversion of the farm school into a rural high school in 1928. This progress provided for the opening of higher academic levels – the first and second-year classes, and the third and fourth-year classes thereafter. In response to increasing demands for appropriate higher education programs, the secondary agricultural education and home economics courses were made fully operational.
The year 1935 brought in another development for the Isabela State University when the Municipal Council of Echague, Isabela withdrew its support from the gradually progressing rural high school. Consequently, the school was transferred to Jones, Isabela where it saw the reverting of its status to a farm school again until World War II.
When the liberation period came in 1946, the farm school was named Isabela Agricultural High School and was relocated to Echague, Isabela. In 1952, it was renamed Echague Rural High School. As the course in forestry was integrated into the agricultural courses of the school in 1960, it was deemed appropriate to rename it as Echague Agricultural and Forestry School. Soon, the school began to gain recognition when in 1963 it earned the status of an agricultural school in the region. With the status came a broader sphere of responsibility as it was then expected to respond to the needs of its clientele not only in the provincial but also in the regional level. This seemed to have served as the cue for more innovations to follow.
More academic programs were offered as demanded by its regional school status supported by the timely reorganization of the administrative advisory structure of the newly created Bureau of Vocational Education which gave greater freedom to the agricultural, trade and fixture schools to plan and implement their educational programs. Concurrent with the agricultural school status, in 1970, the Echague Agricultural and Forestry School was also designated as the Manpower Training Center for the region.
The filing of House Bill 2866 during the Seventh Congress of the Philippines continually elevated the status of the school. The bill made possible the conversion of the Echague Agricultural and Forestry School into a state college. The conversion move was approved by the Lower House on April 17, 1972 and was subsequently passed by the Senate on May 30, 1972. However, its presidential approval was made pending. But shortly after the declaration of Martial Law, the bill was finally signed and the now state college was named Isabela State College of Agriculture. With its new status, the programs in agriculture, forestry and home economics were expanded and engineering, agri-business and post-secondary two-year courses were opened.
The Educational Decree of 1972 promulgated on September 20, 1972 set another direction for the educational system. The decree declared a government policy to re-orient the educational system for an accelerated national economic growth and social development. During this time, the province of Isabela was also experiencing growth in many aspects. As the province saw the need to accommodate the results of its growth and respond to the call for national development through education, it felt the need to integrate and convert the institutions of higher learning into one effective and efficient state university. Presidential Decree (PD) 1434 then merged two state colleges- the Isabela State College of Agriculture in Echague and the Cagayan Valley Institute of Technology (CVIT) in Cabagan to become the Isabela State University. This also transferred the college level courses of the Isabela School of Arts and Trades in Ilagan; the Jones Rural School in Jones; the Roxas Memorial Agricultural and Industrial School in Roxas; the San Mateo Vocational and Industrial School in San Mateo. As likewise provided in the same decree, Echague campus is the seat of the administration. PD 1437 complemented PD 1434 by defining the composition, powers, and functions of the governing board which was amended by RA 8292 (Higher Education Modernization Act of 1997).
In 1999, the CHED Memorandum Order No. 18 s. 1999, which provides the guidelines for the integration of CHED Supervised Institutions (CSIs) to SUCs, was enacted. Pursuant to this order, the first CHED supervised institution that was integrated into the University is the Cauayan Polytechnic College at Cauayan Isabela in 2000. In 2002, another three CSIs were integrated into the system, namely: the Roxas Memorial Agricultural and Industrial School (RMAIS) with ISU Roxas Campus; the Delfin Albano Memorial Institute of Agriculture and Technology (DAMIAT) in San Mariano, Isabela; and, the Angadanan Agro-Industrial College (AAIC) in Angadanan, Isabela. With the enthusiasms of the Palanan and Santiago City Local Government Units (LGUs), the ISU and the said LGUs had entered into a memorandum of agreement (MOA) to establish extension campuses to their respective places. Palanan campus was established in 2004 while, Santiago City ISU campus last June 2008. To date, the university has 11 campuses grouped into four clusters strategically located in the four congressional districts of Isabela.
Past administrators
FELIPE B. CACHOLA, Ph.D. in Agricultural Education (1978–1986). He was appointed as the university’s first president by President Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 6, 1978. His administration laid down the groundwork needed for a beginning yet fast developing university by promptly drafting the university’s philosophy, mission, goals and objectives and its strategy for growth and survival which has immediately provided direction to the university. He crafted strategies for effective educational management and development programs which elicited the needed loyalty and commitment to the University from his constituents. His conviction that the Isabela State University should not just be another university but one “that can touch and shape the lives of the people in Isabela as well as in Region 2” became contagious. For democratic and effective management, he organized a group of competent men to backstop him in the task of running a system composed of six developing schools.
RODOLFO C. NAYGA, Ph.D. in Agricultural Education (1986–1999). He served as the second president of the university after his appointment on August 1, 1987. It was during his term that pioneering degree programs in Asia and the country, e.g. B.S.A. in Farming Systems, B.S. Agritech, B.S. Food Engineering, B.S. Development Management Education were established. He started offering doctoral programs major in: Agricultural Sciences, Occupational Education and Institutional Development and Management. He caused the delineation of 3.5 hectares of land which is now the site of the Ilagan campus. He was also instrumental in the construction of four buildings for the campus next to the Ilagan School of Arts and Trades campus. During his term, ISU was named the lead agency in establishing national (Agricultural Education Outreach Project, Environmental Development Program, etc.) and regional (Provincial Agricultural Institute, local government trainings, DA-DENR, etc.) programs and projects. Under his leadership, the University received recognitions in research in the national level (awarding of Dr. Francisco M. Basuel as one of the six (6) Outstanding Young Scientist of the Philippines) and the regional level (creative research on Legulac Technology, PCARRD funded research project).
MIGUEL P. RAMOS. Ph.D. in Education (1999–2003). He served as the third ISU President. During his time, ISU for one realized the need to align all facets of the academe to the new era. Despite financial setbacks and impending forced financial autonomy from the government, the university strived to take more insistent steps of filling resource gaps to meet its goals. His four years term was consequently focused on competitive instruction, timely Research and Development and Extension (RDE), and aggressive measures for financial stability.
ROMEO R. QUILANG, Ph.D. At present the university is at the helm of the 4th University President. Dr. Quilang provided the university with new policy directions and sets the new horizons for ISU to strive. To give ISU a boost in its administrative management, Dr. Quilang spearheaded the formulation of campus clustering breaking the long chain of onerous per campus management. To date, there are four clusters comprising the whole ISU system – the Echague cluster comprising Echague Campus, Jones Campus, Santiago City Campus and Angadanan Campus, Cauayan cluster consisting of San Mateo Campus, Roxas Campus and Cauayan Campus, Cabagan cluster comprising Cabagan Campus and Palanan Campus and Ilagan cluster covering San Mariano and Ilagan campuses. Another milestone in his administration is the formulation of the new University Organizational Structure which placed a better management system, timely in the increasing number of students. As a result, the ISU and their programs qualified to several accretion bodies like SUC Leveling, AACCUP and CHED. It was in 2006 that ISU became SUC level 4. Forestry program in Cabagan campus obtained Center of Excellence by CHED while, agriculture and agricultural engineering programs in Echague campus were qualified recently as Center of Development by the same institution. Most of the core academic programs of the university had gone to level 2 to 3 by the AACCUP. Linkages became strong within and outside the country that helped the university perform better in its quadrangular functions such as instruction, research, extension, and production.
Organizational structure
The adoption of the new organizational structure is an initiative to implement better university management. Adhering to the principles of organization and management, the overall purpose of changing/revising the university organizational structure is to keep it attuned with recent developments and to streamline the institution to become more efficient, effective and economical in responding to the needs of its clientele.
The significant changes in the organizational structure are highlighted by the clustering of the university campuses. The eleven campuses were grouped into four constituent clusters in which component campuses (smaller campuses) are placed under each constituent campus, namely: Echague Campus with Jones, Angadanan and Santiago City as component campuses, Cauayan City Campus with Roxas and San Mateo as component campuses, City of Ilagan Campus with San Mariano as its component campus and Cabagan Campus with Palanan as its component campus. The constituent campuses are headed by Executive Officers while the component campuses are headed by Campus Administrators.
The organizational structure (Figure 1) shows the different levels of management both in the administrative and academic levels. The Board of Regents (BOR) is the policy-making and governing board of the University under which is the University President, who is the Chief Executive Officer of the University.
Two major councils support the President – the Administrative Council (ADCO) and the Academic Council (ACO). The President chairs both councils. The ADCO reviews and recommends to the BOR for appropriate action policies governing the administration, management and development plans of the University while the ACO reviews and recommends the curricular offerings and rules of discipline of the university subject to appropriate action of the BOR. It fixes requirements for the admission of students as well as for the graduation and the conferment of degrees, subject to review and/or approval by the BOR through the University President. Supporting the Office of the President are the Presidential Management Staff and the Internal Audit Services.
Directly under the Office of the President are the four Offices of Vice Presidents for Academic Affairs, Administration and Finance, Research, Development, Extension and Training and Planning and Development. Also directly under the President are the four Executive Officers of each constituent campus/cluster under which are the deans and campus administrators.
The colleges, institutes and schools constitute the academic units of the University and are headed by the deans. The deans report directly to their respective Executive Officers. Associate Deans of Colleges/Schools/Institutes report directly to the deans concerned on matters pertaining to academic policies and programs. Departments of academic units are headed by the Chairmen who report directly to their respective Deans or Associate Deans.
Academic programs
Main Campus (Echague)
Graduate Studies
Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences
Major in: Crop Science and Animal Science
Ph.D. in Community Development
Ph.D. in Institutional Development and Management
Doctor of Public Administration
Ph.D. in Occupational Education
Master of Science in Agricultural Sciences
Major in: Crop Science and Animal Science
Master of Science
Major in: Mathematics Education, Biology Education, and Chemistry Education
Master of Arts in Teaching / MAEd
Major in: Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics and English
Master of Arts in Psychology
Master in Biology
Master in Chemistry
Master in English
Master in Mathematics
Master in Psychology
Master of Science in Science Education
Master in Public Administration
Master in Business Administration
Master of Arts / Science in Development Management Education
Master of Science in Agricultural Engineering
Master of Arts in Teaching / MAEd
Major in: Filipino, Home Technology, and Social Science
Undergraduate Programs
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Food Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology – Ladderized
Bachelor of Science in Animal Husbandry
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Major in: Crop Science, Soils, Farming Systems, Animal Science, Crop Protection, Post Harvest Technology, and Horticulture
Bachelor of Science in Agri-Business
Major in: Agri-Business Management, Economics and Cooperative Development
Bachelor of Science in Fisheries
Bachelor of Science in Forestry (first 2 years)
Bachelor of Science in Rural Development
Bachelor of Science in Biology
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Bachelor of Science in Mathematics
Bachelor of Arts
Major in: English, Psychology, Political Science, Peace and Security, and Mass Communication
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
Major in: Human Resource Development & Management, Marketing Management, Management Accounting, and Business Computer Application
Bachelor of Arts in Public Administration
Bachelor of Science in Accountancy
Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship
Bachelor of Elementary Education
Bachelor of Secondary Education
Major in: English, Filipino, Technology & Livelihood Education, Mathematics, Practical Arts, MAPE, Social Science, Library & Information Management
Non-degree Courses
Two Years Computer Programming
Two Years Computer Secretarial
Associate in Agriculture
Cauayan City Campus
Graduate Studies
Masters in Information Technology
Undergraduate Programs
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
Bachelors in Laws and Letters
Bachelors in Arts and Sciences
Bachelors in Education
Bachelors in Hotel and Restaurant Management (Ladderized)
Bachelors in Entrepreneurship
Bachelors in Business Administration
Bachelors in Agricultural
Vocational Courses
Cabagan Campus
Graduate Studies
Doctor of Education
Doctor of Philosophy in Resource Management
Master of Arts in Education
Master of Science in Forestry
Master of Science in Environmental Studies
Master of Science in Development Communication
Master of Science in Agriculture
Undergraduate Programs
Bachelor in Secondary Education
Bachelor in Elementary Education
Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management
Bachelor of Science in Forestry
Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science
Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
Bachelor of Science in Physical Education
Bachelor of Science in Law Enforcement Administration
Bachelor of Arts in Sociology
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
Bachelor of Science in Agribusiness
Bachelor of Agricultural Technology
Diploma and Two-year Programs
Diploma in Agricultural Technology
Associate in Hotel and Restaurant Management
City of Ilagan Campus
Graduate Studies
Master of Arts in Education
Undergraduate Programs
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (AACCUP Level II Accredited)
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (AACCUP Level II Accredited)
Bachelor of Science in Architecture (AACCUP Level I Accredited)
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Technology (AACCUP Level II Accredited)
Major: Automotive, Electrical, Electronics, Food & Service Management, Cosmetology, Drafting
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Education
Bachelor of Science in Psychology
Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education
Major: Mathematics, English, Physics, TLE
Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education
Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education
Major: Automotive, Electrical, Electronics, Food & Service Management
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (AACCUP Level II Accredited)
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (AACCUP Level II Accredited)
Bachelor of Science in Midwifery
2-year courses
Computer Programming
Computer Secretarial
Diploma in Midwifery
References
State universities and colleges in the Philippines
Universities and colleges in Isabela (province) |
5901315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use%20of%20Free%20and%20Open-Source%20Software%20%28FOSS%29%20in%20the%20U.S.%20Department%20of%20Defense | Use of Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) in the U.S. Department of Defense | Use of Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) in the U.S. Department of Defense is a 2003 report by The MITRE Corporation that documented widespread use of and reliance on free software (termed "FOSS") within the United States Department of Defense (DoD). The report helped end a debate about whether FOSS should be banned from U.S. DoD systems, and helped redirect the discussion towards the current official U.S. DoD policy of treating FOSS and proprietary software as equals.
History
Version 1.0
The FOSS report began in early 2002 as a request relayed to Terry Bollinger of The MITRE Corporation to collect data on how FOSS was being used in U.S. DoD systems. The driver for the request was an ongoing debate within the U.S. DoD about whether to ban the use of FOSS in its systems, and in particular whether to ban GNU General Public License (GPL) software. The U.S. Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) was also interested, and agreed to sponsor the report. The first draft was completed two weeks later, and version 1.0 was released a few weeks after that. It quickly gained notoriety for its documentation of widespread use of FOSS in the U.S. Department of Defense, and consequently was mentioned in an article about free software in the Washington Post.
The attention resulted in a new round of reviews and edits. Microsoft Corporation requested that Ira Rubinstein, their legal counsel and liaison for DoD software policy issues, be permitted to participate. Rubinstein, who is listed in the preface as the first reviewer, produced the most detailed critique of the report. His recommendations resulted in a massive expansion of the coverage and analysis of free software licenses.
Version 1.2
The final report, version 1.2.04, was completed on January 2, 2003. It was first published on the DISA web site, and is now available on the DoD CIO web site on open source software resources.
Impact
Prior to this report, very little data had been available about how—and even whether—FOSS was used widely in U.S. DoD systems. The report changed this aspect of the discussion immediately, proving beyond any reasonable doubt that the U.S. DoD was already a major user of FOSS. More importantly, the report documented that FOSS was being used in important and even mission-critical situations. One of the more surprising findings documented in the report is that the cyber security community was the most upset of any group at the prospect of FOSS being banned. From their perspective, FOSS provides high code visibility and the ability to fix security flaws quickly and quietly. As a result of the findings, any serious consideration of banning FOSS was dropped. The effort to develop a policy on using FOSS instead moved towards a much more even-handed policy that was initiated with the Stenbit open source software policy, that requires U.S. DoD groups to treat FOSS in the same fashion as proprietary software, and subsequently made even more explicit in the 2009 Wennergren clarification of the Stenbit policy.
The broader impact can be realized by recognizing that if the security-conscious U.S. DoD had banned FOSS, it is likely many other federal components, state and local governments, corporations, and international groups would have followed suit. The result would have been a world much less friendly both to FOSS and to FOSS-like efforts.
Findings
Below is the executive summary of the report. The full report was published in multiple formats, which can be found along with related open source software resources on Bollinger's personal website.
This report documents the results of a short email-mediated study by The MITRE Corporation on the use of free and open-source software (FOSS) in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). FOSS is distinctive because it gives users the right to run, copy, distribute, study, change, and improve it as they see fit, without having to ask permission from or make fiscal payments to any external group or person. The autonomy properties of FOSS make it useful for DoD applications such as rapid responses to cyberattacks, for which slow, low-security external update processes are neither practical nor advisable, and for applications where rapid, open, and community-wide sharing of software components is desirable. On the other hand, the same autonomy properties complicate the interactions of FOSS with non-FOSS software, leading to concerns—some valid and some not—about how and where FOSS should be used in complex DoD systems.
The word free in FOSS refers not to fiscal cost, but to the autonomy rights that FOSS grants its users. (A better word for zero-cost software, which lacks such rights, is "freeware.") The phrase open source emphasizes the right of users to study, change, and improve the source code—that is, the detailed design—of FOSS applications. Software that qualifies as free almost always also qualifies as open source, and vice versa, since both phrases derive from the same set of software user rights formulated in the late 1980s by Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation.
The goals of the MITRE study were to develop as complete a listing of FOSS applications used in the DoD as possible, and to collect representative examples of how those applications are being used. Over a two-week period the survey identified a total of 115 FOSS applications and 251 examples of their use.
To help analyze the resulting data, the hypothetical question was posed of what would happen if FOSS software were banned in the DoD. Surprisingly, over the course of the analysis it was discovered that this hypothetical question has a real-world analog in the form of proprietary licenses that if widely used would effectively ban most forms of FOSS. For the purpose of the analysis, the effects of the hypothetical ban were evaluated based on how FOSS is currently being used in survey examples. In the case of niche-dominating FOSS products such as Sendmail (ubiquitous for Internet email) and GCC (a similarly ubiquitous compiler), a large amplification factor must also be taken into account when estimating such impacts. The actual levels of DoD use of such ubiquitous applications is likely to be hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands of time larger than the number of examples identified in the brief survey.
The main conclusion of the analysis was that FOSS software plays a more critical role in the DoD than has generally been recognized. FOSS applications are most important in four broad areas: Infrastructure Support, Software Development, Security, and Research. One unexpected result was the degree to which Security depends on FOSS. Banning FOSS would remove certain types of infrastructure components (e.g., OpenBSD) that currently help support network security. It would also limit DoD access to—and overall expertise in—the use of powerful FOSS analysis and detection applications that hostile groups could use to help stage cyberattacks. Finally, it would remove the demonstrated ability of FOSS applications to be updated rapidly in response to new types of cyberattack. Taken together, these factors imply that banning FOSS would have immediate, broad, and strongly negative impacts on the ability of many sensitive and security-focused DoD groups to defend against cyberattacks.
For Infrastructure Support, the strong historical link between FOSS and the advent of the Internet means that removing FOSS applications would result in a strongly negative impact on the ability of the DoD to support web and Internet-based applications. Software Development would be hit especially hard for languages such as Perl that are direct outgrowths of the Internet, and would also suffer serious setbacks for development in traditional languages such as C and Ada. Finally, Research would be impacted by a large to very large increase in support costs, and by loss of the unique ability of FOSS to support sharing of research results in the form of executable software.
Neither the survey nor the analysis supports the premise that banning or seriously restricting FOSS would benefit DoD security or defensive capabilities. To the contrary, the combination of an ambiguous status and largely ungrounded fears that it cannot be used with other types of software are keeping FOSS from reaching optimal levels of use. MITRE therefore recommends that the DoD take three policy-level actions to help promote optimum DoD use of FOSS:
Create a "Generally Recognized As Safe" FOSS list. This list would provide quick official recognition of FOSS applications that are (a) commercially supported, (b) widely used, and (c) have proven track records of security and reliability—e.g., as measured by speed of closures of CERT reports in comparison to closed-source alternatives. Initial applications for consideration would include, but not be limited to, the set of 115 already-used applications identified by the survey in Table 2, plus other widely used tools such as Python () that did not appear in this first set of results. In formulating the list, quick consideration should be given in particular to high value, heavily used infrastructure and development tools such as Linux, OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, Samba, Apache, Perl, GCC, GNAT, XFree86, OpenSSH, BIND, and sendmail.
Develop Generic, Infrastructure, Development, Security, & Research Policies. The DoD should develop generic policies both to promote broader and more effective use of FOSS, and to encourage the use of commercial products that work well with FOSS. A good example of the latter is the Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX product, which relies on FOSS (GPL) software to reduce development costs and dramatically increase its power. A second layer of customized policies should be created to deal with major use areas. For Infrastructure and Development, these policies should focus on enabling easier use of GRAS products such as Apache, Linux, and GCC that are already in wide use, but which often suffer from an ambiguous approval status. For Security, use of GPL within groups with well-defined security boundaries should be encouraged to promote faster, more locally autonomous responses to cyber threats. Finally, for Research the policies should encourage appropriate use of FOSS both to share and publish basic research, and to encourage faster commercial innovation.
Encourage use of FOSS to promote product diversity. FOSS applications tend to be much lower in cost than their proprietary equivalents, yet they often provide high levels of functionality with good user acceptance. This makes them good candidates to provide product diversity in both the acquisition and architecture of DoD systems. Acquisition diversity reduces the cost and security risks of being fully dependent on a single software product, while architectural diversity lowers the risk of catastrophic cyber attacks based on automated exploitation of specific features or flaws of very widely deployed products.
References
United States Department of Defense information technology
Free software culture and documents
Mitre Corporation |
8683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20jockey | Disc jockey | A disc jockey, more commonly abbreviated as DJ, is a person who plays recorded music for an audience. Types of DJs include radio DJs (who host programs on music radio stations), club DJs (who work at a nightclub or music festival), mobile DJs (who are hired to work at public and private events such as weddings, parties, or festivals), and turntablists (who use record players, usually turntables, to manipulate sounds on phonograph records). Originally, the "disc" in "disc jockey" referred to shellac and later vinyl records, but nowadays DJ is used as an all-encompassing term to also describe persons who mix music from other recording media such as cassettes, CDs or digital audio files on a CDJ, controller, or even a laptop. DJs may adopt the title "DJ" in front of their real names, adopted pseudonyms, or stage names.
DJs commonly use audio equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously. This enables them to blend tracks together to create transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs. This can involve aligning the beats of the music sources so their rhythms and tempos do not clash when played together and to enable a smooth transition from one song to another. DJs often use specialized DJ mixers, small audio mixers with crossfader and cue functions to blend or transition from one song to another. Mixers are also used to pre-listen to sources of recorded music in headphones and adjust upcoming tracks to mix with currently playing music. DJ software can be used with a DJ controller device to mix audio files on a computer instead of a console mixer. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience; effects units such as reverb to create sound effects and electronic musical instruments such as drum machines and synthesizers.
Role
Originally, the word "disc" in "disc jockey" referred to gramophone records, but now "DJ" is used as an all-encompassing term to describe someone who mixes recorded music from any source, including vinyl records, cassettes, CDs, or digital audio files stored on USB stick or laptop. DJs typically perform for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or an online radio audience. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale and distribution. In hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over. Some DJs adopt the title "DJ" as part of their names (e.g., DJ Jazzy Jeff, DJ Qbert, DJ Shadow and DJ Yoda). Professional DJs often specialize in a specific genre of music, such as techno, house or hip hop music. DJs typically have an extensive knowledge about the music they specialize in. Many DJs are avid music collectors of vintage, rare or obscure tracks and records.
Types
Club DJs
Club DJs, commonly referred as DJs in general, play music at musical events, such as parties at music venues or bars, music festivals, corporate and private events. Typically, club DJs mix music recordings from two or more sources using different mixing techniques to produce non-stopping flow of music.
One key technique used for seamlessly transitioning from one song to another is beatmatching. A DJ who mostly plays and mixes one specific music genre is often given the title of that genre; for example, a DJ who plays hip hop music is called a hip hop DJ, a DJ who plays house music is a house DJ, a DJ who plays techno is called a techno DJ, and so on.
The quality of a DJ performance (often called a DJ mix or DJ set) consists of two main features: technical skills, or how well the DJ can operate the equipment and produce smooth transitions between two or more recordings and a playlist; and the ability of a DJ to select the most suitable recordings, also known as "reading the crowd".
Hip hop DJs
DJ Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash, and Afrika Bambaataa were members of a block party at South Bronx. Kool Herc played records such as James Brown's "Give It Up or Turnit a Loose", Jimmy Castor's "It's Just Begun", Booker T. & the M.G.'s' "Melting Pot", Incredible Bongo Band's "Bongo Rock" and "Apache", and UK rock band Babe Ruth's "The Mexican". With Bronx clubs struggling with street gangs, uptown DJs catering to an older disco crowd with different aspirations, and commercial radio also catering to a demographic distinct from teenagers in the Bronx, Herc's parties had a ready-made audience.
DJ Kool Herc developed the style that was the blueprint for hip hop music. Herc used the record to focus on a short, heavily percussive part in it: the "break". Since this part of the record was the one the dancers liked best, Herc isolated the break and prolonged it by changing between two record players. As one record reached the end of the break, he cued a second record back to the beginning of the break, which allowed him to extend a relatively short section of music into a "five-minute loop of fury". This innovation had its roots in what Herc called "The Merry-Go-Round", a technique by which the deejay switched from break to break at the height of the party. This technique is specifically called "The Merry-Go-Round" because according to Herc, it takes one "back and forth with no slack."
Radio DJs
Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music broadcast on AM, FM, digital or Internet radio stations.
Dancehall/reggae deejays
In Jamaican music, a deejay (DJ) is a reggae or dancehall musician who sings and "toasts" (raps) to an instrumental riddim. Deejays are not to be confused with DJs from other music genres like hip hop, where they select and play music. Dancehall/reggae DJs who select riddims to play are called selectors. Deejays whose style is nearer to singing are sometimes called singjays.
The term deejay originated in the 1960s and 1970s when performers such as U-Roy or King Stitt toasted over the instrumental (dub music) versions of popular records. These versions were often released on the flip side to the song's 45 record. This gave the deejays the chance to create on-the-fly lyrics to the music. Big Youth, and I Roy were famous deejays in Jamaica.
Turntablists
Turntablists, also called battle DJs, use turntables and DJ mixer to manipulate recorded sounds to produce new music. In essence, they use DJ equipment as a musical instrument. Perhaps the best known turntablist technique is scratching. Turntablists often participate in DJ contests like DMC World DJ Championships and Red Bull 3Style.
Residents
A resident DJ performs at a venue on a regular basis or permanently. They would perform regularly (typically under an agreement) in a particular discotheque, a particular club, a particular event, or a particular broadcasting station. Residents have a decisive influence on the club or a series of events. Per agreement with the management or company, the DJ would have to perform under agreed times and dates. Typically, DJs perform as residents for two or three times in a week, for example, on Friday and Saturday. DJs who make a steady income from a venue are also considered resident DJs.
Examples for resident DJs are:
Alfredo Fiorito, Richie Hawtin, Sven Väth — Amnesia, Ibiza, Spain
Martin Garrix — Hï Ibiza, Ibiza, Spain
Larry Levan — Paradise Garage, New York City, USA
David Mancuso — The Loft, New York City
Tiësto, Deadmau5, Calvin Harris — Hakkasan, Las Vegas, USA
Kaskade — Encore Beach Club, Las Vegas, USA
Dom Chung — UK
Ben Klock, Marcel Dettmann, Tama Sumo — Berghain, Berlin, Germany
Fish Go Deep — Cork, Ireland
Djsky — Ghana, West Africa
Other types
Mobile DJs — DJs with their own portable audio sound systems who specialize in performing at gatherings such as block parties, street fairs, taverns, weddings, birthdays, school and corporate events. Mobile DJs may also offer lighting packages and video systems.
Producer DJs — DJs who create remixes of popular club hits, completely original tracks, or transition friendly versions of tracks which extend the start and end of a song. Producer DJ often have their work featured on online DJ record pools.
DJanes — a term describing female DJs used in countries such as Germany that employ grammatical gender in their languages.
Celebrity DJs — widely known celebrities performing as DJs.
Bedroom DJs — a general term for DJs performing at home, usually recording their sets and posting them online.
Equipment
DJs use equipment that enables them to play multiple sources of recorded music and mix them to create seamless transitions and unique arrangements of songs. An important tool for DJs is the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another. The cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to "listen" to a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the next track they want to play, cue up the track to the desired starting location, and align the two tracks' beats in traditional situations where auto sync technology is not being used. This process ensures that the selected song will mix well with the currently playing music. DJs may align the beats of the music sources so their rhythms do not clash when they are played together to help create a smooth transition from one song to another. Other equipment may include a microphone, effects units such as reverb, and electronic musical instruments such as drum machines and synthesizers.
As music technology has progressed, DJs have adopted different types of equipment to play and mix music, all of which are still commonly used. Traditionally, DJs used two turntables plugged into a DJ mixer to mix music on vinyl records. As compact discs became popular media for publishing music, specialized high quality CD players known as CDJs were developed for DJs. CDJs can take the place of turntables or be used together with turntables. Many CDJs can now play digital music files from USB flash drives or SD cards in addition to CDs. With the spread of portable laptop, tablet, and smartphone computers, DJs began using software together with specialized sound cards and DJ controller hardware. DJ software can be used in conjunction with a hardware DJ mixer or be used instead of a hardware mixer.
Turntables
Turntables allow DJs to play vinyl records. By adjusting the playback speed of the turntable, either by adjusting the speed knob, or by manipulating the platter (e.g., by slowing down the platter by putting a finger gently along the side), DJs can match the tempos of different records so their rhythms can be played together at the same time without clashing or make a smooth, seamless transition from one song to another. This technique is known as beatmatching. DJs typically replace the rubber mat on turntables that keeps the record moving in sync with the turntable with a slipmat that facilitates manipulating the playback of the record by hand. With the slipmat, the DJ can stop or slow down the record while the turntable is still spinning. Direct-drive turntables are the type preferred by DJs. Belt-drive turntables are less expensive, but they are not suitable for turntablism and DJing, because the belt-drive motor can be damaged by this type of manipulation. Some DJs, most commonly those who play hip hop music, go beyond merely mixing records and use turntables as musical instruments for scratching, beat juggling, and other turntablism techniques.
CDJs/media players
CDJs / media players are high quality digital media players made for DJing. They often have large jog wheels and pitch controls to allow DJs to manipulate the playback of digital files for beatmatching similar to how DJs manipulate vinyl records on turntables. CDJs often have features such as loops and waveform displays similar to DJ software. Originally designed to play music from compact discs, they now can play digital music files stored on USB flash drives and SD cards. Some CDJs can also connect to a computer running DJ software to act as a DJ controller. Modern media players have the ability to stream music from online music providers such as Beatport, Beatsource, Tidal and Soundcloud GO.
DJ mixers
DJ mixers are small audio mixing consoles specialized for DJing. Most DJ mixers have far fewer channels than a mixer used by a record producer or audio engineer; whereas standard live sound mixers in small venues have 12 to 24 channels, and standard recording studio mixers have even more (as many as 72 on large boards), basic DJ mixers may have only two channels. While DJ mixers have many of the same features found on larger mixers (faders, equalization knobs, gain knobs, effects units, etc.), DJ mixers have a feature that is usually only found on DJ mixers: the crossfader. The crossfader is a type of fader that is mounted horizontally. DJs used the crossfader to mix two or more sound sources. The midpoint of the crossfader's travel is a 50/50 mix of the two channels (on a two channel mixer). The far left side of the crossfader provides only the channel A sound source. The far right side provides only the channel B sound source (e.g., record player number 2). Positions in between the two extremes provide different mixes of the two channels. Some DJs use a computer with DJ software and a DJ controller instead of an analog DJ mixer to mix music, although DJ software can be used in conjunction with a hardware DJ mixer.
Headphones
DJs generally use higher quality headphones than those designed for music consumers. DJ headphones have other properties useful for DJs, such as designs that acoustically isolate the sounds of the headphones from the outside environment (hard shell headphones), flexible headbands and pivot joints to allow DJs to listen to one side of the headphones, while turning the other headphone away (so they can monitor the mix in the club), and replaceable cables. Replaceable cables enables DJs to buy new cables if a cable becomes frayed, worn, or damaged, or if a cable is accidentally cut.
Closed-back headphones are highly recommended for DJs to block outside noise as the environment of DJ usually tend to be very noisy. Standard headphones have 3.5mm jack but DJ equipment usually requires ¼ inch jack. Most of specialized DJ Headphones have an adapter to switch between 3.5mm jack and ¼ inch jack. Detachable coiled cables are perfect for DJ Headphones.
Software
DJs have changed their equipment as new technologies are introduced. The earliest DJs in pop music, in 1970s discos, used record turntables, vinyl records and audio consoles. In the 1970s, DJs would have to lug heavy direct drive turntables and crates of records to clubs and shows. In the 1980s, many DJs transitioned to compact cassettes. In the 1990s and 2000s, many DJs switched to using digital audio such as CDs and MP3 files. As technological advances made it practical to store large collections of digital music files on a laptop computer, DJ software was developed so DJs could use a laptop as a source of music instead of transporting CDs or vinyl records to gigs. Unlike most music player software designed for regular consumers, DJ software can play at least two audio files simultaneously, display the waveforms of the files on screen and enable the DJ to listen to either source.
The waveforms allow the DJ see what is coming next in the music and how the playback of different files is aligned. The software analyzes music files to identify their tempo and where the beats are. The analyzed information can be used by the DJ to help manually beatmatch like with vinyl records or the software can automatically synchronize the beats. Digital signal processing algorithms in software allow DJs to adjust the tempo of recordings independently of their pitch (and musical key, a feature known as "keylock". Some software analyzes the loudness of the music for automatic normalization with ReplayGain and detects the musical key. Additionally, DJ software can store cue points, set loops, and apply effects.
As tablet computers and smartphones became widespread, DJ software was written to run on these devices in addition to laptops.
DJ software requires specialized hardware in addition to a computer to fully take advantage of its features. The consumer grade, regular sound card integrated into most computer motherboards can only output two channels (one stereo pair). However, DJs need to be able to output at least four channels (two stereo pairs, thus Left and Right for input 1 and Left and Right for input 2), either unmixed signals to send to a DJ mixer or a main output plus a headphone output. Additionally, DJ sound cards output higher quality signals than the sound cards built into consumer-grade computer motherboards.
Timecode
Special vinyl records (or CDs/digital files played with CDJs) can be used with DJ software to play digital music files with DJ software as if they were pressed onto vinyl, allowing turntablism techniques to be used with digital files. These vinyl records do not have music recordings pressed on to them. Instead, they are pressed with a special signal, referred to as "timecode", to control DJ software. The DJ software interprets changes in the playback speed, direction, and position of the timecode signal and manipulates the digital files it is playing in the same way that the turntable manipulates the timecode record.
This requires a specialized DJ sound card with at least 4 channels (2 stereo pairs) of inputs and outputs. With this setup, the DJ software typically outputs unmixed signals from the music files to an external hardware DJ mixer. Some DJ mixers have integrated USB sound cards that allow DJ software to connect directly to the mixer without requiring a separate sound card.
DJ controllers
A DJ software can be used to mix audio files on the computer instead of a separate hardware mixer. When mixing on a computer, DJs often use a DJ controller device that mimics the layout of two turntables plus a DJ mixer to control the software rather than the computer keyboard & touchpad on a laptop, or the touchscreen on a tablet computer or smartphone. Many DJ controllers have an integrated sound card with 4 output channels (2 stereo pairs) that allows the DJ to use headphones to preview music before playing it on the main output.
Other equipment
A microphone, so that the DJ can introduce songs and speak to the audience over the sound system.
Electronic effects units such as delay, reverb, octave, equalizer, chorus, etc.
Multi-stylus head shells, which allow a DJ to play different grooves of the same record at the same time.
Samplers, sequencers, electronic musical keyboards (synthesizers), effects pedals (effects unit) or drum machines.
PA system or sound reinforcement system (power amplifiers and speaker enclosures), typically including subwoofer cabinets for deep bass (or, if a DJ is broadcasting and/or recording a set, broadcasting equipment or recording gear)
Monitor speakers, for listening to the "house mix" that is playing over the main speakers
Techniques
Several techniques are used by DJs as a means to better mix and blend recorded music. These techniques primarily include the cueing, equalization and audio mixing of two or more sound sources. The complexity and frequency of special techniques depends largely on the setting in which a DJ is working. Radio DJs are less likely to focus on advanced music-mixing procedures than club DJs, who rely on a smooth transition between songs using a range of techniques. However, some radio DJs are experienced club DJs, so they use the same sophisticated mixing techniques.
Club DJ turntable techniques include beatmatching, phrasing and slip-cueing to preserve energy on a dance floor. Turntablism embodies the art of cutting, beat juggling, scratching, needle drops, phase shifting, back spinning and more to perform the transitions and overdubs of samples in a more creative manner (although turntablism is often considered a use of the turntable as a musical instrument rather than a tool for blending recorded music). Professional DJs may use harmonic mixing to choose songs that are in compatible musical keys. Other techniques include chopping, screwing and looping.
Recent advances in technology in both DJ hardware and software can provide assisted or automatic completion of some traditional DJ techniques and skills. Examples include phrasing and beatmatching, which can be partially or completely automated by using DJ software that performs automatic synchronization of sound recordings, a feature commonly labelled "sync". Most DJ mixers now include a beat-counter which analyzes the tempo of an incoming sound source and displays its tempo in beats per minute (BPM), which may assist with beatmatching analog sound sources.
In the past, being a DJ has largely been a self-taught craft but with the complexities of new technologies and the convergence with music production methods, there are a growing number of schools and organizations that offer instruction on the techniques.
Miming
In DJ culture, miming refers to the practice of DJ's pantomiming the actions of live-mixing a set on stage while a pre-recorded mix plays over the sound system. Miming mixing in a live performance is considered to be controversial within DJ culture. Some within the DJ community say that miming is increasingly used as a technique by celebrity model DJs who may lack mixing skills, but can draw big crowds to a venue.
During a DJ tour for the release of the French group Justice's A Cross the Universe in November 2008, controversy arose when a photograph of Augé DJing with an unplugged Akai MPD24 surfaced. The photograph sparked accusations that Justice's live sets were faked. Augé has since said that the equipment was unplugged very briefly before being reattached and the band put a three-photo set of the incident on their MySpace page. After a 2013 Disclosure concert, the duo was criticized for pretending to live mix to a playback of a pre-recorded track. Disclosure's Guy Lawrence said they did not deliberately intend to mislead their audience, and cited miming by other DJs such as David Guetta.
History
The term "disc jockey" was ostensibly coined by radio gossip commentator Walter Winchell in 1935, and the phrase first appeared in print in a 1941 Variety magazine, used to describe radio personalities who introduced phonograph records on the air. Playing recorded music for dancing and parties rose with the mass marketing of home phonographs in the late 19th century. British radio disc jockey Jimmy Savile hosted his first live dance party in 1943 using a single turntable and a makeshift sound system. Four years later, Savile began using two turntables welded together to form a single DJ console. In 1947, the Whiskey A Go-Go opened in Paris as the first discotheque. In the 1960s, Rudy Bozak began making the first DJ mixers, mixing consoles specialized for DJing.
In the late 1960s to early 1970s Jamaican sound system culture, producer and sound system operator (DJ), (Jamaican) King Tubby and producer Lee "Scratch" Perry were pioneers of the genre known as dub music. They experimented with tape-based composition; emphasized repetitive rhythmic structures (often stripped of their harmonic elements); electronically manipulated spatiality; sonically manipulated pre-recorded musical materials from mass media; and remixed music among other innovative techniques. It is widely known that the Jamaican dancehall culture has had and continues to have a significant impact on the American hip hop culture.
DJ turntablism has origins in the invention of direct-drive turntables. Early belt-drive turntables were unsuitable for turntablism and mixing, since they had a slow start-up time, and they were prone to wear-and-tear and breakage, as the belt would break from backspinning or scratching. The first direct-drive turntable was invented by engineer Shuichi Obata at Matsushita (now Panasonic), based in Osaka, Japan. It eliminated belts, and instead employed a motor to directly drive a platter on which a vinyl record rests. In 1969, Matsushita released it as the SP-10, the first direct-drive turntable on the market, and the first in their influential Technics series of turntables.
In 1972, Technics started making their SL-1200 turntable, featuring high torque direct drive design. The SL-1200 had a rapid start and its durable direct drive enabled DJs to manipulate the platter, as with scratching techniques. Hip hop DJs began using the Technics SL-1200s as musical instruments to manipulate records with turntablism techniques such as scratching and beat juggling rather than merely mixing records. These techniques were developed in the 1970s by DJ Kool Herc, Grand Wizard Theodore, and Afrika Bambaataa, as they experimented with Technics direct-drive decks, finding that the motor would continue to spin at the correct RPM even if the DJ wiggled the record back and forth on the platter.
In 1980, Japanese company Roland released the TR-808, an analog rhythm/drum machine, which has unique artificial sounds, such as its booming bass and sharp snare, and a metronome-like rhythm. Yellow Magic Orchestra's use of the instrument in 1980 influenced hip hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa, after which the TR-808 would be widely adopted by hip hop DJs, with 808 sounds remaining central to hip-hop music ever since. The Roland TB-303, a bass synthesizer released in 1981, had a similar impact on electronic dance music genres such as techno and house music, along with Roland's TR-808 and TR-909 drum machines.
In 1982, the Compact Disc (CD) format was released, popularizing digital audio. In 1998, the first MP3 digital audio player, the Eiger Labs MPMan F10, was introduced. In January of that same year at the BeOS Developer Conference, N2IT demonstrated FinalScratch, the first digital DJ system to allow DJs control of MP3 files through special time-coded vinyl records or CDs. While it would take some time for this novel concept to catch on with the "die-hard Vinyl DJs," this would become the first step in the Digital DJ revolution. Manufacturers joined with computer DJing pioneers to offer professional endorsements, the first being Professor Jam (a.k.a. William P. Rader), who went on to develop the industry's first dedicated computer DJ convention and learning program, the "CPS (Computerized Performance System) DJ Summit", to help spread the word about the advantages of this emerging technology.
In 2001, Pioneer DJ began producing the CDJ-1000 CD player, making the use of digital music recordings with traditional DJ techniques practical for the first time. As the 2000s progressed, laptop computers became more powerful and affordable. DJ software, specialized DJ sound cards, and DJ controllers were developed for DJs to use laptops as a source of music rather than turntables or CDJs. In the 2010s, like laptops before them, tablet computers and smartphones became more powerful & affordable. DJ software was written to run on these more portable devices instead of laptops, although laptops remain the more common type of computer for DJing.
Female DJs
In Western popular music, women musicians have achieved great success in singing and songwriting roles, however, there are relatively few women DJs or turntablists. Part of this may stem from a general low percentage of women in audio technology-related jobs. A 2013 Sound on Sound article stated that there are "...few women in record production and sound engineering." Ncube states that "[n]inety-five percent of music producers are male, and although there are female producers achieving great things in music, they are less well-known than their male counterparts." The vast majority of students in music technology programs are male. In hip hop music, the low percentage of women DJs and turntablists may stem from the overall male domination of the entire hip hop music industry. Most of the top rappers, MCs, DJs, record producers and music executives are men. There are a small number of high-profile women, but they are rare.
In 2007 Mark Katz's article "Men, Women, and Turntables: Gender and the DJ Battle," stated that "very few women [do turntablism] battle[s]; the matter has been a topic of conversation among hip-hop DJs for years." In 2010 Rebekah Farrugia states "the male-centricity of EDM culture" contributes to "a marginalisation of women in these [EDM] spaces." While turntablism and broader DJ practices should not be conflated, Katz suggests use or lack of use of the turntable broadly by women across genres and disciplines is impacted upon by what he defines as "male technophilia." Historian Ruth Oldenziel concurs in her writing on engineering with this idea of socialization as a central factor in the lack of engagement with technology. She explains: "an exclusive focus on women's supposed failure to enter the field … is insufficient for understanding how our stereotypical notions have come into being; it tends to put the burden of proof entirely on women and to blame them for their supposedly inadequate socialization, their lack of aspiration, and their want of masculine values. An equally challenging question is why and how boys have come to love things technical, how boys have historically been socialized as technophiles."
Lucy Green has focused on gender in relation to musical performers and creators, and specifically on educational frameworks as they relate to both. She suggests that women's alienation from "areas that have a strong technological tendency such as DJing, sound engineering and producing" are "not necessarily about her dislike of these instruments but relates to the interrupting effect of their dominantly masculine delineations." Despite this, women and girls do increasingly engage in turntable and DJ practices, individually and collectively, and "carve out spaces for themselves in EDM and DJ Culture". A 2015 article cited a number of prominent female DJs: Hannah Wants, Ellen Allien, Miss Kittin, Monika Kruse, Nicole Moudaber, B.Traits, Magda, Nina Kraviz, Nervo, and Annie Mac. Two years later, another article brings out a list with world-famous female DJs including Nastia, tINY, Nora En Pure, Anja Schneider, Peggy Gou, Maya Jane Coles, and Eli & Fur.
Female DJ The Black Madonna has been called "one of the world’s most exciting turntablists." Her stage name The Black Madonna is a tribute to her mother's favorite Catholic saint. In 2018, The Black Madonna played herself as an in-residence DJ for the video game Grand Theft Auto Online, as part of the After Hours DLC.
There are various projects dedicated to the promotion and support of these practices such as Female DJs London. Some artists and collectives go beyond these practices to be more gender inclusive. For example, Discwoman, a New York-based collective and booking agency, describe themselves as "representing and showcasing cis women, trans women and genderqueer talent."
In Japan, the newest Bushiroad franchise: D4DJ focuses all-female DJ unit.
Health
The risk of DJs working in nightclubs with loud music includes noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus. Nightclubs constantly exceed safe levels of noise exposure with average sound levels ranging from 93.2 to 109.7 dB. Constant music exposure creates temporary and permanent auditory dysfunction for professional DJs with average levels at 96dB being above the recommended level, at which ear protection is mandatory for industry. Three quarters of DJs have tinnitus and are at risk of tenosynovitis in the wrists and other limbs. Tenosynovitis results from staying in the same position over multiple gigs for scratching motion and cueing, this would be related to a repetitive strain injury. Gigs can last 4-5 hours in nightlife and the hospitality industry, as a result there are potential complications of prolonged standing which include slouching, varicose veins, cardiovascular disorders, joint compression, and muscle fatigue. This is common for other staff to experience as well including bartenders and security staff for example.
In film
Berlin Calling – a German film about fictional DJ and producer Ickarus (Paul Kalkbrenner), who is struggling with drug abuse
Speaking in Code – an American documentary film about techno artists Modeselektor, Wighnomy Brothers, Philip Sherburne, Monolake and David Day
Kvadrat – a French and Russian documentary film about the realities of techno DJing, using the example of DJ Andrey Pushkarev
It's All Gone Pete Tong – a fictional mockumentary British movie about Frankie Wilde, a DJ who gradually becomes deaf due to drug abuse and an unhealthy lifestyle
We Are Your Friends – an American fiction film about a college DJ trying to make it in the DJing scene with "one hit song", starring Zac Efron
Scratch – a documentary about the hip-hop DJ and the 2000-era turntablist movement
Tonkatsu DJ Agetarou – a Japanese anime, originally a manga, about a fictional character named Agetarou who aspires to be a DJ master with the help of his friends and mentor, Big Master Fry.
24 Hour Party People – about the UK music scene from the late 1970s to the "Madchester" scene of the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Human Traffic – about early UK rave counter-culture featuring music and performances by celebrated DJs Fatboy Slim, CJ Bolland, Carl Cox, and Mad Doctor X.
Turn Up Charlie – a 2019 series about a struggling DJ, played by Idris Elba, who is also a bachelor trying to make it again after a one hit back in the 1990s
Avicii: True Stories – a documentary film about Avicii
See also
Digital DJ licensing
List of club DJs
List of music software#DJ software
Live PA
DJ mix
Record collecting
Spelling of disc
Stage lighting
VJ (media personality)
References
Notes
Assef, Claudia (2000). Todo DJ Já Sambou: A História do Disc-Jóquei no Brasil. São Paulo: Conrad Editora do Brasil. .
Brewster, Bill, and Frank Broughton (2000). Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey. New York: Grove Press. (North American edition). London: Headline. (UK edition).
Broughton, Frank, and Bill Brewster. How to DJ Right: The Art and Science of Playing Records. New York: Grove Press, 2003.
Graudins, Charles A. How to Be a DJ. Boston: Course Technology PTR, 2004.
Lawrence, Tim (2004). Love Saves the Day: A History of American Dance Music Culture, 1970–1979 . Duke University Press. .
Miller, Paul D. a.k.a. DJ Spooky, Sound Unbound: Writings on DJ Culture and Electronic Music, MIT Press 2008. .
Poschardt, Ulf (1998). DJ Culture. London: Quartet Books. .
Zemon, Stacy. The Mobile DJ Handbook: How to Start & Run a Profitable Mobile Disc Jockey Service, Second Edition. St. Louis: Focal Press, 2002.
External links
Audio mixing
Broadcasting occupations
Disco
Mass media occupations
Occupations in music
Hip hop production
Turntablism
Underground culture
Electronic dance music
1930s neologisms
Articles containing video clips |
287810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILO%20%28boot%20loader%29 | LILO (boot loader) | LILO (Linux Loader) is a boot loader for Linux and was the default boot loader for most Linux distributions in the years after the popularity of loadlin. Today, many distributions use GRUB as the default boot loader, but LILO and its variant ELILO are still in wide use. Further development of LILO was discontinued in December 2015 along with a request by Joachim Wiedorn for potential developers.
ELILO
For EFI-based PC hardware the now orphaned ELILO boot loader was developed, originally by Hewlett-Packard for IA-64 systems made, but later also for standard i386 and amd64 hardware with EFI support.
On any version of Linux running on Intel-based Apple Macintosh hardware, ELILO is one of the available bootloaders.
It supports network booting using TFTP/DHCP.
See also
/boot/
Comparison of boot loaders
References
Further reading
External links
PALO, PA-RISC bootloader
Free boot loaders
Software using the BSD license |
23831994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Peter%20Anvin | Hans Peter Anvin | Hans Peter Anvin (born 12 January 1972), also known as H. Peter Anvin, Peter Anvin, or even hpa, is a Swedish-American computer programmer who has contributed to free and open-source software projects.
Anvin is the originator of SYSLINUX, Linux Assigned Names and Numbers Authority (LANANA), and various Linux kernel features.
History
Peter Anvin grew up in Västerås, Sweden. He moved to the United States in 1988, as a teenager, when his father moved to Chicago.
Anvin was previously maintainer of the linux.* Usenet newsgroup hierarchy and the Linux kernel archives at kernel.org, wrote the original Swap Space How-to, and the "Linux/I386 Boot Protocol" (file: linux/Documentation/i386/boot.txt)
Peter Anvin graduated in 1994 from Northwestern University, where he also was president of the Northwestern Amateur Radio Society (W9BGX); his amateur radio call sign is AD6QZ (formerly N9ITP). According to his personal web site, he is a believer in the Baháʼí Faith.
In addition to his regular employment at Intel's Open Source Technology Center, Anvin was a long-time co-maintainer of the unified x86/x86-64 Linux kernel tree, chief maintainer of the Netwide Assembler (NASM) and SYSLINUX projects.
Previous employers include Transmeta, where he performed as architect and technical director; Orion Multisystems, working on CPU architecture and code morphing software; and rPath.
Linux kernel works
UNIX98 ptys
CPUID driver
The Linux kernel automounter
zisofs
RAID 6 support
x32 ABI
klibc – a minimalistic subset of the standard C library
References
General
Linux kernel traffic quotes: H. Peter Anvin
Swedish computer programmers
Free software programmers
Linux kernel programmers
People from Västerås
People from San Jose, California
1972 births
Living people
20th-century Bahá'ís
21st-century Bahá'ís
Intel people
Amateur radio people |
926378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravis%20Ultrasound | Gravis Ultrasound | Gravis UltraSound or GUS is a sound card for the IBM PC compatible system platform, made by Canada-based Advanced Gravis Computer Technology Ltd. It was very popular in the demo scene during the 1990s.
The Gravis UltraSound was notable at the time of its 1992 launch by providing the IBM PC platform with sample-based music synthesis technology (marketed as "wavetable"), that is the ability to use real-world sound recordings rather than artificial computer-generated waveforms as the basis of a musical instrument. Samples of pianos or trumpets, for example, sound more like their real respective instruments. With up to 32 hardware audio channels, the GUS was notable for MIDI playback quality with a large set of instrument patches that could be stored in its own RAM.
The cards were all manufactured on red PCBs, similar to fellow Canadian company ATI. They were only a little more expensive than Creative cards, undercutting many equivalent professional cards aimed at musicians by a huge margin.
Versions
UltraSound (Classic)
The first UltraSound was released in early October 1992, along with the Gravis PC GamePad. The Ultrasound was one of the first PC soundcards to feature 16-bit, stereo. The final revision (v3.74) of the GUS Classic features of onboard RAM (upgradeable to 1024 kB through DIP sockets), hardware analog mixer, and support for 16-bit recording through a separate daughterboard based on the Crystal Semiconductor CS4231 audio codec.
Reception
Computer Gaming World in 1993 criticized the UltraSound's Sound Blaster emulation and lack of native support in games, stating that "it is hard to recommend this card to anyone other than a Windows MIDI musician".
UltraSound MAX
Released in 1994, UltraSound Max is a version of GUS with CS4231 codec on board, 512 kB of RAM on board (upgradeable to 1024 kB with a single SOJ chip) and Panasonic/Sony/Mitsumi CD-ROM interface slots. CS4231 provides support for Windows Sound System specs, although the IO port range doesn't match the WSS hardware, and can be used for SoundBlaster emulation. The software CD includes a demo that featured "3D holographic sound" through the use of software HRTF filters.
UltraSound Plug & Play (PnP)
Released in 1995, a new card based on AMD InterWave technology with a completely different sound set. Supposedly Synergy acted as the ODM-producer for it (as evidenced by their logo on the rear side of the card, although early and now very rare GUS PnP cards did not have the Synergy logo). The card features 1 MB of sound ROM, no onboard RAM (although it can be expanded to 8 MB with two 30-pin SIMMs), and ATAPI CD-ROM interface. A 'Pro' version adds 512 kB of on-board RAM required for compatibility with GUS Classic.
In 2014 a RAM adapter for 72-pin SIMM was produced by retro-computer enthusiasts that made it possible to install 16 MB of RAM on the 'Pro' version without any modifications to the card.
UltraSound ACE (Audio Card Enhancer)
Released in 1995, this budget version of UltraSound Classic has 512 kB of RAM (upgradable to 1024 kB, just as is the MAX), and has no game port or recording ability. Marketed as a competitor to Wave Blaster-compatible cards, it is supposed to be installed alongside a SoundBlaster Pro/16 card as a sample-based synthesis (marketed as 'wavetable synthesis') upgrade. A prototype of this card was named "Sound Buddy".
UltraSound CD3
An OEM version of UltraSound Classic produced by Synergy, with of RAM features AT-BUS CD-ROM interfaces: Sony, Mitsumi and MKE/Panasonic standards. This is the only Gravis soundcard with a green circuit board. It's similar to a few card clones, including the Primax SoundStorm Wave (model Sound M-16B) and the AltraSound.
UltraSound Extreme
Released in 1996, the UltraSound Extreme is a 3rd party OEM system combining the UltraSound Classic with an ESS AudioDrive ES1688 sound chip for Sound Blaster Pro and AdLib emulation. It was produced by Synergy as was the ViperMAX. It has 1 MB RAM by default, but cannot be upgraded any further.
UltraSound Clones and OEM cards
All clones use original Gravis GF1 or AMD InterWave soundchip.
Primax SoundStorm Wave (GF1) - there are two variants of cards from the well known scanner and mouse producer. Re-labeled Altrasound as Sound M-16B and different Sound M-16C with 4x CD-ROM Interfaces.
Synergy ViperMAX (GF1) - same card later repacked as UltraSound Extreme, but with only RAM on board.
Expertcolor MED3201 (InterWave LC) - probably the only card with cut-down variant of GFA1 chip - AM78C200 InterWave LC. First series was with standard Am78C201KC.
Compaq Ultra-Sound 32 (InterWave) - one of the last InterWave cards was designed for Compaq Presario desktops. Newer "C" revision of InterWave - AM78C201AKC and TEA6330T fader. Produced by STB Systems.
STB Systems Soundrage 32 (InterWave) - standard InterWave card missing SIMM slots and IDE interface. There was "Pro" variant with 512 kB RAM. AM78C201KC chip.
Core Dynamics DYNASonix 3D/PRO (InterWave) - features additional DSP chip that offered a graphic equalizer and additional sound FX presets.
Philips PCA761AW (InterWave) - card design closely resembles the "AMD InterWave OEM Design" prototype. Has a footprint for 512kb RAM, often left unpopulated. AM78C201KC chip.
Reveal WAVExtreme 32 (InterWave) - AM78C201KC based design. Comes without RAM and has no sockets/footprints to add any.
As of February 2015 there are efforts by hobbyists to produce a new InterWave based UltraSound compatible soundcard named ARGUS.
GF1
The GF1 was co-developed by Advanced Gravis and Forte Technologies (creator of the VFX1 Headgear virtual reality helmet) and produced by Integrated Circuit Systems under the ICS11614 moniker. The chip was actually derived from the Ensoniq OTTO (ES5506) chip, a next-generation version of the music-synthesizer chip found in the Ensoniq VFX and its successors.
The GF1 is purely a sample-based synthesis chip with the polyphony of 32 oscillators, so it can mix up to 32 mono PCM samples or 16 stereo samples entirely in hardware. The chip has no built-in codec, so the sounds must be downloaded to onboard RAM prior to playback. Sound compression algorithms such as IMA ADPCM are not supported, so compressed samples must be decompressed prior to loading.
The sound quality of the GF1 is not constant and depends on the selected level of polyphony. A CD-quality 44.1 kHz sample rate is maintainable with up to 14-voice polyphony; the sample rate progressively deteriorates until 19.2 kHz at the maximum of 32-voice polyphony. The polyphony level is software-programmable, so the programmer can choose the appropriate value to best match the application. Advanced sound effects such as reverberation and chorus are not supported in hardware. However, software simulation is possible; a basic "echo" effect can be simulated with additional tracks, and some trackers can program effects using additional hardware voices as accumulators.
Sample RAM
The UltraSound offers MIDI playback by loading instrument patches into adapter RAM located on the card, not unlike how instruments are stored in ROM on other sample-based cards (marketed as "wavetable" cards). The card comes with a 5.6 MB set of instrument patch (*.PAT) files; most patches are sampled at 16-bit resolution and looped to save space. The patch files can be continuously tweaked and updated in each software release.
The card's various support programs use .INI files to describe what patches should be loaded for each program change event. This architecture allowed Gravis to incorporate a General MIDI-compatible mapping scheme. Windows 95 and 98 drivers use UltraSound.INI to load the patch files on demand. In DOS, the loading of the patches can be handled by UltraMID, a middleware TSR system provided by Gravis that remove the need to handle the hardware directly. Programmers are free to include the static version of the UltraMID library in their applications, eliminating the need for the TSR. The application programmer can choose to preload all patches from disk, resizing as necessary to fit into the UltraSound's on-board RAM, or have the middleware track the patch change events and dynamically load them on demand. This latter strategy, while providing better sound quality, introduces a noticeable delay when loading patches, so most applications just preload a predefined set.
Each application can have their own UltraMID.INI containing a set of patch substitutions for every possible amount of sample RAM (256/512/768/1024 kB), so that similar instruments are used when there was not enough RAM to hold all of the patches needed (even after resampling to smaller sizes), and unused instruments are never loaded. This concept is similar to the handling of sample banks in digital samplers. Some games — including Doom, Doom II and Duke Nukem 3D — come with their own optimized UltraMID.INI.
The UltraSound cards gained great popularity in the PC tracker music community. The tracker format was originally developed on the Commodore Amiga personal computer in 1987, but due to the PC becoming more capable of producing high-quality graphics and sound, the demo scene spilled out onto the platform in droves and took the tracker format with it. Typical tracker formats of the era included MOD, S3M and, later, XM. The format stores the notes and the instruments digitally in the file instead of relying on a sound card to reproduce the instruments. A tracker module, when saved to disk, typically incorporates all the sequencing data plus samples, and typically the composer would incorporate his or her assumed name into the list of samples. This primitive precursor to the modern sampler opened the way for Gravis to enter the market, because the requirements matched the capabilities of the GF1 chip ideally. The problem with the other sound cards playing this format was that they had to downmix voices into one or both of its output channels in software, further deteriorating the quality of 8-bit samples in process. An UltraSound card was able to download the samples to its RAM and mix them using fast and high-quality hardware implementation, offloading the CPU from the task. Gravis realized early on that the demo scene support could be a sales booster, and they gave away 6000 cards for free to the most famous scene groups and people in the scene.
Compatibility
As the GF1 chip does not contain AdLib-compatible OPL2 circuitry or a codec chip, Sound Blaster compatibility was difficult to achieve at best. Consumers were expected to use the included emulation software to emulate other standards, an activity not necessary with many other cards that emulated the Sound Blaster through their sound hardware. The emulation software ran as a huge TSR that was difficult to manage in the pre-Windows days of complicated DOS extenders.
Although there was native support for many popular games that used middleware sound libraries like HMI (Human Machine Interfaces) Sound Operating System, the Miles Audio Interface Libraries (AIL), the Miles Sound System and others, the user had to patch the games by replacing the existing sound drivers with the UltraSound versions provided on the installation CD. Also, the UltraSound required two DMA channels for full-duplex operation, and 16-bit channels were generally faster, so many users chose to use them, but this led to errors for games that used the DOS/4GW DOS extender, which was common in the UltraSound's era.
The two principal software sound emulators included with software package were:
SBOS, Sound Board OS — Sound Blaster Pro 8-bit stereo emulation and AdLib FM synthesis. It was a real-mode software emulator that recreated the AdLib's OPL2 FM synth chip and required that the user had, at the least, a 286 processor. There were special versions for the UltraSound MAX (MAXSBOS) and AMD InterWave-based cards (IWSBOS), which made use of the CS4231 codec chip instead.
Mega-Em — advanced emulation software that required at least a 386 processor and EMM manager with DPMI/VCPI support. Mega-Em emulated the 8-bit Sound Blaster circuitry for sound effects and the Roland MT-32/LAPC-I or Roland Sound Canvas/MPU-401 for music. It supported UltraMID TSR functionality.
AMD InterWave
The great potential of the original UltraSound enabled Advanced Gravis to license the new GFA1 chip and software to AMD, who were trying to make it into the sound chip market at the time. The chip, released in 1995, was named AMaDeus, with the AMD part number of Am78C201 and was marketed as InterWave. It was enhanced to handle up to 16 MB of onboard memory, IMA ADPCM-compressed samples, have no sample rate drop at full 32 voices, and featured additional logic to support hardware emulation of FM synthesis and simple delay-based digital sound effects such as reverb and chorus. It was compatible with CS4231 codec installed in the UltraSound MAX or 16-bit recording daughterboard for the UltraSound Classic.
The sound "patch set" was reworked from a collection of individual instrument .PAT files to a unified .FFF/.DAT sound bank format, resembling SoundFont, which could be either ROM or RAM based. There were 4 versions of the sound bank: a full 16-bit 4 MB with 8-bit downsampled 2 MB version, and 16-bit 2 MB (different sample looping) with 8-bit downsampled 1 MB version. A converter utility, GIPC, was provided for making .FFF/.DAT banks out of .PAT/.INI collections.
The reference card contained 1 MB μ-law ADPCM compressed sound ROM, which contained basic General MIDI voices and sound samples to help FM emulation, and 2 slots for RAM expansion through 30-pin SIMMs. The IWSBOS emulator was reworked to include Mega-Em features such as General MIDI emulation, and the SBOS kernel was included in Windows 95 drivers to provide emulation in a DOS Box window.
The process of patching middleware sound 'drivers' was greatly simplified with PREPGAME utility, which could fix most known DOS games automatically either by correctly installing and configuring native InterWave drivers or replacing the binaries for some rare devices like Covox. It could also update DOS/4GW extender to work around its 16-bit DMA bug.
The GFA1 featured a GUS/MAX compatibility mode, but base card was not compatible with UltraSound Classic unless some memory was installed.
The InterWave technology was used in Gravis UltraSound PnP line of cards. It was also licensed to various OEMs such as STB Systems, Reveal, Compaq, Core Dynamics, Philips and ExpertColor. Some high-end OEM variants contained full-blown 4 MB patch set in ROM and proprietary hardware DSPs to enable features like additional sound effect algorithms and graphic equalizer.
Software drivers for the InterWave were written by eTek Labs, containing the same development team as the earlier Forte Technologies effort. eTek Labs was split off from Forte Technologies just prior to this effort. In August 1999, eTek Labs was acquired by Belkin and is currently their research and development team.
Demise
Some game developers of the time noted problems with the software development kit and the product's hardware design. On the user-side, the Sound Blaster emulation was especially hard to get right out of the box, and this resulted in a substantially high number of product returns at the store level and thus soured the retail channel on the product. Bundled software was refined over time, but Gravis could not distribute updates effectively.
The company itself also created its own trouble. When Gravis's list of promised supporting game titles failed to materialize, the company lost credibility with consumers and commercial developers. Several publishers and developers threatened to sue the company over misrepresentation of their products — pointing to outright fabrication of Gravis's list.
The shareware games industry embraced the Gravis more than the retail games industry. Companies which did this in an early stage were publisher Apogee and developers id software and Epic MegaGames. Gravis can also claim victory in the demo scene, which had taken the GUS to its heart, ensuring a dedicated cult following for a number of years. But without the marketing and developer presence of Creative Labs, Gravis could not generate either the sales or support required for the Gravis soundcard to compete in the mainstream market against the de facto standard Soundblaster.
Although the InterWave chip was a substantially improved version of the GF1 chip, this new design was not able to hold up with the Sound Blaster AWE32. More than that, AMD was facing financial troubles at the time so it was forced to close many projects, including the InterWave.
Due to dwindling sales, Gravis was eventually forced out of the soundcard business, and the UltraSound's failure nearly took the entire company down with it. Advanced Gravis, once one of the dominant players in the PC peripherals marketplace, had bet much of the future of the company on the UltraSound and paid the price for its demise. Shareholders sued the company charging gross incompetence by its management, in regards to the entire UltraSound effort. After significant restructuring, including acquisition by competitor Kensington Technology Group (via its parent, ACCO World Corp), the company retreated to its core-market, the one which had made it a success — joysticks and gamepads.
Software supporting GUS patches
Emulators with GUS support:
DOSBox
MAME
PCem
QEMU
Software synthesizers which can use GUS patches:
PatMan, one of the built-in instruments in LMMS
TiMidity++
WildMIDI
References
Sources
History of MIDI
External links
GF1 Museum - information on GUS models
GUS Emulator
Gravis UltraSound WDM Driver Project
FreePats – a free collection of GUS-compatible patches by Eric A. Welsh
The History of PC Game MIDI by Eric Wing
Phonomenal... a retrospective view on sound card history
GravisUltrasound.com The Gravis Ultrasound Archives. Source for files & drivers.
Gravis Software Gravis Ultrasound Software and Patches.
Computer peripherals
Sound cards
Computer-related introductions in 1992
IBM PC compatibles |
30876720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME%20Videos | GNOME Videos | GNOME Videos, formerly known as Totem, is a media player (audio and video) for the GNOME computer desktop environment. GNOME Videos uses the Clutter and GTK+ toolkits. It is officially included in GNOME starting from version 2.10 (released in March 2005), but de facto it was already included in most GNOME environments. Totem utilizes the GStreamer framework for playback, though until version 2.27.1, it could alternatively be configured to use the Xine libraries instead of GStreamer.
GNOME Videos is free and open-source software subject to the requirements of the GPL-2.0-or-later license.
Features
Until recently there were two distinct versions of Totem, though the difference was not visible at the user interface level. One of them was based on GStreamer, which is a plugin-based multimedia framework. This version has superior extensibility and supports a larger variety of media formats. The other one was based on xine, which is a regular multimedia library. At the time the latter had better encrypted DVD playback support, DVD navigation support and could play some files the GStreamer version couldn't handle. Due to enhancements in GStreamer including the ability to play back encrypted DVDs, the Totem development team dropped support for the xine backend.
Totem is closely integrated with the GNOME desktop environment and its file manager, GNOME Files. This includes generating thumbnails of video files when browsing in GNOME Files and a video plugin for Netscape-compatible browsers (e.g. Firefox and GNOME Web).
Thanks to a large number of plugins developed for GStreamer, Totem is able to play all mainstream media formats, both open and proprietary ones. It also understands numerous playlist formats, including SHOUTcast, M3U, XML Shareable Playlist Format (XSPF), SMIL, Windows Media Player playlists and RealAudio playlists. Playlists are easily manageable using drag-and-drop features.
Full-screen video playback is supported on nearly all X configurations, including multi-head Xinerama setups, and on displays connected to the TV-Out. Brightness, contrast and saturation of the video can be dynamically adjusted during playback. 4.0, 4.1, 5.0, 5.1 and stereophonic sound is supported. On computers with an infrared port, Totem can be remotely controlled via LIRC. Stills can be easily captured without resorting to external programs. There is also a plugin for telestrator-like functionality using Gromit. The loading of external SubRip subtitles, both automatic and manual (via the command-line), is also supported.
The player was known as Totem. With the release of version 3.5.90, the name was changed to Videos. The name 'Totem', remained in 'de facto' use (the executable, for example, still uses the Totem name, as does its package in Debian).
GNOME 3.12 revamped the user interface radically and added support for direct playback from online video channels such as Guardian and Apple trailers.
Video acceleration
Whether GNOME Videos can offload computations for video decoding to SIP blocks such as PureVideo, UVD, QuickSync Video, TI Ducati through interfaces, like e.g. VDPAU, VAAPI, Distributed Codec Engine or DXVA depends entirely on the back-end. See GStreamer or Xine for such support.
See also
Parole Media Player - another media player based on GStreamer, it is light-weight and has similar user interface like the old GNOME Videos.
References
External links
2003 software
Free audio software
Free media players
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in Vala
GNOME Core Applications
Linux media players
Software that uses Clutter (software)
Software that uses GStreamer
Software that uses Meson
Video player software that uses GTK |
36776993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined%20storage | Software-defined storage | Software-defined storage (SDS) is a marketing term for computer data storage software for policy-based provisioning and management of data storage independent of the underlying hardware. Software-defined storage typically includes a form of storage virtualization to separate the storage hardware from the software that manages it. The software enabling a software-defined storage environment may also provide policy management for features such as data deduplication, replication, thin provisioning, snapshots and backup.
Software-defined storage (SDS) hardware may or may not also have abstraction, pooling, or automation software of its own. When implemented as software only in conjunction with commodity servers with internal disks, it may suggest software such as a virtual or global file system. If it is software layered over sophisticated large storage arrays, it suggests software such as storage virtualization or storage resource management, categories of products that address separate and different problems. If the policy and management functions also include a form of artificial intelligence to automate protection and recovery, it can be considered as intelligent abstraction. Software-defined storage may be implemented via appliances over a traditional storage area network (SAN), or implemented as network-attached storage (NAS), or using object-based storage. In March 2014 the Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA) began a report on software-defined storage.
Software-defined storage industry
VMware used the marketing term "software-defined data center" (SDDC) for a broader concept wherein all the virtual storage, server, networking and security resources required by an application can be defined by software and provisioned automatically.
Other smaller companies then adopted the term "software-defined storage", such as Coraid (now owned by Coraid founder's new company SouthSuite), Scality (founded in 2009), Cleversafe (acquired by IBM), and OpenIO.
Based on similar concepts as software-defined networking (SDN),
interest in SDS rose after VMware acquired Nicira for over a billion dollars in 2012.
Data storage vendors used various definitions for software-defined storage depending on their product-line. Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA), a standards group, attempted a multi-vendor, negotiated definition with examples.
The software-defined storage industry is projected to reach $86 billion by 2023.
Characteristics
Characteristics of software-defined storage may include the following features:
Abstraction of logical storage services and capabilities from the underlying physical storage systems, and in some cases pooling across multiple different implementations. Since data movement is relatively expensive and slow compared to computation and services , pooling approaches sometimes suggest leaving it in place and creating a mapping layer to it that spans arrays. Examples include:
Storage virtualization, the generalized category of approaches and historic products. External-controller based arrays include storage virtualization to manage usage and access across the drives within their own pools. Other products exist independently to manage across arrays and/or server DAS storage.
Virtual volumes (VVols), a proposal from VMware for a more transparent mapping between large volumes and the VM disk images within them, to allow better performance and data management optimizations. This does not reflect a new capability for virtual infrastructure administrators (who can already use, for example, NFS) but it does offer arrays using iSCSI or Fibre Channel a path to higher admin leverage for cross-array management apps written to the virtual infrastructure.
Parallel NFS (pNFS), a specific implementation which evolved within the NFS community but has expanded to many implementations.
OpenStack and its Swift, Ceph and Cinder APIs for storage interaction, which have been applied to open-source projects as well as to vendor products.
A number of Object Storage platforms are also examples of software-defined storage implementations examples of this are Scality RING and the open source swift project.
Number of distributed storage solutions like Gluster are good examples of software defined storage.
Automation with policy-driven storage provisioning with service-level agreements replacing technology details. This requires management interfaces that span traditional storage-array products, as a particular definition of separating "control plane" from "data plane", in the spirit of OpenFlow. Prior industry standardization efforts included the Storage Management Initiative – Specification (SMI-S) which began in 2000.
Commodity hardware with storage logic abstracted into a software layer. This is also described as a clustered file system for converged storage.
Storage hypervisor
In computing, a storage hypervisor is a software program which can run on a physical server hardware platform, on a virtual machine, inside a hypervisor OS or in the storage network. It may co-reside with virtual machine supervisors or have exclusive control of its platform. Similar to virtual server hypervisors a storage hypervisor may run on a specific hardware platform, a specific hardware architecture, or be hardware independent.
The storage hypervisor software virtualizes the individual storage resources it controls and creates one or more flexible pools of storage capacity. In this way it separates the direct link between physical and logical resources in parallel to virtual server hypervisors. By moving storage management into isolated layer it also helps to increase system uptime and High Availability. "Similarly, a storage hypervisor can be used to manage virtualized storage resources to increase utilization rates of disk while maintaining high reliability."
The storage hypervisor, a centrally-managed supervisory software program, provides a comprehensive set of storage control and monitoring functions that operate as a transparent virtual layer across consolidated disk pools to improve their availability, speed and utilization.
Storage hypervisors enhance the combined value of multiple disk storage systems, including dissimilar and incompatible models, by supplementing their individual capabilities with extended provisioning, data protection, replication and performance acceleration services.
In contrast to embedded software or disk controller firmware confined to a packaged storage system or appliance, the storage hypervisor and its functionality spans different models and brands and types of storage [including SSD (solid state disks), SAN (storage area network) and DAS (direct attached storage) and Unified Storage(SAN and NAS)] covering a wide range of price and performance characteristics or tiers. The underlying devices need not be explicitly integrated with each other nor bundled together.
A storage hypervisor enables hardware interchangeability. The storage hardware underlying a storage hypervisor matters only in a generic way with regard to performance and capacity. While underlying "features" may be passed through the hypervisor, the benefits of a storage hypervisor underline its ability to present uniform virtual devices and services from dissimilar and incompatible hardware, thus making these devices interchangeable. Continuous replacement and substitution of the underlying physical storage may take place, without altering or interrupting the virtual storage environment that is presented.
The storage hypervisor manages, virtualizes and controls all storage resources, allocating and providing the needed attributes (performance, availability) and services (automated provisioning, snapshots, replication), either directly or over a storage network, as required to serve the needs of each individual environment.
The term "hypervisor" within "storage hypervisor" is so named because it goes beyond a supervisor, it is conceptually a level higher than a supervisor and therefore acts as the next higher level of management and intelligence that sits above and spans its control over device-level storage controllers, disk arrays, and virtualization middleware.
A storage hypervisor has also been defined as a higher level of storage virtualization software, providing a "Consolidation and cost: Storage pooling increases utilization and decreases costs. Business availability: Data mobility of virtual volumes can improve availability. Application support: Tiered storage optimization aligns storage costs with required application service levels". The term has also been used in reference to use cases including its reference to its role with storage virtualization in disaster recovery and, in a more limited way, defined as a volume migration capability across SANs.
Server vs. storage hypervisor
An analogy can be drawn between the concept of a server hypervisor and the concept of a storage hypervisor. By virtualizing servers, server hypervisors (VMware ESX, Microsoft Hyper-V, Citrix Hypervisor, Linux KVM, Xen) increased the utilization rates for server resources, and provided management flexibility by de-coupling servers from hardware. This led to cost savings in server infrastructure since fewer physical servers were needed to handle the same workload, and provided flexibility in administrative operations like backup, failover and disaster recovery.
A storage hypervisor does for storage resources what the server hypervisor did for server resources. A storage hypervisor changes how the server hypervisor handles storage I/O to get more performance out of existing storage resources, and increases efficiency in storage capacity consumption, storage provisioning and snapshot/clone technology. A storage hypervisor, like a server hypervisor, increases performance and management flexibility for improved resource utilization.
See also
Hypervisor
Software-defined networking
Software-defined data center
References
Cloud storage
Emerging technologies
Information technology |
45297613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20availability%20software | High availability software | High availability software is software used to ensure that systems are running and available most of the time. High availability is a high percentage of time that the system is functioning. It can be formally defined as (1 – (down time/ total time))*100%. Although the minimum required availability varies by task, systems typically attempt to achieve 99.999% (5-nines) availability. This characteristic is weaker than fault tolerance, which typically seeks to provide 100% availability, albeit with significant price and performance penalties.
High availability software is measured by its performance when a subsystem fails, its ability to resume service in a state close to the state of the system at the time of the original failure, and its ability to perform other service-affecting tasks (such as software upgrade or configuration changes) in a manner that eliminates or minimizes down time. All faults that affect availability – hardware, software, and configuration need to be addressed by High Availability Software to maximize availability.
Features
Typical high availability software provides features that:
Enable hardware and software redundancy:
These features include:
The discovery of hardware and software entities,
The assignment of active/standby roles to these entities,
Detection of failed components,
Notification to redundant components that they should become active, and
The ability to scale the system.
A service is not available if it cannot service all the requests being placed on it. The “scale-out” property of a system refers to the ability to create multiple copies of a subsystem to address increasing demand, and to efficiently distribute incoming work to these copies (Load balancing (computing)) preferably without shutting down the system. High availability software should enable scale-out without interrupting service.
Enable active/standby communication (notably Checkpointing):
Active subsystems need to communicate to standby subsystems to ensure that the standby is ready to take over where the active left off. High Availability Software can provide communications abstractions like redundant message and event queues to help active subsystems in this task. Additionally, an important concept called “checkpointing” is exclusive to highly available software. In a checkpointed system, the active subsystem identifies all of its critical state and periodically updates the standby with any changes to this state. This idea is commonly abstracted as a distributed hash table – the active writes key/value records into the table and both the active and standby subsystems read from it. Unlike a “cloud” distributed hash table (Chord (peer-to-peer), Kademlia, etc.) a checkpoint is fully replicated. That is, all records in the “checkpoint” hash table are readable so long as one copy is running. Another technique, called an [application checkpoint], periodically saves the entire state of a program.
Enable in-service upgrades:
In Service Software Upgrade is the ability to upgrade software without degrading service. It is typically implemented in redundant systems by executing what is called a “rolling” upgrade—upgrading the standby while the active provides service, failing over, and then upgrading the old active. Another important feature is the ability to rapidly fall back to an older version of the software and configuration if the new version fails.
Minimize standby latency and ensure standby correctness:
Standby latency is defined as the time between when a standby is told to become active and when it is actually providing service. “Hot” standby systems are those that actively update internal state in response to active system checkpoints, resulting in millisecond down times. “Cold” standby systems are offline until the active fails and typically restart from a “baseline” state. For example, many cloud solutions will restart a virtual machine on another physical machine if the underlying physical machine fails. “Cold” fail over standby latency can range from 30+ seconds to several minutes. Finally, “warm” standby is an informal term encompassing all systems that are running yet must do some internal processing before becoming active. For example, a warm standby system might be handling low priority jobs – when the active fails it aborts these jobs and reads the active's checkpointed state before resuming service. Warm standby latencies depend on how much data is checkpointed but typically have a few seconds latency.
System architecture
High availability software can help engineers create complex system architectures that are designed to minimize the scope of failures and to handle specific failure modes. A “normal” failure is defined as one which can be handled by the software architecture's, while a “catastrophic” failure is defined as one which is not handled. A catastrophic failure therefore causes a service outage. However, the software can still greatly increase availability by automatically returning to an in-service state as soon as the catastrophic failure is remedied.
The simplest configuration (or “redundancy model”) is 1 active, 1 standby, or 1+1. Another common configuration is N+1 (N active, 1 standby), which reduces total system cost by having fewer standby subsystems. Some systems use an all-active model, which has the advantage that “standby” subsystems are being constantly validated.
Configurations can also be defined with active, hot standby, and cold standby (or idle) subsystems, extending the traditional “active+standby” nomenclature to “active+standby+idle” (e.g. 5+1+1). Typically, “cold standby” or “idle” subsystems are active for lower priority work. Sometimes these systems are located far away from their redundant pair in a strategy called geographic redundancy. This architecture seeks to avoid loss of service from physically-local events (fire, flood, earthquake) by separating redundant machines.
Sophisticated policies can be specified by high availability software to differentiate software from hardware faults, and to attempt time-delayed restarts of individual software processes, entire software stacks, or entire systems.
Use in industry
In the past 20 years telecommunication networks and other complex software systems have become essential parts of business and recreational activities.
“At the same time [as the economy is in a downturn], 60% almost -- that's six out of 10 businesses -- require 99.999. That's four nines or five nines of availability and uptime for their mission-critical line-of-business applications.
And 9% of the respondents, so that's almost one out of 10 companies, say that they need greater than five nines of uptime. So what that means is, no downtime. In other words, you have got to really have bulletproof, bombproof applications and hardware systems. So you know, what do you use? Well one thing you have high-availability clusters or you have the more expensive and more complex fault-tolerance servers.”
Telecommunications: High Availability Software is an essential component of telecommunications equipment since a network outage can result in significant loss in revenue for telecom providers and telephone access to emergency services is an important public safety issue.
Defense/Military: Recently High Availability Software has found its way into defense projects as an inexpensive way to provide availability for manned and unmanned vehicles
Space: High Availability Software is proposed for use of non-radiation hardened equipment in space environments. Radiation hardened electronics is significantly more expensive and lower performance than off-the-shelf equipment. But High Availability Software running on a single or pair of rad-hardened controllers can manage many redundant high performance non-rad-hard computers, potentially failing over and resetting them in the event of a fault.
Use in the cloud
Typical cloud services provide a set of networked computers (typical a virtual machine) running a standard server OS like Linux. Computers can often communicate with other instances within the same data center for free (tenant network) and to outside computers for fee. The cloud infrastructure may provide simple fault detection and restart at the virtual machine level. However, restarts can take several minutes resulting in lower availability. Additionally, cloud services cannot detect software failures within the virtual machines. High Availability Software running inside the cloud virtual machines can detect software (and virtual machine) failures in seconds and can use checkpointing to ensure that standby virtual machines are ready to take over service.
Standards
The Service Availability Forum defines standards for application-aware High Availability.
See also
Computer cluster
High integrity software
References
External links
OpenClovis SAFplus High Availability Software
Linux-HA Software
Keepalived for Linux
Evidian SafeKit Software for Windows and Linux
Software by type |
50599990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goobi | Goobi | Goobi (Abbr. of Göttingen online-objects binaries) is an open-source software suite intended to support mass digitisation projects for cultural heritage institutions. The software implements international standards such as METS, MODS and other formats maintained by the Library of Congress. Goobi consists of several independent modules serving different purposes such as controlling the digitization workflow, enriching descriptive and structural metadata, and presenting the results to the public in a modern and convenient way. It is used by archives, libraries, museums, publishers and scanning utilities.
Structure
Goobi has the following properties:
Central management of the digital copies (images)
Central metadata management: it is possible to catalogue and integrate metadata from various locations
Controlling mechanisms: they are used to control the progress of work of the partners
Export and import interfaces for metadata and third-party digital copies
Management tasks: managing error messages, completion of work steps and conveying to the next step, including changing partners
Platform-independence: Goobi is a Web application and has to be designed in this way, as partners in digitisation of a customer are often distributed all over the world.
Components for the distributed workflow management are integrated into the product to ensure the management of a distributed communication and production among various partners.
History
Goobi is widely used in 40 European libraries in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and UK.
The workflow part of the software existed in two different forks of the original Goobi software. While the Goobi community edition was cooperatively maintained by major German libraries and digitization service providers, the Intranda edition is developed by a single company.
In May 2016, the German Goobi association Goobi Digitalisieren im Verein e. V. decided to choose the new name Kitodo to avoid legal problems with the old name Goobi.
The software Goobi will be further developed.
References
External links
Mass digitization
Free library and information science software
Free institutional repository software
Free software |
904254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility%20software | Utility software | Utility software is software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer. It is used to support the computer infrastructure - in contrast to application software, which is aimed at directly performing tasks that benefit ordinary users. However, utilities often form part of the application . For example, a batch job may run user-written code to update a database and may then include a step that runs a utility to back up the database, or a job may run a utility to compress a disk before copying files.
Although a basic set of utility programs is usually distributed with an operating system (OS), and this first party utility software is often considered part of the operating system, users often install replacements or additional utilities. Those utilities may provide additional facilities to carry out tasks that are beyond the capabilities of the operating system.
Many utilities that might affect the entire computer system require the user to have elevated privileges, while others that operate only on the user's data do not.
System utilities
Anti-virus utilities scan for computer viruses and block or remove them.
Clipboard managers expand the clipboard functionality of an operating system.
Computer access control software grants or denies requests for access to system resources.
Debuggers typically permit the examination and modification of data and program instructions in memory and on disk.
Diagnostic programs determine and report the operational status of computer hardware and software. Memory testers are one example.
Network utilities analyze the computer's network connectivity, configure network settings, check data transfer or log events.
Package managers are used to configure, install or keep up to date other software on a computer.
Registry cleaners clean and optimize the Windows Registry by removing old registry keys that are no longer in use.
System monitors monitor resources and performance in a computer system.
System profilers provide detailed information about installed software and hardware.
Storage device management utilities
Backup software makes copies of all information stored on a disk and restores either the entire disk (aka Disk cloning) in an event of disk failure or selected files that are accidentally deleted or corrupted. Undeletion utilities are sometimes more convenient.
Disk checkers scan an operating hard drive and check for logical (filesystem) or physical errors.
Disk compression utilities transparently compress/uncompress the contents of a disk, increasing the capacity of the disk.
Disk defragmenters detect computer files whose contents are scattered across several locations on the hard disk and collect the fragments into one contiguous area.
Disk formatters prepare a data storage device such as a hard disk, solid-state drive, floppy disk or USB flash drive for initial use. These are often used to permanently erase an entire device.
Disk partition editors divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives, each with its own file system which can be mounted by the operating system and treated as an individual drive.
Disk space analyzers provide a visualization of disk space usage by getting the size for each folder (including sub folders) and files in folder or drive. showing the distribution of the used space.
Tape initializers write a label to a magnetic tape or other magnetic medium. Initializers for DECtape formatted the tape into blocks.
File management utilities
Archivers output a stream or a single file when provided with a directory or a set of files. Archive suites may include compression and encryption capabilities. Some archive utilities have a separate un-archive utility for the reverse operation. One nearly universal type of archive file format is the zip file.
Cryptographic utilities encrypt and decrypt streams and files.
Data compression utilities output a shorter stream or a smaller file when provided with a stream or file.
Data conversion utilities transform data from a source file to some other format, such as from a text file to a PDF document.
Data recovery utilities are used to rescue good data from corrupted files.
Data synchronization utilities establish consistency among data from a source to a target data storage and vice versa. There are several branches of this type of utility:
File synchronization utilities maintain consistency between two sources. They may be used to create redundancy or backup copies but are also used to help users carry their digital music, photos and video in their mobile devices.
Revision control utilities can recreate a coherent structure where multiple users simultaneously modify the same file.
Disk cleaners find files that are unnecessary to computer operation, or take up considerable amounts of space.
File comparison utilities provide a standalone capability to detect differences between files.
File managers provide a convenient method of performing routine data management, email recovery and management tasks, such as deleting, renaming, cataloging, uncataloging, moving, copying, merging, setting write protection status, setting file access permissions, generating and modifying folders and data sets.
Miscellaneous utilities
Data generators (e.g. IEBDG) create a file of test data according to specified patterns.
Hex editors directly modify the text or data of a file without regard to file format. These files can be data or programs.
HTML checkers validate HTML code and check links.
Installation or setup utilities are used to initialize or configure programs, usually applications programs, for use in a specific computer environment. There are also Uninstallers.
Patching utilities perform alterations of files, especially object programs when program source is unavailable.
Screensavers prevent phosphor burn-in on CRT and plasma computer monitors.
Sort/Merge programs arrange records (lines) of a file into a specified sequence.
Standalone macro recorders permit use of keyboard macros in programs that do not natively support such a feature.
See also
List of Microsoft Windows utilities
List of DOS commands
List of macOS utilities
Support programs for OS/360 and successors
List of Unix commands
List of KDE utilities
Batch script
Shell script
References |
68896578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education%20management%20information%20system | Education management information system | Education management information systems (EMIS) aim to collect, integrate, process, maintain and disseminate data and information to support decision-making, policy-analysis and formulation, planning, monitoring and management at all levels of an education system. It is a system of people, technology, models, methods, processes, procedures, rules, and regulations that function together to provide education leaders, decision-makers and managers at all levels with a comprehensive, integrated set of relevant, reliable, unambiguous and timely data and information to support them in completion of their responsibilities.
The adoption of Sustainable Development Goal 4 (“Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all”) as the new international education agenda also exerts more complex data demands on EMIS. Its emphasis on equity and inclusion, lifelong learning, and the need to measure learning outcomes have expanded the range of data that EMIS need to collect and manage.
Education management information systems only captures information on children who are (or have been) included in the school system. Even the most robust EMIS is unlikely to provide complete (or even any) information on children who have never been included and those who drop out. Robust education planning and policy therefore requires inputs from a broader set of data sources, including from household surveys.
Evolution of education management information systems
Education management information systems, in one form or another, have existed in different countries for several decades. They were traditionally conceived as administrative tools to automate the generation of routine inputs-based statistics, such as enrolment and teacher counts. However, changes in the education sector have driven EMIS to become more complex.
Development surged around the 1980s with the advantages of desktop computing. Countries like France, India, and China have compiled education statistics on students, teachers, and other aspects of educational institutions for many years. In the United States, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), whose responsibility is to collect “statistics and facts as shall show the condition and progress of education” has existed in some form since 1867.
The International Conference on EMIS, held in Paris, France, on 11–13 April 2018, brought together actors and stakeholders in education: national governments, non-profits, private enterprises, and international organizations. Participating countries were asked to detail the history and evolution of their EMIS. In general, drivers of EMIS development reported by participating countries included:
Technological change, such as use of the Internet to engage stakeholders at decentralized administrative units (including schools) and to facilitate data collection and processing;
Increased expectations from administrators, planners and development partners concerning the availability, level of disaggregation, detail and use of data;
Evolving national and international standards such as the monitoring requirements of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG);
Increased accountability to the public;
Increased complexity of education systems, which now include the need to plan and monitor holistically for both public and private sectors across Early Childhood Development (ECD), primary, secondary, non-formal, TVET and higher education; and Increased focus on data to assess learning to ensure students are participating in education and achieving desired outcomes including learning and the well-being of each child.
Defining EMIS
Data is essential in the pursuit of the new international educational agenda. Countries need data to define and operationalize goals into targets, and more importantly, to determine what they need to do to accelerate progress towards those objectives. Data allows countries to measure the performance of their respective education system vis-à-vis national, regional and international priorities, and thus determine the relevance and effectiveness of policies and programmes. Education management information systems (EMIS), as the main tool used by countries to collect, process, analyse, and disseminate data, are crucial to this process.
EMIS, in its most basic sense, constitutes a school census conducted annually to collect information on pupils, teachers, facilities, finances, and other issues relating to institutions such as schools and higher education facilities. It must be noted, however, that earlier conceptions of EMIS were primarily (perhaps exclusively) administrative systems, rather than systems that inform planning, policymaking, and monitoring and evaluation.
EMIS should be designed according to the various contexts and needs of different education systems; no one EMIS configuration will work across all education systems. These contexts and needs can only be fully captured if central educational units dialogue with stakeholders at decentralized educational units, such as district offices and schools.
The objective of an EMIS is to produce quality, reliable and timely data to increase the use of education data for education-related decisions. To be useful, EMIS data should be adapted and made accessible to all levels of decision-making of the education system. EMIS can facilitate and make management and daily transactions required of the education system more efficient and more effective, not just in subnational administrative offices, but also in schools.
In terms of management and administration, EMIS can help school principals calculate the rate of student absenteeism in their respective schools relative to other schools in the same district. Aggregated, this information can help determine factors that contribute to increased student absenteeism, which in turn can inform planning and policy formulation processes - that is, it can help ministers of education identify the resources needed to establish programmes to curb absenteeism. Future data would then allow for the outcomes of such programmes to be measured.
An EMIS must be a system agile enough to respond to the education system's present data demands, while at the same time anticipating future demands. It is crucial that data systems adapt to changes in both national and international educational agendas.
The data management cycle
The EMIS data management cycle can be divided into three stages: identification of information needs; data collection, processing and analysis; data reporting, dissemination and use.
Identification of information needs
This stage involves reflecting on education objectives within the context of national plans (including national key performance indicators) and international commitments such as SDG 4. Once needs are clearly identified and agreed by all stakeholder, the appropriate data collection instruments and approaches should be developed.
Data collection, processing, and analysis
Many countries assign different roles and responsibilities to different departments for the collection of education data both at the school and the district provincial levels. In some countries, data collection for different educational subsectors might be the responsibility of different ministries (e.g. data on early childhood education may be collected by a ministry of social affairs).
Data collection for an information base at the local level is not a process that can be established in a single step. In order to be effective for ongoing monitoring, this information base must be dynamic and have an appropriate mechanism for regular updates. After collection of data from the different entities, and data entry (if collection was done manually), data must then go through a data validation process.
Data validation is therefore part of data processing, which happens after the data collection. Because data can contain personal and sensitive information, there must be sound processes for their storage and protection. After ensuring the data are collected and processed, the next step in the data management cycle is analysis.
In analysing data, the needs of EMIS end users - which can include decision-makers, planners, researchers, information service providers, students, and teachers - should be taken into account. The availability of EMIS data at school, regional, and national levels promotes the use of data to improve school facilities and staffing, classroom, and school management.
Data reporting, dissemination and use
At the stage of reporting and dissemination, the strategy is to have all the stakeholders access the relevant information generated from education management information systems. Reports can be prepared in different forms for different purposes:
Annual statistical returns: this includes statistical tables and indicators that may be used by everyone within and outside the Ministry of Education.
Quick reference: this includes a short summary of the annual statistical returns. This targets upper decision-makers and all uses who do not need detailed statistics.
Indicators report: this includes the analysis of schools’ systems performance which is done on a regular basis.
The reporting and dissemination process also depends on the capacity of the EMIS staff in ministries to present the statistics in a clear and understandable manner to other levels of the administration and other users, whether for internal or external use. Reporting and dissemination can be both internal and external, depending on what kinds of information are shared and with whom.
Challenges in quality data management
The collection, analysis, and use of quality data amidst decentralization and in the context of conflict and fragility are common challenges. These issues were shared across many of the countries that participated in the 2018 EMIS Conference. Data quality encompasses the relevance, accuracy, reliability, coherence, timeliness, punctuality, accessibility, interpretability, objectivity, impartiality, transparency and credibility of data.
Accuracy and reliability
Data need to be sufficiently accurate and reflect stable and consistent collection processes across collection points over time. As discussed during the 2018 EMIS conference, most countries (more than half) reported that the accuracy and reliability of data were among the challenges with many countries reporting lack of adequate mechanisms for data validation. Moreover, in some cases, there are virtually no repercussions for falsifying or tampering with data; where there might be laws supposed to safeguard against data falsification, there are no mechanisms to ensure the enforcement of those laws.
Coverage
In terms of availability, countries cited challenges in obtaining data and information from civil society organizations (CSOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), primarily owing to generally weaker data systems in these kinds of organizations. With private organizations, countries cited difficulties obtaining data as well, for various reasons. In some cases, private organizations are unregistered and thus difficult to track. In other cases, private organizations are not willing to release data.
Furthermore, these private organizations are often not within the purview of the Ministry of Education, and thus have no regulatory authorities that can require them to release data.
Decentralized structures
Surveyed countries expressed the necessity to move towards an EMIS system that increases access to a wider range of stakeholders specific to their roles and responsibilities. A more decentralized system would improve the planning, management and decision-making allowing for more efficient and accurate data collection and increase accountability. However, the process of decentralization should be fully backed by a proper mechanism to support local authorities and develop their capacities to fulfil their new responsibilities. As with any type of governance structure, whether centralized or decentralized, a system can only function properly under the appropriate enabling environment.
Developing an effective decentralized structure for EMIS data requires engaging in several decision-making processes. These include: 1) identifying the right balance between direct government control over education institutions and staff, and the degree of autonomy given to them, which depends to a large extent on existing organizational and institutional capacities; and 2) developing effective tools for monitoring and evaluation, which are often in the form of school inspection or supervision systems. The degree of decentralization is a key challenge that affects the use of EMIS. For example, some countries have fully decentralized systems while others have partial-decentralization, where only some responsibilities are given to another institution.
Fragility and conflict
Data is crucial in fragile situations: in particular, EMIS must be able to collect data on learners in displaced and vulnerable populations to allow the education system to identify their needs and how best to address them.
However, countries participating in the conference cited gaps in their current EMIS related to the collection and inclusion of data on children affected by fragility. This is not uncommon: children in emergency situations are the most vulnerable, and yet they are often excluded from EMIS). While sometimes included in datasets, they are often not indicated as refugees or internally displaced people.
Sometimes, it is refugees themselves who do not wish to be identified, fearing that such categorization could create problems for them. As emphasized during the 2018 EMIS Conference, schools located in crisis-affected areas are generally still excluded from EMIS. There are several issues at play: for instance, some conflict areas are no longer controlled by the government and data can therefore no longer be sent to the centralized institution. Generally, data quality is low in crisis-affected schools, and data take longer to be collected, as well.
An enabling environment for strong EMIS
There are some factors that enable a conducive environment for EMIS to be functional, effective and efficient. Although there may be different aspects enabling a conducive environment, the following ones are considered key factors in EMIS assessment frameworks (4): (i) an education data policy or legal framework, (ii) technological infrastructure and capacities, (iii) adequate human resources and (iv) sufficient financial resources.
Education data policy or legal framework
A policy or legal framework mandating education data can have a significant influence on the effectiveness and credibility of an education management information system. However, there is currently no international agreement on what the content of such policy should look like, and it can therefore achieve as little or as much as policy-makers want to make of it.
Some principles have been identified that should be inherent in an education data policy. These include technical independence in data collection, free of external interference and following ethical standards, so as to increase data credibility. This needs to be of course accompanied by high-quality standards in all data functions. Data openness and transparency are other guiding principles, which will allow an easy access to the public, which in turn will foster a stronger sense of accountability on the part of authorities. Conversely, data restriction hinders collaboration, innovation, and service improvement. Finally, an education data strategy must be flexible enough to cover different technological, managerial, and institutional solutions to EMIS challenges, and should be drafted with a medium- or long-term vision in mind.
Technological infrastructure and capacity
There are technological solutions that can improve education management information systems effectiveness. For instance, as mentioned by Burundi in the 2018 EMIS conference, electronic transfer of information from schools to the Ministry of Education through mobile devices (including computers, tablets and smartphones), can help transition from a paper-and-pencil system to an automated one, which will in turn reduce the time and costs associated with data collection and processing. Data validity checks with specialized software can improve data quality and harmonization by removing errors originated in manual data aggregates, as reported by the Democratic Republic of Congo at the 2018 EMIS conference. Data analytics can be enhanced when using software with statistical capabilities, geospatial and visualizing tools, for instance, in Liberia, their electronic data entry process allows a school mapping based on GPS coordinates (2018 EMIS conference).
However, technology is often seen as “the” solution to EMIS challenges, and technological solutions are prioritized, while the problems are managerial or institutional, and should be tackled with a better human resource strategy or an education data policy improving the institutional arrangements.
EMIS challenges that can be solved with technological solutions do not necessarily require upgrading technology, which changes rapidly. It often simply involves fully utilizing the current technology (e.g., using basic phones already available in the community to capture and disseminate data) or strengthening the capacities to use technology at the various administrative levels to better produce and consume data.
Another consideration is that technological projects fail when there is an attempt to install hardware or software that cannot be supported with the existing infrastructure. This issue can be avoided by assessing countries’ current infrastructural capacity and ensuring that the hardware and software are compatible with the current infrastructure. A cohabitation of technologies is a potential solution, wherein manual and automated methods are both used. In areas with limited Internet connectivity, data collection can take place manually and then its transmission or uploading in areas with better Internet connectivity.
Adequate human resources
A functional EMIS does require skilled staff, with qualifications and basic training in statistics, coding, data analytics, data visualization, data collection methods, IT engineering and computer programming, ICT specialization, etc. Competencies become even more specialized and precious in areas in conflict or emergencies.
Developing the appropriate skills within Ministries of Education can help reduce dependence on external technical providers, and strengthen the capacity to engage and manage external providers. For this, it is important that countries dedicate sufficient budget to train and update EMIS staff.
Training must also be provided to all stakeholders involved in EMIS tasks, based on the data functions they perform (production, analysis, use, etc.) and at their specific administrative level, otherwise, inadequate data capacities at any given level could paralyze the flow of information within an EMIS. For instance, while teachers need to be trained on completing school census forms and understanding the information from their school report card, regional authorities need to be trained in conducting data validity checks and data analysis for conducting school comparisons in their regions.
Sufficient financial resources
There are several costs that are traditionally covered by an education management information system, including:
Recruitment and payment of personnel dedicated to EMIS tasks at various administrative levels (national, regional, district and school level).
Procurement of ICT infrastructure and technology that includes hardware and equipment (computers, mobile devices, data servers, etc.), software, internet connectivity, physical space needed;
Maintenance costs involving recurrent costs such as IT license renewal fees, technical support for hardware and software, and technicians to repair connectivity issues, etc.; and
Data collection and reporting of annual school census, involving costs for printing and copying, logistics for distribution and collection of forms, publication of statistical reports, etc.
A global education agenda and related initiatives may have also placed financial pressure on many countries to be able to deploy more sophisticated EMIS, capable of monitoring service delivery or education outcome for specific populations such as children with special needs, refugees and displaced people, and capable of addressing specific data needs, such as learning outcomes from standardized student assessments; socio-economic, housing, and health information from household surveys and census data; socio-emotional and well-being standards from ad-hoc surveys, etc.
An example of the pressure placed by the Sustainable Development Agenda on EMIS is the cost for developing countries to be able to monitor and report on progress towards SDG 4 and the Framework for Action. According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, domestic investments needed to monitor this goal over a ten-year period in 135 low- and middle-income countries would range anywhere between 215 and US$248 million per year. This would include the collection of administrative data collected through school census, the establishment of sample-based learning assessment in early grade and at the last grade of primary.
See also
OpenEMIS
Educational management
Sustainable Development Goal 4
Sources
References
Learning management systems
Information management |
29172830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesys%20%28company%29 | Genesys (company) | Genesys, or Genesys Telecommunications Laboratories, Inc., is an American software company that sells customer experience (CX) and call center technology to mid-sized and large businesses. It sells both cloud-based and hybrid cloud software. The company was founded in 1990 and was acquired by investment firms Permira Funds and Technology Crossover Ventures (TCV) in February 2012.
History
Genesys was founded by Gregory Shenkkman and Alec Miloslavsky in October 1990. The company's original seed funding was $150,000 in loans from the founders' families. The company completed its initial public offering (IPO) in June 1997 and was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GCTI.
In late 1999, Alcatel-Lucent (then Alcatel) acquired Genesys for $1.5 billion.
In October 2007, Paul Segre succeeded Wes Hayden as Genesys's chief executive officer (CEO).
In February 2012, Permira and TCV acquired Genesys from Alcatel-Lucent for $1.5 billion.
In July 2016, private equity investor Hellman & Friedman purchased a $900 million stake in Genesys from majority owners Permira and Technology Crossover Ventures, valuing the company at $3.8 billion.
In May 2019, former Skype CEO Tony Bates joined Genesys as the new CEO, with former CEO Segre moving to the position of chairman.
Acquisitions
The company has grown over the years through a series of acquisitions.
In December 1997, Genesys acquired Forte Software, Inc. (later renamed Adante).
In December 1998, Genesys acquired Plato Software Corporation.
In June 1999, the company acquired Next Age Technologies, a workforce management software developer.
In May 2001, the company purchased IBM's CallPath computer telephony integration (CTI) business.
In 2002, Genesys parent Alcatel acquired Telera, a Campbell, California-based developer of voice portal and interactive voice response (IVR) systems, and merged the company into Genesys.
In April 2006, Genesys acquired VoiceGenie Technologies, a developer of voice self-service software based on VoiceXML.
In December 2007, Genesys announced it acquired Informiam, a developer of performance management software for customer service operations.
In January 2009, Genesys announced the acquisition of Conseros, a developer of high-volume work item management software and SDE Software Development Engineering, a creator of hosting management software for contact centers.
In March 2014, the company acquired Solariat, a developer of software to measure and manage social media engagements for customers.
In May 2014, the company acquired OVM Solutions, a developer of cloud-based customer communications software.
In 2016, the company acquired the Genesys division of EIT, its regional partner in Korea. In December, Genesys acquired Interactive Intelligence, a developer of customer experience software for the cloud, for $1.4B
In February 2017, Genesys acquired Silver Lining, an employee performance management company that developed applications to support and analyze employee performance and learning automation.
In February 2018, Genesys acquired AltoCloud, a customer journey analytics provider.
In March 2020, the company acquired nGUVU, a partner purchased to add gamification to its workforce engagement management suite.
In March, 2021, the company announced the acquisition the Bold360 suite of digital engagement software from LogMeIn.
Products
The company develops call center software for businesses. The software is available over the cloud, or as on-premises software. The company's products include the following:
Genesys Multicloud CX, formerly Genesys Engage and PureEngage, Genesys' multicloud call center software available on all three major public cloud platforms - AWS, Azure and Google Cloud, deployed either in a public or private cloud setting.
Genesys Cloud CX, formerly PureCloud, microservices-based software built on Amazon Web Services
PureConnect, formerly Customer Interaction Center or CIC (developed by Interactive Intelligence), software for customer experience management at contact centers
Genesys DX, predictive digital customer engagement software which combines customer experience software (CX) with artificial intelligence (AI)
Operations
Genesys is headquartered in Daly City, California, and has offices in Canada, Latin America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Australia.
Sponsorships
Genesys is the primary sponsor of IndyCar Series driver James Hinchcliffe in the #29 Andretti Autosport Honda. The company also has sponsorships with the Texas Motor Speedway for the Genesys 300 and Genesys 600 races.
References
Companies based in San Mateo County, California
Software companies established in 1990
Marketing companies of the United States
Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
Computer telephony integration
Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
1997 initial public offerings
2012 mergers and acquisitions
Daly City, California
Software companies of the United States |
25092787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%20hierarchy%20process%20%E2%80%93%20car%20example | Analytic hierarchy process – car example | This is a worked-through example showing the use of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in a practical decision situation.
See Analytic hierarchy process#Practical examples for context for this example.
Overview
AHP stands for analytic hierarchy process and belongs to the multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM). In AHP, values like price, weight, or area, or even subjective opinions such as feelings, preferences, or satisfaction, can be translated into measurable numeric relations. The core of AHP is the comparison of pairs instead of sorting (ranking), voting (e.g. assigning points) or the free assignment of priorities.
Teachers and users of the AHP know that the best way to understand it is to work through an example. The example below shows how a broad range of considerations can be managed through the use of the analytic hierarchy process.
The decision at hand requires a reasonably complex hierarchy to describe. It involves factors from the tangible and precisely measurable (purchase price, passenger capacity, cargo capacity), through the tangible but difficult to measure (maintenance costs, fuel costs, resale value) to the intangible and totally subjective (style).
(https://bpmsg.com/ahp-introduction)
In the end, there is a clear decision whose development can be seen, traced, and understood by all concerned.
A practical example: choosing an automobile
In an AHP hierarchy for a family buying a vehicle, the goal might be to choose the best car for the Jones family. The family might decide to consider cost, safety, style, and capacity as the criteria for making their decision. They might subdivide the cost criterion into purchase price, fuel costs, maintenance costs, and resale value. They might separate Capacity into cargo capacity and passenger capacity. The family, which for personal reasons always buys Hondas, might decide to consider as alternatives the Accord Sedan, Accord Hybrid Sedan, Pilot SUV, CR-V SUV, Element SUV, and Odyssey Minivan.
Constructing the hierarchy
The Jones' hierarchy could be diagrammed as shown below:
As they build their hierarchy, the buyer should investigate the values or measurements of the different elements that make it up. If there are published safety ratings, for example, or manufacturer's specs for cargo capacity, they should be gathered as part of the process. This information will be needed later, when the criteria and alternatives are evaluated.
Note that the measurements for some criteria, such as purchase price, can be stated with absolute certainty. Others, such as resale value, must be estimated, so must be stated with somewhat less confidence. Still others, such as style, are really in the eye of the beholder and are hard to state quantitatively at all. The AHP can accommodate all these types of criteria, even when they are present in a single problem.
Also note that the structure of the vehicle-buying hierarchy might be different for other families (ones who don't limit themselves to Hondas, or who care nothing about style, or who drive less than a year, etc.). It would definitely be different for a 25-year-old playboy who doesn't care how much his cars cost, knows he will never wreck one, and is intensely interested in speed, handling, and the numerous aspects of style.
Pairwise comparing the criteria with respect to the goal
To incorporate their judgments about the various elements in the hierarchy, decision makers compare the elements two by two. How they are compared will be shown later on. Right now, let's see which items are compared. Our example will begin with the four criteria in the second row of the hierarchy, though we could begin elsewhere if we wanted to. The criteria will be compared as to how important they are to the decision makers, with respect to the goal.
Each pair of items in this row will be compared; there are a total of six pairs (cost/safety, cost/style, cost/capacity, safety/style, safety/capacity, and style/capacity). You can use the diagram below to see these pairs more clearly.
In the next row, there is a group of four subcriteria under the cost criterion, and a group of two subcriteria under the capacity criterion.
In the Cost subgroup, each pair of subcriteria will be compared regarding their importance with respect to the Cost criterion. (As always, their importance is judged by the decision makers.) Once again, there are six pairs to compare (Purchase Price/Fuel Costs, Purchase Price/Maintenance Costs, Purchase Price/Resale Value, Fuel Costs/Maintenance Costs, Fuel Costs/Resale Value, and Maintenance Costs/Resale Value).
In the Capacity subgroup, there is only one pair of subcriteria. They are compared as to how important they are with respect to the Capacity criterion.
Things change a bit when we get to the alternatives row. Here, the cars in each group of alternatives are compared pair-by-pair with respect to the covering criterion of the group, which is the node directly above them in the hierarchy. What we are doing here is evaluating the models under consideration with respect to Purchase Price, then with respect to fuel costs, then maintenance costs, resale value, safety, style, cargo capacity, and passenger capacity. Because there are six cars in the group of alternatives, there will be fifteen comparisons for each of the eight covering criteria.
When the pairwise comparisons are as numerous as those in our example, specialized AHP software can help in making them quickly and efficiently. We will assume that the Jones family has access to such software, and that it allows the opinions of various family members to be combined into an overall opinion for the group.
The family's first pairwise comparison is cost vs. safety. They need to decide which of these is more important in choosing the best car for them all. This can be a difficult decision. On the one hand, "You can't put a price on safety. Nothing is more important than the life of a family member." But on the other hand, the family has a limited amount of money to spend, no member has ever had a major accident, and Hondas are known as very safe cars. In spite of the difficulty in comparing money to potential injury or death, the Jones family needs to determine its judgment about cost vs. safety in the car they are about to buy. They have to say which criterion is more important to them in reaching their goal, and how much more important it is (to them) than the other one. In making this judgment, they should remember that since the AHP is a flexible process, they can change their judgment later on.
You can imagine that there might be heated family discussion about cost vs. safety. It is the nature of the AHP to promote focused discussions about difficult aspects of the decisions to which it is applied. Such discussions encourage the communication of differences, which in turn encourages cooperation, compromise, and agreement among the members of the group.
Let's say that the family decides that in this case, cost is moderately more important to them than safety. The software requires them to express this judgment by entering a number. They can use this table to determine it; in this case they would enter a 3 in favor of cost:
Continuing our example, let's say they make the following judgments about all the comparisons of criteria, entering them into the software as numbers gotten from the table: as stated, cost is moderately important (3) over safety; also, cost is very strongly important (7) over style, and is moderately important (3) over capacity. Safety is extremely more important (9) than style, and of equal importance (1) to capacity. Capacity is very strongly important (7) over style.
We could show those judgments in a table like this:
The AHP software uses mathematical calculations to convert these judgments to priorities for each of the four criteria. The details of the calculations are beyond the scope of this article, but are readily available elsewhere. The software also calculates a consistency ratio that expresses the internal consistency of the judgments that have been entered.
In this case the judgments showed acceptable consistency, and the software used the family's inputs to assign these new priorities to the criteria:
You can duplicate this analysis at this online demonstration site; use the Line by Line Method by clicking its button, and don't forget to enter a negative number if the Criterion on the left is less important than the one on the right. If you are having trouble, click here for help. IMPORTANT: The demo site is designed for convenience, not accuracy. The priorities it returns may differ somewhat from those returned by rigorous AHP calculations. Nevertheless, it is useful in showing the mechanics of the pairwise comparison process. Once you are comfortable with the demo, you can experiment by entering your own judgments for the criteria in question. If your judgments are different from those of the Jones family, your priorities will possibly be quite different from theirs.
Look again at the above diagram and note that the Subcriteria still show their default priorities. This is because the decision makers haven't entered any judgments about them. So next on the family's agenda is to pairwise compare the four Subcriteria under Cost, then the two Subcriteria under Capacity. They will compare them following the same pattern as they did for the Criteria.
We could imagine the result of their comparisons yielding the priorities shown here:
At this point, all the comparisons for Criteria and Subcriteria have been made, and the AHP software has derived the local priorities for each group at each level. One more step can be made here. We know how much the priority of each Criterion contributes to the priority of the Goal. Since we also know how much the priority of each Subcriterion contributes to the priority of its parent, we (and the AHP software) can calculate the global priority of each Subcriterion. That will show us the priority of each Subcriterion with respect to the Goal. The global priorities throughout the hierarchy will add up to 1.000, like this:
Based on the judgments entered by the family, the AHP has derived the priorities for the factors against which each of the six cars will be compared. They are shown, from highest to lowest, in the table below. Notice that Cost and Capacity will not be evaluated directly, but that each of their Subcriteria will be evaluated on its own:
The next step is to evaluate each of the cars with respect to these factors. In the technical language of AHP, we will pairwise compare the alternatives with respect to their covering criteria.
Pairwise comparing the Alternatives with respect to the Criteria
The family can evaluate alternatives against their covering criteria in any order they choose. In this case, they choose the order of decreasing priority of the covering criteria. That means Purchase Price first.
Purchase price
The family has established a budget of $25,000 for buying the new car, but they are willing to consider alternatives whose price exceeds their budget. To refresh your mind, here are the six cars they are considering—in AHP terminology, the six alternatives—along with their purchase prices:
Knowing that they will have a lot of pairwise comparisons to make, the family prepared this worksheet to help them. It shows comparative information about the price and budget status of each pair of cars:
Now, what do they do?
First they might compare the purchase price of the Accord Sedan to that of the Accord Hybrid. If they stick purely to arithmetic, they could say that the Sedan is favored by 1.5, since the Hybrid's price is about 1.5 times that of the Sedan, and a lower price is better. They could follow that pattern through all 15 of the comparisons, and it would give a mathematically consistent set of comparisons.
But merely entering the numbers wouldn't take into account things like the $25,000 budget, or the value to the family of saving, say, $5,000 vs. $1,000 on a purchase. Things like that can be highly important in making decisions, and their importance can vary greatly with the situation and the people involved. Some families might never want to exceed their budget. Others might be willing to exceed it by a few dollars or a few per cent, but very unwilling to go further. Still others might not care much if they spend double their budget on the car. Because the AHP allows decision-makers to enter their judgments about the data, rather than just the data themselves, it can deal with all these situations and more.
Let's say that the Jones family is willing to exceed their budget by up to $1,000, but anything more is unacceptable. They "never say never," however—budget-busting cars will score as low as possible on the purchase price, but won't be removed from the list of alternatives. And for cars priced under budget, a $1,000 difference in price doesn't matter much to the Joneses, but a $5,000 difference is strongly important, and a $10,000 difference is extreme. They might enter the following intensities into the AHP software (throughout this example, the judgments of decision-makers are shaded in green):
You can follow the family's thinking by looking at the rationale for each judgment. Whenever a car that is under budget is compared with one that is over budget by more than $1,000, the former is extremely preferred. For cars under budget, a $1,000 less expensive car is slightly preferred, a $5,000 one is strongly preferred, and a $6,000 one is even more strongly preferred. When both cars are well over budget (comparison #6), they are equally preferred, which is to say they are equally undesirable. Because budget status and absolute price difference are enough to make each comparison, the ratio of prices never enters into the judgments.
When the judgments shown above are entered, the AHP software returns the following priorities for the six alternatives with respect to Purchase Price:
The local priorities show how much the purchase price of each model contributes to the subcriterion of Purchase Price. The global priorities show how much the purchase price of each model contributes to the overall goal of choosing the best car for the Jones family.
Safety
Comparing the alternatives on the basis of Safety is much less objective than comparing them on Purchase Price. Purchase prices are measured in dollars and can be determined to the penny. People can easily agree on the meaning of a $20,360 purchase price, and can rationally compare it to all the other prices, using methods and calculations that are understood and accepted by all.
But "safety" eludes our efforts even to define it in an objective way. Not only that, but the objective measurements of safety are limited and not readily comparable from car to car.
The government conducts objective crash tests, but they are incomplete measures of the "safety" of a given car. Also, the crash tests only compare the members of a single class of cars, such as Midsize Cars or Minivans. Is a midsize car with 100% 5-star safety ratings equally as safe as a minivan with the same ratings? It's not exactly clear. And when evaluating minivans that have 5-star ratings in all categories but one, who can say if the one with four stars for "Frontal Impact, Driver's Side" is safer than the one whose four stars are in "Side Impact, Rear Occupant?" There's really no way to tell.
In spite of these difficulties, the AHP provides a rational way to evaluate the relative safety of different cars.
Let's assume that the Jones family has researched the Safety of the six Hondas they are considering. They will have found that all of them are among the safest cars on the road. All six are "Top Safety Picks" of the IIHS safety standards organization. All of them do very well in the crash testing programs of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. But there are differences between them, and the family wants to factor the differences into their decision. "Your car can never be too safe."
The worksheet below includes the data that the family has decided to evaluate. They believe that a heavier car is a safer car, so they've documented the curb weights of their alternatives. They have investigated the results of government crash tests, and they've summarized the results on the worksheet:
The family will consider everything in the worksheet as they compare their alternatives. They are not safety experts, but they can apply their life experience to making decisions about the safety ratings. They all feel safer when driving a car that is significantly heavier than another one. One family member has seen two gruesome rollover accidents, and is terrified of a vehicle rolling over with her inside. She insists that the family car has the highest possible Rollover Rating.
Here are the weights that the Jones family enters for the alternatives regarding Safety (throughout this example, orange shading is used for judgments where A is favored; yellow shading is used for B):
When the judgments shown above are entered, the AHP software returns the following priorities for the six alternatives with respect to Safety:
The local priorities show how much the safety of each model contributes to the Criterion of Safety. The global priorities show how much the Safety of each model contributes to the overall goal of choosing the best car for the Jones family.
Passenger capacity
This characteristic is easy to evaluate. The alternatives can carry either four or five or eight passengers. Here are the figures:
The family has decided that four is barely enough, five is perfect for their needs, and eight is just a little bit better than five. Here are their judgments:
When the judgments shown above are entered, the AHP software returns the following priorities for the six alternatives with respect to Passenger Capacity:
The local priorities show how much the passenger capacity of each model contributes to the Subcriterion of Passenger Capacity. The global priorities show how much the passenger capacity of each model contributes to the overall goal of choosing the best car for the Jones family.
Fuel costs
After careful consideration, the Jones family believes that no matter which car they buy, they will drive it the same number of miles per year. In other words, there is nothing about any of the alternatives, including the price of fuel or the car's fuel consumption per mile, that would cause it to be driven more or fewer miles than any other alternative. They also believe that the government MPG rating is an accurate basis on which to compare the fuel consumption of the cars. Here is a worksheet showing the government MPG ratings of the Jones family alternatives:
They believe, therefore, that the fuel cost of any alternative vs. any other depends exclusively on the MPG ratings of the two cars. So the pairwise judgments they enter for any two cars will be inversely proportional to their MPG ratings. In other words, if car A has exactly twice the MPG rating of car B, the Fuel Cost for car B will be exactly twice that of car A. This table shows the judgments they will enter for all the comparisons:
When the judgments shown above are entered, the AHP software returns the following priorities for the six alternatives with respect to Fuel Cost:
The local priorities show how much the fuel cost of each model contributes to the subcriterion of Fuel Costs. The global priorities show how much the fuel cost of each model contributes to the overall goal of choosing the best car for the Jones family.
Resale value
When the family researched Resale Value, they learned that lending institutions keep statistics on the market value of different models after various time periods. These estimated "residual values" are used for leasing, and are typically based on a limit of driven per year. Actual residual values depend on the condition of the car, and can vary with market conditions.
The Joneses are going to buy their car, not lease it, and they expect to drive it more than 12,000 miles per year, but they agree among themselves that the leasing figures are a good basis on which to compare the alternatives under consideration. Their bank gave them this table showing the residual value of each alternative after four years and :
As they look at the table of residual values, they see that the residual value of a CR-V is 25% higher than that of a Pilot (0.55 is 125% of 0.44). They reason that such a greatly higher residual value is an indication of a better or more desirable car, so they want to place a premium on cars with relatively high residual value. After some thought and discussion, they decide that, when comparing residual values, they want to look at the higher one as a percentage of the lower, and assign their intensities on that basis. Where one model has a residual value that is less than 105% of another, they consider the residual values as equal for all practical purposes. Where one model has a residual value that is 125% of the residual value of another, they consider the former model as quite strongly more important, desirable, valuable, etc., as indicated by its much higher resale value. With a bit more thought and discussion, they decide to make their judgments on this basis:
They realize that not every family would do it this way, but this way seems best for them. This table shows the judgments they will enter for their Resale Value comparisons:
When the judgments shown above are entered, the AHP software returns the following priorities for the six alternatives with respect to Resale Value:
The local priorities show how much the resale value of each model contributes to the Subcriterion of Resale Value. The global priorities show how much the resale value of each model contributes to the overall goal of choosing the best car for the Jones family.
Maintenance costs
The Jones family researched maintenance costs for the cars under consideration, but they didn't find any hard figures. The closest they got was Consumer Reports magazine, which publishes 17 separate maintenance ratings for every car on the market. Their Hondas ranked very well, with all ratings "Much Better Than Average," except for a few on the Pilot and Odyssey. The Pilot got "Better Than Average" for its audio system and the user rating, and "Average" for body integrity. The Odyssey got "Better Than Average" for body hardware and power equipment, and "Average" for brakes, body integrity, and user rating.
The Joneses also asked their favorite mechanic to evaluate the maintenance costs for their six cars. Using tire prices and mileage estimates, he came up with figures for tire costs over of driving. He didn't have figures for brake costs, but he said they'd be about twice as much for the SUVs and minivans as they would for the sedans. He also cautioned them that the battery in the Accord Hybrid was an expensive repair item, and that the engine placement on the Odyssey made it a more expensive car to work on.
The family created this worksheet to keep track of all their information about maintenance costs:
Even though every column on the worksheet contains a different type of information, the Joneses can use it to make reasonable, rational judgments about Maintenance Costs. Here are the judgments they will enter:
When the judgments shown above are entered, the AHP software returns the following priorities for the six alternatives with respect to Maintenance Costs:
The local priorities show how much the projected maintenance cost of each model contributes to the subcriterion of Maintenance Costs. The global priorities show how much the maintenance cost of each model contributes to the overall goal of choosing the best car for the Jones family.
Style
The family decided that Style is important to them, but how can they determine the "style" of each of the six alternatives? "Style" is a pretty subjective concept—it can truly be said that "style is in the eye of the beholder." Yet through the method of pairwise comparison, the AHP gives the Jones family a way to evaluate the "style" of the cars they are considering.
Honda's web site provides photos of each of the alternatives. It also has videos, commercials, rotatable 360° views, color chips, and more, all available to help family members evaluate the Style of each car. The family can compare their alternatives two-by-two on Style, using the tools on the web site to help them make their judgments. They did just that, and here is the record of their judgments:
When the judgments shown above are entered, the AHP software returns the following local priorities for the six alternatives with respect to Style:
The local priorities show how much the style of each model contributes to the Style Criterion. The global priorities show how much the Style of each model contributes to the overall goal of choosing the best car for the Jones family.
Cargo capacity
The Cargo Capacity of each alternative, measured in cubic feet, is listed in the manufacturer's specifications for each vehicle. The Joneses don't really know how it is calculated, but they trust that it's a good indication of how much cargo can be packed into a vehicle. This worksheet shows the cargo capacities of the Jones' alternatives:
Cargo capacities for the alternatives vary from 14 to . If they wanted to, the Jones family could enter these capacities directly into the AHP software. But that would mean that, when considering Cargo Capacity, a car with . of it would be over ten times as desirable as one with only 14. Given the car's use as a family vehicle, that doesn't seem quite right. So the family looks at the available capacities and determines that a . trunk is perfectly fine for their needs, that something about five times larger is slightly better, and that something about ten times larger is moderately so. These judgments correspond to values of 1, 2, and 3 on the AHP's Fundamental Scale.
Here are the judgments they would enter into the AHP software:
When the judgments shown above are entered, the AHP software returns the following local priorities for the six alternatives with respect to Cargo Capacity:
The local priorities show how much the cargo capacity of each model contributes to the subcriterion of Cargo Capacity. The global priorities show how much the cargo capacity of each model contributes to the overall goal of choosing the best car for the Jones family.
Making the decision
In the end, the AHP software arranges and totals the global priorities for each of the alternatives. Their grand total is 1.000, which is identical to the priority of the goal. Each alternative has a global priority corresponding to its "fit" to all the family's judgments about all those aspects of Cost, Safety, Style and Capacity. Here is a summary of the global priorities of the alternatives:
The Odyssey Minivan, with a global priority of 0.220, is the alternative that contributes the most to the goal of choosing the best car for the Jones family. The Accord Sedan is a close second, with a priority of 0.213. The other models have considerably less priority than those two. In descending order, they are CR-V SUV, Accord Hybrid, Element SUV, and Pilot SUV.
The Analytic Hierarchy Process has shown the Joneses that the Odyssey Minivan best satisfies all their criteria and judgments, followed closely by the Accord Sedan. The other alternatives fall significantly short of meeting their criteria. The family's next step is up to them. They might just go out and buy an Odyssey, or they might use the AHP or other means to refine their decision between the Odyssey and the Accord Sedan.
References
External links
R ahp package – The R open source ahp package provides an implementation of this example.
AHPy - AHPy provides a worked example of this problem in its README
Group decision-making |
426660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20educational%20programming%20languages | List of educational programming languages | An educational programming language is a programming language that is designed mostly as an instrument for learning, and less as a tool for writing programs to perform work.
Types of educational programming languages
Assembly languages
Originally, machine code was the first and only way to program computers. Assembly language was the next type of language used, and thus is one of the oldest families of computer languages in use today. Many dialects and implementations are available, usually some for each computer processor architecture. It is very basic and termed a low level programming language. It is one of the more difficult languages to work with being untyped and rigid, but this is how computers work at low level. Several simplified dialects exist for education.
Low level languages must be written for a specific processor architecture and cannot be written or taught in isolation without referencing the processor for which it was written. Unlike higher level languages, using an educational assembly language needs a representation of a processor, whether virtualized or physical. Assembly is the most helpful language to use for learning about fundamental computer processor operation.
Little Man Computer (LMC) is an instructional model of a simple von Neumann architecture computer with all basic features of modern computers. It can be programmed in machine code (usually decimal) or assembly. It is based on the concept of having a little man locked in a small room. At one end of the room are 100 mailboxes as memory; each can hold a three digit instruction or data. At the other end of the room are two mailboxes labeled INBOX and OUTBOX which receive and emit data. In the middle of the room is a work area with a simple two function (add and subtract) calculator called the Accumulator and a resettable counter called the Program Counter. The counter is similar to what a doorperson uses to count how many people have entered a facility; it can count up 1, or can be reset to 0. As specified by the von Neumann architecture, memory holds both instructions and data. The user loads data into the mailboxes and then signals the little man to begin executing.
Next Byte Codes (NBC) is a simple language with assembly language syntax that is used to program Lego Mindstorms NXT programmable bricks. The command line compiler emits NXT compatible machine code, and supports Windows, Mac OS X and Linux.
Little Computer 3 (LC-3), is an assembly language with a simplified instruction set, but can be used to write moderately complex assembly programs and is a theoretically viable target for C compilers. It is simpler than x86 assembly but has many features similar to those in more complex languages. These features make it useful for teaching basic programming and computer architecture to beginning college computer science and computer engineering students, which is its most common use.
DLX is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor architecture by the main designers of the MIPS and the Berkeley RISC designs, two benchmark examples of RISC design. DLX is essentially a cleaned up, simplified MIPS, with a simple 32-bit load/store architecture. It is widely used in college-level computer architecture courses.
MIX and MMIX are hypothetical computers used in Donald Knuth's monograph, The Art of Computer Programming (TAOCP). Paraphrasing Knuth: The MIX systems are computers intended to illustrate machine-level aspects of programming, so its machine language is simple, elegant, easy to learn. It also includes all the complexities needed for high performance in practice, so in principle it can be built and perhaps be competitive with some of the fast general-purpose computers. MIX is hybrid programmable in binary and decimal numbers; most programs written for it will work using either form. Software implementations for MIX and MMIX have been developed by Knuth and made freely available. Several versions of both emulators exist. MIX is a 1960s-style computer. It is superseded by MMIX, a newer modern computer architecture, a 64-bit RISC instruction set architecture (ISA). For MMIX, Knuth collaborated with the architects of the MIPS and Alpha ISAs.
BASIC variants
BASIC (which stands for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was invented in 1964 to provide computer access to non-science students. It became popular on minicomputers during the 1960s, and became a standard computing language for microcomputers during the late 1970s and early 1980s. The goals of BASIC were focused on the needs of learning to program easily: be easy for beginners to use, be interactive, provide clear and friendly error messages, respond quickly, do not require an understanding of computer hardware or operating systems. What made BASIC particularly useful for education was the small size of programs. Useful programs to illustrate a concept could be written in a dozen lines. At the same time BASIC did not require mathematical or computer science sophistication. BASIC continues to this day to be frequently self-taught with excellent tutorials and implementations. See List of BASIC dialects by platform for a complete list. BASIC offers a learning path from learning oriented BASICs such as Microsoft Small Basic, BASIC-256 and SiMPLE, to more full featured BASICs like Visual Basic .NET and Gambas.
Microsoft Small Basic is a restricted version of Visual Basic designed as a first language, "aimed at bringing 'fun' back to programming". The language is explicitly quite small with only 15 intuitive keywords. By including object specific libraries for things of general interest to children, children can create entertaining, interactive programs, on the net or on the desktop. For example, with 6 lines of code, it is possible to demonstrate a random network image viewer using Flickr as the source. The system utilizes the Microsoft Visual Studio IDE to provide autocompletion and context sensitive help.
Basic-256 an easy to use version of BASIC designed to teach anybody the basics of computer programming. It uses traditional BASIC control structures (gosub, for loops, goto) for ease of understanding program flow-control. It has a built-in graphics mode that allows children to draw pictures on screen after minutes. It includes tutorials that introduce programming concepts through fun exercises.
SiMPLE is a programming development system that was created to provide easy programming abilities for everybody, especially non-professionals. It is somewhat like AppleSoft BASIC. It is compiled and lets users make their own libraries of often-used functions. "Simple" is a generic term for three slightly different versions of the language: Micro-SiMPLE to use only 4 keywords, Pro-SiMPLE, and Ultra-SiMPLE to use 23 keywords.
Hot Soup Processor is a BASIC-derived language used in Japanese schools.
TI-BASIC is a simple BASIC-like language implemented in Texas Instruments graphing calculators, often serving as a students' first look at programming.
SmallBASIC fast and easy to learn BASIC language interpreter ideal for everyday calculations, scripts and prototypes. It includes trigonometric, matrix, and algebra functions, a built in IDE, a powerful string library, system, sound, and graphic commands, and a structured programming syntax.
C based
Ch is a C/C++ interpreter designed to help non-CS students to learn math, computing and programming in C and C++. It extends C with numerical, 2D/3D graphical plotting and scripting features.
Java-based
NetLogo, written in Java and Scala, is a development environment for building and exploring scientific models, specifically agent-based models. It is in widespread use both in science research (Science papers using NetLogo) and in educational contexts, including elementary, secondary schools, universities and museums.
Lisp-based
Lisp is the second oldest family of programming languages in use today, and as such has many of dialects and implementations at a wide range of difficulties. Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer programs, based on lambda calculus, which makes it particularly well suited for teaching theories of computing. As one of the earliest languages, Lisp pioneered many ideas in computer science, including tree data structures, automatic storage management, dynamic typing, object-oriented programming, and the self-hosting compiler all of which are useful for learning computer science.
The name LISP derives from "LISt Processing language". Linked lists are one of the languages' major data structures, and Lisp source code is made of lists. Thus, Lisp programs can manipulate source code as a data structure, giving rise to the macro systems that allow programmers to create new syntax or even new domain-specific languages embedded in Lisp. So Lisps are useful for learning language design, and creating custom languages.
A reasonable learning path would be Logo followed by any educational variant such as Scheme or newLISP, followed by a professional variant such as Common LISP.
Logo is a language that was specifically designed to introduce children to programming. The first part of learning Logo deals with "turtle graphics" (derived from turtle robots) used as early as 1969 with proto-Logo. In modern implementations, an abstract drawing device, called the turtle, is used to make programming for children very attractive by concentrating on doing turtle graphics. Seymour Papert, one of the creators of Logo, was a major thinker in constructionism, a variety of constructivist learning theory. Papert argued that activities like writing would naturally be learned by much younger children providing that they adopted a computing culture. Logo was thus designed not only to teach programming, and computing concepts, but to enhance a child's entire well being in a culture increasingly dominated by technology, "more important than having an early start on intellectual building, is being saved from a long period of dependency during which one learns to think of learning as something that has to be dished out by a more powerful other...Such children would not define themselves or allow society to define them as intellectually helpless." It has been used with children as young as 3 and has a track record of 30 years of success in education. Since Logo is actually a streamlined version of Lisp with more advanced students it can be used to introduce the basic concepts of computer science and even artificial intelligence. Logo is widely available on virtually every platform, in both free and commercial versions.
Scala-based
Kojo is an interactive desktop development environment developed primarily for educational purposes application that runs on Windows, Linux, and OS X. It is a learning environment, with many different features that help with the exploration, learning, and teaching of concepts in the areas of computer programming and critical thinking, math and science, art, music, and creative thinking, computer and internet literacy.
Smalltalk-based
As part of the One Laptop per Child project, a sequence of Smalltalk-based languages has been developed, each designed to act as an introduction to the next. The structure is Scratch to Etoys to Squeak to any Smalltalk.
Each provides graphical environments which may be used to teach not only programming concepts to kids but also physics and mathematics simulations, story-telling exercises, etc., through the use of constructive learning. Smalltalk and Squeak are fully featured application development languages that have been around and well respected for decades; Scratch is a children's learning tool.
Scratch is a visual language based on and implemented in Squeak. It has the goal of teaching programming concepts to children and letting them create games, videos, and music. In Scratch, all the interactive objects, graphics, and sounds can be easily imported to a new program and combined in new ways. That way, beginners can get quick results and be motivated to try further. The Scratch community has developed and uploaded over 3,000,000 projects. It is developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten group at MIT Media Lab.
Etoys is based on the idea of programmable virtual entities behaving on the computer screen. Etoys provides a media-rich authoring environment with a simple, powerful scripted object model for many kinds of objects created by end-users. It includes 2D and 3D graphics, images, text, particles, presentations, web-pages, videos, sound and MIDI, the ability to share desktops with other Etoy users in real-time, so many forms of immersive mentoring and play can be done over the Internet. It is multilingual, and has been used successfully in United States, Europe, South America, Japan, Korea, India, Nepal, and elsewhere. The program is aimed at children 9-12.
Squeak is a modern, open source, full-featured implementation of the Smalltalk language and environment. Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective language created to underpin the "new world" of computing exemplified by "human–computer symbiosis". Like Lisp, it has image-based persistence, so everything is modifiable from within the language itself (see Smalltalk#Reflection). It has greatly influenced the industry introducing many of the concepts in object-oriented programming and just-in-time compilation. Squeak is the vehicle for a wide range of projects including multimedia applications, educational platforms and commercial web application development. Squeak is designed to be highly portable and easy to debug, analyze, and change, as its virtual machine is written fully in Smalltalk.
Pascal
Pascal is the most well-known language that was designed with education in mind. From the late 1970s to the late 1980s, it was the primary choice in introductory computer science classes for teaching students programming in both the US and Europe. Its use for real-world applications has since increased, and regarding it as a purely educational language has since become somewhat controversial.
Other
CircuitPython is a beginner-oriented version of Python for interactive electronics and education.
Rapira is an ALGOL-like procedural programming language, with a simple interactive development environment, developed in the Soviet Union to teach programming in schools.
Src:Card is a tactile offline programming language embedded in an educational card game.
Children
AgentSheets and AgentCubes are two computational thinking tools to author 2D/3D games and simulations. Authoring takes place through desktop applications or browser based apps and can create 2D/3D games playable in HTML5 compliant browsers including mobile ones.
Alice is a free programming software designed to teach event-driven object-oriented programming to children. Programmers create interactive stories using a modern IDE interface with a drag and drop style of programming. The target audience is incoming college freshmen although most children with computer experience will find it entertaining and educational. Story Telling Alice is an Alice variant designed for younger children, with an even stronger story telling bent.
Blockly is an open source web-based, graphical language where users can drag blocks together to build an application; no typing needed. It is developed by Google. More information is available at the project home page.
CiMPLE is a visual language for programming robotic kit for children. It is built atop C as a DSL. ThinkLabs an Indian Robotics education based startup has built it for iPitara Robotic kit. The language bears strong resemblance to the C language. Approximately 5000+ students in India have bought the iPitara kit and programmed it using CiMPLE. More information is at CiMPLE Original Developers Weblog and ThinkLabs.
Physical Etoys is a free open-source extension of Etoys. Its philosophy is "help kids model and program the real world in order to learn more about it". It can run on Windows, Linux and Sugar. Physical Etoys lets different electronic devices such as Lego NXT, Arduino boards, Sphero, Kinect, Wiimote joystick, among others, be easily programmed and interact between themselves due to its block scripting system. Its perfect for the educational curricula.
Hackety Hack is a free Ruby-based environment aiming to make learning programming easy for beginners, especially teenagers.
Karel, Karel++, and Karel J. Robot are languages aimed at absolute beginners, used to control a simple robot in a city consisting of a rectangular grid of streets. While Karel is its own language, Karel++ is a version of Karel implemented in C++, while Karel J. Robot is a version of Karel implemented in Java.
Kodu is a language that is simple and entirely icon-based. It was incubated out of Microsoft Research as a project to reach younger children and especially girls into enjoying technology. Programs are composed of pages, which are divided into rules, which are further divided into conditions and actions. Conditions are evaluated simultaneously. The Kodu language is designed specifically for game development and provides specialized primitives derived from gaming scenarios. Programs are expressed in physical terms, using concepts like vision, hearing, and time to control character behavior. While not as general-purpose as classical programming languages, Kodu can express advanced game design concepts in a simple, direct, and intuitive manner. The Kodu tool is available in three forms: PC as a free download in public beta and academic forms, and as a low-cost Xbox 360 Live download.
Logo is an educational language for children, designed in 1967 by Daniel G. Bobrow, Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon. Today the language is remembered mainly for its use of "turtle graphics", in which commands for movement and drawing produced line graphics either on screen or with a small robot called a "turtle". The language was originally conceived to teach concepts of programming related to Lisp and only later to enable what Papert called "body-syntonic reasoning" where students could understand (and predict and reason about) the turtle's motion by imagining what they would do if they were the turtle.
Lego Mindstorms is a line of Lego sets combining programmable bricks with electric motors, sensors, Lego bricks, and Lego Technic pieces (such as gears, axles, and beams). Mindstorms originated from the programmable sensor blocks used in the line of educational toys. The first retail version of Lego Mindstorms was released in 1998 and marketed commercially as the Robotics Invention System (RIS). The current version was released in 2006 as Lego Mindstorms NXT. A wide range of programming languages is used for the mindstorms from Logo to BASIC to derivatives of Java, Smalltalk and C. The Mindstorm approach to programming now have dedicated physical sites called Computer Clubhouses.
Mama is an educational object oriented language designed to help young students start programming by providing all the language elements in the student mother tongue. Mama language is available in several languages, with both LTR and RTL language direction support. A new variant of Mama was built atop Carnegie Mellon's Alice development environment, supporting scripting of the 3D stage objects. This new variant of Mama was designed to help young students start programming by building 3D animations and games. A document on educational programming principles explains Mama's design considerations.
RoboMind is a simple educational programming environment that lets beginners program a robot. It introduces popular programming techniques and also some robotics and artificial intelligence. The robot can be programmed in Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, German, English and Swedish.
Scratch is a blocks-based graphical language to create animated stories and games.
Snap! is a free open-source blocks-based graphical language implemented in JavaScript and originally derived MIT's Scratch. Snap! adds the ability to create new blocks and has first-class functions that enables the use of anonymous functions. It is actively maintained by UC Berkeley. The source is entirely hosted on GitHub.
Stagecast Creator is a visual programming system based on programming by demonstration. Users demonstrate to the system what to do by moving icons on the screen, and it generates rules for the objects (characters). Users can create two-dimensional simulations that model a concept, multi-level games, interactive stories, etc.
Stencyl is a visual programming and game development IDE that has been used for education and commerce. The concept it uses of code blocks is based on MIT's Scratch visual language (listed above). It also permits the use of normal typed code (separate or intermingled) through its own API and the Haxe language.
ToonTalk is a language and environment that looks like a video game. Computational abstractions are mapped to concrete analogs such robots, houses, trucks, birds, nests, and boxes. It supports big integers and exact rational numbers. It is based upon concurrent constraint programming.
University
Curry is a teaching language designed to amalgamate the most important declarative programming paradigms, namely functional programming (nested expressions, higher-order functions, lazy evaluation) and logic programming (logical variables, partial data structures, built-in search). It also integrates the two most import operational principles developed in the area of integrated functional logic languages: "residuation" and "narrowing".
Flowgorithm is a graphical authoring tool for writing and executing programs via flowcharts. The approach is designed to emphasize the algorithm rather than the syntax of a given language. The flowchart can be converted to several major languages such as C#, Java, Visual Basic .NET and Python.
M2001 is a modular mathematical language for developing and presenting mathematical algorithms, from modern discrete to classical continuous mathematics. It is built on a semantic framework based in category theory, with a syntax similar to that of Pascal or Modula-2. It is designed for education only, so efficiency and ease of implementation are far less vital in its development than generality and range of application. It was created to play a strong role in forming a formal algorithmic foundation for first-year college math students.
Oz is a language designed to teach computer theory. It supports most major paradigms in one language so that students can learn paradigms without having to learn multiple syntaxes. Oz contains in a simple and well-factored way, most of the concepts of the major programming paradigms, including logic, functional (both lazy and eager), imperative, object-oriented, constraint, distributed, and concurrent programming. It has a canonical textbook Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming and a freely available standard implementation, the Mozart Programming System.
See also
:Category:Programming language comparisons
Sugar – a GUI designed for constructive learning
Design by numbers
Processing – a language dedicated to artwork
References
External links
Programming language classification
Lists of programming languages |
1249062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy%20Polamalu | Troy Polamalu | Troy Aumua Polamalu (; born Troy Benjamin Aumua; April 19, 1981) is a former American football Safety who played his entire twelve-year career for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Southern California (USC) and earned consensus All-American honors. He was chosen by the Steelers in the first round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He was a member of two of the Steelers' Super Bowl championship teams and was the NFL Defensive Player of the Year in 2010. Polamalu is an eight-time Pro Bowler and a six-time All-Pro selection. He was also the Head of Player Relations of the Alliance of American Football. Considered a "premier safety of his era" and known for his "range, explosiveness, and impact on the field," Polamalu was inducted into the Pro Football Hall Of Fame in 2020, his first year of eligibility.
Early years
Polamalu was born in Garden Grove, California. His mother is Suila Polamalu. Polamalu is of American Samoan descent. He is the youngest of five children; he has a brother, Sakio, and three sisters, Sheila, Lupe, and Tria. His father left the family soon after Polamalu was born. Polamalu spent his early years in Santa Ana, California. At age eight, Polamalu vacationed in Tenmile, Oregon with his aunt and uncle for three weeks; afterwards, he begged his mother to let him live in Oregon. Concerned about the negative influences in nearby Los Angeles, Polamalu's mother sent him to Oregon to live with his uncle (Salu Polamalu), his aunt, and his cousins when he was nine years of age. Polamalu has said that his uncle is "a disciplinarian and kept me straight".
Polamalu graduated from Douglas High School in Winston, Oregon. While there, he played high school football. Following his junior season, Polamalu was named to the All-State first team and was the All-Far West League Offensive Most Valuable Player for Douglas High, which achieved a 9–1 record. He rushed for 1,040 yards with 22 touchdowns and had 310 receiving yards. On defense, he made 65 tackles and had eight interceptions. Despite playing in only four games during his senior season due to injury, he was named to the 1998 Super Prep All-Northwest team, Tacoma News Tribune Western 100, and the All-Far West League second team. As a two-way player, Polamalu rushed for 671 yards with nine touchdowns and had three interceptions.
Polamalu also played high school baseball and basketball, where he received all-state and all-league honors.
College career
Polamalu received an athletic scholarship to attend USC, and played for the USC Trojans football team from 1999 to 2002. "I believe God named me Troy for a reason", he said (Troy was the ancient capital of the Trojans). "I was born to come here."
Freshman season
Polamalu began his college career in 1999 as a true freshman, playing backup at safety and linebacker, while also contributing on special teams. While playing in eight games, he recorded 12 tackles, two sacks, and two forced fumbles. Against Louisiana Tech, he showed his effectiveness on special teams, blocking a punt. His freshman season was cut short when he suffered a concussion at practice. The injury sidelined him for four games.
Sophomore season
The 2000 season marked the beginning of Polamalu's career. He opened his season starting against Penn State, and recorded only two tackles but made an interception for a 43-yard touchdown. While playing against Colorado, he made 5 tackles and recovered a fumble that set up a Trojan touchdown. The next game, he again recorded five tackles and also sacked Oregon State's quarterback. During a game against Oregon, he ended the game with 13 tackles, two tackles for a loss, and one interception. Later on, against Stanford, he made 11 tackles in the game. He set a career-high with 14 tackles against Arizona State and tied that mark against Notre Dame. This marked his first year starting all 12 games at strong safety and he closed out 2000 with 83 tackles, 5 tackles-for-loss, one sack, two interceptions, and one touchdown.
Junior season
In 2001, he had the best year of his college career. He started the season by being voted as the team captain, and in the season opener he recorded seven tackles and one tackle for a loss against San Jose State. Against Kansas State, he had a game-high 13 tackles, three tackles for a loss, and one forced fumble. Polamalu continued his dominance against Stanford, making a game-high 10 stops, one tackle for a loss, and his first blocked punt of the season. In the next game against Washington he had a game-high 13 tackles, two tackles for a loss, an interception that he returned for a 22-yard touchdown. Throughout the next four games, Polamalu continued to have the most tackles in each game. He had a streak of six games in a row and eight total in the season where he led both teams in tackles. Against Oregon State, he accumulated a game-high 11 tackles, two tackles for a loss, two pass deflections, one forced fumble, and a blocked punt that USC recovered. His streak ended against California, when he had four tackles, but made a game-deciding play with an interception that he returned for a 58-yard touchdown. The next week, the Trojans played their rival, UCLA. Polamalu had two tackles but made key plays when he blocked a punt and made an interception that set up key field goals for USC. He won his first PAC-10 Defensive Player of the Week. USC went on to the Las Vegas Bowl against Utah and Polamalu made a career-high 20 tackles, and three tackles for a loss. He finished his junior campaign with a team-high 118 tackles, 13 tackles for a loss, one sack, three interceptions, two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, three blocked punts, and two touchdowns. Polamalu won USC's MVP award and was voted a first-team All-American by Football Writers and College and Pro Football News Weekly. The Associated Press voted him second-team All-American.
Senior season
For his last season, Polamalu continued to uphold his big play reputation. After being voted team captain for the second consecutive year, he opened the 2002 season with seven tackles and one tackle for a loss in a victory over Auburn. The Trojans faced #18 Colorado in the second game and Polamalu had a team-high 11 tackles. His performance in the 40–3 blowout over Colorado won him Pac-10 Defensive Player of the Week. In the fifth game of the season, he injured his ankle on the first defensive series against #17 Washington State. After sitting out a game, he returned against #22 Washington and recorded five tackles and returned an interception 33 yards. Polamalu then disrupted Stanford for the third year in a row, accumulating a season-high 13 tackles, two tackles for a loss, and one sack. He played his last college game in the Orange Bowl against #3 Iowa. A hamstring injury sidelined him for the majority of the game. Polamalu finished his senior season with 68 tackles, nine tackles for a loss, three sacks, one interception, and three forced fumbles. He was voted a first team All-American by the Associated Press, Football Writers, ESPN.com, and Walter Camp, making him the first Trojan to be a two-time first-team All-American since Tony Boselli in 1992.
Polamalu finished his college career with 278 tackles, 29 tackles for a loss, 6 interceptions, 4 blocked punts, and 3 touchdowns.
Professional career
2003 NFL Draft
In the last game of his college career in the Orange Bowl, Polamalu injured his knee in pre-game warm-ups and had very limited action in the game that day. The injury also caused Polamalu to miss the Senior Bowl and 2003 NFL Combine. On March 12, 2003, Polamalu participated at USC's pro day, along with Carson Palmer, Justin Fargas, Kareem Kelly, Sultan McCullough, Malaefou MacKenzie, and others. He performed the three-cone drill (6.75), short shuttle (4.37), and 40-yard dash (4.33) for NFL team representatives and scouts.
The Pittsburgh Steelers initially had a verbal agreement with Dexter Jackson, who was the reigning Super Bowl MVP with the 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers. With an agreement in place with Jackson, the Steelers focused on drafting a running back in the first round. On March 12, 2003, Jackson signed with the Arizona Cardinals after they added $2 million to their offer and increased his salary by $2.3 million in the first three-years.
Polamalu was projected to be a late-first or early-second-round pick by the majority of NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the top strong safety prospect by BLESTO and National Scouting Combines. The Steelers selected Polamalu in the first round (16th overall) in the 2003 NFL Draft.
The San Diego Chargers, who had the 15th overall pick, had a major need at safety to replace Rodney Harrison but passed on the opportunity to select Polamalu by trading down and getting Sammy Davis and Terrence Kiel. The Steelers quickly made a move to bring Polamalu to their team. The Steelers believed so much that Polamalu could have a positive impact on their defense that they traded up from the 27th spot to the 16th spot, originally held by the Chiefs. The Steelers traded away the 92nd and 200th overall picks for the rights to switch first-round picks. The Kansas City Chiefs went on to draft Larry Johnson, Julian Battle, and Brooks Bollinger (the Bollinger pick was subsequently traded to the Jets in the same draft) with the picks acquired from the trade. He has the distinction of being one of only two safeties ever drafted by the Steelers in the first round of an NFL Draft; the other being Terrell Edmunds in 2018.
2003
On July 28, 2003, the Steelers signed Polamalu after a short hold out to a five-year, $12.10 million contract.
On July 29, 2003, Polamalu arrived at training camp after missing the start of it due to a hamstring injury and competed with veteran Mike Logan in training camp for the vacant starting strong safety job left by Lee Flowers.
Polamalu made his professional regular season debut in the Steelers' season-opening 34–15 victory over the Baltimore Ravens. The following week, he made his first career tackle and finished with two solo tackles during a 20–41 loss at the Kansas City Chiefs. On November 30, 2003, he made four combined tackles and had his first career sack on Cincinnati Bengals' quarterback Jon Kitna, in a 20–24 loss. On December 23, 2003, Polamalu recorded a season-high six combined tackles in a 13–6 win against the Cleveland Browns. He finished his rookie season in with a total of 38 combined tackles (30 solo) and four passes defensed in 16 games and zero starts. Throughout the season, he was the backup strong safety and played primarily on special teams and in dime packages. Defensive coordinator Tim Lewis was fired after the 2003 season.
2004
Head coach Bill Cowher named Polamalu the starting strong safety over Mike Logan to start the season and made his first career start in the Steelers' season-opener against the Oakland Raiders. He made seven combined tackles in their 24–21 victory. The following week, he made a season-high 11 combined tackles, as the Steelers lost 13–30 to the Baltimore Ravens. On September 26, 2004, Polamalu recorded six combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made his first career interception off a pass from A. J. Feeley during a 13–3 victory over the Miami Dolphins. In Week 4, he made six combined tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass attempt by Carson Palmer and returned it for a 26-yard touchdown during the Steelers' 28–17 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals. In his first season under new defensive coordinator Dick LeBeau, Polamalu finished with a career-high 96 combined tackles (67 solo), ten pass deflections, five interceptions, and one touchdown in 16 games and 16 starts. He was named to the 2005 Pro Bowl for the first time.
The Steelers finished first atop the AFC North with a 15-1 record. On January 15, 2005, Polamalu started his first career playoff game and collected seven combined tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted New York Jets' quarterback Chad Pennington, during the Steelers' 20–17 victory in the AFC Divisional Round. The Steelers were eliminated the following week after losing 27–41 in the AFC Championship to the eventual Super Bowl XXXIX Champions, the New England Patriots.
2005
He returned as the starting strong safety in 2005 and started the Steelers' season-opener against the Tennessee Titans. Polamalu recorded three solo tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted Steve McNair during the 34–7 victory. On September 18, 2005, Polamalu had six solo tackles and sacked Houston Texans' quarterback David Carr three times during a 27–7 victory. He set the NFL record for the most sacks by a safety in a single game. On October 31, 2005, he collected a season-high ten combined tackles in a 20–19 victory over the Baltimore Ravens. The Steelers received a playoff berth after finishing second in the AFC North with an 11–5 record. Polamalu finished the season with 91 combined tackles (73 solo), six pass deflections, and two interceptions in 16 games and 16 starts. The 2006 Pro Bowl was his second consecutive Pro Bowl appearance. In addition, he was named as a First Team All-Pro.
On January 8, 2006, Polamalu made six combined tackles and intercepted a pass in a 31–17 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals in the AFC Wild Card game. On February 5, 2006, he started in his first career Super Bowl and collected five combined tackles in the Steelers' 21–10 win against the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL.
2006
In the Steelers' season-opener against the Miami Dolphins, Polamalu collected a season-high ten combined tackles, defended two passes, and intercepted a pass attempt by Joey Harrington in the Steelers 28–17 victory. On October 15, 2006, he recorded a season-high nine solo tackles, a season-high three pass deflections, and returned an interception for 49-yards during a 45–7 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs. He missed Weeks 13–15 with a shoulder injury. Polamalu finished the season with 76 combined tackles (57 solo), seven pass deflections, and three interceptions in 13 games and 13 starts. He was voted to his third consecutive Pro Bowl and started the 2007 Pro Bowl at strong safety.
2007
On July 23, 2007, the Steelers signed Polamalu to a four-year contract extension worth $30.19 million with $15.37 million guaranteed. The contract made him the highest paid safety in the league, but was surpassed by Bob Sanders on December 28, 2007, when he was signed to a five-year, $37.5 million contract with $20 million in guarantees.
In an article on ESPN.com, Polamalu said, "I did not want to be a player who is jumping from team to team." Polamalu had repeatedly expressed his intent on staying with the Steelers.
He remained the starting strong safety under new head coach Mike Tomlin. On September 23, 2007, Polamalu recorded an eight combined tackles and made a pass deflection, as the Steelers defeated the San Francisco 49ers 37–16. He was unable to play in a Week 5 contest against the Seattle Seahawks with an abdominal injury. During a Week 15 matchup against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had a season-high ten combined tackles and a pass deflection in a 22–29 loss. Polamalu had an injury plagued season and missed Weeks 12–14 with a sprained knee. He finished the 2007 season with 58 combined tackles (45 solo) and nine pass deflections in 12 games and 11 starts.
Polamalu was named a reserve to the 2008 Pro Bowl despite having no interceptions and only playing in 11 games during the 2007 season. Polamalu's injury-plagued 2007 season led him to partake in a California rehab program.
2008
Polamalu suffered a hamstring injury during his off-season workout and missed the entire 2008 training camp. He started the Steelers' season-opener against the Houston Texans and recorded three solo tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Matt Schaub during their 38–17 victory. The following week, he had his second consecutive interception and four solo tackles as the Steelers defeated the Cleveland Browns, 10–6. During a Week 3 contest against the Philadelphia Eagles, Polamalu made five solo tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Donovan McNabb during a 6–15 loss. This marked his third consecutive game with an interception. On November 16, 2008, he collected three solo tackles, defended a pass, and intercepted a pass by San Diego Chargers' quarterback Philip Rivers in an 11–10 victory. On December 7, 2008, Polamalu recorded a season-high nine combined tackles, deflected a pass, and had his seventh interception of the season off of a pass attempt by Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo during a 20–13 victory. This marked his fourth consecutive game with an interception. He finished the season with 73 combined tackles (54 solo), a career-high 17 pass deflections, and a career-high seven interceptions in 16 games and 16 starts. Polamalu was named to the 2009 Pro Bowl as the AFC's strong safety after being given a unanimous vote by five experts. He earned his second First Team All-Pro honor.
The Steelers finished first atop the AFC North with a 12–4 record. On January 18, 2009, Polamalu made four combined tackles, deflected two passes, and intercepted a pass by Joe Flacco and returned it for a 40-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter of the Steelers' 23–14 victory over the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Championship. He went on to start in Super Bowl XLIII and assisted in making two tackles in the Steelers' victory over the Arizona Cardinals, 27–23.
2009
On April 24, 2009, it was reported that Polamalu would be featured on the cover of Madden NFL 2010, alongside Super Bowl XLIII opponent and Arizona Cardinals' wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald.
In the Steelers 2009 season-opener against the Tennessee Titans, Polamalu recorded six tackles and made a one handed interception on a pass attempt by Kerry Collins before getting injured while trying to recover a blocked field goal. He sustained a sprained MCL injury to his left knee and missed the next four games (Weeks 2–5). Polamalu returned in Week 6 and recorded four combined tackles, defended a pass, and made an interception during a 27–14 victory over the Cleveland Browns. On November 15, 2009, he reinjured his left knee in the first quarter of a 12–18 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. He missed the remainder of the season and when asked on why he did return by John Harris of the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, Polamalu stated, "If I would have injured it again, the doctor was saying that it will be a career-ending injury, most likely. I had to face that." Polamalu finished the season with 20 combined tackles (18 solo), seven pass deflections, and three interceptions in only five games and five starts.
The Steelers played Tyrone Carter in Polamalu's absence and its defense fell from first in points allowed (223) and passing yards allowed (2,511) in 2008 to 12th in points allowed (324) and 16th in passing yards (3,447). They finished with a 9–7 record and did not qualify for the playoffs for the first time under head coach Mike Tomlin. He was named to the Second Team Pro Football Hall of Fame All-Decade Team for the 2000s.
2010
In a Sports Illustrated survey held in 2010 of 296 active NFL players, Polamalu was ranked the 9th "dirtiest player" in the NFL.
In the Steelers' season-opener against the Atlanta Falcons, Polamalu recorded five combined tackles, defended a pass, and made a game-saving interception off a pass attempt by Matt Ryan with 1:45 left in the game. He sent the game into overtime, where the Steelers won 15–9. During a Week 6 matchup against the Cleveland Browns, he recorded a season-high seven combined tackles, as the Steelers won 28–10. On December 12, 2010, Polamalu collected two solo tackles, deflected two passes, and intercepted a pass attempt by Carson Palmer that was intended for Terrell Owens and returned it for a 45-yard touchdown. Polamalu sustained an ankle injury during the play, but stayed in the game, made another interception, and helped the Steelers defeat the Cincinnati Bengals 23–7. He was sidelined the next two games by the ankle injury. The Steelers finished first in the AFC North with a 12–4 record and ascended back to first in the NFL for points allowed (232), but remained at 12th in passing yards (3,425). Polamalu finished the season with 63 combined tackles (42 solo), 11 pass deflections, seven interceptions, one sack, and one touchdown in 14 games and 14 starts. He received a bid to the 2011 Pro Bowl, marking the sixth of his career. He earned First Team All-Pro honors for the third time.
After defeating the Baltimore Ravens and New York Jets, the Steelers went on to Super Bowl XLV to face the Green Bay Packers. He recorded three solo tackles in his third career Super Bowl appearance, but the Steelers were defeated by the Packers 25–31. He was ranked sixth by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.
On January 31, 2011, Polamalu was named the AP Defensive Player of the Year after receiving 17 votes, beating out for the award fellow USC Trojan and Packers' linebacker Clay Matthews, who received 15 votes. He also won the NFL Alumni Player of the Year award. He won the award over Defensive Back of the Year by Aqib Talib of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
2011
On September 10, 2011, the Steelers signed Polamalu to a four-year, $36.4 million contract extension that included $10.55 million guaranteed.
On October 2, 2011, Polamalu recorded a season-high nine combined tackles during a 10–17 loss to the Houston Texans. During a Week 14 matchup against the Cleveland Browns, he collected eight combined tackles, defended two passes, and made his only interception of the season in a 14–3 win. He finished the season with 91 combined tackles (64 solo), 14 pass deflections, and one interception in 16 games and 16 starts. The Steelers received a playoff berth after finishing second in their division with a 12–4 record. On January 8, 2012, The Steelers faced the Denver Broncos in the AFC Wild Card Round and Polamalu made four combined tackles in their 23–29 overtime loss. The Steelers lost on the first play of overtime after Tim Tebow threw an 80-yard touchdown pass to Demaryius Thomas.
He was named as a First Team All-Pro and to the Pro Bowl. He was ranked #19th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.
2012
Polamalu suffered a strain calf in a practice prior to the Steelers' season-opener at the Denver Broncos. He started the game and made five solo tackles in their 19–31 loss. He further aggravated the injury during the game and left after further straining his calf muscle. On October 7, 2012, Polamalu returned and recorded two solo tackles in a 16–14 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles. He limped off the field in the second quarter and was unable to return. Polamalu missed the next six games (Weeks 6–12), but remained on the active roster. There were conflicting reports about whether it was a calf strain or a calf tear, but multiple media members cited it as a severe strain. On December 23, 2012, Polamalu made a season-high eight combined tackles, defended a pass, and had his only sack of the season on Cincinnati Bengals' quarterback Andy Dalton, as the Steelers lost 10–13. The following week, he recorded three combined tackles, deflected two passes, and made the only interception of the season in a 24–10 win against the Cleveland Browns. Polamalu finished the season with a total of 34 combined tackles (29 solo), three pass deflections, one sack, and one interception in seven games and seven starts. He was ranked 91st by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013.
2013
One of the Steelers' top needs entering the draft was safety as Polamalu was entering the end of his career and had an injury-riddled season in 2012. The Steelers selected Shamarko Thomas in the fourth round of the 2013 NFL Draft to possibly be Polamalu's successor.
Polamalu started the Steelers' season-opener against the Tennessee Titans and recorded six combined tackles and a sack in their 9–16 loss. In the third quarter, Polamalu ran in between the center and right guard at the exact moment of the snap to make a highlight reel sack on Jake Locker. He became well known for these types of athletic and intelligent plays throughout his career. The next week, Polamalu collected a season-high nine combined tackles and defended a pass in a 10–20 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. On October 21, 2013, he recorded three solo tackles, defended two passes, a sack, and intercepted a pass attempt by Terrelle Pryor in an 18–21 loss to the Oakland Raiders. On December 8, 2013, Polamalu made one tackle and returned an interception off of Ryan Tannehill for a 19-yard touchdown during the Steelers' 28–34 loss. He finished the season with 69 combined tackles (50 solo), 11 pass deflections, two interceptions, and a sack in 16 games and 16 starts. He was named to his final Pro Bowl. He was ranked 61st by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.
2014
On March 5, 2014, the Steelers signed Polamalu to a three-year, $20 million contract extension. They also restructured his contract so he would only account for $6.3 million against the salary cap in instead of the original $10.7 million cap number.
Polamalu started the Steelers' season-opener against the Cleveland Browns and made a season-high 11 combined tackles in their 30–27 victory. He missed Weeks 10–11 after suffering a knee sprain. The Steelers made the playoffs and faced off against the Baltimore Ravens in the Wild Card Round. In the 30–17 loss, he had eight combined tackles and one quarterback hit in his final career game.
Retirement
On April 10, 2015, Polamalu announced his retirement from professional football citing his family as the main reason. It was reported that he was fully planning to play in , but the Steelers had forced Polamalu into retirement. In February 2015, Polamalu was approached and told by front office members and owner Dan Rooney that if he did not retire, he would be released. He received an offer from the Tennessee Titans to join his former longtime defensive coordinator Dick LeBeau, but ultimately decided on retiring after weighing his options. He finished his 12-year career with 770 tackles, 32 interceptions, and three touchdowns.
Alliance of American Football
In April 2018, Polamalu was named the Head of Player Relations of the Alliance of American Football.
Pro Football Hall of Fame election
On January 2, 2020, Polamalu was named one of 15 modern-era finalists for election into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. He and Indianapolis Colts receiver Reggie Wayne are the only two finalists for 2020 to be nominated in their first year of eligibility. On February 1, 2020, Troy Polamalu was officially elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
NFL career statistics
Regular season
Postseason
Personal life
Polamalu's surname at birth was Aumua. He petitioned in 2007 to change his legal surname to his mother's maiden name of Polamalu He had already been using that Polamalu for the previous 15 years.
Polamalu's favorite pastimes include surfing, growing flowers, making furniture, and playing the piano.
In 2009, Polamalu said that he tried to separate himself from his profession as much as possible and did not watch football games at home. As of 2009, he resided with his family in Pittsburgh during the football season and in San Diego, California during the off-season.
During the 2011 NFL lockout, Polamalu utilized his time away from the field to return to the University of Southern California to complete his college education. On May 13, 2011, he graduated from USC with a bachelor's degree in history. On his personal website he explained, "I decided to finish what I started and walked that stage today not only because it was very important to me personally, but because I want to emphasize the importance of education, and that nothing should supersede it." Teammate Ben Roethlisberger followed in Polamalu's footsteps the following off-season and finished his degree as well.
Family
Polamalu's uncle, Kennedy Polamalu, was the Jacksonville Jaguars running backs coach for five years, and also served as offensive coordinator for UCLA. Another uncle, Aoatoa Polamalu, played nose tackle at Penn State from 1984 to 1988. Cousin Joe Polamalu played linebacker for Oregon State University, cousin Maika Polamalu played fullback for the United States Naval Academy, cousin Leie Sualua played at the University of Oregon, and cousin Nicky Sualua played for Ohio State, the Dallas Cowboys, and the Cincinnati Bengals.
Despite Polamalu's hard-hitting style on the gridiron, he became known off the field as a soft-spoken family man. Polamalu is married to Theodora Holmes and has two sons: Paisios, born on October 31, 2008, and Ephraim, born September 16, 2010. Theodora is the sister of NFL player and USC Trojans alumnus Alex Holmes. Polamalu and his wife, Theodora, founded the Harry Panos Fund to honor Theodora's grandfather, who served in World War II.
Faith
Polamalu is well read in the history and theology of early Christianity, which ultimately led both him and his wife to convert to Orthodox Christianity in 2007. He made the Sign of the Cross after every play. Among his spiritual activities was a 2007 pilgrimage to Orthodox Christian sites in Greece and Turkey. He seldom gives interviews, but when he does, he often speaks of the role his spirituality plays in his life. During his NFL career, he prayed after each play and prayed on the sidelines. His sons are both named after Orthodox Christian saints: Saint Paisios the Great of Egypt and Saint Ephraim the Syrian.
Hair
Polamalu's hair is one of his most distinguishing characteristics, allowing him to be easily spotted on the field. In the CBS Playoffs Pre-game Show, Polamalu said the last time he had gotten a haircut was in 2000 at USC when a coach told him he needed one. On November 9, 2010, while appearing on Mike and Mike in the Morning, Polamalu said he had his most recent haircut seven or eight years prior.
In an October 15, 2006, game against the Kansas City Chiefs, Chiefs' running back Larry Johnson pulled Polamalu down by the hair in order to tackle him. Although tackling a player by his hair is legal and does not alone constitute unnecessary roughness, Johnson was penalized for rising to his feet while retaining grasp of Polamalu's hair (pulling him up in the process).
Polamalu has a contract with Head & Shoulders shampoo and has starred in five commercials for the product. On April 1, 2013, it was reported that he had decided not to sign a new contract to endorse Head & Shoulders and instead signed a five-year contract with Suave to endorse their "Action Series". In August 2010, P&G paid for a million-dollar insurance policy from Lloyd's of London for Polamalu's hair, claiming the Guinness World Record for the "highest insured hair".
Business
Polamalu is an investor in Arenda Capital, which is called a multi-family office that pulls together the funds of four families and manages their spending and investments. Any large purchases or investments must be approved by all members of the office. Arenda Capital makes investments into real estate properties and shares the earnings among all of the partners within the office. Polamalu joined Arenda Capital in 2010.
In the media
In 2005, Pittsburgh-area band Mr. Devious wrote and recorded the novelty song "Puhlahmahlu", a parody of the song "Mah Nà Mah Nà". Guitarist Glenn Shirey said that the song was inspired by Fox Sports announcer Dick Stockton's mispronunciation of Polamalu's name.
Polamalu is featured on the cover of the Scholastic children's book National Football League Megastars which profiles Polamalu and 14 other NFL stars.
During Super Bowl XLIII, a commercial of Polamalu aired that had him do a remake of the famous "Mean Joe" Greene Coca-Cola commercial, except it was advertising for Coca-Cola Zero instead. Two Coke "brand managers" take the Coke Zero bottle away right when the kid is to give it to Polamalu, with Polamalu subsequently tackling one of the managers. Then, instead of giving the kid his own jersey, he rips the shirt off the brand manager he has tackled and tosses it to the kid. Greene, who like Polamalu lives a very quiet life off the field in contrast to his on-field play, liked the commercial and gave his stamp of approval.
He was on the cover of Madden NFL 10 with Larry Fitzgerald and is supposedly a sufferer of the "Madden Curse".
Polamalu voiced Villager #1 in the 2016 film Moana.
Since 2019, he and Patrick Mahomes have appeared in commercials for Head & Shoulders.
References
External links
Official website
Pittsburgh Steelers bio
1981 births
Living people
All-American college football players
Alliance of American Football executives
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football safeties
American people of Samoan descent
American sportspeople of Samoan descent
Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodox Christians from the United States
Greek Orthodox Christians from the United States
National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award winners
People from Douglas County, Oregon
People from Garden Grove, California
Players of American football from California
Players of American football from Oregon
Players of American football from Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Orange County, California
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players
USC Trojans football players |
24141208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maconomy | Maconomy | Maconomy was a global provider of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software founded in 1989 in Denmark by Per Tejs Knudsen, Philip Dam and Ulrik Jørring. Maconomy was acquired by Deltek in 2010.
History Of Maconomy
Maconomy originates from the company PPU Software A/S, founded in Denmark in 1983. In 1989 PPU Software A/S defined a new strategy based on a new base technology, which was encapsulated in a subsidiary called PPU Maconomy A/S.
The Maconomy headquarters were located in Copenhagen, Denmark. Additionally, Maconomy had offices in five other countries: The Netherlands (Benelux), Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. Maconomy also had offshore development operations in Kyiv, Ukraine, and an extensive partner network in Europe, UK, India, Canada, South Africa and other countries.
Maconomy completed its initial public offering (IPO) on the OMX Nordic Exchange (formerly Copenhagen Stock Exchange) in December 2000.
On July 6, 2010, Maconomy was acquired by Deltek, Inc.
Software
Maconomy provides ERP products that it claims integrate companies’ project and finance processes into one system. Its industry specific products are aimed primarily at Professional Services Organizations, including consulting firms, marketing communications firms and other knowledge-intensive organizations.
The software itself consists of a core module featuring finance, time registration and job costing functionalities. Add-on modules such as Human Resources (HR) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) can be integrated with the product.
Maconomy produces the resource planning product Maconomy People Planner and the Business Intelligence software Maconomy Analytix. Analytix has since been renamed Business Performance Management (BPM).
The first version - Maconomy 1.1 - was released in 1991.
The Deltek Maconomy ERP product is still a strategic solution in the Deltek product portfolio and sold to professional services firms all over the world. Historically sold as an on premises solution, Deltek Maconomy was launched as a SaaS solution in 2012. It is available in two different cloud versions - Deltek First Maconomy Essentials (with or without a 'Flex' offering), and Deltek Maconomy Enterprise Cloud.
The current version of Maconomy 2.4.4 was released in May 2019.
References
External links
Deltek Official site
ERP software companies
Software companies based in Copenhagen
Danish companies established in 1989 |
38623159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread%20control%20block | Thread control block | Thread Control Block (TCB) is a data structure in the operating system kernel which contains thread-specific information needed to manage it. The TCB is "the manifestation of a thread in an operating system."
An example of information contained within a TCB is:
Thread Identifier: Unique id (tid) is assigned to every new thread
Stack pointer: Points to thread's stack in the process
Program counter: Points to the current program instruction of the thread
State of the thread (running, ready, waiting, start, done)
Thread's register values
Pointer to the Process control block (PCB) of the process that the thread lives on
The Thread Control Block acts as a library of information about the threads in a system. Specific information is stored in the thread control block highlighting important information about each process.
See also
Parallel Thread Execution
Process control block (PCB)
Operating system kernels |
172959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoscene | Demoscene | The demoscene is an international computer art subculture focused on producing demos: self-contained, sometimes extremely small, computer programs that produce audiovisual presentations. The purpose of a demo is to show off programming, visual art, and musical skills. Demos and other demoscene productions (graphics, music, videos, games) are shared at festivals known as demoparties, voted on by those who attend and released online.
The demoscene's roots are in the home computer revolution of the early 1980s, and the subsequent advent of software cracking. Crackers altered the code of video games to remove copy protection, claiming credit by adding introduction screens of their own ("cracktros"). They soon started competing for the best visual presentation of these additions. Through the making of intros and stand-alone demos, a new community eventually evolved, independent of the gaming and software sharing scenes.
Demoscene productions can be made with the latest consumer technology or with ancient, obsolete home computers and consoles. Often terms "newschool" and "oldskool" are vaguely used to describe products for newer and older computers. In the oldskool department techniques of the past like ASCII/ANSI art, pixel graphics, chipmusic are constantly being used.
Concept
Prior to the popularity of IBM PC compatibles, most home computers of a given line had relatively little variance in their basic hardware, which made their capabilities practically identical. Therefore, the variations among demos created for one computer line were attributed to programming alone, rather than one computer having better hardware. This created a competitive environment in which demoscene groups would try to outperform each other in creating outstanding effects, and often to demonstrate why they felt one machine was better than another (for example Commodore 64 or Amiga versus Atari 8-bit family or Atari ST).
Demo writers went to great lengths to get every last bit of performance out of their target machine. Where games and application writers were concerned with the stability and functionality of their software, the demo writer was typically interested in how many CPU cycles a routine would consume and, more generally, how best to squeeze great activity onto the screen. Writers went so far as to exploit known hardware errors to produce effects that the manufacturer of the computer had not intended. The perception that the demo scene was going to extremes and charting new territory added to its draw.
Categories
There are several categories demos are informally classified into, the most important being the division between freeform demos and size-restricted intros, a difference visible in the competitions of nearly any demo party. The most typical competition categories for intros are the 64K intro and the 4K intro, where the size of the executable file is restricted to 65536 and 4096 bytes, respectively. In other competitions the choice of platform is restricted; only 8-bit computers like the Atari 800 or Commodore 64, or the 16-bit Amiga or Atari ST. Such restrictions provide a challenge for coders, musicians and graphics artists, to make a device do more than was intended in its original design.
History
The earliest computer programs that have some resemblance to demos and demo effects can be found among the so-called display hacks. Display hacks predate the demoscene by several decades, with the earliest examples dating back to the early 1950s.
Demos in the demoscene sense began as software crackers' "signatures", that is, crack screens and crack intros attached to software whose copy protection was removed. The first crack screens appeared on the Apple II in the early 1980s, and they were often nothing but plain text screens crediting the cracker or their group. Gradually, these static screens evolved into increasingly impressive-looking introductions containing animated effects and music. Eventually, many cracker groups started to release intro-like programs separately, without being attached to unlicensed software. These programs were initially known by various names, such as letters or messages, but they later came to be known as demos.
In 1980, Atari, Inc. began using a looping demo with visual effects and music to show off the features of the Atari 400/800 computers in stores. At the 1985 Consumer Electronics Show, Atari showed a demoscene-style demo for its latest 8-bit computers that alternated between a 3D walking robot and a flying spaceship, each with its own music, and animating larger objects than typically seen on those systems; the two sections were separated by the Atari logo. The program was released to the public. Also in 1985, a large, spinning, checkered ball—casting a translucent shadow—was the signature demo of what the hardware was capable of when Commodore's Amiga was announced.
Simple demo-like music collections were put together on the C64 in 1985 by Charles Deenen, inspired by crack intros, using music taken from games and adding some homemade color graphics. In the following year the movement now known as the demoscene was born. The Dutch groups 1001 Crew and The Judges, both Commodore 64-based, are often mentioned among the earliest demo groups. Whilst competing with each other in 1986, they both produced pure demos with original graphics and music involving more than just casual work, and used extensive hardware trickery. At the same time demos from others, such as Antony Crowther, had started circulating on Compunet in the United Kingdom.
Culture
The demoscene is mainly a European phenomenon. It is a competition-oriented subculture, with groups and individual artists competing against each other in technical and artistic excellence. Those who achieve excellence are dubbed "elite", while those who do not follow the demoscene's implicit rules are called "lamers"; such rules emphasize creativity over "ripping" (or else using with permission) the works of others, having good contacts within the scene, and showing effort rather than asking for help. Both this competitiveness and the sense of cooperation among demosceners have led to comparisons with the earlier hacker culture in academic computing. The demoscene is a closed subculture, which seeks and receives little mainstream public interest. , the size of the scene was estimated at some 10,000.
In the early days, competition came in the form of setting records, like the number of "bobs" (blitter objects) on the screen per frame, or the number of DYCP (Different Y Character Position) scrollers on a C64. These days, there are organized competitions, or compos, held at demoparties, although there have been some online competitions as well. It has also been common for diskmags to have voting-based charts which provide ranking lists for the best coders, graphicians, musicians, demos and other things. However, the respect for charts has diminished since the 1990s.
Party-based competitions usually require the artist or a group member to be present at the event. The winners are selected by a public voting amongst the visitors and awarded at a prizegiving ceremony at the end of the party. Competitions at a typical demo event include a demo compo, an intro compo (usually 4 kB and 64 kB), a graphics compo and a music compo. Most parties also split some categories by platform, format or style.
There are no criteria or rules the voters should be bound by, and a visitor typically just votes for those entries that made the biggest impression on them. In the old demos, the impression was often attempted with programming techniques introducing new effects and breaking performance records in old effects; the emphasis has moved from technical excellence to more artistic values such as overall design, audiovisual impact and mood.
In recent years, an initiative to award demos in an alternative way arose by the name of the Scene.org Awards. The essential concept of the awards was to avoid the subjectivity of mass-voting at parties, and select a well-renowned jury to handle the task of selecting the given year's best productions on several aspects, such as Best Graphics or Best 64k Intro. This award was canceled in 2012.
In 2020, Finland added its demoscene to its national UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage. It is the first digital subculture to be put on an intangible cultural heritage list.
In 2021, Germany and Poland also added its demoscene to its national UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage.
Groups
Demosceners typically organize in small, tightly knit groups, centered around a coder (programmer), a musician and a graphician (graphics designer). Various other supporting roles exist and groups can grow to dozens of people, but most demos are actually created by a small number of people.
Groups always have names, and similarly the individual members pick a handle by which they will be addressed in the large community. While the practice of using handles rather than real names is a borrowing from the cracker/warez culture, where it serves to hide the identity of the cracker from law enforcement, in the demoscene (oriented toward legal activities) it mostly serves as a manner of self-expression. Group members tend to self-identify with the group, often extending their handle with their group's name, following the patterns "Handle of Group" or "Handle/Group".
Parties
A demoparty is an event where demosceners and other computer enthusiasts gather to partake in competitions called Demoscene compos of demos (short audio-visual presentations of computer art). A typical demoparty is a non-stop event spanning a weekend, providing the visitors a lot of time to socialize. The competing works, at least those in the most important competitions, are usually shown at night, using a video projector and loudspeakers. The most important competition is usually the demo compo.
Concept
The visitors of a demoparty often bring their own computers to compete and show off their works. To this end, most parties provide a large hall with tables, electricity and usually a local area network connected to the Internet. In this respect, many demoparties resemble LAN parties, and many of the largest events also gather gamers and other computer enthusiasts in addition to demosceners. A major difference between a real demoparty and a LAN party is that demosceners typically spend more time socializing (often outside the actual party hall) than in front of their computers.
Large parties have often tried to come up with alternative terms to describe the concept to the general public. While the events have always been known as "demoparties", "copyparties" or just "parties" by the subculture itself, they are often referred to as "computer conferences", "computer fairs", "computer festivals", "computer art festivals", "youngsters' computer events" or even "geek gatherings" or "nerd festivals" by the mass media and the general public.
Demoscene events are most frequent in continental Europe, with around fifty parties every year—in comparison, the United States only has two or three each year. Most events are local, gathering demomakers mostly from a single country, while the largest international parties (such as Breakpoint and Assembly) attract visitors from all over the globe.
Most demoparties are relatively small in size, with the number of visitors varying from dozens to a few hundred. The largest events typically gather thousands of visitors, although most of them have little or no connection to the demoscene. In that aspect, the scene separates "pure" parties (which abandons non-scene related activities and promotion) from "crossover" parties.
History
Demoparties started to appear in the 1980s in the form of copyparties, where software pirates and demomakers gathered to meet each other and share their software. Competitions did not become a major aspect of the events until the early 1990s.
Copyparties mainly pertained to the Amiga and C64 scene. As the PC compatibles started to take over the market, the difficulties in easily making nice demos and intros increased. Along with increased police crackdowns on copying of copyrighted software, the "underground" copyparties were gradually replaced by slightly higher-profile events that came to be known as demoparties. However, some of the "old-school" demosceners still prefer to use the word copyparty even for today's demoparties.
During the 1990s, the focus of the events shifted away from illegal activities into demomaking and competitions. The copying of copyrighted material was often explicitly prohibited by the organizers, and many events also forbade the consumption of alcohol. However, illegal copying and "boozing" still continued to take place, although in a less public form.
Three well-known and appreciated large-scale demoparties were established in the early 1990s: The Party in Denmark, Assembly in Finland and The Gathering in Norway. Taking place every year and gathering thousands of visitors, these parties used to be the leading demoscene events in this period. Assembly still retains this status today. The Gathering continues to be organized yearly as a generic "computer party", but most of the demosceners now prefer Revision in Germany, which takes place at the same time.
The emergence of high-profile demoparties gave rise to phenomena that were not always well welcomed by the scene. The events started to attract unaffiliated computer enthusiasts who were often generally referred to as "lamers" by the original attendants. A particularly visible group in the large gatherings since the mid-1990s have been the LAN gamers, who often have very little interest in the demoscene and mainly use the party facilities for playing multi-player computer games. However, many of today's demosceners received their first interest for demos and demomaking from a visit to a large demoparty.
Common properties
Parties usually last from two to four days, most often from Friday to Sunday to ensure that sceners who work or study are also able to attend. Small parties (under 100 attendants) usually take place in cultural centers or schools, whereas larger parties (over 400–500 people) typically take place in sports halls or concert halls.
Entrance fees are usually between €10 and €40, given the size and location of the party. During the 90s it was common practice in many countries to allow females to enter the party for free (mostly due to the low concentration of female attendees, which is usually under 20%), albeit most parties still enforced an "only vote with ticket" rule, which means that an attendee who got in free was only able to vote with a paid ticket. This practice was largely abandoned in the 2010s.
Attendees are allowed to bring their desktop computer along, but this is by no means a necessity and is usually omitted by most sceners, especially those who travel long distance. Those who have computer-related jobs may even regard a demoparty as a well-deserved break from sitting in front of a computer. For those who do bring a computer, it is becoming increasingly common to bring a laptop or some sort of handheld device rather than a complete desktop PC.
Partygoers often bring various senseless gadgets to parties to make their desk space look unique; this can be anything from a disco ball or a plasma lamp to a large LED display panel complete with a scrolling message about how "elite" its owner is. Many visitors also bring large loudspeakers for playing music. This kind of activity is particularly common among new partygoers, while the more experienced attendees tend to prefer a more quiet and relaxed atmosphere.
Those who need housing during the party are often offered a separate "sleeping room", usually an isolated empty room with some sort of carpet or mats, where the attendees are able to sleep, separated from the noise. Most sceners prefer bringing sleeping bags for this, as well as air mattresses or sleeping pads. Parties that do not offer a sleeping room generally allow sceners to sleep under the tables.
Partyplaces often become decorated by visitors with flyers and banners. These all serve promotional reasons, in most cases to advertise a certain group, but sometimes to create promotion for a given demoscene product, such as a demo or a diskmag, possibly to be released later at the party.
A major portion of the events at a demoparty often takes place outdoors. Demosceners usually spend considerable time outside to have a beer and talk, or engage into some sort of open-air activity such as barbecuing or sport, such as hardware throwing or soccer. It is also a common tradition to gather around a bonfire during the night, usually after the compos.
In recent years, many parties were available for spectators through the Internet: This tradition was first started by the live team of demoscene.tv, who broadcast from the event live or created footage for a postmortem video-report. This has since been ostensibly replaced by the SceneSat radio crew, who provide live streaming radio shows from parties, and larger parties now offer their own dedicated streaming video solution.
List of demoparties
This is an incomplete list, but shows major parties over the years.
(Note: Year ranges might include years when the party wasn't organized, but was organized both before and after.)
Influence
Although demos are still a more or less obscure form of art even in the traditionally active demoscene countries, the scene has influenced areas such as computer games industry and new media art.
A great deal of European game programmers, artists and musicians have come from the demoscene, often cultivating the learned techniques, practices and philosophies in their work. For example, the Finnish company Remedy Entertainment, known for the Max Payne series of games, was founded by the PC group Future Crew, and most of its employees are former or active Finnish demosceners.
Sometimes demos even provide direct influence even to game developers that have no demoscene affiliation: for instance, Will Wright names demoscene as a major influence on the Maxis game Spore, which is largely based on procedural content generation. Similarly, at QuakeCon in 2011, John Carmack noted that he "thinks highly" of people who do 64k intros, as an example of artificial limitations encouraging creative programming. Jerry Holkins from Penny Arcade claimed to have an "abiding love" for the demoscene, and noted that it is "stuff worth knowing".
Certain forms of computer art have a strong affiliation with the demoscene. Tracker music, for example, originated in the Amiga games industry but was soon heavily dominated by demoscene musicians; producer Adam Fielding claims to have tracker/demoscene roots. Currently, there is a major tracking scene separate from the actual demoscene. A form of static computer graphics where demosceners have traditionally excelled is pixel art; see artscene for more information on the related subculture. Origins of creative coding tools like Shadertoy and Three.js can be directly traced back to the scene.
Over the years, desktop computer hardware capabilities have improved by orders of magnitude, and so for most programmers, tight hardware restrictions are no longer a common issue. Nevertheless, demosceners continue to study and experiment with creating impressive effects on limited hardware. Since handheld consoles and cellular phones have comparable processing power or capabilities to the desktop platforms of old (such as low resolution screens which require pixel-art, or very limited storage and memory for music replay), many demosceners have been able to apply their niche skills to develop games for these platforms, and earn a living doing so. One particular example is Angry Birds, whose lead designer Jaakko Iisalo was an active and well-known demoscener in the 90s. Unity Technologies is another notable example, its technical leads on iPhone, Android and Nintendo Switch platforms Renaldas Zioma and Erik Hemming are authors of Suicide Barbie demo for Playstation Portable console released in 2007.
Some attempts have been made to increase the familiarity of demos as an art form. For example, there have been demo shows, demo galleries and demoscene-related books, sometimes even TV programs introducing the subculture and its works.
The museum IT-ceum in Linköping, Sweden, has an exhibition about the demoscene.
Video games industry
4players.de reported that "numerous" demo and intro programmers, artists, and musicians were employed in the games industry by 2007. Video game companies with demoscene members on staff included Digital Illusions, Starbreeze, Ascaron, 49Games, Remedy, Techland, Lionhead Studios, Bugbear, Digital Reality, Guerrilla Games and Akella.
The Tracker music which is part of Demoscene culture could be found in many Video games of the late 1990s and early 2000s, such as the Unreal, Unreal Tournament, Deus Ex, Crusader: No Remorse, One Must Fall: 2097, Jazz Jackrabbit and Uplink.
See also
Algorithmic composition
Computer art scene
Hacker subculture
Minimalism (computing)
Netlabel
Specific platforms
Amiga demos
Commodore 64 demos
ZX Spectrum demos
MacHack
Software used for making demoscene productions
Graphics
GrafX2
Music
OpenMPT
ProTracker
FastTracker 2
Websites
Scene.org
Mod Archive
References
Further reading
. Selected artworks of demoscene graphicians; bugfixed 2007.
. Flyer by Digitale Kultur.
. Bibliography of academic publications about the demoscene.
. A seven-part documentary series about the Finnish demoscene.
CRACKED, a Stories From The Eastern West podcast episode about the birth and rise of Finland's demoscene.
About the Demoscene
Demoscene
Computer art
Demo parties
Subcultures |
1119022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileZilla | FileZilla | FileZilla is a free and open-source, cross-platform FTP application, consisting of FileZilla Client and FileZilla Server. Clients are available for Windows, Linux, and macOS, servers are available for Windows only. Both server and client support FTP and FTPS (FTP over SSL/TLS), while the client can in addition connect to SFTP servers.
FileZilla's source code is hosted on SourceForge and the project was featured as Project of the Month in November 2003.
History
FileZilla was started as a computer science class project in the second week of January 2001 by Tim Kosse and two classmates.
Before they started to write the code, they discussed under which license they should release it. They decided to make FileZilla an open-source project because many FTP clients were already available, and they didn't think that they would sell a single copy if they made FileZilla commercial.
Features
These are some features of FileZilla Client:
Transfer files using FTP and encrypted FTP such as FTPS (server and client) and SFTP.
Support IPv6 which is the latest version of internet protocol
Supports resume which means the file transfer process can be paused and continued
Ability to overwrite existing files only if the source file is newer
Ability to overwrite existing files only if the file size does not match
Ability to preserve the time stamps of transferred files, given support by local system (downloading) or target server (uploading).
Tabbed user interface for multitasking, to allow browsing more than one server or even transfer files simultaneously between multiple servers.
Site Manager to manage server lists and transfer queue for ordering file transfer tasks
Bookmarks for easy access to most frequent use
Drag and drop to download and upload.
Directory comparison for comparing local files and server files in the same directory. When the file doesn't have the same information (name not match, or size not match) it will highlight that file in colour.
Configurable transfer speed limits to limit the speed transferring the files, which helps reducing error of transferring
Filename filters, users can filter only specific files that have the conditions they want.
Network configuration wizard, help configuring confusing network settings in form of step-by-step wizard
Remote file editing, for quickly edit file on server side on-the-fly. No need to download, edit on the computer and re-upload back to the server.
Keep-alive, if the connection has been idle for the long time it will check by sending keep-alive command.
HTTP/1.1, SOCKS5 and FTP-Proxy support
Logging events to file for debugging, saved at custom location.
Ability to export queues (pending, failed, finished) into an XML format file
Synchronised directory browsing
Remote file search to search file on the server remotely
Cross-platform. Runs on Windows, Linux, *BSD, Mac OS X
Supports resume and transfer of large files >4GB
Secure password storage protected with a master password
Available in 47 languages worldwide (Arabic, Armenian, Basque, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese, Corsican, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, German, Greek, Estonian, Finnish, French, Galician, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, Georgian, Khmer, Korean, Kurdish, Kyrgyz, Lithuanian, Latvian, Macedonian, Norwegian, Nepali, Occitan, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese)
These are some features of FileZilla Server:
FTP and FTP over TLS (FTPS)
IPv6 support
Speed limits
Large file support >4GB
Remote administration
Permissions system with users and groups
IP filters
Reception
In May 2008, Chris Foresman assessed FTP clients for Ars Technica, saying of FileZilla: "Some friends in the tech support world often recommend the free and open-source FileZilla, which offers a Mac OS X version in addition to Windows and Linux. But I've never been thrilled about its busy interface, which can be daunting for novice users."
Writing for Ars Technica in August 2008 Emil Protalinski said: "this week's free, third-party application recommendation is FileZilla.... This FTP client is very quick and is regularly updated. It may not have a beautiful GUI, but it certainly is fast and has never let me down."
Go Daddy, Clarion University of Pennsylvania and National Capital FreeNet recommend FileZilla for uploading files to their web hosting services.
FileZilla is available in the repositories of many Linux distributions, including Debian, Ubuntu, Trisquel and Parabola GNU/Linux-libre.
In January 2012, CNET gave FileZilla their highest rating of "spectacular"—five out of five stars.
Since the project's participation in SourceForge's program to create revenue by adware, several reviewers started warning about downloading FileZilla and discouraged users from using it.
Criticism
Bundled adware issues
In 2013 the project's hosting site, SourceForge.net, provided the main download of FileZilla with a download wrapper, "offering" additional software for the user to install. Numerous users reported that some of the adware installed without consent, despite declining all install requests, or used deception to obtain the user's "acceptance" to install. Among the reported effects are: web browser being hijacked, with content, start page and search engines being forcibly changed, popup windows, privacy or spying issues, sudden shutdown and restart events possibly leading to loss of current work. Some of the adware was reported to resist removal or restoration of previous settings, or were said to reinstall after a supposed removal. Also, users reported adware programs to download and install more unwanted software, some causing alerts by security suites, for being malware.
The FileZilla webpage offers additional download options without adware installs, but the link to the adware download appears as the primary link, highlighted and marked as "recommended".
As of 2016, FileZilla displays ads (called sponsored updates) when starting the application. These ads appear as part of the "Check for updates" dialog.
In 2018, a further controversy about FileZilla's use of a bundled adware installer caused concern.
Plain text password storage
Until version 3.26 FileZilla stored all saved usernames and passwords as plain text, allowing any malware that had gained even limited access to the user's system to read the data. FileZilla author Tim Kosse was reluctant to add encrypted storage. He stated that it gives a false sense of security, since well-crafted malware can include a keylogger that reads the master password used to secure the data. Users have argued that reading the master password to decrypt the encrypted storage is still harder than just reading the unencrypted storage. A fork called FileZilla Secure was started in November 2016 to add encrypted storage. In May 2017, encrypted storage was also added to the main version, 10 years after it was first requested. Kosse maintained that the feature did not really increase security, as long as the operating system is not secure.
FileZilla Server
FileZilla Server is a sister product to FileZilla Client. It is an FTP server supported by the same project and features support for FTP and FTP over SSL/TLS. FileZilla Server is currently available only on the Windows platform.
FileZilla Server is a free, open-source FTP server. Its source code is hosted on SourceForge.net.
Features
FileZilla Server supports FTP and FTPS (FTP over SSL/TLS). Other features include:
Compression with DEFLATE (MODE Z)
Encryption with SSL/TLS (for FTPS)
Per-user permissions on the underlying file system
GUI configuration tool
Speed limits
FileZilla Client issues
Unlike some other FTP clients, FileZilla Client does not implement a workaround for an error in the IIS server which causes file corruption when resuming large file downloads.
Operating system support
FileZilla client:
See also
Comparison of FTP client software
List of FTP server software
WinSCP
References
External links
Download repository on the official website
FileZilla Server FAQ
FileZilla Wiki
2001 software
Cross-platform software
Free file transfer software
Free FTP clients
Free multilingual software
Free software programmed in C++
FTP clients
FTP server software
Portable software
SFTP clients
Software that uses wxWidgets |
571319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphviz | Graphviz | Graphviz (short for Graph Visualization Software) is a package of open-source tools initiated by AT&T Labs Research for drawing graphs specified in DOT language scripts having the file name extension "gv". It also provides libraries for software applications to use the tools. Graphviz is free software licensed under the Eclipse Public License.
Software architecture
Graphviz consists of a graph description language named the DOT language and a set of tools that can generate and/or process DOT files:
dot a command-line tool to produce layered drawings of directed graphs in a variety of output formats, such as (PostScript, PDF, SVG, annotated text and so on).
neato useful for undirected graphs. "spring model" layout, minimizes global energy. Useful for graphs up to about 1000 nodes
fdp useful for undirected graphs. "spring model" which minimizes forces instead of energy
sfdp multiscale version of fdp for the layout of large undirected graphs
twopi for radial graph layouts. Nodes are placed on concentric circles depending their distance from a given root node
circo circular layout. Suitable for certain diagrams of multiple cyclic structures, such as certain telecommunications networks
dotty a graphical user interface to visualize and edit graphs.
lefty a programmable (in a language inspired by EZ) widget that displays DOT graphs and allows the user to perform actions on them with the mouse. Therefore, Lefty can be used as the view in a model–view–controller GUI application that uses graphs.
gml2gv - gv2gml convert to/from GML, another graph file format.
graphml2g convert a GraphML file to the DOT format.
gxl2gv - gv2gxl convert to/from GXL, another graph file format.
Applications that use Graphviz
Notable applications of Graphviz include:
ArgoUML's alternative UML Diagram rendering called argouml-graphviz.
AsciiDoc can embed Graphviz syntax as a diagram.
Bison is able to output the grammar as dot for visualization of the language.
ConnectedText has a Graphviz plugin.
Doxygen uses Graphviz to generate diagrams, including class hierarchies and collaboration for source code.
FreeCAD uses Graphviz to display the dependencies between objects in documents.
Gephi has a Graphviz plugin.
Gramps uses Graphviz to create genealogical (family tree) diagrams.
Graph-tool a Python library for graph manip and visualization.
OmniGraffle version 5 and later uses the Graphviz engine, with a limited set of commands, for automatically laying out graphs.
Org-mode can work with DOT source code blocks.
PlantUML uses Graphviz to generate UML diagrams from text descriptions.
Puppet can produce DOT resource graphs that can be viewed with Graphviz.
Scribus is an Open Source DTP program that can use Graphviz to render graphs by using its internal editor in a special frame type called render frame.
Sphinx is a documentation generator that can use Graphviz to embed graphs in documents.
TOra a free software database development and administration GUI, available under the GNU GPL.
Trac wiki has a Graphviz plugin.
Zim includes a plugin that allows adding and editing in-page diagrams using the Graphviz dot language.
See also
Graph drawing
Graph theory
Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout
References
External links
graphviz on GitLab
Graphviz, Projects & Software Page, AT&T Labs Research
An Introduction to Graphviz and dot (M. Simionato, 2004)
Create relationship diagrams with Graphviz (Shashank Sharma, 2005)
Free diagramming software
Free software programmed in C
Graph drawing software
Software that uses Tk (software)
Software using the Eclipse license |
16386780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComputerTown%20UK | ComputerTown UK | In the November 1980 issue of the UK's Personal Computer World (PCW magazine), there was an article written by David Tebbutt, about his visit to the Menlo Park Library where the "ComputerTown USA!" a self-help computer literacy movement, started by the People's Computer Company, was based. That article and the regular CTUK column/page in future issues of PCW in turn sparked a widespread UK based self-help computer literacy movement, called "ComputerTown UK!". Within a few months over 20 local groups sprang up. (See CTUSA! Newsletter Issue 18 Vol 3 No 5 Sept/Oct 1982)
The idea behind the groups was that members of the public took their own personal computers into public places for the general public to see and use.
Several of these CTUK groups gave birth to local amateur computer clubs, some of which are still continued operating into the 21st Century.
An example of such a group was 'ComputerTown North East' (Newcastle-upon-Tyne & Gateshead) which met in the Tyne & Wear Science Museum cafe (and thus could claim to be the first ever cyber-cafe on Tyneside). They also held "awareness days" in the Newcastle Central Public Library, and in many other local branch libraries on Tyneside, and in Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland between 1981 and 1990.
"Log-on-the-Tyne" was a FidoNet Computer Bulletin Board, ran from 1985 to 1995, by John Bone & Steven Townsley, with help from John Rawson and others. A dial-up modem service, with email via the FidoNet network, all operated by volunteers in their own time. {Its one time Fido ID being "FidoNet 2:256/17.0"}
See also
Users' group
References
External links
Computers Come To Town, an article by David Tebbutt, MicroScope, 11/82
Kewney: We few, we happy few, we band of brothers - 15 Oct 2007 - IT Week Article from ITWeek October 2007 by Guy Kewney
Computer clubs in the United Kingdom |
31894289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhan%20Karky | Madhan Karky | Madhan Karky Vairamuthu is an Indian lyricist, screenwriter, research associate, software engineer, and entrepreneur. A holder of a doctorate in computer science from the University of Queensland, Karky began his professional career as an assistant professor at the College of Engineering, Guindy, and soon after ventured into the Tamil film industry, working as a lyricist and dialogue writer. He resigned from his teaching profession in early 2013 and began working full-time in the film industry, while also launching the Karky Research Foundation (KaReFo), an educational research organization which primarily focuses on language computing and language literacy. He also founded the Mellinam Education, which develops educational games and story books designed to propagate learning among children, and DooPaaDoo, an online music platform which promotes independent music and serves a distributor for film soundtracks.
Early life
Karky is the eldest son of seven-times National Award winning lyricist Vairamuthu and Ponmani, a Tamil scholar and veteran professor at the Meenakshi College for Women. He has a younger brother, Kabilan, who is a novelist and also works as a lyricist and dialogue writer for Tamil films.
Education
He grew up in Chennai and was educated at the Loyala Matriculation School in Kodambakkam. By his own admission, he was not a good student, excelling primarily only in Tamil and English. During his time in high school, he gained an interest in computer science He got admission in College of Engineering, Guindy which is affiliated with the Anna University. He began his undergraduate education in the field of Computer engineering in the year 1997.
While in CEG, as part of his final year project, Karky developed a program called the Tamil Voice Engine, under the supervision of Professor T.V. Geetha. The goal of the project was construction of a text to speech engine for the Tamil language. The research paper on the project was officially selected at the Tamil Internet Conference in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Other projects during his tenure include the Name Generator, which was part of his course on Creativity, Innovation and New Product Development (the objective being to generate random names that are pronounceable with respect to Indian phonetics) and Compiler Design, for which a high level programming language was conceived, with the goal of proper specification and interpretation of lexical rules and grammar rules.
For Chennai Kavigal, he created a Spell Checker for a Tamil Word Processor. The project involved a lot of Natural Language Processing elements, based on a root dictionary built as a part of the morphological analyzer for the Tamil Language. The endgame being determining the correctness of words.
Following the completion of his bachelor's degree in 2001, Karky began his master's degree at the University of Queensland in the year 2003. In that particular stint, he developed a project based on the theory of computation and strong mathematics (under the supervision of Dr. George Havas). It aimed at analyzing an existing algorithm of reducing any kind of matrix format to a standard format called 'Hermite Normal form', which is a unit upper triangular matrix.
Some of his other projects during this course include the Disciplined Software Process Project (whose objective was to introduce and practice the software development process for individuals called Personal Software Process), the On-Line Art Store Website (which involved the creation of a website that trades paintings through the Internet) and the Text Based Voice Chat (for which a Proxy Voice Chat system was designed and developed in Visual Basic that incorporated the predominant computing aspects).
In addition to his academics, Karky also served as Academic tutor at the university. He conducted class room tutorials and laboratory sessions on subjects such as Relational Database Systems and Programming Languages.
As part of his PhD program on information technology, he developed a Java-based simulation platform called SENSE (Simulated Environment of Networked Sensor Experiments), to test different heuristics. This project was done under the guidance of Dr. Maria Orlowska and Dr. Shazia Sadiq. His thesis is titled "Design considerations for query dissemination in wireless sensor networks".
Teaching career
Upon his return to India following the completion of his post-graduation, Karky returned to CEG Anna University in December 2007. He was a Senior Research Fellow for the next six months, managing research projects as well as multiple student projects at an undergrad and postgrad levels. In addition to those, he handled courses and labs for students who pursued their master's degrees. He also served as a Project Scientist between July 2008 and July 2009, managing projects of research groups as well as ME & MBA students.
Starting from August 2009, he began his role as an assistant professor. He lectured Computer Science students who were pursuing their Bachelors and master's degrees as well as coordinated the Tamil Computing Lab at the university. He also served as counsellor for NRI and foreign national students, as well as the Staff treasurer of Computer Science Engineering Association. Some of the subjects he taught include Advanced Databases, Ethics for Engineers, Principles of Programming Languages, Environmental Science and Tamil Computing (for PhD students).
Family and personal life
Karky's been married to Nandini Eswaramoorthy, a fellow alum at Anna University, since June 22, 2008. Nandini Karky now works in the Tamil film industry as a subtitler for feature films and documentaries. They have a son named Haiku Karky, who was born in 2009.
Film career
Debut
During his teaching stint at Anna University, Karky also began his career in the Tamil film industry with the science-fiction film Enthiran (2010), the magnum opus of director Shankar. Karky had approached the director in 2008 with some of the songs he had written, and was brought him on board to help with the dialogues of the film, especially assisting with technical terminology. He stated that there were three sets of dialogues written for almost every scene of the film; one by Shankar, one by Karky, and the other by the late Sujatha, a frequent collaborator with the director who had died during the early stages of the film's pre-production. Shankar would go through all the three drafts and implement those that fit best. The climax was the only portion that didn't have multiple hands, as it was written solely by Karky.
In addition to the dialogue, Karky wrote 2 songs for the film, as well: "Irumbile oru Irudhaiyam" (the first song of his career, which was partially crooned by A.R. Rahman) and "Boom Boom Robo Da". However, Kanden Kadhalai (2009), in which he had written the song "Ododi Poren" (composed by Vidyasagar), became his first release. For his work on Enthiran, Karky was named Best Find of the Year at the 2011 Vijay Awards.
Lyric Writer
Following his work on Enthiran, Karky became one of the most sought after lyricists in the Tamil film industry, having multiple collaborations with A.R. Rahman, Harris Jayaraj,G. V. Prakash Kumar, D. Imman, M.M. Keeravani, Yuvan Shankar Raja, S. Thaman, Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Anirudh Ravichander and Sam CS. In addition to his native Tamil, he is known for penning songs in multiple languages; some of which include "Asku Laska" from Nanban (which features 16 different languages), "The Rise of Damo" from 7aum Arivu (written in Mandarin) and "Continua" from Nootrenbadhu (in Portuguese). His work is also characterized by infusing uncommon Tamil words that aren't normally used in everyday lexicon, as part of lyrics (like "Kuviyamillaa Kaatchi Paezhai" from Ko and "Panikoozh" from I). He also wrote the first palindrome song in Tamil cinema for the film Vinodhan. As of the end of 2018, he has over six hundred songs to his credit.
Some of Karky's most popular songs include "Irumbile oru Irudhaiyam" (Enthiran), "Enamo Edho" (Ko), "Nee Koorinal" (Nootrenbadhu), "Asku Laska" (Nanban), "Google Google" (Thuppakki), "Elay Keechaan" (Kadal), "Osakka" (Vanakkam Chennai), "Selfie Pulla" (Kaththi), "Pookkalae Sattru Oyivedungal" (I), "Mei Nigara" (24), "Azhagiye" (Kaatru Veliyidai), "Endhira Logathu Sundariye" (2.0) and "Kurumba" (Tik Tik Tik).
Dialogue Writer
On the heels of the success with Enthiran, Karky once again collaborated as a dialogue writer with director Shankar for Nanban. An adaptation of the Hindi blockbuster 3 Idiots, he infused a twang to the dialogue that aimed to showcase college life in a different manner. He also collaborated as a technical advisor with Shankar with 2.0 (the sequel to Enthiran).
Karky's also known for his successful collaboration with Telugu director S.S. Rajamouli, on his two-part magnum opus Baahubali; the second part being the most profitable South Indian film of all time, and the upcoming RRR. His other notable projects as a dialogue writer include Gokul's Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara, Venkat Prabhu's Massu Engira Masilamani, and Nag Ashwin's Mahanati (a biopic of legendary South Indian film actress Savitri).
Linguist
For the Baahubali series, Karky created a language called "Kiliki", which was spoken by the Kalakeya tribe in the film. The genesis of the language was laid during his time in Australia, where he also worked part-time as a babysitter and created a language called "Click" for the purpose of inventing a new language along with kids. When approached by director Rajamouli to have a language which sounded fear-inducing, he pitched to create a language of his own. Using "Click" as a base, he added about 750 words and 40 grammar rules, and named the language "Kiliki". Verbal clicks such as 'tch' and 'tsk' are used as tense and plural markers in the language. Phonetic reversals were also heavily used for opposite words ('min' for "I", 'nim' for "you"). The language doesn't have words that stand-in for remorse, as the characters who speak it in the film do not exude that quality.
Top Grossing Films
In his first decade as a lyricist and dialogue writer, Karky has been part of some of the biggest blockbusters in modern Indian cinema such as Enthiran (2010), Ko (2011), Naan Ee (2012), Thuppakki (2012), Kaththi (2014), I (2015), Bajirao Mastani (2015), the Baahubali series (2015; 2017), Nadigaiyar Thilagam (2018), Padmaavat (2018) and 2.0 (2018).
Other ventures
Karky Research Foundation
After resigning from his teaching position at Anna University in January 2013, Karky along with his wife Nandini Karky founded KaReFo, the Karky Research Foundation, a non-profit educational research organization which focuses on language computing and language literacy. He serves as the Research Head for the organization.
The projects developed by KaReFo include "Chol" (an online Tamil-English-Tamil dictionary), "Piripori" (a morphological analyser and compound word splitter for Tamil), "Olingoa" (a transliteration tool), "Paeri" (a name generator that produces around 9 crore male/female names based on Tamil phonetics), "Emoni" (a rhyme finder tool), "Kural" (a Thirukural portal), "eN" (a number to text converter), "Paadal" (a Tamil lyric portal to research and browse song lyrics) and "Aadugalam" (a portal for word games).
For the work done by the organization on "Piripori", Karky was felicitated with the Chief Minister award for Computing in February 2019.
Mellinam Education
In November 2008, Karky founded the Mellinam Education and serves as its Director. The organization specializes in content creation for children's educational tools such as books and games, which aims to introduce the Tamil language and incite interest in children to explore science and innovations in Tamil literature.
Their products are branded under the name "iPaatti" and they include song books, stories, word games and sentence games for children. Some of the projects in development include toys and electronic games.
Contribution to indie music
DooPaaDoo
In April 2016, Karky launched DooPaaDoo, an online music platform, along with his friend Kauntheya, to promote independent and non-film music. His intention to create a song bank containing music not created exclusively for films, which could be presented to producers and directors who had the option to pick the ones they feel suited with their projects. In addition to serving as a label for independent music, DooPaaDoo serves a distributor for soundtracks to Tamil films.
The first song released in the platform was composed by M.S. Viswanathan. Over 60 top composers from the Tamil film industry were hired to provide content for the platform, which aimed to release one song every day.
Karky also served as radio jockey for the show Big DooPaaDoo on the radio station Big FM 92.7, which aired on Saturdays between 6 and 9 PM.
In addition to serving as the director for the DooPaaDoo, Karky has personally penned several songs for the platform, collaborating with prominent and independent figures in the music industry such as Srinivas, Karthik, Anil Srinivasan, Rizwan, Karthikeya Murthy, Vijay Prakash, Andrea Jeremiah, Aj Alimirzaq, and director Gautham Vasudev Menon (who also directed three music videos for songs written by Karky, which featured actors Tovino Thomas, Dhivyadharshini, Aishwarya Rajesh and Atharvaa). Some of the prominent indie songs written by Karky include "Ulaviravu", "Koova", "Bodhai Kodhai", "Yaavum Inidhe", "Edho Oar Araiyil", "Kaadhal Thozhi" and "Periyar Kuthu".
Sundays with Anil and Karky
Karky also served as co-anchor with pianist Anil Srinivasan on the musical reality talk show Sundays with Anil and Karky, which aired on Zee Tamil HD for 13 episodes between December 2017 and April 2018. The program featured celebrity guests both from within the music field as well as other segments of the entertainment industry, and showcase composition and performance of music. Some of the prominent guests in the show's run include composers Sean Roldan, G.V. Prakash Kumar and Srinivas; directors Venkat Prabhu, Vasanth, Gautham Menon and Rajiv Menon; actors Siddharth, RJ Balaji and Khushbu; and singers Karthik, Andrea Jeremiah, Gana Bala and Saindhavi.
Interests
Karky has had a passion for photography since childhood and possesses a large collection of pictures he had captured from his young age. He learnt the nuances of the art through YouTube. He particularly specializes in capturing candid moments of random emotions, and indicates children as his favorite subjects. He also cites travelling as a major passion, making three recreational trips every year to places he's never been before outside India, within India and within Tamil Nadu. He has travelled to all 7 continents including a trip to Antarctica in 2018. Other recreational activities of his include cooking, coding in Java and badminton. He has done a lot of research not only on lyrics, but also on other topics in Tamil and publishing papers.
Filmography
As a lyricist
As a dialogue writer
Television
Awards and nominations
Filmfare Awards South: Best Lyricist - Tamil
2012: "Nee Koorinal" from Nootrenbadhu: Nominated
2013: "Veesum" from Naan Ee; "Google Google" from Thuppakki: Nominated
2014: "Anbin Vasale" from Kadal: Nominated
2015: "Selfie Pulla" from Kaththi: Nominated
2016: "Pookkalae Sattru Oyivedungal" from I: Won
2017: "Naan Un" from 24: Nominated
2018: "Azhagiye" from Kaatru Veliyidai; "Idhayame" from Velaikkaran: Nominated
SIIMA Awards: Best Lyricist - Tamil
2013: "Asku Laska" from Nanban: Nominated
2014: "Osakka" from Vanakkam Chennai: Nominated
2017: "Munnal Kadhali" from Miruthan: Won
2018: "Azhagiye" from Kaatru Veliyidai: Nominated
2019: "Kurumba" from Tik Tik Tik: Nominated
2021: "Sarvam Thaala Mayam" from Sarvam Thaala Mayam: Nominated
Mirchi Music Awards South: Best Upcoming Lyricist
2009: "Ododi Poren" from Kandein Kadhalai: Nominated
2010: "Irumbile Oru Irudhaiyam" from Enthiran: Won
Vijay Awards
2011: Best Find of the Year - Enthiran
2012: Best Lyricist - "Enamo Edho" from Ko - Nominated
2014: Best Lyricist - "'Mannadacha Pandu" from Gouravam - Nominated
2014: Best Dialogue Writer - Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara - Nominated
Research publications
Anitha Narasimhan, Aarthy Anandan, Madhan Karky, Pudhaiyal: A Maze- Based Treasure Hunt Game for Tamil Words, ICLL 2018: 20th International Conference on Language Learning, Mumbai, Feb-2018.
Anitha Narasimhan, Aarthy Anandan, Madhan Karky, Subalalitha CN, Porul: Option Generation and Selection and Scoring Algorithms for a Tamil Flash Card Game, ICLL 2018: 20th International Conference on Language Learning, Mumbai, Feb-2018.
Rajapandian C, Anitha Narasimhan, Aarthy Anandan, Madhan Karky, Alphabet Elimination Al-gorithm and Scoring Model for Guess-the-Word Game: Sorkoa, ICLL 2018: 20th International Conference on Language Learning, Mumbai, Feb-2018.
Suriyah M, Karthikeyan S, Madhan Karky, Ganapathy V, Lyric Basket: Market Basket Analysis Of Tamil Words In Lyrics, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume:115 No.8, 2017. Elanchezhiyan K, Tamil Selvi E, Revathi N, Shanthi G P, Shireen S, Madhan Karky, Simile Gener- ation, 13th International Tamil Internet Conference, Puducherry, Sep-2014.
Elanchezhiyan.K, TamilSelvi.E, Suriya.M, Karthikeyan.S, MadhanKarky.V, A Min-Max Syllable Compaction Method For Tamil Text-To-Speech ICON-2013, 10th International Conference on Nat- ural Language Processing, C-DAC Noida, Dec-2013.
Karthikeyan.S, NandiniKarky, Elanchezhiyan.K, Rajapandian.C, MadhanKarky.V A Three-Level Genre Classification For Tamil Words 12th International Tamil Internet Conference, Malaysia, Aug- 2013.
Karthikeyan.S, Elanchezhiyan.K, Rajapandian.C, MadhanKarky.V Lyric Object and Spot Indices for Paadal, A Tamil Lyric Search Engine, 12th International Tamil Internet Conference, Malaysia, Aug-2013.
Elanchezhiyan.K, TamilSelvi.E, Karthikeyan.S, Rajapandian.C, MadhanKarky.V, Scoring Models For Tamil Lyrics, 12th International Tamil Internet Conference, Malaysia, Aug-2013.
Elanchezhiyan.K, Karthikeyan.S, Rajapandian.C, MadhanKarky.V Olingoa - A Transliteration Standard for Tamil, 12th International Tamil Internet Conference, Malaysia, Aug-2013.
Rajapandian.C, NandiniKarky, Elanchezhiyan.K, Karthikeyan.S, MadhanKarky.V, Lyric Visualization, 12th Inter- national Tamil Internet Conference, Malaysia, Aug-2013.
Rajapandian.C, Elanchezhiyan.K, Karthikeyan.S, MadhanKarky.V, Paeri: Evolving Tamil Name Generation Algorithm, 12th International Tamil Internet Conference, Malaysia, Aug-2013.
Balaji j, T V Geetha, Ranjani Parthasarathi, Madhan Karky, On Tamil Word Sense Disambiguation using UNL Representation, 9th International Conference on Natural Language Processing, Dec - 2011, Chennai,India.
Uma Maheswari E, Karthika Ranganathan, T V Geetha, Ranjani Parthasarathi, Madhan Karky, Enhancement of Morphological Analyzer with compound, numeral and colloquial word handler, 9th International Conference on Natural Language Processing, Dec - 2011, Chennai, India.
Balaji J, Geetha T V, R. Parthasarathi, Madhan Karky, Anaphora Resolution in Tamil using Univer- sal Networking Language, 5th Indian International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IICAI-2011 Chennai, India.
J.H. Raju J., I. Reka P., Nandavi K.K., Madhan Karky, On Interestingness Modeling and Humanness Evaluation for Generating Tamil Summary of a Cricket Match, 5th Indian International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IICAI-2011, Bangalore, India.
G. Beulah S E, Madhan Karky, K. Ranganathan, Suriyah M, Pleasantness Scoring Models for Tamil Lyrics, 5th Indian International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IICAI-2011, Bangalore, India. Jai Hari R, Indhu Rekha, Nandavi, Madhan Karky, Tamil Summary Generation for a Cricket Match, Tamil Internet Conference 2011, June 2011, Philadelphia, USA.
Giruba B, Geetha T.V, Ranjani P, Madhan Karky, On Detecting Emotions from Tamil Text Using Neural Network, Tamil Internet Conference 2011, June 2011, Philadelphia, USA. Suriyah M, T V Geetha, Ranjani Parthasarathi and Madhan Karky, Special indices for LaaLaLaa lyric Analysis and Generation Framework, Tamil Internet Conference 2011, June 2011, Philadelphia, USA.
Subalalitha C.N, E.Umamaheswari, T V Geetha, Ranjani Parthasarathi and Madhan Karky, Tem- plate based Multilingual Summary Generation, Tamil Internet Conference 2011, June 2011, Philadel- phia, USA.
Karthika Ranganathan, T.V Geetha, Ranjani Parthasarathi and Madhan Karky, Lyric Mining: Word, Rhyme and Concept Co-occurrence Analysis, Tamil Internet Conference 2011, June 2011, Philadelphia, USA.
Elanchezhiyan.K, Karthikeyan.S, T V Geetha, Ranjani Parthasarathi and Madhan Karky, Popularity Based Scoring Model for Tamil Word Games, Tamil Internet Conference 2011, June 2011, Philadelphia, USA.
Elanchezhiyan.K, T V Geetha, Ranjani Parthasarathi and Madhan Karky, Kuralagam, A Concept Relation Based Search Framework for Thirukural, Tamil Internet Conference 2011, June 2011, Philadelphia, USA.
N.M..Revathi, G.P.Shanthi, Elanchezhiyan.K, T V Geetha, Ranjani Parthasarathi and Madhan Karky, An Efficient Tamil Text Compaction System, Tamil Internet Conference 2011, June 2011, Philadelphia, USA.
Elanchezhiyan.K, Karthikeyan.S, T V Geetha, Ranjani Parthasarathi and Madhan Karky, Agaraadhi: A Novel Online Dictionary Framework, Tamil Internet Conference 2011, June 2011, Philadelphia, USA.
Tammaneni, S. and Madhan Karky. FaceWaves: 2D - Facial Expressions based on Tamil Emotion Descriptors. in Tamil Internet Conference in conjunction with World Classical Tamil Conference. 2010. Coimbatore, India.
Tamilarasan and Madhan Karky. FaceWaves: Text to Speech with Lip Synchronisation for a 2D Computer Generated Face. in Tamil Internet Conference in conjunction with World Classical Tamil Conference. 2010. Coimbatore, India.
Raju, J.H., I.R. P, and Madhan Karky. Statistical Analysis and Visualisation of Tamil Usage in Live Text Streams. in Tamil Internet Conference in conjunction with World Classical Tamil Conference. 2010. Coimbatore, India.
Madhan Karky, T.V. Geetha, and R. Varman. FaceWaves: A Tamil Text to Video Framework. in Tamil Internet Conference in conjunction with World Classical Tamil Conference. 2010. Coimbatore, India.
Geetha, T.V., R. Parthasarathi, and Madhan Karky. CoRe - A Framework for Concept Relation Based Advanced Search Engine. in Tamil Internet Conference in conjunction with World Classical Tamil Conference. 2010. Coimbatore, India.
Elanchezian, Geetha, T.V., R. Parthasarathi, and Madhan Karky, Core Search Framework: Concept Based Query Expansion. in Tamil Internet Conference in conjunction with World Classical Tamil Conference. 2010. Coimbatore, India.
Dharmalingam, S. and Madhan Karky. LaaLaLaa - A Tamil Lyric Analysis and Generation Frame- work. in Tamil Internet Conference in conjunction with World Classical Tamil Conference. 2010. Coimbatore, India.
Subalalitha,T.V.Geetha,Ranjani Parthasarathy and Madhan Karky, "CoReX-A Concept Based Se- mantic Indexing Technique", Web Intelligent Systems ICWIS09Y, pp 76–84 8–10 January 2009, Chennai, India.
Madhan Karky Vairamuthu, Sudarsanan Nesamony, Maria E. Orlowska and Shazia W. Sadiq, In- vestigative Queries in Sensor Networks, Workshop on Database Management and Application over Networks in Conjunction with Ninth Asia-Pacific Web Conference and the eighth International Con- ference on Web-Age Information Management, DBMAN 2007 in conjunction with APWeb/WIAM 2007
Sudarsanan Nesamony, Madhan Karky Vairamuthu and Maria E. Orlowska, On the Traversals of Multiple Mobile Sinks in Sensor Networks, Fourteenth IEEE International Conference On Telecom- munications and eighth IEEE Malaysia International Conference on Communications, ICT - MICC 2007
Sudarsanan Nesamony, Madhan Karky Vairamuthu, Maria E. Orlowska and Shazia W. Sadiq, On Sensor Network Segmentation for urban water distribution monitoring, Proceedings of the eighth Asia Pacific Web Conference, Special Sessions on E-Water, pp 974 – 985, APWeb 2006, Jan 16–18, Harbin, China.
Sudarsanan Nesamony, Madhan Karky Vairamuthu and Maria E. Orlowska, On Optimal Route of a Calibrating Mobile Sink in a Wireless Sensor Network, Fourth International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems, INSS 2007
Madhan Karky Vairamuthu, Sudarsanan Nesamony, Maria E. Orlowska and Shazia W. Sadiq, On the Design Issues of Wireless Sensor Networks for Telemetry, Proceedings of the eighth International Workshop on Network-Based Information Systems, pp 138 – 144, NBiS 2005, In Conjunction with sixteenth International Conference on Database and Expert System Applications, DEXA 2005, Aug 22–26, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Madhan Karky Vairamuthu, Sudarsanan Nesamony, Maria E. Orlowska and Shazia W. Sadiq, Chan- nel Allocation Strategy for Wireless Sensor Networks Deployed for Telemetry, Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Networked Sensing Systems, pp 18 – 23, INSS 2005, Jun 27–28, San Diego, California, USA.
References
Tamil film poets
Indian lyricists
Living people
University of Queensland alumni
College of Engineering, Guindy alumni
1980 births
Tamil screenwriters
Constructed language creators
Natural language processing researchers |
1629209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel%20%28software%29 | Citadel (software) | Citadel is the name of a bulletin board system (BBS) computer program, and of the genre of programs it inspired. Citadels were notable for their room-based structure (see below) and relatively heavy emphasis on messages and conversation as opposed to gaming and files. The first Citadel came online in 1980 with a single 300 baud modem; eventually many versions of the software, both clones and those descended from the original code base (but all usually called "Citadels"), became popular among BBS callers and sysops, particularly in areas such as the Pacific Northwest, Northern California and Upper Midwest of the United States, where development of the software was ongoing. Citadel BBSes were most popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s, but when the Internet became more accessible for online communication, Citadels began to decline. However, some versions of the software, from small community BBSes to large systems supporting thousands of simultaneous users, are still in use today. Citadel development has always been collaborative with a strong push to keep the source code in the public domain. This makes Citadel one of the oldest surviving FOSS projects.
The Citadel user interface
The utilization of a natural metaphor, the concept of rooms devoted to topics, marked Citadel's main advancement over previous BBS packages in the area of organization. Messages are associated with rooms, to which the user moves in order to participate in discussions; similarly, a room could optionally give access to the underlying file system, permitting the organization of available files in an organic manner. Most installations permitted any user to create a room, resulting in a dynamic ebb and flow closer to true conversation than most other BBS packages achieved. Certain versions of Citadel extend the metaphor of rooms with “hallways” and/or “floors,” organizing groups of rooms according to system requirement. By contrast, previous bulletin board software emphasized the availability of files, with a single uncoupled message area that could only be read linearly, forward or backward.
Citadel further improved the user experience in the area of command and control. Based on Alan Kay’s philosophy of user-interface design, “Simple things should be simple; complex things should be possible,” and influenced by the fact that Citadel was developed in an era of 300 baud modems, the basic and most heavily used commands are accessed via single keystrokes. The most common commands are Goto (the next room with new messages), New messages (display the New messages in the room to the user), and Enter a message into the room. Other single keystroke commands exist as well, such as Known rooms, which lists the rooms known to the user.
This elegantly small command set made the system so usable that many daily users during Citadel’s golden era were never aware that Citadel also provided sophisticated capabilities. These are known as the “dot” commands and build logically from the set of single keystroke commands. A simple example would be the requirement to go directly to a specified room. The user would type oto , where the text between the brackets is user typed, while the rest is filled in by the system. A more complex example might be .Read All rooms Zmodem New messages (.RAZN), which results in all of the new messages in all of the rooms known to the user being sent to the user via the ZMODEM protocol. Filters for users, keyword searches, and other capabilities have been implemented, depending on the version of Citadel.
History
Citadel was originally written for the CP/M operating system in 1981 by Jeff Prothero, known to the nascent Citadel world as Cynbe ru Taren (CrT). Unlike most BASIC-based BBS programs of the time, it was written in a fairly standard dialect of C known as BDS C, a compiler written and distributed by Leor Zolman. The first installation came online in December, 1981, running on a Heathkit H-89, and in its 6 month lifetime achieved immediate success.
Version 2 debuted on David Mitchell's ICS BBS, and with the release of 2.11, Prothero's involvement with the project ended following a conflict centered around a user called "sugar bunny". He released the source to the public domain and it became available as a download from various systems as well as through the C Users Group.
At this point, the history of Citadel becomes complex as many individuals began modifying the source to their own ends, and lacking modern distributed source tracking, innovations were never incorporated into a central source repository, as such a thing did not exist. Initially, Bruce King, David Bonn (releasing under the name Stonehenge), Caren Park, and James Shields, amongst others, picked up the opportunity in the Seattle area.
The longest lived fork from the 2.10 code started in the American Midwest, when Hue White (aka Hue, Jr.) ported the code to MS-DOS and called it Citadel-86 ("C-86"). His board, Citadel-86 Test System, served not only as a discussion board and distribution center for the software, but also was the focal point for a lively Citadel-86 community in the 612 area code (the Twin Cities), which at their peak numbered roughly forty systems, and probably more than 100 over the years. Numerous suggestions from sysops and users, both local and national, guided the growth of Citadel-86, including the addition of a network capability as well as enhancements to the command set. Hue's contributions were substantial enough that several other porting projects used Citadel-86 as source material, such as Asgard-86 (MS-DOS), Macadel (Macintosh), STadel (Atari ST, fnordadel), Citadel-68K (Amiga), and Citadel:K2NE (MS-DOS), and many of these contributed back to Hue Jr's project. Most of these ports were compatible with the growing Citadel-86 network (C86Net). Local systems would network with each other on a demand basis (due to the work of David Parsons), while the long haul network was serviced late at night.
An early fork from Citadel-86 was DragCit, written by The Dragon. DragCit also introduced networking code, but the DragCit network was not generally compatible with the Citadel-86 network. DragCit forked to several more versions, eventually leading to efforts to merge several code bases under the guidance of Matt Pfleger, Richard Goldfinder, Brent Bottles, Don Kimberlin, and Elisabeth Perrin, the end result being Citadel+, a multiuser capable version of the software, which also included advanced scripting, user control of message displays, and other features.
Other Citadel implementations
Implementations that share the familiar Citadel user interface, but are not derived from the original Citadel code base, are also common. They have ranged from vanity projects such as a Citadel-like control program to control the serial port of an advanced graphing calculator, to full-blown efforts to modernize the Citadel interface with modern protocols.
Some of the more notable ones included Glenn Gorman's TRS-80 BASIC implementation called Minibin, a clone of Cit-86 intended to run on a Unix running on Motorola processors called Cit/68, and a Unix version, technically called Citadel/UX but referred to simply as "Citadel" in the mainstream open source community. This version of Citadel is still being developed, extending the Citadel metaphor to enable what its developers call "a messaging and collaboration platform (for) connecting communities of people together": a groupware platform.
Several efforts have also been made to present the Citadel paradigm as a web service, including Webadel, written by Jarrin Jambik, a former Citadel-86 sysop, and Anansi-web, anansi-web.com hosted by former Citadel-86 Sysop, Ultravox the Muse. The only current actively developed web-enabled Citadels are Citadel/UX and PenguinCit, a PHP-based Citadel.
Active Citadels
References
External links
The Citadel Archive (archived), the largest repository of historical information about Citadel implementations. Contains archived software of many different Citadel versions, as well as the Citadel Family Tree (archived), which shows the relationship of the various code branches descending from the original Citadel.
Homepage for the modern Citadel software, an open source project
Early text file (1982), about CrT's Citadel and its earliest descendants
The release notes from Citadel 2.1 in 1982 (archived), containing interesting comments from CrT about the basic philosophy behind the Citadel user interface.
Bulletin board system software
DOS software
1981 software
Public-domain software with source code
Free software |
6331985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo%20Rescue | Mondo Rescue | Mondo Rescue is free disaster recovery software. It supports Linux (i386, x86-64, IA-64) and FreeBSD (i386). It's packaged for multiple distributions (Red Hat, RHEL, Fedora, CentOS, OpenSuSE, SLES, Mandriva, Debian, Ubuntu, Gentoo). It also supports tapes, disks, USB devices, network and CD/DVD as backup media, multiple filesystems, LVM, software and hardware RAID. Restoration may be done from a physical media including OBDR tape support, or CD/DVD/USB media, or from the network through PXE.
As mentioned on the Free Software Directory,"[t]he emphasis is on stability and ease of use," since inception in 2004. According to Ohloh, MondoRescue development is worth more than $6M.
Mondo uses its own Linux distribution called Mindi to provide a favorable post boot environment for performing data restore. Unlike other disk clone solutions there is no ready to use Live CD provided by Mondo Rescue, instead, the included mindi package will create a custom turn-key Live CD/DVDs using the exact Linux kernel and configuration of the system being backed up. In effect, this bootable DVD/CD is customized to the computer being backed up; the objective being to reduce the possibility of having missing device drivers or kernel incompatibilities that may arise from using a generic (vanilla) linux kernel in a pre-built Live DVD/CD.
See also
List of disk cloning software
References
External links
Free system software
Free backup software
Backup software for Linux
Free software programmed in C |
1866981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgi%20Japaridze | Giorgi Japaridze | Giorgi Japaridze (also spelled Giorgie Dzhaparidze) is a Georgian-American researcher in logic and theoretical computer science. He currently holds the title of Full Professor at the Computing Sciences Department of Villanova University. Japaridze is best known for his invention of computability logic, cirquent calculus, and Japaridze's polymodal logic.
Research
During 1985–1988 Japaridze elaborated the system GLP, known as Japaridze's polymodal logic. This is a system of modal logic with the "necessity" operators [0],[1],[2],…, understood as a natural series of incrementally weak provability predicates for Peano arithmetic. In "The polymodal logic of provability" Japaridze proved the arithmetical completeness of this system, as well as its inherent incompleteness with respect to Kripke frames. GLP has been extensively studied by various authors during the subsequent three decades, especially after Lev Beklemishev, in 2004, pointed out its usefulness in understanding the proof theory of arithmetic (provability algebras and proof-theoretic ordinals).
Japaridze has also studied the first-order (predicate) versions of provability logic. He came up with an axiomatization of the single-variable fragment of that logic, and proved its arithmetical completeness and decidability. In the same paper he showed that, on the condition of the 1-completeness of the underlying arithmetical theory, predicate provability logic with non-iterated modalities is recursively enumerable. In he did the same for the predicate provability logic with non-modalized quantifiers.
In 1992–1993, Japaridze came up with the concepts of cointerpretability, tolerance and cotolerance, naturally arising in interpretability logic. He proved that cointerpretability is equivalent to 1-conservativity and tolerance is equivalent to 1-consistency. The former was an answer to the long-standing open problem regarding the metamathematical meaning of 1-conservativity. Within the same line of research, Japaridze constructed the modal logics of tolerance (1993) and of the arithmetical hierarchy (1994), and proved their arithmetical completeness.
In 2002 Japaridze introduced "the Logic of Tasks", which later became a part of his Abstract Resource Semantics on one hand, and a fragment of Computability Logic (see below) on the other hand.
Japaridze is best known for founding Computability Logic in 2003 and making subsequent contributions to its evolution. This is a long-term research program and a semantical platform for "redeveloping logic as a formal theory of (interactive) computability, as opposed to the formal theory of truth that it has more traditionally been".
In 2006 Japaridze conceived cirquent calculus as a proof-theoretic approach that manipulates graph-style constructs, termed cirquents, instead of the more traditional and less general tree-like constructs such as formulas or sequents. This novel proof-theoretic approach was later successfully used to "tame" various fragments of computability logic, which had otherwise stubbornly resisted all axiomatization attempts using the traditional proof systems such as sequent calculus or Hilbert-style systems. It was also used to (define and) axiomatize the purely propositional fragment of independence-friendly logic.
The birth of cirquent calculus was accompanied with offering the associated "abstract resource semantics". Cirquent calculus with that semantics can be seen as a logic of resources that, unlike linear logic, makes it possible to account for resource-sharing. As such, it has been presented as a viable alternative to linear logic by Japaridze, who repeatedly has criticized the latter for being neither sufficiently expressive nor complete as a resource logic. This challenge, however, has remained largely unnoticed by the linear logic community, which never responded to it.
Japaridze has cast a similar (and also never answered) challenge to intuitionistic logic, criticizing it for lacking a convincing semantical justification the associated constructivistic claims, and for being incomplete as a result of "throwing out the baby with the bath water". Heyting's intuitionistic logic, in its full generality, has been shown to be sound but incomplete with respect to the semantics of computability logic. The positive (negation-free) propositional fragment of intuitionistic logic, however, has been proven to be complete with respect to the computability-logic semantics.
In "On the system CL12 of computability logic", on the platform of computability logic, Japaridze generalized the traditional concepts of time and space complexities to interactive computations, and introduced a third sort of a complexity measure for such computations, termed "amplitude complexity".
Among Japaridze's contributions is the elaboration of a series of systems of (Peano) arithmetic based on computability logic, named "clarithmetics". These include complexity-oriented systems (in the style of bounded arithmetic) for various combinations of time, space and amplitude complexity classes.
Biography and academic career
Giorgi Japaridze was born in 1961 in Tbilisi, Georgia (then in the Soviet Union).
He graduated from Tbilisi State University in 1983, received a PhD degree (in philosophy) from Moscow State University in 1987, and then a second PhD degree (in computer science) from the University of Pennsylvania in 1998. During 1987–1992 Japaridze worked as a Senior Researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Georgian Academy of Sciences. During 1992–1993 he was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Amsterdam (Mathematics and Computer Science department). During 1993–1994 he held the position of a Visiting Associate Professor at the University of Notre Dame (Philosophy Department). He has joined the faculty of Villanova University (Computing Sciences Department). Japaridze has also worked as a Visiting Professor at Xiamen University (2007) and Shandong University (2010–2013) in China.
Awards
In 1982, for his work "Determinism and Freedom of Will", Japaridze received a Medal from the Georgian Academy of Sciences for the best student research paper, granted to one student in the nation each year. In 2015, he received an Outstanding Faculty Research Award from Villanova University, granted to one faculty member each year. Japaridze has been a recipient of various grants and scholarships, including research grants from the US National Science Foundation, Villanova University and Shandong University, Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Dutch government, Smullyan Fellowship from Indiana University (never utilized), and Dean's Fellowship from the University of Pennsylvania.
Related bibliography
F. Pakhomov, "On the complexity of the closed fragment of Japaridze's provability logic". Archive for Mathematical Logic 53 (2014), pages 949-967.
D. Fernandez-Duque and J. Joosten, "Well-orders in the transfinite Japaridze algebra". Logic Journal of the IGPL 22 (2014), pages 933-963.
W. Xu, "A propositional system induced by Japaridze's approach to IF logic". Logic Journal of the IGPL 22 (2014), pages 982-991.
I. Shapirovsky, "PSPACE-decidability of Japaridze's polymodal logic". Advances in Modal Logic 7 (2008), pages 289-304.
L.D. Beklemishev, J.J. Joosten and M. Vervoort, "A finitary treatment of the closed fragment of Japaridze's provability logic". Journal of Logic and Computation 15(4) (2005), pages 447-463.
G. Boolos, "The analytical completeness of Japaridze's polymodal logics". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 61 (1993), pages 95–111.
Selected publications
G. Japaridze, "Build your own clarithmetic I: Setup and completeness". Logical Methods is Computer Science 12 (2016), Issue 3, paper 8, pages 1–59.
G. Japaridze, "Build your own clarithmetic II: Soundness". Logical Methods is Computer Science 12 (2016), Issue 3, paper 12, pages 1–62.
G. Japaridze, "Introduction to clarithmetic II". Information and Computation 247 (2016), pages 290-312.
G. Japaridze, "Introduction to clarithmetic III". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 165 (2014), pages 241-252.
G. Japaridze, "The taming of recurrences in computability logic through cirquent calculus, Part II". Archive for Mathematical Logic 52 (2013), pages 213-259.
G. Japaridze, "The taming of recurrences in computability logic through cirquent calculus, Part I". Archive for Mathematical Logic 52 (2013), pages 173-212.
G. Japaridze, "A new face of the branching recurrence of computability logic". Applied Mathematics Letters 25 (2012), pages 1585-1589.
G. Japaridze, "A logical basis for constructive systems". Journal of Logic and Computation 22 (2012), pages 605-642.
G. Japaridze, "Separating the basic logics of the basic recurrences". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 163 (2012), pages 377-389.
G. Japaridze, "Introduction to clarithmetic I". Information and Computation 209 (2011), pages 1312-1354.
G. Japaridze, "From formulas to cirquents in computability logic". Logical Methods is Computer Science 7 (2011), Issue 2, Paper 1, pages 1–55.
G. Japaridze, "Toggling operators in computability logic". Theoretical Computer Science 412 (2011), pages 971-1004.
G. Japaridze, "Towards applied theories based on computability logic". Journal of Symbolic Logic 75 (2010), pages 565-601.
G. Japaridze, "Many concepts and two logics of algorithmic reduction". Studia Logica 91 (2009), pages 1–24.
G. Japaridze, "In the beginning was game semantics". Games: Unifying Logic, Language and Philosophy. O. Majer, A.-V. Pietarinen and T. Tulenheimo, eds. Springer 2009, pages 249-350.
G. Japaridze, "Sequential operators in computability logic". Information and Computation 206 (2008), pages 1443-1475.
G. Japaridze, "Cirquent calculus deepened". Journal of Logic and Computation 18 (2008), pages 983-1028.
G. Japaridze, "The intuitionistic fragment of computability logic at the propositional level". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 147 (2007), pages 187-227.
G. Japaridze, "The logic of interactive Turing reduction". Journal of Symbolic Logic 72 (2007), pages 243-276.
G. Japaridze, "Intuitionistic computability logic". Acta Cybernetica 18 (2007), pages 77–113.
G. Japaridze, "From truth to computability II". Theoretical Computer Science 379 (2007), pages 20–52.
G. Japaridze, "From truth to computability I". Theoretical Computer Science 357 (2006), pages 100-135.
G. Japaridze, "Introduction to cirquent calculus and abstract resource semantics". Journal of Logic and Computation 16 (2006), pages 489-532.
G. Japaridze, "Computability logic: a formal theory of interaction". Interactive Computation: The New Paradigm. D. Goldin, S. Smolka and P. Wegner, eds. Springer Verlag, Berlin 2006, pages 183-223.
G. Japaridze, "Propositional computability logic II". ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 7 (2006), pages 331-362.
G. Japaridze, "Propositional computability logic I". ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 7 (2006), pages 302-330.
G. Japaridze, "Introduction to computability logic". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 123 (2003), pages 1–99.
G. Japaridze, "The logic of tasks". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 117 (2002), pages 261-293.
G. Japaridze, "The propositional logic of elementary tasks". Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 41 (2000), No. 2, pages 171-183.
G. Japaridze and D. DeJongh, "The logic of provability". In: Handbook of Proof Theory, S. Buss, ed., North-Holland, 1998, pages 475-545.
G. Japaridze, "A constructive game semantics for the language of linear logic". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 85 (1997), pages 87–156.
G. Japaridze, "A simple proof of arithmetical completeness for Pi-1 conservativity logic". Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 35 (1994), pages 346-354.
G. Japaridze, "The logic of arithmetical hierarchy". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 66 (1994), pages 89–112.
G. Japaridze, "A generalized notion of weak interpretability and the corresponding modal logic". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 61 (1993), pages 113-160.
G. Japaridze, "The logic of linear tolerance". Studia Logica 51 (1992), pages 249-277.
G. Japaridze, "Predicate provability logic with non-modalized quantifiers". Studia Logica 50 (1991), pages 149-160.
G. Japaridze, "Decidable and enumerable predicate logics of provability". Studia Logica 49 (1990), pages 7–21.
S. Artemov and G. Japaridze, "Finite Kripke models and predicate logics of provability". Journal of Symbolic Logic 55 (1990), pages 1090-1098.
G. Japaridze, "The polymodal logic of provability". Intensional Logics and Logical Structure of Theories. Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1988, pages 16–48 (Russian).
S. Artemov and G. Japaridze, "On effective predicate logics of provability". Dokady Mathematics 297 (1987), pages 521-523 (Russian). English translation in: Soviet Mathematics - Doklady 36, pages 478-480.
See also
Japaridze's Polymodal Logic
External links
Giorgi Japaridze's Homepage
Villanova professor honored for research (Philadelphia Inquirer article)
Villanova University Selects Computing Sciences Professor as Recipient of 2015 Outstanding Faculty Research Award (press release)
Computability Logic Homepage
Game Semantics or Linear Logic?
Lecture Course on Computability Logic
On abstract resource semantics and computabilty logic (video lecture by N. Vereshchagin)
References
Logicians
Villanova University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
32038866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTRAD | FASTRAD | FASTRAD is a tool dedicated to the calculation of radiation effects (Dose and Displacement Damage) on electronics. The interface includes a 3D modeler with all the capabilities required for the representation of any system. Application areas include: high energy physics and nuclear experiments, medical, accelerator and space physics studies. The software is used by radiation engineers around the world.
History
This is a radiation tool dedicated to the analysis and design of radiation sensitive systems. The project was created in 1999 and has constantly been improved since. This software can be applied to any radiation related field.
The radiation hardness assurance of satellite manufacturers has been continuously improved over the last decade. The optimization of space systems in terms of either mechanical design to increase the ratio power/mass or miniaturization of electronic devices tends to increase the sensitivity of those systems to the space radiation environment. In order to mitigate the impact on the radiation hardness process, the first solution is to replace the rough shielding analysis by an accurate estimate of the real radiation constraint on the system. This corresponds to the solution provided by Fastrad for the deposited dose estimate.
The main goal of this software is to reduce the margins stemming from a conservative approach of estimating radiation analysis, all the while reducing the cycle time of mechanical design changes for shielding optimization. In some cases, it can be used to justify the use of non rad-hard parts and saves cost and planning for space program equipment. Its features allow use of CAD import files and/or 3D viewing and geometry construction.
For space applications, this software can consider a complete satellite model from the platform structure down to the electronic components.
Radiation CAD interface
This software is dedicated to engineers who do not necessarily have an extensive experience in CAD applications. This user-friendly interface was developed to construct 3D radiation models using simple functions.
The main CAD capabilities of the tool are:
Creation of Box, Sphere, Cylinder, Cone and triangular Prism
Insertion of complex 3D geometries coming from STEP or IGES format files
Modelization tool set (clipping plane, 2D projection, measurement tool, colors, view shot,…)
The core of the solution is the radiation 3D modeler. The goal of the engine is to make a realistic model of any mechanical design including material properties. The main part of the interface is devoted to the display window where the user can manipulate the geometry.
The 3D solids can be defined either by using the component toolbar or by importing them from other 3rd party software (CATIA, Pro/Engineer…) with the standard STEP or IGES format. The Open Cascade library included in Fastrad provides advanced visualization capabilities like cut operations, complex shape management, and STEP and IGES exchange format modules. The advanced STEP module allows you to import the hierarchy, name and color information. The full 3D designer model is then managed by Fastrad (visualization, radiation calculation, post-processing). This software easily handles complex geometry and manages different length scales in the same model from the nanometer to 1024km.
A key element related to the radiation applications is the materials management. A dedicated user-friendly interface allows you to set the material properties of each solid of the 3D model, such as the density and the mass ratio of each element of the (compound) material by determining its chemical composition (see Fig. 1.). The list of predefined materials can be easily extended by the user.
Another functionality is the detectors positioning. These detectors can be placed at any location in the model. In this way, radiation effects can be estimated at any point of the 3D model using a Monte Carlo algorithm for a fine calculation of energy deposition by particle-matter interaction (see “Dose calculation and shielding” below), or for a ray-tracing approach.
Moreover, the use of this software is compliant to late design changes and/or equipment re-use. For design changes, only the new files can be simply imported and/or modified in Fastrad. The processing of the sectorial analysis can then take place. Direct calculation of shielding efficiency using the user-friendly graphical interface can be performed and direct access to the masses of the different parts is possible to achieve shielding/mass increase trade-off. For equipment re-use, only the radiation environment data that is provided for deposited dose calculations has to be changed.
At any time of the 3D modeling, the user can save his model with all the information (geometry, materials, detectors) defined during the current session.
Several more helpful features (local frame display, interactive measurement tool, context menus,…) are included in the interface. The goal is to provide CAD software that can be used by engineers who want to minimize the modeling time in order to spend more time on radiation analysis.
Dose calculation and shielding
Once the 3D radiation model is done, the user can perform a deposited dose estimate using the sector analysis module of the software. This ray-tracing module combines the information coming from the radiation model with the information of the radiation environment using a Dose Depth Curve. This dose depth curve gives the deposited dose in a target material (mainly Silicon for electronic devices) behind an Aluminum spherical shielding thickness. This calculation is performed for each detector placed in the 3D model. Even for complex geometries, the efficient and rapid calculation provides two kinds of information:
the 3D distribution mass around each detector
the estimated deposited dose in an isotropic radiation environment
Using a post-processing of those results, Fastrad provides information about optimum shielding location using several viewing representation types. Figure 2. presents a mapping of the mass distribution viewed by one component of an electronic board. The red area indicates the critical directions in terms of shielding thickness.
This helpful tool allows the user to optimize the size of additional shielding that can be used to decrease the received dose on the studied detector.
The main advantage of this process is the short time needed to complete this task and the well defined mechanical shielding solution provided by the sector analysis post-processing.
Monte Carlo algorithm
The dose calculation in the software is particularly efficient with the Monte Carlo module (developed through a partnership with the CNES). This algorithm can be used either in a forward process or a reverse one. In the first case, the software manages the transport of electrons and photons (including secondary particles) from 1keV to 10 MeV, in the 3D model. Creation of secondary photons and electrons are taken into account. Any type of energy spectrum and source geometry can be defined. Sensitive volumes (SV) are selected by the user and Fastrad computes the deposited energy inside those SVs. The reverse Monte Carlo module is dedicated to the dose calculation due to an isotropic irradiation of electrons in a complex and multi-scale geometry. In this case, the forward algorithm can lead to huge computational times. The principle of the reverse method is to use (i) a forward particle tracking method in the vicinity of the SV and (ii) a backward particle tracking method from the SV to the external source.
The Reverse Monte Carlo method for electron transport takes into account the energy deposition due to primary electrons and secondary photons.
The Monte Carlo module was successfully verified through a comparison with GEANT4 results for the forward algorithm and with US Format for the reverse method. One example is the case of an electronic equipment in a satellite structure. The radiation environment corresponds to the electron energy spectrum of a geostationary mission (from 10 keV up to 5 MeV).
This is a constantly evolving project. In the future, the Monte Carlo module will be able to manage protons and positrons.
Interface to Geant4
Geant4 is a particle-matter interaction toolkit maintained by a worldwide collaboration of scientists and software engineers. This C++ library contains a wide range of interaction cross section data and models together with a tracking engine of particles through a 3D geometry.
The Geant4 intuitive interface implemented in the Fastrad software provides a tool able to create the 3D geometry, define the particle source, set the physic list and create all the resulting source files in a ready to compile Geant4 project. This tool can be used either by young engineers who need to be driven into the Geant4 world and who can use Fastrad as a tutorial tool or by experts who do not want to spend time on the creation of C++ files that describe the geometry, material, and basic physics and who can use the Geant4 project created by Fastrad as a base that can be enhanced by specific features relative to their physical application. The Geant4 interface gives the software a wide range of radiation related fields, as Geant4 is already used for space, medical, nuclear, aeronautical and military applications. Its intuitive and powerful radiation CAD capabilities facilitate the engineering process for any radiation sensitive system analysis.
Bunker Tool
Another module is the bunker designer tool that calculates the concrete wall thickness of irradiation rooms by considering the room’s geometry, the type and activity of the source and the acceptable dose rate.
Technical specifications
This software was developed using C++ with OpenGL to manage the 3D and Open Cascade library for the STEP import and Boolean operations. It was tested under Mac and LINUX using an OS emulator (PowerPC, VMware …).
Computer Requirements: Configuration: Windows Vista/XP/NT/2000 - 512 Mo RAM - 50 Mo HDD.
See also
NOVICE (EMPC) ()
Geant4 "GEometry ANd Tracking"
IGES “Initial Graphics Exchange Specification”
CATIA “Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application”
Latchup
RayXpert"3D modelization software that calculates the gamma dose rate by Monte Carlo"
References
“FASTRAD V3.1: Radiation shielding tool with a new Monte Carlo module” by J.-C. THOMAS, P. POURROUQUET, P.-F. PEYRARD, D. LAVIELLE, R. ECOFFET(1), G. ROLLAND(1) - (1) CNES, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 TOULOUSE Cedex 9, France – April 2010
“FASTRAD: A 3D CAD Interface for radiation calculation and shielding“ by J.-C. THOMAS, T. BEUTIER, P. POURROUQUET, P.-F PEYRARD, D. LAVIELLE, C. CHATRY – April 2008
External links
FASTRAD is distributed by TRAD. Official TRAD website
Official FASTRAD website
physics software
Nuclear physics
Radiation effects |
693140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evans%20%26%20Sutherland | Evans & Sutherland | Evans & Sutherland is a pioneering American computer firm in the computer graphics field. Its current products are used in digital projection environments like planetariums. Its simulation business, which it sold to Rockwell Collins, sold products that were used primarily by the military and large industrial firms for training and simulation.
History
The company was founded in 1968 by David C. Evans and Ivan Sutherland, professors in the Computer Science Department at the University of Utah. who were pioneers in computer graphics technology. They formed the company to produce hardware to run the systems being developed in the University, working from an abandoned barracks on the university grounds. The company was later housed in the University of Utah Research Park. Most of the employees were active or former students, and included Jim Clark, who started Silicon Graphics, Ed Catmull, co-founder of Pixar, John Warnock of Adobe, and Scott P. Hunter of Oracle.
In the early 1970s they purchased General Electric's flight simulator division and formed a partnership with Rediffusion Simulation, a UK-based flight simulator company, to design and build digital flight simulators. For the next three decades this was E&S's primary market, delivering display systems with enough brightness to light up a simulator cockpit to daytime light levels. These simulators were used for training in in-flight refueling, carrier landing, AWACS, and B52.
Later in the 1970s the company expanded their line of simulation systems, first building a five-projector graphics system to simulate a ship steaming into New York Harbor and through its surroundings. This graphics system was installed on the mock-up of a ship's bridge and used to train ship's pilots how to navigate into and out of New York Harbor. The project, called CAORF (Computer Aided Operations Research Facility), was built for the US Maritime Academy. The project paved the way for other visual simulation systems including a NASA Space Shuttle manipulator arm, EVS, submarine periscope and space station docking simulators.
In the mid 1970s until the end of the 1980s, E&S produced the LDS-1 (Line Drawing System-1), Picture System 1, 2 and PS300 series. These unique "calligraphic" (analog vector drawing) color displays had depth cueing and could draw large wireframe models and manipulate (rotate, shift, zoom) them in real time. They were used both in chemistry by pharmaceutical companies to visualize large molecules such as enzymes or polynucleotides, and by aerospace companies, such as Boeing, McDonnell-Douglas and others, to design aircraft. The end of the Picture System line came in the late 1980s, when raster devices on workstations could render anti-aliased lines faster.
In 1978 the company went public with a listing on NASDAQ.
In the 1980s E&S added a Digital Theater division, supplying all-digital projectors to create immersive mass-audience experiences at planetariums, visitor attractions and similar education and entertainment venues. Digital Theater grew to become a major arm of E&S commercial activity with hundreds of Digistar 1 and 2 systems installed around the world, such as at the Saint Louis Science Center in St. Louis, Missouri.
In the mid-1980s Evans & Sutherland introduced a geometric modeling system called CDRS, that provided high quality surface design capabilities together with a photo-realistic rendering system. CDRS was sold to many well known manufacturers including both Ford & Chrysler. CDRS was acquired by Parametric Technology Corporation in 1995.
For a brief period between 1986 and 1989 E&S was also a supercomputer vendor, but their ES-1 was released just as the supercomputer market was drying up in the post-cold war military wind-down. Only a handful of machines were built, most broken up for scrap. One sample ES-1 is in storage at the Computer History Museum.
During the 1990s E&S tried to expand into several other commercial markets. The Freedom Series graphics engine was developed to work with Sun Microsystems, IBM, Hewlett Packard, and DEC workstations. 3D Pro technology was developed for the first wave of 3D graphics cards for PCs. Also, the MindSet virtual set system was created to address the needs of the broadcast video market.
In 1993 Evans and Sutherland helped Japanese arcade giant Namco with texture-mapping technology in Namco's System 22 arcade board that powered Ridge Racer. The help that E&S gave Namco was similar to the help that Martin Marietta gave Sega with the MODEL 2 board that powered Daytona USA and Desert Tank arcade games.
In 1998 Evans and Sutherland acquired AccelGraphics Inc, a manufacturer of computer graphics boards, for $52m.
Since its launch in July 2002, the company's Digistar 3 system became the world's fastest selling Digital Theater system and is installed in upwards of 120 fulldome venues worldwide.
On May 9, 2006 Evans & Sutherland acquired Spitz Inc, a rival vendor in the planetarium market, giving the combined business the largest base of installed planetaria worldwide and adding in-house projection-dome manufacturing capability to E&S' offering.
In 2006 Evans and Sutherland sold its simulation business, which for decades was the core of the company, to Rockwell Collins.
On February 10, 2020 Elevate Entertainment and Evans & Sutherland announced that Elevate would purchase E&S for $1.19 per share in cash in a transaction valued at $14,500,000.
Use in movies and special effects
An Evans & Sutherland computer was used in the creation of the Project Genesis simulation sequence in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982). The star fields, and the tactical bridge displays on the Kobayashi Maru simulator and USS Enterprise were created by Evans & Sutherland employees and filmed directly from the screen of a prototype Digistar system at company headquarters. This film was one of the first ever to use computer graphics (after Futureworld in 1976). Star fields and some of the other shots were reused in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984) and later films.
NBC would later use an Evans & Sutherland Picture System for its 1984–1985 promotional campaign "Let's All Be There!", as well as subsequent campaigns, concluding with the 1989–1990 season promotional campaign "Come Home to the Best!".
Products
Terminals
LDS-1 (Line Drawing System-1)
Picture System
Picture System 2
PS/300 Picture System (variations included PS/340 which could render a still frame image using an internal framebuffer)
PS/390 Picture System/390 (first to use a raster scan display as the primary monitor)
Workstations
VAXstation 8000
(Co-developed graphics accelerator with DEC)
ESV/3
ESV/10
ESV/50
Accelerators
Freedom series
Simulation image generators
Novoview SP1 and SP2 (the 6000 light systems)
SPX
CT5
ESIG-2000
ESIG-3000
ESIG-4000
Harmony
EPX
Simulation display products
CSM (Caligraphic Shadowmask Monitor)
VistaView head-tracked projector
TargetView
TargetView 200
ESCP raster/calligraphic projector
Planetarium products
Digistar (1983)
Digistar II (1995)
Digistar 3 (2002)
Digistar 4 (2008)
Digistar 5 (2012)
Digistar 6 (2016)
Digistar 7 (2020)
Modeling Systems
CDRS
Supercomputers
ES-1
References
External links
Rockwell Collins official website
Computer companies of the United States
Graphics hardware companies
Manufacturing companies based in Salt Lake City
1968 establishments in Utah
Planetarium projection |
597070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Langevin | James Langevin | James R. Langevin ( ; born April 22, 1964) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, he is the first quadriplegic to serve in Congress; Langevin was appointed to be the first quadriplegic speaker pro tempore of the U.S. House of Representatives in 2019. Langevin has announced he will not seek reelection in 2022.
Early life and education
Langevin was born in Providence, Rhode Island, to Richard and Judy (Barrett) Langevin. He is of French-Canadian descent. He attended Bishop Hendricken High School in Warwick, Rhode Island, and Rhode Island College, from which he received an undergraduate degree, in addition to serving as president of Student Community Government, Inc. He has a Master of Public Administration from the Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University.
In 1980, at age 16, Langevin was seriously injured in an accidental shooting. He had been working in the Boy Scout Explorer program at the Warwick Police Department when a firearm was accidentally discharged, leaving him paralyzed. Langevin received $2.2 million in a settlement with the city of Warwick.
Rhode Island government
Langevin's first experience in politics was when he was elected to the state's 1986 constitutional convention and was named its secretary. Langevin, who uses a wheelchair, once ran on the slogan "I'll stand up for you", which he said during a meeting in West Warwick.
Langevin was first elected a member of the Rhode Island General Assembly in 1988 and served as a state representative until 1994. He was elected Secretary of State of Rhode Island in November 1994, defeating Republican incumbent Barbara Leonard. While Secretary of State, he earned a reputation for weeding out corruption in state government..
U.S. House of Representatives
Committee assignments
Committee on Armed Services
Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces
Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
Subcommittee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats and Capabilities (Chair)
Committee on Homeland Security
Subcommittee on Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Protection
Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Communications
Caucus memberships
Afterschool Caucuses
Congressional Arts Caucus
Congressional Coalition on Adoption
Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus
Congressional Taiwan Caucus
Congressional Ukrainian Caucus
Political positions
Abortion
Langevin has a mixed record on abortion. He has voted both to restrict and defend the choice to have the procedure. He voted against banning abortion coverage in the Affordable Care Act, but for the Abortion Pain Bill, which seeks "to ensure that women seeking an abortion are fully informed regarding the pain experienced by their unborn child." He strongly promotes contraceptive availability, and in a 2007 statement said, "I have great respect for the passion displayed by Mr. Smith and Mr. Stupak and I share their opposition to abortion. However, in this instance I must strongly disagree with their decision to prevent the distribution of contraception to some of the most poor and needy people and nations in the world." Because of his mixed stance on the issue, he has received fluctuating ratings from interest groups such as Planned Parenthood and the National Right to Life Committee.
Langevin believes that abortion should be legal when the pregnancy is a result of incest or rape or when the pregnancy endangers the life of the mother, but does wish to decrease the number of abortions in the country. His relatively complex stance on abortion contributes to somewhat contradictory interest group ratings because of his supporting of various bills: Langevin's stance on abortion supported the interests of the NARAL Pro-Choice America 0% in 2006, but in 2007, the same group gave him a rating of 100% and the National Right to Life Committee gave him zero points, with points assigned for actions connected to an anti-abortion agenda.
Health care
Langevin has strongly supported health care reform. In May 2009, he introduced the American Health Benefits Program Act of 2009, with the stated purpose of "amending the Social Security Act and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to assure comprehensive, affordable health insurance coverage for all Americans through an American Health Benefits Program. He receives much of his campaign donations from health professionals. Langevin stated his goal of universal health care as "a system of portable and continuous coverage based on quality, affordability and choice that promotes investment in long-term prevention and drives down the cost of care over time."
Labor
Langevin is considered strongly pro-labor. He has received $130,000 in campaign contributions from pro-labor groups. During his time in office, he has supported labor interests in over 25 votes. Numerous labor interest groups have rated him extremely highly, including the United Auto Workers, the AFL-CIO, and the Utility Workers Union of America. The Latin America Working Group and The Alliance for Worker Freedom have ranked Langevin very poorly.
Gun control
Langevin supports gun control, and co-sponsored a 2005 bill that would have reauthorized the 1994 assault weapons ban, which expired in 2004.
Stem cell research
One of Langevin's top priorities in Congress has been the expansion of federal funding of embryonic stem cell research. His policy position is driven by his paralysis and the possibilities for stem cell research in alleviating this condition; he joined other House members in introducing the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005, expanding the limited funding put in place in 2001.
Cybersecurity
Langevin helped found the House Cybersecurity Caucus, which he co-chairs. He has appeared on 60 Minutes speaking about the national security challenges the country will face this century in regard to protecting infrastructure and data. Langevin has said that he hopes to raise awareness of the need for cybersecurity and supports strict penalties for internet crimes as well as strong internet privacy laws.
Langevin supports cybersecurity measures as long as they do not add "unnecessary regulations to business". In October 2012, Rhode Island passed a statewide cybersecurity plan that Langevin strongly supported. In May 2012, he proposed an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) that would account for the cyber risks the U.S. faces in terms of national security, saying without these measures the nation is "ignoring key aspects of what is fast becoming the biggest threat to our security".
Cybersecurity contractors General Dynamics and Raytheon were Langevin's two top sources for campaign contributions in the 2010 election.
In June 2015, FBI director James Comey announced that the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) had been the target of a data breach targeting the records of more than 18 million Americans. Langevin called for the resignation of OPM director Katherine Archuleta, saying, "I have seen no evidence Ms. Archuleta understands this central principle of cyber governance, and I am deeply concerned by her refusal to acknowledge her culpability in the breach."
Armed forces
Langevin, who serves on the Committee of Armed Services, has regularly voted for additional support of armed forces in Iraq and Afghanistan but he has voted for a timeline for U.S. forces to leave Iraq as well as a ban on any permanent U.S. bases in the country. He has also voted against limiting the interrogation techniques used in fighting terror and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Tax cuts
Langevin, who serves on the Congressional Committee on the Budget, supports tax cuts for low-income and middle-class citizens while eliminating tax cuts for the wealthy, indicating in his Political Courage Test that he wishes to "greatly decrease" taxes for families making less than $75,000 a year. He also supports temporary incentives for businesses to invest in job creation. Langevin has a 100% rating from the AFL-CIO and supports the regulation of business.
Advocacy for disabled people
Langevin is known as an advocate for people with disabilities and for universal health care, being himself a quadriplegic. He is the first quadriplegic to serve in Congress.
On July 27, 2004, he spoke to the Democratic National Convention, largely on the subject of stem cell research.
In March 2007, Langevin co-sponsored the Christopher and Dana Reeve Paralysis Act, which had the stated purpose of "enhancing and furthering research into paralysis and to improve rehabilitation and the quality of life for persons living with paralysis and other physical disabilities." The bill passed the House but not the Senate. In 2009, the bill was included in the Omnibus Public Land Management Act, also co-sponsored by Langevin, which passed both houses of Congress and was signed into law by President Barack Obama.
In 2008, Langevin announced his support for Hillary Clinton for president and served as a special adviser to her on issues ranging from stem cell research to people with disabilities.
On July 26, 2010, Langevin became the first member of Congress to preside over the House of Representatives while using a wheelchair. The House had just recently installed a wheelchair lift leading up to the Speaker's rostrum.
Environment
Langevin leans to the left on environmental and energy issues in Congress. Environmental issue groups have generally given him high ratings; he received a 97% rating from the League of Conservation Voters in 2011. He has also received a rating of 100% from the Defenders of Wildlife Foundation. Conservative issue groups concerning the energy and the environment have given him very low ratings. He is a strong supporter of alternative energy from oil and coal, voting against the Stop the War Against Coal Act of September 2012, and has supported measures for new wind farms in New England. He has praised these developments, saying wind farm "development holds great promise for Rhode Island and the country to have more stable and cleaner energy resources, while boosting our economy by presenting an opportunity to build a manufacturing base for these turbines and create quality jobs in the Ocean State."
In 2011, Langevin strongly opposed the Energy Tax Prevention Act, which would limit the EPA's ability to regulate carbon outputs. Calling it the "Dirty Air Act", Langevin said that in passing this act, the U.S. would be "turning back the progress we have made to protect our health under the Clean Air Act", adding that the passage of the bill would be "continuing our nation's addiction to foreign oil." Moreover, he has fought for more environmental regulations that he believes will help Rhode Islanders live healthier lives, saying that "protecting the environment is a matter of pride."
Political campaigns
Langevin was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 2000, defeating perennial candidate Robert Tingle for a seat that was left open when Representative Robert Weygand ran for the U.S. Senate. He took office in 2001, representing Rhode Island's 2nd congressional district. He has been reelected with relative ease ever since, defeating independent Rodney Driver in 2006 and Republican Mark Zaccaria in 2008.
2010
In 2010, he defeated Zaccaria again.
2012
Langevin was reelected with 55.7% of the vote, defeating Republican nominee Michael Riley and Independent Abel Collins, an environmental activist.
References
External links
Congressman Jim Langevin official U.S. House website
Jim Langevin for Congress
|-
|-
|-
1964 births
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American politicians with physical disabilities
American shooting survivors
Bishop Hendricken High School alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
Members of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Rhode Island
People with tetraplegia
Politicians from Providence, Rhode Island
Rhode Island College alumni
Rhode Island Democrats
Secretaries of State of Rhode Island
American people of French-Canadian descent
Wheelchair users |
16424871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12052%20Aretaon | 12052 Aretaon | 12052 Aretaon is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 3 May 1997, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 8.05 hours. It was named after Aretaon from Greek mythology.
Orbit and classification
Aretaon is a Jupiter trojan in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's Lagrangian point, 60° behind its orbit . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9–5.6 AU once every 11 years and 12 months (4,381 days; semi-major axis of 5.24 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as at the Palomar Observatory in October 1977, almost 20 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla.
Naming
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Trojan warrior Aretaon. He was killed by Teucer during the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 January 2003 ().
Physical characteristics
Aretaon is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid. The majority of Jupiter trojans are D-types, with the reminder being mostly C- and P-type asteroids.
Rotation period
In September 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Aretaon was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.05 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (). This period determination was confirmed by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2013, measuring a period of 8.048 hours and an amplitude of 0.19 magnitude in the R-band ().
Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aretaon measures 39.151 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.073, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 42.23 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.
References
External links
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (10001)-(15000) – Minor Planet Center
Asteroid 12052 Aretaon at the Small Bodies Data Ferret
012052
Discoveries by Eric Walter Elst
Minor planets named from Greek mythology
Named minor planets
19970503 |
47122253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett%20Stubbs | Garrett Stubbs | Garrett Patrick Stubbs (born May 26, 1993) is an American professional baseball catcher for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played in MLB for the Houston Astros.
Stubbs attended the University of Southern California (USC), and played college baseball for the USC Trojans, winning the 2015 Johnny Bench Award as the nation's best collegiate catcher. The Astros selected Stubbs in the eighth round of the 2015 MLB Draft. He made his major league debut in 2019.
Early life
Stubbs was born on May 26, 1993, in San Diego, California, and was raised in Del Mar by parents T. Pat and Marti Jo Stubbs. Garrett and his younger brother C. J. were both active children; they began playing baseball at a young age but were also involved in music, art competitions, and theater. When Stubbs was a child, the only opportunity for children his age to play baseball was through a Little League organization, and so his father organized a traveling team for local players to continue their development outside of the Little League season. Additionally, Stubbs's step-grandfather Fred Shuey was a successful college baseball player, and Shuey arranged for a young Stubbs to practice his technique with former Major League Baseball (MLB) catcher Ed Herman.
Both Stubbs brothers caught for Torrey Pines High School. Despite being on the smaller for a catcher, standing and weighing only , Stubbs was a two-time All-California Interscholastic Federation Team honoree. During his senior season in 2011, Stubbs batted .391 with 27 runs scored, 13 doubles, and 18 runs batted in (RBI), and he earned both All-North County and All-Avocado League First Team honors as both a junior and senior.
College career
Stubbs enrolled at the University of Southern California (USC), where he earned a degree in policy planning and development with an emphasis on real estate, and played college baseball for the USC Trojans. In the summer of 2012, he played for the Peninsula Oilers in the Alaska Baseball League. In 2013 as a sophomore, he was an Honorable Mention for the All-Pac-12 Conference team. In the summer of 2013, he played for the Plymouth Pilgrims in the New England Collegiate Baseball League, and was named a New England Collegiate Baseball League Eastern Division All-Star. Later that summer he played for the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod League.
After his junior year, when Stubbs became eligible to be selected in the Major League Baseball (MLB) draft, he made it known that he intended to return to college for his senior year. In 2015, his senior year at USC, Stubbs batted .346 (6th in the Pac-12 Conference) and tied for the conference lead in sacrifices (17), while coming in 3rd in steals (20), 5th in runs (51) and OBP (.435), and tied for 7th in doubles (15), as on defense he threw out 52.8% of attempted basestealers and made 3 errors in 468 chances. Stubbs won the Johnny Bench Award as the best catcher in college baseball, and was named the Pac-12 Conference's Defensive Player of the Year, Baseball America First-Team All-American, Rawlings First-Team All-American, and Jewish Sports Review College Baseball All American.
Professional career
Draft and minor leagues
The Houston Astros selected Stubbs in the eighth round of the 2015 MLB draft. He signed with the Astros for a signing bonus of $100,000, and made his professional debut with the Tri-City ValleyCats of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League. After 11 games with Tri-City, the Astros promoted Stubbs to the Quad Cities River Bandits of the Class A Midwest League. He batted a combined .263 with seven home runs and 21 RBIs in 36 games with both teams.
In 2016, Stubbs began the season with the Lancaster JetHawks of the Class A-Advanced California League, with whom he was a California League Mid-Season All Star, before receiving a promotion to the Corpus Christi Hooks of the Class AA Texas League in July. Stubbs finished 2016 with an aggregate .304 batting average, along with 10 home runs, 54 RBIs, and 15 stolen bases in 18 attempts, while on defense he threw out 51% of attempted base stealers. He was named an milb.com Houston Organization All Star. After the season, the Astros assigned Stubbs to the Glendale Desert Dogs of the Arizona Fall League.
In 2017, MLB Pipeline named him the best catcher in the Astros' minor league system, and the organization's 11th-best prospect overall. Stubbs began the season with Corpus Christi, where he batted .236 with four home runs and 25 RBIs. He was a AA Texas League starting All Star, and in the game he tripled and drove in three runs for the winning South. Baseball America named him the best defensive catcher in the Texas League. Stubbs was promoted to the Fresno Grizzlies of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League in August, where he posted a .221 batting average with four home runs and 37 RBIs; between the two teams he had 11 stolen bases in 11 attempts.
In 2018, MLB Pipeline named Stubbs the 6th-best prospect overall in the Astros' minor league system. He played the 2018 season for Fresno, for whom he was a mid-season Pacific Coast League All Star. He batted .310/.382/.455 with four home runs and 38 RBIs with six stolen bases in six attempts, in 297 at bats, while on defense in threw out 45% of attempted basestealers. The Astros added him to their 40-man roster after the 2018 season.
Stubbs batted .300/.333/.650 in spring training with the Astros in 2019, and was optioned to the team’s minor-league camp on March 9. He began the 2019 season with the Astro's AAA Round Rock Express, and was promoted to the major leagues on May 26. With Round Rock he batted .240/.332/.397 with 7 home runs and 23 RBIs in 204 at bats, as he stole 12 bases in 14 attempts. On defense, he caught 37% of attempted basestealers.
In his minor league career through 2021, Stubbs batted .272/.366/.397 with 27 home runs and 174 RBIs, and stole 51 bases while being caught only 5 times. On defense, he threw out 42% of all attempted base-stealers.
Houston Astros
On his 26th birthday, May 26, 2019, Stubbs was called up to the major leagues after Astros catcher Max Stassi was put on the 10-day Injury List. Stubbs made his major league debut two days later, on May 28.
In 2019 he batted .200/.282/.286 with no home runs and 2 RBIs in 35 at bats for the Astros, as he caught 11 games, played left field in seven games, and played right field in one game, was a pinch runner in four games, and was a pinch hitter in three games. Stubbs had the fastest sprint speed of all American League catchers, at 28.0 feet/second.
In the pandemic-shortened 2020 season, Stubbs batted one-for-eight with a run scored and an RBI in 10 games, as he appeared as a catcher in 8 games, a left fielder in 3 games, a pinch runner in 3 games, and a pinch hitter in two games.
In the 2021 regular season for the Astros, Stubbs batted .176/.222/.235 with 2 runs and 3 RBIs in 34 at bats. Playing for the AAA Sugar Land Skeeters, he batted .265/.418/.363 with 25 runs, 2 home runs, and 15 RBIs in 113 at bats, as he had more walks (30) than strikeouts (29), and stole four bases without being caught. On defense with the Astros, he caught all three runners who tried to steal against him.
Prior to Game 4 of the World Series, Stubbs was added to the Astros' roster, replacing Jason Castro who was removed due to COVID-19 protocols. Stubbs played in Game 6 of the World Series.
Philadelphia Phillies
On November 19, 2021, the Astros traded Stubbs to the Philadelphia Phillies for minor league outfielder Logan Cerny. At the time, Stubbs had developed a strong defensive reputation, including a 41% caught-stealing rate in his pro career, as well as strong framing rates according to Baseball Prospectus in his minor league career.
Personal life
Stubbs is of Jewish heritage, and was one of a record-setting four Jewish MLB players to appear in the 2021 World Series. His younger brother C. J., who followed Stubbs through Torrey Pines and USC, was taken by the Astros in the 10th round of the 2019 MLB Draft. During the baseball offseason, Stubbs lives in California with Matt Chapman, the third baseman for the Oakland Athletics.
See also
List of Jewish baseball players
References
External links
Twitter page
Living people
1993 births
Baseball players from California
Corpus Christi Hooks players
Cotuit Kettleers players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Glendale Desert Dogs players
Houston Astros players
Jewish American baseball players
Jewish Major League Baseball players
Lancaster JetHawks players
Major League Baseball catchers
People from Del Mar, California
Quad Cities River Bandits players
Round Rock Express players
Sugar Land Skeeters players
Tri-City ValleyCats players
USC Sol Price School of Public Policy alumni
USC Trojans baseball players
21st-century American Jews |
6518056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadient | Quadient | Quadient is an international company specialized in mailing equipment, business process automation and customer experience management. It was originally founded as Neopost. As of 2019, the company had about 5,693 employees and annual sales of €1.14 billion. Its products and services are sold in about 90 countries. Quadient is a company listed on the Euronext Paris market (Compartment B). Its stock ticker is QDT.
History
1924 Founding of Neopost Limited (United Kingdom)
1929 Founding of SMH, Société des Machines Havas (France)
1930 Acquisition of Neopost by Roneo (United Kingdom)
1935 Creation of Neopost brand name (United Kingdom)
1970 Acquisition by C.G.E. of SMH-Adrex (France)
1979 Acquisition by C.G.E. of Friden (United States)
1980 Acquisition by C.G.E. of Roneo and Hadewe (United Kingdom and Netherlands)
1981 Attached to Alcatel, subsidiary of C.G.E. (France)
1992 Foundation of Neopost Group
1997 A group of investors, advised by BC Partners and in association with management, took control of Neopost
1999 Neopost was floated on the Premier Marché of Euronext Paris on 23 February at a price of €15 per share
2002 Acquisition of Stielow and Hasler (Germany and Switzerland)
2003 Neopost completed the integration of companies acquired in 2002, sold Stielow’s non-core label printing and print finishing businesses, and strengthened its operating structures
2005 Acquisition of BTA Digital Works, a software company
2006 Neopost adopted and modified the tagline "We value your mail" at the beginning of 2006.
2007 Acquisition of PFE, a supplier of high volume folder-inserters and Valipost
2008 Acquisition of RENA, addressing systems supplier and NBG-ID, integrator of RFID technology
2009 Acquisition of Satori Software, a postal address quality management software company
2009 Acquisition of Kontur Documents Systems (Suède) and Scani (Denmark)
2011 Acquisition of GBC – Fordigraph, an Australian distributor of document finishing and mailing products
2012 Acquisition of GMC Software Technology – a Swiss-based provider of customer communications management products
2012 Acquisition of Human Inference, a Dutch provider of contact data quality services
2013 Acquisition of DMTI Spatial – a Canadian provider of location-based service provider
2014 Acquisition of Data Capture Solutions Ltd, a document management business
2016 Acquisition of icon Systemhaus
2019 The company was renamed Quadient
In March 2020, Quadient sold ProShip, Inc. to FOG Software Group, a division of Constellation Software
2021 Acquisition of Beanworks, a Canadian accounts payable automation software company
Board
Chief Executive Officer: Geoffrey Godet (since February 2018).
Structure
Quadient employs around 6 000 people across 29 countries : Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, Taiwan and Thailand. Aside from its branches, Quadient also has a network of 90 independent distributors.
Quadient's headquarters are located in Bagneux.
See also
Neopost web-enabled stamps
Postage meters
Franking
References
Office supply companies of France
Postal systems
Manufacturing companies established in 1924
Multinational companies headquartered in France
Companies based in Bagneux
Data companies
Data quality companies
French brands
Information technology companies of France
Companies listed on Euronext Paris
1924 establishments in the United Kingdom |
1928588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QSound | QSound | QSound is the original name for a positional three-dimensional (3D) sound processing algorithm from QSound Labs that creates 3D audio effects from multiple monophonic sources and sums the outputs to two channels for presentation over regular stereo speakers. QSound was eventually re-dubbed "Q1" after the introduction of "Q2", a positional 3D algorithm for headphones. Later multi-speaker surround system support was added to the positional 3D process, the QSound positional 3D audio process became known simply as "Q3D". QSound was founded by Larry Ryckman (CEO), Danny Lowe and John Lees. Jimmy Iovine served as SVP of Music and Shelly Yakus as VP of Audio Engineering in its formative years.
Technology
QSound is essentially a filtering algorithm. It manipulates timing, amplitude, and frequency response to produce a binaural image. Systems like QSound rely on the fact that a sound arriving from one side of the listener will reach one ear before the other and that when it reaches the furthest ear, it is lower in amplitude and spectrally altered due to obstruction by the head. However, the ideal algorithm was arrived at empirically, with parameters adjusted according to the outcomes of many listening tests.
3D positional processing like QSound, the multi-channel QSystem professional processor used in the production of pop music and film audio, is distinct from stereo expansion like QSound QXpander or SRS(R) Sound Retrieval System. Positional 3D audio processing is a producer-side technology. It is applied to individual instruments or sound effects, and is therefore only usable at the mixing phase of music and soundtrack production, or under realtime control of game audio mixing software. Stereo expansion (processing of recorded channels and background ambience) is primarily a playback process that can be arbitrarily applied to stereo content in the end-user environment using analog integrated circuits or digital signal processing (DSP) routines.
Adoption
The system was used in all Capcom CP System Dash, CP System II titles as well as several console games and the Sony ZN-1 and ZN-2 hardware arcade games such as Battle Arena Toshinden 2.
QSound was utilized on Sting's 1991 album, The Soul Cages, Roger Waters's 1992 album Amused To Death, Luther Vandross's 1991 album, Power of Love, Madonna's 1990 album, The Immaculate Collection, and Paula Abdul's 1991 album, Spellbound.
Electronic Arts, Activision, Microsoft Game Studios, Sega, Virgin Interactive, TDK Mediactive, Bullfrog Productions, and Lionhead Studios have also used the technology, mostly through the use of the QMixer software development kit to implement audio positioning, mixing and control directly in the game software. Later versions of QMixer added support for 3D-accelerated hardware through the low-level Microsoft DirectSound3D Application Programming Interface.
Q3D has been incorporated in a variety of computer sound cards and sound card drivers.
While the system is known by some for its use in video game titles, the first QSound chip used for that purpose was not created until 1991, while QSound had been developed in the late 1980s and has been used in everything from screensavers to television programming. Some TVs were also produced with this technology. Several 1990s music albums were also "mixed in QSound" (see below) using the QSystem or QSystem II hardware processors, and many other music releases have been enhanced with QSound effects using software plug-in versions of the QSystem and other software utilities. (The QSound website maintains a list of known projects.)
In 2003, Q3D was added to the list of components in QSound Labs' microQ, a small-footprint, performance-optimized software digital audio engine aimed at the mobile market (i.e. cellphones and the like). Q3D enables 3D sound for handheld gaming and can be controlled in Java games via the JSR-234 application programming interface.
Awards
QSound won Electronic Entertainments 1993 "Most Promising" award; the editors called it the "hottest new audio technology around".
Selected games using QSound
(Most arcade games on this list run on the CPS-2 arcade system)
Notable games include:
1944: The Loop Master (Capcom)
19XX: The War Against Destiny (Capcom)
Cyberbots: Full Metal Madness (Capcom)
Darkstalkers (Capcom)
Dungeons & Dragons: Tower of Doom and Dungeons & Dragons: Shadow over Mystara (Capcom)
Eco Fighters (Capcom)
Ecco the Dolphin (Sega CD version) (Sega)
Marvel vs Capcom (Capcom)
Marvel Super Heroes (Capcom)
Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter (Capcom)
Mega Man: The Power Battle and The Power Fighters (Capcom)
NiGHTS into Dreams... (Sega)
Sonic Adventure (Sega)
Sonic CD (Sega)
Sonic R (Sega)
Starship Titanic (Digital Village)
Street Fighter Alpha series (Capcom)
Super Gem Fighter (Capcom)
Super Puzzle Fighter II Turbo (Capcom)
Super Street Fighter II (and all variations) (Capcom)
The Punisher (Capcom)
The Terminator (Sega CD video game) (Virgin)
Tetris: The Grand Master (Arika/Capcom)
Toy Story (Nintendo/Sega)
X-Men: Children of the Atom (Capcom)
X-Men vs. Street Fighter (Capcom)
Zork Nemesis (Activision)
Selected albums "mixed in QSound"
Over 60 albums feature QSound processing. Some notable examples include:
The Immaculate Collection by Madonna (1990)
Power of Love by Luther Vandross (1991)
Prisoners in Paradise by Europe (1991)
The Soul Cages by Sting (1991)
Spellbound by Paula Abdul (1991)
Help Yourself by Julian Lennon (1991)
Parallels by Fates Warning (1991)
Amused to Death by Roger Waters (1992)
Whaler by Sophie B. Hawkins (1994)
A Live One by Phish (1995)
Pulse by Pink Floyd (1995)
Broken China by Rick Wright (1996)
Selected films "mixed in QSound"
Pink Floyd: Pulse (1995)
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991)
See also
Sound Retrieval System
GameCODA
Aureal Semiconductor
Creative Technology
Sensaura
References
External links
QSound Labs website
Sound production technology
Audio enhancement |
4199816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland%20Project | Portland Project | The Portland Project is an initiative by freedesktop.org aiming at easing the portability of application software between desktop environments and kernels by designing cross-platform APIs and offering implementations thereof as libraries to independent software vendors (ISVs).
The project was taken to establish a greater foothold of Linux and other Unix-like operating systems in the desktop market. It aims at resolving a number of key factors that are believed to reduce the adoption rate of Linux distributions as operating system of choice for desktop computers at home or in the office.
While the Tango Desktop Project was started to give users a more unified graphical experience, the Portland Project is intended to ease the porting of desktop applications to Linux for independent software vendors (ISVs). The project goal is to let software developers worry less about the desktop environment a distribution is using, and thus bring it on more common ground with Microsoft Windows and macOS in this particular area.
In 2006, the project released Portland 1.0 (xdg-utils; "Cross Desktop Group Utilities"), a set of common interfaces for desktop environments. A key part of the interface is a common MIME type database for icons and programs associated with file types.
The project has Alex Graveley (GNOME) and George Staikos (KDE) as two of the task force leaders, who will look to gain feedback from ISVs, integration possibilities, and possibly create a draft implementation as well.
The initial Portland Project meeting, held in Portland, Oregon, was sponsored by the Open Source Development Labs (the predecessor of the Linux Foundation). At the start of that initial meeting, Nat Friedman of Novell came up with the project name: "well, we are here in Portland... how about the Portland Project?"
References
External links
Linux desktop architects team up on Portland Project
The Desktop Linux Workgroup
Linux software projects
X Window System
Free software projects
Freedesktop.org |
7872324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20intelligence%20systems%20integration | Artificial intelligence systems integration | The core idea of Artificial Intelligence systems integration is making individual software components, such as speech synthesizers, interoperable with other components, such as common sense knowledgebases, in order to create larger, broader and more capable A.I. systems. The main methods that have been proposed for integration are message routing, or communication protocols that the software components use to communicate with each other, often through a middleware blackboard system.
Most artificial intelligence systems involve some sort of integrated technologies, for example, the integration of speech synthesis technologies with that of speech recognition. However, in recent years there has been an increasing discussion on the importance of systems integration as a field in its own right. Proponents of this approach are researchers such as Marvin Minsky, Aaron Sloman, Deb Roy, Kristinn R. Thórisson and Michael A. Arbib. A reason for the recent attention A.I. integration is attracting is that there have already been created a number of (relatively) simple A.I. systems for specific problem domains (such as computer vision, speech synthesis, etc.), and that integrating what's already available is a more logical approach to broader A.I. than building monolithic systems from scratch.
Why integration?
The focus on systems integration, especially with regard to modular approaches, derive from the fact that most intelligences of significant scales are composed of a multitude of processes and/or utilize multi-modal input and output. For example, a humanoid-type of intelligence would preferably have to be able to talk using speech synthesis, hear using speech recognition, understand using a logical (or some other undefined) mechanism, and so forth. In order to produce artificially intelligent software of broader intelligence, integration of these modalities is necessary.
Challenges & solutions
Collaboration is an integral part of software development as evidenced by the size of software companies and the size of their software departments. Among the tools to ease software collaboration are various procedures and standards that developers can follow to ensure quality, reliability and that their software is compatible with software created by others (such as W3C standards for webpage development). However, collaboration in fields of A.I. has been lacking, for the most part not seen outside of the respected schools, departments or research institutes (and sometimes not within them either). This presents practitioners of A.I. systems integration with a substantial problem and often causes A.I. researchers to have to 're-invent the wheel' each time they want a specific functionality to work with their software. Even more damaging is the "not invented here" syndrome, which manifests itself in a strong reluctance of A.I. researchers to build on the work of others.
The outcome of this in A.I. is a large set of "solution islands": A.I. research has produced numerous isolated software components and mechanisms that deal with various parts of intelligence separately. To take some examples:
Speech synthesis
FreeTTS from CMU
Speech recognition
Sphinx from CMU
Logical reasoning
OpenCyc from Cycorp
Open Mind Common Sense Net from MIT
With the increased popularity of the free software movement, a lot of the software being created, including A.I. systems, is available for public exploit. The next natural step is to merge these individual software components into coherent, intelligent systems of a broader nature. As a multitude of components (that often serve the same purpose) have already been created by the community, the most accessible way of integration is giving each of these components an easy way to communicate with each other. By doing so, each component by itself becomes a module which can then be tried in various settings and configurations of larger architectures.
Many online communities for A.I. developers exist where tutorials, examples, and forums aim at helping both beginners and experts build intelligent systems (for example the AI Depot, Generation 5). However, few communities have succeeded in making a certain standard or a code of conduct popular to allow the large collection of miscellaneous systems to be integrated with any ease. Recently, however, there have been focused attempts at producing standards for A.I. research collaboration, Mindmakers.org is an online community specifically created to harbor collaboration in the development of A.I. systems. The community has proposed the OpenAIR message and routing protocol for communication between software components, making it easier for individual developers to make modules instantly integrateble into other peoples' projects.
Methodologies
Constructionist Design Methodology
The Constructionist design methodology (CDM, or 'Constructionist A.I.') is a formal methodology proposed in 2004, for use in the development of cognitive robotics, communicative humanoids and broad AI systems. The creation of such systems requires the integration of a large number of functionalities that must be carefully coordinated to achieve coherent system behavior. CDM is based on iterative design steps that lead to the creation of a network of named interacting modules, communicating via explicitly typed streams and discrete messages. The OpenAIR message protocol (see below) was inspired by the CDM and has frequently been used to aid in the development of intelligent systems using CDM.
One of the first projects to use CDM was Mirage, an embodied, graphical agent visualized through augmented reality which could communicate with human users and talk about objects present in the user's physical room. Mirage was created by Kristinn R. Thórisson, the creator of CDM, and a number of students at Columbia University in 2004. The methodology is actively being developed at Reykjavik University.
Tools
OpenAIR Protocol
OpenAIR is a message routing and communication protocol that has been gaining in popularity over the past two years. The protocol is managed by Mindmakers.org, and is described on their site in the following manner:
"OpenAIR is a routing and communication protocol based on a publish-subscribe architecture. It is intended to be the "glue" that allows numerous A.I. researchers to share code more effectively — "AIR to share". It is a definition or a blueprint of the "post office and mail delivery system" for distributed multi-module systems. OpenAIR provides a core foundation upon which subsequent markup languages and semantics can be based, e.g. gesture recognition and generation, computer vision, hardware-software interfacing, etc.; for a recent example see CVML."
OpenAIR was created to allow software components that serve their own purpose to communicate with each other to produce large scale, overall behavior of intelligent systems. A simple example would be to have a speech recognition system, and a speech synthesizer communicate with an expert system through OpenAIR messages, to create a system that can hear and answer various questions through spoken dialogue. CORBA (see below) is an older but similar architecture that can be used for comparison, but OpenAIR was specifically created for A.I. research, while CORBA is a more general standard.
The OpenAIR protocol has been used for collaboration on a number of A.I. systems, a list can be found on the Mindmakers project pages . Psyclone is a popular platform to pair with the OpenAIR protocol (see below).
Psyclone AIOS
Psyclone is a software platform, or an AI operating system (AIOS), developed by Communicative Machines Laboratories for use in creating large, multi-modal A.I. systems. The system is an implementation of a blackboard system that supports the OpenAIR message protocol. Psyclone is available for free for non-commercial purposes and has therefore often been used by research institutes on low budgets and novice A.I. developers.
Elvin
Elvin is a content-based router with a central routing station, similar to the Psyclone AIOS (see above).
OAA
The OOA is a hybrid architecture that relies on a special inter-agent communication language (ICL) – a logic-based declarative language that is good for expressing high-level, complex tasks and natural language expressions.
CORBA
The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is a standard that enables software components written in multiple computer languages and running on multiple computers to interoperate. CORBA is defined by the Object Management Group (OMG). CORBA follows similar principles as the OpenAIR protocol (see above), and can be used for A.I. systems integration.
MOSID
The Messaging Open Service Interface Definition (OSID) is an O.K.I. specification which provides a means of sending, subscribing and receiving messages. OSIDs are programmatic interfaces which comprise a Service Oriented Architecture for designing and building reusable and interoperable software.
Examples of Integrated Systems
MIRAGE, an A.I. embodied humanoid in an augmented reality environment.
ASIMO, Honda's humanoid robot, and QRIO, Sony's version of a humanoid robot.
Cog, M.I.T. humanoid robot project under the direction of Rodney Brooks.
AIBO, Sony's robot dog integrates vision, hearing and motorskills.
TOPIO, TOSY's humanoid robot can play ping-pong with human
See also
Hybrid intelligent system, systems that combine the methods of Conventional A.I. (or GOFAI) & that of Computational intelligence.
Humanoid robots utilize systems integration intensely.
Constructionist design methodology
Cognitive architectures
References
The Mirage project page
The OpenAIR page on Mindmakers.org
Constructionist Design Methodology, published in A.I. magazine
MissionEngine: Multi-system integration using Python in the Tactical Language Project
External links
Mindmakers.org , a community portal for A.I. research collaboration and system integration.
COG, a humanoid robot at M.I.T.
The Open Knowledge Initiative Library
Artificial intelligence
Software architecture
System integration |
22758633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apropos%20%28Unix%29 | Apropos (Unix) | In computing, is a command to search the man page files in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. Apropos takes its name from the French "à propos" (Latin "ad prōpositum") which means about. It is particularly useful when searching for commands without knowing their exact names.
Behavior
Often a wrapper for the command, the apropos command is used to search the "name" sections of all manual pages for the string/s (called keyword/s) specified. The output is a list of all manual pages containing the search term in their name or description. This is often useful if one knows the action that is desired, but does not remember the exact command or page name. apropos search is case insensitive.
usually searches in a precompiled database that is shared with , a command for obtaining the brief description of a specific command whose exact name is already known.
Sample usage
The following example demonstrates the output of the command:
$ apropos mount
free (1) - Display amount of free and used memory in the system
mklost+found (8) - create a lost+found directory on a mounted Linux second extended file system
mount (8) - mount a file system
mountpoint (1) - see if a directory is a mountpoint
ntfsmount (8) - Read/Write userspace NTFS driver.
sleep (1) - delay for a specified amount of time
switch_root (8) - switch to another filesystem as the root of the mount tree.
umount (8) - unmount file systems
In this example, is used to search for the keyword "mount", and returns the indicated man pages that include the term "mount".
The following example demonstrates the output of the command with an regexp keyword (abc.n) and a regular keyword:
$ apropos abc.n xzless
XTestGrabControl (3) - XTest extension functions
xzless (1) - view xz or lzma compressed (text) files
In this example, is used to search for the keywords (with an regexp .) "abc.n" and xzless, and returns the indicated man pages that include the keywords.
Related utilities
is a command for obtaining the brief description of a specific command whose exact name is already known. It uses the same database as does. On systems with mandoc, it is a wrapper for (search by name only).
$ whatis whatis
whatis(1) - search the whatis database for complete words
is a command for indexing all on-disk manuals into a database that and can read from. It first appeared in the 2BSD of 1979, but has since been rewritten multiple times in different implementations of . is a command that performs the same function in man-db.
The database is traditionally plain text, but man-db, the implementation found on many Linux distributions, use a Berkeley DB instead. The mandoc implementation used on many BSD distributions likewise has its own innovations on the format.
See also
Man page
whatis
References
External links
at the LinuxQuestions.org wiki
Unix text processing utilities |
51230272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST%20Cybersecurity%20Framework | NIST Cybersecurity Framework | NIST Cybersecurity Framework is a set of guidelines for mitigating organizational cybersecurity risks, published by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) based on existing standards, guidelines, and practices. The framework "provides a high level taxonomy of cybersecurity outcomes and a methodology to assess and manage those outcomes", in addition to guidance on the protection of privacy and civil liberties in a cybersecurity context. It has been translated to many languages, and is used by several governments and a wide range of businesses and organizations.
A 2016 study found that 70% of organizations surveyed see the NIST Cybersecurity Framework as a popular best practice for computer security, but many note that it requires significant investment.
Overview
The NIST Cybersecurity Framework is designed for individual businesses and other organizations to assess risks they face.
Version 1.0 was published by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology in 2014, originally aimed at operators of critical infrastructure. In 2017, a draft version of the framework, version 1.1, was circulated for public comment. Version 1.1 was announced and made publicly available on April 16, 2018. Version 1.1 is still compatible with version 1.0.
The changes include guidance on how to perform self-assessments, additional detail on supply chain risk management, guidance on how to interact with supply chain stakeholders, and encourages a vulnerability disclosure process.
The framework is divided into three parts, "Core", "Profile" and "Tiers". The "Framework Core" contains an array of activities, outcomes and references about aspects and approaches to cybersecurity. The "Framework Implementation Tiers" are used by an organization to clarify for itself and its partners how it views cybersecurity risk and the degree of sophistication of its management approach. A "Framework Profile" is a list of outcomes that an organization has chosen from the categories and subcategories, based on its needs and risk assessments.
An organization typically starts by using the framework to develop a "Current Profile" which describes its cybersecurity activities and what outcomes it is achieving. It can then develop a "Target Profile", or adopt a baseline profile tailored to its sector (e.g. infrastructure industry) or type of organization. It can then define steps for switching from its current profile to its target profile.
Functions and categories of cybersecurity activities
The NIST Cybersecurity Framework organizes its "core" material into five "functions" which are subdivided into a total of 23 "categories". For each category, it defines a number of subcategories of cybersecurity outcomes and security controls, with 108 subcategories in all.
For each subcategory, it also provides "Informative Resources" referencing specific sections of a variety of other information security standards, including ISO 27001, COBIT, NIST SP 800-53, ANSI/ISA-62443, and the Council on CyberSecurity Critical Security Controls (CCS CSC, now managed by the Center for Internet Security). Special Publications (SP) aside, most of the informative references requires a paid membership or purchase to access their respective guides. The cost and complexity of the framework has resulted in bills from both houses of Congress that direct NIST to create Cybersecurity Framework guides that are more accessible to small and medium businesses.
Here are the functions and categories, along with their unique identifiers and definitions, as stated in the framework document.
Identify
"Develop the organizational understanding to manage cybersecurity risk to systems, assets, data, and capabilities."
Asset Management (ID.AM): The data, personnel, devices, systems, and facilities that enable the organization to achieve business purposes are identified and managed consistent with their relative importance to business objectives and the organization's risk strategy.
Business Environment (ID.BE): The organization's mission, objectives, stakeholders, and activities are understood and prioritized; this information is used to inform cybersecurity roles, responsibilities, and risk management decisions.
Governance (ID.GV): The policies, procedures, and processes to manage and monitor the organization's regulatory, legal, risk, environmental, and operational requirements are understood and inform the management of cybersecurity risk.
Risk Assessment (ID.RA): The organization understands the cybersecurity risk to organizational operations (including mission, functions, image, or reputation), organizational assets, and individuals.
Risk Management Strategy (ID.RM): The organization's priorities, constraints, risk tolerances, and assumptions are established and used to support operational risk decisions.
Supply Chain Risk Management (ID.SC): The organization's priorities, constraints, risk tolerances, and assumptions are established and used to support risk decisions associated with managing supply chain risk. The organization has in place the processes to identify, assess and manage supply chain risks.
Protect
"Develop and implement the appropriate safeguards to ensure delivery of critical infrastructure services."
Access Control (PR.AC): Access to assets and associated facilities is limited to authorized users, processes, or devices, and to authorized activities and transactions.
Awareness and Training (PR.AT): The organization's personnel and partners are provided cybersecurity awareness education and are adequately trained to perform their information security-related duties and responsibilities consistent with related policies, procedures, and agreements.
Data Security (PR.DS): Information and records (data) are managed consistent with the organization's risk strategy to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.
Information Protection Processes and Procedures (PR.IP): Security policies (that address purpose, scope, roles, responsibilities, management commitment, and coordination among organizational entities), processes, and procedures are maintained and used to manage protection of information systems and assets.
Maintenance (PR.MA): Maintenance and repairs of industrial control and information system components is performed consistent with policies and procedures.
Protective Technology (PR.PT): Technical security solutions are managed to ensure the security and resilience of systems and assets, consistent with related policies, procedures, and agreements.
Detect
"Develop and implement the appropriate activities to identify the occurrence of a cybersecurity event."
Anomalies and Events (DE.AE): Anomalous activity is detected in a timely manner and the potential impact of events is understood.
Security Continuous Monitoring (DE.CM): The information system and assets are monitored at discrete intervals to identify cybersecurity events and verify the effectiveness of protective measures.
Detection Processes (DE.DP): Detection processes and procedures are maintained and tested to ensure timely and adequate awareness of anomalous events.
Respond
"Develop and implement the appropriate activities to take action regarding a detected cybersecurity incident."
Response Planning (RS.RP): Response processes and procedures are executed and maintained, to ensure timely response to detected cybersecurity events.
Communications (RS.CO): Response activities are coordinated with internal and external stakeholders, as appropriate, to include external support from law enforcement agencies.
Analysis (RS.AN): Analysis is conducted to ensure adequate response and support recovery activities.
Mitigation (RS.MI): Activities are performed to prevent expansion of an event, mitigate its effects, and eradicate the incident.
Improvements (RS.IM): Organizational response activities are improved by incorporating lessons learned from current and previous detection/response activities.
Recover
"Develop and implement the appropriate activities to maintain plans for resilience and to restore any capabilities or services that were impaired due to a cybersecurity incident."
Recovery Planning (RC.RP): Recovery processes and procedures are executed and maintained to ensure timely restoration of systems or assets affected by cybersecurity events.
Improvements (RC.IM): Recovery planning and processes are improved by incorporating lessons learned into future activities.
Communications (RC.CO): Restoration activities are coordinated with internal and external parties, such as coordinating centers, Internet Service Providers, owners of attacking systems, victims, other CSIRTs, and vendors.
Online Informative References
In addition to informative references in the framework's core, NIST also maintains an online database of informative references. Informative References show relationships between Framework Functions, Categories, and Subcategories and specific sections of standards, guidelines, and best practices common among Framework stakeholders. Informative References illustrate ways to achieve Framework outcomes.
Informative References Home
Derived Relationship Mapping
Informative Reference Catalog
Updates
In 2021 NIST released Security Measures for “EO-Critical Software” Use Under Executive Order (EO) 14028 to outline security measures intended to better protect the use of deployed EO-critical software in agencies’ operational environments.
See also
Cyber security standards
NIST Privacy Framework
Critical infrastructure protection
ISO/IEC 27001:2013: an information security standard from the International Organization for Standardization
COBIT: Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies - a related framework from ISACA
NIST Special Publication 800-53: “Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organizations." Her
NISTIR 8374 (Draft): Cybersecurity Framework Profile for Ransomware Risk Management (Preliminary Draft)
References
External links
How To Use (And Not Use) The NIST Cybersecurity Framework | FRSecure LLC | Information Security Management
Harnessing the Power of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework
A 10 Minute Guide to the NIST Cybersecurity Framework
Computer security standards
Infrastructure
Cyberwarfare
National Institute of Standards and Technology |
61475779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20D.%20Hill | Mark D. Hill | Mark D. Hill is a computer scientist and professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He has been cited over 27,000 times.
He is the John P. Morgridge Professor and Gene M. Amdahl Professor of Computer Science. Hill specializes in computer architecture, parallel computing, memory systems, and performance evaluation.
He was named an Association for Computing Machinery Fellow in 2004 for "contributions to memory consistency models and memory system design", and was awarded the ACM SIGARCH Alan D. Berenbaum Distinguished Service Award in 2009.
In 2019, he received the 2019 ACM - IEEE CS Eckert-Mauchly Award for "seminal contributions to the fields of cache memories, memory consistency models, transactional memory, and simulation." He served as Chair of the Computing Community Consortium.
Hill earned a B.S.E. in Computer Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1981, an M.S. in Computer Science in 1983 and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1987.
Selected research
Binkert, Nathan, et al. "The gem5 simulator." ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 39.2 (2011): 1–7.
Martin, Milo MK, et al. "Multifacet's general execution-driven multiprocessor simulator (GEMS) toolset." ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 33.4 (2005): 92–99.
Hill, Mark D., and Michael R. Marty. "Amdahl's law in the multicore era." Computer 41.7 (2008): 33–38.
Adve, Sarita V., and Mark D. Hill. "Weak ordering—a new definition." [1990] Proceedings. The 17th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture. IEEE, 1990.
Moore, Kevin E., et al. "LogTM: Log-based transactional memory." The Twelfth International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture, 2006.. IEEE, 2006.
Hill, Mark D., and Alan Jay Smith. "Evaluating associativity in CPU caches." IEEE Transactions on Computers 38.12 (1989): 1612–1630.
References
Living people
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Writers from Madison, Wisconsin
Year of birth missing (living people)
Computer scientists
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) |
693485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcaeus%20%28mythology%29 | Alcaeus (mythology) | In Greek mythology, Alcaeus or Alkaios (Ancient Greek: Ἀλκαῖος derived from alke "strength") was the name of a number of different people:
Alcaeus, was a Mycenaean prince. He was a son of Perseus and Andromeda and thus the brother of Perses, Heleus, Mestor, Sthenelus, Electryon, Cynurus, Gorgophone and Autochthe. Alcaeus was married either to Astydameia, the daughter of Pelops and Hippodamia, or Laonome, daughter of Guneus, or else Hipponome, daughter of Menoeceus, by whom he became the father of Amphitryon, Anaxo and Perimede.
Alcaeus, the original name of Heracles (according to Diodorus Siculus), which was given to him on account of his descent from Alcaeus, the son of Perseus mentioned above.
Alcaeus, a son of Heracles by a female slave of Iardanus, from whom the dynasty of the Heraclids in Lydia were believed to be descended. Diodorus Siculus writes that this son of Heracles is named "Cleolaus".
Alcaeus, a Cretan general of Rhadamanthus, according to Diodorus Siculus, who presented him with the island of Paros. The Bibliotheca relates that he was a son of Androgeus (the son of Minos and Pasiphaë) and brother of Sthenelus, and that when Heracles, on his expedition to fetch the girdle of Ares, which was in the possession of the queen of the Amazons, arrived at Paros, some of his companions were slain by the sons of Minos. Heracles, in his anger, slew all the descendants of Minos except Alcaeus and Sthenelus, whom he took with him, and to whom he afterwards gave the island of Thasus as their home.
Alcaeus, son of Margasus and Phyllis, a Carian ally of the Trojans in the Trojan War. He was killed by Meges.
Notes
References
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History translated by Charles Henry Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888-1890. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Herodotus, The Histories with an English translation by A. D. Godley. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. 1920. Online version at the Topos Text Project. Greek text available at Perseus Digital Library.
Hesiod, Shield of Heracles from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Quintus Smyrnaeus, The Fall of Troy translated by Way. A. S. Loeb Classical Library Volume 19. London: William Heinemann, 1913. Online version at theio.com
Quintus Smyrnaeus, The Fall of Troy. Arthur S. Way. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1913. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Princes in Greek mythology
Kings in Greek mythology
Heracleidae
People of the Trojan War
Characters in Greek mythology
Mythology of Heracles
Mythology of Argolis
Cretan characters in Greek mythology |
176931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20Archive | Internet Archive | The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and millions of books. In addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating a free and open Internet. As of February 2022, the Internet Archive holds 34,205,294 books and texts, 7,606,196 movies, videos and TV shows, 815,791 software programs, 14,133,383 audio files, 4,124,371 million images, 1,259,875 media collections, 2,321,000 tv clips, and 663 billion web pages in the Wayback Machine.
The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers, which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains hundreds of billions of web captures. The Archive also oversees one of the world's largest book digitization projects.
History
Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in May 1996 around the same time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October of that year, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, though it saved the earliest pages in May 1996 at 6:39 PM and 9:21 PM. The archived content first became available to the general public in 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine.
In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the web archive, beginning with the Prelinger Archives. Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of other projects: the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site Open Library. Soon after that, the Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the information access needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) format.
According to its website:
In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for more than 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files. This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive, as files are served from two Archive data centers, in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve the files. On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive's headquarters in San Francisco's Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. According to the Archive, it lost a side-building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers; cameras, lights, and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and "maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable". The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage.
An overhaul of the site was launched as beta in November 2014, and the legacy layout was removed in March 2016.
In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build a backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying:
On November 9th in America, we woke up to a new administration promising radical change. It was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and perpetually accessible. It means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions. It means serving patrons in a world in which government surveillance is not going away; indeed it looks like it will increase. Throughout history, libraries have fought against terrible violations of privacy—where people have been rounded up simply for what they read. At the Internet Archive, we are fighting to protect our readers' privacy in the digital world.
Beginning in 2017, OCLC and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's records of digitized books available in WorldCat.
Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency, which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani and Andrew McClintock, helps connect artists with the Archive's over 48 petabytes of digitized materials. Over the course of the yearlong residency, visual artists create a body of work which culminates in an exhibition. The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off. Previous artists in residence include Taravat Talepasand, Whitney Lynn, and Jenny Odell.
In 2019, its headquarters in San Francisco received a bomb threat which forced a temporary evacuation of the building.
The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations, such as hundreds of thousands of 78 rpm discs from Boston Public Library in 2017, a donation of 250,000 books from Trent University in 2018, and the entire collection of Marygrove College's library in 2020 after it closed. All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is lent to patrons worldwide one at a time under the controlled digital lending (CDL) theory of the first-sale doctrine.
Operations
The Archive is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit operating in the United States. It has an annual budget of $10 million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation. The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching $6 million in donations.
The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco, California. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters were in the Presidio of San Francisco, a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco, a former Christian Science Church. At one time, most of its staff worked in its book-scanning centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide. The Archive also has data centers in three Californian cities: San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond. To reduce the risk of data loss, the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt and a facility in Amsterdam.
The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007.
Web archiving
Wayback Machine
The Internet Archive capitalized on the popular use of the term "WABAC Machine" from a segment of The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoon (specifically, Peabody's Improbable History), and uses the name "Wayback Machine" for its service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched and accessed. This service allows users to view some of the archived web pages. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet (owned by Amazon.com) and the Internet Archive when a three-dimensional index was built to allow for the browsing of archived web content. Millions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a database. The service can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like, to grab original source code from web sites that may no longer be directly available, or to visit web sites that no longer even exist. Not all web sites are available because many web site owners choose to exclude their sites. As with all sites based on data from web crawlers, the Internet Archive misses large areas of the web for a variety of other reasons. A 2004 paper found international biases in the coverage, but deemed them "not intentional".
A "Save Page Now" archiving feature was made available in October 2013, accessible on the lower right of the Wayback Machine's main page. Once a target URL is entered and saved, the web page will become part of the Wayback Machine.
Through the Internet address web.archive.org, users can upload to the Wayback Machine a large variety of contents, including PDF and data compression file formats. The Wayback Machine creates a permanent local URL of the upload content, that is accessible in the web, even if not listed while searching in the https://archive.org official website.
May 12, 1996, is the date of the oldest archived pages on the archive.org WayBack Machine, such as infoseek.com.
In October 2016, it was announced that the way web pages are counted would be changed, resulting in the decrease of the archived pages counts shown. Embedded objects such as pictures, videos, style sheets, JavaSctips are no longer counted as a "web page", whereas HTML, PDF, and plain text documents remain counted.
In September 2020, the Internet Archive announced a partnership with Cloudflare to automatically index websites served via its "Always Online" services.
Archive-It
Created in early 2006, Archive-It is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives. Archive-It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections.
In terms of accessibility, the archived web sites are full text searchable within seven days of capture. Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as a WARC file. A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards. Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive.
, Archive-It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U.S. states and 16 countries that have captured more than 7.4 billion URLs for more than 2,444 public collections. Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions, museums, law libraries, and cultural organizations, including the Electronic Literature Organization, North Carolina State Archives and Library, Stanford University, Columbia University, American University in Cairo, Georgetown Law Library, and many others.
Internet Archive Scholar
In September 2020 Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve open access academic journals, called the "Internet Archive Scholar". Its fulltext search index includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest Open Access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World Wide Web.
General Index
In 2021, the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the General Index, a publicly available index to a collection of 107 million academic journal articles.
Book collections
Text collection
The Internet Archive operates 33 scanning centers in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books, financially supported by libraries and foundations. , the collection included 4.4 million books with more than 15 million downloads per month. , when there were approximately 1 million texts, the entire collection was greater than 0.5 petabytes, which includes raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, PDFs, and raw OCR data. Between about 2006 and 2008, Microsoft had a special relationship with Internet Archive texts through its Live Search Books project, scanning more than 300,000 books that were contributed to the collection, as well as financial support and scanning equipment. On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending the Live Book Search project and no longer scanning books. Microsoft made its scanned books available without contractual restriction and donated its scanning equipment to its former partners.
Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book Search. , there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in the Archive's collection; the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download. Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by Aaron Swartz, who with a "bunch of friends" downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to the public domain. The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never complained, while libraries "grumbled". According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's "genius" to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people. Besides books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from the United States Federal Courts' PACER electronic document system via the RECAP web browser plugin. These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013.
The Archive's BookReader web app, built into its website, has features such as single-page, two-page, and thumbnail modes; fullscreen mode; page zooming of high-resolution images; and flip page animation.
Number of texts for each language
Number of texts for each decade
Open Library
The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive. The project seeks to include a web page for every book ever published: it holds 25 million catalog records of editions. It also seeks to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public domain books (out of the more than five million from the main texts collection), as well as in-print and in-copyright books, many of which are fully readable, downloadable and full-text searchable; it offers a two-week loan of e-books in its controlled digital lending program for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners from six countries after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a free and open-source software project, with its source code freely available on GitHub.
The Open Library faces objections from some authors and the Society of Authors, who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws, and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project.
Digitizing sponsors for books
Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications (text items). Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include the University of Toronto's Robarts Library, the University of Alberta Libraries, the University of Ottawa, the Library of Congress, Boston Library Consortium member libraries, the Boston Public Library, the Princeton Theological Seminary Library, and many others.
In 2017, the MIT Press authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's backlist, with financial support from the Arcadia Fund. A year later, the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called "Unlocking University Press Books".
The Library of Congress has created numerous handle system identifiers that point to free digitized books in the Internet Archive. The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on the Library of Congress website as a source of e-books.
Media collections
In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as Creative Commons licenses. Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria. Each of the main collections includes a "Community" sub-collection (formerly named "Open Source") where general contributions by the public are stored.
Audio
Audio Archive
The Audio Archive is an audio archive that includes music, audiobooks, news broadcasts, old time radio shows, and a wide variety of other audio files. There are more than 200,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others. The sound collections are curated by B. George, director of the ARChive of Contemporary Music.
Next to the stock HTML5 audio player, Winamp-resembling Webamp is available.
Live Music Archive
The Live Music Archive sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as the Grateful Dead, and more recently, The Smashing Pumpkins. Also, Jordan Zevon has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father Warren Zevon's concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs.
The Great 78 Project
The Great 78 Project aims to digitize 250,000 78 rpm singles (500,000 songs) from the period between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions. It has been developed in collaboration with the Archive of Contemporary Music and George Blood Audio, responsible for the audio digitization.
The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is streamed and available for download via its Netlabels service. The music in this collection generally has Creative Commons-license catalogs of virtual record labels.
Images collection
This collection contains more than 3.5 million items. Cover Art Archive, Metropolitan Museum of Art - Gallery Images, NASA Images, Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive, and USGS Maps and are some sub-collections of Image collection.
Cover Art Archive
The Cover Art Archive is a joint project between the Internet Archive and MusicBrainz, whose goal is to make cover art images on the Internet. this collection contains more than 1,400,000 items.
Metropolitan Museum of Art images
The images of this collection are from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This collection contains more than 140,000 items.
NASA Images
The NASA Images archive was created through a Space Act Agreement between the Internet Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA's image, video, and audio collections in a single, searchable resource. The IA NASA Images team worked closely with all of the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever-growing collection. The nasaimages.org site launched in July 2008 and had more than 100,000 items online at the end of its hosting in 2012.
Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive
This collection contains creative commons licensed photographs from Flickr related to the Occupy Wall Street movement. This collection contains more than 15,000 items.
USGS Maps
This collection contains more than 59,000 items from Libre Map Project.
Mathematical images
This collection contains mathematical images created by mathematical artist Hamid Naderi Yeganeh.
Machinima Archive
One of the sub-collections of the Internet Archive's Video Archive is the Machinima Archive. This small section hosts many Machinima videos. Machinima is a digital artform in which computer games, game engines, or software engines are used in a sandbox-like mode to create motion pictures, recreate plays, or even publish presentations or keynotes. The archive collects a range of Machinima films from internet publishers such as Rooster Teeth and Machinima.com as well as independent producers. The sub-collection is a collaborative effort among the Internet Archive, the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University, the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences, and Machinima.com.
Microfilm collection
This collection contains approximately 160,000 microfilmed items from a variety of libraries including the University of Chicago Libraries, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the University of Alberta, Allen County Public Library, and the National Technical Information Service.
Moving image collection
The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3,863 feature films. Additionally, the Internet Archive's Moving Image collection includes: newsreels, classic cartoons, pro- and anti-war propaganda, The Video Cellar Collection, Skip Elsheimer's "A.V. Geeks" collection, early television, and ephemeral material from Prelinger Archives, such as advertising, educational, and industrial films, as well as amateur and home movie collections.
Subcategories of this collection include:
IA's Brick Films collection, which contains stop-motion animation filmed with Lego bricks, some of which are "remakes" of feature films.
IA's Election 2004 collection, a non-partisan public resource for sharing video materials related to the 2004 United States presidential election.
IA's FedFlix collection, Joint Venture NTIS-1832 between the National Technical Information Service and Public.Resource.Org that features "the best movies of the United States Government, from training films to history, from our national parks to the U.S. Fire Academy and the Postal Inspectors"
IA's Independent News collection, which includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's World At War competition from 2001, in which contestants created short films demonstrating "why access to history matters". Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
IA's September 11 Television Archive, which contains archival footage from the world's major television networks of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as they unfolded on live television.
Open Educational Resources
Open Educational Resources is a digital collection at archive.org. This collection contains hundreds of free courses, video lectures, and supplemental materials from universities in the United States and China. The contributors of this collection are ArsDigita University, Hewlett Foundation, MIT, Monterey Institute, and Naropa University.
TV News Search & Borrow
In September 2012, the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search & Borrow service for searching U.S. national news programs. The service is built on closed captioning transcripts and allows users to search and stream 30-second video clips. Upon launch, the service contained "350,000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U.S. networks and stations in San Francisco and Washington D.C." According to Kahle, the service was inspired by the Vanderbilt Television News Archive, a similar library of televised network news programs. In contrast to Vanderbilt, which limits access to streaming video to individuals associated with subscribing colleges and universities, the TV News Search & Borrow allows open access to its streaming video clips. In 2013, the Archive received an additional donation of "approximately 40,000 well-organized tapes" from the estate of a Philadelphia woman, Marion Stokes. Stokes "had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and Boston with her VHS and Betamax machines."
Miscellaneous collections
Brooklyn Museum
This collection contains approximately 3,000 items from Brooklyn Museum.
Michelson library
In December 2020, the film research library of Lillian Michelson was donated to the archive.
Other services and endeavors
Physical media
Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal", he said. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.
Software
The Internet Archive has "the largest collection of historical software online in the world", spanning 50 years of computer history in terabytes of computer magazines and journals, books, shareware discs, FTP sites, video games, etc. The Internet Archive has created an archive of what it describes as "vintage software", as a way to preserve them. The project advocated for an exemption from the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to permit them to bypass copy protection, which was approved in 2003 for a period of three years. The Archive does not offer the software for download, as the exemption is solely "for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive." The exemption was renewed in 2006, and in 2009 was indefinitely extended pending further rulemakings. The Library reiterated the exemption as a "Final Rule" with no expiration date in 2010. In 2013, the Internet Archive began to provide abandonware video games browser-playable via MESS, for instance the Atari 2600 game E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Since December 23, 2014, the Internet Archive presents, via a browser-based DOSBox emulation, thousands of DOS/PC games for "scholarship and research purposes only". In November 2020, the Archive introduced a new emulator for Adobe Flash called Ruffle, and began archiving Flash animations and games ahead of the December 31, 2020 end-of-life for the Flash plugin across all computer systems.
Table Top Scribe System
A combined hardware software system has been developed that performs a safe method of digitizing content.
Credit Union
From 2012 to November 2015, the Internet Archive operated the Internet Archive Federal Credit Union, a federal credit union based in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with the goal of providing access to low- and middle-income people. Throughout its short existence, the IAFCU experienced significant conflicts with the National Credit Union Administration, which severely limited the IAFCU's loan portfolio and concerns over serving Bitcoin firms. At the time of its dissolution, it consisted of 395 members and was worth $2.5 million.
Controversies and legal disputes
Grateful Dead
In November 2005, free downloads of Grateful Dead concerts were removed from the site. John Perry Barlow identified Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Bill Kreutzmann as the instigators of the change, according to an article in The New York Times. Phil Lesh commented on the change in a November 30, 2005, posting to his personal web site:
A November 30 forum post from Brewster Kahle summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or streamed, but soundboard recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have since been re-added.
National security letters
On May 8, 2008, it was revealed that the Internet Archive had successfully challenged an FBI national security letter asking for logs on an undisclosed user.
On November 28, 2016, it was revealed that a second FBI national security letter had been successfully challenged that had been asking for logs on another undisclosed user.
Opposition to SOPA and PIPA bills
The Internet Archive blacked out its web site for 12 hours on January 18, 2012, in protest of the Stop Online Piracy Act and the PROTECT IP Act bills, two pieces of legislation in the United States Congress that they claimed would "negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that led to the emergence of the Internet Archive". This occurred in conjunction with the English Wikipedia blackout, as well as numerous other protests across the Internet.
Opposition to Google Books settlement
The Internet Archive is a member of the Open Book Alliance, which has been among the most outspoken critics of the Google Book Settlement. The Archive advocates an alternative digital library project.
Nintendo Power magazine
In February 2016, Internet Archive users had begun archiving digital copies of Nintendo Power, Nintendo's official magazine for their games and products, which ran from 1988 to 2012. The first 140 issues had been collected, before Nintendo had the archive removed on August 8, 2016. In response to the take-down, Nintendo told gaming website Polygon, "[Nintendo] must protect our own characters, trademarks and other content. The unapproved use of Nintendo's intellectual property can weaken our ability to protect and preserve it, or to possibly use it for new projects".
Government of India
In August 2017, the Department of Telecommunications of the Government of India blocked the Internet Archive along with other file-sharing websites, in accordance with two court orders issued by the Madras High Court, citing piracy concerns after copies of two Bollywood films were allegedly shared via the service. The HTTP version of the Archive was blocked but it remained accessible using the HTTPS protocol.
Turkey
On October 9, 2016, the Internet Archive was temporarily blocked in Turkey after it was used (amongst other file hosting services) by hackers to host 17 GB of leaked government emails.
Hosting of terrorist material
In May 2018, a report published by the cyber-security firm Flashpoint stated that the Islamic State was using the Internet Archive to share its propaganda. Chris Butler, from the Internet Archive, responded that they regularly spoke to the US and EU governments about sharing information on terrorism.
In April 2019, Europol, acting on a referral from French police, asked the Internet Archive to remove 550 sites of "terrorist propaganda". The Archive rejected the request, saying that the reports were wrong about the content they pointed to, or were too broad for the organisation to comply with.
National Emergency Library
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic which closed many schools, universities, and libraries, the Archive announced on March 24, 2020, that it was creating the National Emergency Library by removing the lending restrictions it had in place for 1.4 million digitized books in its Open Library but otherwise limiting users to the number of books they could check out and enforcing their return; normally, the site would only allow one digital lending for each physical copy of the book they had, by use of an encrypted file that would become unusable after the lending period was completed. This Library would remain as such until at least June 30, 2020, or until the US national emergency was over, whichever came later. At launch, the Internet Archive allowed authors and rightholders to submit opt-out requests for their works to be omitted from the National Emergency Library.
The Internet Archive said the National Emergency Library addressed an "unprecedented global and immediate need for access to reading and research material" due to the closures of physical libraries worldwide. They justified the move in a number of ways. Legally, they said they were promoting access to those inaccessible resources, which they claimed was an exercise in Fair Use principles. The Archive continued implementing their controlled digital lending policy that predated the National Emergency Library, meaning they still encrypted the lent copies and it was no easier for users to create new copies of the books than before. An ultimate determination of whether or not the National Emergency Library constituted Fair Use could only be made by a court. Morally, they also pointed out that the Internet Archive was a registered library like any other, that they either paid for the books themselves or received them as donations, and that lending through libraries predated copyright restrictions.
However, the Archive had already been criticized by authors and publishers for its prior lending approach, and upon announcement of the National Emergency Library, authors (like Neil Gaiman and Chuck Wendig), publishers, and groups representing both took further issue, equating the move to copyright infringement and digital piracy, and using the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason to push the boundaries of copyright (see also: ). After the works of some of these authors were ridiculed in responses, the Internet Archive's Jason Scott requested that supporters of the National Emergency Library not denigrate anyone's books: "I realize there's strong debate and disagreement here, but books are life-giving and life-changing and these writers made them."
Publishers' lawsuit
The operation of the National Emergency Library was part of a lawsuit filed against the Internet Archive by four major book publishers in June 2020, challenging the copyright validity of the controlled digital lending program. In response, the Internet Archive closed the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, rather than the planned June 30, 2020, due to the lawsuit. The plaintiffs, supported by the Copyright Alliance, claimed in their lawsuit that the Internet Archive's actions constituted a "willful mass copyright infringement". Additionally, Senator Thom Tillis (R-North Carolina), chairman of the intellectual property subcommittee on the Senate Judiciary Committee, said in a letter to the Internet Archive that he was "concerned that the Internet Archive thinks that it – not Congress – gets to determine the scope of copyright law". In August 2020 the lawsuit trial was tentatively scheduled to begin in November 2021.
As part of its response to the publishers' lawsuit, in late 2020 the Archive launched a campaign called Empowering Libraries (hashtag #EmpoweringLibraries) that portrayed the lawsuit as a threat to all libraries.
In December 2020, Publishers Weekly included the lawsuit among its "Top 10 Library Stories of 2020".
In a 2021 preprint article, Argyri Panezi argued that the case "presents two important, but separate questions related to the electronic access to library works; first, it raises questions around the legal practice of digital lending, and second, it asks whether emergency use of copyrighted material might be fair use" and argued that libraries have a public service role to enable "future generations to keep having equal access—or opportunities to access—a plurality of original sources".
Wayforward Machine
On 30 September 2021, as a part of its 25th anniversary celebration, Internet Archive launched the "Wayforward Machine", a pseudo-satirical or fictional website covered with pop-ups asking for personal information. The site was intended to depict a fictional dystopian timeline of real-world events leading to such a future, such as the repeal of Section 230 of the United States Code in 2022 and the introduction of advertising implants in 2041. There are plans to remove Wayforward Machine in 2022, after Internet Archive's 25th anniversary celebration.
Ceramic archivists collection
The Great Room of the Internet Archive features a collection of more than 100 ceramic figures representing employees of the Internet Archive. This collection, inspired by the statues of the Xian warriors in China, was commissioned by Brewster Kahle, sculpted by Nuala Creed, and is ongoing.
Artists in residence
The Internet Archive visual arts residency, organized by Amir Saber Esfahani, is designed to connect emerging and mid-career artists with the Archive's millions of collections and to show what is possible when open access to information intersects with the arts. During this one-year residency, selected artists develop a body of work that responds to and utilizes the Archive's collections in their own practice.
2019 Residency Artists: Caleb Duarte, Whitney Lynn, and Jeffrey Alan Scudder.
2018 Residency Artists: Mieke Marple, Chris Sollars, and Taravat Talepasand.
2017 Residency Artists: Laura Kim, Jeremiah Jenkins, and Jenny Odell
See also
List of online image archives
Public domain music
Similar projects
archive.today
Internet Memory Foundation
LibriVox
National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP)
National Digital Library Program (NDLP)
Project Gutenberg
UK Government Web Archive at The National Archives (United Kingdom)
UK Web Archive
WebCite
Other
Archive Team
Digital dark age
Digital preservation
Library Genesis
Heritrix
Link rot
Memory hole
PetaBox
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Internet Archive
1996 establishments in California
1996 in San Francisco
501(c)(3) organizations
Access to Knowledge movement
Articles containing video clips
Charities based in California
Foundations based in the United States
Internet properties established in 2001
Online archives of the United States
Organizations established in 1996
Public libraries in California
Richmond District, San Francisco
Sound archives
Web archiving initiatives
Tor onion services |
50720065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG%20Common%20Encryption | MPEG Common Encryption | MPEG Common Encryption (abbreviated MPEG-CENC) refers to a set of two MPEG standards governing different container formats:
for ISOBMFF, Common encryption in ISO base media file format files (ISO/IEC 23001-7:2016)
for MPEG-TS, Common encryption of MPEG-2 transport streams (ISO/IEC 23001-9:2016)
The specifications are compatible, so that conversion between the encrypted formats can happen without re-encryption.
They define metadata, specific to each format, about which parts of the stream are encrypted and by which encryption scheme. Each encryption scheme may have different methods to retrieve the decryption key.
Availability of the Standards
The standards can be purchased from iso.org, on paper and in digital forms. As of July 2016, the prices were 118 Swiss franc (US$122) for the ISOBMFF version, and 58 Swiss franc (US$60) for the TS version. An included copyright notice prohibits redistribution without written permission, also on local area networks. Each page is watermarked with the purchaser's name and company.
References
External links
"cenc" Initialization Data Format – a rough description, specific to ISOBMFF, of the Clear Key encryption scheme, intended for use in Encrypted Media Extensions
MPEG
Digital rights management standards |
3446949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol%20grounding%20problem | Symbol grounding problem | In cognitive science and semantics, the symbol grounding problem concerns how it is that words (symbols in general) get their meanings, and hence is closely related to the problem of what meaning itself really is. The problem of meaning is in turn related to the problem of how it is that mental states are meaningful, hence to the problem of consciousness: what is the connection between certain physical systems and the contents of subjective experiences.
Background
Referents
Gottlob Frege distinguished a referent (the thing that a word refers to) and the word's meaning. This is most clearly illustrated using the proper names of concrete individuals, but it is also true of names of kinds of things and of abstract properties: (1) "Tony Blair", (2) "the prime minister of the UK during the year 2004", and (3) "Cherie Blair's husband" all have the same referent, but not the same meaning.
Some have suggested that the meaning of a (referring) word is the rule or features that one must use in order to successfully pick out its referent. In that respect, (2) and (3) come closer to wearing their meanings on their sleeves, because they are explicitly stating a rule for picking out their referents: "Find whoever was prime minister of the UK during the year 2004", or "find whoever is Cherie's current husband". But that does not settle the matter, because there's still the problem of the meaning of the components of that rule ("prime minister", "UK", "during", "current", "Cherie", "husband"), and how to pick them out.
The phrase "Tony Blair" (or better still, just "Tony") does not have this recursive component problem, because it points straight to its referent, but how? If the meaning is the rule for picking out the referent, what is that rule, when we come down to non-decomposable components like proper names of individuals (or names of kinds, as in "an unmarried man" is a "bachelor")?
Referential process
Humans are able to pick out the intended referents of words, such as "Tony Blair" or "bachelor," but this process need not be explicit. It is probably an unreasonable expectation to know the explicit rule for picking out the intended referents.
So if we take a word's meaning to be the means of picking out its referent, then meanings are in our brains. That is meaning in the narrow sense. If we use "meaning" in a wider sense, then we may want to say that meanings include both the referents themselves and the means of picking them out. So if a word (say, "Tony-Blair") is located inside an entity (e.g., oneself) that can use the word and pick out its referent, then the word's wide meaning consists of both the means that that entity uses to pick out its referent, and the referent itself: a wide causal nexus between (1) a head, (2) a word inside it, (3) an object outside it, and (4) whatever "processing" is required in order to successfully connect the inner word to the outer object.
But what if the "entity" in which a word is located is not a head but a piece of paper (or a computer screen)? What is its meaning then? Surely all the (referring) words on this screen, for example, have meanings, just as they have referents.
In the 19th century, the semiotician Charles Sanders Peirce suggested what some think is a similar model: according to his triadic sign model, meaning requires (1) an interpreter, (2) a sign or representamen, (3) an object, and is (4) the virtual product of an endless regress and progress called semiosis. Some have interpreted Peirce as addressing the problem of grounding, feelings, and intentionality for the understanding of semiotic processes. In recent years, Peirce's theory of signs has been rediscovered by an increasing number of artificial intelligence researchers in the context of symbol grounding problem.
Grounding process
There would be no connection at all between written symbols and any intended referents if there were no minds mediating those intentions, via their own internal means of picking out those intended referents. So the meaning of a word on a page is "ungrounded." Nor would looking it up in a dictionary help: If one tried to look up the meaning of a word one did not understand in a dictionary of a language one did not already understand, one would just cycle endlessly from one meaningless definition to another. One's search for meaning would be ungrounded. In contrast, the meaning of the words in one's head—those words one does understand—are "grounded". That mental grounding of the meanings of words mediates between the words on any external page one reads (and understands) and the external objects to which those words refer.
Requirements for symbol grounding
Another symbol system is natural language (Fodor 1975). On paper or in a computer, language, too, is just a formal symbol system, manipulable by rules based on the arbitrary shapes of words. But in the brain, meaningless strings of squiggles become meaningful thoughts. Harnad has suggested two properties that might be required to make this difference:
Capacity to pick referents
Consciousness
Capacity to pick out referents
One property that static paper or, usually, even a dynamic computer lack that the brain possesses is the capacity to pick out symbols' referents. This is what we were discussing earlier, and it is what the hitherto undefined term "grounding" refers to. A symbol system alone, whether static or dynamic, cannot have this capacity (any more than a book can), because picking out referents is not just a computational (implementation-independent) property; it is a dynamical (implementation-dependent) property.
To be grounded, the symbol system would have to be augmented with nonsymbolic, sensorimotor capacities—the capacity to interact autonomously with that world of objects, events, actions, properties and states that their symbols are systematically interpretable (by us) as referring to. It would have to be able to pick out the referents of its symbols, and its sensorimotor interactions with the world would have to fit coherently with the symbols' interpretations.
The symbols, in other words, need to be connected directly to (i.e., grounded in) their referents; the connection must not be dependent only on the connections made by the brains of external interpreters like us. Just the symbol system alone, without this capacity for direct grounding, is not a viable candidate for being whatever it is that is really going on in our brains when we think meaningful thoughts (Cangelosi & Harnad 2001).
Meaning as the ability to recognize instances (of objects) or perform actions is specifically treated in the paradigm called "Procedural Semantics", described in a number of papers including "Procedural Semantics" by Philip N. Johnson-Laird and expanded by William A. Woods in "Meaning and Links". A brief summary in Woods' paper reads: "The idea of procedural semantics is that the semantics of natural language sentences can be characterized in a formalism whose meanings are defined by abstract procedures that a computer (or a person) can either execute or reason about. In this theory the meaning of a noun is a procedure for recognizing or generating instances, the meaning of a proposition is a procedure for determining if it is true or false, and the meaning of an action is the ability to do the action or to tell if it has been done."
Consciousness
The necessity of groundedness, in other words, takes us from the level of the pen-pal Turing test, which is purely symbolic (computational), to the robotic Turing test, which is hybrid symbolic/sensorimotor (Harnad 2000, 2007). Meaning is grounded in the robotic capacity to detect, categorize, identify, and act upon the things that words and sentences refer to (see entries for Affordance and for Categorical perception). On the other hand, if the symbols (words and sentences) refer to the very bits of '0' and '1', directly connected to their electronic implementations, which a (any?) computer system can readily manipulate (thus detect, categorize, identify and act upon), then even non-robotic computer systems could be said to be "sensorimotor" and hence able to "ground" symbols in this narrow domain.
To categorize is to do the right thing with the right kind of thing. The categorizer must be able to detect the sensorimotor features of the members of the category that reliably distinguish them from the nonmembers. These feature-detectors must either be inborn or learned. The learning can be based on trial and error induction, guided by feedback from the consequences of correct and incorrect categorization; or, in our own linguistic species, the learning can also be based on verbal descriptions or definitions. The description or definition of a new category, however, can only convey the category and ground its name if the words in the definition are themselves already grounded category names (Blondin-Massé et al. 2008). So ultimately grounding has to be sensorimotor, to avoid infinite regress (Harnad 2005).
But if groundedness is a necessary condition for meaning, is it a sufficient one? Not necessarily, for it is possible that even a robot that could pass the Turing test, "living" amongst the rest of us indistinguishably for a lifetime, would fail to have in its head what Searle has in his: It could be a p-zombie, with no one home, feeling feelings, meaning meanings (Harnad 1995). However, it is possible that different interpreters (including different intelligent species of animals) would have different mechanisms for producing meaning in their systems, thus one cannot require that a system different from a human "experiences" meaning in the same way that a human does, and vice versa.
Harnad thus points at consciousness as a second property. The problem of discovering the causal mechanism for successfully picking out the referent of a category name can in principle be solved by cognitive science. But the problem of explaining how consciousness could play an "independent" role in doing so is probably insoluble, except on pain of telekinetic dualism. Perhaps symbol grounding (i.e., robotic TT capacity) is enough to ensure that conscious meaning is present, but then again, perhaps not. In either case, there is no way we can hope to be any the wiser—and that is Turing's methodological point (Harnad 2001b, 2003, 2006).
Formulation
To answer this question we have to formulate the symbol grounding problem itself (Harnad 1990):
Functionalism
There is a school of thought according to which the computer is more like the brain—or rather, the brain is more like the computer. According to this view (called "computationalism", a variety of functionalism), the future theory explaining how the brain picks out its referents, (the theory that cognitive neuroscience may eventually arrive at) will be a purely computational one (Pylyshyn 1984). A computational theory is a theory at the software level. It is essentially a computer algorithm: a set of rules for manipulating symbols. And the algorithm is "implementation-independent." That means that whatever it is that an algorithm is doing, it will do the same thing no matter what hardware it is executed on. The physical details of the dynamical system implementing the computation are irrelevant to the computation itself, which is purely formal; any hardware that can run the computation will do, and all physical implementations of that particular computer algorithm are equivalent, computationally.
A computer can execute any computation. Hence once computationalism finds a proper computer algorithm, one that our brain could be running when there is meaning transpiring in our heads, meaning will be transpiring in that computer too, when it implements that algorithm.
How would we know that we have a proper computer algorithm? It would have to be able to pass the Turing test. That means it would have to be capable of corresponding with any human being as a pen-pal, for a lifetime, without ever being in any way distinguishable from a real human pen-pal.
Searle's Chinese room argument
John Searle formulated the "Chinese room argument" in order to disprove computationalism. The Chinese room argument is based on a thought experiment: in it, Searle stated that if the Turing test were conducted in Chinese, then he himself, Searle (who does not understand Chinese), could execute a program that implements the same algorithm that the computer was using without knowing what any of the words he was manipulating meant.
At first glance, it would seem that if there's no meaning going on inside Searle's head when he is implementing that program, then there's no meaning going on inside the computer when it is the one implementing the algorithm either, computation being implementation-independent. But on a closer look, for a person to execute the same program that a computer would, at very least it would have to have access to a similar bank of memory that the computer has (most likely externally stored). This means that the new computational system that executes the same algorithm is no longer just Searle's original head, but that plus the memory bank (and possibly other devices).
In particular, this additional memory could store a digital representation of the intended referent of different words (like images, sounds, even video sequences), that the algorithm would use as a model of, and to derive features associated with, the intended referent. The "meaning" then is not to be searched in just Searle's original brain, but in the overall system needed to process the algorithm. Just like when Searle is reading English words, the meaning is not to be located in isolated logical processing areas of the brain, but probably in the overall brain, likely including specific long-term memory areas. Thus, Searle's not perceiving any meaning in his head alone when simulating the work of a computer, does not imply lack of meaning in the overall system, and thus in the actual computer system passing an advanced Turing test.
Implications
How does Searle know that there is no meaning going on in his head when he is executing such a Turing-test-passing program? Exactly the same way he knows whether there is or is not meaning going on inside his head under any other conditions: He understands the words of English, whereas the Chinese symbols that he is manipulating according to the algorithm's rules mean nothing whatsoever to him (and there is no one else in his head for them to mean anything to). However, the complete system that is manipulating those Chinese symbols – which is not just Searle's brain, as explained in the previous section – may have the ability to extract meaning from those symbols, in the sense of being able to use internal (memory) models of the intended referents, pick out the intended referents of those symbols, and generally identifying and using their features appropriately.
Note that in pointing out that the Chinese words would be meaningless to him under those conditions, Searle has appealed to consciousness. Otherwise one could argue that there would be meaning going on in Searle's head under those conditions, but that Searle himself would simply not be conscious of it. That is called the "Systems Reply" to Searle's Chinese Room Argument, and Searle rejects the Systems Reply as being merely a reiteration, in the face of negative evidence, of the very thesis (computationalism) that is on trial in his thought-experiment: "Are words in a running computation like the ungrounded words on a page, meaningless without the mediation of brains, or are they like the grounded words in brains?"
In this either/or question, the (still undefined) word "ungrounded" has implicitly relied on the difference between inert words on a page and consciously meaningful words in our heads. And Searle is asserting that under these conditions (the Chinese Turing test), the words in his head would not be consciously meaningful, hence they would still be as ungrounded as the inert words on a page.
So if Searle is right, that (1) both the words on a page and those in any running computer program (including a Turing-test-passing computer program) are meaningless in and of themselves, and hence that (2) whatever it is that the brain is doing to generate meaning can't be just implementation-independent computation, then what is the brain doing to generate meaning (Harnad 2001a)?
Brentano's notion of intentionality
"Intentionality" has been called the "mark of the mental" because of some observations by the philosopher Brentano to the effect that mental states always have an inherent, intended (mental) object or content toward which they are "directed": One sees something, wants something, believes something, desires something, understands something, means something etc., and that object is always something that one has in mind. Having a mental object is part of having anything in mind. Hence it is the mark of the mental. There are no "free-floating" mental states that do not also have a mental object. Even hallucinations and imaginings have an object, and even feeling depressed feels like something. Nor is the object the "external" physical object, when there is one. One may see a real chair, but the "intentional" object of one's "intentional state" is the mental chair one has in mind. (Yet another term for intentionality has been "aboutness" or "representationality": thoughts are always about something; they are (mental) "representations" of something; but that something is what it is that the thinker has in mind, not whatever external object may or may not correspond to it.)
If this all sounds like skating over the surface of a problem rather than a real break-through, then the foregoing description has had its intended effect: neither the problem of intentionality is the symbol grounding problem; nor is grounding symbols the solution to the problem of intentionality. The symbols inside an autonomous dynamical symbol system that is able to pass the robotic Turing test are grounded, in that, unlike in the case of an ungrounded symbol system, they do not depend on the mediation of the mind of an external interpreter to connect them to the external objects that they are interpretable (by the interpreter) as being "about"; the connection is autonomous, direct, and unmediated. But grounding is not meaning. Grounding is an input/output performance function. Grounding connects the sensory inputs from external objects to internal symbols and states occurring within an autonomous sensorimotor system, guiding the system's resulting processing and output.
Meaning, in contrast, is something mental. But to try to put a halt to the name-game of proliferating nonexplanatory synonyms for the mind/body problem without solving it (or, worse, implying that there is more than one mind/body problem), let us cite just one more thing that requires no further explication: feeling. The only thing that distinguishes an internal state that merely has grounding from one that has meaning is that it feels like something to be in the meaning state, whereas it does not feel like anything to be in the merely grounded functional state. Grounding is a functional matter; feeling is a felt matter. And that is the real source of Brentano's vexed peekaboo relation between "intentionality" and its internal "intentional object". All mental states, in addition to being the functional states of an autonomous dynamical system, are also feeling states. Feelings are not merely "functed," as all other physical states are; feelings are also felt.
Hence feeling (sentience) is the real mark of the mental. But the symbol grounding problem is not the same as the mind/body problem, let alone a solution to it. The mind/body problem is actually the feeling/function problem, and symbol-grounding touches only its functional component. This does not detract from the importance of the symbol grounding problem, but just reflects that it is a keystone piece to the bigger puzzle called the mind.
The neuroscientist Antonio Damasio investigates this marking function of feelings and emotions in his somatic marker hypothesis. Damasio adds the notion of biologic homeostasis to this discussion, presenting it as an automated bodily regulation process providing intentionality to a mind via emotions. Homeostasis is the mechanism that keeps all bodily processes in healthy balance. All of our actions and perceptions will be automatically "evaluated" by our body hardware according to their contribution to homeostasis. This gives us an implicit orientation on how to survive. Such bodily or somatic evaluations can come to our mind in the form of conscious and non-conscious feelings ("gut feelings") and lead our decision-making process. The meaning of a word can be roughly conceptualized as the sum of its associations and their expected contribution to homeostasis, where associations are reconstructions of sensorimotor perceptions that appeared in contiguity with the word. Yet, the somatic marker hypothesis is still hotly debated and critics claim that it has failed to clearly demonstrate how these processes interact at a psychological and evolutionary level. The recurrent question that the somatic marker hypothesis does not address remains: how and why does homeostasis (as in any servomechanism such as a thermostat and furnace) become felt homeostasis?
See also
Binding problem
Categorical perception
Communicative action
Consciousness
Formal language
Formal system
Frame problem
Hermeneutics
Interpretation
Physical symbol system
Pragmatics
Semantics
Semiosis
Semiotics
Sign
Sign relation
Situated cognition
Syntax
Turing machine
Notes
References
Note: This article is based on an entry originally published in Nature/Macmillan Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science that has since been revised by the author and the Wikipedia community.
Blondin Masse, A, G. Chicoisne, Y. Gargouri, S. Harnad, O. Picard, O. Marcotte (2008) How Is Meaning Grounded in Dictionary Definitions? TextGraphs-3 Workshop, 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Coling 2008, Manchester, 18–22 August 2008
Cangelosi, A. & Harnad, S. (2001) The Adaptive Advantage of Symbolic Theft Over Sensorimotor Toil: Grounding Language in Perceptual Categories. Evolution of Communication 4(1) 117–142.
Cangelosi, A.; Greco, A.; Harnad, S. From robotic toil to symbolic theft: grounding transfer from entry-level to higher-level categories. Connection Science12(2) 143–62.
Fodor, J. A. (1975) The language of thought. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell
Frege, G. (1952/1892). On sense and reference. In P. Geach and M. Black, Eds., Translations of the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege. Oxford: Blackwell
Harnad, S. (1990) The Symbol Grounding Problem. Physica D 42: 335–346.
Harnad, S. (1992) There Is Only One Mind/Body Problem. Symposium on the Perception of Intentionality, XXV World Congress of Psychology, Brussels, Belgium, July 1992 International Journal of Psychology 27: 521
Harnad, S. (1994) Computation Is Just Interpretable Symbol Manipulation: Cognition Isn't. Minds and Machines 4:379–390 (Special Issue on "What Is Computation")
Harnad, S. (1995) Why and How We Are Not Zombies. Journal of Consciousness Studies 1: 164–167.
Harnad, S. (2000) Minds, Machines and Turing: The Indistinguishability of Indistinguishables. Journal of Logic, Language, and Information 9(4): 425–445. (Special Issue on "Alan Turing and Artificial Intelligence")
Harnad, S. (2001a) Minds, Machines and Searle II: What's Wrong and Right About Searle's Chinese Room Argument? In: M. Bishop & J. Preston (eds.) Essays on Searle's Chinese Room Argument. Oxford University Press.
Harnad, S. (2001b) No Easy Way Out. The Sciences 41(2) 36–42.
Harnad, Stevan (2001a) Explaining the Mind: Problems, Problems. The Sciences 41: 36–42.
Harnad, Stevan (2001b) The Mind/Body Problem is the Feeling/Function Problem: Harnad on Dennett on Chalmers. Technical Report. Department of Electronics and Computer Sciences. University of Southampton.
Harnad, S. (2003) Can a Machine Be Conscious? How?. Journal of Consciousness Studies 10(4–5): 69–75.
Harnad, S. (2005) To Cognize is to Categorize: Cognition is categorization. in Lefebvre, C. and Cohen, H., Eds. Handbook of Categorization. Elsevier.
Harnad, S. (2007) The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery and Intelligence. In: Epstein, Robert & Peters, Grace (Eds.) The Turing Test Sourcebook: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer. Kluwer
Harnad, S. (2006) Cohabitation: Computation at 70 Cognition at 20. In Dedrick, D., Eds. Essays in Honour of Zenon Pylyshyn.
MacDorman, Karl F. (1999). Grounding symbols through sensorimotor integration. Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan, 17(1), 20–24. Online version
MacDorman, Karl F. (2007). Life after the symbol system metaphor. Interaction Studies, 8(1), 143–158. Online version
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984) Computation and cognition. Cambridge MA: MIT/Bradford
Searle, John. R. (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3(3): 417–457
Taddeo, Mariarosaria & Floridi, Luciano (2005). The symbol grounding problem: A critical review of fifteen years of research. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 17(4), 419–445. Online version
Turing, A.M. (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind 49 433–460 [Reprinted in Minds and machines. A. Anderson (ed.), Engelwood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1964.]
Cognitive science
Symbolism
Arguments in philosophy of mind
Semantics
Philosophy of language |
37986494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20of%20the%20Press%20Foundation | Freedom of the Press Foundation | Freedom of the Press Foundation (FPF) is a non-profit organization founded in 2012 to fund and support free speech and freedom of the press. The organization originally managed crowd-funding campaigns for independent journalistic organizations, but now pursues technical projects to support journalists' digital security and conducts legal advocacy for journalists.
The foundation's SecureDrop platform aims to allow confidential and secure communication between journalists and their sources, and has been adopted by more than 65 news organizations globally. It also manages the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, a database of press freedom violations in the United States.
The organization's board of directors has included prominent journalists and whistleblowers such as Daniel Ellsberg, Laura Poitras, Glenn Greenwald, and Xeni Jardin, as well as activists, celebrities, and filmmakers. NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden joined FPF's board of directors in 2014 and began serving as its president in early 2016. Jardin left the board in 2016.
Crowdfunding
The organization's founding was inspired by the WikiLeaks financial blockade. In late 2012, FPF's launch re-enabled donations to WikiLeaks via Visa, MasterCard, and PayPal, after the payment processors cut off WikiLeaks in late 2010. In December 2017, after five years of processing donations on behalf of WikiLeaks, FPF's board unanimously found that the blockade was no longer in effect, and severed ties with WikiLeaks as of January 8, 2018.
FPF has also crowd-funded support for a variety of other transparency journalism organizations, as well as encryption tools used by journalists, including: WikiLeaks, MuckRock, the National Security Archive, The UpTake, The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, the Center for Public Integrity, Truthout, the LEAP Encryption Access Project, Open Whisper Systems, Tails, and the Tor Project.
In May 2013, FPF raised over $100,000 in online donations to hire a professional court stenographer to take transcripts during the trial of whistleblower Chelsea Manning after the government refused to make its transcripts available to the public. They posted the transcripts online at the end of each day of the trial for members of the media to use in their reports. Secrecy expert Steven Aftergood later called the crowd-funding effort "unprecedented", saying "it eloquently demonstrated public expectations of openness...the court and the prosecutors may have been shamed into reconsidering their habitual secrecy."
In October 2014, FPF raised over $28,000 for New Zealand independent journalist Nicky Hager to fund his legal challenge against the government of New Zealand after his house was raided by police. The raid reportedly was an attempt to uncover one or more of Hager's anonymous sources used in his book Dirty Politics. A court later ruled the raid of Hager's house was illegal.
In 2015, FPF raised more than $125,000 in online donations for Chelsea Manning's legal defense stemming from her conviction under the Espionage Act for leaking information to WikiLeaks. Notwithstanding the January 2017 commutation of her sentence and May 2017 release from prison, Manning's military appeal is ongoing.
As of June 2018, FPF accepts donations with crypto-currencies. On April 16, 2021, Edward Snowden raised 2,224 ETH (around $5.4 million) to benefit Freedom of the Press Foundation through the sale of an NFT on foundation.app. This signed work, titled "Stay Free", combines the entirety of a landmark court decision ruling the National Security Agency's mass surveillance violated the law, with the portrait of the whistleblower by Platon. This is the largest donation in the history of the organization.
Technical projects
In October 2013, FPF took over the development of SecureDrop, a free software whistleblower submission system developed in part by the late programmer and transparency activist Aaron Swartz. Swartz developed SecureDrop with Kevin Poulsen and James Dolan. Dolan moved it to FPF upon the death of Swartz. The SecureDrop system facilitates anonymous communication between two parties using the Tor Network, and allows whistleblowers to contact journalists without ever exchanging one another's identities or contact information.
The system is now in use at more than 65 news organizations, including The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Guardian, ProPublica, HuffPost, NBC News, and The Intercept. According to a study done by the Columbia Journalism School, it has since successfully led to the publication of many stories at the news organizations that use it.
FPF also teaches journalists how to use other encryption methods and digital security tools to better protect their sources.
In collaboration with The Guardian Project, FPF released a free and open-source mobile app named Haven in 2017. Haven turns an Android device into a security sensor and, optionally, alerts the device owner to activity occurring in its vicinity.
Legal activism
Freedom of the Press Foundation has been involved in several Freedom of Information Act cases surrounding journalists' rights and government transparency.
In January 2016, FPF's lawsuit against the Justice Department revealed that the US government has secret rules for targeting journalists with National Security Letters (NSLs) and FISA court orders.
In March 2016, another FPF lawsuit showed that the Obama administration secretly lobbied against bipartisan Freedom of Information Act reform in Congress, despite the bill being based word-for-word on the Obama administration's supposed transparency guidelines.
Awards
FPF co-founders Daniel Ellsberg, John Perry Barlow, Trevor Timm, and Rainey Reitman won the 2013 Hugh Hefner First Amendment award for their role in founding FPF. The organization was the recipient of the Society of Professional Journalists' James Madison award in 2016.
See also
Committee to Protect Journalists
Citizen journalism
Electronic Frontier Foundation
Journalism ethics and standards
Open Technology Fund
Reporters Without Borders
References
External links
2012 establishments in the United States
Freedom of the press
WikiLeaks
Freedom of expression organizations
Foundations based in the United States
Organizations established in 2012 |
47918129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoWarrior | GoWarrior | GoWarrior is an open-source and community-supported computing platform. GoWarrior is designed for the world of makers, hackers, educators, hobbyists, and newbies to build electronics projects. It offers a complete package of hardware, software and cloud service.
TIGER Board
TIGER Board is a single-board computer performs as hardware for GoWarrior platform. It contains ARM Cortex A9[3] based M3733-AFAAA (SoC), ARM Mali-400 MP2, as well as integrated 1GB DDR3 RAM.
Hardware specification
GoWarrior specifications are:
Available operating systems
GoDroid
GoDroid is an Android KitKat 4.4.4. based optimized operating system for GoWarrior platform. In addition to original Android functionalities, GoDroid pre-integrates some useful middleware components and libraries, as well as some self-developed function blocks, which makes it also a software development kit for Android applications.
Features
Booting option
GoDroid supports booting from NAND Flash or from MicroSD card that contains the boot code and image files.
Multimedia
By replacing Android native media engine StageFright with GStreamer and utilizing hardware acceleration facilities, GoDroid supports various audio/video/container hardware decoding and multiple network protocols including Microsoft Smooth Streaming, HTTP Live Streaming and KODI 14.2 has variety of supported video/audio plug-ins.
Wireless display standards
Besides the screen mirroring function of Android Miracast, GoDroid also implements DLNA system service for sharing digital media among multimedia devices. DMR, DMS and DMP are supported.
Programming language
In addition to C/C++/Java, GoDroid also integrates QPython2engine for Python 2 programming on Android.
Inter-connection with other OSH platform
TIGER Board provides 2 sets of 40-pin expansion headers, one of which is compatible to Raspberry Pi connector. Raspberry Pi Python applications can be ported and run on GoDroid.
Integrated development environment
GoDroid supports Android Studio as application IDE. With API level 19 configuration to match GoDroid provides the availability of not only original Android API, but also proprietary extended API, such as GPIO/IC2/SPI/PWM.
Debugging
GoDroid supports standard ADB debugging via Ethernet, Wi-Fi and USB.
GoBian
GoBian is a Linux-embedded operating system running on TIGER Board for the GoWarrior platform.
GoBian is developed based on Raspbian which is from Debian 7 wheezy armhf, and differs from Raspbian for the extra features, for example, GoBian encapsulates the RPi.gpio and other I/O libraries to facilitate transplanting projects which use the related libraries from Raspberry Pi to TIGER Board. Furthermore, GoBian provides support for multimedia by integrating GOF, KODI and other middle-ware modules and applications out-of-the-box.
Features
Networking & remote access
GoBian enables the Internet connection through Ethernet or Wi-Fi through the Ethernet port and Wi-Fi module on TIGER Board, and thus supports various methods to access the projects and transfer data, such as FTP, SSH.
Timekeeping
GoBian automatically synchronizes the system time with Internet time servers using the NTP protocol.
File system
GoBian integrates a built-in file system for data management.
Built-in programming environments
C, C++, Python, Perl, and shell script.
I/O interfaces
GoBian lets you call the GPIO/I2C/UART/SPI interfaces directly in your projects with the built-in RPi.gpio and other libraries.
Multimedia
GoBian makes it easy for the secondary development of multimedia applications with the customized GOF middle-ware for TIGER Board.
Multitasking
The on-board M3733-AFAAA processor makes GoBian a multitasking system with good performance.
Linux software
The software programs that are available for Debian are basically compatible with GoBian.
Low-power sleep mode
GoBian supports the ultra-power-saving sleep mode (PMU Standby), with the entire board power consumption as low as 0.35W.
Multi-screen sharing
GoBian integrates with DLNA to fully support the multimedia sharing and multi-screen interaction.
Community support
The GoWarrior community is already launched to support your projects with GoBian.
CloudQ
CloudQ is a comprehensive back-end community support to help users easily build up their projects.
References
External links
GoWarrior
ARM
Single-board computers
Linux-based devices
ARM architecture
Internet of things
Open hardware electronic devices
Educational hardware |
721751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Army%20Medical%20Command | United States Army Medical Command | The U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) is a direct reporting unit of the U.S. Army that formerly provided command and control of the Army's fixed-facility medical, dental, and veterinary treatment facilities, providing preventive care, medical research and development and training institutions. On 1 October 2019, operational and administrative control of all military and veteran medical facilities transitioned to the Defense Health Agency.
MEDCOM is commanded by the Surgeon General of the United States Army, Lt. Gen. R. Scott Dingle. The Surgeon General is also head of the U.S. Army Medical Department (the AMEDD).
Peacetime garrison medicine until 2019
MEDCOM maintained day-to-day health care for soldiers, retired soldiers and the families of both. Despite the wide range of responsibilities involved in providing health care in traditional settings, as well as on the battlefield, it was claimed that quality of care compared very favorably with that of civilian health organizations, when measured by civilian standards, according to findings of the DoD's Civilian External Peer Review Program (CEPRP).
Deployments
Historically, when Army field hospitals deployed, most clinical professional and support personnel came from MEDCOM's fixed facilities. In addition to support of combat operations, deployments were for humanitarian assistance, peacekeeping, and other stability and support operations. Under the Professional Officer Filler System (PROFIS), up to 26 percent of MEDCOM physicians and 43 percent of MEDCOM nurses were sent to field units during a full deployment.
Medical personnel are now MTOE Assigned Personnel, referred to as "MAPED" or "Reverse PROFIS." Under the new system, personnel are assigned to the MTOE (Modified Table of Organization and Equipment) unit with duty assigned elsewhere to support TDA facility operations. To substitute staff, Reserve units and Individual Mobilization Augmentees (non-unit reservists) are mobilized to work in medical treatment facilities. The department also provides trained medical specialists to the Army's combat medical units, which are assigned directly to combatant commanders.
Many Army Reserve and Army National Guard units deploy in support of the Army Medical Department. The Army depends heavily on its Reserve component for medical support—about 63 percent of the Army's medical forces are in the Reserve component. The concept of the Expeditionary Resuscitative Surgical Team (ERST) has been around for several years. However, an official force requisition for ERST Teams was relayed to LTG Nadja West, former Army Surgeon General, in January 2016. ERST falls under the command and control of Medical command (MEDCOM) for the US Army. ERST Training consists of 3 weeks that is split between Fort Sam Houston, TX and Camp Bullis, TX.
The first ERST Team was rapidly integrated and deployed in May 2016 as ERST 1. The training conducted to prepare the clinicians chosen for ERST is austere, arduous, and stressful. Often, clinicians must do complex procedures and care for patients in these training environments for prolonged periods of time, and with limited resources. ERST is also trained on operational decision making and planning to better posture them for the Special Operation Forces (SOF) environment. The members of the team are selected by their respective military occupational specialty's (MOS) consultant to the surgeon general. The consultant for the MOS then sends the candidate's name to The Surgeon General (TSG) for final approval. Selected members must be physically fit, subject matter experts in their fields, and ready to serve in a highly demanding position. An ERST Consists of elite 8 members. One Certified Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA), One General Surgeon, One Orthopaedic Physician's Assistant (PA), One Emergency Department Physician, One Critical Care Intensivist, One Surgical Technician, One Emergency Department Critical Care RN, and one Intensive Care/Critical Care RN. These members have also usually served on prior deployments within their medical capacity.
The team can be broken into three sub-units; Damage Control Resuscitation (DCR Team), Damage Control Surgery (DCS Team), and Critical Care Evacuation Team (CCET). The DCR Team is composed of the ED Physician and ER RN. The DCR Team consists of the General Surgeon, Ortho PA, CRNA, and the Surgical Technician. CCET Team includes the Intensivist and ICU Critical Care RN. ERST's mission is to deploy far forward with SOF units, decreasing the time between point of injury (POI) to surgical care in austere environments while also being as light and mobile as possible. At this time, ERST has only served in Africa Command's area of responsibility (AOR).
Currently, there are only six ERST Teams in existence. With the deactivation of Medical Command (MEDCOM), the ERST Mission will be assumed by another organization within the Army as Defense Health Agency (DHA) continues to gain control over all TDA medical facilities in the Army, Air Force, and Navy.
History
As the post–Cold War Army shrank, the U.S. Army's Health Services Command (HSC) decided to change the way it did business and operate more like a corporation. In 1992, HSC launched "Gateway To Care", a businesslike approach to health-care delivery. This was to be localized managed care, with improved quality, access and cost. In a design based more on catchment-area management than the previous "CHAMPUS Reform Initiative" (CRI), U.S. Army hospital commanders received more responsibility and managerial authority. Eleven "Gateway to Care sites opened in the spring of 1992. By that fall, all HSC facilities had submitted business plans which were favorably received. Starting in 1994, "Gateway To Care" was gradually absorbed into a new regional Defense Department tri-service managed-care plan called TRICARE, which was modeled on CRI.
In August 1993, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff approved a plan to reorganize the AMEDD. The merger of several medical elements resulted in a new, expanded medical major command under the Surgeon General. In October 1993, the "U.S. Army Medical Command (Provisional)" began a one-year process of replacing HSC and absorbing other AMEDD elements. Surgeon General Lt. Gen. Alcide M. LaNoue commanded the provisional MEDCOM, while Maj. Gen. Richard D. Cameron continued as HSC commander. In November 1993, DENCOM and VETCOM were formed as provisional commands under the MEDCOM, to provide real command chains for more efficient control of dental and veterinary units—the first time those specialties had been commanded by the same authorities who provided their technical guidance. The next month, seven MEDCEN commanders assumed command and control over care in their regions. The new "Health Service Support Areas" (HSSAs), under the MEDCOM, had more responsibility and authority than the old HSC regions.
In March 1994, a merger of Medical Research and Development Command, the Medical Material Agency and the Health Facilities Planning Agency resulted in creation of the Medical Research, Development, Acquisition and Logistics Command (MRDALC), subordinate to the provisional MEDCOM. The MRDALC was soon renamed the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC). Then, in June 1994, an additional HSSA was formed to supervise medical care in Europe, replacing the 7th Medical Command, which inactivated. That summer, the Army Environmental Hygiene Agency formed the basis of the provisional Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (CHPPM).
Thus, in an unprecedented process of unification, U.S. Army medicine gradually came together in a new home under the command of the Surgeon General. Except for the field medical units commanded by the combat commanders, virtually all of Army Medicine is now part of the MEDCOM. The MEDCOM became fully operational, dropping the "provisional," in October 1994. In 1996, the HSSAs were renamed Regional Medical Commands and later in 2016, to Regional Health Commands.
Transition circa 2019
"The Defense Health Agency is assuming administration and management responsibilities from the Army, Navy and Air Force for all military hospitals and clinics [as of] 1 Oct. 2019. Congress initiated this change in administration and management because they saw a need for a more flexible, adaptable, effective and integrated system to manage [U.S. military medical] facilities.
DHA will initially oversee these facilities through a direct support relationship with the Military Medical Department intermediate management organizations. The DHA will relieve the Military Departments of this support during a transition period in which responsibility for specific health care and administrative functions are fully transferred from the Military Departments to the DHA.
DHA is establishing a market-based structure to manage the hospitals and clinics. These market organizations will provide shared administrative services to the hospitals and clinics in their region. They will be responsible for generating medical readiness of active duty members and families in their regions, as well as ensuring the readiness of their medical personnel."
Other responsibilities formerly assigned to MEDCOM have also been transferred, as of 1 October 2019. Logistics and materiel research and supply have been assigned to United States Army Materiel Command, and medical training is now the responsibility of Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). The Army Medical Department Center & School (AMEDDC&S) has been renamed the Army Medical Center of Excellence. The Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, was transferred to the direct control of the Defense Health Agency.
Previous subordinate commands of MEDCOM also included the United States Army Dental Command, Fort Sam Houston, TX.
The Army Medical Department ("the AMEDD") remains, as an overall administrative body, including the Medical Corps, Nurse Corps, Dental Corps, Veterinary Corps, Medical Service Corps, and Medical Specialist Corps.
Structure
Office of the Surgeon General Medical Command Headquarters
Ambassador Program
AMEDD DoD/VA Program Office
U.S. Army Public Health Center, previously known as the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion & Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) prior to 1 October 2009; it and the U.S. Army Veterinary Command (VETCOM) were merged in 2011 to create USAPHC.
Rehabilitation and Reintegration Division
Reserve Affairs
Warrior Care & Transition
MEDCOM is also divided into Regional Health Commands (RHCs) that oversee day-to-day operations and exercise command and control over the Medical Treatment Facilities in their regions. There are currently four of these regional commands:
Regional Health Command-Europe
Landstuhl Army Medical Center, Germany
Other hospitals and installations
Regional Health Command-Central
Bayne-Jones ACH, Fort Polk, LA
San Antonio Military Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio, TX
Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center, Fort Hood, TX
Evans ACH, Fort Carson, CO
General Leonard Wood ACH, Fort Leonard Wood, MO
William Beaumont Army Medical Center, Ft. Bliss, TX
Other hospitals and installations
Regional Health Command-Atlantic
Womack Army Medical Center, Ft. Bragg, NC
Other hospitals and installations
Regional Health Command-Pacific
Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA
Other hospitals and installations
Medical Research & Materiel Command
6th Medical Logistics Management Center
Armed Forces Institute of Regenerative Medicine
Armed Forces Medical Examiner System
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences
Blast Injury Research Program
Clinical and Rehabilitative Medicine Research Program
Combat Casualty Care Research Program
Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs
Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury
National Museum of Health and Medicine
U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory
U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research
U.S. Army Dental & Craniofacial Trauma Research Directorate
U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research
U.S. Army Medical Materiel Agency
U.S. Army Medical Materiel Center – Europe
U.S. Army Medical Materiel Center – Korea
U.S. Army Medical Materiel Development Activity
U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
U.S. Army Research Unit - Kenya
See also
:List of former United States Army medical units
References
External links
https://armymedicine.health.mil/
This article also contains information that originally came from US Government publications and websites and is in the public domain.
1993 establishments in the United States
Military units and formations established in 1993
Medical Command |
1070476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar%20checker | Grammar checker | A grammar checker, in computing terms, is a program, or part of a program, that attempts to verify written text for grammatical correctness. Grammar checkers are most often implemented as a feature of a larger program, such as a word processor, but are also available as a stand-alone application that can be activated from within programs that work with editable text.
The implementation of a grammar checker makes use of natural language processing.
History
The earliest "grammar checkers" were programs that checked for punctuation and style inconsistencies, rather than a complete range of possible grammatical errors. The first system was called Writer's Workbench, and was a set of writing tools included with Unix systems as far back as the 1970s. The whole Writer's Workbench package included several separate tools to check for various writing problems. The "diction" tool checked for wordy, trite, clichéd or misused phrases in a text. The tool would output a list of questionable phrases, and provide suggestions for improving the writing. The "style" tool analyzed the writing style of a given text. It performed a number of readability tests on the text and output the results, and gave some statistical information about the sentences of the text.
Aspen Software of Albuquerque, New Mexico released the earliest version of a diction and style checker for personal computers, Grammatik, in 1981. Grammatik was first available for a Radio Shack - TRS-80, and soon had versions for CP/M and the IBM PC. Reference Software of San Francisco, California, acquired Grammatik in 1985. Development of Grammatik continued, and it became an actual grammar checker that could detect writing errors beyond simple style checking.
Other early diction and style checking programs included Punctuation & Style, Correct Grammar, RightWriter and PowerEdit. While all the earliest programs started out as simple diction and style checkers, all eventually added various levels of language processing, and developed some level of true grammar checking capability.
Until 1992, grammar checkers were sold as add-on programs. There were a large number of different word processing programs available at that time, with WordPerfect and Microsoft Word the top two in market share. In 1992, Microsoft decided to add grammar checking as a feature of Word, and licensed CorrecText, a grammar checker from Houghton Mifflin that had not yet been marketed as a standalone product. WordPerfect answered Microsoft's move by acquiring Reference Software, and the direct descendant of Grammatik is still included with WordPerfect.
As of 2019, grammar checkers are built into systems like Google Docs and Sapling.ai, browser extensions like Grammarly and Qordoba, desktop applications like Ginger, free and open-source software like LanguageTool, and text editor plugins like those available from WebSpellChecker Software.
Technical issues
The earliest writing style programs checked for wordy, trite, clichéd, or misused phrases in a text. This process was based on simple pattern matching. The heart of the program was a list of many hundreds or thousands of phrases that are considered poor writing by many experts. The list of questionable phrases included alternative wording for each phrase. The checking program would simply break text into sentences, check for any matches in the phrase dictionary, flag suspect phrases and show an alternative. These programs could also perform some mechanical checks. For example, they would typically flag doubled words, doubled punctuation, some capitalization errors, and other simple mechanical mistakes.
True grammar checking is more complex. While a programming language has a very specific syntax and grammar, this is not so for natural languages. One can write a somewhat complete formal grammar for a natural language, but there are usually so many exceptions in real usage that a formal grammar is of minimal help in writing a grammar checker. One of the most important parts of a natural language grammar checker is a dictionary of all the words in the language, along with the part of speech of each word. The fact that a natural word may be used as any one of several parts of speech (such as "free" being used as an adjective, adverb, noun, or verb) greatly increases the complexity of any grammar checker.
A grammar checker will find each sentence in a text, look up each word in the dictionary, and then attempt to parse the sentence into a form that matches a grammar. Using various rules, the program can then detect various errors, such as agreement in tense, number, word order, and so on. It is also possible to detect some stylistic problems with the text. For example, some popular style guides such as The Elements of Style deprecate excessive use of the passive voice. Grammar checkers may attempt to identify passive sentences and suggest an active-voice alternative.
The software elements required for grammar checking are closely related to some of the development issues that need to be addressed for speech recognition software. In voice recognition, parsing can be used to help predict which word is most likely intended, based on part of speech and position in the sentence. In grammar checking, the parsing is used to detect words that fail to follow accepted grammar usage.
Recently, research has focused on developing algorithms which can recognize grammar errors based on the context of the surrounding words.
Criticism
Grammar checkers are considered as a type of foreign language writing aid which non-native speakers can use to proofread their writings as such programs endeavor to identify syntactical errors. However, as with other computerized writing aids such as spell checkers, popular grammar checkers are often criticized when they fail to spot errors and incorrectly flag correct text as erroneous. The linguist Geoffrey K. Pullum argued in 2007 that they were generally so inaccurate as to do more harm than good: "for the most part, accepting the advice of a computer grammar checker on your prose will make it much worse, sometimes hilariously incoherent."
See also
Spell checker
Link grammar
References
Text editor features
Natural language processing |
38556048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20function%20virtualization | Network function virtualization | Network functions virtualization (NFV) is a network architecture concept that leverages the IT virtualization technologies to virtualize entire classes of network node functions into building blocks that may connect, or chain together, to create and deliver communication services.
NFV relies upon traditional server-virtualization techniques such as those used in enterprise IT. A virtualized network function, or VNF, is implemented within one or more virtual machines or containers running different software and processes, on top of commercial off the shelf (COTS) high-volume servers, switches and storage devices, or even cloud computing infrastructure, instead of having custom hardware appliances for each network function thereby avoiding vendor lock-in.
For example, a virtual session border controller could be deployed to protect a network without the typical cost and complexity of obtaining and installing physical network protection units. Other examples of NFV include virtualized load balancers, firewalls, intrusion detection devices and WAN accelerators to name a few.
The decoupling of the network function software from the customized hardware platform realizes a flexible network architecture that enables agile network management, fast new service roll outs with significant reduction in CAPEX and OPEX.
Background
Product development within the telecommunication industry has traditionally followed rigorous standards for stability, protocol adherence and quality, reflected by the use of the term carrier grade to designate equipment demonstrating this high reliability and performance factor. While this model worked well in the past, it inevitably led to long product cycles, a slow pace of development and reliance on proprietary or specific hardware, e.g., bespoke application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). This development model resulted in significant delays when rolling out new services, posed complex interoperability challenges and significant increase in CAPEX/OPEX when scaling network systems & infrastructure and enhancing network service capabilities to meet increasing network load and performance demands. Moreover, the rise of significant competition in communication service offerings from agile organizations operating at large scale on the public Internet (such as Google Talk, Skype, Netflix) has spurred service providers to look for innovative ways to disrupt the status quo and increase revenue streams.
History
In October 2012, a group of telecom operators published a white paper at a conference in Darmstadt, Germany, on software-defined networking (SDN) and OpenFlow. The Call for Action concluding the White Paper led to the creation of the Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) Industry Specification Group (ISG) within the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The ISG was made up of representatives from the telecommunication industry from Europe and beyond. ETSI ISG NFV addresses many aspects, including functional architecture, information model, data model, protocols, APIs, testing, reliability, security, future evolutions, etc.
The ETSI ISG NFV has announced the Release 5 of its specifications since May 2021 aiming to produce new specifications and extending the already published specifications based on new features and enhancements.
Since the publication of the white paper, the group has produced over 100 publications, which have gained wider acceptance in the industry and are being implemented in prominent open source projects like OpenStack, ONAP, Open Source MANO (OSM) to name a few. Due to active cross-liaison activities, the ETSI NFV specifications are also being referenced in other SDOs like 3GPP, IETF, ETSI MEC etc.
Framework
The NFV framework consists of three main components:
Virtualized network functions (VNFs) are software implementations of network functions that can be deployed on a network functions virtualization infrastructure (NFVI).
Network functions virtualization infrastructure (NFVI) is the totality of all hardware and software components that build the environment where NFVs are deployed. The NFV infrastructure can span several locations. The network providing connectivity between these locations is considered as part of the NFV infrastructure.
Network functions virtualization management and orchestration architectural framework (NFV-MANO Architectural Framework) is the collection of all functional blocks, data repositories used by these blocks, and reference points and interfaces through which these functional blocks exchange information for the purpose of managing and orchestrating NFVI and VNFs.
The building block for both the NFVI and the NFV-MANO is the NFV platform. In the NFVI role, it consists of both virtual and physical processing and storage resources, and virtualization software. In its NFV-MANO role it consists of VNF and NFVI managers and virtualization software operating on a hardware controller. The NFV platform implements carrier-grade features used to manage and monitor the platform components, recover from failures and provide effective security – all required for the public carrier network.
Practical aspects
A service provider that follows the NFV design implements one or more virtualized network functions, or VNFs. A VNF by itself does not automatically provide a usable product or service to the provider's customers. To build more complex services, the notion of service chaining is used, where multiple VNFs are used in sequence to deliver a service.
Another aspect of implementing NFV is the orchestration process. To build highly reliable and scalable services, NFV requires that the network be able to instantiate VNF instances, monitor them, repair them, and (most important for a service provider business) bill for the services rendered. These attributes, referred to as carrier-grade features, are allocated to an orchestration layer in order to provide high availability and security, and low operation and maintenance costs. Importantly, the orchestration layer must be able to manage VNFs irrespective of the underlying technology within the VNF. For example, an orchestration layer must be able to manage an SBC VNF from vendor X running on VMware vSphere just as well as an IMS VNF from vendor Y running on KVM.
Distributed NFV
The initial perception of NFV was that virtualized capability should be implemented in data centers. This approach works in many – but not all – cases. NFV presumes and emphasizes the widest possible flexibility as to the physical location of the virtualized functions.
Ideally, therefore, virtualized functions should be located where they are the most effective and least expensive. That means a service provider should be free to locate NFV in all possible locations, from the data center to the network node to the customer premises. This approach, known as distributed NFV, has been emphasized from the beginning as NFV was being developed and standardized, and is prominent in the recently released NFV ISG documents.
For some cases there are clear advantages for a service provider to locate this virtualized functionality at the customer premises. These advantages range from economics to performance to the feasibility of the functions being virtualized.
The first ETSI NFV ISG-approved public multi-vendor proof of concept (PoC) of D-NFV was conducted by Cyan, Inc., RAD, Fortinet and Certes Networks in Chicago in June, 2014, and was sponsored by CenturyLink. It was based on RAD's dedicated customer-edge D-NFV equipment running Fortinet's Next Generation Firewall (NGFW) and Certes Networks’ virtual encryption/decryption engine as Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) with Cyan's Blue Planet system orchestrating the entire ecosystem. RAD's D-NFV solution, a Layer 2/Layer 3 network termination unit (NTU) equipped with a D-NFV X86 server module that functions as a virtualization engine at the customer edge, became commercially available by the end of that month. During 2014 RAD also had organized a D-NFV Alliance, an ecosystem of vendors and international systems integrators specializing in new NFV applications.
NFV modularity benefits
When designing and developing the software that provides the VNFs, vendors may structure that software into software components (implementation view of a software architecture) and package those components into one or more images (deployment view of a software architecture). These vendor-defined software components are called VNF Components (VNFCs). VNFs are implemented with one or more VNFCs and it is assumed, without loss of generality, that VNFC instances map 1:1 to VM Images.
VNFCs should in general be able to scale up and/or scale out. By being able to allocate flexible (virtual) CPUs to each of the VNFC instances, the network management layer can scale up (i.e., scale vertically) the VNFC to provide the throughput/performance and scalability expectations over a single system or a single platform. Similarly, the network management layer can scale out (i.e., scale horizontally) a VNFC by activating multiple instances of such VNFC over multiple platforms and therefore reach out to the performance and architecture specifications whilst not compromising the other VNFC function stabilities.
Early adopters of such architecture blueprints have already implemented the NFV modularity principles.
Relationship to SDN
Network Functions Virtualisation is highly complementary to Software-Defined Networking (SDN). In essence, SDN is an approach to building data networking equipment and software that separates and abstracts elements of these systems. It does this by decoupling the control plane and data plane from each other, such that the control plane resides centrally and the forwarding components remain distributed. The control plane interacts both northbound and southbound. In the northbound direction the control plane provides a common abstracted view of the network to higher-level applications and programs using high-level APIs and novel management paradigms, such as Intent-based networking. In the southbound direction the control plane programs the forwarding behavior of the data plane, using device level APIs of the physical network equipment distributed around the network.
Thus, NFV is not dependent on SDN or SDN concepts, but NFV and SDN can cooperate to enhance the management of a NFV infrastructure and to create a more dynamic network environment. It is entirely possible to implement a virtualized network function (VNF) as a standalone entity using existing networking and orchestration paradigms. However, there are inherent benefits in leveraging SDN concepts to implement and manage an NFV infrastructure, particularly when looking at the management and orchestration of Network Services (NS), composed of different type of Network Functions (NF), such as Physical Network Functions (PNF) and VNFs, and placed between different geo-located NFV infrastructures, and that's why multivendor platforms are being defined that incorporate SDN and NFV in concerted ecosystems.
An NFV system needs a central orchestration and management system that takes operator requests associated with an NS or a VNF, translates them into the appropriate processing, storage and network configuration needed to bring the NS or VNF into operation. Once in operation, the VNF and the networks it is connected to potentially must be monitored for capacity and utilization, and adapted if necessary.
All network control functions in an NFV infrastructure can be accomplished using SDN concepts and NFV could be considered one of the primary SDN use cases in service provider environments. For example, within each NFV infrastructure site, a VIM could rely upon an SDN controller to setup and configure the overlay networks interconnecting (e.g. VXLAN) the VNFs and PNFs composing an NS. The SDN controller would then configure the NFV infrastructure switches and routers, as well as the network gateways, as needed. Similarly, a Wide Area Infrastructure Manager (WIM) could rely upon an SDN controller to setup overlay networks to interconnect NSs that are deployed to different geo-located NFV infrastructures. It is also apparent that many SDN use-cases could incorporate concepts introduced in the NFV initiative. Examples include where the centralized controller is controlling a distributed forwarding function that could in fact be also virtualized on existing processing or routing equipment.
Industry impact
NFV has proven a popular standard even in its infancy. Its immediate applications are numerous, such as virtualization of mobile base stations, platform as a service (PaaS), content delivery networks (CDN), fixed access and home environments. The potential benefits of NFV is anticipated to be significant. Virtualization of network functions deployed on general purpose standardized hardware is expected to reduce capital and operational expenditures, and service and product introduction times. Many major network equipment vendors have announced support for NFV. This has coincided with NFV announcements from major software suppliers who provide the NFV platforms used by equipment suppliers to build their NFV products.
However, to realize the anticipated benefits of virtualization, network equipment vendors are improving IT virtualization technology to incorporate carrier-grade attributes required to achieve high availability, scalability, performance, and effective network management capabilities. To minimize the total cost of ownership (TCO), carrier-grade features must be implemented as efficiently as possible. This requires that NFV solutions make efficient use of redundant resources to achieve five-nines availability (99.999%), and of computing resource without compromising performance predictability.
The NFV platform is the foundation for achieving efficient carrier-grade NFV solutions. It is a software platform running on standard multi-core hardware and built using open source software that incorporates carrier-grade features. The NFV platform software is responsible for dynamically reassigning VNFs due to failures and changes in traffic load, and therefore plays an important role in achieving high availability. There are numerous initiatives underway to specify, align and promote NFV carrier-grade capabilities such as ETSI NFV Proof of Concept, ATIS Open Platform for NFV Project, Carrier Network Virtualization Awards and various supplier ecosystems.
The vSwitch, a key component of NFV platforms, is responsible for providing connectivity both VM-to-VM (between VMs) and between VMs and the outside network. Its performance determines both the bandwidth of the VNFs and the cost-efficiency of NFV solutions. The standard Open vSwitch's (OVS) performance has shortcomings that must be resolved to meet the needs of NFVI solutions. Significant performance improvements are being reported by NFV suppliers for both OVS and Accelerated Open vSwitch (AVS) versions.
Virtualization is also changing the way availability is specified, measured and achieved in NFV solutions. As VNFs replace traditional function-dedicated equipment, there is a shift from equipment-based availability to a service-based, end-to-end, layered approach. Virtualizing network functions breaks the explicit coupling with specific equipment, therefore availability is defined by the availability of VNF services. Because NFV technology can virtualize a wide range of network function types, each with their own service availability expectations, NFV platforms should support a wide range of fault tolerance options. This flexibility enables CSPs to optimize their NFV solutions to meet any VNF availability requirement.
Management and orchestration (MANO)
ETSI has already indicated that an important part of controlling the NFV environment be done through automated orchestration. NFV Management and Orchestration (NFV-MANO) refers to a set of functions within an NFV system to manage and orchestrate the allocation of virtual infrastructure resources to virtualized network functions (VNFs) and network services (NSs). They are the brains of the NFV system and a key automation enabler.
The main functional blocks within the NFV-MANO architectural framework (ETSI GS NFV-006 ) are:
Network Functions Virtualisation Orchestrator (NFVO);
Virtualised Network Function Manager (VNFM);
Virtualised Infrastructure Manager (VIM).
The entry point in NFV-MANO for external operations support systems (OSS) and business support systems (BSS) is the NFVO, which is in charge of managing the lifecycle of NS instances. The management of the lifecycle of VNF instances constituting an NS instance is delegated by the NFVO to one more or VNFMs. Both the NFVO and the VNFMs uses the services exposed by one or more VIMs for allocating virtual infrastructure resources to the objects they manage. Additional functions are used for managing containerized VNFs: the Container Infrastructure Service Management (CISM) and the Container Image Registry (CIR) functions. The CISM is responsible for maintaining the containerized workloads while the CIR is responsible for storing and maintaining information of OS container software images
The behavior of the NFVO and VNFM is driven by the contents of deployment templates (a.k.a. NFV descriptors) such as a Network Service Descriptor (NSD) and a VNF Descriptor (VNFD).
ETSI delivers a full set of standards enabling an open ecosystem where Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs) can be interoperable with independently developed management and orchestration systems, and where the components of a management and orchestration system are themselves interoperable. This includes a set of Restful API specifications as well as the specifications of a packaging format for delivering VNFs to service providers and of the deployment templates to be packaged with the software images to enable managing the lifecycle of VNFs. Deployment templates can be based on TOSCA or YANG.
An OpenAPI (a.k.a. Swagger) representation of the API specifications is available and maintained on the ETSI forge server, along with TOSCA and YANG definition files to be used when creating deployment templates.
The full set of published specifications is summarized in the table below.
An overview of the different versions of the OpenAPI representations of NFV-MANO APIs is available on the ETSI NFV wiki.
The OpenAPI files as well as the TOSCA YAML definition files and YANG modules applicable to NFV descriptors are available on the ETSI Forge.
Additional studies are ongoing within ETSI on possible enhancement to the NFV-MANO framework to improve its automation capabilities and introduce autonomous management mechanisms (see ETSI GR NFV-IFA 041 )
Performance study
Recent performance study on NFV focused on the throughput, latency and jitter of virtualized network functions (VNFs), as well as NFV scalability in terms of the number of VNFs a single physical server can support.
Open source NFV platforms are available, one representative is openNetVM. openNetVM is a high performance NFV platform based on DPDK and Docker containers. openNetVM provides a flexible framework for deploying network functions and interconnecting them to build service chains. openNetVM is an open source version of the NetVM platform described in NSDI 2014 and HotMiddlebox 2016 papers, released under the BSD license. The source code can be found at GitHub:openNetVM
Cloud-native Network Functions
From 2018, many VNF providers began to migrate many of their VNFs to a container-based architecture. Such VNFs also known as Cloud-Native Network Functions (CNF) utilize many innovations deployed commonly on internet infrastructure. These include auto-scaling, supporting a continuous delivery / DevOps deployment model, and efficiency gains by sharing common services across platforms. Through service discovery and orchestration, a network based on CNFs will be more resilient to infrastructure resource failures. Utilizing containers, and thus dispensing with the overhead inherent in traditional virtualization through the elimination of the guest OS can greatly increase infrastructure resource efficiency.
See also
Hardware virtualization
Network management
Network virtualization
OASIS TOSCA
Open Platform for NFV
Software-defined networking
References
External links
NFV basics
Open Platform for NFV (OPNFV)
The ETSI NFV FAQ
What are the benefits of NFV?
Emerging technologies
Network architecture |
41864623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard%20Drive%20Productions%2C%20Inc.%20v.%20Does%201%E2%80%931%2C495 | Hard Drive Productions, Inc. v. Does 1–1,495 | Hard Drive Productions, Inc. v. Does 1–1,495, Civil Action No. 11-1741 (JDB/JMF), was a United States District Court for the District of Columbia case in which the court held that anonymous users of the peer-to-peer file sharing service BitTorrent could not remain anonymous after charges of copyright infringement were brought against them. The court ultimately dismissed the case, but the identities of defendants were publicly exposed.
Background
Hard Drive Productions, Inc., is an adult film studio with a history of suing anonymous "John Doe" defendants for copyright infringement.
On September 27, 2011, Hard Drive Productions sued 1,495 anonymous defendants for copyright infringement in Hard Drive Productions, Inc. v. Does 1–1,495.
Hard Drive Productions claimed that the defendants had used BitTorrent to illegally download and distribute its movie "Amateur Alleur—MaeLynn."
A prominent feature of this case the defendants' right to anonymous speech.
Hard Drive Productions knew the IP addresses assigned to each defendant by their Internet service provider (ISP), however the plaintiff had no information about the true identities of these individuals. Hard Drive Productions moved to compel the ISPs by subpoena to disclose the true identities of the defendants. The court granted the motion, which would force the ISPs to disclose the defendants' identities.
The defendants moved to quash this subpoena.
For administrative reasons, some of the defendants submitted their name and address with their motions to quash.
These were filed under seal to protect their identities from the public.
Subsequently, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), an organization that advocates internet users' anonymity and other rights in the digital world, sent an amicus curiae and requested an emergency stay—a motion that would halt action so that the order could be reconsidered. The EFF mainly argued that the order did not consider the defendants' First Amendment right to anonymous speech. The court eventually denied the EFF's motion for emergency stay and reconsideration and ordered unsealing of all sealed motions to quash.
Thus, the identities of the defendants were disclosed to the public.
Opinion of the Court
On Hard Drive Productions's motion to compel
On August 13, 2012, the court held that the defendants could not proceed anonymously. The court noted that there was no privilege recognized by law that would protect the identity of the Does from being disclosed to the plaintiff for the purposes sought, and that without the ability to obtain the Does' identities, the copyright holders would have been left without a means of identifying the individuals who violated its rights.
The plaintiff was seeking subscriber information for particular IP addresses, and the use of that information had already been restricted by the court: "Any information disclosed to Hard Drive in response to the Rule 45 subpoenas may be used by Hard Drive solely for the purpose of protecting its rights as set forth in the Complaint, and Hard Drive may not publicly disclose the names of the defendants."
The defendants filed motions to quash the subpoena, but they were denied for multiple reasons.
First, because the defendants moved anonymously, their motions could not officially become part of the Court file.
According to Rule 5.1 of the court's local rules, "The first filing by or on behalf of a party shall have in the caption the name and full residence address of the party."
Second, since the subpoena was for the defendants' ISPs and not the defendants themselves, the defendants had no standing to quash the subpoena.
Third, the court argued that, at the time, the movants were not yet considered as defendants.
On the EFF's stay motion
The court released a memorandum regarding the EFF's amicus curiae and denied its stay motion on September 26, 2012.
In this opinion, court applied the 5-part balancing test adopted in Sony Music Entertainment, Inc. v. Does 1–40, 326 F. Supp. 2d 556 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) and found that all five factors supported the disclosure of the defendants' identities:
Plaintiff's concrete showing of a prima facie claim of copyright infringement—Hard Drive Productions made a concrete showing of a prima facie claim of copyright infringement.
Specificity of the plaintiff's discovery request—Hard Drive Productions's discovery request was sufficiently specific to gain only the information needed to identify the defendants and nothing more.
Absence of alternative means to gain the information plaintiff seeks—subpoenaing the ISPs appeared to be the only way for the plaintiff to obtain the defendants' identities because only the ISPs have records of the IP addresses assigned to users on the date and at the time of each allegedly infringing act.
Plaintiff's need for the information to advance its claim—without the defendants' identifying information, the plaintiff could not name or serve process on the defendants and hence cannot advance its claims of copyright infringement.
Defendants' expectation of privacy—defendants had little expectation of privacy in the subscriber information that they had already given to their ISPs.
Because all of the five Sony factors supported disclosure of the defendants' identities, the court found that the plaintiff's need for the defendants' identities in pursuit its claims outweighed the defendants' First Amendment interest in anonymity.
Subsequent developments
On December 21, 2012 the case was dismissed in its entirety without prejudice, but the plaintiff could still file a new lawsuit in other jurisdictions until the statute of limitation has expired.
Eric Goldman criticized the court for allowing copyright plaintiffs to unmask the identities of the defendants too easily. As a result of the disclosure, the defendants lost their essential due process rights. In practice, once the plaintiff knew the identities of defendants, it could take advantage of substantial extrajudicial remedies such as public humiliation in porn copyright cases. Goldman claimed that this ruling unfairly favored the plaintiff over the anonymous defendants.
After the case was dismissed, Hard Drive Productions was involved in another lawsuit related to this case. On February 16, 2013, Nathan Abshire, one of the defendants in Hard Drive Productions, Inc. v. Does 1–1,495, filed a new lawsuit (MND 13-cv-00380) against Hard Drive Productions. Abshire alleged that after the disclosing of the Does' identities in September 2012, Hard Drive Productions, Inc. began harassing Nathan over the phone and continued to propose various unacceptable settlement proposals. The complaint primarily requested that the court issue an order declaring that Abshire not be liable for copyright infringement, that Hard Drive Productions's purported copyright on its work was unenforceable or invalid. It also requested that Abshire be awarded costs, disbursements, and expenses, including reasonable attorney fees.
See also
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission
Apple v. Does
References
External links
2012 in United States case law
Internet privacy case law
United States file sharing case law |
43385937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernfs%20%28Linux%29 | Kernfs (Linux) | In the Linux kernel, kernfs is a set of functions that contain the functionality required for creating the pseudo file systems used internally by various kernel subsystems so that they may utilize virtual files. For example, sysfs provides a set of virtual files by exporting information about hardware devices and associated device drivers from the kernel's device model to user space.
The creation of kernfs resulted from splitting off part of the internal logic used by sysfs. The associated patchset, with Tejun Heo as its main author, was merged into the Linux kernel mainline in kernel version 3.14, which was released on March 30, 2014.
Kernfs took the independent and reusable functionality of sysfs so other kernel subsystems can implement their own pseudo file systems more easily and consistently.
One of the primary users of kernfs is the pseudo file system used internally by cgroups, whose redesign continued into version 3.15 of the Linux kernel.
See also
procfs a pseudo file system in Unix-like operating systems that presents information about processes (and about some other system information)
tmpfs a pseudo file system for temporary file storage on many Unix-like operating systems
References
External links
Source code, in the Linux kernel source tree
Interfaces of the Linux kernel
Linux kernel features |
35347157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promine | Promine | Promine Inc. is a company which produces a self-titled software used for mining engineering and geological work. Promine functions as an extension of AutoDesk's AutoCAD software, providing additional functionality specifically oriented for work in the mining industry. Promine uses the native 3-Dimensional aspect of CAD software to enable users to produce functional models of working, planned or past mines. Though focused on development of underground mines, Promine also supports above ground (open pit) mining as well as strictly geological work.
History
Promine was founded as Yvan Dionne Inc, by the company's founder and President Yvan Dionne over twenty years ago in Quebec, Canada. The incorporation was warranted due to the large number of functions he had developed on contract which together made a de facto software suite. After deciding on the company name, Promine, the company was reincorporated as Promine Inc. The company today stands at approximately 10 employees and has two separate branches, the Montreal office specializing in Marketing, sales and business development and the Quebec City office specializing in software development.
Areas of operation
Promine is available in English, French and Spanish, natively. The evolution of supported languages has followed the evolution of the company's client base. Promine was founded in Quebec, Canada, where the official language is French, and so too was the first language of the software. As clients from other Canadian provinces got the software, the need for an English version was satisfied. Finally, after much expansion into Canada and the United States the company began to make inroads into Latin America, eventually providing full Spanish translations. The company has clients in French-speaking Africa and several consultants in Europe use the software as well.
References
http://metals-mining.cioreview.com/vendor/2015/promine
http://www.energy-executive.com/features/contributing-writers/205-the-new-era-of-mining
Software companies of Canada
Science software for Windows
Geology software |
45212694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacaranda%20Software | Jacaranda Software | Jacaranda Software was an Australian developer and publisher of educational computer games for children. It was based in Brisbane, Australia and published under the "inspirational" leadership of John Collins. The team worked as a department of Jacaranda-Wiley; the Australian imprint of American publishing company, Wiley. While it was considered initially as an experimental venture, it proved to be profitable from its first year through to its closure in the early 1990s. Jacaranda Software released titles for a range of computer systems, including the Apple II, Commodore 64, Macintosh, Microbee and BBC Micro.
After the department closed, former employees David Smith, Bruce Mitchell, and Steve Luckett continued to write software for schools, under the name Greygum Software. They bought remaining stock, rights, and equipment from Jacaranda. Popular Jacaranda titles included Goldfields, Kraken: a deep sea quest, Desert Quest and Crossing the Mountains.
Greygum Software closed in 2018 due to the retirement of its owners.
Releases
External links
Greygum Software - stockists of several former Jacaranda Software titles
Using Computers in the Primary School by Rosemary Guttormsen (1987 Apple Computer Australia) - Apple educational handbook mentions Jacaranda Software among others
References
Educational games
Defunct technology companies of Australia |
36407740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperX%20%28Operating%20System%29 | SuperX (Operating System) | SuperX is a Linux distribution, a computer operating system originally developed in India. SuperX uses a tweaked version of KDE and is aimed towards beginners and casual users. SuperX features a new launcher made in QML that allows users to get a grid view of all icons of the installed applications in the system, the new launcher is called "SuperX App Launcher".
Name
The name SuperX is an acronym which bears its aim of providing a simple elegant computing experience
SuperX stands for "Simple, User friendly, Powerful, Energetic and Robust eXperience".
Philosophy
SuperX aims to be as simple and down-to-earth as possible avoiding bloat and unnecessary components. It aims to be as easy as possible for the non Linux users especially those who are coming from Microsoft Windows. The operating system embraces beginners, casual users and makes them feel at home. Simplicity doesn't mean feature-less. SuperX is as powerful and very handy for professionals and experts alike. The GNU utilities plus the software packages available are enough to be used for any task. SuperX is perfectly capable of being a desktop publishing setup, multimedia hub or even server. SuperX uses a tweaked version of KDE as its Graphical User Interface for providing a more polished, smooth and beautiful looking desktop experience which is delightful to use. SuperX is based on the Linux kernel with Hardware Enablement (HWE) for use on newer hardware and follows the Ubuntu LTS specifications. As a consequence, it is strong, stable and recovers quickly. It is virus and malware-free and no one can gain access to computer without knowledge. There is no need to defragment the hard-drive or clean up the registry every month, as all housekeeping is done by the operating system itself.
Features
A default installation of SuperX contains a wide range of software that includes LibreOffice, Firefox, Ktorrent, and several lightweight games such as Kpaitence and Kacman Many additional software packages are accessible from the built in SuperX Appstore as well as any other APT-based package management tools. Many additional software packages that are no longer installed by default, are still accessible in the repositories still installable by the main tool or by any other APT-based package management tool. Cross-distribution snap packages and flatpaks are also available, that both allow installing software. The default file manager is Dolphin
All of the application software installed by default is free software. In addition, SuperX redistributes some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component.
Technical Details
History
SuperX was first developed in Guwahati, the capital city of Assam in India by a high school student named Wrishiraj Kausik in 2007. Later he released the first public version of SuperX in 2011 and started a company to support and promote SuperX called Libresoft (Libresoft Technology Pvt. Ltd.). Libresoft along with its supporters, funds the development of SuperX and provides support to the users. Libresoft also organizes various public events to spread awareness about open-source software and computers in general.
Its first formal release, SuperX 1.0 "Galileo", was released to selected users on April 24, 2011 and was made available to the public as a free download on October 8, 2011. The second release, SuperX v1.1 "Cassini" was released on June 21, 2012. It is an LTS version with 5 years of support.
The latest version is 5.0 "Lamarr" which was released on May 2, 2019 based on Ubuntu 18.04 and KDE Neon code base. It features a highly modified KDE workspace. Version 5.0 updates in a much slower and predictable rate and thus Qt and KDE libraries maybe not be binary compatible with KDE Neon.
It comes with 4 years of security, maintenance and standard support of all the packages and will be supported until April 2023.
Funding
SuperX is a self-funded project of Libresoft Technology Pvt. Ltd. In 2017, Libresoft Technology Pvt. Ltd. and Assam Electronics Development Corporation Ltd. (AMTRON), the nodal agency for Government of Assam, signed an Memorandum of Understanding to distribute and deploy SuperX across the state of Assam, giving Libresoft the contract for paid support services.
Application Installation
SuperX is based on KDE Neon which in turn is based on Ubuntu 18.04, which mean its supports most applications available for Ubuntu 18.04 and also follows the same commands as Ubuntu. It also ships with support for snaps and flatpacks out of the box. SuperX also have its own Appstore which have a very nice and intuitive interface to install and remove apps. However the repositories of SuperX are not 100% sync with Neon due to difference in release cycle.
System requirements
The recommended minimum system requirements for a desktop installation are as follows:
Release history
The following is the release history for SuperX:
References
Official SuperX Website URL
Official SuperX Forums URL
SuperX Distrowatch Page, Distrowatch.com URL
SuperX 2.0 Release announcement URL
Ubuntu derivatives
Linux distributions |
10771225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippothous | Hippothous | In Greek mythology, Hippothous (, meaning "swift-riding") is the name of seven men:
Hippothous, an Egyptian prince as one of the sons of King Aegyptus. He suffered the same fate as his other brothers, save Lynceus, when they were slain on their wedding night by their wives who obeyed the command of their father King Danaus of Libya. Hippothous was the son of Aegyptus by an Arabian woman and thus full brother of Istrus, Chalcodon, Agenor, Chaetus, Diocorystes, Alces, Alcmenor, Euchenor and Hippolytus. In some accounts, he could be a son of Aegyptus either by Eurryroe, daughter of the river-god Nilus, or Isaie, daughter of King Agenor of Tyre. Hippothous married the Danaid Gorge, daughter of Danaus either by the hamadryads Atlanteia or Phoebe.
Hippothous, son of Poseidon and Alope, daughter of Cercyon. He was exposed and suckled by animals, while his mother was executed. After Theseus had killed Cercyon he willingly handed over his kingdom to Hippothous, since both men were the sons of Poseidon. Also known as Hippothoon.
Hippothous, son of Cercyon. He was one of the hunters of the Calydonian Boar. He later inherited the kingdom of Arcadia when king Agapenor did not return from the Trojan War. His successor was his son, Aepytus.
Hippothous, son of Neaera, daughter of Autolycus. He was killed by Telephus his kinsman (he was the son of Auge).
Hippothous, son of Hippocoon. He was killed, along with father and brothers, by Heracles.
Hippothous, one of the sons of Priam.
Hippothous, son of Lethus, the son of Teutamides, a descendant of Pelasgus. He led the contingent of the Pelasgians during the Trojan War, along with his brother Pylaeus, and was killed by Ajax during the fight over the body of Patroclus.
Notes
References
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Dionysus of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities. English translation by Earnest Cary in the Loeb Classical Library, 7 volumes. Harvard University Press, 1937–1950. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitatum Romanarum quae supersunt, Vol I-IV. . Karl Jacoby. In Aedibus B.G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1885. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. . Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Tzetzes, John, Book of Histories, Book VII-VIII translated by Vasiliki Dogani from the original Greek of T. Kiessling's edition of 1826. Online version at theio.com
Sons of Aegyptus
Children of Poseidon
Children of Priam
Trojans
Princes in Greek mythology
Mythological kings of Arcadia
Kings in Greek mythology
Characters in Greek mythology
Arcadian mythology |
1391825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplanetary%20Internet | Interplanetary Internet | The interplanetary Internet is a conceived computer network in space, consisting of a set of network nodes that can communicate with each other. These nodes are the planet's orbiters (satellites) and landers (e.g., Curiosity Rover, robots), and the earth ground stations. For example, the orbiters collect the scientific data from the Curiosity rover on Mars through near-Mars communication links, transmit the data to Earth through direct links from the Mars orbiters to the Earth ground stations, and finally the data can be routed through Earth's internal internet.
Interplanetary communication is greatly delayed by interplanetary distances, so a new set of protocols and technology that are tolerant to large delays and errors are required. The interplanetary Internet is a store and forward network of internets that is often disconnected, has a wireless backbone fraught with error-prone links and delays ranging from tens of minutes to even hours, even when there is a connection.
Challenges and reasons
In the core implementation of Interplanetary Internet, satellites orbiting a planet communicate to other planet's satellites. Simultaneously, these planets revolve around the Sun with long distances, and thus many challenges face the communications. The reasons and the resultant challenges are:
The motion and long distances between planets: The interplanetary communication is greatly delayed due to the interplanetary distances and the motion of the planets. The delay is variable and long, ranges from a couple of minutes (Earth-to-Mars), to a couple of hours (Pluto-to-Earth), depending on their relative positions. The interplanetary communication also suspends due to the solar conjunction, when the sun's radiation hinders the direct communication between the planets. As such, the communication characterizes lossy links and intermittent link connectivity.
Low embeddable payload: Satellites can only carry a small payload, which poses challenges to the power, mass, size, and cost for communication hardware design. An asymmetric bandwidth would be the result of this limitation. This asymmetry reaches ratios up to 1000:1 as downlink:uplink bandwidth portion.
Absence of fixed infrastructure: The graph of participating nodes in a specific planet to a specific planet communication keeps changing over time, due to the constant motion. The routes of the planet-to-planet communication are planned and scheduled rather than being opportunistic.
The Interplanetary Internet design must address these challenges to operate successfully and achieve good communication with other planets. It also must use the few available resources efficiently in the system.
Development
Space communication technology has steadily evolved from expensive, one-of-a-kind point-to-point architectures, to the re-use of technology on successive missions, to the development of standard protocols agreed upon by space agencies of many countries. This last phase has gone on since 1982 through the efforts of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), a body composed of the major space agencies of the world. It has 11 member agencies, 32 observer agencies, and over 119 industrial associates.
The evolution of space data system standards has gone on in parallel with the evolution of the Internet, with conceptual cross-pollination where fruitful, but largely as a separate evolution. Since the late 1990s, familiar Internet protocols and CCSDS space link protocols have integrated and converged in several ways; for example, the successful FTP file transfer to Earth-orbiting STRV 1B on January 2, 1996, which ran FTP over the CCSDS IPv4-like Space Communications Protocol Specifications (SCPS) protocols. Internet Protocol use without CCSDS has taken place on spacecraft, e.g., demonstrations on the UoSAT-12 satellite, and operationally on the Disaster Monitoring Constellation. Having reached the era where networking and IP on board spacecraft have been shown to be feasible and reliable, a forward-looking study of the bigger picture was the next phase.
The Interplanetary Internet study at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) was started by a team of scientists at JPL led by Vinton Cerf and the late Adrian Hooke. Cerf is one of the pioneers of the Internet on Earth, and was appointed as a distinguished visiting scientist at JPL in 1998. Hooke was one of the founders and directors of CCSDS.
While IP-like SCPS protocols are feasible for short hops, such as ground station to orbiter, rover to lander, lander to orbiter, probe to flyby, and so on, delay-tolerant networking is needed to get information from one region of the Solar System to another. It becomes apparent that the concept of a region is a natural architectural factoring of the Interplanetary Internet.
A region is an area where the characteristics of communication are the same. Region characteristics include communications, security, the maintenance of resources, perhaps ownership, and other factors. The Interplanetary Internet is a "network of regional internets".
What is needed then, is a standard way to achieve end-to-end communication through multiple regions in a disconnected, variable-delay environment using a generalized suite of protocols. Examples of regions might include the terrestrial Internet as a region, a region on the surface of the Moon or Mars, or a ground-to-orbit region.
The recognition of this requirement led to the concept of a "bundle" as a high-level way to address the generalized Store-and-Forward problem. Bundles are an area of new protocol development in the upper layers of the OSI model, above the Transport Layer with the goal of addressing the issue of bundling store-and-forward information so that it can reliably traverse radically dissimilar environments constituting a "network of regional internets".
Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) was designed to enable standardized communications over long distances and through time delays. At its core is something called the Bundle Protocol (BP), which is similar to the Internet Protocol, or IP, that serves as the heart of the Internet here on Earth. The big difference between the regular Internet Protocol (IP) and the Bundle Protocol is that IP assumes a seamless end-to-end data path, while BP is built to account for errors and disconnections — glitches that commonly plague deep-space communications.
Bundle Service Layering, implemented as the Bundling protocol suite for delay-tolerant networking, will provide general-purpose delay-tolerant protocol services in support of a range of applications: custody transfer, segmentation and reassembly, end-to-end reliability, end-to-end security, and end-to-end routing among them. The Bundle Protocol was first tested in space on the UK-DMC satellite in 2008.
An example of one of these end-to-end applications flown on a space mission is the CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP), used on the Deep Impact comet mission. CFDP is an international standard for automatic, reliable file transfer in both directions. CFDP should not be confused with Coherent File Distribution Protocol, which has the same acronym and is an IETF-documented experimental protocol for rapidly deploying files to multiple targets in a highly networked environment.
In addition to reliably copying a file from one entity (such as a spacecraft or ground station) to another entity, CFDP has the capability to reliably transmit arbitrary small messages defined by the user, in the metadata accompanying the file, and to reliably transmit commands relating to file system management that are to be executed automatically on the remote end-point entity (such as a spacecraft) upon successful reception of a file.
Protocol
The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) packet telemetry standard defines the protocol used for the transmission of spacecraft instrument data over the deep-space channel. Under this standard, an image or other data sent from a spacecraft instrument is transmitted using one or more packets.
CCSDS packet definition
A packet is a block of data with length that can vary between successive packets, ranging from 7
to 65,542 bytes, including the packet header.
Packetized data is transmitted via frames, which are fixed-length data blocks. The size of a frame, including frame header and control information, can range up to 2048 bytes.
Packet sizes are fixed during the development phase.
Because packet lengths are variable but frame lengths are fixed, packet boundaries usually do not coincide with frame boundaries.
Telecom processing notes
Data in a frame is typically protected from channel errors by error-correcting codes.
Even when the channel errors exceed the correction capability of the error-correcting code, the presence of errors is nearly always detected by the error-correcting code or by a separate error-detecting code.
Frames for which uncorrectable errors are detected are marked as undecodable and typically are deleted.
Handling data loss
Deleted undecodable whole frames are the principal type of data loss that affects compressed data sets. In general, there would be little to gain from attempting to use compressed data from a frame marked as undecodable.
When errors are present in a frame, the bits of the subband pixels are already decoded before the first bit error will remain intact, but all subsequent decoded bits in the segment usually will be completely corrupted; a single bit error is often just as disruptive as many bit errors.
Furthermore, compressed data usually are protected by powerful, long-blocklength error-correcting codes, which are the types of codes most likely to yield substantial fractions of bit errors throughout those frames that are undecodable.
Thus, frames with detected errors would be essentially unusable even if they were not deleted by the frame processor.
This data loss can be compensated for with the following mechanisms.
If an erroneous frame escapes detection, the decompressor will blindly use the frame data as if they were reliable, whereas in the case of detected erroneous frames, the decompressor can base its reconstruction on incomplete, but not misleading, data.
However, it is extremely rare for an erroneous frame to go undetected.
For frames coded by the CCSDS Reed–Solomon code, fewer than 1 in 40,000 erroneous frames can escape detection.
All frames not employing the Reed–Solomon code use a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error-detecting code, which has an undetected frame-error rate of less than 1 in 32,000.
Implementation
The InterPlanetary Internet Special Interest Group of the Internet Society has worked on defining protocols and standards that would make the IPN possible. The Delay-Tolerant Networking Research Group (DTNRG) is the primary group researching Delay-tolerant networking (DTN). Additional research efforts focus on various uses of the new technology.
The canceled Mars Telecommunications Orbiter had been planned to establish an Interplanetary Internet link between Earth and Mars, in order to support other Mars missions. Rather than using RF, it would have used optical communications using laser beams for their higher data rates. "Lasercom sends information using beams of light and optical elements, such as telescopes and optical amplifiers, rather than RF signals, amplifiers, and antennas"
NASA JPL tested the DTN protocol with their Deep Impact Networking (DINET) experiment on board the Deep Impact/EPOXI spacecraft in October, 2008.
In May 2009, DTN was deployed to a payload on board the ISS. NASA and BioServe Space Technologies, a research group at the University of Colorado, have been continuously testing DTN on two Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA) payloads. CGBA-4 and CGBA-5 serve as computational and communications platforms which are remotely controlled from BioServe's Payload Operations Control Center (POCC) in Boulder, CO. In October 2012 ISS Station commander Sunita Williams remotely operated Mocup (Meteron Operations and Communications Prototype), a "cat-sized" Lego Mindstorms robot fitted with a BeagleBoard computer and webcam, located in the European Space Operations Centre in Germany in an experiment using DTN. These initial experiments provide insight into future missions where DTN will enable the extension of networks into deep space to explore other planets and solar system points of interest. Seen as necessary for space exploration, DTN enables timeliness of data return from operating assets which results in reduced risk and cost, increased crew safety, and improved operational awareness and science return for NASA and additional space agencies.
DTN has several major arenas of application, in addition to the Interplanetary Internet, which include sensor networks, military and tactical communications, disaster recovery, hostile environments, mobile devices and remote outposts. As an example of a remote outpost, imagine an isolated Arctic village, or a faraway island, with electricity, one or more computers, but no communication connectivity. With the addition of a simple wireless hotspot in the village, plus DTN-enabled devices on, say, dog sleds or fishing boats, a resident would be able to check their e-mail or click on a Wikipedia article, and have their requests forwarded to the nearest networked location on the sled's or boat's next visit, and get the replies on its return.
Earth orbit
Earth orbit is sufficiently nearby that conventional protocols can be used. For example, the International Space Station has been connected to the regular terrestrial Internet since January 22, 2010 when the first unassisted tweet was posted. However, the space station also serves as a useful platform to develop, experiment, and implement systems that make up the interplanetary Internet. NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) have used an experimental version of the interplanetary Internet to control an educational rover, placed at the European Space Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany, from the International Space Station. The experiment used the DTN protocol to demonstrate technology that one day could enable Internet-like communications that can support habitats or infrastructure on another planet.
See also
InterPlaNet
InterPlanetary File System
Delay-tolerant networking
Intergalactic Computer Network
Nanonetwork
References
External links
The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS)
InterPlanetary Networking Special Interest Group (IPNSIG) Internet Society SIG (formerly Chapter)
The Delay-Tolerant Networking Research Group (DTNRG)
UK-DMC satellite's first Interplanetary Internet tests
NASA video on YouTube: DINET-DTN w/Vint Cerf
Computer networks
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
Hypothetical technology
Space colonization |
15868771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Computing%20Facility | Open Computing Facility | The Open Computing Facility is an ASUC
chartered program at the University of California, Berkeley, first founded in
1989.
The OCF is an all-volunteer, student-run, student-initiated service group
dedicated to free computing for the greater academic community of the
University of California, Berkeley. Its stated mission is to
provide an environment where no member of Berkeley's campus community
is denied the computer resources he or she seeks, and to appeal to all
members of the Berkeley campus community with unsatisfied computing
needs and to provide a place for those interested in computing to
fully explore that interest. Here, the term
"campus community" does not include all area residents and excludes
those persons without official connection to either the university or
a university-sanctioned
organisation.
As part of the OCF's goal of being open and inclusive, the OCF publishes
its board meeting minutes,
tech talks,
and Unix system administration DeCal materials
online for all to see.
The OCF provides the following services to UC
Berkeley:
A Debian Linux computer lab
Webhosting for individuals and student groups
Linux shell access
Email forwarding
Limited free printing per day and per semester
Software mirrors of popular Linux distributions and open source projects, available over rsync, http, and https
A Unix system administration DeCal
References
External links
Open Computing Facility
Open Computing Facility Documentation
Open Computing Facility Status Blog
Open Computing Facility
1989 establishments in California |
39238529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium%20software | Millennium software | Millennium software is business management software developed by the Parsippany, NJ-based company Millennium Systems International. Millennium is widely recognized as the leading business management software in the salon and spa industries, and is used by salons in over 36 countries, handling over $1 billion in revenue annually. Millennium has won many industry awards, including American Spa magazine's Professionals Choice Award for Best Software 8 years in a row, and the software has been featured on CNN, CNBC, VH1 and BRAVO.
Millennium Systems International is headquartered in Parsippany, NJ, with offices in Plymouth, Devon in the UK. John Harms is the company's founder and CEO.
History
Harms Software was founded by John Harms in 1987. Harms created Millennium software to help salons manage scheduling, record-keeping, and marketing, and the company eventually became focused on helping salons use the tool to grow their businesses.
As of 2013, the company operates offices in the US and the UK. Harms Software changed its name to Millennium Systems International in 2013.
Product
Millennium is the flagship product of Millennium Systems International. The business management and growth software is used by salons, spas, medical spas, studios and gyms to access business records, manage scheduling and point of sale transactions, track business goals, and generate and meet marketing goals. The software's features include:
SMS and email appointment confirmations
Marketing reports on client data and trends
Remote management tools
Loyalty program manager
Online appointment scheduler
Inventory management
Awards and recognition
Millennium has won several industry awards, including:
The American Spa magazine's Professionals Choice Award for Best Software 8 years in a row
Launchpad's Best Software System, Best Business Building Program, and Best Appointment Tracker awards – 2010, 2011, and 2012
Behind the Chair Stylist Award for 2011, 2012, and 2013
Salon Today Top 200 Most Leveraged Software 2012
External links
https://www.millenniumsi.com
References
Business software |
11527663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProjectWise | ProjectWise | ProjectWise is a suite of engineering project collaboration software from Bentley Systems designed for the architecture, engineering, construction (AEC) industries. It helps project teams to manage, share and distribute engineering project content and review in a single platform. While ProjectWise can manage any type of CAD, BIM, geospatial and project data, it integrates with Bentley applications, and other products including Autodesk software and Microsoft Office.
History 1
In August 1995, Bentley formalized a relationship with Opti inter-Consult, signed them as a strategic affiliate and took on a partial ownership in the company. Opti Inter-Consult was a small Finland-based company that was founded in 1990. It was the developer of TeamMate, which was a Document Management System exclusively distributed by Bentley. Opti Inter-Consult had a suite of products based on document management and facility management.
The following year, Bentley acquired the remaining shares of Opti Inter-Consult and split the two product lines in half. The facilities management products went to a newly formed joint venture with Primavera named WorkPlace Systems. WorkPlace Systems developed several products including ActiveAsset Manager, ActiveAsset Planner, and ActiveAsset Inquirer.
TeamMate was merged with Bentley development and in 1996 MicroStation TeamMate 96 was released. This version was focused on MicroStation support, but also handled other formats and applications such as Microsoft Office and AutoCAD. TeamMate also had metadata, file history, versions, and Query By Example to locate files.
In 1998, TeamMate was rebranded to the name ‘ProjectWise’. ProjectWise 3.xx was released early 2000 and over the next two years added features that included the Web Explorer Lite, which was the first web client. Document level security, DWG redlining, and the document creation wizard were also added.
ProjectWise V8 started the modern era of ProjectWise. The January 2003 release included such innovations as the Preview Pane, Workspace Profiles, Components, Audit Trail, and the Distribution System. Over the next few years we saw 2004 and V8 XM Edition ProjectWise releases. These releases included Full Text Search, Thumbnails, DGN Indexing, Managed Workspaces, and SharePoint Web Parts.
Late in 2008, the first V8i release of ProjectWise was introduced. It included Delta File Transfer, the Web View Server, Spatial Navigation, the Quick Search tool bar, and auto login to integrated applications. Over the next several years, SELECTseries releases (one through four) have included Revit and Civil3D integration, as well at Transmittals, Dynamic Composition Server, Point Cloud Streaming, and Dynamic Plotting.
Version History
References
Further reading
External links
ProjectWise Forums at BE Communities by Bentley
Microsoft Customer Solution Manufacturing Industry Case Study at Microsoft.com
ENR Top Firms Choose Bentley’s ProjectWise for Project Work Sharing and Substantive Collaboration at Bentley
Offshore Top 5 Projects 2015 at Offshore Magazine
Connect Project Teams with AutoCAD and ProjectWise at Cadalyst.com
ProjectWise Collaboration and Work Sharing Advantages at Benzinga.com
Bentley’s New ProjectWise Essentials at Reuters.com
Bentley Conference at ArchitectureWeek.com
ProjectWiseBlog at ProjectWiseBlog.com
Computer-aided design software
Computer-aided design software for Windows
Content management systems
Project management software
1998 software
Projects established in 1998 |
11953312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20beat%20%27em%20ups | List of beat 'em ups | Beat 'em ups are video games which pit a fighter or group of fighters against many underpowered enemies and bosses. Gameplay usually spans many levels, with most levels ending in an enemy boss. If multiple players are involved, players generally fight cooperatively.
It is often useful to characterise gameplay as either 2D (largely characterised by the player walking only to the left or right) or 3D (characterised by full movement in the implied horizontal plane, sometimes also with a button for jump). Graphics can likewise be categorised as 2D (with sprites, sometimes with an isometric or parallax effect) or 3D (polygons), or hybrid (e.g. sprite characters in front of polygon backgrounds, or vice versa).
Beat 'em ups
Games with beat 'em up sections
The Adventures of Bayou Billy - Konami
Asterix & Obelix XXL - Étranges Libellules
Asterix & Obelix XXL 2: Mission: Las Vegum - Étranges Libellules
Bébé's Kids - Radical Entertainment
Bully - Rockstar Vancouver
Bully: Scholarship Edition - Rockstar New England
Crash of the Titans - Radical Entertainment
Crash: Mind over Mutant - Radical Entertainment
Darkman - Ocean
Guilty Gear Isuka - Sammy
Guilty Gear Judgment - Sammy
Legend of Success Joe - Wave
Lego video games - TT Games
Mortal Kombat: Armageddon - Midway
Ninja Golf - Atari
S.P.Y. the Special Project Y - Konami
Shenmue - Sega
Street Fighter EX3
Super Smash Bros. series - HAL Laboratory / Sora / Namco Bandai / Nintendo
Super Smash Bros. - HAL Laboratory / Nintendo
Super Smash Bros. Melee - HAL Laboratory / Nintendo
Super Smash Bros. Brawl - Sora / Nintendo
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U - Sora / Namco Bandai / Nintendo
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate - Sora / Namco Bandai / Nintendo
Tekken 3 - Namco
Tekken 4 - Namco
Tekken 5 - Namco
Tekken 6 - Namco Bandai
King Kong (2005 video game) - Ubisoft
Hack 'n slash
2D
The Legend of Kage (1985) - Taito
Captain Silver (1987) - Data East
Rastan (1987) - Taito
Shinobi series (1987 debut) - Sega
Ninja Gaiden (Shadow Warriors) series (1988 debut) - Tecmo
Golden Axe series (1989 debut) - Sega
Strider series (1989) - Capcom
Danan: The Jungle Fighter (1990) - Sega
First Samurai (1991) - Vivid Image
Saint Sword (1991) - Taito
Dragon's Crown (2013) - Vanillaware
3D
300: March to Glory - Collision Studios
Afro Samurai - Namco Bandai Games
Akuji the Heartless - Crystal Dynamics
Astral Chain - PlatinumGames
The Astyanax - Aicom
Asura's Wrath - CyberConnect2
Attack on Titan - Koei Tecmo
Attack on Titan 2
Bayonetta series - PlatinumGames
Bayonetta
Bayonetta 2
Beowulf: The Game - Ubisoft
Blades of Time - Gaijin Entertainment
Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War - Omega Force
Blood Will Tell - Sega Wow/Red Entertainment
BloodRayne series - Terminal Reality
BloodRayne
BloodRayne 2
BloodRayne: Betrayal - WayForward
Bujingai - Taito/Red Entertainment
Castlevania: Curse of Darkness - Konami
Castlevania: Lament of Innocence - Konami
Castlevania: Lords of Shadow - Konami
Castlevania: Lords of Shadow - Mirror of Fate
Castlevania: Lords of Shadow 2
Chaos Legion - Capcom Production Studio 6
Conan - Nihilistic Software
Dante's Inferno - Visceral Games
Darksiders series - Vigil Games
Darksiders
Darksiders II
Darksiders III
Deadpool - High Moon Studios
Devil Kings/Sengoku Basara series - Capcom
Devil Kings/Sengoku Basara
Sengoku Basara 2
Devil May Cry series - Capcom
Devil May Cry
Devil May Cry 2
Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening
Devil May Cry 4
Devil May Cry 5
DmC: Devil May Cry - Ninja Theory
Dragon Valor - Namco
Drakengard series - Cavia
Drakengard
Drakengard 2
Drakengard 3 - Access Games
Nier
Nier: Automata - PlatinumGames
Dungeon Magic - Taito
Dynasty Warriors series - Koei/Omega Force
Dynasty Warriors 2
Dynasty Warriors 3
Dynasty Warriors 4
Dynasty Warriors 5
Dynasty Warriors 6
Dynasty Warriors 7
Dynasty Warriors 8
Dynasty Warriors 9
El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron - Ignition Tokyo
Gauntlet series - Atari Games
Gauntlet
Gauntlet II
Gauntlet (NES) - Tengen
Gauntlet: The Third Encounter
Gauntlet III: The Final Quest - Tengen
Gauntlet Legends
Gauntlet Dark Legacy - Midway Games West
Gauntlet: Seven Sorrows - Midway Games
Genji series - Game Republic
Genji: Dawn of the Samurai
Genji: Days of the Blade
Ghost Rider - Climax Group
Gladiator: Sword of Vengeance - Acclaim Studios Manchester
God of War series - Santa Monica Studio
God of War
God of War II
God of War III
God of War: Ascension
God of War (2018)
God of War: Chains of Olympus - Ready at Dawn
God of War: Ghost of Sparta - Ready at Dawn
God of War: Betrayal - Javaground/SOE Los Angeles
Golden Axe: Beast Rider - Secret Level
Heavenly Sword - Ninja Theory
Hulk - Radical Entertainment
Killer Is Dead - Grasshopper Manufacture
Legacy of Kain: Defiance - Crystal Dynamics/Nixxes Software BV
The Legend of Korra - PlatinumGames
Lollipop Chainsaw - Grasshopper Manufacture
The Lord of the Rings series
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers - Stormfront Studios/Hypnos Entertainment
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King - EA Redwood Shores
Lucifer Ring - Toshiba EMI
Mazan: Flash of the Blade - Namco
Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance - PlatinumGames
Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor - Monolith Productions
Middle-earth: Shadow of War
Muramasa: The Demon Blade - Vanillaware
Nano Breaker - Konami
Ninja Blade - FromSoftware
Ninja Gaiden: Second Series - Team Ninja
Ninja Gaiden
Ninja Gaiden Black
Ninja Gaiden Sigma
Ninja Gaiden Dragon Sword
Ninja Gaiden II
Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2
Ninja Gaiden 3
Ninja Gaiden 3: Razor's Edge
Yaiba: Ninja Gaiden Z
Ninja Spirit - Irem
No More Heroes series - Grasshopper Manufacture
No More Heroes
No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle
Travis Strikes Again: No More Heroes
The OneChanbara series - Tamsoft
Onimusha series - Capcom
Onimusha: Warlords
Onimusha 2: Samurai's Destiny
Onimusha 3: Demon Siege
Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams
Otogi series - FromSoftware
Otogi: Myth of Demons
Otogi 2: Immortal Warriors
Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time series - Ubisoft
Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time
Prince of Persia: Warrior Within
Prince of Persia: Revelations (PSP)
Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones
Prince of Persia: Rival Swords (PSP)
Prince of Persia: The Forgotten Sands
Prince of Persia - Ubisoft
Ragnarok Battle Offline - French Bread
Red Steel 2 - Ubisoft
Rune - Human Head Studios
Rune: Halls of Valhalla
Rurouni Kenshin: Enjou! Kyoto Rinne - Banpresto
Rygar: The Legendary Adventure - Tecmo
Samurai Champloo: Sidetracked - Grasshopper Manufacture
Samurai Warrior: The Battles of Usagi Yojimbo - Beam Software / Firebird
Samurai Warriors series - Koei, Omega Force
Samurai Warriors
Samurai Warriors: Xtreme Legends
Samurai Warriors: State of War
Samurai Warriors 2
Samurai Warriors 2: Empires
Samurai Warriors 2: Xtreme Legends
Samurai Warriors 3
Savage - Probe Software
Seven Samurai 20XX - Dimps
Severance: Blade of Darkness - Rebel Act Studios
Shadow Force: Henshin Ninja - Technos
Shinobi series - Sega
Shinobi (Arcade)
The Revenge of Shinobi
Shadow Dancer
The Cyber Shinobi
Shinobi (Sega Game Gear)
Shinobi II: The Silent Fury
Shinobi III: Return of the Ninja Master
Shinobi Legions
Shinobi
Nightshade
Skull & Crossbones - Atari Games
The werehog gameplay of Sonic Unleashed - Sega
Soulcalibur Legends - Bandai Namco Entertainment
Spartan: Total Warrior - The Creative Assembly
Splatterhouse (2010) - Bandai Namco Entertainment
Star Wars: The Force Unleashed series - LucasArts
Star Wars: The Force Unleashed
Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II
Sudeki - Climax Group
Sword of the Berserk: Guts' Rage - Yuke's
Sword of Sodan - Innerprise
Targhan - Silmarils
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutants in Manhattan - PlatinumGames
The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge - Capcom
Transformers: Devastation - PlatinumGames
Trinity: Souls of Zill O'll - Omega Force
Van Helsing - Saffire
Viking: Battle for Asgard - The Creative Assembly
Warrior Blade: Rastan Saga Episode III - Taito
Warriors Orochi series - Koei, Omega Force
Warriors Orochi
Warriors Orochi 2
Warriors Orochi Z
The Wonderful 101 - PlatinumGames
Wulverblade - Darkwind Media
X-Blades - Gaijin Entertainment
X-Men Origins: Wolverine - Raven Software
Xena: Warrior Princess - Vivendi
Yakuza Ishin
Yakuza Kenzan
Yakuza Kiwami
Yakuza Kiwami 2
Yumi: Samurai Warrior - LTBDesigns
See also
Beat 'em up
Hack and slash
List of fighting games
References
Beat em ups |
19711593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP%20CRM | SAP CRM | The SAP CRM applications have been initially an integrated on-premises customer relationship management (CRM) software manufactured by SAP SE which targeted business software requirements for marketing, sales and service of midsize and large organizations in all industries and sectors. The first SAP CRM release 2.0 has been made generally available in November 2000. The current release 7.0 is being updated with quarterly enhancement packs (EHPs) since 2009.
In 2007 SAP started to develop a cloud based CRM which has been renamed from SAP Business ByDesign CRM to Sales on Demand to SAP Cloud for Customer and finally to SAP Cloud for Sales. Since 2018 SAP has consolidated all of its cloud based marketing, sales, service and commerce applications as SAP C/4HANA suite.
Overview
After the acquisition of Hybris in 2013, SAP has gradually realigned their CRM strategy mainly to take on the market leader Salesforce.com which is a cloud-based software. In a bid to be more competitive and future focused, SAP has been shifting towards cloud based CRM applications since 2011 rather than traditional on-premises software. Still SAP CRM is being used by thousands of companies and there are according to SAP no plans to sunset the product.
SAP has consolidated its CRM applications under the terms "Customer Engagement and Commerce" (CEC) and since 2018 under "Customer Experience" (CX). SAP offers a variety of (partially acquired) applications:
Customer Profile Management
SAP Customer Data Cloud (acquired and formerly known as Gigya)
Marketing
SAP Marketing Cloud (formerly known as SAP Hybris Marketing)
SAP CRM Marketing (On Premises)
Commerce
SAP Commerce Cloud (acquired and formerly known as Hybris Commerce)
Sales
SAP Sales Cloud (formerly known as Cloud for Sales or C4C)
Callidus Cloud CPQ (acquired)
SAP CRM Sales (On Premises)
Service
SAP Service Cloud (formerly known as Cloud for Service or C4S)
SAP Customer Engagement Center (formerly known as Hybris Service Engagement Center)
Core Systems (acquired)
SAP CRM Service (On Premises)
SAP CRM Interaction Center (On Premises)
Billing
SAP Subscription Billing (formerly known as Hybris Revenue Cloud)
SAP Billing and Revenue Management (On Premises and formerly known as SAP BRIM or Hybris Billing)
History
SAP started working on CRM related capabilities in the early 1990s as embedded CRM modules of the SAP R/3 ERP. The "Sales and Distribution" (SD) module of SAP R/3 ERP covered functionalities for:
Customer management and Product catalog (MM).
Pre-sales actions for inquiry, activities and quotation management.
Sales order and delivery management
Pricing, tax and billing including credit management
SAP offered its first stand-alone CRM software in 2000. The initial release of "SAP CRM" 2.0 had been pushed by the acquisition of the German salesforce automation specialist Kiefer & Veittinger with its "Mobile Sales" application.
In parallel to the new focus for stand-alone SAP CRM, SAP continued to invest in the embedded CRM scenarios as part of its ERP software in 2005. This allowed SAP in 2007 to copy the CRM codeline from the newly developed cloud ERP SAP Business ByDesign and to create the independent "Cloud for Sales" and "Cloud for Service" applications (also known as "Cloud for Customer"). Another example for this copy and paste approach was the decision to move the SAP CRM codelines for service and sales into the S/4HANA ERP which allowed SAP to offer the new "S/4HANA for Customer Management" option.
Major milestones of the SAP CRM development:
SAP R/3 Sales and Distribution (SD) was initially released as part of R/3 Enterprise Edition 1.0 A in 1992
SAP CRM 2000 (2.0) initially released in 2000
SAP CRM 2006 (5.0) released in 2005
SAP CRM 2007 (6.0) released in 2007
SAP CRM 2008 (7.0) released in 2009 as Part of SAP Business Suite 7.0
SAP Business ByDesign Cloud ERP including CRM initially released in 2007
SAP Cloud for Customer initially released in 2011
Hybris acquisition in 2013 and afterwards renaming of its CRM portfolio to SAP Hybris Customer Engagement and Commerce in 2014
CallidusCloud (CPQ, Sales Enablement) and Coresystems (Field Service) acquisition in 2018
Introduction of SAP S/4HANA for Customer Management in 2018 which added the SAP CRM 7.0 service and sales capabilities to S/4HANA ERP core
SAP C/4HANA Customer Experience announced 2018. SAP C/4HANA is an umbrella term for SAP’s combined customer experience solutions. After completing acquisitions of market leaders such as Hybris, Gigya and CallidusCloud, SAP C/4HANA now ties together solutions to support all front-office functions, including consumer data protection, marketing, commerce, sales and customer service. It is an integrated portfolio of cloud solutions, designed to modernise the sales-only focus of legacy CRM products.
See also
List of SAP products
References
Sources
Kalaimani J. (2016) Implementing SAP CRM 7. In: SAP Project Management Pitfalls. Apress, Berkeley, CA.
Yi Wu and Fengping Wu, "Notice of Retraction: Researches on SAP-CRM's application in cigarette manufacturing factory," 2011 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIMSEC), 2011, pp. 4762-4765, .
A. D. Berdie, M. Osaci, I. Muscalagiu and G. Prostean, "A case-study about a web business application implemented in different SAP UI technologies," 2012 7th IEEE International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics (SACI), 2012, pp. 111-114, .
External links
SAP SE
Customer relationship management software
1992 software |
2095341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20Revolution%20Part%20II | Soul Revolution Part II | Soul Revolution Part II is the third album by Bob Marley and the Wailers. It was produced by Lee "Scratch" Perry. While the name on the album cover for all the original releases was Soul Revolution Part II, some releases had the name Soul Revolution printed on the album label, leading to uncertainty over what name was intended.This is made even odder by the fact there isn't any known Bob Marley album (at least not any from before this album) with the name Soul Revolution, unless the part II is referring to Soul Rebels. A "dub" version with the vocals removed was released as Soul Revolution Part II Dub. In 1988 both versions were released as one set.
Track listing
All tracks written by Bob Marley, except where noted.
Side one
"Keep on Moving" (Rainford Hugh "Lee" Perry, Curtis Mayfield) 3:09
"Don't Rock My Boat" 4:33 (a version of this song appeared on Kaya (1978) as "Satisfy My Soul")
"Put It On" 3:34
"Fussing and Fighting" 2:29
"Duppy Conqueror V/4" 3:25
"Memphis" 2:09
"Duppy Conqueror V/4[version 4]" is a version of the song "Duppy Conqueror" in which parts of the vocals have been left off, such that it in effect alternates between the vocal version of the song and an instrumental version of the song.
Side two
"Riding High" (Neville Livingston, Cole Porter) 2:46
"Kaya" 2:39 (also appeared on the 1978 album of the same name)
"African Herbman" (Richie Havens) 2:24
"Stand Alone" 2:12
"Sun Is Shining" 2:11
"Brain Washing" 2:41
"Riding High" and "Brain Washing" - lead vocals by Bunny Wailer. The correct title of the song is "African Herbsman" but it was misspelled as "African Herbman" on the original LP label.
CD releases (bonus tracks)
"Kaya" (alternative version) 2:37 — some editions only
"Duppy Conqueror" (alternative version) 3:48 — some editions only
Soul Revolution Part II Dub
Soul Revolution Part II Dub is a "dub" companion set to Soul Revolution Part II, being the original Soul Revolution Part II album with the vocals stripped off. In the case of "Memphis", which originally contained no vocals, Peter Tosh's lead melodica solo was removed to create the new instrumental version. This album was originally released only in Jamaica. The instrumental version of the album was originally released in a very limited pressing on Upsetter Records, "part of which was jacketed in plain sleeves and part of which was jacketed in Soul Revolution Part II sleeves." Dating to as late as 2004, this album has also become known as "Upsetter Revolution Rhythm," because of a CD by that name released in 2004 (HIP-O RECORDS / Universal Music / JAD cat#B0003300-02) which was a reissue of the original instrumental album, with the addition of one bonus track: "Kaya version alternate mix".
Part 1 & 2
In 1988, Trojan Records released a double-LP reissue of both albums, catalogue number TRLD 406, called "Soul Revolution I & II". This release included four extra tracks as compared with the original two LPs, which were "Soul Rebel" and "Mr. Brown" along with the instrumental 'dub' versions, "Soul Rebel version 4" and "Dracula". Curiously, and partially in line with "Duppy Conqueror V/4" from the original vocal LP, "Soul Rebel version 4" contains only a small portion of choral vocals at the beginning of the song, with the rest being instrumental. On the first disc of this release, "Duppy Conqueror V/4" is mistitled as "Duppy Conqueror." On the second disc, which is identified as "The Rhythm Album," song 5 is mistitled as "Duppy Conqueror Version 4" when in this context it should be titled just "Duppy Conqueror". On disc 1, the misspelled title of "African Herbman" is preserved as on the original vocal LP, while on disc 2, the spelling of the title of the instrumental version has been corrected to "African Herbsman". The cover of this Trojan Records release had a two-tone close-up photo-based image of Bob Marley in a square in the middle, surrounded on all four sides by repeated images of Bunny Wailer and Peter Tosh and another image of Bob Marley, as well as multi-coloured text reading "BOB MARLEY AND THE WAILERS SOUL REVOLUTION 1 AND 2". This cover of this Trojan reissue should not be confused with the cover of the original vocal Soul Revolution LP, which had a turquoise background, with dark blue text, and featured an hexagonal-shaped picture in the middle, surrounded by six square-shaped photos.
The Part 1 & 2 release contained tracks produced by the Wailers.
Bonus tracks
"Soul Rebel" (Lee "Scratch" Perry) 2:46
"Mr. Brown" (Gregory Isaacs, Bob Marley) 2:53
"Soul Rebel version 4"
"Dracula" 2:55
Personnel
The Wailers
Bob Marley – vocals
Peter Tosh – vocals, melodica
Bunny Livingstone – vocals
Additional musicians
Alva Lewis – guitar
Glen Adams – keyboard
Aston Barrett – bass
Carlton Barrett – drums
Production
Lee Perry – producer
Errol Thompson – engineer
References
Bob Marley and the Wailers albums
The Upsetters albums
1971 albums
Albums produced by Lee "Scratch" Perry |
9700926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitware | Kitware |
Kitware, Inc. is a technology company headquartered in Clifton Park, New York. The company specializes in the research and development of open-source software in the fields of computer vision, medical imaging, visualization, 3D data publishing and technical software development. In addition to software development, the company offers custom solutions, technical support, training and books.
History
The company was founded in 1998 by Will Schroeder, Ken Martin, Lisa Avila, Charles Law and Bill Hoffman to support the Visualization Toolkit (VTK). VTK was initially created in 1993 by Schroeder, Martin and Bill Lorensen as companion software to “The Visualization Toolkit: An Object-Oriented Approach to 3D Graphics”, originally published by Prentice-Hall. As VTK was released open source, a user community developed around the software and the founders of Kitware took this opportunity to start the business. With time, the company expanded its focus and offerings to include development in other areas such as biomedical imaging, large data visualization, quality software process, informatics, and data management.
Kitware is one of the fastest-growing companies in the country, having been included on the Inc. 5000 list of fastest-growing companies from 2009 to 2012:
2008: Overall Rank of 3,026, Percentage Growth of 117.3%
2009: Overall Rank of 3,330, Percentage Growth of 76.1%
2010: Overall Rank of 1,655, Industry Rank of 113, Percentage Growth of 172%
2011: Overall Rank of 1,572, Percent Growth of 175%
2012: Overall Rank of 1,245, Percent Growth of 248%, 5-Time Honoree
The consistent growth of the company has enabled the opening of four additional offices: Carrboro, North Carolina; Santa Fe, New Mexico; Arlington, Virginia; and Kitware SAS, the European office, in Lyon, France.
Open Source
Kitware actively contributes to and maintains several leading open-source software packages, including:
VTK: The Visualization Toolkit
ITK: The Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit
CMake: Cross-platform build management tool
CDash: Web-based test reporting dashboard
ParaView: Parallel visualization application
MIDAS: Scientific data management tool
IGSTK: Image guided surgery toolkit
Insight Journal
3D Slicer
Areas of Expertise
Kitware contributes to the fields of scientific visualization, medical imaging, computer vision, data management, and informatics through the creation of high-quality software.
Recent publications highlighting the company's work include:
Medical Imaging
Bayesian Regularization Applied to Ultrasound Strain Imaging by McCormick M., Rubert N., Varghese T
Agile methods for open source safety-critical software by Gary K., Enquobahrie A., Ibanez L., Cheng P., Yaniv Z., Cleary K., Kokoori S., Muffih B., Heidenreich J.
Sensors Management in Robotic Neurosurgery: the ROBOCAST project by Vaccarella A., Comparetti M., Enquobahrie A., Ferrigno G., De Momi E.
The Need for Open Imaging Archives: How Open Imaging Archives Benefit Algorithm Development by R. Avila
Scientific Visualization
Streaming-Enabled Parallel Data Flow Framework in the Visualization Toolkit by Vo H.T., Comba J.L., Geveci B., Silva C.T.
Verifying Scientific Simulations via Comparative and Quantitative Visualization by Ahrens J., Heitmann K., Peterson M., Woodring J., Williams S., Fasel P., Ahrens C., Hsu C., Geveci B.
Multi-Resolution Streaming in VTK and ParaView by DeMarle D., Woodring J., Ahrens J.
Computer Vision
A Large-scale Benchmark Dataset for Event Recognition in Surveillance Video by Oh S., Hoogs A., Perera A., Cuntoor N., Chen C-C., Lee J.T., Mukherjee S., Aggarwal J.K., Lee H., Davis L., Swears E., Wang X., Ji Q., Reddy K., Shah M., Vondrick C., Pirsiavash H., Ramanan D., Yuen J., Torralba A., Song B., Fong A., Roy-Chowdhury A., Desai M.
Vehicle Surveillance with a Generic, Adaptive, 3D Vehicle Model by Leotta M., Mundy J.
Augmenting aerial earth maps with dynamic information from videos by Kim K., Oh S., Lee J., Essa I.
Data Management
Remote Visualization of Large Datasets with MIDAS and ParaViewWeb by Jomier J., Jourdain S., Ayachit U., Marion C.
Locations
Kitware, Inc. Headquarters: Clifton Park, NY (1712 Route 9, Suite 300, Clifton Park, NY 12065)
Kitware, Inc. Branch Office: Chapel Hill, NC (101 East Weaver Street, Carrboro, NC 27510)
Kitware, Inc. Branch Office: Santa Fe, NM (1800 Old Pecos Trail, Suite G, Santa Fe, NM 87505)
Kitware, Inc. Branch Office: Washington, DC (4100 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 302, Arlington, VA 22203)
Kitware SAS Headquarters: Lyon, France (6 Cours André Philip, 69100 Villeurbanne, France)
References
External links
Kitware's homepage
Further reading
KDE Adopts CMake, Linux Today, 2007
The Road to KDE 4: CMake, a New Build System for KDE, 2007
Linux Weekly News, 2006
"New visualization cluster installed on world’s fastest supercomputer", Los Alamos National Lab, Press Release 2004
NVidia Press Release 2005
Kitware Software listed at TeraGrid.org
"Automated Wrapping of Complex C++ Code", Dr Dobbs Portal, 2003
"The CMake Build Manager, Cross platform and open source", Dr Dobbs Portal, 2003
TimesUnion 2004
An Open Source Approach to Developing Software in a Small Organization, IEEE Software, 2007
Record of US Federal Contracts
Sandia National Labs Press Release 2005
Sandia National Labs, Breakthrough Performance, Press Release 2005
SINTEF tele-medicine collaboration, Press Release 2006
Monthly News service European HPCN Community 2001
IGSTK Publication in IEEE Computer
Company Profile in Albany Business Review
Albany Business Review: Press Release of NIH funding for NAMIC 2004
"Competitiveness depends on Cooperation, Albany Business Review, 2005
Kitware's Profile, TechValley Times 2005
Medical Uses of VTK via PV-Wave, University of Alabama at Birmingham press release at Monthly News service European HPCN Community 2001
Kitware software used for modeling brain blood circulation
Kitware's VTK Entry at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center data services page
Kitware's ParaView Entry at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center data services page
"Building a Visualization Cluster with Rocks", HPC Wire, 2006
Companies based in New York (state)
Data visualization software |
27729451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange%20ActiveSync | Exchange ActiveSync | Exchange ActiveSync (commonly known as EAS) is a proprietary protocol designed for the synchronization of email, contacts, calendar, tasks, and notes from a messaging server to a smartphone or other mobile devices. The protocol also provides mobile device management and policy controls. The protocol is based on XML. The mobile device communicates over HTTP or HTTPS.
Usage
Originally branded as AirSync and only supporting Microsoft Exchange Servers and Pocket PC devices, Microsoft now licenses the technology widely for synchronization between groupware and mobile devices in a number of competing collaboration platforms, including:
GroupWise with the Novell GroupWise Mobility Services software,
Lotus Notes with IBM Notes Traveler,
Mailsite,
MDaemon Email Server.
Google in paid Google Apps for Work subscriptions from 2013.
In addition to support on Windows Phone, EAS client support is included on:
Android,
iOS,
BlackBerry 10 smartphones and the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet computer.
Beyond on premises installations of Exchange, the various personal and enterprise hosted services from Microsoft also utilize EAS, including Outlook.com and Office 365. The built-in email application for Windows 8 desktop, Mail app, also supports the protocol.
Apart from the above, EAS client support is not included on:
macOS, in the native Apple Mail.app
History
1.0
The first version of EAS (called AirSync at the time) was a part of Mobile Information Server (MIS) 2002. This version of EAS communicated over Web-based Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) to Exchange 2000 servers syncing Email, contacts, and calendar and allowed users to select a folder list to sync but this was only for email folders (not contacts or calendars). This initial version of EAS has the user’s device “pull” data down rather than have the server “push” new information as soon as it was available.
2.0
EAS 2.0 shipped in Exchange Server 2003. This version of the protocol was developed by the Microsoft Windows Mobile team and was delivered as a binary drop (massync.dll) to the Exchange Server team. EAS used WebDAV to connect to a user's mailbox and added the ability to sync non-default calendar and contacts folders. Always Up To Date (AUTD) was implemented as a way to let a device know if there was new information for it and Short Message Service (SMS) was the technology used to deliver this information to the device. Because of the use of SMS as a notification, the configuration of an SMS gateway was required and each account needed to be configured with a user's mobile phone number.
2.1
In Exchange Server 2003 SP1 ghosting support was added to EAS 2.1. Ghosting tells server what they can sync and then all is sent down but when changes are sent up, only specified fields are changed (others are not deleted). The EAS protocol also moved from a Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) to 1:X short IDs for all items which reduced the amount of data sent across the wireless network.
2.5
EAS 2.5 (Part of Exchange Server 2003 SP2) was the first version of EAS to be written by the Exchange Server team. This version also introduced Direct Push, a real-time push e-mail solution which allows the server to say "I have a new item for you" and then tells the client device to do a sync. (This was called a "Ping Sync"). Global Address List (GAL) search was added to enable people to look up other co-workers in their company directory to find their email address. The ability to remotely wipe a device was also added so administrators could remove company data from a device that was lost, stolen, or after an employee left the company. Tasks syncing was added as was S/MIME email encryption and the following policies were added:
Minimum password length
Timeout without user input
Require password
Require alphanumeric password
Number of failed attempts
Policy refresh interval
Allow non-provisionable device
12.0
EAS 12.0 came with Exchange Server 2007. EAS 12.0 was a complete re-write of the protocol (in managed code) from its previous version. New features included password reset which allowed users to reset a forgotten PIN lock code, message flagging which gave users the ability to mark a message so they could remember to follow up on it when they got back to their computer, Out of Office setting so users could set an “away” message from their phone, SharePoint (and UNC file share) access from links in email (file traffic was proxied though EAS), Empty deleted items to allow people to shrink their mailboxes so they didn’t exceed their mailbox size limits, fetch which allowed users to get only parts of a message and then choose later to get the rest of the message (or an attachment) later, device info which allowed users and administrators to see which phones were connected to their accounts, and AutoDiscover which (although strictly speaking isn’t part of the EAS protocol) allowed phones to automatically configure the EAS connection with just a user login and password (instead of requiring people to know the computer name of their Exchange Server). The ability to see who was invited to a meeting was also added as well as the ability to search the server for an email that was not synced to the device. The new policies introduced were:
Allow attachment download
Maximum attachment size
Enable password recovery
Allow simple password
Password expiration (Days)
Enforce password history
Windows file share access
Windows SharePoint access
Encrypt storage card
12.1
EAS 12.1 came in Exchange Server 2007 SP1. This version of the protocol was one of the largest changes since version 2.5 and featured header compression (Base64 encoding of a binary structure) to decrease the amount of data sent wirelessly, Multiple collections sync (a bundling of all sync requests together instead of the previous way of doing a sync for each folder separately), a hanging sync which allowed the server to keep a communications channel open to the client at all times so battery life and data wouldn’t be consumed constantly turning on the radio and querying the server and was a “true push sync” solution (which had far lower message delivery latencies, as opposed to the previous ping based “push to pull” solution), a confirmation of a completed remote wipe, as well as the following 30 new policies:
Disable desktop ActiveSync
Disable removable storage
Disable camera
Disable SMS text messaging
Disable Wi-Fi
Disable Bluetooth
Disable IrDA
Allow internet sharing from device
Allow desktop sharing from device
Disable POP3/IMAP4 email
Allow consumer email
Allow web browser
Allow unsigned applications
Allow unsigned CABs
Application allow list
Application block list
Require signed S/MIME messages
Require encrypted S/MIME messages
Require signed S/MIME algorithm
Require encrypted S/MIME algorithm
Allow S/MIME encrypted algorithm negotiation
Allow S/MIME SoftCerts
Device encryption
Minimum number of complex characters
Configure message formats (HTML or plain text)
Include past email items (duration)
Email body truncation size
HTML email body truncation size
Include past calendar items (duration)
Require manual sync when roaming
14.0
EAS 14.0 was introduced as part of Exchange Server 2010. This new version added a new conversation view that put email messages in a view connected by several attributes including a Message-ID and the email subject, notes syncing, the ability to look up the availability (free/busy status) of a contact (from their calendar), a Nickname Cache which shared the names of common used contacts between Outlook Web App (OWA) and EAS, the ability to set a server side rule to always move messages in a conversation, lunar calendar support, syncing of the reply state (which let the device and the server know if any message had been forwarded or replied to from any other source), a new way to identify unified messaging (UM) messages so that voicemail that appeared in a user’s inbox could be handled differently, SMS Syncing (which allowed users to see their SMS messages in their email inbox and reply to them from their inbox instead of on their phone), and the following two new policies:
Allow Mobile OTA Update
Mobile OTA Update Mode
This is also the first version of EAS that identified clients that were using older versions of EAS and alerted them if there was an updated version of the client that would enable newer features.
14.1
EAS 14.1 came as part of Exchange Server 2010 SP1. This version of the protocol added GAL photos (images stored in an Active Directory server of the user who has sent the email), Message Diffs (a means of sending only the new portion of an email and avoiding redundant information), added device/user information to the provision command so that the new Allow/Block/Quarantine feature could more easily allow administrators to control which devices connected to their organizations, and information rights management (IRM) over EAS (a method to apply digital rights management control and encryption to email messages that are sent and received). EAS 14.1 may allow IRM over EAS.
16.0
EAS 16.0 was announced in June 2015 and was deployed in Office 365 first, followed by Exchange Server 2016.
This new protocol version adds mainly 3 enhancements: Redesigned calendar synchronisation to avoid the most common EAS calendar syncing problems, added calendar attachments and syncing the email drafts folder.
16.1
EAS 16.1 was announced in June 2016 and was deployed in Office 365 first, followed by Exchange Server 2016.
This version of the protocol contains three major capabilities: improved keyword search, propose new time and account-only remote wipe.
Licensing
Beginning in the early 2000s, EAS began to be available for licensing. At the time it was a client only protocol license. Motorola was the first licensee and began with a license of the 2.1 version of EAS. Various other organizations licensed EAS over time and Microsoft eventually started licensing the server side of EAS in 2007. The protocol licensing continued until 2008.
In December 2008 Microsoft shifted its licensing of EAS from that of a protocol license, to licensing the patents of EAS and providing full protocol documentation. Because EAS is licensed as a series of patents (and not given as computer code to other companies), different clients and servers implement a subset of the entire features of the protocol and the implementations are written by each company that has obtained a license. Google uses an implementation of EAS for its G Suite subscribers. Likewise, IBM and Novell have implemented the technology to allow their competing groupware servers (Lotus Domino and Novell GroupWise) to support smartphones and other devices, through IBM Notes Traveler and Novell Data Synchronizer Mobility Pack, respectively.
Logo program
In April 2011, Microsoft launched the EAS logo program, which tests third-party EAS clients in mobile email devices. Handset manufacturers that have licensed the EAS protocol from Microsoft are eligible to join the program. In order to be compliant, EAS clients must employ EAS v14.0 or later and enable the following features and management policies:
Direct Push email, contacts and calendar
Accept, decline and tentative accept meetings
Rich formatted email (HTML)
Reply/forward state on email
GAL lookup
Autodiscover
Allow-Block-Quarantine strings for device type and device model
Remote wipe
Password required
Minimum password length
Timeout without user input
Number of failed attempts
See also
MAPI/RPC
SyncML
Push-IMAP
CalDAV
CardDAV
References
Further reading
Application layer protocols
Internet mail protocols
Mobile software
Push technology |
37209658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii%20U%20system%20software | Wii U system software | The Wii U system software is the official firmware version and operating system for Nintendo's Wii U home video game console. Nintendo maintains the Wii U's systemwide features and applications by offering system software updates via the Internet. Updates are optional to each console owner, but may be required in order to retain interoperability with Nintendo's online services. Each update is cumulative, including all changes from previous updates.
The system's official integrated development environment, named MULTI and published by embedded software engineering vendor Green Hills Software, is intended for use by Nintendo and its licensed developers in programming the Wii U. Details of the operating system's internal architecture have not been officially publicized.
Wii U Menu
The Wii U Menu is the main dashboard of the system, acting as an application organizer and launcher. It is a graphical shell similar to the Wii's "Wii Menu" and Nintendo 3DS HOME Menu. It allows launching software stored on Wii U optical discs, applications installed in the internal memory or an external storage device, or Wii titles through the system's "Wii Mode". The WaraWara Plaza is displayed on the TV screen, while the Wii U GamePad screen displays the application icons available for launch; the two screens' display roles can be swapped with the press of a button. Like the original Wii, discs can also be hot-swapped while in the menu. The Wii U Menu may also be used to launch applications entirely beyond just gaming: the Miiverse social network which is integrated with all games and applications; the Internet Browser for the World Wide Web; play media through Netflix, Amazon Video, Hulu, YouTube, and more; download Wii U software and content through the Nintendo eShop; and receive official notifications from Nintendo. System settings, parental controls and the activity log can also be launched through the menu.
WaraWara Plaza
The Wii U Menu is directly integrated with Miiverse and the Nintendo Network. When the Wii U powers on, the television screen shows the WaraWara Plaza in which user status and comments on Miiverse are shown. Each user is represented by their respective Mii and was associated with a Miiverse community. Users could save any Mii on the WaraWara Plaza to their personal library, like their posts (with a "Yeah!"), write a comment, and send a friend request.
Since Miiverse is discontinued, the WaraWara Plaza now only shows the built-in tips from Nintendo usually meant for offline users.
Home Menu
The Home Menu (stylized as HOME Menu) can be accessed during any game or application through the user pressing the Home Button on the Wii U GamePad, Wii U Pro Controller or Wii Remote. The Home Menu allows the user to launch certain multitasking applications, such as Miiverse, Nintendo TVii, Nintendo eShop, and the Internet Browser while a game or application is running. It also displays various information such as date and time, the wireless signal status, controller battery life and controller settings. Current downloads can also be managed in the Download Manager, which downloads and installs games and applications and their respective updates, as well as downloading system updates in the background.
Pre-installed software
Nintendo eShop
The Nintendo eShop is Nintendo's online digital distribution service, serving the Wii U, the Nintendo Switch, and the Nintendo 3DS handheld console. The eShop provides downloadable Wii U software titles (both retail and download only), Wii games, Virtual Console games, trial versions (demos), and various applications. It also allows users to purchase downloadable content (DLC) and automatically download patches for both physical and downloadable games. All content obtained from the Nintendo eShop is attached to a Nintendo Network ID but can only be used in one system. The Wii U allows background downloading via SpotPass, either while playing a game or application or in sleep mode. Up to ten downloads can be queued at a time and their status can be checked on the Download Manager application. A pop-up notification will appear on the Home Menu section to notify the user that a download is finished.
Unlike past Nintendo digital stores, such as the Wii Shop Channel and the Nintendo DSi Shop which used Nintendo Points as its currency, the Nintendo eShop uses the user's local currency using a digital wallet system whereby funds are added to and debited from the wallet. The user can add funds to their wallet in a number of ways either by credit or debit card or by purchasing Nintendo eShop cards. It is also possible to purchase download codes from select retailers and later redeem the on the eShop. On July 22, 2014, the Japanese Nintendo eShop was updated to support digital money cards to add funds to the user account's digital wallet via near field communication (NFC) on the Wii U GamePad. These cards are embedded with IC chips and are typically used to buy train or bus tickets as well as make purchases at convenience stores.
The Nintendo eShop supports user software reviews. Users can submit a review with "stars" ranging from one to five, representing its quality in a crescent order. It is also possible to categorize the software on whether it is suitable for hardcore or for more casual players. Reviews can only be submitted after the software in review has been used for at least one hour.
Miiverse
Miiverse (portmanteau of "Mii" and "Universe") was an integrated social networking service, which allowed players to interact and share their experiences through their own Mii characters. Miiverse allowed users to seamlessly share accomplishments, comments hand written and game screenshots notes with other users. Select games were integrated with Miiverse, where social interactions could also occur within the game. Miiverse was moderated through software filtering as well as a human resource team in order to ensure that the content shared by users was appropriate and that no spoilers were shared. In order to facilitate this, it was stated that comments posted could take up to 30 minutes to appear on Miiverse.
On April 25, 2013, Miiverse also became available on web browsers for internet-enabled smartphone, tablet and PC devices. It later became available for the Nintendo 3DS in December 2013. It was discontinued on November 8, 2017, along with Wii U Chat.
Internet Browser
Internet Browser allows users to browse the web on the Wii U GamePad and/or the television screen. It functions as a multitasking application on the Wii U, so it can be used while another game or application is suspended in the background. The browser is primarily controlled using the Wii U GamePad's touchscreen, or with the analog stick to scroll through web pages and the D-pad to cycle through links on the page, similar to using a keyboard. It can play HTML 5 video and audio in websites such as YouTube and various other social media. The user can choose to hide the browser's view on the TV screen for privacy, which contains presentation effects such as the opening of stage curtains. The user can also choose between the Google and Yahoo! search engines. There is a text wrap option to automatically wrap text to the width of the screen at different zoom levels. Users can also create bookmarks, with each user having its own set of personal bookmarks. The browser supports up to six tabs simultaneously. Up to 32 pages can be stored into the browser's history before the older items start being replaced.
Nintendo TVii
Nintendo TVii was a free television-based service which allowed users to find programs on Netflix, Hulu Plus, Amazon Video, and on their cable network. Nintendo TVii also allowed users to control their TiVo DVR through the Wii U. Users were then able to select the source of the program they wanted to watch and watch it on their television or on the Wii U GamePad. By default, the GamePad screen showed information on the show currently being watched. This information included reviews, screenshots, cast lists, trailers, and other general information about the show provided by English Wikipedia, IMDb, Rotten Tomatoes, as well as other individual source services. Nintendo TVii also had a dedicated sports section where the user could view player positions and highlights of the match, updated in real-time.
Each user had their own personalized settings on Nintendo TVii, such as favorite shows and sports teams, their personal Mii, and any social network account integration. Users could then interact with friends and the community by sharing and commenting on reactions to live moments on the current show, on social networks such as Miiverse, Facebook, and Twitter, through the GamePad while the show played on the television screen.
Nintendo TVii was made available with the Wii U's release in Japan on December 8, 2012. It was released in North America on December 20, 2012 and was scheduled to be released in Europe sometime in 2013, but was never fulfilled. Nintendo UK later issued an apology and stated to expect further announcements in the "near future". However, on February 14, 2015, Nintendo Europe officially confirmed that they had cancelled plans for the service's release in European countries "due to the extremely complex nature of localising multiple television services across a diverse range of countries with varied licensing systems".
It was discontinued in the US on August 11, 2015 and Japan on November 8, 2017, along with Miiverse and Wii U Chat.
Other streaming service apps
Nintendo worked with YouTube, LoveFilm (United Kingdom and Ireland only), Nico Nico Douga and YNN! (Japan only) to bring streaming movie and television content to the Wii U. Nintendo had initially delayed the deployment of some media capabilities for the Wii U as it delayed its online infrastructure. Late in the launch day, a firmware update deployed the Netflix app. Then, access to the Hulu Plus, Amazon Video, and YouTube apps gradually became active later in the launch week. On December 25, 2014, and without prior notice, Crunchyroll launched their eponymous app for the North American Wii U eShop, and was later released for PAL systems by January 8, 2015. Initially, despite being free to download, the content on the Crunchyroll app was only accessible to Premium account users, but this has since been fixed to allow access of all Crunchyroll members. After a long delay and without prior notice, as of May 28, 2015, users with access to the Nintendo eShop for the United Kingdom can download the BBC iPlayer app. On December 17, 2015, also without prior notice, the music streaming app Napster was released on the Wii U for eligible European countries, and the app was later released in the United States on March 11, 2016, under the Rhapsody name.
Wii U Chat
Wii U Chat was Nintendo's online video chat solution, powered by the Nintendo Network. The service allows the users to use the Wii U GamePad's front-facing camera to video chat with registered friends. While video chatting, only the Wii U GamePad is essentially needed, since the application is compatible with Off-TV Play. Users could draw pictures on the GamePad, on top of the video chat display. If there is a game or another application already running, the GamePad's HOME button ring will flash indicating that there is an incoming call.
It is no longer available from November 7, 2017, along with Miiverse and TVii.
Wii Street U
Wii Street U was a built-in map application developed by Nintendo and Google for the Wii U. During a Nintendo Direct, Satoru Iwata revealed that Google Maps would be integrated with the panorama feature of the Wii U. The player could choose any place from around the globe to look at, use the street view feature and can use the Wii U GamePad.
This application was available on Wii U eShop as a free download until October 31, 2013, after which it became a paid app. Nintendo discontinued the app on March 31, 2016.
Wii Karaoke U
Wii Karaoke U is a built-in karaoke app developed by Nintendo and Joysound for the Wii U. It licenses the Joysound online song library from Japanese karaoke service provider Xing. The app can use both the Wii U GamePad's microphone and any universal USB microphone connected to the Wii U console.
The app requires an Internet connection for players to access new songs to download. Buying tickets for songs from the Nintendo eShop, players rent the songs they want to sing for a limited period (from 24 hours to up to 90 days) from Joysounds's song library. Choosing a stage to perform on, players are able to select their own Mii characters to represent themselves. Players are also able to adjust options such as echo, key and speed of the song, and other players can use their Wii Remotes to accompany the singer by playing instruments such as cymbals and maracas. The game includes a lesson mode which trains and quizzes players on tone and rhythm.
It was released as a free app, titled Wii Karaoke U by Joysound, on the Nintendo eShop in Europe, on October 4, 2013.
It was closed on March 31, 2017.
Wii Mode
Wii Mode is a fully virtualized Wii system, relaunching the Wii U to entirely become exactly like a Wii until it is relaunched into native mode. When a Wii game disc is inserted into the Wii U, an appropriate launchable icon appears on the Wii U Menu. Alternatively, the Wii U may be powered on while holding the B button. As with a native Wii system, the Wii Mode's internal storage memory is limited to 512 MB, and the SD Card Menu can utilize a card up to 32 GB in size.
There are a few slight differences between the Wii U's Wii Mode and a native Wii system. The data management settings are accessible, but the Wii System Settings are not. The Wii Shop Channel is fully available for the purchase of Wii software; however, its Netflix, Hulu Plus, and YouTube applications cannot be used. The system must be relaunched into Wii U mode, in order to utilize the native versions of these applications.
Other software
Health & Safety Information
User Accounts
Wii U optical disc launcher
Activity Log
Parental Controls
System Settings
Multitasking applications
In addition to running one primary game or application, the Wii U is capable of simultaneously opening select system applications. Once a primary application has been launched from the Wii U Menu, the user can then push the HOME button to temporarily suspend that application. One of the following applications may then be launched, and may possibly interoperate with the primary application, such as screenshots and game scores.
Miiverse
Nintendo eShop
Internet Browser
Nintendo TVii
Notifications
Friend List
Download Manager
History of updates
The Wii U launched with its system software at either version 1.0.1 or 1.0.2. An update released on the same day added a web browser, Miiverse, a method of transferring data from a Wii, and a sandboxed way for owners to play Wii games, but not GameCube games although you can play GameCube games using Homebrew. On April 25, 2013, a major new update at version 3.0 improved system loading times and added automatic installation of downloaded software. Version 4.0 released on September 30, 2013 added further features such as the ability to plug a headset directly into the GamePad for Wii U Chat, the ability to take screenshots and upload them through the web browser during gameplay, and support for USB keyboards and surround sound for Wii games. On June 2, 2014, another major update with version number 5.0 was released, with added abilities to display a Quick Start Menu and Wii U GamePad Alerts in addition to other changes. The version that immediately followed (5.1.0) added the support for Wii U to Wii U System Transfer.
See also
List of Wii U games
Other gaming platforms
from Nintendo:
Wii system software
Nintendo Switch system software
Nintendo 3DS system software
Nintendo DSi system software
Other gaming platforms from this generation:
PlayStation 4 system software
Xbox One system software
PlayStation Vita system software
Gaming platforms from the seventh generation:
PlayStation 3 system software
PlayStation Portable system software
Xbox 360 system software
References
External links
Official changes in Wii U system software (Nintendo Japan)
Official changes in Wii U system software (Nintendo Europe)
Official changes in Wii U system software (Nintendo America)
Official changes in Wii U system software (Nintendo Australia)
Wii U
Nintendo Network
Game console operating systems
Proprietary operating systems |
50681467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS%20malware | MacOS malware | macOS malware includes viruses, trojan horses, worms and other types of malware that affect macOS, Apple's current operating system for Macintosh computers. macOS (previously Mac OS X and OS X) is said to rarely suffer malware or virus attacks, and has been considered less vulnerable than Windows. There is a frequent release of system software updates to resolve vulnerabilities. Utilities are also available to find and remove malware.
History
Early examples of macOS malware include Leap (discovered in 2006, also known as Oompa-Loompa) and RSPlug (discovered in 2007).
An application called MacSweeper (2009) misled users about malware threats in order to take their credit card details.
The trojan MacDefender (2011) used a similar tactic, combined with displaying popups.
In 2012, a worm known as Flashback appeared. Initially, it infected computers through fake Adobe Flash Player install prompts, but it later exploited a vulnerability in Java to install itself without user intervention. The malware forced Oracle and Apple to release bug fixes for Java to remove the vulnerability.
Bit9 and Carbon Black reported at the end of 2015 that Mac malware had been more prolific that year than ever before, including:
Lamadai – Java vulnerability
Appetite – Trojan horse targeting government organizations
Coin Thief – Stole bitcoin login credentials through cracked Angry Birds applications
A trojan known as Keydnap first appeared in 2016, which placed a backdoor on victims' computers.
Adware is also a problem on the Mac, with software like Genieo, which was released in 2009, inserting ads into webpages and changing users' homepage and search engine.
Malware has also been spread on Macs through Microsoft Word macros.
Ransomware
In March 2016 Apple shut down the first ransomware attack targeted against Mac users, encrypting the user's confidential information. It was known as KeRanger. After completing the encryption process, KeRanger demanded that victims pay one bitcoin (about at the time, about as of February 18, 2021) for the user to recover their credentials.
References
Malware by platform |
11592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware | Freeware | Freeware is software, most often proprietary, that is distributed at no monetary cost to the end user. There is no agreed-upon set of rights, license, or EULA that defines freeware unambiguously; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers. For instance, modification, redistribution by third parties, and reverse engineering are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others. Unlike with free and open-source software, which are also often distributed free of charge, the source code for freeware is typically not made available. Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by, for example, encouraging sales of a more capable version, as in the freemium and shareware business models.
History
The term freeware was coined in 1982 by Andrew Fluegelman, who wanted to sell PC-Talk, the communications application he had created, outside of commercial distribution channels. Fluegelman distributed the program via a process now termed shareware. As software types can change, freeware can change into shareware.
In the 1980s and 1990s, the term freeware was often applied to software released without source code.
Definitions
Software license
Software classified as freeware may be used without payment and is typically either fully functional for an unlimited time or has limited functionality, with a more capable version available commercially or as shareware.
In contrast to what the Free Software Foundation calls free software, the author of freeware usually restricts the rights of the user to use, copy, distribute, modify, make derivative works, or reverse engineer the software. The software license may impose additional usage restrictions; for instance, the license may be "free for private, non-commercial use" only, or usage over a network, on a server, or in combination with certain other software packages may be prohibited. Restrictions may be required by license or enforced by the software itself; e.g., the package may fail to function over a network.
Relation to other forms of software licensing
The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) defines "open source software" (i.e., free software or free and open-source software), as distinct from "freeware" or "shareware"; it is software where "the Government does not have access to the original source code". The "free" in "freeware" refers to the price of the software, which is typically proprietary and distributed without source code. By contrast, the "free" in "free software" refers to freedoms granted users under the software license (for example, to run the program for any purpose, modify and redistribute the program to others), and such software may be sold at a price.
According to the Free Software Foundation (FSF), "freeware" is a loosely defined category and it has no clear accepted definition, although FSF asks that free software (libre; unrestricted and with source code available) should not be called freeware.
In contrast the Oxford English Dictionary simply characterizes freeware as being "available free of charge (sometimes with the suggestion that users should make a donation to the provider)".
Some freeware products are released alongside paid versions that either have more features or less restrictive licensing terms. This approach is known as freemium ("free" + "premium"), since the free version is intended as a promotion for the premium version. The two often share a code base, using a compiler flag to determine which is produced. For example, BBEdit has a BBEdit Lite edition which has fewer features. XnView is available free of charge for personal use but must be licensed for commercial use. The free version may be advertising supported, as was the case with the DivX.
Ad-supported software and free registerware also bear resemblances to freeware. Ad-supported software does not ask for payment for a license, but displays advertising to either compensate for development costs or as a means of income. Registerware forces the user to subscribe with the publisher before being able to use the product. While commercial products may require registration to ensure licensed use, free registerware do not.
Creative Commons licenses
The Creative Commons offer licenses, applicable to all by copyright governed works including software, which allow a developer to define "freeware" in a legal safe and internationally law domains respecting way. The typical freeware use case "share" can be further refined with Creative Commons restriction clauses like non-commerciality (CC BY-NC) or no-derivatives (CC BY-ND), see description of licenses. There are several usage examples, for instance The White Chamber, Mari0 or Assault Cube, all freeware by being CC BY-NC-SA licensed: free sharing allowed, selling not.
Restrictions
Freeware cannot economically rely on commercial promotion. In May 2015 advertising freeware on Google AdWords was restricted to "authoritative source"[s]. Thus web sites and blogs are the primary resource for information on which freeware is available, useful, and is not malware. However, there are also many computer magazines or newspapers that provide ratings for freeware and include compact discs or other storage media containing freeware. Freeware is also often bundled with other products such as digital cameras or scanners.
Freeware has been criticized as "unsustainable" because it requires a single entity to be responsible for updating and enhancing the product, which is then given away without charge. Other freeware projects are simply released as one-off programs with no promise or expectation of further development. These may include source code, as does free software, so that users can make any required or desired changes themselves, but this code remains subject to the license of the compiled executable and does not constitute free software.
See also
List of freeware
List of freeware video games
List of commercial video games released as freeware
Freely redistributable software
Gratis versus Libre
Comparison of user features of messaging platforms
References
External links
freesoft: directory published by the Free Software Foundation
Software licenses
Giving |
1436627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo%20Laredo | Nuevo Laredo | Nuevo Laredo () is a city in the Municipality of Nuevo Laredo in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The city lies on the banks of the Rio Grande, across from the American city of the same name. The 2010 census population of the city was 373,725. Nuevo Laredo is part of the Laredo-Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan Area with a population of 636,516. The municipality has an area of . Both the city and the municipality rank as the third largest in the state.
The city is connected to Laredo, Texas by three international bridges and a rail bridge. The city is larger and younger than its American counterpart. As an indication of its economic importance, one of Mexico's banderas monumentales is in the city (these banderas have been established in state capitals and cities of significance).
History
Nuevo Laredo was part of the territory of the original settlement of Laredo (now in Texas) which was founded in 1755 by the Spaniard Don Tomás Sánchez in the northern part of the Rio Grande. The settlement's territory was granted to José de Escandón by the King of Spain, and the settlement's territory and population remained unified for ninety years, until the war of 1846–1848, the Mexican–American War.
Early in 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo divided the territory attached to Laredo between the United States (specifically, Texas) and Mexico. Nuevo Laredo was founded on June 15, 1848, by seventeen Laredo families who wished to remain Mexican and therefore moved to the Mexican side of the Rio Grande. They identified with Mexico, its history, and its cultural customs, and decided to keep their Mexican citizenship. The founders of Nuevo Laredo even took with them the bones of their ancestors so they would continue to rest in Mexican ground.
A shortage of natural gas led to blackouts in Texas and along the border during the February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm. Millions on both sides of the border were left without gas or electricity, heat or running water. Factories and restaurants were forced to close, and people lost their jobs. Mayor Enrique Rivas Cuéllar called upon the population not to panic. Also, as of February 19, 2021, Nuevo Laredo reported 4,714 cases of COVID-19.
Drug-related violence
As a border town, Nuevo Laredo is known for its turf war in which drug cartels compete for control of the drug trade into the United States. Nuevo Laredo is a lucrative drug corridor because of the large volume of trucks that pass through the area, and the multiple exploitable ports of entry.
Nuevo Laredo is the base of Los Zetas, originally the armed wing of the Gulf Cartel; the two organizations separated in early 2010 and have been fighting for the control of the smuggling routes to the United States. As of 2012, Los Zetas are thought to be Mexico's largest criminal organization. Drug violence involving the Sinaloa and Gulf Cartels escalated in 2003, when the city was controlled by the Gulf Cartel. 2012 saw an unprecedented series of mass murder attacks in the city between the Sinaloa Cartel and Gulf Cartel on one side and Los Zetas on the other.
Geography
Nuevo Laredo is in the northern tip of Tamaulipas on the west end of the Rio Grande Plains. The Rio Grande is the only source that supplies its citizens with water. El Coyote Creek supplies Nuevo Laredo's only natural lake El Laguito (The Small Lake). The area consists of a few hills and flat land covered with grass, oak, and mesquite.
Climate
Nuevo Laredo features a semi-arid climate. Nuevo Laredo's weather is influenced by its proximity to the Chihuahuan Desert to the west, by the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains to the south and west, and by the Gulf of Mexico to the east. Much of the moisture from the Pacific is blocked by the Sierra Madre Oriental. Therefore, most of the moisture derives from the Gulf of Mexico. Its geographic location causes Nuevo Laredo's weather to range from long periods of heat to sudden violent storms in a short period of time. Nuevo Laredo is cold for Tamaulipas standards during winter, the average daytime highs are around and overnight lows around ; although it is rare for snow to fall in Nuevo Laredo, there was actually snow on the ground for a few hours on the morning of Christmas Day 2004.
Nuevo Laredo experiences an average high temperature of about , and an average low of about during summer, and of rain per year. As Laredo sometimes undergoes drought, a water conservation ordinance was implemented in 2003.
Government
Nuevo Laredo is governed by an elected Cabildo, which is composed of the Presidente Municipal (Municipal President or Mayor), two Síndicos, and twenty Regidores. The PAN is in control of the city government. The Mayor is in charge of the municipal administration. The Síndicos supervise the municipal budget and expenditures, and the Regidores are elected by the party.
Public safety
Public safety is provided by three municipal departments: (1) municipal police (Dirección de Seguridad Ciudadana), (2) traffic control (Dirección de Seguridad Vial), and (3) the emergency services department (Dirección de Protección Civil, Bomberos y Desastres).
As well as the State Police Force Tamaulipas ("Fuerza Tamaulipas") replacing former Acreditable State Police ("Polícia Estatal Acreditable")
Because of the drug-related violence, Federal level departments take part in the security effort, SEDENA Military Police ("Polícia Military") Mexican Army Troops, SEMAR Mexican Navy Troops and Federal Police.
Economy
Nuevo Laredo (along with Laredo, Texas) is the most important trade border crossing of Latin America (approximately 8500 trucks cross the border each day). Its geographical position has enabled this city to grow and specialize in the international trade business. Nuevo Laredo has a very developed logistics and transportation industry, complemented with a variety of hotel chains, restaurants and a cultural center where events such as the Tamaulipas International Festival take place.
Nuevo Laredo is on the primary trade route connecting Canada, the United States and Mexico. Both Nuevo Laredo and Laredo, Texas are now the gateway to Mexico's burgeoning industrial complex, offering diverse markets, business opportunities and profit potential, which both business and industry cannot find anywhere else. Nuevo Laredo is the only Mexico/U.S. border city strategically positioned at the convergence of all land transportation systems. The main highway and railroad leading from Central Mexico through Mexico City, San Luis Potosí, Saltillo and Monterrey join with two major U.S. rail lines at Nuevo Laredo and major American highway Interstate 35, thus offering fast access to the most important metropolitan areas and seaports of Texas, as well as northern states and Canada. For more than a decade, Mexico's economic policies have greatly increased Mexico/U.S. trade and cross-border production in the Nuevo Laredo area.
There are three bridges in the Nuevo Laredo area: International Bridge #1 (the oldest); International Bridge #2 (also known as Juarez-Lincoln; no pedestrians); International Bridge #3 (also known as the Free Trade or Libre Comercio Bridge; inaugurated in 1999; cargo only). Also the Colombia-Solidarity (Solidaridad) Bridge (located about NW of the city in Colombia, Nuevo León). There are no urban areas on either side of this bridge.
Nuevo Laredo is a strategic investment point. On this site there are six recognized industrial parks: Oradel Industrial Center, Longoria Industrial Park, Rio Bravo Industrial Park, Modulo Industrial America, FINSA Industrial Park, and Industrial Park Pyme.
Education
The educational infrastructure amounted to 288 school sites which are 71 kindergartens, 148 elementary schools, 34 junior high schools, 14 high schools, 13 vocational schools and 12 universities.
Higher education
There are twelve universities in Nuevo Laredo. Undergraduate studies normally last at least 3 years, divided into semesters or quarters, depending on the college or university.
Every graduate gets a bachelor's degree (Licenciatura or Ingenieria). Some of these universities also offer postgraduate studies. A "maestría" is a 2-year degree after a bachelor's degree, which awards the title of Master (Maestro).
Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas (UAT) It has 2 faculties. The faculty of commerce, administration and social sciences offers bachelor's degrees in: International trade, Computing, Business administration, Law, and Accountancy. The faculty of nursing offers bachelor's degrees in: Nursing, Health, safety and environment.
Instituto Tecnologico de Nuevo Laredo (ITNL) offers bachelor's degrees in: Architecture, Civil engineering, Electrical engineering, Computer systems engineering, Industrial engineering, Mechanical engineering, Business administration, Accountancy, Electronic engineering, Mechatronics engineering, and Enterprise management engineering.
Universidad Valle del Bravo-Valle de Mexico (UVB-UVM) offers bachelor's degrees in: Law, Psychology, Graphic design, International trade, International marketing, Business administration, Tourism, International relations, Communications, Accountancy, Political sciences, Industrial administration engineering, Computer systems engineering, Electronic systems engineering, Civil engineering, Environmental engineering, Mechanical electrician engineering, Security and industrial hygiene engineering, Dentistry.
Universidad Tecnologica de Nuevo Laredo (UT) offers bachelor's degrees in: Enterprise development engineering, Global commercial logistics engineering, Industrial maintenance engineering, Mechatronics engineering, Renewable energy engineering. Also offers associate degrees in: Logistic and Autotransport administration, tariff classification and customs clearance, Electronics and automated, Industrial maintenance, Sales and Distribution.
Centro de Estudios Superiores Royal (CES-R, Royal University) offers bachelor's degrees in: International trade, Marketing and publicity, Business administration, Computer systems engineering, Organizational psychology, Accountancy.
Instituto de Ciencias y Estudios Superiores de Tamaulipas (ICEST) offers bachelor's degrees in: Communications, Nutrition, Criminology, Psychology, Languages, International trade, Dramatic literature and theater, Chemical pharmacist biologist, Nursing, Library science, Tourism, Computer systems engineering, Chemical engineering.
Universidad TecMilenio (UTM) offers bachelor's degrees in: Business administration, Intelligence of markets, International trade, Graphic design and animation, Industrial engineering, Logistics systems engineering, Development of software engineering, International businesses engineering.
Universidad Del Norte De Tamaulipas (UNT) offers bachelor's degrees in: Political sciences and administration, Administration and marketing, International trade and customs, Computer systems engineering, Accountancy.
Universidad Panamericana (UP) offers bachelor's degrees in: Business administration, Accountancy, Law, Junior high education, Kindergarten education, Civic and ethical, Psychology, Surgeon (obstetrician), Surgeon (zootechnician), Industrial engineering, Computer systems engineering.
Nuevo Laredo has three teacher training programs:
Normal Básica Cuauhtemoc offers bachelor's degrees in: Elementary education, and Kindergarten education.
Normal Superior De Tamaulipas opened its doors in August 2005 and offers bachelor's degrees in: Physical education, and Junior high education. Also offers specialities in Spanish, mathematics, and English instruction.
Universidad Pedagógica Nacional (UPN) offers bachelor's degrees in: Education, Educational intervention.
Transportation
Air
Nuevo Laredo is served by the Quetzalcóatl International Airport with daily flights to Mexico City. The neighboring Laredo International Airport in Laredo, Texas has daily flights to Houston (George Bush Intercontinental Airport) and to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Tri-weekly flights to Las Vegas, Nevada and bi-weekly seasonal (May–August) flights to Orlando, Florida.
Mass transit
Transporte Urbano de Nuevo Laredo (TUNL) is the mass transit system that operates in Nuevo Laredo with fixed routes with millions of passengers per year. TUNL works with a fleet of fixed-route buses. TUNL hub is located in downtown Nuevo Laredo.
Ruta 1 Guerrero
Ruta 2 20 De Noviembre – Campanario
Ruta 2 20 De Noviembre – Valles De Anáhuac
Ruta 3 5 Colonias Azul
Ruta 3a 5 Colonias Verde
Ruta 4 Colonia Las Torres – Panteón – Puente
Ruta 5 Victoria – Viveros – Verde
Ruta 5a Victoria – Viveros – Azul
Ruta 6 Rivereña – Buenavista – Centro
Ruta 7 Mina – Constitucional
Ruta 7a Olivos X Arteaga - Cortes Villada – Mina – Constituciónal
Ruta 8 Mirador – Panteón
Ruta 8 Mirador – Reforma
Ruta 10 Kilometro 15 – Colonia Primavera – Kilometro 18
Ruta 11 Carretera – Colonia Burócrata – Centro
Ruta 12 Laredo Tx – Benito Juárez
Ruta 12 Laredo Tx – Issste
Ruta 13 Valles De Anáhuac – Conalep
Ruta 13 Valles De San Miguel – Valles De Anáhuac
Ruta 13a Campanario – Conalep
Ruta 15 Cavazos Lerma
Ruta 17 Granjas – Fracc. Itavu – Km 13 – Km 18 – Centro
Ruta 17a Granjas – Fracc. Itavu – Km 13 – Km 18 – Centro
Ruta 17b Km 13 – Santa Cecilia
Ruta 19 Unión Del Recuerdo
Ruta 19a Colonia Los Artistas – Naciones Unidas – Centro
Ruta 20 Cortes Villada – La Sandia – Joya – Centro
Ruta 21 Rivereña – Virreyes
Ruta 22 Las Torres – Panteón – Bolívar – Centro
Ruta 22a Las Torres – Panteón – Bolívar – Centro
Ruta 23 Mina - Voluntad y Trabajo 2 y 3
Ruta 24 Voluntad - Nueva Era-Buenos Aires por Independencia
Ruta 24a Voluntad – Nueva Era – Buenos Aires Por Independencia
Ruta 28 Las Alazanas
Ruta 29 Reservas Territoriales – Colonia Hipódromo – Centro
Ruta 30 Reservas Territoriales – Colonia Buenos Aires – Centro
Ruta 31 Reservas Territoriales – Conalep
Ruta 32 Colonia Insurgentes – Conalep – 150 Aniversario
Ruta 35 Kilometro 10 – Panteón – Colinas Del Sur
Ruta 35a Kilometro 10 – Panteón – Colinas Del Sur
Ruta 36 Fraccionamiento América – Nogal – La Concordia – Centro
Ruta 36a Fraccionamiento América – Nogal por Coca-Cola
International bridges
Gateway to the Americas International Bridge
Juárez-Lincoln International Bridge
World Trade International Bridge (commercial traffic only)
Texas-Mexican Railway International Bridge
Major highways
Major highways in Nuevo Laredo and their starting and ending points:
Mexican Federal Highway 85 Nuevo Laredo-Mexico City
Mexican Federal Highway 2 Matamoros-Nuevo Laredo-Colombia-Ciudad Acuña
Tamaulipas State Highway 1 Nuevo Laredo-Monterrey
Nuevo León State Highway Spur 1 Colombia-Anáhuac
Nearby cities
People and culture
Parks and zoos
Parque Viveros (en:Viveros Park) is a forest park that overlooks the Rio Grande on the eastern side of Nuevo Laredo. The park features a zoo, two large swimming pools, walking trails, and picnic areas with barbecue pits and playgrounds.
Theaters
Nuevo Laredo has three main theaters the "Centro Cultural", "Teatro de la Ciudad", and "Casa de Cultura". The Centro Cultural (en:Cultural Center), is Nuevo Laredo's main theater with a sitting capacity of 1,200 guests. The theater has presented high level shows high level, plays, concerts and dance recitals and one independent Art Gallery "Casa Black" that opens 2 times a year for a single weekend. The theater has a museum, library, and a cafeteria. The Teatro de la Ciudad (en:City Theater) is a theater which presents plays, dance recitals, concerts and musical shows and special events. The Casa de Cultura (en:House of Culture) houses music, painting, dance and literature workshops and also presents major artistic and cultural events such as art exhibitions, concerts, film samples, dance recitals and plays, among others.
Sports
Baseball
The Tecolotes de Nuevo Laredo (Nuevo Laredo Owls) formally known as the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos (Owls of the Two Laredos) were a Mexican Baseball League team that played in the Zona Norte (Northern Division) of the Mexican League until 2010. The Ciudad Deportiva was their home Baseball park which had a capacity of 12,000 fans. The Tecolotes returned to Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas for the 2008 season after a 4 years absence in the city when the team was transferred to Tijuana and renamed Potros de Tijuana (Tijuana Colts). The Rieleros from Aguascalientes were transferred to Nuevo Laredo as the Tecolotes de Nuevo Laredo. The Tecolotes were the Mexican League Champions in 1953, 1954, 1958, 1977, and 1989 and runner-ups in 1945, 1955, 1959, 1985, 1987, 1992, 1993.
The Parque la Junta (La Junta Park) was opened in 1947 and has a capacity of 6,000 people. The stadium was the home to the five-time champion Mexican Baseball League team Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos (The Owls of the Two Laredos) from 1947 to 2003. In 2019 the stadium was refurbished to once again host the Tecolotes.
Football
The Bravos de Nuevo Laredo is a football club in the Tercera División in Nuevo Laredo. The Unidad Deportiva Benito Juárez (Benito Juárez Sport Complex) is their home stadium. The Bravos are an institution formed in 2004 by a groups of business people in Nuevo Laredo, whose objective is to organize a football team in the city with aspirations it will become a professional football club. This has been the first team to have all of their games transmitted live via internet through www.arcanasa.com up to the end of the 2010 tournament.
The Ciudad Deportiva (Sports City) is a sports complex built in 2007 which main feature is a baseball park in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico. It is home to the Tecolotes de Nuevo Laredo Mexican Baseball League team. The Ciudad Deportiva can seat up to 12,000 fans at a baseball game. Phase one of this project has been completed which only included the Baseball Park. Phase II of this project will include a new soccer stadium within Mexican Primera Division standards for a possible expansion of one of its teams to Nuevo Laredo. Phase II also includes a gym that will seat 1,500 fans to enjoy basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics among other sports.
Basketball
The Toros de Nuevo Laredo is a basketball team in Nuevo Laredo, playing in the Mexican professional league Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional (LNBP). The Toros de Nuevo Laredo play in the Ciudad Deportiva Indoor Stadium. They entered the league in 2009 to join the North Conference. Prior to the Toros de Nuevo Laredo, Nuevo Laredo had the Venados de Nuevo Laredo which played on the LNBP for the 2007–2008 season.
Entertainment
The city has a variety of tourist attractions such as:
Cultural Center. Opened in 2004, the cultural center has a main theater, experimental theater, natural history museum, Reyes Meza museum, gourmet restaurant, cafeteria, temporary exhibition area, library, book shop, media library, and Uxmal walk where there are pre-Columbian works of art with colossal sculptures of gods and idols of the Mesoamerican cultures.
Natural history museum. It was opened in 2007, in its permanent museum exposes human skeletons, dinosaur bones and fossils in general that allows to make a chronological history travel of the region, fauna, flora and geography, from the jurassic to our era.
Jose Reyes Meza Museum. Opened in June 2008 It has the name of a remarkable painter, designer and muralist from Tamaulipas, the museum exposes various plastic works.
Regional Zoo. It has a wide range of animal species from different ecosystems and from the region, it is located next to the Ecological Park "Viveros" and receives hundreds of visitors daily.
Word Station Gabriel García Márquez. Dedicated to the writer Gabriel García Márquez, Nobel laureate in literature, this cultural space opened in September 2008 and has an auditorium, exhibition gallery, library, reading rooms, children's room, literary coffee and a book shop.
The House of Culture. It has the theater "Lucio Blanco", in the house of culture occur cultural events, also there are classes of music, painting, dance and literature.
Old Customs Building. The building was restored and adapted to serve as a cultural space, with the concert hall "Sergio Pena," the great forum and an exhibitions gallery .
Longoria bank museum. It was built in 1929 by Don Octavio Longoria, currently its lobby is used to exhibit plastic arts and photography.
Historical Archive. In it lies the documentary and graphic memory of the city, also has temporary exhibitions, consultation area, audiovisual area and the site museum which displays railroad artifacts, photographs and documents of time alluding to the history of the Railroad in Nuevo Laredo.
Viveros Park. The park has playgrounds, a driver education park, Camécuaro pool, green areas, the regional zoo, an aquarium, a jurassic park.
IMSS theater. It presents plays, musicals, movies and other events.
Sports city (ciudad deportiva). It has a baseball stadium, the multidisciplinary gymnasium of basketball, tennis courts, squash courts and soccer court
Market Maclovio Herrera. It is located in the historic city center, here you can find many kinds of Mexican crafts from all the country, e.g. costumes, jewelry, traditional Mexican candies and piñatas.
Narciso Mendoza park. It has the Fidel Cuellar library, a walking trail around the park (circuit almost 800 m), a FutRap court and a playground .
Adolfo Lopez Mateos city theater.
Recreational park El Laguito.
Art Gallery "Casa Black".
Polyforum Dr. Rodolfo Torre Cantu. A place to hold events and mass entertainment was opened on September 4, 2013. It has the capacity to hold over 5,000 people and parking for over 1,000 vehicles. The project is still under construction and includes a civic center, stage performances, cultural walk, aquarium, soccer fields and basketball courts and more.
There is a fairly large array of night-time entertainment venues. Most establishments (clubs, bars, and restaurants) are located in the historical district. Other restaurants (including chains such as Carl's Jr., Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and McDonald's) are located along Avenida Vicente Guerrero and Avenida Reforma. Nuevo Laredo has a red light district called Boy's Town, (or "La Zona").
The city has some malls like Paseo Reforma, it was opened in May 2008, this mall has many commercial establishments, like Wal-Mart Super Center, The Home Depot, and Cinépolis. Other shopping centers are, Plaza Real, Plaza 2 Laredos, Plaza commercial La fe.
Media
Newspapers
Television
AM radio
Long-range AM stations
The following Clear Channel AM stations can be heard in Laredo:
FM radio
Notable people
Norma Elia Cantú - Postmodernist writer and professor of English
Mauricio González de la Garza - Journalist, writer and music composer
Laredo Kid - Masked Professional Wrestler
Arturo Santos Reyes - Boxer
Miguel Treviño Morales, Mexican drug kingpin, leader of Los Zetas Cartel and older brother of Omar Treviño Morales
Omar Treviño Morales, Mexican drug kingpin, leader of Los Zetas Cartel and younger brother of Miguel Treviño Morales
Iván Velázquez Caballero, Mexican drug kingpin and leader of Los Zetas Cartel
See also
Oradel Industrial Center
References
External links
Ayuntamiento de Nuevo Laredo Official website (español)
Populated places in Tamaulipas
Laredo–Nuevo Laredo
Divided cities
Mexico–United States border crossings
Populated places established in 1755
1755 establishments in New Spain
Tamaulipas populated places on the Rio Grande |
28452110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas%20Introna | Lucas Introna | Lucas D. Introna (born 1961) is Professor of Organisation, Technology and Ethics at the Lancaster University Management School. He is a scholar within the Social Study of Information Systems field. His research is focused on the phenomenon of technology. Within the area of technology studies he has made significant contributions to our understanding of the ethical and political implications of technology for society.
Work
Early on in his career Introna was concerned with the way managers incorporated information in support of managerial practices (such as planning, decision-making, etc.). In this work he provided an account of the manager as an always already involved and entangled actor (which is always to a greater or lesser extent already compromised and configured) in contrast to the traditional normative model of the manager as a rational objective free agent that can choose to act or not act in particular ways. Later on his work shifted to a more critical appraisal of technology itself. He, together with co-workers, published a number of critical evaluations of information technology including search engines web search engines, ATMs, facial recognition systems facial recognition systems, etc. His recent work focuses on the ethical and political aspects of technology as well as making contribution to a field that has become known as sociomateriality.
Management, Information and Power
In his book Management, Information and Power, Introna argued that most management education is normatively based (i.e. telling managers how they ought to act), yet managers' organisational reality is mostly based on the ongoing play of power and politics, as has been shown by Henry Mintzberg (See also his recent book Managing). Thus, instead of using information to inform rationality (as the traditional normative models assume) information is rather most often deployed as a resource in organisational politics. This fact, Introna argues, requires an understanding of the relationship between information and power (as suggested in the work of Michel Foucault) rather than information and rationality, as traditionally assumed in the mainstream management literature.
Phenomenological and technology
Drawing on phenomenology, especially the work of Martin Heidegger and Don Ihde, Introna together with Fernando Ilharco developed a phenomenological analysis of information technology—in particular a detailed account of the phenomenology of the screen. They argue that in the phenomenon screen, seeing is not merely being aware of a surface. The very watching of the screen, as a screen, implies that the screen has already soaked up our attention. In screening, screens already attract and hold our attention. They continue to hold our attention as they present what is supposedly relevant—this is exactly why they have the power to attract and hold our attention. This ongoing relevance has as its necessary condition an implicit agreement, not of content, but of a way of living and a way of doing—or rather a certain agreement about the possibilities of truth. As such they argue that screens are ontological entities.
The ethics and politics of technology
Introna (with a variety of co-workers) has developed a variety of detailed empirical studies of the ethics and politics of technology—within the tradition of Science and technology studies. For example, with Helen Nissenbaum he published a paper on the politics of web search engines. This research showed that the indexing and ranking algorithms of Google are producing a particular version of the internet. One which systematically exclude (in some cases by design and in some, accidentally) certain sites and certain types of sites in favour of others, systematically giving prominence to some at the expense of others. Introna also published similar political and ethical studies on Facial recognition systems, Automatic teller machines, and plagiarism detection Systems, amongst others.
Sociomateriality and the ethics of things
More recently Introna has suggested that if we are cyborgs, as argued by Donna Haraway and others, then our ethical relationships with the inanimate material world needs to be reconsidered in a fundamental way. According to him this can only be achieved if we humans abandon a human centric ethical framework and opt for an ethical framework in which all beings are considered worthy of ethical consideration.
Selected publications
2017. On the making of sense in sensemaking: decentred sensemaking in the meshwork of life, Organization Studies, https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840618765579.
2016. Algorithms, Governance and Governmentality: On governing academic writing, Science, Technology and Human Values, 41(1):17-49
2013. Afterword: Performativity and the becoming of sociomaterial assemblages. In de Vaujany, F-X., & Mitev, N. (Eds.), Materiality and Space: Organizations, Artefacts and Practices.(pp. 330–342).Palgrave Macmillan.
2013. Otherness and the letting-be of becoming: or, ethics beyond bifurcation. In Carlile, P., Nicolini, D., Langley, A., & Tsoukas, H. (Eds.), How matter matters. (pp. 260–287). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2011. The Enframing of Code: Agency, originality and the plagiarist, Theory, Culture and Society, 28(6): 113-141.
2009. Ethics and the speaking of things, Theory, Culture and Society, 26(4): 398-419.
2008. Phenomenology, Organisation and Technology, Universidade Católica Editora, Lisbon. (with Fernando Ilharco and Eric Faÿ)
2007. Maintaining the Reversibility of Foldings: Making the ethics (politics) of information technology visible, Ethics and Information Technology, 9(1): 11-25
2006. The Meaning of Screens: Towards a phenomenological account of screenness, Human Studies, 29(1): 57-76. (with Fernando M. Ilharco)
2005. Disclosing the Digital Face: The ethics of facial recognition systems, Ethics and Information Technology, 7(2): 75-86
2002. The (im)possibility of ethics in the information age. Information and Organisation, 12(2):71-84.
2000. Shaping the Web: Why the politics of search engines matters, The Information Society, 16(3):169-185 (with Helen Nissenbaum )
1999. Privacy in the Information Age: Stakeholders, interests and values. Journal of Business Ethics, 22(1): 27-38 (with Nancy Poloudi)
1997. Privacy and the Computer: Why we Need Privacy in the Information Society. Metaphilosophy, 28(3): 259-275
1997. Management, Information and Power: A narrative of the involved manager, Macmillan, Basingstoke.
References
External links
Lucas Introna's webpage at Lancaster University
His publication archive
His Google Scholar citation page
Research Gate entry
1961 births
Living people
Academics of Lancaster University
Philosophers of technology
British ethicists
Information systems researchers |
166004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupal | Drupal | Drupal () is a free and open-source web content management system (CMS) written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License. Drupal provides an open-source back-end framework for at least 14% of the top 10,000 websites worldwide – ranging from personal blogs to corporate, political, and government sites. Systems also use Drupal for knowledge management and for business collaboration.
, the Drupal community comprised more than 1.39 million members, including 121,000 users actively contributing, resulting in more than 46,800 free modules that extend and customize Drupal functionality, over 2,900 free themes that change the look and feel of Drupal, and at least 1,300 free distributions that allow users to quickly and easily set up a complex, use-specific Drupal in fewer steps.
The standard release of Drupal, known as Drupal core, contains basic features common to content-management systems. These include user account registration and maintenance, menu management, RSS feeds, taxonomy, page layout customization, and system administration. The Drupal core installation can serve as a simple website, a single- or multi-user blog, an Internet forum, or a community website providing for user-generated content.
Drupal also describes itself as a Web application framework. When compared with notable frameworks, Drupal meets most of the generally accepted feature requirements for such web frameworks.
Although Drupal offers a sophisticated API for developers, basic Web-site installation and administration of the framework require no programming skills.
Drupal runs on any computing platform that supports both a web server capable of running PHP and a database to store content and configuration.
History
Originally written by Dries Buytaert as a message board, Drupal became an open source project in 2001. The name Drupal represents an English rendering of the Dutch word druppel, which means "drop" (as in a water droplet). The name came from the now-defunct Drop.org website, whose code slowly evolved into Drupal. Buytaert wanted to call the site "dorp" (Dutch for "village") for its community aspects, but mistyped it when checking the domain name and thought the error sounded better.
Interest in Drupal got a significant boost in 2003 when it helped build "DeanSpace" for Howard Dean, one of the candidates in the U.S. Democratic Party's primary campaign for the 2004 U.S. presidential election. DeanSpace used open-source sharing of Drupal to support a decentralized network of approximately 50 disparate, unofficial pro-Dean websites that allowed users to communicate directly with one another as well as with the campaign. After Dean ended his campaign, members of his Web team continued to pursue their interest in developing a Web platform that could aid political activism by launching CivicSpace Labs in July 2004, "...the first company with full-time employees that was developing and distributing Drupal technology." Other companies began to also specialize in Drupal development. By 2013 the Drupal website listed hundreds of vendors that offered Drupal-related services.
Drupal is developed by a community. From July 2007 to June 2008 the Drupal.org site provided more than 1.4 million downloads of Drupal software, an increase of approximately 125% from the previous year.
more than 1,180,000 sites use Drupal. These include hundreds of well-known organizations, including corporations, media and publishing companies, governments, non-profits, schools, and individuals. Drupal has won several Packt Open Source CMS Awards and won the Webware 100 three times in a row.
Drupal 6 was released on February 13, 2008, on March 5, 2009, Buytaert announced a code freeze for Drupal 7 for September 1, 2009. Drupal 7 was released on January 5, 2011, with release parties in several countries. After that, maintenance on Drupal 5 stopped, with only Drupal 7 and Drupal 6 maintained. Drupal 7 series maintenance updates are released regularly. Previously, Drupal 7's end-of-life was scheduled for November 2021, but given the impact of COVID-19, the end of life has been pushed back until November 28, 2022. Drupal 8 will still be end-of-life on November 2, 2021.
On October 7, 2015, Drupal 8 first release candidate (rc1) was announced. Drupal 8 includes new features and improvements for both users and developers, including: a revamped user interface; WYSIWYG and in-place editing; improved mobile support; added and improved key contributed modules including Views, Date, and Entity Reference; introduced a new object-oriented backend leveraging Symfony components; revamped configuration management; and improved multilingual support. Drupal 8 rc1 is the collective work of over 3,200 core contributors.
Drupal 8.0.0 was released on November 19, 2015. Subsequent major and minor releases which bring numerous improvements and bug fixes (including CKEditor WYSIWYG enhancements, added APIs, an improved help page) can be found on the Releases page.
Drupal 9 initial release 9.0.0 was on June 3, 2020.
Drupal 10's initial release schedule is in June 2022.
Core
In the Drupal community, "core" refers to the collaboratively built codebase that can be extended through contributory modules and – for versions prior to Drupal 8 – is kept outside of the "sites" folder of a Drupal installation. (Starting with version 8, core is kept in its own 'core' sub-directory.) Drupal core is the stock element of Drupal. Common Drupal-specific libraries, as well as the bootstrap process, are defined as Drupal core; all other functionality is defined as Drupal modules including the system module itself.
In a Drupal website's default configuration, authors can contribute content as either registered or anonymous users (at the discretion of the administrator). This content is accessible to web visitors through a variety of selectable criteria. As of Drupal 8, Drupal has adopted some Symfony libraries into Drupal core.
Core modules also includes a hierarchical taxonomy system, which lets developers categorize content or tagged with key words for easier access.
Drupal maintains a detailed changelog of core feature updates by version.
Core modules
Drupal core includes modules that can be enabled by the administrator to extend the functionality of the core website.
The core Drupal distribution provides a number of features, including:
Core themes
Drupal includes core themes, which customize the "look and feel" of Drupal sites, for example, Garland and Bartik.
The Color Module, introduced in Drupal core 5.0, allows administrators to change the color scheme of certain themes via a browser interface.
Localization
, Drupal had been made available in 100 languages and English (the default). Support is included for right-to-left languages such as Arabic, Persian, and Hebrew.
Drupal localization is built on top of gettext, the GNU internationalization and localization (i18n) library.
Auto-update notification
Drupal can automatically notify the administrator about new versions of modules, themes, or the Drupal core. It's important to update quickly after security updates are released.
Before updating it is highly recommended to take backup of core, modules, theme, files and database. If there is any error shown after update or if the new update is not compatible with a module, then it can be quickly replaced by backup. There are several backup modules available in Drupal.
On 15 October 2014, an SQL injection vulnerability was announced and update released. Two weeks later the Drupal security team released an advisory explaining that everyone should act under the assumption that any site not updated within 7 hours of the announcement are infected. Thus, it can be extremely important to apply these updates quickly and usage of a tool like drush to make this process easier is highly recommended.
Database abstraction
Prior to version 7, Drupal had functions that performed tasks related to databases, such as SQL query cleansing, multi-site table name prefixing, and generating proper SQL queries. In particular, Drupal 6 introduced an abstraction layer that allowed programmers to create SQL queries without writing SQL.
Drupal 9 extends the data abstraction layer so that a programmer no longer needs to write SQL queries as text strings. It uses PHP Data Objects to abstract the database. Microsoft has written a database driver for their SQL Server. Drupal 7 supports the file-based SQLite database engine, which is part of the standard PHP distribution.
Windows development
With Drupal 9's new database abstraction layer, and ability to run on the Windows web server IIS, it is now easier for Windows developers to participate in the Drupal community.
A group on Drupal.org is dedicated to Windows issues.
Accessibility
Since the release of Drupal 7, Web accessibility has been constantly improving in the Drupal community. Drupal is a good framework for building sites accessible to people with disabilities, because many of the best practices have been incorporated into Drupal Core.
Drupal 8 saw many improvements from the Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) 2.0 guidelines which support both an accessible authoring environment as well as support for authors to produce more accessible content.
The accessibility team is carrying on the work of identifying and resolving accessibility barriers and raising awareness within the community.
Drupal 8 has good semantic support for rich web applications through WAI-ARIA. There have been many improvements to both the visitor and administrator sides of Drupal, especially:
Drag and drop functionality;
Improved color contrast and intensity;
Adding skip navigation to core themes;
Adding labels by default for input forms;
Fixing CSS display:none with consistent methods for hiding and exposing text on focus;
Adding support for ARIA Live Regions with Drupal.announce(); and
Adding a TabbingManager to support better keyboard navigation.
The community also added an accessibility gate for core issues in Drupal 8.
Extending the core
Drupal core is modular, defining a system of hooks and callbacks, which are accessed internally via an API. This design allows third-party contributed modules and themes to extend or override Drupal's default behaviors without changing Drupal core's code.
Drupal isolates core files from contributed modules and themes. This increases flexibility and security and allows administrators to cleanly upgrade to new releases without overwriting their site's customizations. The Drupal community has the saying, "Never hack core," a strong recommendation that site developers do not change core files.
Modules
Contributed modules offer such additional or alternate features as image galleries, custom content types and content listings, WYSIWYG editors, private messaging, third-party integration tools, integrating with BPM portals, and more. the Drupal website lists more than 44,000 free modules.
Some of the most commonly used contributed modules include:
Content Construction Kit (CCK): allows site administrators to dynamically create content types by extending the database schema. "Content type" describes the kind of information. Content types include, but are not limited to, events, invitations, reviews, articles, and products. The CCK Fields API is in Drupal core in Drupal 7.
Views: facilitates the retrieval and presentation, through a database abstraction system, of content to site visitors. Basic views functionality has been added to core in Drupal 8.
Panels: drag and drop layout manager that allows site administrators to visually design their site.
Rules: conditionally executed actions based on recurring events.
Features: enables the capture and management of features (entities, views, fields, configuration, etc.) into custom modules.
Context: allows definition of sections of site where Drupal features can be conditionally activated
Media: makes photo uploading and media management easier
Services: provides an API for Drupal.
Organic Groups Mailing List
Themes
, there are more than 2,800 free community-contributed themes. Themes adapt or replace a Drupal site's default look and feel.
Drupal themes use standardized formats that may be generated by common third-party theme design engines. Many are written in the PHPTemplate engine or, to a lesser extent, the XTemplate engine. Some templates use hard-coded PHP. Drupal 8 and future versions of Drupal integrate the Twig templating engine.
The inclusion of the PHPTemplate and XTemplate engines in Drupal addressed user concerns about flexibility and complexity. The Drupal theming system utilizes a template engine to further separate HTML/CSS from PHP. A popular Drupal contributed module called 'Devel' provides GUI information to developers and themers about the page build.
Community-contributed themes at the Drupal website are released under a free GPL license.
Distributions
In the past, those wanting a fully customized installation of Drupal had to download a pre-tailored version separately from the official Drupal core. Today, however, a distribution defines a packaged version of Drupal that upon installation, provides a website or application built for a specific purpose.
The distributions offer the benefit of a new Drupal site without having to manually seek out and install third-party contributed modules or adjust configuration settings. They are collections of modules, themes, and associated configuration settings that prepare Drupal for custom operation. For example, a distribution could configure Drupal as a "brochure" site rather than a news site or online store.
Architecture
Drupal is based on the Presentation Abstraction Control architecture, or PAC.
The menu system acts as the Controller. It accepts input via a single source (HTTP GET and POST), routes requests to the appropriate helper functions, pulls data out of the Abstraction (nodes and, from Drupal 5 onwards, forms), and then pushes it through a filter to get a Presentation of it (the theme system).
It even has multiple, parallel PAC agents in the form of blocks that push data out to a common canvas (page.tpl.php).
Community
Drupal.org has a large community of users and developers who provide active community support by coming up with new updates to help improve the functionality of Drupal. more than 105,400 users are actively contributing. The semiannual DrupalCon conference alternates between North America, Europe and Asia. Attendance at DrupalCon grew from 500 at Szeged in August 2008, to over 3,700 people at Austin, Texas in June, 2014.
Smaller events, known as "Drupal Camps" or DrupalCamp, occur throughout the year all over the world. The annual Florida DrupalCamp brings users together for Coding for a Cause that benefits a local nonprofit organization, as does the annual GLADCamp (Greater Los Angeles Drupal Camp) event, Coders with a Cause.
The Drupal community also organizes professional and semi-professional gatherings called meetups at a large number of venues around the world.
There are over 30 national communities around drupal.org offering language-specific support.
Notable Drupal users include NBC, Taboola, Patch, and We the People.
Security
Drupal's policy is to announce the nature of each security vulnerability once the fix is released.
Administrators of Drupal sites can be automatically notified of these new releases via the Update Status module (Drupal 6) or via the Update Manager (Drupal 7).
Drupal maintains a security announcement mailing list, a history of all security advisories, a security team home page, and an RSS feed with the most recent security advisories.
In mid-October 2014, Drupal issued a "highly critical" security advisory regarding an SQL injection bug in Drupal 7, also known as Drupalgeddon.
Downloading and installing an upgrade to Drupal 7.32 fixes the vulnerability, but does not remove any backdoor installed by hackers if the site has already been compromised. Attacks began soon after the vulnerability was announced. According to the Drupal security team, where a site was not patched within hours of the announcement, it should be considered compromised and taken offline by being replaced with a static HTML page while the administrator of its server must be told that other sites on the same server may also have been compromised.
To solve the problem, the site must be restored using backups from before October 15, be patched and manually updated, and anything merged from the site must be audited.
In late March 2018, a patch for vulnerability CVE-2018-7600, also dubbed Drupalgeddon2, was released. The underlying bug allows remote attackers without special roles or permissions to take complete control of Drupal 6, 7, and 8 sites. Drupal 6 reached end-of-life on February 24, 2016, and does not get official security updates (extended support is available from two paid Long Term Services Vendors). Starting early April, large scale automated attacks against vulnerable sites were observed, and on April 20, a high level of penetration of unpatched sites was reported.
On 23 December 2019, Drupal patched an arbitrary file upload flaw. The file-upload flaw affects Drupal 8.8.x before 8.8.1 and 8.7.x before 8.7.11, and the vulnerability is listed as moderately critical by Drupal.
See also
Comparison of web frameworks
List of applications with iCalendar support
List of content management systems
References
Further reading
Abbott/Jones (2016), Learning Drupal 8, England, Packt Publishing.
External links
2000 software
Blog software
Cross-platform software
Free content management systems
Free software programmed in PHP
PHP frameworks
Software using the GPL license
Web frameworks
Website management
Web development software |
2812493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah%20%28band%29 | Shenandoah (band) | Shenandoah is an American country music band founded in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, in 1984 by Marty Raybon (lead vocals, acoustic guitar), Ralph Ezell (bass guitar, backing vocals), Stan Thorn (keyboards, backing vocals), Jim Seales (lead guitar, backing vocals), and Mike McGuire (drums, background vocals). Thorn and Ezell left the band in the mid-1990s, with Rocky Thacker taking over on bass guitar; Keyboardist Stan Munsey joined the line up in 1995, until his departure in 2018. The band split up in 1997 after Raybon left. Seales and McGuire reformed the band in 2000 with lead singer Brent Lamb, who was in turn replaced by Curtis Wright and then by Jimmy Yeary. Ezell rejoined in the early 2000s, and after his 2007 death, he was replaced by Mike Folsom. Raybon returned to the band in 2014. That same year, Jamie Michael replaced the retiring Jim Seales on lead guitar.
Shenandoah has released nine studio albums, of which two have been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. The band has also charted twenty-six singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, including the Number One hits "The Church on Cumberland Road," "Sunday in the South" and "Two Dozen Roses" from 1989, "Next to You, Next to Me" from 1990, and "If Bubba Can Dance (I Can Too)" from 1994. The late 1994-early 1995 single "Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart," which featured guest vocals from Alison Krauss, won both artists a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals.
History
Lead guitarist Jim Seales and drummer Mike McGuire formed Shenandoah in 1984 as a house band in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, with bass guitarist Ralph Ezell and keyboardist Stan Thorn, as well as lead singer Marty Raybon, who had been in his father's bluegrass band since childhood called American Bluegrass Express, as well as Heartbreak Mountain. Before that, Seales, Thorn, McGuire and Ezell were session musicians. McGuire invited songwriting friend Robert Byrne to one of the session band's shows. Byrne then invited them into his recording studio to record a demo, which he then pitched to Columbia Records' CBS Records division. The band first wanted to assume the name The MGM Band, a name which was rejected for legal reasons. CBS suggested Rhythm Rangers and Shenandoah as possible names, and Raybon chose the latter because he thought that the name Rhythm Rangers "sounded like an amateur band."
19871990: Shenandoah and The Road Not Taken
In 1987, Shenandoah released its self-titled debut studio album, which Byrne and Rick Hall produced. This album accounted for the band's first two charting singles in "They Don't Make Love Like We Used To" and "Stop the Rain". The latter was the band's first Top 40 country hit, peaking at number 28 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles (now Hot Country Songs) charts. John Bush of Allmusic wrote that this album "leaned a little close to the pop-schmaltz they later rebelled against."
The Road Not Taken was the band's second album, released in 1988. This album's first two singles — "She Doesn't Cry Anymore", previously found on Shenandoah, and "Mama Knows" — brought the band to the Top Ten for the first time. After these singles came three consecutive Billboard number-one hits: "The Church on Cumberland Road", "Sunday in the South" and "Two Dozen Roses". "The Church on Cumberland Road," with its two-week run at Number One, marked the first time in country music history that a country music band's first number-one single spent more than one week at the top. This song was originally recorded by its one of its three writers, former Rockets and Billy Hill member Dennis Robbins as the B-side to his 1987 single "Two of a Kind, Workin' on a Full House"; Garth Brooks would later reach number one in 1991 with a rendition of the latter song. Byrne co-wrote "Two Dozen Roses" with Mac McAnally, a veteran songwriter and session musician who has recorded both as a solo singer and as a member of Jimmy Buffett's Coral Reefer Band. The last single from The Road Not Taken, "See If I Care", reached number 6 on Billboard and number one on Gavin Report. On January 22, 1991, The Road Not Taken earned a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 500,000 copies in the United States. Tom Roland of Allmusic gave The Road Not Taken four-and-a-half stars out of five, with his review saying, "The songs mix the day-to-day struggles of everyday-Joe with a steady respect for love, personal roots, and family." In the wake of The Road Not Taken'''s success, the band played 300 shows in 1989.
19901992: Extra Mile and lawsuits
The band achieved its biggest hit in 1990 with the three-week number-one single "Next to You, Next to Me." Written by then-solo singers Robert Ellis Orrall and Curtis Wright, this was the first of five singles from Shenandoah's third album, Extra Mile. "Ghost in This House," "I Got You" (co-written by Teddy Gentry of the band Alabama) and "The Moon Over Georgia" all peaked in the Billboard top ten between late 1990 and mid-1991, with the latter two reaching number one on Gavin Report; "When You Were Mine," the fifth single, stopped at number 38 on Billboard in 1991. Also that year, the band won the Academy of Country Music's Vocal Group of the Year award.
Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly gave Extra Mile a B rating, saying that it was "unflinchingly commercial" but adding that "the band goes beyond Alabama's jingoistic flag-waving and Restless Heart's vapid mood-brighteners to showcase intelligent ballads and jaunty rhythm numbers." An uncredited review in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said that the band "proved that no matter how overcrowded the field is, there's always room for quality." Extra Mile earned a gold certification in the United States.
Following the release of Extra Mile, a band from Kentucky threatened to sue Shenandoah over the use of the name Shenandoah. After a financial settlement was made with the Kentucky band, two other bands filed lawsuits over Shenandoah's name. The lawsuits depleted the money earned by the band on the road, which led to the band asking the label and their production company to all pay one-third of their legal costs. The production company refused, and Shenandoah was forced to filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in early 1991 after paying more than 2 million dollars on court settlements and legal fees. Although the lawsuits allowed Shenandoah to keep its name, the bankruptcy filing terminated the contract with Columbia after a 1992 Greatest Hits'' package. The production company's officials then filed a lawsuit against the band, claiming that it had tried to void its agreement with them. After Shenandoah's departure, there were no other bands on Columbia's Nashville division; as a result, producer Larry Strickland assembled three musicians to create a new band called Matthews, Wright & King in an attempt to keep a commercially successful band on the label.
19921994: Long Time Comin and Under the Kudzu===
In 1992, the band had moved to RCA Records Nashville, releasing Long Time Comin' on it that year. This album was produced by Byrne and Keith Stegall, a former solo singer best known for producing Alan Jackson's albums. "Rock My Baby" (another Curtis Wright co-write) led off the single releases, reaching number 2 on Billboard and Radio & Records and number 1 on Gavin Report. After it came the top 30 hits "Hey Mister (I Need This Job)" and "Leavin's Been a Long Time Comin'", whose music video featured a guest appearance by Eddy Arnold. The band was nominated as Vocal Group of the Year at the Academy of Country Music again in 1992. Long Time Comin''' received a three-and-a-half star rating from the Chicago Tribune, whose Jack Hurst said that it was "an excellent brand of rural-toned blue-collar music." Nash gave a B- rating in Entertainment Weekly, where she said that the album had a more country pop-oriented sound than its predecessors, but commended the "sincerity" of Raybon's voice and the themes of "family and friendship."<ref name="longtimecomin">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,310908,00.html|title=Long Time Comin review|last=Nash|first=Alanna|work=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=2009-10-08}}</ref>Under the Kudzu, Shenandoah's second RCA album, followed in 1993. It was produced by Don Cook, who was also Brooks & Dunn's producer at the time. "Janie Baker's Love Slave", written by "Burning Love" writer Dennis Linde, was a top 15 Billboard hit from the album early that year. Next came "I Want to Be Loved Like That", which peaked at number three on Billboard, number two on Gavin Report and number one on Radio & Records. The album also included the band's fifth and final Billboard number-one hit, "If Bubba Can Dance (I Can Too)", which Raybon and McGuire wrote with veteran Nashville songwriter Bob McDill after seeing a television commercial for line dancing instructions. "I'll Go Down Loving You," the last single from the album, spent eleven weeks on the Billboard charts and peaked at number 46, thus becoming the band's first single to miss the Top 40 since "They Don't Make Love Like We Used To" in 1987. Michael Corcoran of The Dallas Morning News called Under the Kudzu "their strongest album to date", and Jack Hurst gave it three stars, saying, "Shenandoah carries most of this album with impassioned vocals rather than superior song content."
===19941995: In the Vicinity of the Heart and collaborations===
Columbia's parent company Sony Music Entertainment released ten of the band's Columbia songs in a Super Hits compilation in May 1994, which was certified gold in 2002. Shenandoah also collaborated with country and bluegrass singer Ricky Skaggs on the 1994 Keith Whitley tribute Keith Whitley: A Tribute Album, recording a cover version of Whitley's "All I Ever Loved Was You". Later in 1994, the band left RCA for Liberty Records, then the name for the Nashville division of Capitol Records. RCA gave Liberty the master recordings for a nearly-completed album, to which Liberty added "Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart", a song featuring guest vocals from bluegrass musician Alison Krauss. Liberty released the album in November 1994 as In the Vicinity of the Heart, with the number seven-peaking title track also serving as the first single release. This song was also Krauss' first top 40 country hit, and its success helped boost sales of her album Now That I've Found You: A Collection.Vicinity became the band's fastest-selling album, and the first 175,000 copies were distributed with prepaid telephone cards which included an 800 number that could be called to receive a greeting from the band members. The album also produced the band's last Top Ten hit in "Darned If I Don't (Danged If I Do)." Originally the B-side to "Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart," this song was co-written by Ronnie Dunn (of Brooks & Dunn) and songwriter Dean Dillon, best known for co-writing several of George Strait's singles. "Heaven Bound (I'm Ready)" (another Dennis Linde song) and "Always Have, Always Will," peaking at numbers 24 and 40, were the last two releases from the album. Jim Ridley gave the album a two-and-a-half star rating in New Country magazine, citing the vocal performances on the title track and "I Wouldn't Know" as standouts, but saying that the rest of the album did not take any risks.
Raybon released a solo gospel music album for Sparrow Records in July 1995, and in October of the same year, that label released a multi-artist country-gospel album entitled Amazing Grace — A Country Salute to Gospel, to which the band contributed a rendition of "Beulah Land." Shenandoah also covered The Beatles' "Can't Buy Me Love" on the mid-1995 album Come Together: America Salutes The Beatles. "Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart" won Shenandoah and Krauss won the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Collaboration and the Country Music Association award for Vocal Event, and "Darned If I Don't" was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal by a Duo or Group the same year.
===19951996: Now and Then and Shenandoah Christmas===
Stan Thorn and Ralph Ezell left in late 1995 and early 1996, respectively, with Rocky Thacker unofficially replacing Ezell, and songwriter/keyboardist Stan Munsey replacing Thorn. During this time, Liberty Records was renamed Capitol Records Nashville. The band's first album for Capitol, 1996's Now and Then, comprised re-recordings of eight Columbia singles, the original recording of "Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart", and five new songs. Among these new songs was the album's only single, "All Over but the Shoutin'," which peaked at number 43 on Billboard.
Nash gave this album an A- rating in Entertainment Weekly, saying that Raybon's voice "beautifully capture[s] the rites of passage in Small Town, USA." Larry Stephens of Country Standard Time also reviewed the album favorably, saying, "The familiar hits on this album have all been re-recorded, but they've lost none of their familiar and loved sound," while Allmusic critic William Ruhlmann gave it two stars out of five and referred to it as a "stopgap."
Shenandoah's first Christmas music album, Shenandoah Christmas, was released in September 1996, also on Capitol. Except for the original song "There's a Way in the Manger," it comprised acoustic renditions of popular Christmas songs. It received a two-and-a-half star rating from Allmusic, whose critic Thom Owens said that none of the renditions were "particularly noteworthy."
===1997: Departure of Marty Raybon and disbanding of Shenandoah===
Marty Raybon and his brother Tim recorded one album as the Raybon Brothers for MCA Nashville Records in mid-1997. They charted within the top 40 on both the country and Billboard Hot 100 charts with a rendition of the Bob Carlisle song "Butterfly Kisses," followed by the number 64 country release "The Way She's Lookin'." Marty continued to tour with Shenandoah until the end of the year, when the remaining members disbanded and he sold the naming rights. In 2000, he released a second solo album and charted his only solo country chart hit, the number 63 "Cracker Jack Diamond." Raybon remained a solo artist, while Thorn self-released a solo jazz album titled In a Curious Way in 2001.
===2000present: Reunion and Shenandoah 2000===
Seales, McGuire, Munsey and Thacker reunited as Shenandoah in 2000, with two new members: lead singer Brent Lamb, and guitarist/vocalist Curtis Wright, who was also playing with Pure Prairie League at the time. Before joining Shenandoah, Wright had been a member of the Super Grit Cowboy Band in the 1980s, then a solo artist and one-half of the duo Orrall & Wright with Robert Ellis Orrall. Wright also wrote "Next to You, Next to Me" and "Rock My Baby", collaborating with Orrall on the former. In 2000, the new lineup recorded the band's next album, Shenandoah 2000, under the Free Falls label. It produced the band's last chart single in the number 65 "What Children Believe." Jolene Downs of About.com gave this album a positive review, saying that it was a "very strong country album" and "a slightly different sound from the original group, but not bad at all." The band toured small venues in 2001 to promote it.
Lamb left in 2002, with Wright succeeding him on lead vocals and original bassist Ralph Ezell later re-joining. In 2006, Shenandoah released the album Journeys on the Cumberland Road label. Ezell died of a heart attack on November 30, 2007, and Mike Folsom succeeded him on bass guitar. Also, Wright, after also finishing his stint in Pure Prairie League left the group to join Reba McEntire's band in early 2007, and songwriter Jimmy Yeary took over as lead singer. In April 2009, the lineup of Yeary, Folsom, McGuire, Munsey and Seales performed a benefit concert in Muscle Shoals, in which Wright and Raybon also participated.
Yeary and McGuire co-wrote a song entitled "You Never Know" as a tribute to Ezell. Darryl Worley recorded this song on his 2009 album Sounds Like Life, saying that he considered it "dead-on" for him. Shenandoah has continued to tour in 2009 and 2010 with Yeary on lead vocals, mostly playing at community festivals and county fairs. Yeary engaged country-gospel singer Sonya Isaacs (of The Isaacs) in November 2009. They have since become married and had one son in 2011. He has also written songs for other artists, including "In Another World" by Joe Diffie, "Why Wait" by Rascal Flatts, "Summer Thing" by Troy Olsen, "I'm Gonna Love You Through It" by Martina McBride, and "I Drive Your Truck" by Lee Brice. Yeary left in 2011, with Doug Stokes taking over on lead vocals, and Chris Lucas (Roach) on bass.
In August 2014, Marty Raybon re-joined as lead singer of the band, replacing Doug Stokes. At the time of his rejoining, the band consists of Raybon, McGuire, Munsey, and bassist Chris Lucas, later replaced by Paul Sanders. In October, Jamie Michael replaced the retiring Jim Seales on lead guitar. In 2016, Brad Benge joined the group on bass and baritone vocals, until his departure in 2018.
In February 2016, Shenandoah signed with Johnstone Entertainment for management representation. "The confidence that you place in a person should be based on the true understanding you have of their integrity, wisdom and vision. We feel we made the right decision with Cole Johnstone as our manager as we set our sights on the future." said lead vocalist Marty Raybon
==Musical styles==
The band's sound is defined by country, bluegrass and gospel influences. John Bush of Allmusic calls Shenandoah "one of the first groups to rebel against the urban cowboy image of the '80s and lead the way to the new traditionalism of the '90s." Marty Raybon's vocals have been described as "blend[ing] the soulfulness of rhythm and blues with the lonely intensity of great country music." Alanna Nash wrote that the band's work relies on "sentimental lyrics revolving around the Southern experience," and said that Shenandoah "forged its very commercial reputation on a soulful gospel-and-bluegrass blend, with lead singer Marty Raybon's searing sincerity making even the tritest songs about small-town Southern values and attitudes memorable." Logan Smith of the St. Petersburg Times said that the band has "woven together a highly polished sound built around precision musicianship and pristine harmonies, very much a hybrid of Raybon's bluegrass roots." Writing for the Associated Press, Joe Edwards cited the variety of sounds on the band's second album, referring to "The Church on Cumberland Road" as a "spirited up-tempo," also making note of the Southern imagery in "Sunday in the South" and the "truest country music tradition" of the ballad "She Doesn't Cry Anymore."
==Band members==
===Current===
Marty Raybon – lead vocals, acoustic guitar (1984–1997, 2014–present)
Mike McGuire – drums, backing vocals (1984–1997, 2000–present)
Travis Mobley – keyboards (2018–present)
Austin Crum - lead guitar (2020–present)
Paul Sanders - bass guitar, backing vocals (2014-2016, 2018–present)
Donnie Allen - fiddle, acoustic guitar (1990-1997, 2014–present)
===Former===
Ralph Ezell – bass guitar, backing vocals (1984–1996, 2002–2007; died 2007)
Jim Seales – lead guitar, backing vocals (1984–1997, 2000–2014)
Stan Thorn – keyboards, backing vocals (1984–1995)
Rocky Thacker – bass guitar, backing vocals (1996–1997, 2000–2002)
Brent Lamb – lead vocals, acoustic guitar (2000–2002)
Curtis Wright – lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitar (2000–2007)
Mike Folsom – bass guitar, backing vocals (2007–2011)
Jimmy Yeary – lead vocals, acoustic guitar (2007–2011)
Doug Stokes – lead vocals (2011–2014)
Chris Lucas (Roach) - bass guitar (2011–2014)
Brad Benge - bass guitar, backing vocals (2016–2018)
Stan Munsey - keyboards (1995-1997, 2000–2018)
Jamie Michael - lead guitar, backing vocals (2014–2020)
Jeff Allen - bass guitar, backing vocals (2010-2011)
== Discography ==
===Studio albums===Shenandoah (1987)The Road Not Taken (1989)Extra Mile (1990)Long Time Comin' (1992)Under the Kudzu (1993)In the Vicinity of the Heart (1994)Shenandoah Christmas (1996)Shenandoah 2000 (2000)Journeys (2006)
Good Ole Fashioned Christmas (2014)Good News Travels Fast (2016)Reloaded (2018)Every Road (2020)
===Billboard'' number-one hits
"The Church on Cumberland Road" (2 weeks, 1989)
"Sunday in the South" (1 week, 1989)
"Two Dozen Roses" (1 week, 1989)
"Next to You, Next to Me" (3 weeks, 1990)
"If Bubba Can Dance (I Can Too)" (1 week, 1994)
Awards
References
External links
Country music groups from Alabama
Capitol Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Liberty Records artists
Musical groups established in 1984
Musical groups from Alabama
RCA Records artists |
7904964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20Marine%20Corps%20MOS | List of United States Marine Corps MOS | The United States Marine Corps Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) is a system of categorizing career fields. All enlisted and officer Marines are assigned a four-digit code denoting their primary occupational field and specialty. Additional MOSs may be assigned through a combination of training and/or experience, which may or may not include completion of a formal school and assignment of a formal school code.
Occupational Fields (OccFlds) are identified in the first two digits and represents a grouping of related MOSs. Job codes are identified in the last two digits and represent a specific job within that OccFld.
The USMC now publishes an annual Navy/Marine Corps joint publication (NAVMC) directive in the 1200 Standard Subject Identification Code (SSIC) series to capture changes to the MOS system. Previous versions of MCO 1200.17_ series directives are cancelled, including MCO 1200.17E, the last in the series before beginning the annual NAVMC-type directive series.
On 30 June 2016, the Marine Corps announced the renaming of 19 MOSs with gender-neutral job titles, replacing the word or word-part "man" with the word "Marine" in most. Not all instances of the word or word-part "man" were removed, e.g., 0171 Manpower Information Systems (MIS) Analyst, 0311 Rifleman, 0341 Mortarman.
On 15 October 2020, the Marine Corps announced a structured review of 67 Marine Corps MOSs. This review is part of a larger Marine Corps force redesign initiated in March 2020 which was initiated to help the Corps re-align for the future.
Restrictions on officer MOSs include:
Restricted officers (limited duty officers and warrant officers) cannot hold non-primary MOSs and will be limited to Primary MOS (PMOS) – Basic MOS (BMOS) matches.
Colonels are considered fully qualified Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Officers and, with the exception of lawyers and MOSs 8059/61 Acquisition Management Professionals, will only hold MOSs 8040, 8041, or 8042 as PMOS. Non-PMOSs will not be associated in current service records with General Officers and Colonels, with the exception of MOSs 822X/824X Foreign Area Officers and Regional Affairs Officers.
MOSs must be required in sufficient numbers as Billet MOSs (BMOS) in the Total Force Structure Manpower System (TFSMS) to be justified. MOSs with no Table of Organization (T/O) requirement or no inventory are subject to deletion/disapproval.
MOSs must serve a Human Resources Development Process (HRDP) purpose (establish a skill requirement, manpower planning, manages the forces, manage training, identify special pay billets). MOSs not meeting this criterion will be deemed nonperforming MOSs and subject to deletion/disapproval.
A single track is limited to a single MOS. Separate MOSs are not appropriate based on grade changes unless merging with other MOSs.
An enlisted applicant (male or female) seeking a Program Enlisted For (PEF) code associated with MOSs 0311, 0313, 0321, 0331, 0341, 0351, 0352, 0811, 0842, 0844, 0847, 0861, 1371, 1812, 1833, 2131, 2141, 2146, 2147, or 7212 must meet certain gender-neutral physical standards. For the Initial Strength Test (IST), the applicant must achieve 3 pull-ups, a 13:30 1.5-mile run, 44 crunches, and 45 ammo can lifts. The MOS Classification Standards based on a recruits final CFT and PFT are: 6 pull-ups, 24:51 3-mile run, 3:12 Maneuver Under Fire Course, 3:26 Movement to Contact Court, and 60 ammo can lifts.
Below are listed the current authorized Marine Corps MOSs, organized by OccFld, then by specific MOS. Most MOSs have specific rank/pay grade requirements and are listed to the right of the MOS title, if applicable (see United States Marine Corps rank insignia), abbreviated from the highest allowed rank to the lowest. Officer ranks are noted as Unrestricted Line Officers (ULOs), Limited Duty Officers (LDOs), and Warrant Officers (WOs). Those MOSs which are no longer being awarded are generally kept active within the Marine's service records to allow Marines to earn a new MOS and to maintain a record of that Marine's previous skills and training over time. All MOSs entered into the Marine Corps Total Force System (MCTFS) electronic service records will populate into DoD manpower databases, and be available upon request to all Marines through their Verification of Military Education and Training (VMET) portal, even when MOSs are merged, deactivated, or deleted from the current NAVMC 1200 bulletin, or from MCTFS.
Note: all listed MOSs are PMOS, unless otherwise specified.
Types of MOSs
There are three categories of MOSs:
Occupational Fields 01-79 (Regular OccFlds) – Occupational Fields that contain all types of MOSs related to a specific occupational field.
80XX (Miscellaneous Requirement MOSs) – These are MOSs that do not fit into a regular OccFld but are used on the Marine Corps Table of Organization (T/O).
90XX (Reporting MOS) – These MOSs do not exist on the USMC T/O. They are used to meet Department of Navy and Department of Defense reporting requirements.
There are six types of MOSs, divided into primary MOSs and non-primary MOSs. Primary MOSs are of three types:
Basic MOS – Entry-level MOSs required for entry-level Marines (both officers and enlisted) or others not yet qualified by initial skills training. In addition, when a Reserve Component (RC) Marine transfers to a new unit and does not possess the MOS required for the billet filled, they will be assigned a Basic MOS as Primary MOS until the completion of required formal school training or is otherwise certified to be MOS qualified, and the previous PMOS will be retained but become an Additional MOS. Promotions for enlisted Marines will be based upon their Basic MOS, or if qualified for a PMOS, then upon their PMOS, never on an AMOS.
Primary MOS (PMOS) – Used to identify the primary skills and knowledge of a Marine. Only enlisted Marines, Warrant Officers, Chief Warrant Officers, and Limited Duty Officers are promoted in their primary MOS. Changes to an Active Component Marine's PMOS without approval from CMC (MM) and changes to a RC Marine's PMOS without approval from CMC (RA) are not authorized. Promotions for enlisted Marines will be based upon their Basic MOS, or if qualified for a PMOS, then upon their PMOS, never on an AMOS.
Additional MOS (AMOS) – Any existing PMOS awarded to a Marine who already holds a PMOS. Example: after a lateral move to a new job, a Marine's previous PMOS becomes an AMOS and is normally retained in the Marine's service records for historical purposes and manpower management. Marines are not promoted in an AMOS.
There are also three types of non-PMOSs:
Necessary (NMOS) – A non-PMOS that has a prerequisite of one or more PMOSs. This MOS identifies a particular skill or training that is in addition to a Marine's PMOS, but can only be filled by a Marine with a specific PMOS. When entered as a requirement into the TFSMS, a billet bearing a Necessary MOS must identify a single associated PMOS even if several PMOSs are acceptable prerequisites.
Free (FMOS) – Non-PMOS that can be filled by any Marine regardless of Primary MOS. A Free MOS requires skill sets unrelated to primary skills.
Exception (EMOS) – Non-PMOS that is generally a FMOS, but includes exceptions that require a PMOS.
Reporting MOSs and billet designators are special MOSs:
Reporting MOSs – designated in the 90XX OccFld, but are not found on any USMC T/O as a requirement to fill any billet. They exist solely to capture skills and training that meet Department of Navy and Department of Defense reporting requirements.
Billet MOSs (BMOS) – The MOS listed on USMC T/Os for each billet within the organization, usually PMOS, but also NMOS, FMOS, EMOS, or Billet Designators. Some billets will include notes about acceptable alternate MOSs, such as a BMOS of 0402 (Logistics Officer) that notes a 3002 (Supply Officer) is an acceptable staffing substitute for that billet.
Billet Designators – An FMOS requirement indicator, listed on USMC T/Os as a BMOS that can be filled by any Marine of the appropriate grade that is included in the MOS definition (e.g., MOS 8007 Billet Designator-Unrestricted Ground Officer (I) FMOS). Normally, FMOS as a skill designator cannot be a BMOS in the TFSMS.
Relationship of MOS to promotions
Officers are selected for promotion for their potential to carry out the duties and responsibilities of the next higher grade based upon past performance as indicated in their official military personnel file. Promotions should not be considered a reward for past performance, but as incentive to excel in the next higher grade. Officers are not strictly promoted based upon their MOS; all MOS carried by an officer are considered during the selection board process.
Enlisted Marines are promoted based upon their Basic MOS, or their PMOS if one has been earned, not their AMOS, FMOS, NMOS, or EMOS, although upon consideration by a selection board for promotion to Staff Sergeant (E-6) and above, the Board Members will be able to view evidence of other MOSs in the service records of the Marine.
01 Personnel & Administration
Enlisted
0100 Basic Administrative Marine – GySgt–Pvt
0111 Administrative Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
0121 Service Records Book Clerk – Sgt–Pvt (consolidated into MOS 0111)
0131 Unit Diary Clerk – Sgt–Pvt (consolidated into MOS 0111)
0147 Equal Opportunity Advisor (EOA) (FMOS) – MGySgt–SSgt
0149 Substance Abuse Control Specialist (FMOS) – MGySgt–SSgt
0151 Administrative Clerk – Sgt–Pvt (consolidated into MOS 0111)
0161 Postal Clerk – MGySgt–Pvt
0171 Manpower Information Systems (MIS) Analyst (NMOS 0111) – MGySgt–Cpl
0193 Administrative Chief – MGySgt–SSgt (consolidated into MOS 0111)
Officer
0101 Basic Manpower Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
0102 Manpower Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
0107 Civil Affairs Officer (FMOS) – LtCol–2ndLt (redesignated 0503 Civil Affairs Officer c. 2001)
0149 Substance Abuse Control Officer (SACO) (FMOS) – Gen–2ndLt
0160 Postal Officer – CWO5–WO
0170 Personnel Officer – CWO5–WO
0180 Adjutant – LtCol–2ndLt (PMOS 0180 redesignated to PMOS 0102 Manpower Officer, 1 Oct 2014.)
02 Intelligence
Enlisted
0200 Basic Intelligence Marine – GySgt–Pvt
0211 Counterintelligence/Human Source Intelligence (CI/HUMINT) Specialist – MSgt–Cpl
0212 Technical Surveillance Countermeasures (TSCM) Specialist (NMOS 0211) – MSgt–Sgt
0231 Intelligence Specialist – MSgt–Pvt
0239 Intelligence Analyst – MGySgt–Cpl (MOS added after 1 Oct 2012.)
0241 Imagery Analysis Specialist – MSgt–Pvt
0261 Geographic Intelligence Specialist – MSgt–Pvt
0275 Collection Manager - MSgt-Sgt
0282 Tactical Debriefer (FMOS) (MOS added after 1 Oct 2012.)
0283 Advanced Foreign Counterintelligence Specialist (MOS added after 1 Oct 2012.)
0287 Military Source Operations Specialist (FMOS) (MOS added after 1 Oct 2012.)
0289 Strategic Debriefing Specialist (FMOS) (MOS added after 1 Oct 2012.)
0291 Intelligence Chief (PMOS) – MGySgt
0293 Advanced Military Source Operations Specialist (MOS added after 1 Oct 2012.)
Officer
0201 Basic Intelligence Officer
0202 Intelligence Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
0203 Ground Intelligence Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
0204 Counter Intelligence/Human Source Intelligence Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
0205 Master Analyst – CWO5–WO (renamed from Senior All-Source Intelligence Analysis Officer, April 2017)
0206 Signals Intelligence/Ground Electronic Warfare Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
0207 Air Intelligence Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
0209 Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Intelligence Planner - LtCol-Maj
0210 Counterintelligence/Human Source Intelligence (CI/HUMINT) Operations Officer – CWO5–WO
0220 Surveillance Sensor Officer
0233 Intelligence Tactics Instructor (NMOS) – LtCol–2ndLT & CWO5–WO (new as of April 2017)
0275 Collection Management Officer - LtCol-1stLt & CWO5-WO
0277 Weapons and Tactics Instructor (WTI) Intelligence Officer (NMOS) – LtCol–2ndLt & CWO5–WO
0251 Interrogator/Debriefer - MSgt-Cpl
0284 Advanced Foreign Counterintelligence Officer
0286 Advanced Military Source Operations Officer
0288 Military Source Operations Officer
0290 Strategic Debriefing Officer
03 Infantry
Enlisted
*The core enlisted infantry MOSs for the USMC are 0311, 0331, 0341, (formerly 0351 until 2021), and 0352; and Marines are trained in these jobs at the School of Infantry. All other infantry jobs are taught in follow-on courses after training in one of the core jobs.
0300 Basic Infantry Marine – Sgt–Pvt
*0311 Rifleman – Sgt–Pvt
0312 Riverine Assault Craft (RAC) Marine (FMOS "Any 03XX") – GySgt–PFC (MOS deleted before 2020)
0313 Light Armored Reconnaissance Marine – Sgt–Pvt
0314 Rigid Raiding Craft (RRC)/Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat (RHIB) Coxswain (FMOS) – SSgt–PFC (MOS deleted before 2020)
0316 Combat Rubber Reconnaissance Craft (CRRC) Coxswain (NMOS 0311, 0321, 0369) – SSgt–PFC
0317 Scout Sniper (NMOS 0311, 0321, 0331, 0341, 0352, 0369) – GySgt–LCpl
0321 Reconnaissance Marine – MGySgt–Pvt
0323 Reconnaissance Marine, Parachute Qualified (NMOS 0321) – MGySgt–Pvt
0324 Reconnaissance Marine, Combatant Diver Qualified (NMOS 0321) – MGySgt–Pvt
0326 Reconnaissance Marine, Parachute and Combatant Diver Qualified (NMOS 0321) – MGySgt–Pvt
0327 Reconnaissance Sniper (NMOS 0321) – MGySgt–LCpl (This MOS is not yet approved by HQMC for award to enlisted Marines, but is retained as a place holder pending formal approval. It does not appear in NAVMC 1200.1G, MOS Manual, dated 12 May 2021, nor in any other formal message traffic.)
*0331 Machine Gunner – Sgt–Pvt
*0341 Mortarman – Sgt–Pvt
*0351 Infantry Assault Marine – Sgt–Pvt (MOS deleted 30 September 2020)
*0352 Antitank Missile Gunner – Sgt–Pvt
0353 Ontos Crewman (MOS deleted c. 1973)
0363 Light Armored Reconnaissance Unit Leader – GySgt–SSgt (Added 1 October 2017)
0365 Infantry Squad Leader (NMOS 0311, 0331, 0341, 0352) – Sgt
0367 Light Armored Reconnaissance Master Gunner (NMOS 0313, 0363, 0393) – MGySgt–Sgt (Added 1 October 2017)
0369 Infantry Unit Leader – GySgt–SSgt
0372 Critical Skills Operator (CSO) – MGySgt–Sgt
0393 Light Armored Reconnaissance Operations Chief – MGySgt–MSgt (Added 1 October 2017)
0399 Operations Chief – MGySgt–MSgt
Officer
0301 Basic Infantry Officer
0302 Infantry Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
0303 Light-Armored Reconnaissance (LAR) Officer (NMOS 0302)
0306 Infantry Weapons Officer – CWO5–CWO2
0307 Expeditionary Ground Reconnaissance (EGR) Officer (NMOS 0202, 0203, 0302) – LtCol–2ndLt
0370 Special Operations Officer – LtCol–Capt
04 Logistics
Enlisted
0400 Basic Logistics Marine – GySgt–Pvt
0411 Maintenance Management Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
0431 Logistics/Embarkation Specialist – SSgt–Pvt
0451 Airborne and Air Delivery Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
0471 Personnel Retrieval and Processing Specialist – SSgt–Pvt
0472 Personnel Retrieval and Processing Technician – SSgt–Pvt
0477 Expeditionary Logistics Instructor (ELI) (NMOS) – MGySgt–GySgt
0481 Landing Support Specialist – SSgt–Pvt
0491 Logistics/Mobility Chief – MGySgt–GySgt
Officer
0401 Basic Logistics Officer
0402 Logistics Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
0405 Aerial Delivery Officer (NMOS 0402) – Capt–2ndLt
0407 Personnel Retrieval and Processing Officer (FMOS) – Capt–2ndLt
0430 Mobility Officer – LtCol–Capt & CWO5–WO
0477 Expeditionary Logistics Instructor (NMOS 0402, 3002, 1302) – LtCol–Capt
05 Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Plans
Enlisted
0500 Basic MAGTF Marine – GySgt–Pvt
0511 MAGTF Planning Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
0513 Civil Affairs Noncommissioned Officer – GySgt–Cpl (redesignated 0531 Civil Affairs Noncommissioned Officer)
0521 Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Specialist – MGySgt–Cpl
0522 Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Non-Commissioned Officer - MGySgt-Cpl
0531 Civil Reconnaissance (FMOS) – MGySgt–Cpl
0532 Civil Affairs Specialist – SSgt–Cpl
0539 Civil-Military Operations (CMO) Chief (FMOS) – MGySgt-SSgt
0551 Information Operations Specialist (NMOS) – MGySgt–Cpl
0570 Advisor (FMOS) – SgtMaj/MGySgt–Sgt
0571 Operational Advisor (FMOS) – SgtMaj/MGySgt–Sgt
Officer
0502 Force Deployment Planning and Execution (FDP&E) Officer (FMOS) – LtCol–Maj
0505 Operational Planner (FMOS) – LtCol–Maj
0506 Red Team Member (FMOS) – Col–Capt
0510 Basic Information Operations Staff Officer (FMOS) – Gen–2ndLt
0520 Psychological operations (PSYOP) Officer (FMOS) – LtCol–2ndLt
0530 Civil Affairs Officer (FMOS) – Gen–2ndLt
0535 Civil-Military Operations (CMO) Planner (FMOS) – LtCol–Maj (new as of April 2017)
0540 Space Operations Staff Officer (FMOS) – Gen–2ndLt
0550 Advanced Information Operations (IO) Planner (FMOS) – LtCol–1stLt
0570 Foreign Security Forces Advisor (FMOS) – Col–1stLt & CWO5–WO
0571 Advanced Foreign Security Forces Advisor (FMOS) – Col–1stLt & CWO5–WO
0577 Operations and Tactics Instructor (NMOS) – LtCol–Capt & CWO5–CWO2
0588 Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations (EMSO) Planner - LtCol-2ndLt
06 Communications
Enlisted
0600 Basic Communications Marine
0612 Tactical Switching Operator - Sgt-Pvt
0613 Construction Wireman
0619 Telecommunications Systems Chief – GySgt–SSgt
0621 Transmission Systems Operator – Sgt–Pvt
0622 Digital Multi-channel Wideband Transmission Equipment Operator (NMOS) – Sgt–Pvt
0623 Tropospheric Scatter Transmissions System Operator (NMOS) – Sgt–Pvt
0626 Fleet SATCOM Terminal Operator - Sgt-Pvt
0627 Satellite Communications Operator (NMOS) – Sgt–Pvt
0628 EHF Satellite Communications Operator/Maintainter - Sgt-Pvt
0629 Transmissions Chief – GySgt–SSgt
0631 Network Administrator – Sgt–Pvt
0633 Network Transport Technician (NMOS) – Sgt–Pvt
0639 Network Chief – GySgt–SSgt
0648 Spectrum Manager – MSgt–SSgt
0651 Cyber Network Operator (Transitioned to 0671.) – Sgt–Pvt
0659 Cyber Network Systems Chief (Split into 0639 & 0679.) – GySgt–SSgt
0671 Data Systems Administrator – Sgt–Pvt
0673 Applications Developer (NMOS) – GySgt–Sgt
0679 Data Systems Chief – GySgt–SSgt
0681 Information Security Technician – MGySgt–SSgt
0688 Cyber Security (Transitioned to 1711/1721.)Technician – GySgt–Sgt
0689 Cybersecurity Chief (Transitioned to 1799.) – MGySgt–MSgt
0691 Communications Training Instructor (NMOS) – MGySgt–SSgt
0699 Communications Chief – MGySgt–MSgt
Officer
0601 Basic Communications Officer
0602 Communications Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
0603 Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Communications Planner (NMOS) – LtCol–Capt
0605 Cyber Network Operations Officer – LtCol–Capt
0610 Telecommunications Systems Engineering Officer – CWO5–WO
0620 Space and Propagation Engineering Officer (SPEO) – CWO5–WO
0630 Network Engineering Officer – CWO5–WO
0640 Strategic Electromagnetic Spectrum Officer – CWO4–WO
0650 Cyber Network Operations Engineer – CWO5–WO
0670 Data Systems Engineering Officer – CWO5–WO
0691 Communications Training Instructor (NMOS) – LtCol–Capt & CWO5–WO
08 Artillery
Enlisted
0800 Basic Field Artillery Marine – Sgt–Pvt
0811 Field Artillery Cannoneer – SSgt–Pvt
0814 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) Operator – MGySgt–Pvt
0842 Field Artillery Radar Operator – Sgt–Pvt
0844 Field Artillery FDC (Fire Direction Control) Marine – Sgt–Pvt
0847 Field Artillery Sensor Support Marine – Sgt–Pvt
0848 Field Artillery FDC Operations Chief – MGySgt–SSgt
0861 Field Artillery Scout Observer Marine – MGySgt–Pvt
0869 Artillery Senior Cannoneer - MGySgt-GySgt
Officer
0801 Basic Field Artillery Officer
0802 Field Artillery Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
0803 Target Acquisition Officer – CWO5–WO
0840 Naval Surface Fire Support Planner – Gen–2ndLt
09 Training
Enlisted
0911 Marine Corps Drill Instructor – GySgt–Sgt
0913 Marine Combat Instructor – GySgt–Cpl
0916 Martial Arts Instructor – MGySgt–Cpl
0917 Martial Arts Instructor-Trainer – MGySgt–Sgt
0918 Water Safety/Survival Instructor – MGySgt–Pvt
0919 Force Fitness Instructor - MSgt-Sgt
0931 Marksmanship Instructor – MGySgt–Sgt
0932 Small Arms Weapons Instructor – MGySgt–Sgt
0933 Marksmanship Coach – Sgt–PFC
0951 Formal School Instructor - MGySgt-Cpl
Officer
0919 Force Fitness Instructor Officer - LtCol-2ndLt
0930 Range Officer – CWO5–WO
0952 Formal School Officer Instructor - LtCol-1stLt & CWO5-WO
0953 Formal School Officer Instructor-Fixed Wing Pilot - LtCol-1stLt
0954 Formal School Officer Instructor-Naval Flight Officer - LtCol-1stLt
0955 Formal School Officer Instructor-Helicopter Pilot - LtCol-1stLt
0956 Formal School Instructor-Pilot/Naval Flight Officer - LtCol-2ndLt
11 Utilities
Enlisted
1100 Basic Utilities Marine – GySgt–Pvt
1141 Electrician – SSgt–Pvt
1142 Electrical Equipment Repair Specialist – SSgt–Pvt
1161 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technician – SSgt–Pvt
1169 Utilities Chief – MGySgt–GySgt
1171 Water Support Technician – SSgt–Pvt
1181 Fabric Repair Specialist - SSgt-Pvt
Officer
1120 Utilities Officer – CWO5–WO
13 Engineer, Construction, Facilities, & Equipment
Enlisted
1300 Basic Engineer, Construction, Facilities, & Equipment Marine – GySgt–Pvt
1316 Metal Worker – SSgt–Pvt
1341 Engineer Equipment Mechanic – SSgt–Pvt
1342 Small Craft Mechanic – SSgt–LCpl
1343 Assault Breacher Vehicle Mechanic – SSgt–LCpl
1345 Engineer Equipment Operator – SSgt–Pvt
1349 Engineer Equipment Chief – MGySgt-GySgt
1361 Engineer Assistant – GySgt–Pvt
1371 Combat Engineer – MGySgt–Pvt
1372 Assault Breacher Vehicle Operator – MGySgt–LCpl
1391 Bulk Fuel Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
1392 Petroleum Quality Assurance and Additization Specialist - Sgt-LCpl
Officer
1301 Basic Combat Engineer Officer
1302 Combat Engineer Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
1310 Engineer Equipment Officer – CWO5–WO
1330 Facilities Management Officer – Gen–2ndLt
1390 Bulk Fuel Officer – CWO5–WO
17 Cyberspace Operations
Enlisted
1711 Offensive Cyberspace Operator – GySgt–SSgt
1721 Defensive Cyberspace Defensive Operator – GySgt–Pvt
1799 Cyberspace Chief – MGySgt-MSgt
Officer
1701 Basic Cyberspace Officer
1702 Cyberspace Officer
1705 Cyberspace Warfare Development Officer – LtCol–Capt
1710 Offensive Cyberspace Weapons Officer – CWO5–WO
1720 Defensive Cyberspace Weapons Officer – CWO5–WO
18 Tank and Assault Amphibious Vehicle
Enlisted
1800 Basic Tank and Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV) Marine – GySgt–Pvt
1833 Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV) Marine – MGySgt–Pvt
1834 ACV Marine – MGySgt–Pvt
1868 Assault Amphibious Master Gunner - MGySgt-Sgt
1869 Senior Armor NCO - MGySgt-GySgt
Officer
1801 Basic Tank and Amphibious Assault Vehicle Officer
1802 Tank Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
1803 Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV) Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
21 Ground Ordnance Maintenance
Enlisted
2100 Basic Ground Ordnance Maintenance Marine – GySgt–Pvt
2111 Small Arms Repairer/Technician – GySgt–Pvt
2112 Precision Weapons Repairer – GySgt–Cpl
2131 Towed Artillery Systems Technician – GySgt–Pvt
2141 Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV)/Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) Repairer/Technician – GySgt–Pvt
2146 Heavy Ordnance Vehicle Repairer/Technician – GySgt–Pvt
2147 Light Armored Vehicle (LAV) Repairer/Technician – GySgt–Pvt
2148 Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) Repairer/Technician – GySgt–Pvt
2149 Ordnance Vehicle Maintenance Chief – MGySgt–MSgt
2161 Machinist – GySgt–Pvt
2171 Electro-Optical Ordnance Repairer/Technician – GySgt–Pvt
2181 Senior Ground Ordnance Weapons Chief – MGySgt–MSgt
Officer
2102 Ordnance Officer - LtCol-Capt
2110 Ordnance Vehicle Maintenance Officer - CWO5-WO
2120 Weapons Repair Officer - CWO5-WO
2125 Electro-Optic Instrument Repair Officer - CWO5-WO
23 Ammunition and Explosive Ordnance Disposal
Enlisted
2300 Basic Ammunition and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Marine – Sgt–Cpl
2311 Ammunition Technician – MGySgt–Pvt
2336 Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Technician – MGySgt-Cpl
Officer
2305 Explosive Ordnance Disposal Officer - LtCol-Capt & CWO5-WO
2340 Ammunition Officer - LtCol-Capt & CWO5-WO
25 Communications (OccFld deleted entirely 1 Oct 2005)
Enlisted
2500 Basic Communications Marine
2542 Defense Message System (DMS) Specialist - Sgt-Pvt
2549 Defense Message System (DMS) Chief - MSgt-SSgt
Officer
2501 Basic Communications Officer
2502 Communications Officer - LtCol-2ndLt
2510 Network Management Officer - CWO5-WO
26 Signals Intelligence/Ground Electronic Warfare
Enlisted
2600 Basic Signals Intelligence/Ground Electronic Warfare Operator – GySgt–Pvt
2611 Cryptologic Cyberspace Analyst – Sgt-LCpl
2613 Cryptologic Cyberspace End-Point Analyst - MGySgt-LCpl
2621 Communications/Electronic Warfare Operator – Sgt–Pvt
2623 Radio Reconnaissance Marine – MGySgt–Pvt
2629 Signals Intelligence Analyst – MGySgt–Cpl
2631 Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) Intercept Operator/Analyst – GySgt–Pvt
2641 Cryptologic Linguist Operator Analyst – Sgt–Pvt
2642 Advanced Cryptologic Linguist Operator Analyst (NMOS) – Sgt–Pvt
2643 Cryptologic Linguist - MGySgt-Cpl
2649 Cryptanalyst – MGySgt-Cpl (MOS deleted 1 Oct 2006.)
2651 ISR (Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance) Systems Engineer – MGySgt–Pvt
2671 Middle East Cryptologic Linguist - GySgt–Pvt
2673 Asia-Pacific Cryptologic Linguist - GySgt–Pvt
2674 European Cryptologic Linguist - GySgt–Pvt
2676 Central Asian Cryptologic Linguist - GySgt–Pvt
2691 Signals Intelligence/Electronic Warfare (SIGINT/EW) Chief – MGySgt-MSgt
Officer
2602 Signals Intelligence/Electronic Warfare (SIGINT/EW) Officer – CWO5–WO
27 Linguist
Enlisted/Officer (All Linguist MOSs are EMOSs primarily used in conjunction with the 267X primary MOSs that indicate specialized foreign language skills.)
2799 Military Interpreter/Translator (FMOS) – MGySgt-Pvt (MOS deleted 1 Oct 2016)
Middle East-Africa
2711 Pakistani Pashtu (EMOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
2712 Arabic (Modern Standard)
2713 Arabic (Egyptian)
2714 Arabic (Syrian)
2715 Arabic (Levantine))
2716 Amharic
2717 Arabic (Maghrebi) (EMOS 2717 redesignated from "Hindi" prior to 1 Oct 2012; "Hindi" redesignated to EMOS 2795.)
2718 Hebrew
2719 Hindi (Redesignated to EMOS 2795 prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
2721 Kurdish
2722 Persian (Redesignated to EMOS 2773/2774 prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
2723 Somali
2724 Swahili
2726 Turkish
2727 Urdu (Redesignated to EMOS 2775 prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
2728 Arabic (Iraqi)
2729 Algerian
2730 Arabic (Yemeni)
2731 Arabic (Libyan)Asia-Pacific
2733 Burmese
2734 Cambodian
2735 Cebuano
2736 Chinese (Cantonese)
2737 Chinese (Mandarin)
2738 Indonesian
2739 Japanese
2740 Maguindanao
2741 Korean
2742 Laotian
2743 Malay
2744 Tagalog
2745 Tausug
2746 Thai
2747 Vietnamese
2748 Maranao
2749 Yakan
2772 Afghan Pushtu
2773 Persian-Afghan (Dari)
2774 Persian-Farsi (EMOS formerly designated EMOS "2722 Persian.")
2775 Urdu (EMOS formerly designated EMOS "2727 Urdu.")
2780 Uzbek
2785 Azerbaijani
2795 Hindi (EMOS formerly designated EMOS "2719 Hindi.")
2796 Bengali (EMOS formerly designated EMOS "2717 Bengali.")European I (West)
2754 Dutch
2756 Finnish
2757 French
2758 German
2759 Greek
2761 Haitian-Creole
2762 Icelandic (EMOS deleted after 2005, prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
2763 Italian
2764 Norwegian
2766 Portuguese (Brazilian)
2767 Portuguese (European)
2768 Spanish
2769 SwedishEuropean II (East)
2776 Albanian
2777 Armenian
2778 Bulgarian
2779 Czech
2781 Estonian
2782 Georgian
2783 Hungarian
2784 Latvian
2786 Lithuanian
2787 Macedonian
2788 Polish
2789 Romanian
2791 Russian
2792 Serb-Croatian
2793 Slovenian
2794 Ukrainian
28 Ground Electronics Maintenance
Enlisted
2800 Basic Data/Communications Maintenance Marine - GySgt–Pvt
2811 Telephone Technician - Sgt-Pvt (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2005.)
2813 Cable Systems Technician (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2005.)
2814 Telephone Central Office Repairman
2818 Personal Computer/Tactical Office Machine Repairer (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2005.)
2821 Technical Controller Marine - Sgt–Pvt (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2005.)
2822 Electronic Switching Equipment Technician - GySgt-Pvt
2823 Technical Control Chief - MGySgt–SSgt
2826 AN/MSC-63A Maintenance Technician (NMOS 2847, 2862) - GySgt-Sgt
2827 Tactical Electronic Reconnaissance Process/Evaluation Systems (TERPES) Technician (NMOS 2847, 2862) - GySgt-Sgt
2831 Digital Wideband Systems Maintainer - Sgt–Pvt (formerly designated "AN/TRC-170, Technician/Repairer" before 1 Oct 2012.)
2832 AN/TRC-170 Technician (NMOS) - GySgt-SSgt (MOS redesignated prior to 1 Oct 2020; previously merged into PMOS 2831, 1 Oct 2005.)
2833 Fleet Satellite Terminal Technician (NMOS 2834) - GySgt-Sgt (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2020.)
2834 Satellite Communications (SATCOM) Technician - GySgt-Sgt (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2020.)
2834 Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) Technician - GySgt-Sgt (MOS deleted 10 May 2018)
2841 Ground Electronics Transmission Systems Maintainer - Sgt–Pvt
2842 Enhanced Position Location Reporting System (EPLRS) System Specialist (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2005.)
2843 PLRS Support Maintenance Technician (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2005.)
2844 Ground Communications Organizational Repairer - Sgt-Pvt (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2020.)
2846 Ground Radio Intermediate Repairer - Sgt-Pvt (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2020.)
2847 Ground Electronics Telecommunications and Information Systems Maintainer - Sgt-Pvt (MOS formerly designated "Telephone Systems/Personal Computer Repairer.")
2848 Tactical Remote Sensor System (TRSS) Maintainer (NMOS 2841, 2862) - SSgt–LCpl
2855 Tactical Electronic Reconnaissance Process/Evaluations System (TERPES) Technician (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2005.)
2861 Radio Technician (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2005.)
2862 Ground Electronics Systems Maintenance Technician - GySgt–Sgt
2867 AN/TSC-120 Radio Technician (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2005.)
2871 Calibrations Technician - Sgt–Pvt
2874 Metrology Technician - MGySgt–Sgt
2877 Radiac Instrument Technician (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2005.)
2881 2M/ATE Technician{efn|name=":1"}} - GySgt-Pvt (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2020.)
2884 Ground Radar Repairer - Sgt-Pvt
2887 Artillery Electronics Technician - GySgt–Pvt
2889 Ground Radar Technician (Deleted prior to 1 Oct 2005.)
2891 Ground Electronics Systems Maintenance Chief - MGySgt-MSgt
Officer
2802 Electronics Maintenance Officer (Ground) - LtCol-Capt
2805 Data/Communications Maintenance Officer - CWO5-WO
2810 Telephone Systems Officer - CWO5-WO
2830 Ground Radar Maintenance Officer - CWO5-WO (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2005.)
30 Supply Chain Material Management
Enlisted
3000 Basic Supply Administration and Operations Marine – Sgt–Pvt
3043 Supply Administration and Operations Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
3044 Contract Specialist – MGySgt–Sgt
3051 Warehouse Clerk – MGySgt–Pvt
3052 Preservation, Packaging, Packing, and Marking Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt (moved to 3152)
3072 Aviation Supply Clerk – MGySgt–Pvt
Officer
3001 Basic Ground Supply Officer
3002 Ground Supply Officer - LtCol-2ndLt
3006 Contracting Officer (NMOS 3002) - LtCol-Capt
3010 Ground Supply Operations Officer - CWO5-WO
31 Distribution Management
Enlisted
3100 Basic Distribution Management Marine – SSgt–Pvt
3112 Distribution Management Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
3152 Preservation, Packaging, Packing, and Marketing Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt (moved from MOS 3052)
Officer
3102 Distribution Management Officer - LtCol-Capt & CWO5-WO
33 Food Service
Enlisted
3300 Basic Food Service Marine
3361 Subsistence Supply Clerk
3372 Marine Aide-enlisted aide to General and Flag officers
3381 Food Service Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
Officer
3302 Food Service Officer - LtCol-Capt & CWO5-WO
34 Financial Management
Enlisted
3400 Basic Financial Management Marine – GySgt–Pvt
3432 Finance Technician – MGySgt–Pvt
3441 Non-appropriated fund (NAF) Audit Technician – MGySgt–Sgt
3451 Fiscal/Budget Technician – MGySgt–Pvt
Officer
3401 Basic Financial Management Officer
3402 Finance Officer - CWO5-WO
3404 Financial Management Officer - LtCol-2ndLt
3406 Financial Accounting Officer (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
3408 Financial Management Resource Officer - CWO5-WO
3410 Non-appropriated fund (NAF) Auditing Officer(II/III) (PMOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
3450 Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution (PPBE) Officer (FMOS) - LtCol-Capt
35 Motor Transport
Enlisted
3500 Basic Motor Transport Marine – GySgt–Pvt
3513 Body Repair Mechanic
3521 Automotive Organizational Technician – Sgt–Pvt
3522 Automotive Intermediate Mechanic – Sgt–LCpl
3523 Vehicle Recovery Mechanic – Sgt – Pfc
3524 Fuel and Electrical Systems Mechanic – Sgt–LCpl
3525 Crash/Fire/Rescue Vehicle Mechanic – GySgt–LCpl
3529 Motor Transport Maintenance Chief – MGySgt–SSgt
3531 Motor Vehicle Operator – Sgt–Pvt
3533 Logistics Vehicle Systems Operator – Sgt–Pvt
3534 Semitrailer Refueler Operator – Sgt–LCpl
3536 Vehicle Recovery Operator – Sgt–Pvt
3537 Motor Transport Operations Chief – MGySgt–SSgt
3538 Licensing Examiner – GySgt–Sgt
Officer
3501 Basic Motor Transport Officer (MOS deleted c. 2000)
3502 Motor Transport Officer - LtCol-2ndLt (PMOS 3502 merged into PMOS 0402 c. 2000)
3510 Motor Transport Maintenance Officer - CWO5-WO
40 Data Systems (OccFld deleted after 1 Oct 2005)
Enlisted
4000 Basic Data Systems Marine
4066 Small Computer Systems Specialist (SCSS) - MSgt-Pvt
4067 Programmer, ADA
4076 Computer Security Specialist - MGySgt-Cpl
4099 Data Processing Chief - MGySgt-MSgt
Officer
4010 Data Systems Managemeent Officer
41 Morale Welfare and Recreation
Enlisted
4100 Basic Marine Corps Community Services Marine – SSgt–Sgt
4133 Morale, Welfare, Recreation (MWR) Specialist – MGySgt–Sgt
Officer
4130 Marine Corps Community Services (MCCS) Officer - CWO5-WO
43 Public Affairs
Enlisted
4300 Basic Combat Correspondent – LCpl-Pvt
4312 Basic Military Journalism – Sgt-Pvt
4313 Broadcast Journalist – MGySgt–Pvt
4341 Combat Correspondent – MGySgt–Pvt
Officer
4301 Basic Public Affairs Officer
4302 Public Affairs Officer - LtCol-2ndLt (converted to 4502)
4305 Mass Communication Specialist (NMOS 4302)
4330 Historical Officer (deleted before 1 Oct 2012)
44 Legal Services
Enlisted
4400 Basic Legal Services Marine – GySgt–Pvt
4421 Legal Services Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
4422 Legal Services Court Reporter – MGySgt-Cpl
Officer
4401 Student Judge Advocate
4402 Judge Advocate - Col-2ndLt
4405 Master of International Law (NMOS 4402)
4406 Master of Environmental Law (NMOS 4402)
4407 Master of Labor Law (NMOS 4402)
4408 Master of Procurement Law (NMOS 4402)
4409 Master of Criminal Law (NMOS 4402)
4410 Master of Law (General) (NMOS 4402)
4417 Master of Cyber, Intelligence, and Information Law (NMOS 4402) – LtCol–Maj
4430 Legal Administrative Officer – CWO5–WO
45 Communication Strategy and Operations
Enlisted
4500 Basic Communication Strategy & Operations Marine – Sgt–Pvt
4511 Recruiting Station Marketing & Communication Marine - Sgt
4512 Combat Graphics Specialist – Sgt–Pvt
4531 Combat Mass Communicator – Sgt–Pvt
4541 Combat Photographer – Sgt–Pvt
4571 Combat Videographer – Sgt–Pvt
4591 Communication and Strategy Operations Chief – MGySgt–SSgt
Officer
Basic Communication Strategy & Operations Officer
4502 Communication Strategy & Operations Officer (PMOS) — LtCol-2ndLt
4503 Visual Information Officer (PMOS) – Capt–WO
46 Combat Camera (COMCAM)
Enlisted
4600 Basic Combat Camera Marine – SSgt–Pvt
4612 Production Specialist – SSgt–Pvt
4616 Reproduction Equipment Repairman – SSgt-Cpl
4641 Combat Photographer – SSgt–Pvt
4671 Combat Videographer – SSgt–Pvt
4691 Combat Camera Chief- MGySgt-GySgt
Officer
4602 Combat Camera (COMCAM) Officer - LtCol-Capt & CWO5-WO (Redesignated to PMOS 4503; redesignated from "Combat Visual Information" 1 Oct 2005.)
4606 Combat Artist (Officer) (FMOS)
48 Recruiting and Retention Specialist
Enlisted
4821 Career Retention Specialist (PMOS) – MGySgt–Sgt
Officer
4801 Recruiting Officer, Marine Corps Total Force Expert (FMOS) - LtCol-1stLt
4802 Recruiting Officer, Operational Expert (FMOS) - LtCol-1stLt
4803 Recruiting Officer, Officer Procurement Expert (FMOS) - LtCol-1stLt
4804 Recruiting Officer, Multiple Tour Expert (FMOS 4801, 4802, 4803) - Col-Capt
4810 Recruiting Officer – CWO5–WO
55 Music
Enlisted
5500 Basic Musician – GySgt–Pvt
5511 Member, The President's Own, United States Marine Band (PMOS)
5512 Member, The Commandant's Own, United States Marine Drum and Bugle Corps (PMOS)
5519 Enlisted Conductor – GySgt–SSgt
5521 Drum Major – GySgt–SSgt
5522 Small Ensemble Leader – GySgt–SSgt
5523 Instrument Repair Technician – MGySgt–SSgt
5524 Musician – GySgt–Pvt
55XX skill designators for 5524:
5526 Oboe
5528 Bassoon
5534 Clarinet
5536 Flute/Piccolo
5537 Saxophone
5541 Trumpet
5543 Euphonium
5544 Horn
5546 Trombone
5547 Tuba/Sousaphone
5548 Electric Bass
5563 Percussion (Drums, Timpani, and Mallets)
5565 Piano
5566 Guitar
5567 Arranger, Band
The following MOSs apply only to the Drum and Bugle Corps:
5571 Drum and Bugle Corps Drum Major
5574 Soprano or Mellophone Bugle
5576 French horn Bugle
5577 Bass Baritone Bugle
5579 Contrabass Bugle
5592 Drum and Bugle Corps Arranger
5593 Percussion
Officer
5502 Band Officer - CWO5-WO
5505 Director/Assistant Director, The President's Own, U.S. Marine Band - Col-1stLt
5506 Staff Officer, The President's U.S. Own Marine Band - LtCol-Capt & CWO5-WO
5507 U.S. Marine Drum and Bugle Corps Officer - LtCol-1stLt
57 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Defense
Formally known as Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defense (NBCD)
Enlisted
5700 Basic Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Defense Marine – SSgt–Pvt
5711 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Defense Specialist – Sgt–Pvt
5713 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Responder – Sgt–Pvt
5769 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Defense Chief - MGySgt-SSgt
Officer
5701 Basic CBRN Defense Officer
5702 Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Defense Officer - CWO5-WO
58 Military Police and Corrections
Enlisted
5800 Basic Military Police and Corrections Marine – GySgt–Pvt
5811 Military Police – MGySgt–Pvt.
5812 Working Dog Handler – SSgt–Pvt
5813 Accident Investigator – GySgt-Cpl
5814 Physical Security Specialist – GySgt-Cpl
5815 Special Reaction Team (SRT) Member – GySgt-Cpl
5819 Military Police Investigator – GySgt-Cpl
5821 Criminal Investigator CID Agent – MGySgt–Sgt
5822 Forensic Psycho-physiologist (Polygraph Examiner) – MGySgt–SSgt
5831 Correctional Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
5832 Correctional Counselor – MGySgt–Sgt
Officer
5801 Basic Military Police and Corrections Officer
5803 Military Police Officer – LtCol–2ndLt
5804 Corrections Officer – CWO5–WO
5805 Criminal Investigation Officer – CWO5–WO
59 Aviation Command and Control (C2) Electronics Maintenance
Enlisted
5900 Basic Electronics Maintenance Marine
5912 Avenger System Maintainer – MSgt–Pvt
5937 Aviation Radio Repairer - Sgt-Pvt (Merged into PMOS 5939, 1 Oct 2005.)
5939 Aviation Communication Systems Technician (AVCOMMSYSTECH) – MSgt–Pvt
5941 Aviation Primary Surveillance Radar Repair Man – MSgt–Pvt
5942 Aviation Radar Repairer – Sgt–Pvt (Deleted - merged into MOS 5948)
5948 Aviation Radar Technician – MSgt – Sgt
5951 Aviation Meteorological Equipment Technician, OMA/IMA
5952 Air Traffic Control Navigational Aids Technician – GySgt–Pvt
5953 Air Traffic Control Radar Technician – GySgt–Pvt
5954 Air Traffic Control Communications Technician – GySgt–Pvt
5959 Air Traffic Control Systems Maintenance Chief – MGySgt-MSgt
5962 Tactical Data Systems Equipment (TDSE) Repairer – Sgt–Pvt
5963 Tactical Air Operations Module Repairer (merged into PMOS 5979, 1 Oct 2005.)
5974 Tactical Data Systems Technician – MSgt–Pvt
5977 Weapons and Tactics Instructor-Aviation Command & Control (AC2) Maintenance Chief – MSgt–GySgt
5979 Tactical Air Operations/Air Defense Systems Technician – MSgt–Pvt
5993 Electronics Maintenance Chief (Aviation C2) – MGySgt
Officer
5902 Electronics Maintenance Officer Aviation Command and Control (C2) - LtCol-Capt
5910 Aviation Radar System Maintenance Officer - CWO5-WO (Redesignated from PMOS "Aviation Radar Maintenance Officer" 1 Oct 2012.)
5950 Air Traffic Control Systems Maintenance Officer - CWO5-WO
5970 Tactical Data Systems Maintenance Officer - CWO5-WO
60/61/62 Aircraft Maintenance
Enlisted
3215 Basic Aircraft Maintenance Marine – GySgt–Pvt
6011 Aviation Production Controller - MSgt-Sgt
6012 Aviation Maintenance Controller – MSgt–Sgt
6016 Collateral Duty Inspector (CDI) - MGySgt-Cpl
6017 Collateral Duty Quality Assurance Representative (CDQAR) - GySgt-Cpl
6018 Quality Assurance Representative (QAR) – MSgt-Sgt
6019 Aircraft Maintenance Chief – MGySgt-MSgt
6023 Aircraft Power Plants Test Cell Operator – GySgt-Cpl
6033 Aircraft Nondestructive Inspection Technician – GySgt-Cpl
6042 Individual Material Readiness List (IMRL) Asset Manager – MGySgt–Pvt
6043 Aircraft Welder – GySgt–LCpl
6044 Additive Manufacturing Specialist - MSgt-Cpl
6046 Aircraft Maintenance Administration Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
6048 Flight Equipment Technician – GySgt–Pvt (Formerly MOS 6060)
6049 NALCOMIS Application Administrator/Analyst – MGySgt–Sgt
6061 Aircraft Intermediate Level Hydraulic/Pneumatic Mechanic-Trainee – GySgt–Pvt
6062 Aircraft Intermediate Level Hydraulic/Pneumatic Mechanic – GySgt–Pvt
6071 Aircraft Maintenance Support Equipment (SE) Mechanic-Trainee – GySgt–Pvt
6072 Aircraft Maintenance Support Equipment (SE) Hydraulic/Pneumatic/Structures Mechanic – GySgt–Pvt (MOS deleted 1 Oct. 2016)
6073 Aircraft Maintenance Support Equipment (SE) Electrician/Refrigeration Mechanic – GySgt–Pvt
6074 Cryogenics Equipment Operator – GySgt–Pvt
6077 Weapons and Tactics Instructor - MGySgt-MSgt
6091 Aircraft Intermediate Level Structures Mechanic-Trainee – GySgt–Pvt
6092 Aircraft Intermediate Level Structures Mechanic – GySgt–Pvt
6100 Helicopter/Tiltrotor Mechanic-Trainee – GySgt–Pvt
6112 Helicopter Mechanic, CH-46 – GySgt–Pvt
6113 Helicopter Mechanic, CH-53 – GySgt–Pvt
6114 Helicopter Mechanic, UH/AH-1 – GySgt–Pvt
6116 Tiltrotor Mechanic, MV-22 – GySgt–Pvt
6122 Helicopter Power Plants Mechanic, T-58 – GySgt–Pvt
6123 Helicopter Power Plants Mechanic, T-64 – GySgt–Pvt
6124 Helicopter Power Plants Mechanic, T-400/T-700 – GySgt–Pvt
6132 Helicopter/Tiltrotor Dynamic Components Mechanic – GySgt–Pvt
6151 Helicopter/Tiltrotor Airframe Mechanic-Trainee – GySgt–Pvt
6152 Helicopter Airframe Mechanic, CH-46 – GySgt–Pvt
6153 Helicopter Airframe Mechanic, CH-53 – GySgt–Pvt
6154 Helicopter Airframe Mechanic, UH/AH-1 – GySgt–Pvt 6156 Tiltrotor Airframe Mechanic, MV-22 – GySgt–Pvt
6162 Presidential Support Specialist – MGySgt–LCpl
6171 Night Systems Instructor (NSI) Enlisted Aircrew - MGySgt-LCpl
6172 Helicopter Crew Chief, CH-46 – GySgt–Pvt
6173 Helicopter Crew Chief, CH-53 – GySgt–Pvt
6174 Helicopter Crew Chief, UH-1N/Y – GySgt–Pvt
6176 Tiltrotor Crew Chief, MV-22 – GySgt–Pvt
6177 Weapons and Tactics Crew Chief Instructor – MGySgt–LCpl
6178 VH-60N Presidential Helicopter Crew Chief – MGySgt–LCpl
6179 VH-3D Presidential Helicopter Crew Chief – MGySgt–LCpl
6181 VH-92 Presidential Helicopter Crew Chief - MGySgt-LCpl
6199 Enlisted Aircrew/Aerial Observer/Gunner – MGySgt–Pvt
6211 Fixed-wing Aircraft Mechanic-Trainee – GySgt–Pvt
6212 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Mechanic, AV-8/TAV-8 – GySgt–Pvt
6213 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Mechanic, EA-6 – GySgt–Pvt
6214 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Mechanic – GySgt–Pvt
6216 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Mechanic, KC-130 – GySgt–Pvt
6217 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Mechanic, F/A-18 – GySgt–Pvt
6218 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Mechanic, F35 - GySgt-Pvt
6222 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Power Plants Mechanic, F-402 – GySgt–Pvt
6223 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Power Plants Mechanic, J-52 – GySgt–Pvt
6226 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Power Plants Mechanic, T-56 – GySgt–LCpl
6227 Fixed-wing Aircraft Power Plants Mechanic, F-404 – GySgt–Pvt
6242 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Flight Engineer, KC-130 – MGySgt–Sgt
6243 Fixed-Wing Transport Aircraft Specialist, C-9 – MGySgt–LCpl
6244 Fixed-Wing Transport Aircraft Specialist, C-12 – MGySgt–PFC
6246 Fixed-Wing Transport Aircraft Specialist, C-20 – MGySgt–LCpl
6247 Fixed-Wing Transport Aircraft Specialist, UC-35 – MGySgt–LCpl
6251 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Airframe Mechanic-Trainee – GySgt–Pvt
6252 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Airframe Mechanic, AV-8/TAV-8 – GySgt–Pvt
6253 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Airframe Mechanic, EA-6 – GySgt–Pvt
6256 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Airframe Mechanic, KC-130 – GySgt–Pvt
6257 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Airframe Mechanic, F/A-18 – GySgt–Pvt
6258 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Airframe Mechanic, F-35 – GySgt–Pvt
6276 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Loadmaster, KC-130 – MGySgt–Pvt
6281 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Safety Equipment Mechanic- Trainee – GySgt–Pvt
6282 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Safety Equipment Mechanic, AV-8/TAV-8 – GySgt–Pvt
6283 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Safety Equipment Mechanic, EA-6 – GySgt–Pvt
6286 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Safety Equipment Mechanic, KC-130 – GySgt–Pvt
6287 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Safety Equipment Mechanic, F/A-18 – GySgt–Pvt
6288 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Safety Equipment Mechanic, F-35 - GySgt-Pvt
Officer
6001 Basic Aircraft Maintenance Officer
6002 Aircraft Maintenance Officer - LtCol-2ndLt
6004 Aircraft Maintenance Engineer Officer - LtCol-Capt & CWO5-WO
6044 Additive Manufacturing Officer - Maj-2ndLt
6077 Weapons and Tactics Instructor - LtCol-2ndLt & CWO5-WO
63/64 Avionics
Enlisted
6311 Aircraft Communications/Navigation/Electrical/Weapon Systems Technician-Trainee, OMA
6312 Aircraft Communications/Navigation/Weapon Systems Technician, AV-8 (Deleted - merged into MOS 6332)
6313 Aircraft Communications/Navigation/Radar Systems Technician, EA-6
6314 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Avionics Technician
6316 Aircraft Communications/Navigation Systems Technician, KC-130
6317 Aircraft Communications/Navigation Systems Technician, F/A-18
6322 Aircraft Communications/Navigation/Electrical Systems Technician, CH-46 (MOS deleted 1 Oct. 2016)
6323 Aircraft Communications/Navigation/Electrical Systems Technician, CH-53
6324 Aircraft Communications/Navigation/Electrical/Weapon Systems Technician, U/AH-1
6326 Aircraft Communications/Navigation/Electrical/Weapon Systems Technician, V-22
6331 Aircraft Electrical Systems Technician-Trainee
6332 Aircraft Electrical Systems Technician, AV-8
6333 Aircraft Electrical Systems Technician, EA-6
6336 Aircraft Electrical Systems Technician, KC-130
6337 Aircraft Electrical Systems Technician, F/A-18
6338 Aircraft Avionics Technician, F-35
6344 Aircraft Electric Systems Technician, UH-1N/AH-1T
6365 Aircraft Communications/Navigation/DECM/Radar Systems Technician, EA-6B
6386 Aircraft Electronic Countermeasures Systems Technician, EA-6B
6391 Avionics Maintenance Chief
6411 Aircraft Communications/Navigation Systems Technician- Trainee, IMA
6412 Aircraft Communications Systems Technician, IMA
6413 Aircraft Navigation Systems Technician, IFF/RADAR/TACAN, IMA
6414 Advanced Aircraft Communications/Navigation Systems Technician, IMA (Deleted - merged into MOS 6483)
6422 Aircraft Cryptographic Systems Technician, IMA 6423 Aviation Electronic Microminiature/Instrument and Cable Repair Technician, IMA
6431 Aircraft Electrical Systems Technician-Trainee
6432 Aircraft Electrical/Instrument/Flight Control Systems Technician, Fixed Wing, IMA
6433 Aircraft Electrical/Instrument/flight Control Systems Technician, Helicopter, IMA (Deleted - merged into MOS 6432)
6434 Advanced Aircraft Electrical/Instrument/Flight Control Systems Technician, IMA
6461 Hybrid Test Set Technician, IMA
6462 Avionics Test Set (ATS) Technician, IMA
6463 Radar Test Station (RTS)/Radar Systems Test Station (RSTS) Technician, IMA
6464 Aircraft Inertial Navigation System Technician, IMA
6466 Aircraft Forward Looking Infrared/Electro-Optical Technician - Sgt-Pvt
6467 Consolidated Automatic Support System (CASS) Technician, IMA
6468 Aircraft Electrical Equipment Test Set (EETS)/Mobile Electronic Test Set (METS) Technician
6469 Advanced Automatic Test Equipment Technician, IMA
6482 Aircraft Electronic Countermeasures Systems Technician, Fixed Wing, IMA
6483 Aircraft Electronic Countermeasures Systems Technician, Helicopter, IMA
6484 Aircraft Electronic Countermeasures Systems/RADCOM/CAT IIID Technician, IMA
6486 Advanced Aircraft Electronic Countermeasures Technician, IMA
6491 Aviation Precision Measurement Equipment (PME) Chief
6492 Aviation Precision Measurement Equipment/Calibration and Repair Technician, IMA
6493 Aviation Meteorological Equipment Technician
6499 Mobile Facilities Technician – GySgt-Cpl
Officer
6302 Avionics Officer - LtCol-Capt & CWO5-WO
65 Aviation Ordnance
Enlisted
6500 Basic Aviation Ordnance Marine
6511 Aviation Ordnance Trainee - GySgt-Pvt
6516, Ordnance Quality Assurance/Safety Observer (NMOS) - MGySgt-Cpl
6521 Aviation Ordnance Munitions Technician, IMA
6531 Aircraft Ordnance Technician – SSgt-Pvt (Organizational/Squadron Level)
6541 Aviation Ordnance Systems Technician – SSgt-Pvt (Intermediate/Equipment Maintenance Level)
6542 Ammunition Inventory Management Specialist - SSgt-LCpl (NMOS)
6577 Aviation Ordnance Weapons and Tactics Instructor - MGySgt-Sgt
6591 Aviation Ordnance Chief – MGySgt-GySgt (Organizational/Intermediate Level) [See Note]
Officer
6502 Aviation Ordnance Officer - LtCol-Capt & CWO5-WO
6577 Aviation Ordnance Weapons and Tactics Instructor - LtCol-Capt & CWO5-WO
66 Aviation Logistics
Enlisted
6600 Basic Aviation Supply Marine
6613 Radio Communication and Navigation Systems Technician on Utility Aircraft
6617 Enlisted Aviation Logistician – GySgt–Pvt
6672 Aviation Supply Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
6673 Automated Information Systems (AIS) Computer Operator
6694 Aviation Logistics Information Management System (ALIMS) Specialists – MGySgt–Pvt
Officer
6601 Basic Aviation Logistics Officer
6602 Aviation Supply Officer - LtCol-2ndLt
6604 Aviation Supply Operations Officer - CWO5-WO
6607 Aviation Logistician (NMOS 6002, 6302, 6502, 6602)
6608 AIRSpeed Officer (NMOS) (Added new prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
6677 Weapons and Tactics Instructor-Aviation Logistician
68 Meteorological and Oceanographic (METOC)
Enlisted
6800 Basic Meteorology & Oceanography (METOC) Marine
6821 METOC Observer – Cpl-Pvt (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
6842 METOC Analyst Forecaster – MGySgt–Pvt
6852 METOC Impact Analyst – MGySgt-Cpl
Officer
6802 Meteorology and Oceanography (METOC) Officer - LtCol-Capt and CWO5-WO
6877 Weapons and Tactics Instructor-METOC (Added new after 1 Oct 2012.)
70 Airfield Services
Enlisted
7000 Basic Airfield Services Marine - MGySgt-Pvt
7011 Expeditionary Airfield Systems Technician – MGySgt–Pvt
7041 Aviation Operations Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
7051 Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Specialist – MGySgt–Pvt
Officer
7002 Expeditionary Airfield and Emergency Services Officer - CWO5-WO
7077 Weapons and Tactics Instructor - Aviation Ground Support (Added new after 1 Oct 2012.)
72 Air Control/Air Support/Anti-air Warfare/Air Traffic Control
Enlisted
7200 Basic Air Control/Air Support/Antiair Warfare/Air Traffic Control Marine
72X1 Air Control/Air Support/Anti-Air Warfare Trainee
7212 Low Altitude Air Defense Gunner
7222 Hawk Missile Operator
7234 Air Control Electronics Operator (Deleted - merged into MOS 7236)
7236 Tactical Air Defense Controller
7242 Air Support Operations Operator
7251 Air Traffic Controller – Trainee
7252 Air Traffic Controller – Tower
7253 Air Traffic Controller–Radar Arrival/Departure Controller –
7254 Air Traffic Controller–Radar Approach Controller (NMOS) – GySt-Pvt
7257 Air Traffic Controller – SSgt-Pvt
7276 Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) Enhancement Training Instructor (LETI) - GySgt-Sgt
7291 Senior Air Traffic Controller – MGySgt–GySgt
Officer
7201 Basic Air Control/Air Support/Antiair Warfare/Air Traffic Control Officer
7202 Air Command and Control Officer - LtCol-Maj
7204 Low Altitude Air Defense Officer - Capt-2ndLt
7207 Forward Air Controller/Air Officer (Redesignated FMOS 7502 prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
7208 Air Support Control Officer - Capt-2ndLt
7210 Air Defense Control Officer - Capt-2ndLt
7220 Air Traffic Control Officer - Capt-2ndLt
7237 Senior Air Director (SAD) (NMOS) (NMOS 7210) (Added new prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
7276 Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) Enhancement Training Instructor (LETI) - Capt-2ndLt
7277 Weapons and Tactics Instructor Air Control (NMOS) (NMOS 7277 redesignated as FMOS 8077 on 1 Oct. 2012)
73 Navigation Officer/Enlisted Flight Crews
Enlisted
7300 Basic Enlisted Flight Crew Marine - MGySgt-Pvt
73X1 Air Traffic Control & Enlisted Flight Crews Trainee
7307 Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Operator, RQ-7 - Sgt-Pvt (MOS deleted 1 Oct. 2016)
7313 Helicopter Specialist, AH-1Z/UH-1Y – MGySgt-Pvt
7321 Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Operator, MQ-21 - Sgt-Pvt
7314 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Air Vehicle Operator – MGySgt-Pvt
7371 Tactical Systems Operator-Trainee
7372 Tactical Systems Operator/Mission Specialist
7381 Airborne Radio Operator / In-flight Refueling Observer / Loadmaster Trainee (ARO / IRO / LM)
7382 Airborne Radio Operator/In-flight Refueling Observer/Loadmaster
Officer
7301 Basic Navigation Officer
7315 Group 3 UAS MAGTF Officer - LtCol-2ndLt
7318 VMU MQ-9 Officer - LtCol-2ndLt
7380 Tactical Systems Officer/Mission Specialist
75 Pilots/Naval Flight Officers (All MOS in this OccFld are Unrestricted Line Officer-only)
Officer
7500 Pilot VMA, FRS Basic A-4M (MOS deleted before 1 Oct. 2013)
7501 Pilot VMA, A-4 Qualified (MOS deleted before 1 Oct. 2013)
7502 Forward Air Controller/Air Officer (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
7503 Billet Designator - Fixed-Wing Pilot (FMOS) - LtCol-2ndLt
7504 Billet Designator - Naval Flight Officer (FMOS) - LtCol-2ndLt
7505 Billet Designator - Helicopter Pilot (FMOS) - LtCol-2ndLt
7506 Billet Designator - Any Pilot/Naval Flight Officer (FMOS) - LtCol-2ndLt
7507 Pilot VMA, FRS Basic AV-8B Pilot
7508 Pilot VMA, AV-8A/C Qualified (MOS deleted 1 Oct. 2012)
7509 Pilot VMA, AV-8B Qualified
7510 Pilot VMA (AW), A-6E FRS Basic (MOS deleted 1 Oct. 2013)
7511 Pilot VMA (AW), A-6E Qualified (MOS deleted 1 Oct. 2013)
7513 Pilot, Helicopter, AH-1Z/UH-1Y (NMOS 7563, 7565) - LtCol-2ndLt
7516 Pilot VMFA, FRS Basic F-35B Pilot - LtCol-2ndLt
7517 VH-92/71, Presidential Helicopter Pilot (NMOS "Any PMOS 756X," 7532) - Col-Capt
7518 Pilot VMFA, F-35B Qualified
7521 Pilot VMFA, F/A-18 FRS Basic
7522 Pilot VMFA, F-4S Qualified (MOS deleted 1 Oct. 2013)
7523 Pilot VMFA, F/A-18 Qualified
7524 Naval Flight Officer (NFO) Weapons Systems Officer (WSO), F/A-18D FRS Basic
7525 Naval Flight Officer (NFO) Weapons Systems Officer (WSO), F/A-18D Qualified
7527 Pilot VMFA, F/A-18D Qualified (NMOS 7523) (MOS merged with MOS 7523, deleted 1 Oct. 2012)
7531 Pilot VMM, V-22 FRS Basic
7532 Pilot VMM, V-22 Qualified
7533 Aircraft Section Lead (SL) (NMOS) - Col-2ndLt
7534 Aircraft Division Lead (DL) Qualification (NMOS) - Col-2ndLt
7535 Flight Leader (FL) Qualification (NMOS) - Col-2ndLt
7536 AV-8B Weapons Training Officer (WTO) Qualification (NMOS 7509, 8042) - Col-2ndLt
7537 Marines Division Tactics Course (MDTC) Qualification (NMOS 7518, 7523, 7525, 8042) - Col-2ndLt
7538 EA-6B Defensive Tactics Instructor (DEFTACTI) Qualification (NMOS 7543, 7588, 8042) - Col-2ndLt
7539 AV-8B Air Combat Tactics Instructor (ACTI) Qualification (NMOS 7509, 8042) - Col-2ndLt
7541 Pilot VMAQ, EA-6B FRS Basic (MOS deleted 1 Oct. 2013)
7542 Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor (NMOS 7518, 7523, 7525) (Previously redesignated after 1 Oct 2012 from "PMOS 7542 Pilot VMAQ/VMFP, EA-6A Qualified") - Col-2ndLt
7543 Pilot VMAQ, EA-6B Qualified
7544 Forward Air Controller (Airborne) Instructor (FAC(A)I) Qualification (NMOS) - Col-2ndLt
7545 Pilot VMAQ/VMFP, RF-4B Qualified (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct. 2013)
7547 Night Systems Instructor (NSI) Qualification (NMOS) - Col-2ndLt
7550 Pilot VMGR, Maritime Advance (NATC) - LtCol-2ndLt (MOS deleted after 1 Oct. 2012)
7551 Pilot VMR, C-9 Qualified (FMOS) - LtCol-2ndLt
7552 Pilot VMR, TC-4C Qualified (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct. 2013) 7553 Pilot, VMR C-20/C-37 Qualified (FMOS) - LtCol-2ndLt
7554 Pilot VMR, UC-35 Qualified (FMOS) - LtCol-2ndLt
7555 Pilot VMR, UC-12B Qualified (FMOS) - LtCol-2ndLt
7556 Pilot VMGR, KC-130 Co-Pilot (T2P/T3P)
7557 Pilot VMGR, KC-130 Aircraft Commander
7558 Pilot HMH/M/L/A, FRS Basic CH-53D - LtCol-2ndLt (PMOS deleted 1 Oct. 2012)
7559 Pilot VMGR/VT, CT-39 Qualified (FMOS) (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct. 2013) - LtCol-2ndLt
7560 Pilot HMH, FRS Basic/CH-53E Pilot
7561 Pilot HMH/M/L/A, CH-46 FRS Basic (MOS deleted 1 Oct 2016)
7562 Pilot HML/M/L/A, CH-46 Qualified
7563 Pilot HMLA, UH-1Y Qualified
7564 Pilot HMH, CH-53 A/D Qualified
7565 Pilot HMLA, AH-1 Qualified
7566 Pilot HMH, CH-53E Qualified
7567 Pilot HMLA, FRS Basic UH-1Y
7568 Pilot HMLA, FRS Basic AH-1
7570 VH-60N Presidential Helicopter Pilot Qualified (NMOS) - Col-2ndLt
7571 VH-3D Presidential Helicopter Pilot Qualified (NMOS) - Col-2ndLt
7573 Strategic Refueling Area Commander (STRATRAC) (NMOS 7557, 8042) - Col-2ndLt
7574 Qualified Supporting Arms Coordinator (Airborne) (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct. 2013)
7576 Pilot VMO (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct. 2013)
7577 Weapons and Tactics Instructor (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
7578 Naval Flight Officer, (NFO) Student (TBS)
7580 Naval Flight Officer, (NFO) Tactical Navigator Flight Student (NATC)
7582 Naval Flight Officer, (NFO) FRS Basic EA-6B Electronic Warfare Officer
7583 Bombardier/Navigator, A-6E Qualified (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct. 2013)
7584 Electronic Warfare Officer (EWO), EA-6A Qualified (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct. 2013)
7585 Airborne Reconnaissance Officer, (ARO) Qualified RF-4B (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct. 2013)
7587 Radar Intercept Officer (RIO), F-4S (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct. 2013)
7588 Naval Flight Officer (NFO) Qualified EA-6B Electronic Warfare Officer
7589 V/STOL Landing Signal Officer (LSO) (MOS merged into FMOS 7594 prior to 1 Oct. 2013)
7590 Landing Signal Officer Trainee (MOS merged into FMOS 7594 prior to 1 Oct. 2013)
7591 Naval Flight Officer (VMAW) (MOS redesignated to FMOS 7504 prior to 1 Oct. 2013)
7592 Pilot VMAW (MOS deleted prior to 1 Oct. 2013)
7593 Landing Signal Officer, Phase I/II Qualified (MOS merged into FMOS 7594 after to 1 Oct. 2013)
7594 Landing Signal Officer (FMOS) - LtCol-2ndLt
7595 Test Pilot/Flight Test Project Officer (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
7596 Aviation Safety Officer (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
7597 Pilot, Basic Rotary Wing
7598 Pilot, Basic Fixed Wing
7599 Flight Student Basic MOS
80 Miscellaneous MOS's (Category II)
Officer
8001 Basic Officer Basic MOS
8002 Joint Terminal Attack Controller (EMOS 0302, 0802, 1802, or 1803)
8003 General Officer (PMOS) – Gen-BGen
8005 Special Assignment Officer (FMOS)
8006 Billet Designator—Unrestricted Officer (FMOS) - Col-Capt
8007 Billet Designator—Unrestricted Ground Officer (FMOS) - Col-Capt
8009 Billet Designator—Air Control/Anti-Air Warfare Officer (FMOS)
8010 Billet Designator-Warrant Officer (FMOS)
8012 Ground Safety Officer (FMOS)
8016 Special Technical Operations Officer (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8023 Parachutist Officer (NMOS) - Gen-2ndLt & CWO5-WO
8024 Combatant Diver Officer (NMOS) - Gen-2ndLt
8026 Parachutist/Combatant Diver Officer (NMOS) - Gen-2ndLt
8040 Colonel, Logistician (PMOS) – Col
8041 Colonel, Ground (PMOS) – Col
8042 Colonel, Naval Aviator/Naval Flight Officer (PMOS) – Col
8051 Operations Research Specialist (FMOS)
8055 Information Management Officer (IMO) (FMOS)
8056 Hazardous Material/Hazardous Waste (HM/HW) Officer (FMOS) - Capt-2ndLt
8057 Acquisition Professional Candidate (FMOS)
8058 Acquisition Manager/Acquisition Core Member (FMOS)
8059 Aviation Acquisition Management Professional (PMOS) – MajGen-Maj
8060 Acquisition Specialist (FMOS)
8061 Acquisition Management Professional (PMOS) – MajGen-Maj
8077 Weapons And Tactics Instructor (WTI) (FMOS) (FMOS) - LtCol-Capt
8111 Combat Rubber Reconnaissance Craft Coxswain - SSgt-PFC
8220 Billet Designator—Political Military Officer (FMOS*) - Col-2ndLt
8221 Regional Affairs Officer, Latin America (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8222 Regional Affairs Officer, Eurasia (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt (Redesignated from FMOS 8222 "Former Soviet Union" prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
8223 Regional Affairs Officer, People's Republic of China (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt (Redesignated from FMOS 8223 "Northeast Asia" prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
8224 Regional Affairs Officer, Middle East/North Africa (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8225 Regional Affairs Officer, Sub-Saharan Africa (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8226 Regional Affairs Officer, South Asia (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8227 Regional Affairs Officer, Western Europe (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8228 Regional Affairs Officer, East Asia (Excluding People's Republic of China) (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8229 Regional Affairs Officer, Eastern Europe (Excluding Former Soviet Union) (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8240 Basic Foreign Area Officer (FAO) (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8241 Foreign Area Officer, Latin America (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8242 Foreign Area Officer, Eurasia (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt (Redesignated from FMOS 8242 "Former Soviet Union" prior to 1 Oct 2012.)
8243 Foreign Area Officer, People's Republic of China (PRC) (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8244 Foreign Area Officer, Middle East/North Africa (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8245 Foreign Area Officer, Sub-Saharan Africa (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8246 Foreign Area Officer, South Asia (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8247 Foreign Area Officer, Western Europe (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8248 Foreign Area Officer, East Asia (Excluding People's Republic of China) (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8249 Foreign Area Officer, Eastern Europe (Excluding Former Soviet Union) (FMOS) - Col-2ndLt
8640 Requirements Manager (FMOS) - LtCol-Capt & CWO5-CWO2
8641 Microminature Repairer - MGySgt-LCpl
8802 Training and Education Officer (FMOS)
8803 Leadership Development Specialist (FMOS)
8820 Aeronautical Engineer (FMOS)
8824 Electronics Engineer (FMOS)
8825 Modeling and Simulation Officer (FMOS)
8826 Ordnance Systems Engineer (FMOS)
8831 Environmental Engineering Management Officer (FMOS)
8832 Nuclear Engineer (FMOS)
8834 Technical Information Operations Officer (FMOS)
8840 Manpower Management Officer (FMOS)
8844 Financial Management Specialist (FMOS)
8846 Data Systems Specialist (FMOS)
8848 Management, Data Systems Officer (FMOS)
8850 Operations Analyst (FMOS)
8852 Defense Systems Analyst (FMOS)
8858 Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (C4I) (FMOS)
8862 Material Management Officer (FMOS)
8866 Space Plans Officer (FMOS) - LtCol-2ndLt
8878 Historian (FMOS)
Enlisted
8000 General Service Marine (BASIC MOS) – MGySgt–Pvt
8002 Joint Terminal Attack Controller (FMOS) – MGySgt–Sgt
8011 Basic Marine with Enlistment Guarantee (BASIC MOS) – MGySgt–Pvt
8012 Ground Safety Officer (Enlisted FMOS) – MSgt–SSgt (renamed from Ground Safety Specialist prior to April 2017)
8013 Special Assignment—Enlisted (FMOS) – MGySgt–Pvt
8014 Billet Designator—Enlisted (FMOS*) – MGySgt–Pvt
8015 College Degree—Enlisted (EMOS) – MGySgt–Pvt
8016 Special Technical (STO) Administrator (Enlisted FMOS) – MGySgt–Sgt (renamed from Special Technical (STO) Planner as of April 2017)
8022 Reaper (MQ-9) Sensor Operator - MGySgt-Pvt
8023 Parachutist (Enlisted) (NMOS) – SgtMaj-Pvt
8024 Combatant Diver Marine (Enlisted) (NMOS) – SgtMaj/MGySgt–Pvt
8026 Parachutist/Combatant Diver Marine (NMOS) – SgtMaj/MGySgt–Pvt
8028 MECEP Participant (FMOS) – MGySgt–Pvt
8033 Quality Assurance Technician (Subsistence)
8056 Hazardous Material/Hazardous Waste Staff NCO/NCO (FMOS) – MGySgt–LCpl
8060 Acquisition Specialist (Enlisted) (FMOS) – MGySgt–SSgt
8071 Special Operations Capabilities Specialist (SOCS) (NMOS) – MGySgt–Sgt
8111 Combat Rubber Reconnaissance Craft (CRRC) Coxswain - SSgt-PFC
8112 Riverine Assault Craft (RAC) Crewman - GySgt-PFC
8114 Rigid Raiding Craft (RRC)/Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat (RHIB) Coxswain - SSgt-PFC
8151 Billet Designator—Guard (FMOS*) – GySgt–Pvt
8152 Billet Designator—Marine Corps Security Force (MCSF) Guard (EMOS) – GySgt–Pvt
8153 Billet Designator—Marine Corps Security Force (MCSF) Cadre Trainer (EMOS) – GySgt–Cpl
8154 Billet Designator—Marine Corps Security Force Close Quarters Battle (CQB) Team Member (FMOS*) – SSgt–LCpl
8156 Marine Security Guard (MSG) (FMOS) – MGySgt–PFC
8230 Foreign Area Staff Non-Commissioned Officer Basic/In-Training Foreign Area SNCO - SgtMajor-SSgt
8231 Education Assistant - GySgt-Pvt
8411 Recruiter (EMOS) – GySgt–Sgt
8412 Career Recruiter (PMOS) – MGySgt–GySgt
8421 Production Recruiter - Sgt
8422 Career Prior Service Recruiter - MGySgt-SSgt
8431 Psychological Operations Noncommissioned Officer - GySgt-Cpl
8511 Drill Instructor - SgtMaj/MGySgt-Sgt
8513 Marine Combat Instructor - GySgt-Cpl
8530 Marksmanship Coach - Sgt-PFC
8531 Billet Designator—Marksmanship Instructor - MGySgt-Sgt
8532 Small Arms Weapons Instructor - MGySgt-Sgt
8534 Equal Opportunity Advisor (EOA) - MGySgt-SSgt
8538 Substance Abuse Counselor - MGySgt-Sgt
8541 Scout Sniper - GySgt-LCpl
8552 Martial Arts Instructor - MGySgt-Cpl
8552 Martial Arts Instructor-Trainer - MGySgt-Sgt
8563 Water Safety/Survival Instructor - MGySgt-Pvt
8611 Interpreter (Designated Language) - MGySgt-Pvt
8621 Surveillance Sensor Operator (NMOS) – MSgt–Pvt
8623 Small Unmanned Aircraft System Specialist (FMOS) – MGySgt-LCpl
8640 Requirements Manager (FMOS) – MGySgt-SSgt (new FMOS as of May 2018)
8641 Microminiature Repairer (NMOS 21XX, 28XX, 59XX) – GySgt–LCpl
8652 Reconnaissance Man, Parachute Qualified - SgtMaj/MGySgt-Pvt
8653 Reconnaissance Man, Combatant Diver Qualified - SgtMaj/MGySgt-Pvt
8654 Reconnaissance Man, Parachute and Combatant Diver Qualified - SgtMaj/MGySgt-Pvt
8711 Ground Command and Control (C2) Operations NCO (EMOS) – Sgt–LCpl (formerly Ground Operations Specialist)
8713 Ground Operations Specialist (EMOS) – GySgt to SSgt (new EMOS as of April 2017)
8811 Firefighter (FMOS) – GySgt–Pvt (FMOS deleted after 2005 and prior to April 2017)
8910 GCE Marine (FMOS) – MGySgt–Pvt
8911 Billet Designator—Barracks and Grounds Marine (FMOS*) – GySgt–Pvt
8915 Billet Designator—Food Service Attendant - LCpl-Pvt
8921 Billet Designator—Athletic and Recreation Assistant - MGySgt-Pvt
8972 Aircrew Trainee (PMOS) – GySgt-Pvt
8991 Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps (PMOS) – SgtMaj
8999 Sergeant Major/First Sergeant (PMOS) – SgtMaj and 1stSgt
90 Identifying and Reporting MOSs (Category III)
Enlisted
9051 Graves Registration Specialist - MGySgt-Cpl
9811 Member, The President's Own, United States Marine Band - MGySgt-SSgt
9812 Member, "The Commandant's Own," U.S. Marine Drum & Bugle Corps - MGySgt-Pvt
9900 General Service Marine - MGySgt-Pvt
9915 Special Assignment—Enlisted - MGySgt-Pvt
9916 Billet Designator—Enlisted - MGySgt-Pvt
9917 College Degree—Enlisted - MGySgt-Pvt
9928 MECEP Participant - MGySgt-Pvt
9935 Special Technical Operations - MGySgt-Pvt
9936 Substance Abuse Control Specialist - MGySgt-SSgt
9952 Combatant Diver Marine - SgtMaj/MGySgt-Pvt
9953 Parachutist/Combatant Diver Marine - SgtMaj/MGySgt-Pvt
9954 Hazardous Material/Hazardous Waste (HM/HW) Staff Noncommissioned Officer/Noncommissioned Officer - MGySgt-LCpl
9956 Ground Safety Specialist - GySGt-Pvt
9960 Acquisition Specialist - MGySgt-SSgt
9962 Parachutist - SgtMaj/MGySgt-Pvt
9971 Basic Marine with Enlistment Guarantee - MGySgt-Pvt
9972 Aircrew Trainee - GySgt-Pvt
9973 Fixed-Wing Transport Aircraft Specialist, KC-130J - MGySgt-Pvt
9974 Vertical Takeoff Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Specialist - MGySgt-Pvt
9976 Helicopter Specialist, AH-1Z/UH-1Y - MGySgt-Pvt
9986 Joint Terminal Attack Controller - MGySgt-SSgt
9991 Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps - SgtMaj
9999 Sergeant Major-First Sergeant - SgtMaj-1stSgt
Officer
9666 Space Operations Officer
9701 Joint Specialty Officer Nominee (FMOS) – Col-Capt
9702 Joint Specialty Officer (JSO) (FMOS) – Col-Maj
9860 Human Resources Management Officer (FMOS) (redesignated FMOS 8840, Manpower Management Officer)
9934 Information Operations Staff Officer
9957 Acquisition Professional Candidate
9958 Acquisition Management/Acquisition Core Member
9959 Acquisition Management Professional
9986 Joint Terminal Attack Controller
See also
Headquarters Marine Corps
Organization of the United States Marine Corps
Badges of the United States Marine Corps
List of United States Army careers
List of United States Navy ratings
List of United States Navy staff corps
Air Force Specialty Code
List of United States Coast Guard ratings
Notes
External links
NAVMC 1008-A-2016: USMC MOS CHART marines.mil
1960s Era USMC MOS Code
1970s Era USMC MOS Code
List of USMC MOS Descriptions about.com
References
Military Occupational Specialty
Marine Corps |
56655869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster%20Prom | Monster Prom | Monster Prom is a dating simulation game developed by Beautiful Glitch, a studio based in Barcelona and founded by Julián Quijano, and published by Those Awesome Guys. The game was released for Windows, macOS and Linux on 27 April 2018 and was distributed on Steam. A Nintendo Switch release was launched on 21 May 2020. Monster Prom was written by Julián Quijano, Cory O’Brien and Maggie Herskowitz, illustrated by Arthur Tien, and programmed by Elías Pereiras. Players assume the role of a student at Spooky High, a high school populated by monsters, as they attempt to find a date to prom.
An expansion to the game, titled Monster Prom: Second Term, was released on 14 February 2019.
Gameplay
Monster Prom is a 2D narrative dating sim that features both a singleplayer mode as well as a multiplayer competitive mode of up to four players. The player assumes the role of one of four pre-set characters, all of whom students at Spooky High, and can choose between six different monsters they can try to date. Players can play as any gender and pronouns with the game allowing for straight, gay, and lesbian dating options.
The game randomizes the story every time it is played. Each turn, players must decide how they will spend their time over the course of six weeks leading up to prom, going through various events in one of several map locations at Spooky High in order to gain stats that affect the way their love interest perceives them. Throughout the game, players will be presented with various choices which may affect their relationship with other characters, as well as which events and endings they experience. The players’ actions will decide whether their love interest agrees to take them to prom or not. It features multiple endings, mini-games, and limited voice acting. The game also includes a shop where players can purchase items that can trigger new events as well as special endings.
The Second Term expansion included additional content such as new endings and two newly-dateable characters.
Plot
The players are presented as students within Spooky High, a high school in a world inhabited by monsters. They are given a time limit of three weeks in order to convince their chosen love interest to take them to prom. The game's plot changes with each new playthrough, giving players a unique sequence of events, dialogue and endings, depending on their choices. The four player characters are Oz, the personification of fear; Amira Rashid, a fire djinn; Brian Yu, a zombie; and Vicky Schmidt, a Frankenstein's monster, although the names and pronouns of the characters can be changed before playing. The six monsters available to romance are Scott Howl, a werewolf; Liam de Lioncourt, a vampire; Vera Oberlin, a gorgon; Damien LaVey, a fire demon; Polly Geist, a ghost; and Miranda Vanderbilt, a mermaid. Second Term introduces two new monsters to romance: Zoe, an Eldritch monster; and Calculester Hewlett-Packard, a computer robot.
The majority of the game's humor is very Western-influenced, consisting of many pop culture references, banter-based dialogue, self-referential commentary on monster fiction, and light satirical themes. The game has over 1,300 possible events and 47 secret endings.
Development
On 25 November 2016 the game successfully completed a Kickstarter campaign raising funds through 1,592 backers. The campaign raised just over €32,000, quadruple the intended goal of €8,000. The additional funding allowed for more content such as endings, items, and characters. A roster of notable voice actors was assembled to portray the cast, including Arin Hanson, Dan Avidan, Nathan Sharp, Cristina Valenzuela, Sarah Anne Williams, Christine Marie Cabanos, Danielle McRae, Erika Ishii and others. On 14 February 2018 the developers announced the game's release via a teaser trailer, and the game was released on 27 April 2018 on Steam for Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. The Second Term expansion DLC, which was a stretch goal of the Kickstarter campaign, was released on 14 February 2019, adding additional voice work from Felicia Day, Casey Mongillo, Jacksepticeye, Ross O'Donovan, and Brizzy. Language support for Simplified Chinese was added on 23 January 2020.
On 27 April 2020, to celebrate the 2nd Anniversary of the game's initial release, Beautiful Glitch announced Monster Prom: XXL, which consists of the original game, the Second Term DLC, as well as all seasonal content released throughout the game's lifespan. It was released on the Nintendo Switch on 21 May 2020 and on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One thereafter on 14 October 2020.
Sequel
On May 8, 2019, Beautiful Glitch announced a sequel titled Monster Prom 2: Holiday Season and launched another Kickstarter campaign with a playable demo. The sequel will feature the same characters from Monster Prom in three minigames: Summer Camp, a dating simulation similar to the original game; Winter Retreat, a strategy game featuring Vera and Miranda; and Roadtrip, an adventure survival game featuring Scott and Polly. The campaign proved successful and raised over €535,000 from almost 9,000 backers within a month, surpassing their goal of €32,000. The sequel is currently in development, and Monster Prom 2: Monster Camp has been released on October 23, 2020.
Thanks to the extra funding on Kickstarter, additional content was announced in the form of a future DLC titled Monster Prom: Not another isekai! and an additional sequel titled Monster Prom: REVERSE, in which the playable characters from the first game can be romanced.
Reception
The PC version of the game received a score of 73 on the review aggregator Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews", while the Nintendo Switch version received a score of 81, indicating "generally favorable reviews". The game was mainly praised for its writing, humor and character art. Jeff Ramos and Allegra Frank of Polygon praised "how genuinely funny Monster Prom is. Considering almost every line in the game is a punchline, it’s an achievement that the humor never felt labored or forced." Many critics also praised the game's multiplayer mode, many of whom declared it stronger than the singleplayer version. Tony Cocking of Twinfinite notes that the game "fares better as a multiplayer game than a single-player one" as it "can grow repetitive, particularly when played alone." Rebekah Valentine of App Trigger had a more favorable view of both game modes, stating that the game "rests on a framework of superb character art and hilarious scenario writing, then goes several steps further to offer a challenging competitive experience and an addictive solo one."
Publications also praised the amount of content the game offers, with Alyse Stanley of Rock, Paper, Shotgun stating that "its combinations of events and endings make every playthrough feel like it’s your first time." Stan Yeung of Gaming Age adds that "the sheer amount of events and possible outcomes meant it would be hard for me to get bored." However, some critics noted that despite the game's strengths, its mechanics often stagnated which made it difficult to find much in the way of replayability. CD-Action states that the "hilarious, brilliant dialogues are not enough to compensate for random, grind-oriented gameplay." Similarly, in a mixed review, Eugene Sax of Game Critics notes that "despite the wealth of options, the scenarios become predictable and tired quickly."
Regarding the Nintendo Switch version, Neal Ronaghan of Nintendo World Report had a favorable review and wrote that while "not a game for everyone... Monster Prom is a riotously good time" thanks to its humor and ability to "take a visual novel and dating sim and transforms it into a party game".
Accolades
The game was nominated for the "Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award" and for "Most Fulfilling Community-Funded Game" at the SXSW Gaming Awards.
References
External links
2018 video games
Dating sims
High school-themed video games
Indie video games
Kickstarter-funded video games
LGBT-related video games
Linux games
MacOS games
Nintendo Switch games
Video games developed in Spain
Video games with alternate endings
Windows games |
2058247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thadomal%20Shahani%20Engineering%20College | Thadomal Shahani Engineering College | Thadomal Shahani Engineering College (TSEC) is a private engineering college in Mumbai, India. Founded in 1983, it is the first and the oldest private engineering institute affiliated with the University of Mumbai.
TSEC was founded by the Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board (HSNC Board) in the year 1983. It is named after one of Mumbai's most respected philanthropists, Dada Kishinchand T. Shahani's father, Thadomal Shahani.
History of the Board
The HSNC board is a charitable trust established by the Sindhi Community in 1922. It currently manages and administers over 27 institutes under its umbrella.
The board was managing the National College in Hyderabad, Sindh long before the partition of India. After the Partition of British-India into two countries in 1947, the members of the Sindhi-Hindu Community migrated to India. Vidyasagar Principal K.M. Kundnani, with the vision and mission to promote participation in education, initiated the efforts for starting a college in Mumbai.
With active support and encouragement from one of Bombay's influential Barrister H.G. Advani, the HSNC Board came into existence in 1949 at Bandra, Mumbai. The Late Barrister became the Founder-President, whereas Vidyasagar Principal K.M. Kundnani was the made the Founder-Secretary and Founder-Principal of the first college started by the board, R.D. National College, Bandra, Mumbai.
Courses
The college was the first engineering college affiliated to the University of Mumbai to start the following course:
Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Engineering (1984), Information Technology (1998), Biomedical Engineering (1983) and Biotechnology (2004)
Artificial intelligence and Data science (2020).
Master of Engineering in Computer Engineering (2001)
Doctor of Philosophy(Ph.D.) in Information Technology
History
Approved by the Directorate of Technical Education of Maharashtra on 16 September 1983, TSEC is one of the oldest private engineering colleges of India and was among the first institutes in the country to offer undergraduate level studies in specializations of computer engineering, information technology and biomedical engineering. The Department of Biomedical Engineering is one of the oldest in India and was set up in 1983. The first batch of Computer Engineering graduates passed out in 1988. The undergraduate course in Information Technology was started in 1998. The departments of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering as well as Chemical Engineering were established in the year 1983, whereas that of Biotechnology was established in the year 2004.
At the desktop of achievements of the institute lies the starting of the Ph.D. program by the University of Mumbai in the department of Information Technology.
Governing council
The institute is currently presided by Dr. Niranjan Hirandani, Managing Director of Hiranandani Constructions. Indu Shahani, Director of Academics at Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board is responsible for enhancing the academic standards of all the institutes managed by the trust, including Thadomal Shahani Engineering College.
Kishu H Mansukhani is a trustee and past President of the Board. Members of the Board are Anil Harish, who is also a past President of the Board, Maya Shahani, and Akhil Shahani.
Academic departments
Artificial Intelligence & Data Science
Computer Engineering
Information Technology
Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Biomedical Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Biotechnology
Mathematics and Statistics
Physics
Humanities
Chemistry
The college is developed up to doctorate level and offers a Doctor of Philosophy Programme (Ph.D.) in Information Technology discipline and a Full-Time two-year master's course i.e. Master of Engineering (ME) in Computer Engineering for which it has 25 seats. TSEC offers a four-year Bachelor of Engineering (BE) course in Artificial Intelligence & Data Science, Computer Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electronics, and Telecommunication Engineering, Information Technology, Biomedical Engineering, and Biotechnology. Its active student community hosts branches of several professional societies including Rotaract Club, NSS, ACM, CSI, ISTE, IETE, IIChE, etc.
Apart from these, TSEC also has departments of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Humanities, Civil and Mechanical, which have supporting roles and conduct foundation courses for various degree programs.
The department of Mathematics stresses subjects including but not limited to algebra, geometry, differential calculus, integral calculus, statistics, and probability theory.
The department of Humanities at TSEC stresses heavily on communication skills, soft skills, presentation techniques, body language, and vocational skills.
Campus
The TSEC Campus is located at Linking Road in the Bandra suburb of Mumbai and is within a few kilometers radius from the National Stock Exchange of India as well as the business center Bandra Kurla Complex.
The Old Building has six stories and is host to the departments of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology with all the requisite laboratories and classrooms; an Engineering Drawing Hall with a capacity of 70 and 2 reading rooms with a capacity of 30 each.
The New Building has eleven stories and is host to the departments of Computer Engineering, Information Technology and Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering with all the requisite laboratories and classrooms; a reading lounge with a capacity of 80 and a workshop with a capacity of 100 students.
Library: TSEC has a spacious library having more than 31,674 technical books. The library subscribes to national/international journals/ periodicals/magazines. Currently, there are subscriptions to 122 magazines, including national and international journals. The college has also joined e-resources (International Journals) through INDEST / SD – AICTE consortium essentially to facilitate academic research on the campus.
Seminar Hall: It has two seminar halls with audio-visual systems and having a capacity of 125 seats each.
Sports and Recreation: The institute has a small sports room with indoor games such as Table Tennis, Carrom, and Chess or video games like Clash of Clans Private Server. The Basketball court of R. D. National College is accessible to students of TSEC. The institute also has a tie-up with the adjacent Khar Gym Khana sports club for college festivals and additional sports facilities such as Cricket, Soccer, Swimming, Lawn Tennis, etc.
Professional societies
TSEC-MIC (Media, Information, and Communication)
This is the official social media cell of the institution which had laid its grounds in January 2019. The cell is responsible for handling the official social media handles and press releases. The cell aims to bring out students' extra-curricular skills, apart from the excellent academic records. The students may choose to enter the photography, design, or content & editorial team, based on their interest. TSEC is active on leading social media platforms like Instagram (www.instagram.com/tsec_official) and Facebook (www.facebook.com/tsec.edu/).
IETE-TSEC
It is a student branch of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers-Mumbai Branch. IETE-TSEC is the fastest-growing committee of Thadomal Shahani Engineering College. It arranges techo-fun fests like ELAN and OSCILLATION which includes events and workshops namely ethical hacking, coding competitions, circuit builder, robotics competition+workshop, and fun events like glow cricket, FIFA, and Mini-Militia. Their past sponsors include Mumbai City FC, Honda, JioSaavn, RAAIF, Box8, and Endeavour. In December, IETE-TSEC arranges an annual Industrial Visit.
TSEC Students' Council
It is a student body of the college that overhauls the working of the cultural events. It is the core committee associated with the principal. 'Trifles' is one of the largest engineering cultural festivals held in Mumbai, which the TSEC Students' Council hosts every academic year. The auditions for national-level Street Play, Dance, Drama, and Fashion Show Teams are held by the Students' Council. The intra-level festival Avalanche, Traditional Day, Leadership Meet, and BE Farewell are also planned and organized by this committee that pledges to make sure that enjoyment and opportunities are guaranteed to each individual.
TSEC Sports Committee
It is the sole body responsible for encouraging various athletes, sportspersons, and enthusiasts. The inter-collegiate festival "Yudh" has been hugely successful in making its mark amongst the best sporting events in Mumbai. The massive participation that this event receives explains its popularity in and outside the college. Also, Invictus is the intra-level festival that the Sports committee organizes. In this event that unites every branch as the students across the four years vie for the best branch trophy and budding sportspersons are given recognition. The TSEC football, cricket, basketball badminton, throw ball, carom, and chess teams that involve both girls and boys are managed by this committee
MS TSEC
The Management Society is one of the oldest and largest student societies in TSEC. MS-TSEC hosts three major festivals every year. With three clubs dedicated to quizzing, literary activities, and debating respectively, MS-TSEC is the only society of its kind in Mumbai University. MS-TSEC hosts three major festivals, CARMA, Speaktacular, and Lakshya every year. The Industrial Visit organized by this body is the apt combination of visiting well-established industries and fun at various locations in the country.
It is the largest student body of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in Mumbai. The IEEE-TSEC chapter's technical team called "Conatus" has won various competitions in Mumbai. It organizes the annual national level technical festival of TSEC called ISAAC which boasts of a variety of robotics and non-robotics contests, workshops, conferences, and exhibitions. IEEE also has four of its chapters active in TSEC namely Computer Society, Communication Society, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, and Industrial Electronics Society
CSI-TSEC
It is the student branch that comes under the Computer Society of India – Mumbai chapter. Every year, CSI – TSEC conducts student activities including workshops, seminars, conferences, technical competitions, training programs, and industrial visits. In 2011, its annual festival 'RUBIX', had participants from many countries for the coding event 'Codezilla' making it the first event in TSEC to go global.
ISTE-TSEC
The Indian Society for Technical Education - TSEC Chapter aims at upbringing the technical knowledge of the Engineering Students; deliver various successful workshops, seminars, and competitions. The annual inter-college festival of ISTE-TSEC is called ASCENT.
IEI - TSEC
It is the TSEC chapter of the Institution of Engineers (India), the national organization for engineers in India which has over 0.5 million members from 15 engineering disciplines in 99 centers or chapters in India and overseas.
NSS-TSEC
It is the TSEC chapter of the National Service Scheme and is one of the non-technical societies of the institute which has been involved in many social activities. Major of these activities are Blood Donation Drive and Bandra Station Project. NSS-TSEC also conducts a 10 Day Residential Camp in the outskirts of Mumbai with the basic aim of overall development of the Society.
IIChE-TSEC
It is the TSEC chapter of the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers, India's apex chemical technical society, and conducts seminars, research paper presentations, industrial visits with a vision of integrating textbook learning with industrial knowledge. The society conducts its Annual Technical festival - Chemergence which draws participants from the whole of India.
RC-TSEC
The Rotaract Club of TSEC, founded in 2016. RCTSEC has multiple events in every avenue which brings a large crowd from the college as well as other colleges in Mumbai. A few of their events include Open-Mic, Futsal, PawRangers and Walkathon.
Rankings
In 2009, TSEC was ranked #28th in a list of top 50 private engineering colleges of India by Mint. It was ranked at #41 among the top 50 private engineering colleges of India by Indian magazine The week.
Notable alumni
Atul Khatri, Indian Comedian
Sachin Khedekar, Indian Actor
References
External links
Engineering colleges in Mumbai |
2791722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Electronics%20and%20Accreditation%20of%20Computer%20Classes | Department of Electronics and Accreditation of Computer Classes | The Department of Electronics and Accreditation of Computer Courses (DOEACC) (Presently National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology - NIELIT) is an autonomous scientific society under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India and is involved in training, consulting, product development, entrepreneurship and human resource development in information, electronics & communication technologies. It is based in New Delhi with a network of centers on the globe. The DOEACC Society was created by the Department of Electronics to implement a scheme of the AICTE (All India Council of Technical Education), with a view to harness the resources available in the private sector for training in the Computers, with a view to meet the increasing requirement of the trained manpower. In December 2002,other Societies of the Department of Information Technology, (Dept. of Electronics was renamed as Dept. of Information Technology) like CEDT Aurangabad, CEDT Calicut, CEDT Jammu/Srinagar, CEDT Tezpur/Guwahati, CEDT Imphal, CEDT Aizawl, CEDT Gorakhpur, RCC Chandigarh, RCC Kolkata were merged into the DOEACC Society. The acronym CEDT stands for Centre for Electronic Design and Technology and RCC stands for Regional Computer Centre.
DOEACC Society is now National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology.
Courses
There are four computer courses offered from DOEACC:
O Level Equivalent to Diploma course. There are four paper in this level.
A Level Equivalent to Advanced Diploma in Computer Applications. There are ten papers in this level.
B Level qualified students are eligible to apply where MCA Master of Computer Applications is a desirable qualification. It's equivalent to MCA. For students doing B level after A level, there are fifteen papers, for students doing B level directly, there are 25 papers.
C Level equivalent to M. Tech Level.
Other than these, courses are also taught in bio-informatics and hardware.
External links
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India) |
43791816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton%20College%20%28Canada%29 | Brighton College (Canada) | Brighton College Canadian career college with two campus locations in Burnaby and Surrey, British Columbia. Accredited by PTIB and BC EQA, the college specializes in career training in business, AutoCAD, engineering, construction, information technology, international trade, accounting, office administration and hospitality.
History
Brighton College was established in the year 2000 under the name Vancouver Central College. At this time, the college offered programs in accounting, information technology and business administration. Since then, the college has added more programs to align with the job market demands in Canada. In 2011, Vancouver Central College re-branded to Brighton College.
Career Services
The career services department assists students inquiring about practicum and co-op opportunities at relevant companies for their work experience placement.
Programs
AutoCAD Design and Drafting
Construction Supervision and Management
Civil and Structural Engineering Technology
Business Management
Advanced Business Management Specialty
Office Administration
Hospitality Management
Accounting Payroll Administration
International Trade and Freight Forwarding
Information Technology
Affiliations
PTIB (Private Training Institutions Branch) – Designated Institution
BC EQA (British Columbia Education Quality Assurance) – Designated Institution
FITT (Forum for International Trade Training) – Platinum Accredited Partner
CIFFA (Canadian International Freight Forwarders Association) – Certified Partner
ASTTBC (Applied Science Technologists and Technicians of British Columbia) – Program Accreditation
CPA (Canadian Payroll Association) – Certified Partner
American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute (AHLEI) – Academic Partner
Microsoft IT Academy (ITA)
See also
List of colleges in British Columbia
List of colleges in Canada
Higher education in Canada
References
External links
Brighton College
PTIB
Colleges in British Columbia |
2057385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma%20Gandhi%20Institute%20of%20Technology | Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology | Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology (MGIT) is a technological institution (Autonomous) located in Gandipet, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was started in 1997 by the Chaitanya Bharathi Educational Society (CBES), Hyderabad, registered under the Societies Registration Act. The annual intake is 900 students at the undergraduate level and 108 students at the postgraduate level. The institute is affiliated with Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad (JNTUH), The institute has Autonomous Status till 2021-2031 A.Y. granted by UGC and offers a four-year Bachelor of Technology, in eleven disciplines and two-year Master of Technology, in six disciplines prescribed by JNTU. The college is accredited by the National Board of Accreditation and is ISO 9001:2000 certified
Rankings
MGIT ranks #6 among all colleges in Telangana by EDU ZO3 College ranking 2020(https://edu.zo3.in/ts-college-list/ecet)
Ranks #49 among the "Top Engineering Colleges of Excellence in India" according to Competition Success Review CSR-GHRDC Engineering Colleges Survey 2012 (http://ghrdc.org/pdfs/3%20EnggOverall_Result2012.pdf).
MGIT ranks #95 among the "Top Engineering Colleges in India" according to The Week (Indian magazine)
MGIT ranks #32 among the "Top Engineering Colleges in South India" according to Deccan Chronicle
Also has excellent ratings in surveys conducted by Careers 360, Sakshi, etc.
Executive leadership
Chairman - P Prabhakar Reddy
Board Secretary - Mr. D. Kamalakar Reddy
Principal - Dr. K. Jaya Sankar
Courses
The institute offers a four-year Bachelor's degree Bachelor of Technology [BTECH], in eleven disciplines:
Computer Science Engineering (CSE)
Computer Science Engineering - Data Science (CSD)
Computer Science Engineering - Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (CSM)
Computer Science and Business Systems (CSB)
Information Technology (INF)
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)
Mechanical Engineering (Mechatronics) (MCT)
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering (MME)
Civil Engineering (CIV)
Mechanical Engineering (MEC)
The institute offers a two-year master's degree Master of Technology [MTECH], in four departments:
Mechatronics (MCT)
Computer Networks & Information Security (CSE)
Digital Electronics & Communication Engineering(ECE)(From academic year 2012–2013)
Power Electronics & Electrical Drives(EEE)(From academic year 2012–2013)
Computer Aided Structural Engineering
Software Engineering
Every semester has a minimum of eight courses, which includes a minimum of two laboratory courses. Students are required to attain a total of 216 of the possible 224 credits and attend the institute for the duration of not less than four years and not more than eight years to be considered for the award of the degree. The institute follows JNTU's attendance regulation, which requires students to put in a minimum class attendance of 65% to progress to the next semester. External (university) exams are held every semester on the campus and consolidated results in all these exams count towards the final aggregate grading.
Admissions
The minimum criterion for admission is 60% marks in the Intermediate/10+2 Examination. Students are admitted primarily based on their ranks in the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test EAMCET, held by the JNTUH every year. It also takes lateral entry admissions based on TS ECET ranks.
Departments
The institute has ten departments:
Department of Mechanical Engineering (Mechatronics)
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Technology
Department of Information Technology
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department of Mathematics and Humanities
Department of Physics and Chemistry
Department of Physical Education
Department of Civil Engineering (started in 2010)
Mechanical Engineering(MECH) (from the academic year 2012–2013)
Department Heads and Faculty
Department of Civil : Dr. K.V. Ramana Reddy (Head of the Department) and 18 Assistant Professors
Department of Computer Science and Engineering : C. Ramesh Kumar Reddy (Head of the Department), 2 Professors,3 Sr Assistant Professors and 30 Assistant Professors
Annual Fests
Nirvana is organized by MGIT in March every year. It started in 2004. Musicians and DJs are invited to perform at the show.
2005 - Zero (Indian band) and Pin Drop Violence
2006 - Strings (band)
2007 - Prayag – Rock Band
2008 - Pritam
2009 - Motherjane and Junkyard Groove
2010 - Krishnakumar Kunnath
2011 - Ryan Beck (DJ)
2014 - Mika Singh official website nirvana 2014
2015 - Sravana Bhargavi
2016 - Sundeep Kishan
2017 - Saina Catherine
2018 - Chandra Bose(Writer)
2020 - Ramajogayya Sastry , Answer Music(DJ)
Department Events
MAGISTECH is an event organized by ISTE Students’ Chapter-MGIT which is held annually on 15 and 16 September. The event provides a platform for engineering students to interact and share their ideas with other students across the country. The themes of the paper presentation competition cover the entire spectrum of engineering and technology. Other major events include the Robotics competition and Tantra (a design competition in which a problem statement is given). This event is conducted as part of the celebrations of Engineers’ Day, the birthday of "Bharath Ratna Sir Mokshgundam Visvesvaraya".
QUBIT is the annual technical fest of the Department of Computer Science. It is a prestigious technological event in the state with papers presented from all over the country. It has risen beyond its technical reach and incorporated cultural aspects with the introduction of LAN-Gaming, Treasure Hunts, Fun Stalls, etc. giving it an all-round reach. It is organized during the month of March right from the year of its inception without fail. It is a technical symposium for young minds and a meeting ground for tech-enthusiasts from around the country.
MICROCOSM is the annual technical fest of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
POTENZIA is the annual technical fest of Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
TECHNOVATION is the annual technical fest of the Department of Mechanical Engineering (Mechatronics).
YUKTI is the annual technical fest of the Department of Information Technology.
METALLON is the annual technical fest of the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Technology.
CINFRA is the annual technical fest of the Department of Civil Engineering.
External links
MGIT Autonomous Status news article in Telangana Today
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Mika Singh in MGIT Nirvana 2014
Universities and colleges in Hyderabad, India
Educational institutions established in 1997
1997 establishments in Andhra Pradesh |
2218957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing%20and%20wavelength%20assignment | Routing and wavelength assignment | The routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem is an optical networking problem with the goal of maximizing the number of optical connections.
Definition
The general objective of the RWA problem is to maximize the number of established connections. Each connection request must be given a route and wavelength. The wavelength must be consistent for the entire path, unless the usage of wavelength converters is assumed. Two connections requests can share the same optical link, provided a different wavelength is used.
The RWA problem can be formally defined in an integer linear program (ILP). The ILP formulation given here is taken from.
Maximize:
subject to
is the number of source-destination pairs, while is the number of connections established for each source-destination pair. is the number of links and is the number of wavelengths. is the set of paths to route connections. is a matrix which shows which source-destination pairs are active, is a matrix which shows which links are active, and is a route and wavelength assignment matrix.
Note that the above formulation assumes that the traffic demands are known a priori. This type of problem is known as Static Lightpath Establishment (SLE). The above formulation also does not consider the signal quality.
It has been shown that the SLE RWA problem is NP-complete in. The proof involves a reduction to the -graph colorability problem. In other words, solving the SLE RWA problem is as complex as finding the chromatic number of a general graph. Given that dynamic RWA is more complex than static RWA, it must be the case that dynamic RWA is also NP-complete.
Another NP-complete proof is given in. This proof involves a reduction to the Multi-commodity Flow Problem.
The RWA problem is further complicated by the need to consider signal quality. Many of the optical impairments are nonlinear, so a standard shortest path algorithm can't be used to solve them optimally even if we know the exact state of the network. This is usually not a safe assumption, so solutions need to be efficient using only limited network information.
Methodology
Given the complexity of RWA, there are two general methodologies for solving the problem:
The first method is solving the routing portion first, and then assigning a wavelength second. Three types of route selection are Fixed Path Routing, Fixed Alternate Routing, and Adaptive Routing.
The second approach is to consider both route selection and wavelength assignment jointly.
First routing, then wavelength assignment
Routing algorithms
Fixed path routing
Fixed path routing is the simplest approach to finding a lightpath. The same fixed route for a given source and destination pair is always used. Typically this path is computed ahead of time using a shortest path algorithm, such as Dijkstra's Algorithm. While this approach is very simple, the performance is usually not sufficient. If resources along the fixed path are in use, future connection requests will be blocked even though other paths may exist.
The SP-1 (Shortest Path, 1 Probe) algorithm is an example of a Fixed Path Routing solution. This algorithm calculates the shortest path using the number of optical routers as the cost function. A single probe is used to establish the connection using the shortest path. The running time is the cost of Dijkstra's algorithm: , where is the number of edges and is the number of routers. The running time is just a constant if a predetermined path is used.
This definition of SP-1 uses the hop count as the cost function. The SP-1 algorithm could be extended to use different cost functions, such as the number of EDFAs.
Fixed alternate routing
Fixed alternate routing is an extension of fixed path routing. Instead of having just one fixed route for a given source and destination pair, several routes are stored. The probes can be sent in a serial or parallel fashion. For each connection request, the source node attempts to find a connection on each of the paths. If all of the paths fail, then the connection is blocked. If multiple paths are available, only one of them would be utilized.
The SP- (Shortest Path, Probes, ) algorithm is an example of Fixed Alternate Routing. This algorithm calculates the shortest paths using the number of optical routers as the cost function. The running time using Yen's algorithm is where is the number of edges, is the number of routers, and is the number of paths. The running time is a constant factor if the paths are precomputed.
Adaptive routing
The major issue with both fixed path routing and fixed alternate routing is that neither algorithm takes into account the current state of the network. If the predetermined paths are not available, the connection request will become blocked even though other paths may exist. Fixed Path Routing and Fixed Alternate Routing are both not quality aware. For these reasons, most of the research in RWA is currently taking place in Adaptive algorithms. Five examples of Adaptive Routing are LORA, PABR, IA-BF, IA-FF, and AQoS.
Adaptive algorithms fall into two categories: traditional and physically aware. Traditional adaptive algorithms do not consider signal quality, however, physically aware adaptive algorithms do.
Traditional adaptive RWA
The lexicographical routing algorithm (LORA) algorithm was proposed in. The main idea behind LORA is to route connection requests away from congested areas of the network, increasing the probability that connection requests will be accepted. This is accomplished by setting the cost of each link to be where is parameter that can be dynamically adjusted according to the traffic load and is the number of wavelengths in use on link . A standard shortest path algorithm can then be used to find the path. This requires each optical switch to broadcast recent usage information periodically. Note that LORA does not consider any physical impairments.
When is equal to one, the LORA algorithm is identical to the SP algorithm. Increasing the value of will increase the bias towards less used routes. The optimal value of can be calculated using the well-known hill climbing algorithm. The optimal values of were between 1.1 and 1.2 in the proposal.
Physically aware adaptive RWA
The physically aware backward reservation algorithm (PABR) is an extension of LORA. PABR is able to improve performance in two ways: considering physical impairments and improved wavelength selection. As PABR is searching for an optical path, paths with an unacceptable signal quality due to linear impairments are pruned. In other words, PABR is LORA with an additional quality constraint.
Note that PABR can only consider linear impairments. The nonlinear impairments, on the other hand, would not be possible to estimate in a distributed environment due to their requirement of global traffic knowledge.
PABR also considers signal quality when making the wavelength selection. It accomplishes this by removing from consideration all wavelengths with an unacceptable signal quality level. The approach is called Quality First Fit and it is discussed in the following section.
Both LORA and PABR can be implemented with either single-probing or multi-probing. The maximum number of probes is denoted as LORA- or PABR-. With single-probing, only one path is selected by the route selection. With multi-probing, multiple paths are attempted in parallel, increasing the probability of connection success.
Other routing approaches
IA-BF - The Impairment Aware Best Fit (IA-BF) algorithm was proposed in. This algorithm is a distributed approach that is dependent upon a large amount of communication to use global information to always pick the shortest available path and wavelength. This is accomplished through the use of serial multi-probing. The shortest available path and wavelength are attempted first, and upon failure, the second shortest available path and wavelength are attempted. This process continues until a successful path and wavelength have been found or all wavelengths have been attempted.
The multi-probing approach will allow IA-BF to outperform both PABR-1 and LORA-1. However, as the number of probes increases, the performance of the algorithms is similar.
IA-FF - Impairment Aware First Fit (IA-FF) is a simple extension of IA-BF. Instead of picking the wavelengths in terms of the minimum cost, the wavelengths are selected in order according to their index. IA-BF tends to outperform IA-FF under most scenarios.
AQoS - Adaptive Quality of Service (AQoS) was proposed in. This algorithm is unique in a couple of ways. First, each node maintains two counters: and . The purpose of each counter is to determine which issue is a bigger factor in blocking: Path and wavelength availability or Quality requirements. The algorithm chooses routes differently based upon the larger issue.
Another distinction is that AQoS uses the Q-factor as the link cost. The cost of the link is calculated by this formula where is the number of lightpaths on the link, and are the quality factor measurements of the lightpath at the source and destination nodes of the link, respectively. The repeated quality factor estimations are computationally very expensive.
This algorithm is single probing approach. The multi-probing approach, which the paper names ALT-AQoS (alternate AQoS) is a simple extension upon the same basic idea.
Wavelength assignment
Two of the most common methods for wavelength assignment are First Fit and Random Fit. First Fit chooses the available wavelength with the lowest index. Random Fit determines which wavelengths are available and then chooses randomly amongst them. The complexity of both algorithms is , where is the number of wavelengths. First Fit outperforms Random Fit.
An extension to First Fit and Random Fit was proposed in to consider signal quality. Quality First Fit and Quality Random Fit eliminate from consideration wavelengths which have an unacceptable signal quality. The complexity of these algorithms is higher though, as up to calls to estimate the Q-factor are required.
There are several other wavelength assignment algorithms: Least Used, Most Used, Min Product, Least Loaded, Max Sum, and Relative Capacity Loss. Most Used outperforms Least Used use significantly, and slightly outperforms First Fit. Min Product, Least Loaded, Max Sum, and Relative Capacity Loss all try to choose a wavelength that minimizes the probability that future requests will be blocked.
A significant disadvantage of these algorithms is that they require a significant communication overhead, making them unpractical to implement unless you have a centralized network structure.
Joint routing and wavelength assignment
An alternate approach to selecting a route and wavelength separately is to consider them jointly. These approaches tend to be more theoretical and not as practical. As this is a NP-complete problem, any exact solution is likely not be possible. The approximation techniques usually aren't very useful either, as they will require centralized control and, usually, predefined traffic demands. Two joint approaches are ILP formulation and Island Hopping.
The ILP formulation listed above can be solved using a traditional ILP solver. This is typically done by temporarily relaxing the integer constraints, solving the problem optimally, and converting the real solution to an integer solution. Additional constraints can be added and the process repeated indefinitely using a branch and bound approach.
In the authors report on the algorithm which can be used to solve efficiently and optimally a constrained RWA problem. The authors study a constrained routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) problem, which can be reduced to a constrained RWA problem by requesting one slice. The constriction limits the path length.
In the authors report on the generalized Dijkstra algorithm, which can be used to efficiently and optimally solve the RWA, RSA, and the routing, modulation, and spectrum assignment (RMSA) problems, without the limit on the path length.
References
Fiber-optic communications
Telecommunication theory |
17770608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USU%20Software | USU Software | USU Software AG is headquartered in Möglingen, Germany, and is a holding company for various subsidiaries that operate as international software and service companies. The company focuses primarily on digitalizing IT and customer services.
In fiscal year 2020, the group generated revenue of €107.3 million with a total of 732 employees. Its net profit for the same year was €5.5 million. USU Software AG has branches in Germany, United States, France, Italy, Austria and the Czech Republic. It is listed in the Prime Segment of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (Frankfurt, Germany).
Company history
USU was founded in 1977 as Udo Strehl Unternehmensberatung
and is headquartered in Möglingen near Stuttgart, Germany. The company has worked in the area of IT management since 1988. One further focus since 1995 has been knowledge management. The company was floated on July 4, 2000. It took over OMEGA GmbH in 2005, LeuTek GmbH in 2006, and Aspera GmbH in 2010 to expand its product portfolio. The USU Group took a majority stake in BIG Social Media GmbH, Berlin, at the end of 2012. Aspera Technologies Inc. was founded in Boston in 2013. A new Industrial Big Data research unit was also established in 2013. SecurIntegration GmbH, Cologne, a company that specializes in SAP license management, was acquired in mid-2015. It was merged with Aspera GmbH in 2016. At the beginning of 2017, unitb technologies GmbH, a full-service agency for digital media and IT, became a member of the USU Group. In May 2017, EASYTRUST SAS became the first French company to be acquired by the group. EASYTRUST, which was renamed as USU SAS at the end of 2017, specializes in data center inventory and Oracle license management.
In spring 2018, the subsidiary USU AG changed its legal form and has been operating under the name USU GmbH. unymira, a new business segment of USU GmbH, was created in 2018. It focuses on digitizing business processes in service and bundles the portfolio of the four previously independent USU divisions BIG Social Media, Business Solutions, KCenter and unitb technology.
On January 28,2021, the USU Group announces it would unit all of its subsidiaries under the common USU umbrella brand. As part of the new branding, Aspera GmbH operates under USU Technologies GmbH, Aspera Inc. in the United States under USU Solutions Inc. and LeuTek GmbH under USU Solutions GmbH. USU GmbH will continue to exist as a legal unit and is divided into the areas of Service Management (previously Valuemation), Digital Services & Solutions and Knowledge Management (previously unymira). The group company USU Software AG, USU SAS in France, and the development company USU Software in the Czech Republic also remain unchanged.
The USU Group has more than 1200 customers, including Allianz, BASF, BMW Group, Deutsche Telekom, E.ON, Orange, Poste Italiane and Volkswagen.
Products
USU offers software and services for IT and customer service management worldwide.
References
Software companies of Germany
Knowledge management
IT service management
Chatbots |
2328585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petros%20Papadakis | Petros Papadakis | Petros Papadakis (born June 16, 1977) is an American sportscaster who serves as a college football analyst for Fox Sports and co-host of the Petros and Money Show on AM 570 LA Sports. He is a former tailback and team captain for the University of Southern California Trojans football team. He is the self-proclaimed "captain of the worst team in USC history."
Football career
Papadakis's family has long-held ties to USC sports. His father, John (Yiannis), and his brother, Taso, both played football at USC. His maternal grandfather, Dr. Ernest Schultz, played basketball for the Trojans. In spite of the family's close ties to USC, his younger brother Demetrius walked on to crosstown rival UCLA's football team and was a member of the 2008 team. Petros planned to play football for the UCLA Bruins, but the Bruins lost interest in recruiting him and canceled his visit to campus.
Papadakis started his college career at the University of California, Berkeley. He left the Cal Fall football training camp, undetected, in the middle of the night and hitchhiked back to Los Angeles after being homesick after one week.
While playing for University of Southern California, Papadakis scored 16 touchdowns. In 1999 and 2000, he was named USC's team captain. However, he broke his foot in August 1999, requiring several operations that caused him to miss that season. After months of rehabilitation, Papadakis returned in 2000. His teammates honored this accomplishment, voting Papadakis that season's "Most Inspirational Player."
In the 2000 season, USC won its opening game against Penn State in the Kickoff Classic with a score of 29–5 at the Meadowlands. Playing on his repaired foot, Papadakis scored a touchdown and gained 29 yards on 11 carries. The Trojans began the season 3–0 and were ranked 8th in the national polls. But the team collapsed and finished with a 5–7 overall record.
The Trojans 2–6 conference record in 2000 was the only time the team finished in the last league position. Since his first year in broadcasting, Papadakis has regularly called himself "the captain of the worst team in USC history".
During his university football career, Papadakis played in the 1998 Sun Bowl, where the team lost to Texas Christian University, scoring a touchdown during this game.
Papadakis's first experience of broadcasting occurred when he was a tailback for the USC football team, where he became a popular interviewee among media in Los Angeles. When questioned about his popularity, Papadakis replied, "I just feel like the media is starved for somebody to say something different than, 'We really have to play hard this week.' That’s all good stuff, but I deal with that in meetings every day. I deal with that for six hours with coaches."
Television and Movie career
In 2002 and 2003 Papadakis continued broadcasting on FSN, and took employment as a sideline reporter for FSN's High School Game of the Week. He also became the host of the USC Magazine Show on FSN.
In 2004, Fox Sports Net hired him to comment on national Pac-10 games alongside Barry Tompkins. Petros had no booth experience when FSN named him its top color analyst.
Papadakis hosted Pros vs Joes on Spike TV for three seasons. In late 2008, the network announced it would replace Papadakis with former New York Giants defensive end Michael Strahan for the show's fourth season.
From 2006 to 2010, Papadakis called a number of games as part of the California State High School Bowl Championship game on FSN.
In the autumn of 2007, Papadakis appeared on KNBC Channel 4 as Fred Roggin's co-host on The Challenge, which followed NBC's Football Night in America on Sunday evenings. He has continued on the show since then, recently completing his 11th season on the show with Roggin.
Papadakis has been featured on several television networks including KTLA, VH-1, GSN, ESPN and E!. In 2005, he guest starred on the CBS hit series CSI: NY, where he played a sports talk radio host.
Petros appeared in an episode of The 7D titled "Whose Voice is it Anyway" as the King of Echoes from February 2016.
Appearing in Trial by Fire, Petros plays the voice of the Dallas Cowboys from a 1999 game being played on the radio. The film stars Jack O'Connell and Laura Dern.
Currently, Papadakis provides analysis for Fox Sports on their college football telecasts as well as FS1's Fox Sports Live studio show.
Radio career
Papadakis's first regular radio experience came in 1998 while he was a junior tailback at USC.
In the summer of 2001, Papadakis began working on radio in addition to his TV duties. He co-hosted the weekly USC Insider with Pete Arbogast on the now defunct station KMPC-1540 AM, called "The Ticket". In 2002 and 2003 Papadakis was the sideline reporter for USC games, and in January 2003 hosted the "Bonus Hour". Papadakis and Mark Willard co-hosted a show from 9 to 10am on weekdays. Papadakis also became a regular guest on the Kevin and Bean morning show on KROQ-FM in Los Angeles.
In January 2004 "The Petros Papadakis Show" began on KMPC. It was produced by Craig Larson and featured Cornelius (CORN DOGG) Edwards and traffic reporter Sabina Mora. Brian Vieira became the show's producer in June 2005.
"The Petros Papadakis Show" was known for Papadakis's musical parodies such as "I'm 'n Luv (Wit da Clippers)" and "I Love Yee Doyers" (I Love the Dodgers). He was also known for his "Pop Culture Report", reporting the news of young celebrities in Hollywood.
Papadakis resigned from his position at 1540 The Ticket in October 2006 to concentrate on his television broadcasting. Within a month of his resignation, KMPC laid off most of its remaining local employees. Sporting News Radio sold its interest in the station on March 30, 2007, and it became a Korean language station.
On January 8, 2007 Petros returned to AM radio with an afternoon sports program on KLAC, on 570 kHz, a Los Angeles-based station, co-hosting the Petros and Money Show with Matt "Money" Smith. Two years later, the show was nationally syndicated because of a merger between Fox Sports Radio and KLAC. The network carried the program nationwide until January 2014, when it was dropped from the national network, but remained as a local show.
In addition to his other media duties, Papadakis worked part-time for the USC men's basketball team as its public address announcer from 2004–2016.
Education
He is a graduate of the Christ Lutheran School, Palos Verdes Peninsula High School, and University of Southern California.
References
External links
USC Trojans bio
The Jock's Itch: Petros Papadakis
1977 births
Living people
American football running backs
USC Trojans football announcers
USC Trojans football players
American sports radio personalities
Public address announcers
Place of birth missing (living people)
College football announcers
Players of American football from Los Angeles
High school football announcers in the United States
American game show hosts
American talk radio hosts
American people of Greek descent
Sportspeople from Los Angeles |
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