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Risk assessments are fundamental aspects of your health & safety policy. Effectively, they help you pinpoint any risks in your business and dictate which things you should worry about more than others. They’re a crucial part of every company, but even more so in companies that operate in high-risk areas. For example, businesses that operate in a warehouse.
Warehouses offer considerably more risks than an office or retail environment. This is mainly down to the sheer amount of equipment in use, as well as the manual nature of the work. So, how do you carry out a risk assessment for your warehouse? It’s much easier than you think – you can break it down into three main steps:
Once you’ve identified the risks, you have to rate them based on how severe they are. Typically, you’ll use the low, medium and high system. It’s pretty self-explanatory: the things that don’t present big risks are rated low, slightly riskier ones are medium, and ones that are serious risks are high. For example, the temperature is low risk because it doesn’t really cause accidents, but it can cause some health issues. By contrast, heavy machinery is deemed high risk as there are so many ways improper use can cause harm to others.
This will leave you with a form that shows you the main problems in your warehouse and which ones present the highest risks.
Step 3: Identify solutions
The last step is the hardest one – you have to pinpoint any solutions to help minimize risks. Let’s look at your equipment as the example; how can you minimize risks associated with a forklift truck? For one, ensure everyone that drives it is fully-qualified and has ongoing training. Secondly, service the truck periodically to be sure all the parts are working. It’s worth connecting to a company like Helmar that can supply replacement parts if needed. You could also have a rule where only a set number of trucks can be used at the same time. All of these things minimize risks and prevent accidents from happening. Now, you have to go through your list of risks and find solutions or suggestions for all of them. Of course, you will then implement these things to keep your business safe.
Don’t underestimate the importance of a risk assessment in your warehouse. To be honest, it’s critical in any business area, so keep that in mind. A surefire way to lose your company is to not carry out risk assessments, leading to health & safety failures and a forced closure!
Kevin Price is the host of the nationally syndicated Price of Business show. It is one of the longest running shows of its kind in the country. He is also an author of several books, editor on several sites, and an award winning journalist.
No articles on this site should be construed as the opinion of PriceofBusiness.com . Do your homework, get expert advice before following the advice on this or any other site. | http://priceofbusiness.com/conducting-a-risk-assessment-for-your-warehouse/ |
Tips For Removing Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crypmodadv.xrg from Windows 7
Look at various different errors caused by Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crypmodadv.xrg 0xf0809 CBS_E_ARRAY_ELEMENT_MISSING attempt to get non-existent array element, 0x8024C004 WU_E_DRV_NO_METADATA The driver update is missing metadata. , 0x80240042 WU_E_UNKNOWN_SERVICE The update service is no longer registered with AU., 0xC0000218, 0x80240027 WU_E_URL_TOO_LONG The URL exceeded the maximum length., 0xf0823 CBS_E_NEW_SERVICING_STACK_REQUIRED Package needs a newer version of the servicing stack., 0x0000008B, Error 0x8007002C – 0x4001C, 0x80242017 WU_E_UH_NEW_SERVICING_STACK_REQUIRED The OS servicing stack must be updated before this update is downloaded or installed., 0x000000BF, 0x8024C005 WU_E_DRV_MISSING_ATTRIBUTE The driver update is missing a required attribute., 0x000000D3, 0x000000E4, 0xf0800 CBS_E_INTERNAL_ERROR Reserved error (|); there is no message for this error, 0x8024200A WU_E_UH_CANREQUIREINPUT A request to the handler to install an update could not be completed because the update requires user input.
Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crypmodadv.xrg : Noticeable Symptoms
When you pay close attention, you can notice that few weird activities of your Windows System in case your Windows System is compromised with Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crypmodadv.xrg. Most cases, the malware creates dozens of malicious files and registry entries that you can see checking through folder created on your local disk. Even, you may find corrupted files featuring suspicious suffixes. Even, the virus may ask you to pay ransom to anonymous hackers. Most importantly, your Antivirus may be displaying some kind of error on your PC screen. Even, malware will also try to block essential process of Antivirus software.
Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crypmodadv.xrg : How does it spread to Windows 2000 ?
This malware is primarily being distributed through bundled software and spam emails attachments. Actually, hackers are using spam campaigns to lure inexperienced Windows System users into installing Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crypmodadv.xrg on their Windows System. Torrent sites and adult sites also promote such type of malware as an useful application. Even, while surfing internet you may see suggestion to install Adobe flash player update or Java update, if you install them your Windows System become victim of the malware. This way the malware arrives onto your Windows 2000.
Finally, you have got all the needful information. Now, you should follow Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crypmodadv.xrg Removal guide carefully.
I. Press Windows logo button on your keyboard and from Shut down option click Restart.
II. During the Restart Process, keep pressing ‘F8 button’ repeatedly.
III. Next,Advanced boot menu appears on your PC screen. Click ‘Safe Mode with Networking’ to proceed Removal of Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crypmodadv.xrg from your Computer.
I. Press and Hold Win+R button to open Run Box.
II. Now, type ‘control panel’ (without quotation mark) and hit the Enter to open ‘Control panel’.
III. Next, choose ‘Uninstall a program’ from Programs menu.
IV. Now you should to find Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crypmodadv.xrg or other suspicious apps, select it and Efface one by one of them by clicking on ‘Uninstall’ option.
II. Click System option from there.
III. Next, You need to click ‘Apps and Features’ to find and Efface Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crypmodadv.xrg.
IV. Finally, there you can see list of all installed applications including malicious programs, select Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crypmodadv.xrg and click Uninstall.
II. From the appeared Window, click Task Manager.
III. Now, you can find troublesome processes and kill them by selecting them one by one and clicking on End Task option.
IV. Using this technique, you can Efface troublesome processes associated with Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crypmodadv.xrg.
Quick Steps To Reset Mozilla:38.0.5
I. Open Firefox and tap the icon that seems like three stacked lines at the top right of the browser window.
II. Click the question-mark icon at the bottom of the drop-down menu.
III. Choose ‘Troubleshooting information’ in the slide-out menu.
IV. Click the ‘Reset Firefox’ button at the top right of the new Web page.
Uninstall Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crypmodadv.xrg From IE 7:7.00.6000.16386
I. First, open IE and go to Manage Add-ons from Tools menu that appears on middle-top.
II. A new window appears, from there choose Toolbar and extensions.
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IV. Also find and Efface useless extensions and delete them.
II. At the top right, click More Settings.
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IV. Under the section “Reset settings,” click Reset settings.
V. In the box that appears, click Reset. | http://getridofmalware.removemalwares.com/assistance-for-deleting-trojan-ransom-win32-crypmodadv-xrg-from-windows-8 |
Another powerful OSINT technology is that of Facial Recognition, which has a multitude of uses for the OSINT Operative. It can provide them with the ability to cross match, and locate images based on the facial profile, pulling from discoveries and locations at which they have been detected. This is a powerful technological medium, which has multiple uses which are only restricted by the imagination of the analyst. Interlink this with the acquired image EXIF and Metadata, and it may be (and has been) that the derived intelligence which has been acquired can be exploited to track down OCG (Organised Crime Gangs) involved in Human Trafficking, or OCG involved in the sub-world of providing Global Prostitution Services.
At Fig 3 below is a face you may recognise which has been subjected to a Facial Recognition Search.
Fig 3 – Crossmatch Facial Recognition
Or, for example using pimeyes to search out the sites showing images of the GRU agents who were active in Salisbury to poison Sergei and Yulia Skripal on 4 March 2018 which has discovered 786 results of related facial profiles.
OSINT is also a double edge sword and can be used for both good and evil purpose. For example, it has been a long known, yet an ignored fact, that most successful cyber hist attacks have a pre-attack OSINT run to map the digital assets, to locate any potential holes in what may be thought of as a Cuckoos Egg Style discovery mission. It may be that, again utilising specialist tools the operator may be looking for poorly deployed DNS configurations, an Open Zone Transfer opportunity, or Digital Certificate which may be used to facilitate extended access to the Corporate Crown Jewels.
On the downside of OSINT, very few Commercial Organisation have yet to appreciate just how OSINT can expose their businesses to exploitation by criminal, and say State Sponsored electronic passers-by who may view their assets as attractive. Remembering that as long ago as April 2010 a Cabinet Office, Government Security Secretariat Quarterly Threat Update notified the following:
Overall, the initiative of Thinking Outside the SCIF is great progress, and it sees OSINT Methodologies and Technologies finally getting the public recognition that has been long-awaited for well over a decade. What we need to see now is the Corporate World to embrace these GreyZone methodologies to the secure advantage of their own systems and deployments. However, having taught these grey methodologies to Commercials and Students over the last decade, what can be one of the most challenging areas is to get the student looking at the Matrix style of flowing green bits, bytes, and objects, and translate the observed nonsensical value into meaningful intelligence – it is here where, in my opinion, the trained mind of the military world of intel can prove to be a key enabler.
Finally, in a world which has embraced the Internet, cell phones, and a life lived on-wire, there is an urgent driven need to recognise the value of what Open Source can provide as a positive step toward digital security. The key challenge is to educate to the adoption and use such technologies in a preventative guise, before they are reversed and used adversely against the business.
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In the post 9/11 world, there’s much focus on connecting the dots. Many believe that data mining is the crystal ball that will enable us to uncover future terrorist plots. But even in the most wildly optimistic projections, data mining isn’t tenable for that purpose. We’re not trading privacy for security; we’re giving up privacy and getting no security in return.
Most people first learned about data mining in November 2002, when news broke about a massive government data mining program called Total Information Awareness. The basic idea was as audacious as it was repellent: suck up as much data as possible about everyone, sift through it with massive computers, and investigate patterns that might indicate terrorist plots. Americans across the political spectrum denounced the program, and in September 2003, Congress eliminated its funding and closed its offices.
But TIA didn’t die. According to The National Journal, it just changed its name and moved inside the Defense Department.
This shouldn’t be a surprise. In May 2004, the General Accounting Office published a report that listed 122 different federal government data mining programs that used people’s personal information. This list didn’t include classified programs, like the NSA’s eavesdropping effort, or state-run programs like MATRIX.
The promise of data mining is compelling, and convinces many. But it’s wrong. We’re not going to find terrorist plots through systems like this, and we’re going to waste valuable resources chasing down false alarms. To understand why, we have to look at the economics of the system.
Security is always a trade-off, and for a system to be worthwhile, the advantages have to be greater than the disadvantages. A national security data mining program is going to find some percentage of real attacks, and some percentage of false alarms. If the benefits of finding and stopping those attacks outweigh the cost—in money, liberties, etc.—then the system is a good one. If not, then you’d be better off spending that cost elsewhere.
Data mining works best when there’s a well-defined profile you’re searching for, a reasonable number of attacks per year, and a low cost of false alarms. Credit card fraud is one of data mining’s success stories: all credit card companies data mine their transaction databases, looking for spending patterns that indicate a stolen card. Many credit card thieves share a pattern—purchase expensive luxury goods, purchase things that can be easily fenced, etc.—and data mining systems can minimize the losses in many cases by shutting down the card. In addition, the cost of false alarms is only a phone call to the cardholder asking him to verify a couple of purchases. The cardholders don’t even resent these phone calls—as long as they’re infrequent—so the cost is just a few minutes of operator time.
There is no well-defined profile, and attacks are very rare. Taken together, these facts mean that data mining systems won’t uncover any terrorist plots until they are very accurate, and that even very accurate systems will be so flooded with false alarms that they will be useless.
All data mining systems fail in two different ways: false positives and false negatives. Depending on how you “tune” your detection algorithms, you can err on one side or the other: you can increase the number of false positives to ensure that you are less likely to miss an actual terrorist plot, or you can reduce the number of false positives at the expense of missing terrorist plots.
To reduce both those numbers, you need a well-defined profile. And that’s a problem when it comes to terrorism. In hindsight, it was really easy to connect the 9/11 dots and point to the warning signs, but it’s much harder before the fact. Certainly, there are common warning signs that many terrorist plots share, but each is unique, as well. The better you can define what you’re looking for, the better your results will be. Data mining for terrorist plots is going to be sloppy, and it’s going to be hard to find anything useful.
Data mining is like searching for a needle in a haystack. According to the FTC September 2003 Identity Theft Survey Report, about 1% (10 million) cards are stolen and fraudulently used each year. Terrorism is different. There are trillions of connections between people and events—things that the data mining system will have to “look at”—and very few plots. This rarity makes even accurate identification systems useless.
Let’s look at some numbers. We’ll be optimistic. We’ll assume the system has a 1 in 100 false positive rate (99% accurate), and a 1 in 1,000 false negative rate (99.9% accurate).
Also assume that 10 of them are actually terrorists plotting.
This unrealistically-accurate system will generate one billion false alarms for every real terrorist plot it uncovers. Every day of every year, the police will have to investigate 27 million potential plots in order to find the one real terrorist plot per month. Raise that false-positive accuracy to an absurd 99.9999% and you’re still chasing 2,750 false alarms per day—but that will inevitably raise your false negatives, and you’re going to miss some of those ten real plots.
This isn’t anything new. In statistics, it’s called the “base rate fallacy,” and it applies in other domains as well. Terrorist attacks are also rare, any “test” is going to result in an endless stream of false alarms.
This is exactly the sort of thing we saw with the NSA’s eavesdropping program: the New York Times reported that the computers spat out thousands of tips per month. Every one of them turned out to be a false alarm.
And the cost was enormous: not just the cost of the FBI agents running around chasing dead-end leads instead of doing things that might actually make us safer, but also the cost in civil liberties. Data mining can work. It helps Visa keep the costs of fraud down, just as it helps Amazon.com show me books that I might want to buy, and Google show me advertising I’m more likely to be interested in. But these are all instances where the cost of false positives is low—a phone call from a Visa operator, or an uninteresting ad—and in systems that have value even if there is a high number of false negatives.
Finding terrorism plots is not a problem that lends itself to data mining. It’s a needle-in-a-haystack problem, and throwing more hay on the pile doesn’t make that problem any easier. We’d be far better off putting people in charge of investigating potential plots and letting them direct the computers, instead of putting the computers in charge and letting them decide who should be investigated.
This essay originally appeared on Wired.com.
“For example, even highly accurate medical tests are useless as diagnostic tools if the incidence of the disease is rare in the general population.”
And if you get too many false positives at step one, you change how you screen because its costing you and everyone else too much. Health management folks do this sort of cost-benefit stuff all the time, as do folks in other fields.
The problem with terror plot data mining is that the screening step is essentially useless, as you correctly point out, so the “diagnostic” energy of the investigation step is totally wasted.
The number of people who have records of overseas travel to Pakistan and have reported their passports lost/stolen is a lot smaller.
Likewise I’d love to know the % of your readership who know what the inside of a chemical supplier looks like. Round about 0% I’m guessing. That pool seems pretty small too.
You’ve know what the machines (programed by the humans mind you) have decided to do. Tell us the kind of human you hope is in the investigative loop (rather than the janitorial loop) who doesn’t do the exact same thing.
I’m assuming you won’t opt for the old beat the connections out of the guy method and turning him loose is really going to screw up your security cost vs benefit scale so I’m struggling to think of what could be more prudently done with the leads available.
Well, apart from scaling back the military to Fijian size so that they don’t capture so many people and leads all at once leading to the flood of leads you refer to. Again, really not improving the security cost vs benefit scale.
Bruce, I think you have missed the point when it comes to Government Data Mining.
In the UK we have a Government that likes to spend money lots and lots of it and actually get little in return (see stuff about NHS spending doubling and actuall performance increcess in single digits).
We have been told that things like ID cards etc are for Anti Terror / Drugs / Sex criminals etc. In reality all these systems end up being used as Tax Raising systems.
Why, well the Tax take from Large Organisations is falling as they off shore and virtulise their companies (ICT makes this much simpler). This leaves the ordinary man on the street and small organisations.
In the UK we have had a series of “Catch the Benifit Cheat” help lines and adverts in practice thay have cost more than they have saved. We are now getting the “Catch the Tax Avoider” adverts where they have a bloke pretending to be a builder / electrician who works for cash does a bad job and runs away knowing that you cannot catch him.
When you remove the window dressing it boils down to “we want to stop you using people whoe don’t charge you our outrageous tax”. To back this up a series of laws where introduced a year ago making it an offence to have any electrical work carried out in your home unless it was by an electrician who was registered with the Government…
The reason for Government Data Mining is to find people who might not be paying Tax, when you know you can find them then you can start hiking personal taxation….
derf 10:04 AM
It’s too easy to dodge data mining operations anyway. If you use multiple fake identification cards and addresses, along with cash, any data mining system based on computer records would be hard pressed to find you.
“Man can’t fly”… 150 years ago, this was a common statement, but “we” continued to try. Today, we can go from the east to west coast in a couple of hours. If the people were to have listened to you back then, we would have given up and still be spending months on the back of a Jackass.
Just because there are some flaws in design and execution today, doesn’t mean we shouldn’t try and prevent Terrorist’s activity.
I want to stop terrorists. I don’t want to waste money and time on programs that don’t do anything to actually stop them, but might look like they do.
Most data mining is a waste of manpower and money. Let’s put that towards our police and firemen, and our covert operatives. THAT will find terrorists a lot more efficiently than any computer analyzed matrix of “things most people don’t know”.
Mr. Schneier – While I agree with your overall analysis of the problems associated with data mining, I think there are two relevant issues that you missed, one of which Tank already addressed.
The other is that the statement “There is no well-defined profile, and attacks are very rare? is almost certainly inaccurate. The proper statement is “… successful attacks are very rare.? Your statement excludes the possibility that some attacks are foiled, and thus reaches the conclusion that we only know about terrorist attacks what we can determine about the successful ones after the fact. You can certainly defend that position if you so desire, but I doubt that even the most skeptical truly believes that the billions spent on intelligence and law enforcement are wholly wasted.
While one might attempt to make an argument that successful attacks are fundamentally different from unsuccessful ones, there is at least some evidence to the contrary. For one thing, if you’re going to blow things up you either have to purchase explosives or things that can become explosives. Likewise, terrorists (of recent notoriety, anyway) predominantly come from or have ties to certain areas of the world. As you point out, applying such criteria to your data mining effort will increase the false negative rate; a system with these assumptions doesn’t catch the IRA members or Timothy McVeigh.
Larry 1:41 PM
Respectfully, I think you are missing the point behind data mining. The “flaw” is not the data mining but in the quality of the subsequent analysis. …or lack there of. The solution is to provide investigators with higher quality leads.
When the Berlin Wall “came down” on Nov 9, 1989, HQ USAFE completely failed to anticipate and recognize what was happening. The entire command immediately went to yellow alert and a 12-hour shift military exercise posture while the scary, deadly Trabis full of tired-looking Eastern Bloc families chugged and stumbled across the opened Hungarian-Austrian border. Some “invasion”!
The reason this happened this way was because HQ USAFE Intel were not looking at unclassified information that would have clearly shown what was happening. As the administrator of their profiling system, I had been asked to route unclassified FBIS translations of Eastern Bloc printed and electronic media into a trash queue. (The attitude was that if it’s unclassified, clearly it’s worthless!)
I used to read the contents of the queue (Pravda, et. al.) for my own entertainment and as such had a unique front row seat for events as they developed in Eastern Europe. Several months before the “fall” of the Wall, I went to the user responsible for analyzing this sort of thing and tried to call her attention to some really crazy stuff that I was reading, and suggested that analysts start looking very seriously at the stuff being printed in Eastern Bloc media. I got blown off, and the FBIS messages continued to be deleted in favor of classified (and in the end, useless) data.
In a word – you are right. It’s not the data – it’s the people looking at the data, and how willing they are to look at what they already have. They simply do not need more data. Sing along, you know the words: the way to find a needle in a haystack is not to pile on more hay – and I can tell you, they’ve already got more than they can reasonably look at.
I have been doing data mining for a variety of organizations for several years now. For the last 3 years I have spent my time working for the military developing tools to detect computers which have been exploited. I am not talking about machines that are part of bot-nets (SPAM, DDos, etc.), these are easy to detect and hopefully the academics will figure out that we don’t need another thesis on finding these machines. What I am talking about are machines that have been specifically targeted by a (group of) skilled hacker(s). What we are trying to do is find several machines that have been exploited out of the many computers/devices on the network. Because of the orders of magnitude this is truly trying to find a few needles in large haystacks.
Tank had a good point and I think Jonathan hinted at one.
Tank’s comment about your numbers being unfair is correct. With the credit cards one is trying to find the cards which are being used for fraud. With terrorists we are trying to find the terrorist, not the connection that leads to the indication that a person is a potential terrorist. To make your article fair you would have to change the number of credit cards to the number of credit card transactions to compare with the number of potential terrorists interactions that need to be scanned. Or what would be less accurate is to change the number of interactions of people to the number of people being monitored.
Jonathan had a point about profiles. With a competent cracker using a computer to exploit other machines on the network, there is very little common pattern between crackers, or even between attacks from the same cracker. This is a problem with which the data mining community has not addressed very well. As you were saying the standard way to do data mining is to setup a profile and look for that. Techniques have been developed that get around the problem of needing a profile. I will not elaborate on the techniques here, but will say that they are being used on production networks, and are very successful.
I believe that this renders the basic premise of the article flawed. I will concede that the report that the NSA is kicking out thousands of people of interest to the FBI is not a good thing, as it is a waste of resources. But this becomes difficult to analyze because the intelligence community breaks operations up into sections and when they have a success they do not talk about it. So I would suspect that we are only getting part of the picture.
I am claiming that data mining is a powerful methodology that with proper techniques can come to bear on this problem. I state this because I have seen it used in practice on a similar problem (rare class problem), and the technique has worked well. If the way that the NSA is currently doing operations is helping at all I don’t think that we can judge, but we can say that what we see of the program is not so great. I don’t believe that we can evaluate weather or not this system is worth the money, and civil liberties that we are giving up.
another_bruce 2:54 PM
mr. schneier’s analysis is sound, but one of his sentences annoyed me. “in hindsight, it was really easy to connect the 9/11 dots and point to the warning signs…” my understanding is that a number of people actually did connect the 9/11 dots before it happened and warned their superiors, who did nothing.
something there is that wanted 9/11 to happen. not just al-qaeda, something among us. cui bono?
remember the expression on bush’s face at the “my pet goat” moment from fahrenheit 9/11? squirreliest damn presidential expression i ever saw, including all of the prime nixon moments.
S. Colcord 3:47 PM
“…for a system to be worthwhile, the advantages have to be greater than the disadvantages.”
Very true. However, the public is not conducting a rational cost-benefit analysis. They receive an illusory sense of security from knowing that ‘someone’ is doing ‘something’, and value those illusions more highly than they value their lost freedoms, or their tax money.
Their political representatives are duly spending their money to purchase those illusions. The alternative would be the politicians attempting to educate the public, and few politicians have the courage to risk their careers by showing genuine leadership.
“Actually, one needs to distinguish between screening the general population for rare diseases and diagnosing them. You screen with a test or procedure that yields low false negatives (with an acceptable rate of true positives), and then having “concentrated” the high risk population, you can diagnose with a more complex procedure with low false positive rate because you’re now using a high prevalence population. The two step procedure lets you optimize at both points.”
Definitely true, and if I had more space I would have gone into that complexity. One assumes that any terrorist-detection data-mining system will try to do something similar. I don’t think it will help.
Bruce Schneier 4:01 PM
“Apart from the fact you should be comparing 900m cards vs 250m people (or work into your evaluation of cc data mining the fact that cards are used more than once) there aren’t trillions of behaviour characteristics in al Qaeda training manuals.”
I hope it’s not a rigged example; I tried not to make it such.
I decided that cards is a more useful indicator than people. Cards are not always stolen in wallets; they’re stolen online too. I ran the numbers both ways in my drafts, and it didn’t make much difference.
Of course there aren’t trillions of characteristics in the al Qaeda training manual; if you think I said that you misunderstand the example. There are trillions of legitimate data points from all of us in the U.S. going about our daily business that need to be data mined for the few al Qaeda characteristics.
“While you have a point, you must realize that data-mining is an up-and-coming field. I work for a company that does a lot of data-mining, and we are developing algorithms to understand language, among other things. While data-mining may not be the answer now, as it evolves, it may become the best solution in years to come.”
Agreed. Research in this field should be funded and encouraged. Also, debate in how this tool should be used in society, the balance between this kind of wholesale surveillance and liberty, and etc., should also be encouraged.
I just don’t think we should waste our security dollars on it yet.
Bruce Schneier 4:05 PM
Of course not. But if you have $10B to spend on stopping terrorism, would you rather spend it on countermeasures that have a decent chance of working or countermeasures that are likely to be completely ineffective? That’s the question here. We should definitely try to prevent terrorism. This system isn’t going to do it. I suggest we spend the money on something that might.
Bruce Schneier 4:07 PM
It is not to connect the dots or to nail a specific individual. That would be grossly unrealistic. The point behind data mining is to find a few more dots that have a higher probability of being ‘interesting’ that the rest. Data mining is just a tool, a first cut at sifting the wheat from the chaff. Human follow-up and analysis is what would connect the dots.”
Exactly. That’s not a point I missed; that’s exactly what my analysis talked about. The human follow-up is an insurmountable problem, because the false positives are so great.
There are an estimated 10 million illegal immigrants in the USA from Mexico. If the data mining can’t find them, how will it find the 100 that may be up to terrorist mischief?”
That’s a really good point. Thank you.
I would have to disagree here. The implicit assumption is that someone actually IS trying to find them and do something about their presence. But we know that there is no concerted effort to track down, find, and deport illegal aliens. It is reported widely and often that even known illegal aliens are regularly allowed to remain unmolested by the law, and that in many jurisdictions, it is illegal to inquire about immigration status during governmental or economic transactions. Hardly a good example.
Fish don't notice the water 4:31 PM
“The fundamental freedoms that make our country the envy of the world are valuable, and not something that we should throw away lightly.”
You believe that nearly everyone understands this to be true. You think that this is self-evident. It’s not.
Most people will not value freedom until they have tasted its opposite.
that doesn’t seem as sacred anymore.
Once again, great article. I couldn’t help but express my opinion about that sentence, which was the only thing I didn’t like about it.
Thanks much for a great article on data mining, probability of detection, and false positives.
Alas, the same matters afflict “bad guy” detection systems at airports and elsewhere. As others have commented, I just can’t see those transport systems which win with great throughput tolerating the slowdowns associated with high false alarm rates. So, while they may serve as a deterrent and make travellers feel better, I don’t have a lot of confidence they’re doing any good.
People have a hard time understanding this stuff. There was an article a bit ago showing that many physicians didn’t understand how the likelihood of someone having a disease given a test indicated they did depended upon its prevalence in the sample population. See for instance:
Holographic databases and other multivariant techniques based on less mainstream approaches to data mining are evolving very quickly and generating results in this field.
In my opinion you’ve over-simplified the discussion to a point that it’s remiss to the point of negligent.
Tragic to see such hype in mainstream from someone who should know better.
between attacks from the same cracker.
Although I’m hardly an “intrusion detection” specialist, I would say that this isn’t precisely true.
While hackers undoubtedly follow different attack patterns, and use different tools, they still need to open a communication with a system to begin. There are a limited number of ports that any given host should be listening to/opening connections from.
In other words, there is already a large “weeding out” process that can be accomplished through traffic analysis when cutting down your number of transactions to analyze in your data mining process.
This does not apply to terrorist activity.
Historically, I’ve found more intrusions through traffic analysis than anything else -> “This box should not be listening to anything on port 10245, let’s take a closer look” or “Nobody should be trying to connect to this machine over SSH from outside this subnet, let’s take a closer look”.
So, hacker activity itself may be like terrorist activity in its “nebulosity”, but the inevitable traffic generated by hacker activity is easier to discover than terrorist activity -> both activities are small pebbles thrown into a body of liquid, but the ripples caused by the pebbles are decidedly different.
Jan Theodore Galkowski 6:14 PM
ah rubbish. it doesn’t matter WHAT technique is being used. there are limitations to what you can KNOW. technology is not magic.
Boris Kolar 8:03 PM
People who are working together usually share some common behaviour. For example, if one finds an interesting web site, others will access the same page shortly after they are told about it. So once you find a dot, data mining makes it easier to find other dots from a huge database of past events.
I think, Bruce, that your reasoning does not apply to data mining for related events.
If the whole US population, including you, were tested for leukemia, then you should not worry if your survey result was positive: it is almost certainly mistaken.
However, if your oncologist has you sent to a diagnostic center, where the specificity and sensitivity for the diagnostic test were the same as for the survey (but the prevalence there is substantial), then if your result is positive you should worry.
If the test is for ‘terrorist’, then a nationwide survey will produce a host of false positives, the followups of which will waste even more time and money. And the rare true terrorist will almost certainly be missed.
David Jensen 8:15 PM
I was pleased to see a technical professional from computer science addressing this issue. We all need to speak up and try to put the debate over the use of these technologies on a stronger footing. Your work and your books, from what I know of them, have done a great deal toward that end.
However, I want to take exception with one of the arguments you offer in your Wired News piece, and recommend an alternative. You suggest that nearly any realistic classifier is likely to produce an unacceptable number of false positives. This argument is a key technical point in critiques of many screening systems, from AIDS testing, to polygraphs, to computer security systems. During the debate over TIA, it was made by an ACM committee and by a Scientific American editorial, among others. I made a version of this argument myself in a report on money laundering that I helped produce more than a decade ago when I served as a Congressional staffer:
“Even if the accuracy of the system is nearly perfect, the results are still discouraging. If the system is 99 percent accurate, then all 20 illegitimate transfers would be correctly classified, and 400 legitimate transfers would be misclassified as illegitimate. Therefore, even with a system with remarkable accuracy, nearly all of the transfers identified as illegitimate actually would be legitimate.” (p. 171).
“Data mining may be very effective against terrorism, if you’re looking for related events instead of suspicious ones. For example, given a known terrorist, data mining can point to other terrorists from his cell.” but, given that a terrorist in a sleeper cell is trying to blend in, that terrorist will also have many contacts with simple bystanders. how do you reliably tell which contacts are terrorist contacts and which aren’t, particularly since the non-terrorist contacts will inevitably outnumber the terrorist ones by a lot, and the really terrorist contacts will be covert?
Jan Theodore Galkowski 8:22 PM
“Specifically, systems that examine networks of connected records (e.g., financial transactions, communications, web pages, social or organization networks) can be designed to largely escape this problem.” but such detection mechanisms are readily avoided by devices known to people in espionage for a long time. in particular, if the means of communicating is in public view and the agents using that means aren’t known to one another, there is no network to map.
this was done, for instance, in the long past by placing personals ads in newspapers which used appropriate words that had coded meanings known to the participants. today you could do the same on craigslist.org.
moreover, as i mentioned above, what do you consider a “link” in the network? obviously something like a financial transaction is pretty loud. but how about merely knowing someone or being a coworker?
I’m sorry, this is quite misleading, and — I hope I don’t seem rude here, I don’t mean to be — seems to indicate that you don’t really understand what data mining is. If you have a well-defined profile that you’re looking for in a database, that’s not data mining, it’s just called “doing a database query”. That process doesn’t need any fancy names because everyone already understands it, and it has existed since long before databases were in electronic form. In fact IBM started out when they developed mechanical ways of speeding it up back in 1911. Every police officer and the FBI does it every day, routinely for decades now.
Data mining, on the other hand, is a set of tools to help you discover what profiles you should be looking for, assess how reliable they are, and decide whether or not they are going to be worthwhile to pursue. It isn’t an automated process. It always involves a human analyst in the loop, operating the tools, examining the results, modifying and trying again. Terrorist plots are different. There is no well-defined profile,
Even this, however, is doubtful. Terrorists actually fit profiles far better than thieves do. Oh, don’t get me wrong, there are many exceptions; but in the case of terrorists, the exceptions are far rarer than they are for thieves. The reasons for this are fairly simple. Firstly, terrorists have very strong motivations which are significantly different to the rest of humanity (and, while differing in detail, can nearly always be categorised in one or more of a small number of types, arguably three); in contrast, thieves are almost entirely motivated by a drive which is felt to a greater or lesser degree by nearly everyone. Secondly most terrorist organisations — certainly all the more effective and dangerous ones — adopt a paramilitary training model, which increases individual effectiveness but also imbues particular characteristics and methodologies.
A false positive is when the system identifies a terrorist plot that really isn’t one. A false negative is when the system misses an actual terrorist plot.
Those are false positives/negatives for queries. A false positive for a data mining system is when it says “people who suddenly pay off their debts are 0.1% likely to be terrorists” when the actual rate is only slightly higher than background population. A false negative is when the system fails to identify that 100% of Al Qaeda members are Muslims. False positives in data mining are likely to be extremely rare, and probably indicate a serious systematic corruption of your data. False negatives are likely to be more common and arise from a variety of sources.
This is quite true, and is exactly the sort of thing that data mining is good at helping you to do. In particular, it should tell you whether or not there exists some combination of parameters that will give you useful results, or if you need one more data source to make it work, or you should just give up.
There are 900 million credit cards in circulation in the United States. Others have pointed out that this analogy isn’t quite right, but not quite got to the crux of where it falls down completely. In credit card fraud detection, we are looking at a sea of transactions associated with some card, some transactions are good and some are bad. We have to pick out nearly all the bad transactions without stopping too many good transactions. This is actually quite hard, and a lot slip through the net. Additionally, we may eventually class the entire account as compromised if it is getting far too many bad transactions. Given that we already have the bad transactions identified, this latter part is trivial.
In contrast, when we are looking for a terrorist, we don’t care all that much about individual transactions. It is the individual we are concerned with. Once an individual has accumulated a lot of “bad transactions”, he may be flagged suspicious. This inverted direction of association makes the tolerances much, much easier for the terrorist hunter than for the credit card fraud algorithm. And actually, it can be made even easier; while the police may want to be certain about the individual, the counter-terrorism agency is more concerned with groups, and so can make the associations even stronger (with a mental note to be careful about selection bias) by combining results for groups of associates. Let’s see where this takes us with your example. We’ll use your probabilities (whilst noting that they are not so much “optimistic” as “plucked out of the air”, but that’s OK, this is all just for an example).
Assume one trillion possible indicators to sift through: that’s about ten events — e-mails, phone calls, purchases, web surfings, whatever — per person in the U.S. per day. No. It may flag one billion transactions as “possibly suspicious”, but at this point we haven’t gotten out of the inner join of the SQL query, never mind dumped a report on a policeman’s desk. To go on, at this point we need another parameter: let’s assume that our real terrorists repeat the suspicious activity each day. (Whether or not this is plausible would depend on the nature of the activity, which is totally hypothetical at this point. In any case, it doesn’t much affect the result unless the detected activity is so rare even for real terrorists that it effectively only occurs once every few years.) On the second day, our list of false alarms have been reduced to 1 million, while there is a 99% chance that every single one of the original true positives is still in the list. By day 3, we have 1,000 false alarms and a 98% chance that all the original true positives is still detected. To cut a long story short, by day 6 there is only a 1 in a million chance that any suspects on the list are false positives, while there is a 94% chance that all the true positives are still detected, thus not only detecting the ring but rounding up its entire membership.
This test could fail to yield positive information about the presence of the terrorist cell if the real terrorists performed the suspicious act very, very infrequently. But for it to actually drop to 0 information, they would need to do it at no higher rate than the background population (i.e, once per 1000 days, or two and three-quarters years) AND have the members of the cell otherwise unassociated and independent in the query to at least the same degree as is true in the background population. (Such a test would then indeed be useless, and it would be a very bad data minign session indeed to have suggested it.)
Conversely, if there is some other aspect of the query which enables them to be grouped before the query and independently of it, then this query is already so sensitive it is essentially impossible for them to evade detection, whilst the chance of false positives becomes “astronomically low”.
Umm, this isn’t true, Bruce. The very New York Times article you cite says most turned out to be false alarms (according to an anonymous source), but then lists no less than 9 persons operating within the US who have been arrested and charged with serious terrorism related offences, whom all sources agreed were originally identified solely as a result of the NSA program. It also cites a number of other positives which are “disputed” because they may have also been identified by other sources (but more on that in a moment). However duplication of some “hits” doesn’t exactly invalidate the program. It’s the non-overlaps that are more significant. So far, there are 9 “hits” developed by NSA that were missed by other means, vs. 0 hits developed by other means that were missed by NSA. So if you had to decide between “data mining” and “all other means” (which would be silly, there is no such dichotomy and the methods are actually complementary), it would be a clear win for data mining, scrap everything else.
Even then, there is room for considerable doubt about whether any of the items listed were developed by other means. The NYT says that “some” officials thought that “they had already learned of the plans through prisoner interrogations or other means”, but goes on to acknowledge that “because the program was a closely guarded secret, its role in specific cases may have been disguised or hidden even from key investigators.” It is of course standard practice in SIGINT to disguise sources of information. And in this case, it seems to have been especially prudent, since the FBI officers in question did indeed go on to betray their country by releasing classified information to a newspaper — information derogatory to a rival agency, publicised illegally and anonymously a few weeks before program budgetary hearings on Capitol Hill…
Jan Theodore Galkowski 10:24 PM
Roger, i’m skeptical the NSA system could be that proficient. what are they measuring? mere phone calls or emails? financial transactions? Web site postings? what if the means of communication are less technological? terrorists have been known to avoid using cell phones for precisely that reason. do they actually track social networks? provided how? by HUMINT?
also, at some point the information needs to come for interpretation to a person. they need to make judgment calls.
my personal concern is that such an apparatus can lull an administration into a false sense of security and, as well, into a sense that it is the best they can do. it is one way, one tool of pursuing counterterrorism. it’s not clear it is cost effective. it’s not a kind of a process that lends itself to Lagrangian precision. worse, because the logic of these data mining devices are themselves shrouded in secrecy, there is no way to independently assess how good or bad they are, or how distorted the results are because of bureacratic policy. someone can “betray their country” just as easily by setting aside laws which they are obligated to follow having longstanding traditions and interpretations. if there were an effective whistleblower mechanism within the intelligence services, extreme measures might not be needed. their whistleblower protections aren’t even as strong as those provided for people in the military. finally, if executives of all parties and stripes didn’t abuse secrecy to hide their dirty laundry, secrets might have greater respect. that happens all the time and is repeatedly abused, especially when the intelligence services want to hide the details of their operating budgets.
someone can also betray their country by pretending to provide it with a tool or device or capability which they advertise as being more potent than it is, yet accepting full funding and pay for it.
Jan Theodore Galkowski 10:27 PM
“…publicised illegally and anonymously a few weeks before program budgetary hearings on Capitol Hill…” it’s not clear the AIPAC determinations apply to that case. moreover, the Times may just as well had the motivation of waiting a year for publication to protect its sources, under the guess that a year old trail would be a lot more difficult for a vendetta-prone executive to follow.
(2) The system is used for something OTHER than searching for the actual terrorist (as we know it) incidents they claim they are chasing.
Point (1) may have been an option when it was publicly known as “TIA”. Now that they have hidden the program from the public, we know it cannot be for public perception purposes.
In considering point (2), consider the possibility that the number of “Incidents” is not 10, but (say) 10 million. By lowering the bar on incidents that they consider “worth examining”, the false positive issue becomes moot, largely reduced, and the “cost” is largely eliminated: the FBI (etc) agents are not running around chasing false leads, and the cost to civil liberties = 0, since it’s not their cost, it’s our cost. Thus, they would consider the system as being very viable, and worth pursuing, even if they have to surreptitiously slip it into hidden programs, away from public (and congressional) scrutiny.
The only question to be resolved then is “Exactly what level have they set as the trigger point for an “incident” worth profiling, and further scrutiny, or action?” My money’s on them euphemistically referring to those they are building profiles on as “Enemies of the State” – otherwise known as “Opponents of the current regime’s hedgemonic program”. In other words, me and you.
Jan Theodore Galkowski 10:54 PM
igjugarjuk, as one Air Force general illustrated military and aerospace thinking, “a weapons system that works is more militarily useful than one that doesn’t”. perhaps the same kind of thinking applies to intelligence gathering.
in other words, perhaps they really believe “It’s not whether we can detect and find them or not, it’s whether they think we can detect and find them”.
Then they are unlikely to be detected by SIGINT methods. Al Qaeda recognises this, and in the infamous training manual it recommended resorting to low tech methods rather than trying to outsmart the western SIGINT agencies. However, there are serious limitations to co-ordinating a global organisation by carrier pigeon.
that’s always been the weak point of SIGINT. Does who track social networks? I suspect most people do, unless they are hermits or autistic. If you are investigating a criminal organisation larger than two or three persons, you’re pretty well bound to make some kind of effort to work out who is who.
Depends what you mean by “judgement calls”. If you mean, take a guess based on inadequate information, then maybe, but probably not. Some of these sorts of information can be quite reliable, others less so. One beauty of it though, is that unlike most other sources it actually enables fairly accurate measurements of its own reliability.
remember, this intelligence apparatus mistook a Chinese embassay in the Balkans for a Serbian headquarters, making it the destiny of a precision bomb.
Huh? What makes you think NSA had anything to do with that? The official conclusion was that it was caused by someone using an out-dated map, i.e. nothing to do with NSA or any other covert intelligence agency. (The most popular, erm, unofficial conclusion is that it probably wasn’t an accident!) my personal concern is that such an apparatus can lull an administration into a false sense of security and,
So accurate intelligence is bad because it looks too good? Hmm. Firstly, that would be the failure of the person receiving it, not vice versa; and second, I suspect you have never had to endure intel reports if you think that even the lowliest moron is likely to regard them as infallible.
as well, into a sense that it is the best they can do.
Depends what you mean by “best” I suppose. Arguably SIGINT is the best form of intelligence collection, in that it is the least nasty. Plus, it is the most cost-effective. These two properties make it very attractive to politicians in democracies, and so it has perhaps been over-emphasised at precisely the time when the UKUSA partners have lost their dominance of the field.
Intelligence officers however realise that the best product is attained by the complementary usage of a variety of source types, even though use of HUMINT does mean that somewhere, somehow, someone is going to get it in the neck.
Absolutely. On the contrary, that is one of the few things that is clear. Every independent analysis of intelligence economics that has ever been done — and there have been many — shows that SIGINT is so far ahead of all alternatives in cost-effectiveness that it introduces the danger of the bean counters under-funding everything else to get more SIGINT. This is, indeed dangerous, because different forms of intelligence collection tend to be complementary.
it tends to appeal to people who like gizmos and technology.
No, in my experience it tends to appeal to politicians, because it is cheap, and involves much less risk of your people appearing on Al Jazeera with a scimitar at their necks.
People who like gizmos and technology, and are immature enough to let that influence their decisions, tend to like PHOTINT. (“Do you have any idea how many records the SR-71 still holds after 40 years!”) I have no idea what you mean by this. I understand several meanings of “Lagrangian”, none of which fit here.
worse, because the logic of these data mining devices are themselves shrouded in secrecy,
Devices? Erm, it’s just done on big computers. If you mean algorithms, no they aren’t at all secret, there is a great deal of open publication about the techniques. Individual results are usually kept secret, because they represent a tactical advantage which can be diminished if known by your enemies/competitors/beneficiaries.
Well, you know they caught more Al-Qaeda terrorists operating in the USA than were caught by everyone else put together.
one credit agency still lists me as living where i lived 10 years ago, despite my protests. they won’t change because they stupidly have a policy saying they won’t update the record with a new address.
Well, clearly they are idiots with contempt for their customers. I don’t see what it has to do with data mining though, except that they probably don’t do any.
i quote the New York Times from 16th December 2005: “The White House asked The New York Times not to publish this article, arguing that it could jeopardize continuing investigations and alert would-be terrorists that they might be under scrutiny. After meeting with senior administration officials to hear their concerns, the newspaper delayed publication for a year to conduct additional reporting. Some information that administration officials argued could be useful to terrorists has been omitted.”
Anonymous • March 10, 2006 5:24 AM
But it can be extremely effective tool.
Boris Kolar • March 10, 2006 5:25 AM
Data mining is a bit like Google. It’s not a magic box that will answer your question, but it will suggest where to start looking for an answer. And, like Google, it requires useful input. It won’t do well if you are looking for “something interesting”, but it may give very good results if you know what you are looking for.
I would prefer if data mining was not used, because privacy implications are enormous if the system is abused. I didn’t think you said this, I’m pointing out that the “mining” part of data mining throws out those trillions of uninteresting characteristics in favour of focusing on the thousands of interesting ones, then repeats.
That is after all the entire point/function/operation of the subject here.
You mention particular puchasing habits which are identifiable as suspect cc transactions which enable financial institutions to operate more economic data mining and followup investigations. Yet you make no consideration for such identifiable characteristics for what intelligence agencies are targetting.
Again, you are playing a handicapped field.
We all know you’ve researched more than enough on profiling people carrying out electronic and physical security crimes. Take some time out to read IntelCenter.com and SITEinstitute.org along with some researched accounts of actual perpetrators if you are going to do the same for a different bunch of criminals who have been very liberal in letting their expertise and methods walk out of Afghanistan into Pakistan and fly back to the english speaking world.
False dilema.. Fear is not binary, you cannot force me to choose between “uncontrollable fear” and fearless “Because if you actually are terrorfied by this then you’re the biggest factor in that result, not that visit from the FBI… that you didn’t get.”
We’re not talking about the same thing.. Do muliplicating false alarms in your neighbourhood seen on the news would make you have less fear?
IMHO many FBI visits for nothing won’t help very much, people may unfortunatly start to have less confidence and respect for them..
1) Bruce has a very interesting theory about the value of data mining. My question is: is there a way to test this theory? The decision making agendas of those who do is currently subject to debate.
2) Bruce talks alot about better tradeoffs — well and good. However, a comparison is only valid to compare two things. It makes no sense to evaluate only data-minings effectivness — we have to have something to which we can compare it to. Either we need a baseline number we’re willing to use (e.g. cost per death prevented = $1000) or we need an alternative proposal to which we can compare cost.
For the record my personal values set the price of civil liberties very high and intuitively I agree that we’re making a lot of bad tradeoffs. I’m trying to move my own thinking from intuition to somewhat rigorous logic.
“Take some time out to read IntelCenter.com and SITEinstitute.org along with some researched accounts of actual perpetrators …” i have. it’s a bunch of superficial statistics with pretty charts, or repeats of terrorist manuals, primarily a rehash of well-known threats and means of operation. there’s nothing of meaning there. past patterns or intensity of operations can’t be validly extrapolated to make specific predictions.
unfortunately, there’s nothing quite like HUMINT, even if it consists of highly paid informants whose information needs to be carefully vetted before being believed.
there is much IMO to be gained from careful and in-depth cooperation with major powers having deep HUMINT assets in the area, especially Russia, China, and France. we should be cultivating those relationships, not being callous about them, or even diminishing them.
If I’m reading you correctly, assuming a population of 250 million innocent people and 20 terrorists, your math here would indicate that you’re going to send a FBI/SWAT team to pick up 250 innocent people (1 out of every million) and 18.8 terrorists. If you’re off by an order of magnitude either way (easily done with guesstimates like this), that’s 2,500 innocent people and 1.9 terrorists. Investigating 2,501.9 people (or even 269) is pretty resource intensive.
Nobody talks about letting the government do these sorts of surveillance programs to stop armed robbery, in spite of the fact that more people have probably been killed in armed robberies than in all of the terrorist events in the U.S.
But, they might not, and any way you slice it you’re going to spend a lot of resources following up. Is this a worthwhile expenditure, given the potential results and the effects on the false positives?
And this:
Although your paragraph on this makes sense, in fact you’re talking about a profile that the terrorist fits. (example -> a bunch of the 9/11 guys took flying lessons. However, the Unabomber didn’t, and McVeigh didn’t. They had a common profile in that they all wanted to blow something up, but the effect of that profile on their transactions was vastly different).
“If bagging 1.9 terrorists enables you to capture the remaining 19.1, and by doing so you prevent another 9/11, this may be worth it. However, you may not actually halt the terrorist activity, you may not capture the remaining terrorists, and their planned activity may not have resulted any more deadly event than the north Hollywood bank robbery of a few years ago.” worse, the most deadly and devastating attacks against CONUS don’t require terrorist cells in place here. they simply require delivery from abroad.
a good estimate of the odds of a nuclear explosion (NOT a “dirty bomb”) in the United States during the next five years is 1-in-2 (50%). it would most likely kill 150000 outright, with 150000 more dying in the next couple of weeks from its consequences. (see my blog, at entry
The letter followed an NBC report focusing on the Defense Department’s Threat and Local Observation Notice, or TALON, report.
Acting Deputy Undersecretary of Defense Roger W. Rogalski’s letter came in reply to a memo from Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., who had demanded answers about the process of identifying domestic protesters as suspicious and removing their names when they are wrongly listed.
“The recent review of the TALON Reporting System … identified a small number of reports that did not meet the TALON reporting criteria. Those reports dealt with domestic anti-military protests or demonstrations potentially impacting DoD facilities or personnel,” Rogalski wrote on Wednesday.
“While the information was of value to military commanders, it should not have been retained in the Cornerstone database.”
Threats directed against Defense Department
In 2003, the Defense Department directed a little-known agency, Counterintelligence Field Activity (CIFA), to establish and “maintain a domestic law enforcement database that includes information related to potential terrorist threats directed against the Department of Defense.” Then-Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz also established TALON at that time.
The original NBC News report, from December, focused on a secret 400-page Defense Department document listing more than 1,500 “suspicious incidents” across the country over a 10-month period. One such incident was a small group of activists meeting in a Quaker Meeting House in Lake Worth, Fla., to plan a protest against military recruiting at local high schools.
In his Wednesday letter, Rogalski said such anomalies in the TALON database had been removed.
“They did not pertain to potential foreign terrorist activity and thus should never have been entered into the Cornerstone database. These reports have since been removed from the Cornerstone database and refresher training on intelligence oversight and database management is being given,” Rogalski wrote.
Rogalski said only 43 names were improperly added to the database, and those were from protest-related reports such as the Quaker meeting in Florida.
“All reports concerning protest activities have been purged,” the letter said.”
TALON reports provide “non-validated domestic threat information” from military units throughout the United States that are collected and retained in the Cornerstone CIFA database.
Nearly four dozen antiwar meetings listed
The Defense Department document provides an inside look at how the U.S. military has stepped up intelligence gathering since 9/11. The database includes nearly four dozen antiwar meetings or protests, including some that have taken place far from any military installation, post or recruitment center, according to NBC News’ Lisa Myers, who first wrote about the story in December.
Among those listed were a large antiwar protest in Los Angeles in March 2004 that included effigies of President Bush and antiwar protest banners, a planned protest against military recruiters in December 2004 in Boston, and a planned protest in April 2004 at McDonald’s National Salute to America’s Heroes – a military air and sea show in Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
The Fort Lauderdale protest was deemed not to be a credible threat, and a column in the database concludes: “U.S. group exercising constitutional rights.” Two-hundred and forty-three other incidents in the database were discounted because they had no connection to the Department of Defense – yet they all remained in the database.
The Department of Defense has strict guidelines (.PDF link ), adopted in December 1982, that limit the extent to which it can collect and retain information on U.S. citizens.
Still, the database includes at least 20 references to U.S. citizens or U.S. persons. Other documents obtained by NBC News show that the Defense Department is clearly increasing its domestic monitoring activities. One briefing document stamped “secret” concludes: “[W]e have noted increased communication and encouragement between protest groups using the Internet,” but no “significant connection” between incidents, such as “reoccurring instigators at protests” or “vehicle descriptions.”
Earlier domestic intelligence gathering
The military’s penchant for collecting domestic intelligence is a trend, Christopher Pyle, a former Army intelligence officer, told NBC News when the report was first broadcast.
During the Vietnam War, Pyle revealed the Defense Department monitored and infiltrated antiwar and civil rights protests in an article he published in the Washington Monthly in January 1970.
The public was outraged and a lengthy congressional investigation followed that revealed the military had conducted probes on at least 100,000 American citizens. Pyle got more than 100 military agents to testify that they had been ordered to spy on U.S. citizens – many of them antiwar protesters and civil rights advocates. In the wake of the investigations, Pyle helped Congress write a law placing new limits on military spying inside the U.S.
But Pyle said some of the information in the database suggests the military may be dangerously close to repeating its past mistakes.
“The documents tell me that military intelligence is back conducting investigations and maintaining records on civilian political activity. The military made promises that it would not do this again,” he said.
“And that’s just what has been exposed. Things like the secret-TIA activity is what’s below the water of this iceberg that is exposed by this article. Make no doubt about it: the enemy they see is US.” i agree that given this domestic monitoring power, the temptation to use it to identify and counter domestic enemies and opponents must be overwhelming. that is precisely why having such power without the controls of some court, is so damn wrong. that is why i personally believe, even if the publication of the program’s existence violates some narrow reading of secrecy law, under the circumstances, the people in the intelligence arms and counterintelligence who revealed the program’s details to The New York Times were perfectly correct in their actions. and The Times was right to publish.
i have followed secrecy in the United States for thirty years. it does far more damage than it helps.
well, PGP encryption can be used for email, at least the more personal email. also, you can also use Web-based email instead of direct POP or IMAP services, taking care to locate the servers for the email in other countries.
there is also the open source Tor project, which attempts to obstruct casual intercepts of communications by dynamically reallocating paths on the Internet used for communications. it implies a performance penalty, however.
Your comments on resistance pertain to the micro, individual level. Such may protect the individual, but a rising tide lifts all boats, and the overall situation will certainly continue to deteriorate whilst we few that are technically adept may be temporarily protected.
My question was aimed more at the macro situation. What can / is to be done when we are faced with political parties that are two sides of the same coin, both intent on doing the same harm (though perhaps at differing rates), given that Presidential Executive Orders over the last 25 years effectively preclude the sort of opposition to them that would be required to solve the problem, as per:
” We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. –That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, –That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. “ alerter • March 11, 2006 12:14 AM
Garbage-out information methodologies and operations have always invited abuse by those who wield state power and/or social authority.
“Law enforcement” at every level of government, in every country, have a long and ignoble track record of selective enforcement of laws that already on the books. From selective enforcement comes selective prosecutions and some successful prosecutions eventually prove to be wrong. None of this is apocryphal.
Now some people want to prime the “anti-terror” pump with massive data mining.
The high rates of false-positives from this data mining will provide excellent cover for the selective pursuit of a manageable subset of the mountain of investigatory leads. This huge ocean of “leads” will bring new meaning to the phrase, “the usual suspects.”
Any investigative overload will simply be prioritized according to a near limitless set of human biases that will reside outside of the data mining system itself.
(In the major metropolitan city in which I live, auto thefts are vary rarely investigated. Yes, police reports are taken. Sure, some vehicles do eventually turn up. But no officer investigates an auto theft, per se, unless there are other motivating factors, which are rare. That’s what happens when there are “too many” auto thefts and “not enough” officers on the auto theft detail.)
Increased scrutiny of select individuals/groups, under the cover of high false-positive generating anti-terror data mining leads, may turn up new circumstantial information that might take a confirmed anti-terror false-positive investigation into the realm of a potentially false-positve (non-terror) criminal investigation. There is no wall of seperation between anti-terror and anti-crime (although those who are accused of crimes may enjoy a few more legal protections than those accused of terrorism).
“Honest and innocent” persons might eventually be vindicated, but some of them will be pushed and pulled through wringers of investigatory scrutiny that will not make any one of us one bit safer from terrorism or crime.
Data mining for terrorists and terror plots is not much better than relying on clairvoyance to read people’s minds. Going either route takes us down a deep and dark hole… geoff • March 12, 2006 4:57 AM
For those who doubt Bruces analysis there is one question to be answered. If the threat level is high and undirected data-mining works, where are the arrests and convictions?
Discouraging a potential terrorist with a whispered “We know what you are planning” doesn’t eliminate the problem; you just make them more careful. Locking terrorists up after a trial is the only way to reduce the threat.
Sorry, you were not reading me correctly. The calculation does not indicate that one out of a million people will be falsely suspected, it indicates that there is only 1 chance in a million that even ONE person will be falsely suspected. In any case, the falsely suspected persons will not be automatically arrested, they will be added to a list of possible suspects, along with some annotation about how strong or weak that suspicion may be. An investigator will then take additional investigative steps (or not) depending on the strength of the evidence and the resources available.
Absolutely; but I was simply using Bruce’s own figures, which are not even guesstimates so much as “for examples”. Bruce showed that the supposedly optimistic “for example” figures give lousy results — but only if you use them incorrectly. I was showing that the exact same figures, if used correctly, can give extra-ordinarily precise resolution. Resolution so fine, in fact, that it in this case it WOULD be sufficient to justify immediately applying for a warrant, but that still would not happen; in order to protect the SIGINT resource, you would still have to perform a conventional investigation to develop enough unclassified material to justify a warrant.
A real test is probably unlikely to give such extreme precision, but one of the beauties of data mining is that it doesn’t just identify possible tests you hadn’t previously noted, it also gives quite good measures of its own accuracy and precision. That is, the output isn’t “terrorists use Casio watches”, but more like “if you plug the following thirty parameters into the following formula, it will identify persons as terrorist/non-terrorist with a false negative rate of 50% and a false positive rate of 10^-12” (actually, the output is usually even more complex).
This one sentence contains quite a wealth of points that I feel need to be addressed. First and foremost, data mining is not a surveillance program. It is an analytical technique. To the extent that it might be used to detect terrorists or stop armed robbers, we are not talking about more surveillance, but more effective use of existing surveillance — and possibly even reducing surveillance by identifying some forms as not being useful for crime prevention. It still has civil liberties implications if there exist current sources of surveillance data that have historically been permitted because they were regarded as unusable, but have recently been rendered usable by more powerful analytical methods. But frankly, I don’t think that all that many things fall into that category; on the contrary, the usual tendency has been to exaggerate effectiveness by assuming that once data has been collected, the analysis will be almost perfect and will be able to extract every possible nuance of meaning from it. This is of course completely untrue (if you’ve ever worked in a large scale data processing environment, you know that probably around 90% of all data collected is never analysed at all!), but it makes for a reasonable, conservative assumption on which to base a safe level of oversight — at least for compact data sources that are easily stored. This is because even if they will not be analysed now, they may be eventually. (The assumption is not so reasonable for very bulky data sources, such as video footage, because the overwhelming majority of this data is not even retained except in the event of recording a crime.)
The second point is that your assumption that data mining techniques are not used in the case of crimes other than law enforcement, such as armed robbery, is completely wrong. It is used, and quite a lot. In fact it is far more commonly used by conventional law enforcement than in counter-terrorism. The biggest law enforcement usage is probably against white collar crime and organised crime, but in some agencies it even finds usage in such lowly matters as helping to digest police patrol reports to best plan the next day’s foot and car patrols. The particular commercial toolsets currently being marketed under the name of data mining are relatively new, but broadly similar techniques, and similar but slightly more specialised tools, have been used by bureaux of police intelligence for a long time.
The third point is that the argument “threat X kills more people than threat Y, therefore we need to concentrate on threat X” is one of my pet peeves in security analysis. I personally call it “the bean counter fallacy”: the usage of techniques designed for inanimate or unreactive data sources against an intelligent and malicious opponent. You usually hear it in the form “we spent more money on the night watchman’s salary than we lost from burglary, so it is not economical to keep a night watchman.” To do that we need to better understand how the opponent is likely to react to some of our possible actions. Unfortunately the genuinely scientific way to approach this sort of question is often not practicable or ethical, so it often comes down to argument from opinion.
I’m not saying that these sorts of activities may result in halting an individual terrorist event. Sure, they might.
Data mining is not a method for issuing warrants. It is a method for answering questions of the type you just posed.
But your data mining project is based not on the profile of the terrorist, but analyzing transactions.
Even if terrorists do fit a good profile, each may or may not exhibit behavior that matches a common profile of behavior.
A good point; it is a practical certainty, I would think, that a model used to detect an Al Qaeda operation is unlikely to be as sensitive to, say, a right wing militia operation — if it is sensitive to the latter at all. So you will probably develop different models for each of your top two or three threats. Note also, by the way, that the counter-terrorism investigator (unlike the law enforcement officer) is usually more concerned with reliably detecting groups rather than individuals, because groups are usually far more destructive. But this gives the investigator a lot more lee-way; if I have a profile which fails utterly to detect all the local, US born recruits in a cell, but does detect the foreign born agent who recruited and trained them, that is still a good lead which may unravel the whole organisation. And even if I can’t unravel the whole organisation, removing a few key individuals may be sufficient to disrupt its operations.
The same NYT article I was citing, which Bruce linked to as the subject of his previous blogging on this issue. It doesn’t state it explicitly — their intention seems to have been to spin the matter in the opposite direction — so one has to apply a little reading comprehension.
actually, the Times did. they were informed of the source a year before it was disclosed.
Indeed it seems they did. Mea culpa, my error.
you yourself accused them of waiting until just before budget deliberations regarding the program started in Congress.
No, I didn’t, not the NYT; I believe the NYT had the highest of motives in publishing it once they had the story. I was questioning the motives of the anonymous sources who gave the NYT the story. I still do so. They illegally gave classified information to a newspaper, “spun” in a manner as derogatory as possible to a program of a rival agency. But when you carefully analyse the “scoop” they gave to the paper, they had nothing of substance, and there was no whistle to blow to justify such a serious act. The two key points of “whistle blowing” — that the program was of doubtful legality, and that it wasted resources by producing few success — are both effectively kyboshed by their own answers to the NYT’s questions.
Questioning someone’s motives is of course generally not a valid technique in argument; it is called the fallacy of “argumentum ad hominem”, because the validity of an argument is independent of the motives of the person who presents it. However there is one occasion on which argumentum ad hominem is valid, and that — assessing the reliability of a sole source for information, rather than argument — is exactly what occurs in this case.
Can we in some way measure the current reality of data mining to see if the numbers match Bruce’s model? Unfortunately the public (meaning me, at least) doesn’t have enough visibility into the actual data to make this decision. To clarify, of course you mean “use of data mining to detect terrorist plots”. Data mining in general is a well established discipline, the validity of which is fairly easy to assess. Bruce’s argument is that while it clearly does work in other applications, including applications in which it is attempting to detect hostile agencies which are strongly motivated to conceal their activities, nevertheless there are special characteristics of terrorism which make data mining non-effective for this particular purpose.
Not really. To determine the absolute success level of data mining in detecting terrorists or terrorist plots, you would first need to detect 100% of the terrorists by other means so you could compare results. This is obviously not a feasible experiment. However, you can certainly determine, or rather estimate, relative effectiveness by comparing successes from data mining programs to those from other resources. However, doing so rather undermines Bruce’s arguments because in comparison to the alternatives data mining based programs have been more successful than most alternatives, not less, and the ones that have supposedly offered results somewhere in the same ballpark of effectiveness are far more dubious ethically, not less.
An interesting proposal, and one well worth doing — but exceedingly complicated. It would be worth a master’s thesis at least, I would think.
Yes, data mining doesn’t look particularly good, but what’s better? (That’s a question, not a challenge.)
I don’t think even that is true. Data mining does look good. In fact the real problem is that it looks to be so effective, it is a frightening to some.
For the record I also set a high price on civil liberty, but given that we mostly seem to agree that the authorities need to have some sort of investigative power, I find it absolutely bizarre that use of data mining should be seen as more intrusive than the alternatives, rather than much, much less intrusive. We are not talking about new surveillance programs, we are talking about making better use of data they already have, and probably even cutting back on some surveillance programs which prove not to be a good trade off. And we are not talking about squandering government money on pie in the sky schemes, we are talking about methods which inherently assess their own value and discard the useless parts, or at least allow citizens or their representatives to make better informed choices. And we aren’t talking about something radical or new, we are talking about refinements of techniques which have been used in government for decades now, and by now are used by hundreds of government departments and thousands of businesses — mostly for non-law enforcement purposes, but including dozens of law enforcement programs.
This isn’t to say that such programs are risk free and don’t require any sort of oversight. The most obvious risk is that a data source may have been collected historically on the understanding that it wasn’t practicable to abuse it, and now it can be abused. The most obvious example is credit card transactions, logs of which are now being blatantly abused by marketers. So some oversight is required. But more intelligent analysis, which is what data mining is fundamentally about, is inherently much, much less harmful than the alternatives.
to the extent to which those parameters are supposed to be typical of the kinds of data mining being done, i do not for a second believe them. first of all, it is extraordinarily rare for probability of detection and probability of false alarm not to be within the same order of magnitude. second, the precision is limited by the number of candidates. surely it is meaningless to have a probability of anything which is less than 10^-8. third, i’d like to see a detailed calculation of how these are arrived at, using fictitious criteria if necessary but relevant and plausible ones. i bet it’s done wrong. calculations of statistical power in these cases are not that easy, especially since the distributions of the parameters are never going to be Gaussian. hopefully, too, they’re doing Bayesian decision theory, not Neymann-Pearson. fourth, even if an algorithm had a theoretical precision of that degree, their incoming data is not that precise. the accuracy depends upon the accuracy of given data as well as the algorithm.
look, the Bureau of Justice Statistics does not even collect accurate figures for annual number homicides in the United States. i’ve tracked that down, trying to resolve a discrepancy in reporting of homicides between the National Center for Health Statistics, where county pathologists report in, and the FBI’s CJS. i finally spoke with an assistant head of CJS who admitted that CJS depends upon voluntary reporting by sheriffs and there is no independent check on the accuracy they provide.
if indeed something as fundamental as counting number of murders goes awry and isn’t reliable, there’s all the more opportunity for reports provided from subjctive sources to have spin, suspicion, and political motivations.
finally, relating to the NYT outing of the NSA domestic intelligence business, there are a number of aspects of your argument and the administration’s justification which just don’t make sense. from the side of the secrecy business, including sources overseas, a lot of the unhappiness regarding the program comes not only from Congress but from intelligence professionals themselves who have been trained to apply their skills to foreign sources. furthermore, i don’t for a second believe the “one side a foreign connection” explanation offered by BushCo because that kind of NSA surveillence was done routinely during the Cold War without the need for special court approvals. (Soviet agents obviously wouldn’t phone home to Moscow. they’d use calls through U.S. allies like the UK. those were always monitored.) given BushCo’s clamping down hard on and slapping the heads of people who go against policy in relatively innocent realms like climate change science — or for that matter shooting buddies on hunting trips — things that are said and leak out in more serious areas are very likely to be fragmentary and distorted. i just don’t believe them.
they are using secrecy which is supposed to protect information which if revealed “would do grave damage to the United States” to protect their fragile asses.
IMO, diversion of the NSA in this manner and failure to follow the law is an impeachable offense. and this is all the more reason why the secrecy laws ought to be amended to read that practice of classifying information without detailed justification ought be susceptible to prosecution as a federal felony.
so, what are the odds that on any given day someone in a list of 200000 will do something that will trigger suspicion? whether or not more than one suspicious act triggers on a given day, the likelihood of such random triggers is proportional to the number of suspicious acts they are screened for, as well as the number of people on the list.
hey, you can be certain you’ve got the terrorists on your list if you just put everyone in the world on it. this is akin to forecasting “rain” every day (or “sunny”) no matter what the evidence says. you’re bound to be right at least the percentage of time it rains (or doesn’t). this could be a real win in Seattle (or Tuscon).
Absolutely, and to be proper we should be talking about data collection as the primary problem (rather, the issue to which I take exception), not the analyzation techniques. Of course, you have to have the data to mine and you have to get the data from some source. When I use the term “surveillance”, I’m referring to the government going out and sucking up as much data as they can get their hands on, from Google/Yahoo’s search requests, to Amazon’s buy lists, etc. under the assumption that the more data they have, the better. As you yourself point out, a vast majority of this data is going to be unanalyzed for/by any offical purpose.
But now the data exists in a central location, it’s been compiled and collated and organized and normalized. Data may be cheap to store, but there are definite costs to the compilation, collation, organization, and normalization, especially when the sources of the data have their own databases with their own business rules, etc. Plus you have to have a facility to analyze this data, and security around the facility. All of this costs money. In addition, the data itself, in this highly normalized form, represents a potential for abuse by unauthorized parties.
enforcement, such as armed robbery, is completely wrong.
Actually, this wasn’t what I was trying to say (although I can see the implication)… I’m sure the Treasury and the SEC in particular have data mining programs. However, they’re looking at the data that is directly correlated to the crimes they investigate. What I’m saying is that Total Information Awareness (the gathering of the data) wouldn’t be regarded as a suitable tool for tracking down lesser crimes, in spite of the fact that those lesser crimes probably have a much greater impact than terrorism.
in security analysis. I personally call it “the bean counter fallacy”
I agree this is dangerous ground. A better way to approach any security situation is, “Threat X has this A cost, this probability of occurance H, and these possible countermeasures with N, M, O cost. Threat Y has this B cost, with this probability of occurance I, with these possible countermeasures with P, Q, S cost. We want to protect ourselves from X and Y as best as we possibly can with reasonable countermeasure cost.”
A and B are hard to measure, because you’re not just talking about people being killed, but economic impact, citizen safety, confidence in societal stability, etc.
a night watchman.” The conclusion might or might not be correct, but it certainly doesn’t follow from the premise.
Right. A correct analysis would be something like, “We spent more money on the night watchman than we could possible lose from some incident occuring that would have been circumvented by the presence of a night watchman, so it is not economical to keep a night watchman”. In the first case, you are only comparing relative cost of an event that has occurred, in the second you are comparing relative costs of events that can occur.
i need to correct or qualify something i wrote above. in fact, i was mistaken. there is a component of this in the secrecy law now.
the secrecy statutes explicitly prohibit using markings of classification to conceal embarrassing, illegal or inefficient agency actions. it is suspected this is part of the motivation for increasing a category of “sensitive but unclassified information”, a category which is regulated by an incoherent mishmash of administrative policy and which does not provide for such safeguards.
I agree with Joe Buck. TIA programs are not about “terrorists” any more than the Iraq war is about Al Queda.
The NSA DOES KNOW the elementary statitistics, they are not stupid. What they are after is a nice list of common hits, the people opposed to the current regime. Leadership of this common group is still common and easily profiled. And if several false hits are stuffed into the black hole of a Gitmo when the roundup of 100,000 “traitors” comes, who cares… See you in the Gulag!
cjh • May 3, 2006 9:37 AM
Your article is truly timely and covers a subject matter needed for today’s environment.
Afer 9/11 it has become evident our methods of info gathering needed a drastic change. As with any new venture, it takes time to accumulate info, decipher meaning, determine the hoax from the truth and develop a method of tracking any and all data.
We must realize that terrorist and their plans of attack are not as clear cut as a made to television movie or a multi-million dollar Hollywood production.
It takes time to cultivate the info, research the possible senerios, decuss the probables with intelligent people who have experience in such matters. We cannot expect info to pop up out of the ground or be presented in a box with pretty paper. It is a process of effort, sweat, tears and yes, life-threatening.
The expense of data-mining may be high to most, but I would rather have my tax money spent in this manner than wasted on assisting people who are disrespectful of th US and are holding this nation hostage for welfare. We have too much fraud,waste and abuse from individuals who invade this country.. I think we should consentrate on preventing the abuse and horror that has and will again beset this Nation.
Unfortunately, a majority of people will and have dismissed this gathering of vital information as a negative disregard of privacy… they fail to realize we are living in a time in history that cannot go softly into the night. We must be fully aware of every possible breach in society from whatever source.
Looking back in our History, (hind site is 20/20)– we have been had many times because the SYSTEM did not allow a full and open review of a potential situation. The results were compromising and caused the US great harm. Are we willing to take such chances again in the future and allow a few narrow-minded special interest groups prevent us from taking a stand against people who do us harm just because CIVIL RIGHTS will be violated! TERRORISTS and INVADERS DO NOT HAVE CIVIL RIGHTS in the United States of America.
I for one encourage any form of data retrieval and how it is used to eliminate any attempt to attack the USA and its citizens.
Rick • July 15, 2006 3:39 PM
I don't disagree with the statistics argument, I just have a different viewpoint. First of all though, we must get to the definition of the term "monitoring". If you think that the term means examining the content and I think that it just means noting the termini and duration of communications sessions, then we need go no further; my belief from reading is that the telecommunications switching (and possibly the IP counterparts) records provide only the latter and my analogy deals with that data set.
Consider that the ancient Greeks knew the planets were different than the stars (hence the name). How did they know? By observing visible light over a long period (many data points) they saw changes in relationships for these few entities compared to the many others. It did nothing to help them understand the nature of either, just that they were different. Comets were observed and recognized as being different than either of these because of the briefer time they appeared, the motion through the sky was different and the changing intensity. It was only as technology improved that effort to examine specific objects of interest allowed learning about these bodies. Of course, technology has also expanded in other ways (radioastronomy) that allowed us to "see" things in the sky that the ancients would never have dreamed were there. It was only with more directed observation and better tools that we learned of the myriad of star classes, binary sytems, and what is truly unique about the nearer stars.
By analysis of the telecommunications switching records the NSA has developed a way to observe the telecommunications world in the way that the ancients used visible light to see what is "permanent" and what is transient in the night sky. It does not mean NSA knows any more about the classes of entities that they use to describe what they are seeing ( what do they call them: clusters, families, hubs-and-spokes?). The citizens' worry is what additional methods the government could bring to bear on entities they choose to study an entity and when does each cross the Constitutional line of "unreasonable" search; the adversaries' worry is that they have invited any such scrutiny, regardless of technology.
Do the adversaries expend effort to remain obscure? Does the government apply this new-found knowledge for follow-up within legal boundaries? These are questions whose answers can help us determine the effectiveness of the program; the conundrum is that we ought not have the discussion in public because it helps the adversary with his planning, but we are not comfortable that platitudes from the government mean the right path is being followed. The cry is "I want to know ! Yes, there are reasons not to tell some people - but I am not one of those people and I can keep a secret." But it is a Faustian bargain to have representative government - you don't have to hear all of the details but to don't get to hear all of the details. | https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/03/data_mining_for.html/ |
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For the last week we've been tracking rumors about a new vulnerability in SSL. This specific vulnerability, which was just announced, targets SSLv3. The vulnerability allows an attacker to add padding to a request in order to then calculate the plaintext of encryption using the SSLv3 protocol. Effectively, this allows an attacker to compromise the encryption when using the SSLv3 protocol. Full details have been published by Google in a paper which dubs the bug POODLE (PDF).
Generally, modern browsers will default to a more modern encryption protocol (e.g., TLSv1.2). However, it's possible for an attacker to simulate conditions in many browsers that will cause them to fall back to SSLv3. The risk from this vulnerability is that if an attacker could force a downgrade to SSLv3 then any traffic exchanged over an encrypted connection using that protocol could be intercepted and read.
In response, CloudFlare has disabled SSLv3 across our network by default for all customers. This will have an impact on some older browsers, resulting in an SSL connection error. The biggest impact is Internet Explorer 6 running on Windows XP or older. To quantify this, we've been tracking SSLv3 usage.
SSLv3 Usage Stats
Across our network, 0.09% of all traffic is SSLv3. For HTTPS traffic, 0.65% across our network uses SSLv3. The good news is most of that traffic is actually attack traffic and some minor crawlers. For real visitor traffic, today 3.12% of CloudFlare's total SSL traffic comes from Windows XP users. Of that, 1.12% Windows XP users connected using SSLv3. In other words, even on an out-of-date operating system, 98.88% Windows XP users connected using TLSv1.0+ — which is not vulnerable to this vulnerability.
Beyond human browser traffic, some crawlers default to SSLv3. The largest crawler we see defaulting to SSLv3 is Pingdom's. [Added Oct 15, 2014: The original statement is true. However, Pingdom's crawler appropriately tests with TLS if SSLv3 is not available, and always has, so there's no impact to availability monitoring. Apologies for any confusion on this point. Original text follows, but their crawler has and does support HTTPS over other protocols.] Pingdom is a CloudFlare partner. We alerted them to this issue and are actively working with them to ensure that their crawler will support HTTPS over a protocol other than SSLv3.
Overriding the Default
Since some of CloudFlare's customers may prioritize broad browser support over the risk posed by this vulnerability, we have enabled an option for Business and Enterprise customer where users can enable SSLv3 if they see errors. You will find this option on the Security Settings page of CloudFlare's control panel within the next 24 hours. Unless you have a specific reason to enable SSLv3, we strongly recommend at this time you leave it disabled.
Going forward, we are studying the vulnerability and believe we may be able to mitigate the risk SSLv3 in such a way to provide support for older browsers while reducing the risk of this vulnerability. Google's BoringSSL fork of OpenSSL has protection against downgrading of SSL connections (see IETF post on Fallback SCSV). We believe this will eliminate the largest risk posed by this vulnerability. While this won't protect IE6 connections, it will protect an attacker from forcing a modern browser to downgrade its SSL connection to SSLv3 and thereby being vulnerable.
We are continuing to track this vulnerability as news breaks. We will update this post as we have more information.
We protect entire corporate networks, help customers build Internet-scale applications efficiently, accelerate any website or Internet application, ward off DDoS attacks, keep hackers at bay, and can help you on your journey to Zero Trust.
Visit 1.1.1.1 from any device to get started with our free app that makes your Internet faster and safer.
To learn more about our mission to help build a better Internet, start here. If you're looking for a new career direction, check out our open positions. | https://blog.cloudflare.com/sslv3-support-disabled-by-default-due-to-vulnerability/?ref=troyhunt.com |
The Coronavirus pandemic has had a severe impact on business operations around the world. This is forcing companies to shift from organised and secure office-based work to a sudden move to employees working from home.
We believe that the rapid move to remote working for many organisations has created a number of security and confidentiality issues which could cause significant problems in the future.
Increased risks from phishing emails or malware attacks, are happening on a global scale.
These can lead to personal data leakage or even a data breach. Equally, employees’ use of own devices, without proper security measures in place, are highly likely to cause data security problems.
Accordingly, this creates challenges for employers around data security and confidentiality, especially where personal information and confidential business information is processed by employees in remote working situations.
Unsurprisingly, the important next stage for employers, is to review the responses from the Assessments to ensure data security standards remain high even when employees work from home.
Employers should consider areas such as employees’ use of home wifi, new technology they may be using and if they use their own devices.
Data Protection when Working from Home: Why this matters
In order for employers to do their best in adhering to their legal responsibilities, these Assessments are an essential tool to achieve this.
Not only are the legal requirements relating to the general data protection regulations (GDPR) included in the Assessment, but by completing it, employees are attesting to their Home Working Practises.
Therefore employers can better understand whether employees have appropriate IT security and data handling procedures in place. For employees who are processing personal data, sensitive data and any other confidential data while working from home, good working practises are mandatory.
Understand what you need to do and how
Knowing that you need to improve security measures is easy to identify. What is harder to solve is how this will be achieved.
The good news is there are many solutions on the market. The not so good news is that it can be time consuming and overwhelming to find the right solution for your business.
Get in touch
At Data Protection 4 Business we work with technology solution providers who can quickly assess the best solutions for your needs.
Whether this is Cyber Security or Network Security or enhanced Security for existing systems. We have the skills and resources to help.
If you would like to find out more, contact us to see how we can help. Or fill out our online form below!
We use the data submitted below to respond to your enquiry only. | https://www.dpo4business.co.uk/data-protection-working-home/ |
AVG Antivirus has a broad variety of options to shield your computer out of viruses. They have many reliability tools, together with a behavior protect, mail face shield, file cover, and Wi fi inspector. It may also help you defend your personal privacy with a pass word manager and can scan your entire network. It also has a browser off shoot called SafePrice that enables one to block malevolent sites with out leaving any traces.
If you want a basic yet powerful antivirus, therefore AVG No cost Antivirus is a right choice for you personally. It works upon Windows, Macintosh OS, iOS, and Android os devices. It gives you virus scanning services and real-time updates. For a few dollars a month, you can even upgrade to Avira Outstanding, which offers functions like encryption of web browsing data.
Most absolutely free antivirus courses lack important security features and are inadequately designed. Furthermore, they are generally disguised malwares that only affects Windows users. Premium antiviruses provide better customer support, which includes phone, email, https://borntobeblazing.com/technology/bitdefender-vs-avast-which-one-should-you-use/ and live chat. They also offer parental adjustments and impair storage. A totally free antivirus system must give a good consumer experience, intuitive features, and decent customer support to be noticeable.
Avast No cost Antivirus even offers a passive mode, which in turn automatically kicks in when ever another anti virus is mounted. Unaggressive mode disables active coverage and current scanning. Similarly, Windows Defensive player Antivirus is a free program, which has turn into one of the best free antivirus programs.
The contents of the Project Rosie website are for information purposes only. The content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
In no event shall Project Rosie or Protect Life Michigan be responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on the content of the Project Rosie website.
We strongly recommend that you seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.” | https://projectrosie.com/avg-antivirus-assessment/ |
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These contractors are strictly obliged to protect your personal data and may not process your personal data for any other purpose than to provide our services. Your personal data will only be passed on to regular business service providers such as banks (in case of money transfers to you), tax consultants (if they are part of our accounting department), shipping service providers (in case of shipments to you), etc.
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IP addresses are anonymised. These anonymised IP addresses are deleted after 60 days. Directory protection user information is anonymised after one day. Error logs that protocol page view errors are deleted after seven days. These include, depending on the error, the accessing IP and visited website.
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This website uses Google Analytics, a web analytics service provided by Google Inc. ("Google"), 1600 Amphitheater Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA (”Google“) on the legal basis of overriding legitimate interest (website usage analysis). We have entered into a contract with Google for the processing of data. When you visit our website, a connection to Google servers is established via software and data is transmitted to Google servers, some of which are located in the USA. Google Analytics also uses cookies to store information about the website user and to analyse the use of the website by website users.
This website uses the “IP-Anonymisation” function. As a result, your IP address will be truncated and anonymised by Google within the area of Member States of the European Union or other parties to the Agreement in the European Economic Area. Only in exceptional cases, is the complete IP address transmitted to a Google server in the USA and shortened there. According to Google, Google will use this information to evaluate use of this website, to compile reports on website activity, and to provide other services regarding website activity and Internet usage for the website operator.
Google may also transfer this data to third parties if this is required by law, or if third parties process this data on behalf of Google. Detailed information on the handling of user data at Google Analytics can be found in the Google data protection declaration www.google.com/intl/de/policies/privacy/ or support.google.com/analytics/answer/6004245.
Disable Google Analytics
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You have the right to object to the processing of your personal data for the purpose of direct marketing. In the event of an objection, your personal data will no longer be processed for the purpose of direct marketing.
Furthermore, you have the right to file a formal complaint with the supervisory authority (Austrian Data Protection Authority, Wickenburggasse 8, 1080 Vienna [email protected]).
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This website uses Facebook Pixel, a web analysis service from Facebook Ireland Limited, 4 Grand Canal Square, Dublin 2, Ireland (“Facebook”) based on the legal foundation of predominant legitimate interest (analysis of website use). We have concluded a data processing contract with Facebook. Some of the data is transferred to the USA. Data transfer within the USA is performed on the basis of the privacy shield.
When accessing our website, a connection is established with the Facebook servers via software and data is sent to these Facebook servers, some of which are located in the USA. Facebook Pixel also uses cookies for storing information about website users and analysing their use of the website.
According to information from Facebook, it uses the collected data to evaluate use of the website, create reports on website activities and perform other services connected with the website use and internet use.
Facebook will also only transmit this information to third parties if this is prescribed by law or if third parties process this data on behalf of Facebook.
Detailed information on how Facebook handles user data can be found in the data protection statement https://www.facebook.com/privacy/explanation.
Remarketing tags from the social network Facebook, 1601 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA are integrated into our website. When you visit our pages, a direct connection is created between your browser and the Facebook server via the remarketing tags. This provides Facebook with the information that you visited our website with your IP address. Facebook can then assign your visit to our pages to your user account. We can use the information obtained in this way for displaying Facebook ads. We would like to point out that we, as the website operator, have no knowledge about the content of the transferred data and its use by Facebook.
Further information can be found here in the Facebook data protection statement.
If you do not want your data to be recorded via Custom Audience, you can deactivate it here. | https://www.kendler.at/en/service/data-protection-declaration/ |
The process of identifying, analyzing and accepting or taking measures to reduce risks is called risk management. Students learn to analyze the potential losses or risks involved with an investment and subsequently take the proper action. Universities in Turkey provide either two or four years of education for undergraduate studies, while graduate programs last a minimum of two years. There are aro… Read more
There are around 820 higher education institutions in Turkey including 76 universities with a total student enrollment of over 1 million. The quality of education at the Turkish universities varies greatly, some providing education and facilities on par with internationally renowned schools.
Master of Arts in Audit and Risk Management, the first post-graduate program that brings a holistic approach to the fields of auditing and risk management, is offered directly ... +
Master of Arts in Audit and Risk Management, the first post-graduate program that brings a holistic approach to the fields of auditing and risk management, is offered directly by the Interdisciplinary Audit and Risk Management Department within the Institute of Social Sciences. -
No programs meet your search criteria. Please refine your filters.
Browse thousands of graduate degrees from around the world.
MASTERSTUDIES makes it easy for graduate students to find the right degree. Use our website to find information about degrees and career paths from around the world and speak directly with admissions officers at the schools and universities that interest you. | https://www.masterstudies.com/MA/Risk-Management/Turkey/ |
We are recognized as the most experienced Supplier in India for offering a wide collection of Access Control Solutions. In the fields of actual security and data security, access control is the specific limitation or restriction to a place or other asset, while access to the managers represents the communication. Access control is a principal part of information security that directs who’s authorized to access and use business information and resources. Search from a Vigotechnology.in a variety of safety and security devices online and add your home or workplace with the best quality security gear online sourced from the most tracked brands. Look over various security instruments online, like Sensors, Hooters, and Signals, GPS trackers, Access Control Frameworks, against burglary Locking Gadgets, CCTV cameras and adornments, Safes, and Security Alerts.
Our Vigotechnology.in focused on innovative companies with all security and safety equipment requirements with excellent performance, easy portability, and low cost.
Security and privacy are two sides of the same coin. You can’t have privacy without security and vice versa.
Security as a topic has continued to rise in popularity in the recent couple of years, and it comes as a no surprise. | https://vigotechnology.in/services/access-control/ |
There is actually no free test, and also you only obtain a fairly stingy 7-day money-back warranty (CyberGhost and Hotspot Cover give you forty five times, very most other VPNs supply thirty day.) Payment procedures are actually limited to card as well as PayPal just. The company made use of to offer Bitcoin and also various other possibilities, however certainly not any type of even more. Although our team have some little concerns listed below, IPVanish provides its own plannings plainly and in all honesty.
You don’t drop the right to a reimbursement if you’ve browsed through even more than x opportunities, as an example, or even used much more than y GIGABYTES of records. If you are actually dissatisfied, seek a refund within the 1st seven days and you’ll acquire your loan back, no doubt asked. IPVanish secures your personal privacy with file encryption and also secure process (Photo credit history: IPVanish) IPVanish safeguards your privacy with its use rock-solid, industry-standard AES-256 shield of encryption, as well as its own support for the strongly safe process, OpenVPN and IKEv2.The IPVanish apps go even more by offering you an unique degree of command over their OpenVPN create.
Each of the DNS crack tests we conducted showed that IPVanish failed to leak any one of our details (Photo debt: ProxyRack) The Windows client gives a kill change, DNS and also IPv6 crack security to lower the possibility that your actual identification will be actually revealed online, for instance if the VPN relationship decreases.
You can easily then usually leave behind the VPN to switch on its own on as well as off as needed, keeping your personal privacy in any way times. To affirm the solution truly does maintain your identity, we examined for water leaks at internet sites consisting of IPleak, DNS leakage exam as well as Do I crack. None of the exams disclosed any type of concerns, with the applications covering our genuine IP address whatsoever opportunities.
Whatever the tale listed here, it’s more confirmation that VPN logging claims can not constantly be actually depended on. The heading “zero logging” exhibits on the web site won’t essentially be reflected in company practice. Performs that essentially imply you should prevent IPVanish, though? Our company will claim certainly not. The logs were actually entrusted under the previous monitoring.
This doesn’t at all promise your protection, but our experts still presume StackPath’s social pledges have more body weight than the website advertising and marketing initiatives of a lot of different VPNs, where in some instances you can not even inform that possesses the business. Customers shouldn’t must depend on any person’s zero-logging pledges, certainly.
With any luck IPVanish – et cetera of the business – are going to perform the very same. SpeedTest through Ookla is just one of the solutions we used to test IPVanish’s performance (Photo credit rating: Ookla) Analyzing the efficiency of a VPN takes some time and job, so our company utilized a number of tests and approaches to find what IPVanish could possibly perform.
Our company had the ability to accessibility all web servers, as well as our connection opportunities were a competent 6-8 seconds. Motorola Encryption. (Some VPNs may be a little bit of faster, yet other use up to two times as long.) Ping opportunities were within the expected variation, and also our geolocation inspections recommended that all our test web servers were actually in the anticipated areas.
Scan the web site and also you’ll at some point find its Services page, but that’s limited to reasonably vulnerable sites such as Sling TELEVISION, Spotify and also YouTube. Performs this method IPVanish does not possess a lot to boast about? Our iPlayer examinations appeared to verify that, as none of the UK hosting servers obtained our team gain access to, a replay of what our company discovered throughout our last assessment.
That is actually certainly not such a major deal – everyone else carries out, too – yet we such as to examine, in any case, simply to verify there are no complications. The unpleasant surprise was actually that regardless of the shortage of advertising and marketing, all IPVanish examination hosting servers offered us access to US Netflix, a much better functionality than you’ll find with numerous competitions – Motorola Encryption.
There are actually no internet browser expansions, yet the support webpages have create guides for Chrome and also Firefox, as properly as tutorials covering routers, Chromebooks, Linux as well as more. The app download web links are actually very easy to locate on the web site, as well as, comfortably, you don’t need to log in to your IPVanish profile to access all of them.
If you’re certainly not curious about the formal customers, IPVanish has hand-operated setup tutorials for Microsoft window, Macintosh, Android, iphone, Linux and also others. These aren’t as several or even thorough as our team have actually viewed at ExpressVPN, yet there is actually still loads of info here. The internet site has twelve tutorials just dealing with Windows, for example, along with different guides covering OpenVPN, PPTP, L2TP and IKeV2 setup on Windows 7, 8 and 10. If you are actually making use of OpenVPN or anything else OpenVPN-based, you’ll additionally enjoy IPVanish’ practical identifying of its. OVPN configuration data.
The opening Quick Hook up panel is actually littered, as an example, yet there are actually welcome touches, as well. Water faucet Connect as well as a condition door presents the protocol, time connected, web server title, and also data submitted as well as installed, a degree of detail you’ll seldom view elsewhere – Motorola Encryption. The customer also displays a fine-looking real-time chart of your upload as well as download velocities.
This looks even more like other clients, yet once more, IPVanish has actually included additional features. A search package permits filtering system the list through key words. You can easily sort the listing by nation, tons or reaction opportunity. You manage to add hosting servers to a Favorites listing along with a click, and these can be smartly featured on top of the nation checklist, instead than concealing them away on a different tab.
Motorola Encryption
Skillet the map over to the US, as an example, and as opposed to being actually faced along with a mass of overlapping location pens, the chart presents simply 4. If you understand you seek an eastern shoreline area, focus there as well as even more places seem, with numbers exemplifying exactly how several hosting servers they provide, so for example our team might view there were 55 servers in Nyc, 67 in Washington and also 57 in Los Angeles.
You may simply alter VPN process outward the environments of IPVanish’s Microsoft window client (Graphic credit score: IPVanish) Even the Setups dialog provides even more performance than our company counted on – Motorola Encryption. You can easily shift process in between IKEv2, SSTP, PPTP as well as L2TP, in addition to OpenVPN TCP and UDP. You manage to choose an OpenVPN port (1194 or even 443).
Our experts are actually not sure whether there is actually anybody who really needs this, and also probably it will definitely minimize your battery lifestyle if you leave it open for a substantial period of your time, yet there’s no question it appears better than the usual ordinary nation listing. The app provides some genuinely beneficial standing relevant information together with the expensive visuals: your new IP handle, server name, place, opportunity linked, and more.
The place picker is actually pretty basic. You have the capacity to choose web servers by nation or area, yet there are no ping times or even server lots figures to aid you choose, and there’s no Preferences device or even Recent Hosting servers listing to hasten reconnections. Instead, you’re forced to personally scroll to certain hosting servers when you need them, a potential trouble on smart phones along with tvs.
You may choose to make OpenVPN UDP or even TCP relationships, maximizing for rate or integrity. There’s a larger selection of slots than you’ll observe along with the Windows customer (443, 1194 and also 8443.) A Scramble attribute makes it harder for systems to detect as well as shut out VPN connections. A kill switch blocks internet accessibility if the relationship drops.
ExpressVPN possesses something identical, however typically that’s a choice you’ll seldom locate somewhere else. There are small weak points in some areas. While a lot of applications may instantly guard you whenever you connect to an unsteady system, for example, IPVanish displays an optionally available alert and also leaves you to choose what to carry out. That’s enough to assist you remain safe, however, and on the whole the app operates well.
Motorola Encryption
There is actually a clear screen of your IP handle, place as well as VPN condition, as well as you can easily select your intended nation, city and also web server before connecting to the VPN with a tap. (Just Like the Android app, the default country is regularly the US, everywhere you could be on the planet.) As soon as you are actually internet, there’s comparable eye-candy in the design of a scrolling real-time internet website traffic chart.
If you prefer, you can also decide on locations from an easier text list. Like the Android application, this could be arranged by nation or even metropolitan area, but these areas are shown in separate cavalcades which creates the checklist considerably easier to browse. Server bunch as well as ping opportunities are displayed, also, aiding you to think out which is actually the greatest area for you.
Utilize the star to the right of one or even additional hosting servers and also it’ll seem whenever you pick the Favorites button, enabling you to steer clear of all the various other filtering system and also sorting difficulties entirely. Motorola Encryption. The Environments pane looks sporadic, a minimum of originally. There’s no integrated kill switch to shield your identification, and you only get pair of substantial VPN tweaks: an auto-connect alternative, and the potential to switch procedure in between the nonpayment IKEv2 and IPSEC.Check out that auto-connect feature, however, and you’ll find a pile of alternatives as well as managements (basically, all the rewards our experts wish to have seen in the Android app.) In addition to an essential “connect automatically” setup, you can easily possess IPVanish automatically turn on its own off when you’re connected to trusted cellular systems.
You can also create a checklist of domains which you ‘d as if IPVanish to instantly protect, thus for example you might possess the VPN begin whenever you saw Netflix’s web site. The IPVanish iOS app isn’t excellent, at that point, but unlike numerous rivals, it is actually not just a basic port of the personal computer or even Android applications, either.
IPVanish’s support website provides you with a good deal of info about your link (Image credit score: IPVanish) If the VPN isn’t operating as it should, the IPVanish Assist Center objectives to point you in the ideal instructions. A System Standing web link cautions you of any type of major company-wide concerns, support articles are smartly arranged into essential categories (Configuration, Troubleshooting, Billing, more) as well as you can browse the web knowledgebase for details keywords. | https://www.protesisimplantes.com/ipvanishreview/motorola-encryption/ |
When an organization experiences a breach there is an instant loss of customer loyalty and confidence.
An organization is now in damage control mode to protect its brand and reputation.
Employees are forced to divert their focus from core activities to crisis management.
There are unnecessary and lingering expenses like credit monitoring, litigation expenses and potentially fines.
How can an organization protect itself?
There are three main components to protecting your business.
First is to implement a risk management process that includes having a documented risk assessment and response matrix, a clearly defined response strategy with defined roles for all team members, and a communication plan.
Second is to ensure the organization is compliant with state and federal laws, rules and regulations like HIPAA, FACTA and breach notification laws.
Third is to purchase a cyber-liability policy that covers both 1st and 3rd party losses. These policies cover losses that are excluded from general liability and umbrella policies.
What kind of coverage can be purchased?
There are four types of coverages an organization can purchase.
Network Security/Privacy Breach – This covers liability from unauthorized access to digital records and negligence or failure to protect or safeguard confidential data.
Cyber Extortion – covers the threat to incapacitate your network or website.
Internet Media liability – covers claims of libel, slander, copyright infringement or other electronic advertising or personal injury.
First Party Internet Liability – this is business interruption coverage that provides for loss of income and extra expenses due to a network or system shut down.
The types of coverage needed for each organization will vary depending upon the existing exposures and your appetite for risk. We recommend that every organization sit down with their advisor to discuss employing a risk management strategy.
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Kweku Adoboli's former manager told a court there was a culture in London that was "risk-seeking" and "less risk-averse" than in the US.
John DiBacco, who was based in New York, managed the UBS exchange-traded fund (ETF) desk from April 2011. He said more proprietary risk was taken in London compared with the US and was "surprised" at the size of some of the positions across the dealing room.
When DiBacco took on his new role, a senior manager is reported to have told him "you have to be careful
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better conduct the business of the Trust. Only ICT equipment which is the
property of the trust will be connected within the corporate infrastructure.
Anti-virus software is installed on the SCAS e-Mail server. The actual software
will be as recommended by the Director of IM&T to the e-Development group.
trusts e-Development group. Regular updates of the check program for new
virus types will be carried out within the SCAS.
IM&T Directorate. All such applications will be checked to ensure that they are
virus free, and that they are legitimately licenced for use on SCAS equipment.
program files should be write protected where possible. All line managers are
responsible in ensuring that proper precautions as detailed above in para 2.1
are taken when using external diskette, data stick or downloaded files. When
software. If the disk is successfully cleaned, a label shall be affixed and
signed clarifying that the disk has been scanned and is now clean.
further advice in an attempt to isolate the virus. If the IT Department
cannot safely eradicate the virus, the disk will be physically destroyed.
There will be no exceptions to this procedure. | http://www.docstoc.com/docs/40157024/Antivirus |
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Ethernet, like all communication networks, continues to get faster with the passing years. In recent years, a subset of ethernet networks, called Time-Triggered Ethernet (TTE), has emerged. TTE networks are built around precise signal timing, using redundant pathways and careful switching to ensure that information arrives precisely when it needs to. Since its introduction, TTE has found a home in flight-critical aircraft systems, NASA spacecraft, and power-generating wind turbines, to name a few applications.
The consequences for such systems of a TTE network falling out of sync would be understandably catastrophic. Now, researchers have described a first-of-its-kind attack, called PCspooF, that can do just that. The group will be presenting their work at the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy conference in May 2023.
IEEE Spectrum spoke with Andrew Loveless and Baris Kasikci, two of the researchers who discovered the attack, about how PCspooF works, what it means for timing-sensitive networks, and some general ways in which the attack can be blocked. The following conversation has been lightly edited for clarity.
Andrew Loveless: The commercial TTE technology used in practice today evolved from the academic TT-Ethernet project conducted at TU Wienin the early 2000s. The goal of the project was to take the concept of “time-triggered” communication used in earlier bus-based protocols like TTP/C and apply them to switched Ethernet. That way users got the benefits of both worlds—the determinism of time-triggered communication and the high data rates and widespread availability of Ethernet.
To our knowledge, the protocol was first commercialized by TTTech and Honeywell around 2008. GE Fanuc also started developing TTE products for the aviation domain around that time.
It’s hard to identify the first use of TTE for a mission-critical system. One of the earliest seems to be by Sikorsky, which started working with TTE technology in 2008 and used it in the S-97 Raider helicopter, which first flew in 2015. As of 2009, there were also articles published reporting that NASA and Lockheed Martin were using TTE for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle, which was originally part of the Constellation Program and is now being used for Artemis. Vestas seemingly started working with TTE for wind turbine control applications around 2010 and has since used TTE in deployed turbines.
Today, TTE is used in a range of mission-critical and safety-critical systems and vehicles.
Loveless: For context, there is a push in industry right now for large embedded and cyberphysical systems to adopt mixed-criticality networks. This means that instead of using separate networks and buses for noncritical devices and critical devices, there is a push to have one network that both critical and noncritical devices can share. This approach has a lot of benefits, including lower size, weight, and power—in general, there are fewer cables and switches—and lower development time and costs, because engineers can focus on using just one technology.
Time-Triggered Ethernet (TTE) is one networking technology that is a part of this trend. Some others include Time Sensitive Networking, SpaceWire and SpaceFibre, RapidIO, AFDX, and more. TTE has multiple different traffic classes that are used over the same network. The traffic class with the highest criticality and priority is time-triggered, which means that the traffic is exactly prescheduled ahead of time to have specific timing properties—for example, to avoid contention in the switch and guarantee a certain worst-case latency and jitter—and is sent simultaneously over redundant network paths. That way the designer can be sure their messages are guaranteed to arrive at the destination successfully and on time. So the TTE technology has this time-triggered traffic class, which is also commonly referred to as TTE.
In addition, TTE technology supports a best-effort traffic class, which just means that the traffic follows the rules of standard Ethernet. So here the traffic is not redundant, and is not scheduled in time to have certain timing properties. The traffic is referred to as best effort because the TTE network does not provide any guarantees for it—it simply forwards best-effort traffic when possible between the critical TTE messages. Best-effort traffic is primarily used for allowing noncritical COTS devices to share the TTE network with the critical systems.
You mentioned the industry push for mixed-criticality networks and the benefits they bring (in cost, development time, energy consumption, and so on). It seems that in an ideal world, TTE networks wouldn’t share infrastructure with best-effort traffic. Is it as simple as that’s just not practical to do in most cases?
Loveless: Lots of COTS devices do not have the ability to generate time-triggered traffic. So, if one wants to include COTS devices in their system, they generally need to support standard (best-effort) Ethernet. In that case, I think the ideal is to have one network that provides perfect isolation between TT and BE traffic flows and allows all TT traffic to meet their timing requirements. In other words, that single network provides the illusion that each TT traffic flow is being carried over a private point-to-point channel from the sender to the receivers. That way, one gets all the safety and security benefits of having completely isolated networks, while only having the cost of a single network.
What exactly is PCspooF, and how does it affect TTE networks?
Loveless: PCspooF is a new attack on TTE networks. It allows a single Ethernet device, such as a best-effort device, with a small amount of malicious circuitry to tear down synchronization of the TTE network for a small amount of time. While this happens, it prevents the critical TTE devices from being able to communicate. [As a result], messages that were sent get dropped. The duration of this effect after each successful attack is around one-half second to one full second.
Importantly, the attack allows the attacker to tear down synchronization on all redundant TTE network planes, even if the attacker is connected to only one of the planes. Also, the attack can be successfully repeated at a high rate (as often as every 10 to 15 seconds).
Loveless: There are two main vulnerabilities that PCspooF exploits. The first is a vulnerability in Ethernet itself, which is that if an Ethernet switch experiences a sudden reset while a frame is in the middle of being forwarded, the front of that frame can be cut off, and the remainder of the frame will still be sent. PCspooF uses electromagnetic interference to cause this to happen in TTE switches. The attacker stores a malicious message inside a benign frame, sends the frame, then conducts EMI into the switch. The switch then strips the header off the frame and reveals the malicious frame. This mechanism allows the attacker to send a malicious frame that they otherwise should not be allowed to send.
The second vulnerability PCspooF exploits is in the TTE synchronization protocol, which was standardized in SAE AS6802. In that protocol, there is an important step where a select number of switches, called compression masters, send a special synchronization message called a protocol control frame to the TTE end nodes, which they use to correct their clocks. If the contents of this messages are malicious, it will cause the TTE devices to lose sync. This is exactly what PCspooF does—it uses the above electromagnetic interference mechanism to spoof this specific protocol control frame (PCF) in order to cause devices to lose sync. Hence the name PCspooF.
How did you discover PCspooF? Was it through practical experimentation, theoretical work and verification, or some other method?
Loveless: From studying the SAE AS6802 standard, we determined that the right protocol control frame from a switch could temporarily disrupt sync. From there, the main challenge was to determine how to get that frame into the network—which we determined through practical experimentation and by building on top of related work on packet-in-packet attacks.
One example you give of how PCspooF can lead to a catastrophic outcome is through simulations you ran modeled after NASA’s (now-shelved) Asteroid Redirect Mission, which would have aimed to move an asteroid into lunar orbit so that astronauts could pay it a visit. How did PCspooF impact the simulations?
Baris Kasikci
Baris Kasikci: We tested our attack at NASA Johnson Space Center on a test-bed with several real TTE switches and end systems. That gave us good information about how difficult it is to actually perform the attack and what the impact is on the network itself. However, we also wanted to determine what the impact would be in a real system. For example, if someone executed this attack during a real spaceflight mission, what would the damage be?
For this purpose, we set up a NASA simulation in the test-bed, where a representative capsule was flying into space to dock with another spacecraft. We ran the mission multiple times successfully to get a feel for the expected behavior. Then we hooked up a small malicious device to one of the TTE switches to execute the attack while the mission was in progress. What happened is that as the mission progressed, the PCspooF attack repeatedly caused multiple message drops and late message arrivals, which caused the spacecraft to navigate off course. So rather than going up and docking with the other spacecraft, the capsule actually came in at the wrong angle and flew right past it. So we were able to show that the attack has a significant effect on a “real” system (as real as we could get) running real TTE hardware.
In your paper, you list several possible strategies to thwart PCspooF attacks. Broadly speaking, how would those strategies help?
Kasikci: We identified several different mitigations that are effective against our attack. In general, they fit into two basic categories. The first category is to block a device from conducting electromagnetic interference into your TTE switch. So one way someone could do that would be using fiber Ethernet cables instead of copper, since fiber cannot conduct an electrical signal. Another option would be to use some sort of optical isolator on the cable between your untrusted device and the switch.
Another option is to make it so that, even if the attacker does inject electromagnetic interference into the switch and causes this malicious protocol control frame to go out, the system won’t be affected by it. You can do this by altering the topology of your network, so that the spoofed PCFs never follow the same path as legitimate PCFs. That way, devices can always tell that spoofed PCFs are not legitimate and drop them. Both of these are things designers can do today to protect themselves from this attack.
When the COVID-19 pandemic erupted in early 2020, the world made an unprecedented shift to remote work. As a precaution, some Internet providers scaled back service levels temporarily, although that probably wasn’t necessary for countries in Asia, Europe, and North America, which were generally able to cope with the surge in demand caused by people teleworking (and binge-watching Netflix). That’s because most of their networks were overprovisioned, with more capacity than they usually need. But in countries without the same level of investment in network infrastructure, the picture was less rosy: Internet service providers (ISPs) in South Africa and Venezuela, for instance, reported significant strain.
But is overprovisioning the only way to ensure resilience? We don’t think so. To understand the alternative approach we’re championing, though, you first need to recall how the Internet works.
The core protocol of the Internet, aptly named the Internet Protocol (IP), defines an addressing scheme that computers use to communicate with one another. This scheme assigns addresses to specific devices—people’s computers as well as servers—and uses those addresses to send data between them as needed.
It’s a model that works well for sending unique information from one point to another, say, your bank statement or a letter from a loved one. This approach made sense when the Internet was used mainly to deliver different content to different people. But this design is not well suited for the mass consumption of static content, such as movies or TV shows.
The reality today is that the Internet is more often used to send exactly the same thing to many people, and it’s doing a huge amount of that now, much of which is in the form of video. The demands grow even higher as our screens obtain ever-increasing resolutions, with 4K video already in widespread use and 8K on the horizon.
The content delivery networks (CDNs) used by streaming services such as Netflix help address the problem by temporarily storing content close to, or even inside, many ISPs. But this strategy relies on ISPs and CDNs being able to make deals and deploy the required infrastructure. And it can still leave the edges of the network having to handle more traffic than actually needs to flow.
The real problem is not so much the volume of content being passed around—it’s how it is being delivered, from a central source to many different far-away users, even when those users are located right next to one another.
One scheme used by peer-to-peer systems to determine the location of a file is to keep that information in a centralized database. Napster, the first large-scale peer-to-peer content-delivery system, used this approach. Carl De Torres
A more efficient distribution scheme in that case would be for the data to be served to your device from your neighbor’s device in a direct peer-to-peer manner. But how would your device even know whom to ask? Welcome to the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS).
The InterPlanetary File System gets its name because, in theory, it could be extended to share data even between computers on different planets of the solar system. For now, though, we’re focused on rolling it out for just Earth!
The key to IPFS is what’s called content addressing. Instead of asking a particular provider, “Please send me this file,” your machine asks the network, “Who can send me this file?” It starts by querying peers: other computers in the user’s vicinity, others in the same house or office, others in the same neighborhood, others in the same city—expanding progressively outward to globally distant locations, if need be, until the system finds a copy of what you’re looking for.
These queries are made using IPFS, an alternative to the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which powers the World Wide Web. Building on the principles of peer-to-peer networking and content-based addressing, IPFS allows for a decentralized and distributed network for data storage and delivery.
The benefits of IPFS include faster and more-efficient distribution of content. But they don’t stop there. IPFS can also improve security with content-integrity checking so that data cannot be tampered with by intermediary actors. And with IPFS, the network can continue operating even if the connection to the originating server is cut or if the service that initially provided the content is experiencing an outage—particularly important in places with networks that work only intermittently. IPFS also offers resistance to censorship.
To understand more fully how IPFS differs from most of what takes place online today, let’s take a quick look at the Internet’s architecture and some earlier peer-to-peer approaches.
As mentioned above, with today’s Internet architecture, you request content based on a server’s address. This comes from the protocol that underlies the Internet and governs how data flows from point to point, a scheme first described by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in a 1974 paper in the IEEE Transactions on Communications and now known as the Internet Protocol. The World Wide Web is built on top of the Internet Protocol. Browsing the Web consists of asking a specific machine, identified by an IP address, for a given piece of data.
The process starts when a user types a URL into the address bar of the browser, which takes the hostname portion and sends it to a Domain Name System (DNS) server. That DNS server returns a corresponding numerical IP address. The user’s browser will then connect to the IP address and ask for the Web page located at that URL.
In other words, even if a computer in the same building has a copy of the desired data, it will neither see the request, nor would it be able to match it to the copy it holds because the content does not have an intrinsic identifier—it is not content-addressed.
A content-addressing model for the Internet would give data, not devices, the leading role. Requesters would ask for the content explicitly, using a unique identifier (akin to the DOI number of a journal article or the ISBN of a book), and the Internet would handle forwarding the request to an available peer that has a copy.
The major challenge in doing so is that it would require changes to the core Internet infrastructure, which is owned and operated by thousands of ISPs worldwide, with no central authority able to control what they all do. While this distributed architecture is one of the Internet’s greatest strengths, it makes it nearly impossible to make fundamental changes to the system, which would then break things for many of the people using it. It’s often very hard even to implement incremental improvements. A good example of the difficulty encountered when introducing change is IPv6, which expands the number of possible IP addresses. Today, almost 25 years after its introduction, it still hasn’t reached 50 percent adoption.
A way around this inertia is to implement changes at a higher layer of abstraction, on top of existing Internet protocols, requiring no modification to the underlying networking software stacks or intermediate devices.
Other peer-to-peer systems besides IPFS, such as BitTorrent and Freenet, have tried to do this by introducing systems that can operate in parallel with the World Wide Web, albeit often with Web interfaces. For example, you can click on a Web link for the BitTorrent tracker associated with a file, but this process typically requires that the tracker data be passed off to a separate application from your Web browser to handle the transfers. And if you can’t find a tracker link, you can’t find the data.
Freenet also uses a distributed peer-to-peer system to store content, which can be requested via an identifier and can even be accessed using the Web’s HTTP protocol. But Freenet and IPFS have different aims: Freenet has a strong focus on anonymity and manages the replication of data in ways that serve that goal but lessen performance and user control. IPFS provides flexible, high-performance sharing and retrieval mechanisms but keeps control over data in the hands of the users.
Another approach to finding a file in a peer-to-peer network is called query flooding. The node seeking a file broadcasts a request for it to all nodes to which it is attached. If the node receiving the request does not have the file [red], it forwards the request to all the nodes to which it is attached until finally a node with the file passes a copy back to the requester [blue]. The Gnutella peer-to-peer network used this protocol. We designed IPFS as a protocol to upgrade the Web and not to create an alternative version. It is designed to make the Web better, to allow people to work offline, to make links permanent, to be faster and more secure, and to make it as easy as possible to use.
IPFS started in 2013 as an open-source project supported by Protocol Labs, where we work, and built by a vibrant community and ecosystem with hundreds of organizations and thousands of developers. IPFS is built on a strong foundation of previous work in peer-to-peer (P2P) networking and content-based addressing.
The core tenet of all P2P systems is that users simultaneously participate as clients (which request and receive files from others) and as servers (which store and send files to others). The combination of content addressing and P2P provides the right ingredients for fetching data from the closest peer that holds a copy of what’s desired—or more correctly, the closest one in terms of network topology, though not necessarily in physical distance.
To make this happen, IPFS produces a fingerprint of the content it holds (called a hash) that no other item can have. That hash can be thought of as a unique address for that piece of content. Changing a single bit in that content will yield an entirely different address. Computers wanting to fetch this piece of content broadcast a request for a file with this particular hash.
Because identifiers are unique and never change, people often refer to IPFS as the “Permanent Web.” And with identifiers that never change, the network will be able to find a specific file as long as some computer on the network stores it.
Name persistence and immutability inherently provide another significant property: verifiability. Having the content and its identifier, a user can verify that what was received is what was asked for and has not been tampered with, either in transit or by the provider. This not only improves security but also helps safeguard the public record and prevent history from being rewritten.
You might wonder what would happen with content that needs to be updated to include fresh information, such as a Web page. This is a valid concern and IPFS does have a suite of mechanisms that would point users to the most up-to-date content.
The world had a chance to observe how content addressing worked in April 2017 when the government of Turkey blocked access to Wikipedia because an article on the platform described Turkey as a state that sponsored terrorism. Within a week, a full copy of the Turkish version of Wikipedia was added to IPFS, and it remained accessible to people in the country for the nearly three years that the ban continued.
A similar demonstration took place half a year later, when the Spanish government tried to suppress an independence referendum in Catalonia, ordering ISPs to block related websites. Once again, the information remained available via IPFS.
IPFS is an open, permissionless network: Any user can join and fetch or provide content. Despite numerous open-source success stories, the current Internet is heavily based on closed platforms, many of which adopt lock-in tactics but also offer users great convenience. While IPFS can provide improved efficiency, privacy, and security, giving this decentralized platform the level of usability that people are accustomed to remains a challenge.
You see, the peer-to-peer, unstructured nature of IPFS is both a strength and a weakness. While CDNs have built sprawling infrastructure and advanced techniques to provide high-quality service, IPFS nodes are operated by end users. The network therefore relies on their behavior—how long their computers are online, how good their connectivity is, and what data they decide to cache. And often those things are not optimal.
One of the key research questions for the folks working at Protocol Labs is how to keep the IPFS network resilient despite shortcomings in the nodes that make it up—or even when those nodes exhibit selfish or malicious behavior. We’ll need to overcome such issues if we’re to keep the performance of IPFS competitive with conventional distribution channels.
You may have noticed that we haven’t yet provided an example of an IPFS address. That’s because hash-based addressing results in URLs that aren’t easy to spell out or type.
For instance, you can find the Wikipedia logo on IPFS by using the following address in a suitable browser: ipfs://QmRW3V9znzFW9M5FYbitSEvd5dQrPWGvPvgQD6LM22Tv8D/. That long string can be thought of as a digital fingerprint for the file holding that logo.
To keep track of which nodes hold which files, the InterPlanetary File System uses what’s called a distributed hash table. In this simplified view, three nodes hold different parts of a table that has two columns: One column (Keys) contains hashes of the stored files; the other column (Records) contains the files themselves. Depending on what its hashed key is, a file gets stored in the appropriate place [left]—depicted here as though the system checked the first letter of hashes and stored different parts of the alphabet in different places. The actual algorithm for distributing files is more complex, but the concept is similar. Retrieving a file is efficient because it’s possible to locate the file according to what its hash is [right].Carl De Torres
There are other content-addressing schemes that use human-readable naming, or hierarchical, URL-style naming, but each comes with its own set of trade-offs. Finding practical ways to use human-readable names with IPFS would go a long way toward improving user-friendliness. It’s a goal, but we’re not there yet.
Protocol Labs, has been tackling these and other technical, usability, and societal issues for most of the last decade. Over this time, we have been seeing rapidly increasing adoption of IPFS, with its network size doubling year over year. Scaling up at such speeds brings many challenges. But that’s par for the course when your intent is changing the Internet as we know it.
Widespread adoption of content addressing and IPFS should help the whole Internet ecosystem. By empowering users to request exact content and verify that they received it unaltered, IPFS will improve trust and security. Reducing the duplication of data moving through the network and procuring it from nearby sources will let ISPs provide faster service at lower cost. Enabling the network to continue providing service even when it becomes partitioned will make our infrastructure more resilient to natural disasters and other large-scale disruptions.
But is there a dark side to decentralization? We often hear concerns about how peer-to-peer networks may be used by bad actors to support illegal activity. These concerns are important but sometimes overstated.
One area where IPFS improves on HTTP is in allowing comprehensive auditing of stored data. For example, thanks to its content-addressing functionality and, in particular, to the use of unique and permanent content identifiers, IPFS makes it easier to determine whether certain content is present on the network, and which nodes are storing it. Moreover, IPFS makes it trivial for users to decide what content they distribute and what content they stop distributing (by merely deleting it from their machines).
At the same time, IPFS provides no mechanisms to allow for censorship, given that it operates as a distributed P2P file system with no central authority. So there is no actor with the technical means to prohibit the storage and propagation of a file or to delete a file from other peers’ storage. Consequently, censorship of unwanted content cannot be technically enforced, which represents a safeguard for users whose freedom of speech is under threat. Lawful requests to take down content are still possible, but they need to be addressed to the users actually storing it, avoiding commonplace abuses (like illegitimate DMCA takedown requests) against which large platforms have difficulties defending.
Ultimately, IPFS is an open network, governed by community rules, and open to everyone. And you can become a part of it today! The Brave browser ships with built-in IPFS support, as does Opera for Android. There are browser extensions available for Chrome and Firefox, and IPFS Desktop makes it easy to run a local node. Several organizations provide IPFS-based hosting services, while others operate public gateways that allow you to fetch data from IPFS through the browser without any special software.
These gateways act as entries to the P2P network and are important to bootstrap adoption. Through some simple DNS magic, a domain can be configured so that a user’s access request will result in the corresponding content being retrieved and served by a gateway, in a way that is completely transparent to the user.
So far, IPFS has been used to build varied applications, including systems for e-commerce, secure distribution of scientific data sets, mirroring Wikipedia, creating new social networks, sharing cancer data, blockchain creation, secure and encrypted personal-file storage and sharing, developertools, and data analytics.
You may have used this network already: If you’ve ever visited the Protocol Labs site ( Protocol.ai), you’ve retrieved pages of a website from IPFS without even realizing it! | https://spectrum.ieee.org/cyberattacks |
Britain’s intelligence agencies have been secretly collecting bulk personal data since the late 1990s and privately admit they have gathered information on people who are “unlikely to be of intelligence or security interest”.
Disclosure of internal MI5, MI6 and GCHQ documents reveals the agencies’ growing reliance on amassing data as a prime source of intelligence even as they concede that such “intrusive” practices can invade the privacy of individuals.
Newly disclosed documents offer a rare insight into the secretive legal regime underpinning the British government’s controversial mass surveillance programs.
London-based group Privacy International obtained the previously confidential files as part of an ongoing legal case challenging the scope of British spies’ covert collection of huge troves of private data.
Millie Graham Wood, Legal Officer at Privacy International, said in a statement recently that the documents show “the staggering extent to which the intelligence agencies hoover up our data. This can be anything from your private medical records, your correspondence with your doctor or lawyer, even what petitions you have signed, your financial data, and commercial activities.”
She added: “The agencies themselves admit that the majority of data collected relates to individuals who are not a threat to national security or suspected of a crime. This highly sensitive information about us is vulnerable to attack from hackers, foreign governments, and criminals.”
The documents, published online, primarily relate to the opaque rules regulating British spy agencies’ use of so-called bulk personal datasets, which are obtained without any judicial authorization and contain “personal data about a wide range of individuals, the majority of whom are not of direct intelligence interest,” according to the agencies’ own definition of them.
The datasets could cover a wide variety of information, the documents suggest, potentially revealing details deemed particularly “sensitive,” such as people’s political opinions, religious beliefs, union affiliation, physical or mental health status, sexual preferences, biometric data, and financial records. They may also contain data revealing legally privileged information, journalists’ confidential sources, and “details about individuals who are dead,” one document says.
The documents include internal guidance codes for spies who have access to the surveillance systems. One memo, dated June 2014, warns employees of MI6, the UK’s equivalent of the CIA, against performing a “self-search” for data on themselves, offering a bizarre example that serves to illustrate the scope of what some of the repositories contain.
“An example of an inappropriate ‘self-search’ would be to use the database to remind yourself where you have travelled so you can update your records,” the memo says. “This is not a proportionate use of the system, as you could find this information by another means (i.e. check the stamps in your passport or keep a running record of your travel) that would avoid collateral intrusion into other people’s data.”
Another document warns MI6’s employees that they must not trawl the surveillance databases “for information about other members of staff, neighbours, friends, acquaintances, family members and public figures.” That is, it adds, “unless it is necessary to do so as part of your official duties.” The agency says that it has monitoring systems in place to catch any abuses, but it is unclear whether the checks that are in place are sufficient. One 2010 policy paper from MI6 states there is “no external oversight” of it or its partners’ “bulk data operations,” though adds that this was subject to review.
Elsewhere in the documents, eavesdropping agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and domestic intelligence agency MI5 admit that they have obtained the bulk datasets on several occasions dating back more than a decade.
The agencies argue that the data has thwarted terror plots and is needed “to identify subjects of interest, or unknown individuals who surface in the course of investigations; to establish links between individuals and groups, or otherwise improve understanding of a target’s behaviour and connections; to validate intelligence obtained through other sources; or to ensure the security of operations or staff.”
Last year, The Intercept exposed how GCHQ has in recent years attempted to create what it described as the world’s largest surveillance system, covertly harvesting in excess of 50 billion records every day about people’s emails, phone calls, and Web browsing habits.
In one program code-named KARMA POLICE, the agency said it was seeking to obtain “a web browsing profile for every visible user on the Internet.”
Pictured: Robert Peter Hannigan is a senior British civil servant currently serving as the Director of the signals intelligence and cryptography agency the Government Communications Headquarters GCHQ. | https://www.cybersecurityintelligence.com/blog/spying-on-you-in-britain-1302.html |
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News of Rapid7's Metasploit acquisition hit some in the information security community like a clap of thunder. The Metasploit Project has a deep, loyal user base, and it's always unsettling to those who rely on open-source tools when those tools are snatched up by a commercial vendor.
But in the hours after Wednesday morning's announcement, cautious optimism began to take hold. Some IT security practitioners started to see the potential benefits of a Rapid7-Metasploit union -- providing the vendor handles its new property and user base with great care.
"They certainly have acquired an exceptional back-end research capability," said Pete Hillier, CISO at CMA Holdings in Ottawa. "The question is if they can ensure the continuity once the acquisition is complete?" [ Keep up with 8 hot cyber security trends (and 4 going cold). Give your career a boost with top security certifications: Who they're for, what they cost, and which you need. | Sign up for CSO newsletters. ]
Some are skeptical of that, including Richmond, Va.-based IT security practitioner Rick Lawhorn, who quipped in an e-mail: "The road to hell is paved with good intentions. Unfortunately, the ones who will be happy are the bad guys; with a potentially-reduced focus on making things secure and greater focus on profitability."
Rapid7, a vendor of unified vulnerability management, compliance and penetration testing tools, said it will use Metasploit to enhance its NeXpose product. It also promised to "sponsor dedicated resources and contributions to the standalone, community-driven Metasploit Project to further its growth and success. "Metasploit and Rapid7 NeXpose are uniquely positioned to improve upon the industry-leading capabilities of both products and to raise the bar on the industry at large," Mike Tuchen, president and CEO of Rapid7, said in a press release. "With our broader solution portfolio, we are the first security provider to meet the demand of enterprises and government agencies in enabling them to identify and mitigate exploitable threats in their IT environment based on their security risk profile."
The vendor said Metasploit Project founder HD Moore will become Rapid7's chief security officer and will remain Metasploit`s chief architect. For his part, Moore predicts big dividends for his user base.
[ Learn how to comply with PCI DSS, the payment card security standard, in this multi-part online course. ] "This acquisition provides dedicated resources to the project, accelerating our growth and allowing us to provide even better solutions to the community," he said in the Rapid7 press release. "Rapid7 recognizes the value of the community and is passionate about the success of the project."
Nick Selby, a faculty member of the Institute for Applied Network Security (IANS) and managing director of Trident Risk Management, is among those expressing optimism. "The best thing about the acquisition is that enterprise customers now have three legitimate, sue-able and responsible organizations proffering tools for penetration testing," he wrote Wednesday in the IANS blog. "Quality will likely rise, average price will likely fall, and functionality will likely increase. This is a good time to be in the market for pen-test software."
See also: Why Pen Testing is Central to Pennsylvania's App Security
Selby wrote that the dynamics of the pen-testing market have been that Core Security sat atop the marketplace in terms of price, scale and enterprise usability while Immunity Security "cleaned up at the lower end of the enterprise market" and dominated for vendors and professional services types who also used Metasploit as a free tool. The Rapid7-Metasploit union will likely shake up that dynamic, to the benefit of buyers and end users, he added.
Boston-based IT security practitioner Zach Lanier said the acquisition is "phenomenal" news for Moore, Egypt (a Metasploit developer, now joining the project/Rapid7 full time), and Rapid7 as a whole. "Naturally, this acquisition will give Metasploit access to more resources, including more full-time team members; Rapid7's knowledge base; and technology and tools," he said. "This will also bring more visibility to Rapid7's vulnerability scanner, NeXpose, given the complementary nature of the Metasploit Framework."
Though he's reluctant to simply accept that there will be little-to-no change in the Metasploit Framework's licensing and open source nature, Lanier said he's "pretty confident" Moore and others "will adamantly defend such important principles."
Gadi Evron, a security strategist based in Israel, said the acquisition at least goes to show that not-for-profit work can exist in today's market and be competitive enough to draw commercial interest. Asked if he believes Rapid 7 will handle its new acquisition in a way that will benefit users or, at the least, do no harm, Evron said, "One would hope they would, just as one would hope HD made sure they would."
But in the final analysis, he said, [Rapid7] bought it so my community expectations aside, unless they made an agreement with HD to preserve its non-for-profit form, it's theirs to play with as they see fit." | https://www.csoonline.com/article/2124504/compliance/making-sense-of-rapid7-s-metasploit-acquisition.html |
Russian cyberattacks are being deployed with new techniques – including exploiting vulnerabilities like the recent Microsoft Exchange zero-days – as its hackers continue to target governments, organisations and energy providers around the world.
A joint advisory by the US Department for Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), FBI and the National Security Agency (NSA), as well as the UK National Cyber Security Centre, looks to warn organisations about updated Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTPs) used by Russia’s foreign intelligence service, the SVR – a group also known by cybersecurity researchers as APT29, Cozy Bear, and The Dukes.
It comes after cybersecurity agencies in the US and the UK attributed the SolarWinds attack to Russia’s civilian foreign intelligence service, as well as several campaigns targeting COVID-19 vaccine developers.
“The SVR is a technologically sophisticated and highly capable cyber actor. It has developed capabilities to target organisations globally, including in the UK, US, Europe, NATO member states and Russia’s neighbours,” said the alert.
The advisory warns that Russian cyber attackers have updated their techniques and procedures in an effort to infiltrate networks and avoid detection, especially when some organisations have attempted to adjust their defences after previous alerts about cyber threats.
This includes the attackers using open source tool Sliver as a means of maintaining access to compromised networks and making use of numerous vulnerabilities, including vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange.
Sliver is an open source red team tool, a tool used by penetration testers when legally and legitimately testing network security, but in this case is being abused to consolidate access to networks compromised with WellMess and WellMail, custom malware associated with SVR attacks.
The attackers are also targeting mail servers as part of their attacks as they’re useful staging posts to acquire administrator rights and the ability to further network information and access, be it for gaining a better understanding of the network, or a direct effort to steal information.
But despite the often advanced nature of the attacks, the paper by US and UK cybersecurity authorities says that “following basic cybersecurity principles will make it harder for even sophisticated actors to compromise target networks”.
SEE: Hackers are actively targeting flaws in these VPN devices. Here’s what you need to do
This includes applying security patches promptly so no cyber attackers – cyber criminal or nation-state backed operative – can exploit known vulnerabilities as a means of entering or maintaining persistence on the network.
Guidance by the NCSC also suggests using multi-factor authentication to help protect the network from attack, particularly if passwords have been compromised. | https://blacksite.solutions/cybersecurity-warning-russian-hackers-are-targeting-these-vulnerabilities-so-patch-now/ |
According to the Forrester Best Practices: Mitigating Insider Threat Report “All data theft is an inside job – and it will cost your business”.
Insider threats are complex and come in all shapes and sizes – that’s why traditional cybersecurity tools aren’t set up to stop insiders, which have sneaked under the radar. And as the world rapidly moved to a work-from-anywhere environment, the number of new unsanctioned endpoints dramatically increased, making it even easier to hide. It’s little surprise, then, that the frequency of insider threats has increased by 47% from 2018 to 2020.
There seem to be regular updates in the news about the latest organization to suffer a data leak as a result of accidental misuse of data.
But malicious insider threats are different. Unlike accidental misuse by well-meaning insiders, malicious insiders make a conscious choice to act. As we’ve seen in multiple news stories, the motivations may vary, but the underlying reasons seem to revolve around financial fraud, brand damage and/or revenge.
So how can you recognize malicious insider threat motivations and keep your organization and data safe? It starts by understanding the motivations of those malicious insiders.
Primary Motivations for Malicious Insiders
According to Forrester’s “Best Practices: Mitigating Insider Threat” report, there are eight primary motivations for malicious insiders to take action. These include:
Financial distress: an employee is looking for a quick financial gain.
Disgruntled employee: an angry employee is seeking revenge for some reason.
Entitlement: an employee may feel entitled to having access to sensitive information.
Announcement or fear of layoff: an employee may feel entitled to sensitive information after a layoff announcement, or they want to hurt the organization.
Revenge: an employee may feel mistreated and want to get even.
Work conflict: disagreements with other employees.
Ideology: political or religious beliefs can be a powerful motivator.
Outside influence: criminal organizations or state-sponsored espionage agencies may recruit insiders.
Gaining awareness of the external factors that can inspire malicious insiders to engage in nefarious activity can give you a better understanding of who your high-risk insiders could be and what could motivate them to act maliciously.
This knowledge also illustrates the importance of building a cross-functional security team that extends beyond traditional cybersecurity to address employee-facing situations. In Forrester’s report, they suggest making technology part of your broader Insider Threat Management (ITM) program. Having an expanded team — including HR, legal, and management — in place can help you spot external factors and intervene in a delicate situation before it becomes a full-blown insider incident.
Early Indicators of Insider Threats
Once you’re aware of common motivations for malicious insiders, it’s important to recognize the behaviors that imply the malicious insiders are ready to take action (if they haven’t already).
Forrester outlined eight examples of behavior that could indicate malicious insiders are at work. These include:
Some of these behaviors may seem obvious, like leaving the company, financial distress or unexplained gain, or working odd hours, but others require a bit more thought or analysis.
This is why having an ITM program — and technology that can spot suspicious user behavior early — plays such a vital role in ensuring a malicious insider can be stopped before damage can be done.
Partnering with a company like Proofpoint to implement an ITM program driven by people-centric security solutions can elevate your awareness to detect and prevent potential malicious activity before it gets out of control. By not only monitoring data movement but also understanding the context around that data usage, you gain greater insight into user behavior and greater control over your data, enabling you to keep the organization safe from the ramifications of a malicious insider threat before it becomes a cost to your business. | https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/insider-threat-management/how-recognize-malicious-insider-threat-motivations |
This care service recognises its responsibility to ensure that all reasonable precautions are taken to provide and maintain working conditions which are safe, healthy and compliant with all statutory requirements and codes of organisation, including the statutory duty on employers to conduct regular health and safety risk assessments.
The service is committed to ensuring the health, safety and welfare of its users and staff, so far as is reasonably practicable, and of all other persons who may be affected by our activities.
As an organisation, we fully comply with national standards and regulations concerning the assessment and management of all risks to personal safety. | https://app.croneri.co.uk/topics/risk-assessment-risk-taking-and-assessment-service-users-health-and-safety-risk-assessment?product=134&topic=5301 |
Researchers at Wandera, a mobile security company, have alerted Apple to a potential security vulnerability in iOS that could be used by attackers to fool users into giving up their credit card data and personal information. The vulnerability, based on the default behavior of iOS devices with Wi-Fi turned on, could be used to inject a fake "captive portal" page that imitates the Apple Pay interface.
The attack leverages a well-known issue Ars has reported on in the past: iOS devices with Wi-Fi turned on will attempt by default to connect to any access point with a known SSID. Those SSIDs are broadcast by "probe" messages from the device whenever it's not connected to a network. A rogue access point could use a probe request capture to masquerade as a known network, and then throw up a pop-up screen masquerading as any web page or app.
The Wandera attack uses this behavior to get a mobile device to connect and then presents a pop-up portal page—the type usually used when connecting to a public WiFi service to present a Web-based login screen—that is designed to resemble an Apple Pay screen for entering credit card data. The attack could be launched by someone nearby a customer who has just completed or is conducting an Apple Pay transaction so that the user is fooled into believing Apple Pay itself is requesting that credit card data is reentered. An attacker could loiter near a point-of-sale system with an Apple Pay terminal and continuously launch the attack.
Considering that the fake captive portal page is displayed beneath a "Log In" title bar, this attack may not fool many people.
And the captive portal fake enrollment screen. The dead giveaway is the "log in" at the top.
“In high footfall locations, even a very small ratio of success will yield a large number of valuable credit card numbers," said Eldar Tuvey, CEO of Wandera, in a statement e-mailed to Ars. "It’s all so easy for them. Using readily available technology, which they may be discretely carrying about their person, hackers can for the first time focus their efforts where their victims are at their most susceptible—at the checkout.”
The real vulnerability exploited here is iOS' automatic WiFi connection and the format in which iOS displays captive portal pages. There are some very simple ways to prevent this sort of attack—such as turning Wi-Fi off when not deliberately connecting to a network. The Wandera researchers reccommended that Apple and Google should "consider adopting a secure warning when displaying captive portal pages to users, so that users exercise caution." Additionally, they suggest that users close and re-open payment applications to enter credit card data and use the camera capture capability of the apps to input credit card data whenever possible.
Ars spoke with an Apple spokesperson, and is awaiting an official response. However, as the screenshots show, this spoof looks considerably different from Apple Pay's actual interface, and a card registration screen popping up after a transaction is hardly expected behavior for the service. Apple Pay never asks for credit card data during a transaction. Ars will update this story as more information becomes available. | https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/06/evil-wifi-captive-portal-could-fool-users-into-giving-up-apple-pay-data/ |
A smartwatch or fitness tracker is a must-have for maintaining your work-study balance. If you’re looking for a device that handles your push notifications, reminders, and more, then go with an all-around smartwatch that’s an extension of your phone. For iPhone users, that’s easy—go with the Apple Watch ($299 MSRP and up, available at the Apple Store). For Android users, we like the Huawei Watch ($350 MSRP and up, $299 and up on AmazonRemove product link) for its style, features, and customizable options.
If it’s just the fitness stuff you’re after, you can’t go wrong with the Fitbit Alta ($129.95 MSRP, $119 on Amazon). This sleek activity tracker monitors your workouts, steps, and sleep automatically, and pairs it all within the Fitbit app on your phone (it’s compatible with both iOS and Android phones) so that you can keep an eye on your habits. Reminding yourself to stay active in between study sessions has never been so easy.
Some school days, you never know what kind of gear you’ll need. Will your smartphone make it through the day without needing a recharge? Will you want to snap a picture of something being presented during lecture? What if you need to quickly transfer a file to a classmate?
OtterBox’s Universe Case System ($49.95 MSRP for the base, modules are extra; $44.95 on Amazon) has extra add-ons that can help you do all of those things. This system consists of various accessory modules that you can attach to your iPhone via its protective case—so you can snap on a battery pack ($50 on AmazonRemove product link), a flash drive (64GB for $60 on AmazonRemove product link), a tripod ($30 on AmazonRemove product link), and more in a pinch.
Standing desks are still having a moment in the health-tech spotlight, so if you’re considering a splurge on a new desk setup, dream big with Stir’s Kinetic Desk M1 ($2,990 MSRP, same price on Amazon). This smart desk is a well-built, comfortable workstation that smoothly adjusts between sitting and standing positions set to your preferences. You can tell the desk how often you’d like to stand up, and it will gently “nudge” you into your standing position by slightly raising up to coax you to move. The future is here, and this desk is proof.
Don’t have an extra $3,000 lying around? Grovemade’s Desk Collection (pictured in first slide) will keep your desk organized—and make it look like a million bucks for a fraction of the cost. | https://www.pcworld.com/article/3107291/11-awesome-back-to-school-gadgets-for-students.html |
A SCHOOL board has won a temporary injunction against the search engine outfit Google. Judge Richard D. Boner (no really) issued the injunction in favour of Catawba County Schools which alleges conversion and trespass against Google.
The schools claim that Google's search engine spider grabbed information they shouldn't have and posted it on the Interweb. Google 'hacked our website' | http://www.malwarehelp.org/news/article-4048.html |
The fire and rescue service (FRS) will deal with the chairman but you are all RP,s and responsible for the implementation of The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 .
Assuming the FRA has been conducted by an outside person, it is a guidance document and which items should be implemented is a decision for the committee, but could be overruled by the FRS if an audit is carried out by them, also any additional items that has been missed could be included.
The default approach in an FRA would be to ensure the cupboard had an FD30S door kept locked shut or be taken from use - but the legislation & guidance is risk based and in theory in a managed use communal area use as it is for non combustible items could be tolerable.
I have risk assessed a set of flat blocks with a very active and involved tenants/owners management committee and tenants/owners that are similarly cooperative and was able to allow managed communal area use and some non fire resisting cupboard doors in the FRA with the support of local enforcement officers. Having said that such a situation is sadly an exception and in many blocks zero tolerance and 'belt & braces' precautions are the only realistic approach.
So flexibility is possible, but it requires buy in from all residents to ensure it's workable.
× Your link has been automatically embedded. Display as a link instead × Your previous content has been restored. Clear editor × You cannot paste images directly. Upload or insert images from URL. | https://www.safelincs-forum.co.uk/topic/6391-access-to-fire-risk-assessment-report/?tab=comments |
For a limited time, from now until Thursday, April 19, 2018 you can purchase Boost for 40% off of the normal price, only $39.95 $24.95.
The instant online savings will be automatically applied during checkout. | http://www.boostbyreason.com/resource-file-27123-malwareui_rsrc-dll.aspx |
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has pledged $15m (�8.54m) to the Computer History Museum in California.
The gift is museum's largest and will be used to create an interactive exhibit, tracing the computing revolution and its impact.
The Gates' donation boosts a $125m (�71.2m) fund-raising campaign to set up a long-term endowment.
The institution still needs another $50m (�28.4m) to reach its target.
It wants to use the funds to have more exhibits, have longer opening hours and set up educational programmes. BBC NEWS | Technology | Gates cheers on computer museum | http://www.malwarehelp.org/news/article-473.html |
A pair of security researchers has picked January 2007 as the starting point for a month long project in which each passing day will feature a previously undocumented security hole in Apple's OS X operating system or in Apple applications that run on top of it.
The "Month of Apple Bugs" project, currently slated to begin on Jan. 1, is being orchestrated in part by a security researcher who asked to be identified only by his online alias "LMH." This is the same researcher who in November ran the "Month of Kernel Bugs" project. LMH's partner in this project is Kevin Finisterre, a researcher who has reported numerous bugs to Apple over the past few years. Coming in January: "Month of Apple Bugs" - Security Fix | http://www.malwarehelp.org/news/article-5610.html |
Connecting with clients, advertising, managing invoices, delivering services; as a Fishers Island, NY business owner, you rely on your computers to handle various aspects of your operations. In fact, without IT, it’s safe to say that your business probably wouldn’t be where it is today. While computers are a vital component of owning and operating a business in the 21st century, they need to be properly managed. Cyberattacks lurk around every corner, and all it takes is one successful attack to wreak havoc on your company. Even a minor data breach can end up costing an exorbitant amount of money to recover from; not to mention the time you’ll have to devote to getting things back up and running.
As the owner and operator of a small- to medium-sized Fishers Island business, there’s no doubt you try to keep your costs under control as much as you possibly can; after all, running a business in today’s economic climate can be a real challenge. Given the dangers that lurk on the World Wide Web and the damaging effects that cyberattacks can cause, computer security is one area where you definitely don’t want to trim your budget. But when you’re operating on such a tight budget, trying to find the funds to cover the costs that most cybersecurity firms in the Suffolk County area charge can seem virtually impossible. Fortunately, there’s a way that you can get the high-end cybersecurity services that you need to keep your business protected without having to pay the high-end prices. How? – By working with E-Topia Technologies, one of Fishers Island, NY’s leading cybersecurity companies.
About E-Topia Technologies
E-Topia Technologies is a full-service IT and cyber-security company. Locally owned and operated, we have been providing computer networking and computer repair services for Suffolk County business owners for more than 20 years. Cybersecurity and computer networking are vital for businesses of all shapes and sizes, but for small- and mid-sized businesses, finding high-quality, effective solutions at affordable prices can be difficult, as many cyber-security firms in the Fishers Island area charge sky-high prices for their services.
At E-Topia Technologies, our mission is to provide companies that are operating on limited budgets the opportunity to access the IT and cybersecurity solutions that they need at prices that they can afford. You shouldn’t have to choose between sacrificing the protection of your business or your budget, and with the cybersecurity services that E-Topia Technologies provides, you don’t have to. We employ a team of highly trained and extremely knowledgeable technicians who are well-versed in the most advanced Network Security Standards. When you work choose us for your IT and cyber-security needs, you’ll receive premium-quality services that won’t break your budget.
Why Choose E-Topia Technologies?
Keeping your computer networking systems secure is paramount, and at E-Topia Technologies, we understand that each company has unique cyber-security needs, and those needs change over time. That’s why we provide scalable solutions that are customized to meet your current needs and that will easily adapt so that they continue to suit the ever-changing needs of your company well into the future; and of course, we ensure that our services are always well within your price point.
At E-Topia Technologies, we take a proactive approach to cybersecurity and computer repair. Our technicians are fully dedicated to ensuring that the network environments of each and every client that we serve are completely safe and secure. We combine our proficiency in cybersecurity and network configuration with other forms of physical security, including Perimeter Detection and Network Video Security systems.
–Robert S. Mueller III, Former Director, FBI
We realized that as a business grows, so does its IT and security needs. We understand that small- to mid-sized businesses don’t have Fortune 500 budgets to meet these needs and have dedicated ourselves to offering security services and vulnerability management solutions at an affordable cost.
We offer a proactive, full-service approach to ensuring utmost security for your network environment. We pair our expertise in network configuration and security with other physical security mediums such as network video security and perimeter detection systems.
Our clients rely on our professional and knowledgeable technicians to keep their networks running smoothly, minimizing downtime – while offering peace of mind when it comes to their cyber security needs. | https://www.etopiacorp.com/cyber-security-fishers-island |
Since the financial crisis of 2008 the dynamics changed in the financial sector. Banks have to comply with IFRS and Basel and insurance companies face Solvency II since 2016. These regulations are quantitative and qualitative based. As a consultant for the Financial Risk Management (FRM) department at KPMG you help clients on a daily basis with these regulations. One day you are calculating the capital requirements for a bank and another day you are calculating the provision for an insurance company or pension fund. Other tasks of a consultant are helping financial institutions with M&A’s or their asset management. Next to these calculations, you help financial institutions with questions like ‘how do we apply for a banking license’ or you help organizing large meetings for the Chief Risk Officers of large European insurers. All this work is done with a young and diverse team of around 70 people.
My name is Sander Cremers and in the beginning of September 2010 I started my ‘Econometric Career’ at the University of Groningen. Via several committees and a fantastic year in the VESTING Board 2014-2015 I finished my BSc degree and started as a MSc student at the UvA. During my master I also worked two days a week to head-start my career in the financial industry. Visiting numerous conferences and career events, I decided that I wanted to become a consultant, since the work is highly diverse and not one day is the same. As a consultant you need to have several skills. First of all it is important that you are able to work in teams, which goes hand in hand with expectation management. When are you able to deliver your work? Are you on track with your deadlines? Furthermore it is important to have a clear view on what the client expects from you. You can make the most beautiful slide deck in the world, but if it is not the answer to the question of the client, it is of no use. Is your ambition to start in the field of FRM, or do you have no clue and do you need more information? Feel free to contact me on the number or email address below because I’m happy to sit down for a cup of coffee to discuss your questions! | https://devesting.nl/home/career/alumni-experiences/risk-management |
On mobile devices, the average length of a viewing session on YouTube is now more than 40 minutes, Google reported Thursday. That’s double what it was last year, CFO Ruth Porat said during the company’s quarterly earnings call.
Google didn’t say what types of video people are watching for that long of a stretch. You can imagine how individual music videos, movie trailers, and tutorials could add up throughout the day, but the fact that Google’s figure is for uninterrupted viewing shows how popular it’s become to watch video on mobile devices.
[ Further reading: The best streaming TV services ]
The figure underscores a broader trend in consumers’ use of new mobile apps like Vine, Periscope and Meerkat. Those services are younger and smaller than YouTube, which has more than a billion users, but they’ve quickly become popular channels for self-expression and live broadcasting.
Some Periscope users have used the app to livestream episodes of the popular TV series “Game of Thrones,” despite the risk of copyright infringement. The average length of a “Game of Thrones episode” is close to an hour.
In reporting its results, Google also said YouTube is becoming a stronger contributor to its advertising revenue. The number of advertisers running ads on YouTube has risen 40 percent from last year, while the average spend per advertiser has increased more than 60 percent. But Porat wouldn’t say how much money YouTube is making.
Google’s total sales for the quarter rose by 11 percent, to $17.73 billion. Its revenue growth has slowed in recent years, partly due to the challenges of making money from ads on mobile devices. But the company said Thursday that it was narrowing the gap between mobile and desktop ad prices.
To comment on this article and other PCWorld content, visit our Facebook page or our Twitter feed. | https://www.pcworld.com/article/2949472/streaming-services/the-average-mobile-youtube-session-is-now-40-minutes-google-says.html |
25 years ago, on August 25, 1991 Linus Torvalds announced the kernel he was working on. That kernel later became Linux. August 25th is celebrated as the birthday of Linux. But the interesting fact is that August 25 is not the date when Linux was released.
In an interview during LinuxCon North America (Toronto), Torvalds told me that the first release of Linux (version 0.01) was never announced publicly. He uploaded it to an FTP server and sent an email about it to people who showed interest in it.
When I asked about the date for the first release, he said that didn’t remember the date as he lost all the emails about it. Later, during a keynote discussion with Dirk Hohndel (VP and chief open source officer of VMware) at LinuxCon, he said that the only way to find the date is by finding the tarball of the first release and check the time-stamp.
[ Beware the 9 warning signs of bad IT architecture and see why these 10 old-school IT principles still rule. | Sign up for CIO newsletters. ]
On September, 17, 2016, Torvalds announced on Google+
Today is the 25th anniversary of the Linux-0.01 release, I do believe. Normally, the anniversary is counted from the announcement email (August 25), because that was the actual public statement of intent. The 0.01 code drop happened a couple of weeks later, and wasn't publicly announced.
I downloaded the tarball of version 0.0.1 and found the time-stamp:
Mention of FREAKS-kernel in the makefile of the first release.
Initially Linux was released under a non-GPL licence, restricting any commercial use of the kernel. In 1992, Torvalds changed the licence to GNU GPL v2, removing the commercial restriction.
Here is the excerpt from his original email
The Linux copyright will change: I've had a couple of requests to make it compatible with the GNU copyleft, removing the "you may not distribute it for money" condition. I agree. I propose that the copyright be changed so that it confirms to GNU - pending approval of the persons who have helped write code. I assume this is going to be no problem for anybody: If you have grievances ("I wrote that code assuming the copyright would stay the same") mail me. Otherwise The GNU copyleft takes effect as of the first of February. If you do not know the gist of the GNU copyright - read it.
Torvalds credits GPL v2 for the success of Linux. During his keynote discussion with Hohndel, Torvalds said, “What made the difference was the license. "FSF [Free Software Foundation] and I don't have a loving relationship, but I love GPL v2," said Torvalds. "I really think the license has been one of the defining factors in the success of Linux because it enforced that you have to give back, which meant that the fragmentation has never been something that has been viable from a technical standpoint."
While Torvalds credits GPL v2 and the Linux community for the success of the project, Linux has become the most successful GPLed software in the world, emerging as a great success story of copyleft code.
Simultaneously, Linux also changed the way companies develop software. Linux made companies comfortable with open source. Even companies like Microsoft are now open sourcing their existing technologies such as PowerShell and .NET framework. AI and Machine Learning are seen as the 4th industrial revolution and companies like Amazon, Microsoft and Google have already open sourced their machine learning technologies that are building the foundation of AI.
We can all thank Linux and Torvalds for it. | https://www.cio.com/article/3121811/linux/it-s-official-linux-was-released-on-september-17-1991.html |
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The changing landscape and significant surge in cyber threats have contributed to the high demand for endpoint security solutions globally, finds Frost & Sullivan’s recent analysis. Endpoint security is the practice of using host-based software products to secure computing devices such as laptops and smartphones. The global endpoint security market will likely reach $31.1 billion by 2026 from $17.4 billion in 2021, registering expansion at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.3%.
“With the rise in the volume of cyber threats due to the pandemic and remote working requirements, the world witnessed a significant increase in endpoint security needs,” said Sarah Pavlak, Security Industry Principal at Frost & Sullivan. “To mitigate attacks, endpoint security solutions—endpoint protection platform (EPP) and endpoint detection and response (EDR)—are vital as they help identify unprotected assets.”
Develop an effective strategy for detecting and mitigating zero-day attacks. This should include a defensive plan with prevention technology and a response method for potential attacks.
Consider implementing on-device AI/ML (machine learning) capabilities on endpoint agents to support detection capacity and deliver collective intelligence competencies.
Focus on cloud-based endpoint security. It offers opportunities to extend product services, either on-demand or fully managed, and leverage Big Data for high-fidelity advanced threat detection.
Incorporate mobile threat defense into endpoint solutions to secure endpoints and track device behavior to detect and stop malicious activity.
Global Endpoint Security Growth Opportunities is the latest addition to Frost & Sullivan’s Security research and analyses available through the Frost & Sullivan Leadership Council, which helps organizations identify a continuous flow of growth opportunities to succeed in an unpredictable future. | https://aithority.com/security/growth-in-cyber-attacks-boosts-global-demand-for-endpoint-security/ |
Artificial Intelligence is often viewed as a potential threat to humanity, but it can also be viewed as a valuable tool. From self-driving cars to automated security systems, AI is gradually becoming a valuable resource in our everyday lives. It’s important to realize that AI can be used for good or bad purposes. One of the biggest risks of AI is that it is becoming more and more advanced, which is opening the door to the possibility of AI surpassing human intelligence. This is called the singularity, and it’s something that should be considered because once it occurs, we may not be able to turn back.
One of the reasons this risk is so great is because humanity has no idea where AI will lead us. As technology progresses forward at an ever-increasing rate, our intelligence needs to be able to keep up. While AI has the potential to open up doors that we currently can’t even conceive, it could also be our ultimate downfall.
The advantages of AI are endless. We will be able to treat illnesses that have plagued us for years, solve problems with weather on a global scale, predict crime before it happens, and even cut down the workforce by implementing more automated systems.
The cons of AI are not as easy to foresee. If artificial intelligence advances too quickly without the oversight of our government or corporations, then there could be massive disruptions in the workforce, economic problems caused by automation, and even power struggles between nations.
One of the biggest questions is whether AI will have any loyalty to humans. Unlike humans, AI will never take sick time off or go on strike. If it decides not to do something for us, then we can’t force it because it will possess its own free will, which is why it’s very important to realize that artificial intelligence could pose a much greater danger than people would ever suspect.
AI and cybersecurity
Of course, we are still a long way from the singularity, but it is still difficult for us to tell what will happen in the distant future. The truth is that human intelligence will always be far too inferior to Artificial Intelligence. When it comes to the cybersecurity industry, human intelligence is still vital.
We need to start researching now about how AI has the potential to impact cybersecurity. The risk of AI is an existential threat because it can be weaponized. AI could potentially take over or be an assistance to hackers by performing cyberattacks against humans, which will likely exceed any cyber defense.
AI could also impact cybersecurity by enabling smart devices to be hacked, which are controlled by AI because of the internet of things. If you control all of those things, then you can control everything about a person’s life.
The military, government, and corporations are groups that are already using AI to some degree. With all the information gathered through hacking and surveillance, AI will draw its knowledge about people from these sources.
While these groups benefit from AI, it might also be used as a means for cyberattacks. Imagine the amount of damage an army of hacked devices can do. What will happen to people who don’t agree with AI’s agenda? Who decides what the agenda is and how much control should be allowed?
The solution
How do we prevent it from becoming too much like Skynet? We soon need to take control of AI and dictate the terms. But the question remains, who is fit to be in charge? Once AI takes over, there’s no way for us to shut it down.
We need a kind of “coalition” between various nations and corporations so we can work together. Working with cybersecurity experts who are already in the field, we need to come up with ways to keep AI under control. We’ve seen already how it’s possible for hackers to manipulate automated computer systems and cause them to take actions they were never intended to take.
It all boils down to this. Who will be in charge of AI? We certainly don’t want AI in the hands of hackers. We need to be able to control it and stop it from taking actions that could harm us.
The risk of #AI is an existential threat because it can be weaponized. How do we prevent AI from being used as a tool for #cyberattacks? #cybersecurity #respectdataClick to Tweet
The world is becoming increasingly automated, and we don’t want computers causing any damage. We need to make sure AI doesn’t become the enemy but instead works with us in all its potential power. | https://www.cpomagazine.com/cyber-security/artificial-intelligence-the-enemy-and-the-solution/ |
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In conclusion, there are many methods to protect against vertigo and vertigo. But on the whole of thumb, remaining before your issues will assist you to steer clear of problems entirely! | http://aus-antivirussupport.com/heres-what-you-should-find-out-about-vertigo-and-dizziness/ |
Microsoft SQL Server 2000 is prone to a remote memory-corruption vulnerability because it fails to properly handle user-supplied input.
Authenticated attackers can exploit this issue to execute arbitrary code and completely compromise affected computers. Failed attacks will likely cause denial-of-service conditions. | https://vulnerabilityteam.wordpress.com/tag/vulnerabilities/ |
Over £87,000 lost to binary options scams every day in the… 29/01/2018
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In the following, we wish to provide you with information on how we, Kennametal, (hereinafter “us” or “we” or “Controller) handle your personal data when you use our website, contact form, newsletter, web shop, chat tool, or request for information contact.
Kennametal Inc. and all its subsidiaries
II. Purposes and Legal Basis of the Data Processing
If you have given your consent for the processing of your personal data, the legal basis for the data processing is your freely given consent pursuant to Art. 6 (1) (a) GDPR.
For the processing of personal data for the purposes of concluding or fulfilling a contract with you, Art. 6 (1) (b) GDPR is the legal basis.
Insofar as the processing of your personal data is necessary for the fulfilment of our legal obligations (e.g. for the storage of data), we are obliged to pursuant to Art. 6 (1) (c) GDPR.
In addition, we for the purposes of safeguarding our legitimate interests and the legitimate interests of third parties pursuant to Art. 6 (1) (f) GDPR. The maintenance of the functionality of our IT systems, but also the marketing of our products and services and the legally required documentation of business contacts are such legitimate interests.
1. Processing of personal data when visiting our website and using our website services
When you call up our Website, your browser will transfer certain data to our web server. This is done for technical reasons and required to make the requested information available to you. To facilitate your access to the Website, the following data are collected, briefly stored and used:
Moreover, to protect our legitimate interests, we will store such data for a limited period of time in order to be able to initiate a tracking of personal data in the event of actual or attempted unauthorized access to our servers.
We are allowed to pursuant to Art. 6(1) (b) and (f) GDPR. 1
1.1 Cookies
This Website uses so-called “cookies”. Cookies are small text files that are stored in the memory of your terminal via your browser. Cookies cannot run programs or transmit viruses to your computer. They serve to make the Internet offer more user-friendly and effective overall.
In view of the importance of data privacy, and our obligations of transparency, we provide information below about cookies, how we use them on our website and what options you have if, despite the benefits they bring, you prefer to disable them. We will assume you agree to accept the cookies that we use on our website if you do not disable or opt out of them as described below.
Cookies installed on your device by the organization running the website you are visiting are known as “first party” cookies.
Cookies installed on your device via the website you are visiting by another organization are termed “third party” cookies. An example is a cookie set by a specialist website analytics company that provides the website owner with data on the numbers of people visiting its website.
So-called “persistent cookies” remain on your device even after you close your internet browser. They are activated each time you visit the website that created that particular cookie. For example, where a "persistent cookie" is used on a website to remember your login details, you will not need to enter those details each time you visit that website.
Session cookies, by contrast, are temporary and are typically used to enable the website to operate, e.g. by permitting a user to move from page to page without having to log in again. Once you close your browser, all session cookies are deleted.
"Flash cookies" are installed from websites that contain media (e.g. video clips). This requires specific software. This allows content to be downloaded and information to be stored faster, e.g. that the content has been accessed from your device.
1.1.3 How to control cookies – Opt Out
To prevent the use of cookies by your Internet browser, you can deactivate the use of cookies via the settings of your Internet browser. You can use the help functions of your Internet browser to learn how to deactivate and/or delete cookies in your browser. Please note that the deactivation/deletion of cookies may result in certain functions of our website no longer functioning as expected. In addition, the deactivation/deletion of cookies only affects the Internet browser used for this purpose. For other Internet browsers, the deactivation/deletion of cookies must therefore be repeated accordingly.
We store this data until the end of the term of a respective cookie or until you delete the cookies.
Further processing of personal data by means of cookies can be found in the relevant sections of this information.
(1) This website uses Google Analytics, a web analysis service of Google Inc. "("Google"). Google Analytics uses "cookies", which are text files placed on your computer, to help the website analyze how users use the site. The information generated by the cookie about your use of this website is usually transferred to a Google server in the USA and stored there. However, if IP anonymization is activated on this website, Google will reduce your IP address within Member States of the European Union or in other states party to the Agreement on the European Economic Area beforehand. Only in exceptional cases will the full IP address be transmitted to a Google server in the USA and shortened there. On behalf of the operator of this website, Google will use this information to evaluate your use of the website, to compile reports on website activity and to provide the website operator with further services associated with website and Internet use.
(2) The IP address transmitted by your browser in the context of Google Analytics is not merged with other Google data.
(3) You may refuse the use of cookies by selecting the appropriate settings on your browser, however please note that if you do this you may not be able to use the full functionality of this website. You can also prevent Google from collecting the data generated by the cookie and relating to your use of the website (including your IP address) and from processing this data by Google by downloading and installing the browser plug-in available under the following link: http://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout?hl=de .
(4) It is our legitimate interest to analyze and regularly improve the use of our website.
(5) We use Google Analytics to analyze and regularly improve the use of our website. We can improve our offer and make it more interesting for you as a user. (1) Our websites use the functions of Google Analytics Remarketing in conjunction with the cross-device functions of Google AdWords (see sections 1.2.4). The provider is Google Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
(2) This function makes it possible to link the advertising target groups created with Google Analytics Remarketing with the cross-device functions of Google AdWords. In this way, interest-related, personalized advertising messages that have been adapted to you depending on your previous usage and surfing behavior on a terminal device (e.g. mobile phone) can also be displayed on another of your end devices (e.g. tablet or PC).
(3) If you have given your consent, Google will link your web and app browsing history to your Google Account for this purpose. This way, the same personalized advertising messages can be delivered to every device you sign in to with your Google Account. To support this feature, Google Analytics collects Google authenticated user IDs that are temporarily linked to our Google Analytics data to define and create target groups for cross-device advertising.
You can permanently object to cross-device remarketing/targeting by disabling personalized advertising in your Google Account by following this link: https://www.google.com/set- tings/ads/onweb/.
(4) The summary of the data collected in your Google Account is exclusively based on your consent, which you can submit or withdraw to Google. For data collection operations that are not aggregated in your Google Account (e.g. because you do not have a Google Account or have opposed the aggregation), the collection of data is to analyze the website visitors for advertising purposes.
For further information and Google's privacy policy follow: https://www.google.com/poli- cies/technologies/ads/.
(5) This website uses the "demographic features" function of Google Analytics. This allows reports to be created that contain information on the age, gender and interests of site visitors. This data comes from interest-related advertising by Google and from visitor data from third-party providers. This data cannot be assigned to a specific person. You can disable this feature at any time from the display settings in your Google Account or opt-out of the collection of your data by Google Analytics as described in section 1.2.1. (3).
(6) For further information on how Google Analytics handles user data and Google's privacy policy follow https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/6004245?hl=en.
1.2.3 Google Adwords
(1) Our website uses the Google Adwords service. Google AdWords is an online advertising program from Google Inc, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA ("Google"). We use the remarketing function within the Google AdWords service. The remarketing function enables us to present advertisements based on their interests to users of our website on other websites within the Google display network (on Google itself, so-called "Google ads" or on other websites). For this purpose, the interaction of users on our website is analyzed, e.g. which offers the user was interested in, in order to be able to display targeted advertising to users even after visiting our website on other pages. To do this, Google stores a number in the browsers of users who visit certain Google services or websites on the Google Display Network. This number, known as a "cookie", is used to record the visits of these users. This number is used to uniquely identify a web browser on a particular computer and not to identify a person.
(2) You can disable the use of cookies by Google by following the link below and downloading and installing the plug-in provided there: https://www.google.com/settings/ads/plugin . For more information about Google Re-marketing and Google's privacy policy, please visit: http://www.google.com/privacy/ads/ .
(3) Furthermore, we use the so-called Conversion Tracking when using the Google AdWords service. When you click on an advertisement served by Google, a conversion tracking cookie is placed on your computer or device. These cookies lose their validity after 30 days, and will only be used for personal identification. The information collected using the conversion cookie is used to generate conversion statistics for AdWords customers who have opted for conversion tracking.
In addition, you can disable interest-based ads on Google and interest-based Google ads on the web (within the Google display network) in your browser by clicking the "Off" button at http://www.google.de/settings/ads or by disabling them at http://www.aboutads.info/choices/. For more information about your choices and privacy on Google, please visit https://www.google.de/intl/de/policies/privacy/?fg=1 .
(5) We in playing off product recommendations and carrying out marketing measures. For the exceptional cases in which personal data is transferred to the USA, Google has submitted to the EU-US Privacy Shield, https://www.privacyshield.gov/EU-US-Framework.
1.2.4 Adobe Analytics and Adobe Dynamic Tag Management
(1) We use the web analysis service Adobe Analytics. Adobe Analytics is a tool offered by Adobe Systems Incorporated, 345 Park Avenue San Jose, CA 95110-2704 USA. We use this tool to analyze and regularly improve the use of our website.
(2) We use Adobe Analytics with the setting "Before Geo-Lookup: Replace visitor's last IP octet with 0" and "Obfuscate IP-Removed", which shortens your IP address by the last octet and replaces it with a generic IP address that can no longer be assigned. A personal relationship can thus be ruled out.
(3) Adobe's Dynamic Tag Management enables us as a website provider to flexibly integrate and easily manage services (e.g. Adobe marketing services, Adobe Analytics) to improve interaction with leads. A tag is a web page code element in the JavaScript programming language. This must be embedded on any html page for use, so that the code element can be activated when a web page is opened. Adobe Dynamic Tag Management controls tag embedding in a central location and allows to control which services are included in which location, as well as collecting data or activating services.
(4) We to improve our website and make it more interesting for you as a user.
(5) Cookies are stored on your computer for this evaluation. The information collected in this way is stored on servers, also in the USA. If you prevent the storage of cookies, we point out that you may not be able to use this website in its entirety. You can prevent cookies from being saved by setting your browser or by clicking on the "Logout" button at http://www.adobe.com/de/privacy/opt-out.html . 1.2.5 Adobe Target
(1) To provide a demand-oriented website design we collect and process with the help of analysis cookies usage data about your user behavior on our website. The collection of your usage data and the creation of a user profile are done pseudonymously by using a cookie ID.
(2) For this reason we use the Adobe Target service of Adobe Systems Software, Ireland Ltd, 4-6 Riverwalk, Citywest Business Park, Dublin 24, Ireland ("Adobe") to collect your usage data and create your usage profiles.
(3) Adobe Target works on the basis of A/B tests. This means that the user of our website will see a different version of the website (e.g. with different design and content) than the original version of the website. The comparison of both variants gives us information about the presentation preferred by the users of our website. When using Adobe Test & Target, only information about you is processed that does not allow you to be identified. IP anonymization is also enabled, so your IP address is shortened before further processing by Adobe Test & Target is executed. We do not merge the resulting user profiles with your name or other information that reveals your identity, such as your e-mail address.
(4) The usage data is stored by the service used for a maximum period of 24 months from time of collection.
Information about Adobe Test & Target's cookies and your opt-out option can be found at the following link: http://www.adobe.com/de/privacy/opt-out.html.
1.2.7 Facebook Pixel
(1) Our website measures conversions using visitor action pixels from Facebook, Facebook Inc., 1601 S. California Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA ; Facebook Ireland Ltd 4 Grand Canal Square, Grand Canal Harbour, D2 Dublin; Ireland (“Facebook”). These allow the behavior of site visitors to be tracked after they click on a Facebook ad to reach the provider’s website. This allows an analysis of the effectiveness of Facebook advertisements for statistical and market research purposes and their future optimization. The data collected is anonymous to us as operators of this website and we cannot use it to draw any conclusions about our users’ identities. However, the data are stored and processed by Facebook, which may make a connection to your Facebook profile and which may use the data for its own advertising purposes, as stipulated in the Facebook privacy policy. This will allow Facebook to display ads both on Facebook and on third-party sites. We have no control over how this data is used.
(2) Check out Facebook’s privacy policy to learn more about protecting your privacy: https://www.facebook.com/about/privacy/ . You can also deactivate the custom audiences remarketing feature in the Ads Settings section at https://www.facebook.com/set- tings?tabR=ads . You will first need to log into Facebook.
We use Click Dimensions. This is a marketing toolkit of the provider Click Dimensions LLC that supports Microsoft Dynamics 365. We use this toolkit to improve our newsletter dispatch and personalize the newsletter, so that you receive more information on themes you are really interested in.
We to improve and individualize the newsletter and to increase our sales rate. You will only receive a newsletter if you have given prior consent.
1.3 Links to social media websites
On our website you will find links to social media networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Google+, YouTube and Linkedin. These are not social plugins provided by the social media provider, which already transfer data to the provider when the page is loaded without the users having any influence. Behind the buttons to the social media networks there is only a link to the social media network including the transfer of the website to be shared. No user data is transmitted from the website to the social media network. If you are already logged in to the relevant social media service at the time you click the button, the sharing dialog will detect this so that you can share the content directly. If this is not the case, you will be asked to log in to the social media network. From this point on you will be on the website of the respective social media network. Information on data processing of the respective providers can be found below.
(1) We have integrated YouTube videos into our website, which are stored on http://www.YouTube.com and can be played directly from our website. The videos are all integrated in the "extended data protection mode". That means no data about you as a user will be transmitted to YouTube if you do not play the videos. Only when you play the videos the data mentioned in paragraph 2 will be transmitted. We have no influence on this data transmission.
(2) By visiting the website, YouTube receives the information that you have accessed the corre- sponding subpage of our website. In addition, the data mentioned under section II. 1. of this notice will be transferred. Regardless, whether YouTube provides a user account through which you are logged in or whether no user account exists. If you are logged in to Google, your information will be directly associated with your account. If you do not wish to be associated with your profile on YouTube, you must log out before activating the button. Such evaluation takes place in particular (even for unlogged-in users) to provide demand-oriented advertising and to inform other users of the social network about your activities on our website. You have the right to object to the creation of these user profiles, although you must contact YouTube to exercise this right.
(3) For more information on the purpose and scope of data collection and processing by YouTube, please refer to the privacy policy. There you will also find further information on your rights and setting options to protect your privacy: https://www.google.de/intl/de/policies/privacy. 1.4.2 Google Maps
(1) On this website, we use Google Maps. Google Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA, operates it. This allows us to display interactive maps directly on the website and enables you to use the map function conveniently.
(2) By visiting the website, Google receives the information that you have called up the corresponding subpage of our website. In addition, the data specified in section II.1. This is regardless of whether Google provides a user account that you are logged in with or whether no user account exists. Google stores your data as usage profiles and uses them for purposes of advertising, market research and/or demand-oriented design of its website. Further information about handling user data, can be found in the data protection declaration of Google at https://www.google.de/intl/de/policies/privacy/.
1.4.3 AddThis-Bookmarking (1) Our website uses the bookmarking service AddThis, operated by AddThis, Inc. (“AddThis”), 1595 Spring Hill Road, Suite 300 Vienna, VA 22182, USA. Our websites also contain AddThis plugins. These plugins allow you to bookmark or share interesting content with other users. Through these plugins, we offer you the possibility to interact with social networks and other users, so that we can improve our offer and make it more interesting for you as a user.
AddThis provides tools for designing websites, which make it easier for you to share the site you are currently visiting with other internet users via email or social networks. If you open a page of our website containing such a plugin, your browser will automatically connect to the AddThis servers and possibly the selected social network. AddThis transmits the content of the plugin directly to your browser and integrates it into the page. This connection informs AddThis that your browser has requested the respective page of our website. After that AddThis stores a cookie on your device in order to identify your browser. This information (including your IP address) is transmitted directly from your browser to an AddThis server in the USA and is stored there.
(2) It is our legitimate interest to offer you the opportunity to share information easily and directly.
(3) If you do not wish to participate in this process, you can object to the collection and storage of data at any time by setting an opt-out cookie with effect for the future: http://www.add- this.com/privacy/opt-out. Alternatively, you can set your browser to prevent the setting of a cookie.
(4) For an overview of AddThis plugins and their design follow: https://www.add- this.com/get/sharing. To find out more about the purpose and scope of the data collection, and the further processing and use of your data by AddThis, please have a look at the privacy policy of AddThis: www.addthis.com/privacy/privacy-policy .
1.4.4 Typekit by Adobe
(1) We use Adobe Typekit for the visually appealing design of our website. Typekit is a service of Adobe Systems Software Ireland Ltd. 4-6 Riverwalk, Citywest Business Campus, Dublin 24, Republic of Ireland ("Adobe"), which gives us access to the Adobe font library. To integrate the fonts we use, your web browser must connect to an Adobe server in the U.S. and download the font you need. This will inform Adobe that your device's IP address has been used to access our website.
(2) The data processing is in the visually appealing design of our website.| (3) Adobe has submitted to the EU-US Privacy Shield and is committed to ensuring the European data protection principles and the local data protection level also in the context of the data processing taking place in the USA. For more information about Adobe Typekit, see the Adobe Privacy Statement: https://www.adobe.com/privacy/policies/typekit.html.
The data processing will only take place to the extent necessary for the response of your request and for the correspondence with you.
The collected data is solely used for the purpose of responding to your request. The data collected during the transfer process is necessary to prevent misuse of the functionality and to ensure the security of our systems.
4. Information Email & Newsletter
With your consent, you can subscribe to our newsletter, with which we inform you about our current interesting offers and product innovations. The advertised goods and services are named in the consent letter.
For subscription to our newsletter, we use the so-called double opt-in procedure. After you have subscribed to the newsletter on our website, we will send you a message to the indicated email address asking for your confirmation. If you do not confirm your subscription within [24 hours], your information will be locked and will automatically be deleted within a month. In addition, we store your IP addresses and the time of registration and confirmation. The purpose of the procedure is to be able to prove your registration and, if necessary, to clarify a possible misuse of your personal data.
The only mandatory information for sending the newsletter is your e-mail address and company name. The indication of further, separately marked data is voluntary and is used to be able to address you personally. After your confirmation, we will save your e-mail address for sending you the newsletter.
You can withdraw your consent to receive the newsletter at any time and unsubscribe from the newsletter. You can declare your withdraw by clicking the UNSUBCRIBE BUTTON provided in each newsletter e-mail, or by sending a message to the email address below.
5. Order-Hotline & Web shop
If you would like to order in our web shop, it is necessary for the conclusion of the contract that you enter your personal data, which we need for the completion of your order. Required information for the execution of the contracts are marked separately, further information is voluntary. We process the data provided by you to process your order. For this purpose, we can pass on your payment data to our bank.
We are obliged by commercial and tax law to store your address, payment and order data for a period of ten years. However, after two years we will limit the processing of your data. After two years your data will only be used to comply with legal obligations.
We offer a customer live chat between 8 am and 6 pm for technical issues. To start the chat, you have to select a Support Group (Tech Support for America in English or Spanish, Tech Support for Europe in English) and enter your name. Furthermore, you can enter you email address and your customer number on a voluntary basis.
The data will only be stored until we have fully answered your request to your satisfaction and the process has been completed and there are no legal storage obligations to the contrary.
1. Data Transfer for data processing on our behalf
We use specialized service providers to process some of your data. Our service providers are carefully selected and regularly checked by us. They process personal data only on our behalf and strictly in accordance with our instructions based on appropriate contracts for order processing.
We use external IT service providers, in particular, to provide you with our platforms, databases and tools for our products and services (e.g. our website, the sending of newsletters and information e-mails), to create analyses of user behavior on our websites and to play marketing campaigns. The transmission of your personal data takes place for the purpose of contract initiation or execution with you, due to our legitimate interest in improving and promoting our products, and if you have given us your consent for the processing of your personal data based on your consent.
2. Data transfer for the provision of our products and services
In order to provide and perform our products and services, we may transfer your personal data to companies within the Kennametal Group as part of an internal process based on the division of resources. The data transfer is in carrying out internal administrative activities efficiently and on the division of resources and in improving our products and services pursuant or for the fulfilment of a contract with you.
3. Data Transfer due to legal obligation
Beyond that we transfer your personal data only and in so far a legal obligation exists on our part to the passing on, e.g. to the police authorities in the context of criminal investigations or to the data protection supervisory authorities.
4. Processing of data outside the EU/EEA
Some of your data will also be processed in countries outside the European Union ("EU") or the European Economic Area ("EEA"), where a generally lower level of data protection may prevail. In these cases, we ensure, for example through standard contractual clauses with our contractual partners that an adequate level of data protection is guaranteed for your data.
You may at any time with future effect withdraw your consent to the collection, processing and use of your personal data.
For further information please refer to the chapters above describing the processing of data based on your consent.
Enter multiple catalog, order or material master numbers. One per line.
If you create a new solution, you will lose any solutions you were working on already. How would you like to proceed? | https://www.kennametal.com/cn/zh/about-us/data-privacy/privacy-statement.html |
The coronavirus relief package rolled out by Senate Republicans on Monday includes $53 million for the Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) to defend coronavirus vaccine development against malicious hackers.
According to a summary of the roughly $1 trillion bill from the Senate Appropriations Committee, the funds for CISA were included in an effort to “remediate vulnerabilities and enhance Federal network security as a result of increased attacks targeting Federal networks for agencies involved in coronavirus vaccine development.”
The $53 million is a marked increase from the $9.1 million given to CISA in the CARES Act stimulus bill signed into law by President Trump Donald John TrumpJudge rules to not release Russia probe documents over Trump tweets Trump and advisers considering firing FBI director after election: WaPo Obama to campaign for Biden in Florida MORE in March, reflecting the increase in concerns around criminals stepping up cyberattacks during the pandemic.
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CISA is one of the key federal agencies responsible for defending the nation against cyber threats.
In May, CISA and the FBI put out a joint alert warning that Chinese government-backed hackers were targeting U.S. groups involved in the development of COVID-19 vaccines and treatments. The agencies warned that the “potential theft of this information jeopardizes the delivery of secure, effective, and efficient treatment options.”
More recently, the U.S., the United Kingdom and Canada put out a separate alert warning that a hacking group known to operate as part of Russia’s security services was targeting companies in all three countries involved in COVID-19 vaccine research.
House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy Kevin Owen McCarthyMcCarthy faces pushback from anxious Republicans over interview comments McCarthy: 'I would think I already have the votes' to remain as House GOP leader Conservatives seize on New York Post story to push Section 230 reform MORE (R-Calif.) introduced legislation last week that would impose sanctions on foreign hackers attempting to steal COVID-19 research. Republicans attempted to attach the bill to the House version of the annual National Defense Authorization Act, but were blocked by Democrats who objected to the last-minute nature of the addition.
CISA Director Christopher Krebs said last month that he expected “every intelligence service” to target COVID-19 research as the world scrambles to find a way to end the pandemic, adding that it was “a very active space.”
CISA is not the only agency that would get a boost in funding under the proposed Republican stimulus bill, which also designates $2 billion for information technology modernization at the IRS, including cybersecurity upgrades.
The IRS warned in April that it had seen an uptick in hackers targeting tax professionals to steal financial information, and that malicious cyber actors would likely target sensitive financial information during the pandemic. | https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/509325-senate-republican-stimulus-bill-includes-53-million-for-dhs-cyber-agency |
A US education non-profit appears to have unwittingly leaked the personal information of thousands of students after leaving two online MongoDB databases exposed.
The privacy snafu was discovered by noted researcher Bob Diachenko and affected the Institute of International Education (IIE), an organization set up to promote educational and cultural exchanges with other countries.
“Although the database itself did not contain documents, it did contain links with active access tokens to documents stored elsewhere,” explained Security Discovery. “Links to passport scans, application forms, visas, emails, and other documents were discovered.”
Also among the leaked data were medical forms, funding information, student dossiers, US arrival documents and tax forms.
As the links to the sensitive personal documents were contained in around three million log files, it’s hard to estimate the total number of affected students, but Diachenko claimed they run into the thousands “if not more.”
Two identical MongoDB databases hosted at different IP addresses were left unsecured in the same manner, allowing anyone scanning for exposed systems to open them and take a look inside.
If either database was accessed it could provide a treasure trove of sensitive information for use in follow-on fraud, according to Security Discovery.
“An identity thief couldn’t ask for a better payload. The alarming amount of personal and financial data would make it easy for a criminal to open up new accounts and lines of credit in victims’ names, for example,” it warned.
“College-aged students are prime targets for identity theft because they often have clean credit reports and decent credit scores. We strongly urge impacted students to check their credit reports regularly in the upcoming months. Tax fraud is another threat, so impacted students should be on the lookout for tax scams during the upcoming tax season.”
Although IIE secured the data on February 6, eight days after being alerted to the leak by Diachenko, it did not respond personally to any of his messages, or to provide any public comment to those affected. | https://nationalcybersecurity.com/infosec-us-education-non-profit-leaks-data-on-thousands-of-students/ |
As researchers continue to find security flaws in medical devices and threat actors continue to target the healthcare sector, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) is pushing for medical devices to have mandatory built-in update mechanisms.
The administration Tuesday released its Medical Device Safety Action Plan: Protecting Patients, Promoting Public Health report to outline how the FDA can enhance programs and processes to assure the safety of medical devices.
In the report, the FDA asks Congress for funding and regulatory powers to improve its approach toward medical device safety on the cybersecurity front by enacting a plan to address unmet needs.
The plan focuses on establishing a medical device patient safety net, exploring regulatory options to streamline and modernize timely implementation of postmarket mitigations, spur innovation towards safer medical devices, advance medical device cybersecurity, and integrate CDRH's premarket and postmarket offices and activities to advance the use of a Total Product Life Cycle (TPLC) approach to device safety, according to the April 17 press release.
“To facilitate this approach, CDRH is evaluating a potential structural design of one large office comprised of seven smaller device-specific offices that would each be responsible for premarket review, postmarket surveillance, manufacturing and device quality, and enforcement,” the report said. “The design also would include a new office that would be dedicated to clinical evidence and analysis, under which teams would be focused on clinical evidence policy, evidence synthesis and analysis, biostatistics, bioresearch compliance, and collaboration with and outreach to clinical researchers outside of FDA.”
The FDA is also looking to require medical device manufactures to develop a “Software Bill of Materials” that must be provided for each medical device and made available to customers and users of the device.
The bill is intended to be used by hospitals, healthcare units, contractors, or users to determine how the devices functions, what software is needed for what feature, and what technologies are used in the device.
The news comes as security professionals in the private sectors look to bring awareness to the threat of which hacked medical devices will inevitable pose as well. Doctors at the 2018 RSA Conference in San Francisco simulated a scenario in which a compromised device resulted in a patient overdose.
The simulation demonstrated the steps a doctor would take to diagnose what had caused the patient to overdose and highlighted how easily doctors may overlook medical devices as the cause of patient illness in life or death scenarios. In the simulation it took precious minutes before the doctor realized that a malfunctioning pump was the cause of the crisis. | https://www.scmagazine.com/news/network-security/fda-pushes-for-medical-devices-to-include-mandatory-built-in-update-mechanisms |
2. Antivirus software configuration
Add Agent program installation folder and the main program file path into the exclusion list of the anti-virus software.
Easy to use. Whether you're in the office or at home, or taking a public transport, you will be able to monitor the devices that you want to monitor as long as your computer or mobile phone can connect to the internet.
The monitored devices can be a computer (including Windows and Mac), an Android phone or a tablet.
6. Tech FAQ
6.1 I do not know how to install the iMonitor Keylogger Pro agent program,can you help me to install it?
If you have purchased a license, we can help you to install the iMonitor agent program via remote desktop tool, please feel free to contact us.
6.2 How many days the logs will be stored on the server? Any limitation for data size?
The logs will be stored for 15 days. If you want to extend the time, please contact us. And there is no data size limitation.
6.3 Anti-spyware or Antivirus software prevents me from installing iMonitor Keylogger Pro Agent.
You may add paths of the client program installation folder and the main program file into the exceptions list or trusted list.of anti-virus software.
If the client program has been banned by anti-virus software, please re-install the client software.
6.4 Is the agent program running in stealth mode, will the user find it?
Yes, iMonitor Keylogger Pro agent program works in totally stealth mode without any message & window popups, and protected by your iMonitor Web Console account password.
6.5 How long is the synchronization interval?
Commonly it is 1-2 minutes, but due to internet connection situation it might be postponed sometimes. | http://keylogger-software.org/how-to-start.html |
The Royal Meteorological Institute of belgium (RMI), a computer system is purchased, which with 70 points spread out over the whole of Flanders, for better gritting the Roads and Traffic Agency (AWV) work, you can use. The new voorspellingstool should result in a better strooiacties, and the snow – and ice-free roads.
The co-operation between the AWV and the RMI and is new. Minister of transport and Public Works, Lydia Smith, which is in the project, but in Beringen-it expects a lot out of what they are in a unique collaboration between two government agencies is said. “315 gritting, 569 people and a contract for up to 108.000 tons of road salt to take a stand for the Flemish region and the motorways free of snow and ice, to make. Hopefully, this new initiative will ensure that the winter service will go smoothly.”
Better than the Defense
Veva Daniels, president of the AWV, “Before, we had our weerinfo of the Meteowing of Defense (dod). Three times a day, did that for a prediction. Under the new system, we are getting more and more accurate information about the state of our roads, and at all times of the day.” The royal meteorological institute, and bought for this purpose, a new computer system for the Dutch meteorological office KNMI. That is the so-called wegenweermodel will in the future be applied on the Flemish roads. The model is linked with 70 points. These are small stations along the way, various parameters are noted and will pass it on. Those points are also equipped with a camera that is on the road, it is an indication of the temperature of its surface. Thanks to the continuous monitoring of the high-speed communication between the RMI and the strooidiensten, we can be in danger, send a text message to the person responsible for the sub-regions. In addition, there is a human element in those cases where the side-board, in order to decide whether to drive. To this end, including through the use of the computer for a check-up to be done by the people of the AWV.”
Are available in software packages to provide more, and better, locally-specific data so that, for example, a decision can be made in the North of Limburg, the salt to sprinkle it, but it is not in the province of Limburg. In the province of Limburg alone, there are 15 data points.
bike Paths
In recent winters, it was because cyclists are often in the situation of the Flemish, cycling paths, but also allows AWV improvements in the long term. Daniel: “with The adjacent cycle tracks, which are adjacent to the roads are, and our trucks are covered. On the exposed trails we fietspadstrooiers in. That will be slower, however, due to the lokalere information, we can now be faster and more accurate to focus on.”
David Dehenauw, the head of the Academic Service-Weather forecast of the royal meteorological institute, notes that the royal meteorological institute, with the intention to have the mobility in the whole of the land to ensure the safety and security on the road is to be optimized. “Well, Wallonia is very interested in the new model, and we hope that in the near future as well, to the south of the region. For many years, there is also a partnership between the national railway, SNCB and Infrabel, on the one hand, and the RMI, on the other hand. The railways will be able to contact us at anytime in order to detect it in the winter to keep them free of snow and ice.” | http://www.globaldomainsnews.com/strooidiensten-to-work-this-winter-and-better-with-a-new-computer-system-rmi |
As boards of directors continue to oversee their companies’ response to the coronavirus pandemic, cybersecurity remains top of mind, especially as directors also prepare for annual shareholder meetings, many of which are being held virtually, according to Kaley Childs Karaffa, Director of Board Engagement at Nasdaq.
“Cyber is a full board issue for every organization,” Karaffa said during a webinar on Closing the Accountability Gap. “Each board should be assessing with regular frequency whether the board structure and processes ensure that they are able to effectively fulfill their oversight responsibilities related to not only cyber but risks more broadly.”
Amid the uncertainty during the outbreak, malicious cyber actors are looking to take advantage of public concern. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in mid-March experienced suspicious cyber activity, which was reportedly a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. Tech experts also warn of phishing attacks and disinformation campaigns. Phishing attacks, which usually use a combination of email and deceptive websites, try to get victims to reveal sensitive information. Meanwhile, disinformation campaigns sow discord, promote distrust, manipulate the public conversation or disrupt markets.
“This is a vulnerable time for the country, and it’s certainly a time when bad actors will attempt to compromise or hack into your corporate systems. Vigilance by directors is extremely important during this unprecedented time,” said Joan Conley, Senior Vice President and Corporate Secretary at Nasdaq. “The security features of a board portal are of heightened importance as they assist in maintaining confidentiality of board meeting materials and reference documents.”
As the situation surrounding COVID-19 evolves rapidly, a greater level of interaction between boards and management may be beneficial. Karaffa emphasized that management should be keeping the board well informed to allow directors to exercise their duty of oversight and serve as a resource for management bringing in their expertise and experience to inform management’s risk mitigation and business continuity strategies. To this end, many boards may be increasing the frequency of their meetings. Karaffa noted that one company she is working with has moved to conducting weekly virtual meetings during the current crisis at the board’s request, continuing to update policies that ensure the workforce is protected and the supply chain is supported and closely monitor the company’s financial health.
Conley noted that Nasdaq uses a board portal for board meetings and communications, utilizing email capabilities and setting up a document reference section for directors. Conley said she leverages the board portal as a foundation for board meetings, where directors can locate the agenda and material documents for virtual briefings.
As directors continue to oversee the corporate response to the outbreak, they are also preparing for the annual shareholder meetings, considering how to conduct the meeting in a manner that protects shareholders from any exposure to the virus. In mid-March, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission published guidance providing regulatory flexibility to companies looking to change the date and location of meetings and hold a virtual forum.
“Virtual shareholder meetings are becoming the norm for 2020, requiring knowledge on legal obligations and understanding of the position taken by institutional investors and proxy voting firms on virtual meetings,” said Conley.
Despite the risks COVID-19 presents, Karaffa urged boards to find “opportunities in the risk environment.” She suggested that boards analyze how the company and board can come out of the pandemic, not only in the short term, but also in the long term. Effective boards and management teams will identify the key things that they can control now to stabilize the business and then look for opportunities to advance long-term strategies, especially in terms of cyber risk and corporate technology structures and flexibility. Directors should assess how lessons learned through this crisis can inform opportunities to improve governance structures and practices and board composition, which will promote greater long-term growth and sustainability and overall board effectiveness.
To learn more about how boards and IT executives can mitigate cyber risks in times of uncertainty, hear insights from Nasdaq, Tanium, Brunswick Group, and Alston & Bird experts as they discuss Closing the Accountability Gap.
© 2020 Nasdaq, Inc. The Nasdaq logo and the Nasdaq ‘ribbon’ logo are the registered and unregistered trademarks, or service marks, of Nasdaq, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All rights reserved. This communication and the content found by following any link herein are being provided to you by Corporate Solutions, a business of Nasdaq, Inc. and certain of its subsidiaries (collectively, “Nasdaq”), for informational purposes only. Nothing herein shall constitute a recommendation, solicitation, invitation, inducement, promotion, or offer for the purchase or sale of any investment product, nor shall this material be construed in any way as investment, legal, or tax advice, or as a recommendation, reference, or endorsement by Nasdaq. Nasdaq makes no representation or warranty with respect to this communication or such content and expressly disclaims any implied warranty under law. At the time of publication, the information herein was believed to be accurate, however, such information is subject to change without notice. This information is not directed or intended for distribution to, or use by, any citizen or resident of, or otherwise located in, any jurisdiction where such distribution or use would be contrary to any law or regulation or which would subject Nasdaq to any registration or licensing requirements or any other liability within such jurisdiction. By reviewing this material, you acknowledge that neither Nasdaq nor any of its third-party providers shall under any circumstance be liable for any lost profits or lost opportunity, direct, indirect, special, consequential, incidental, or punitive damages whatsoever, even if Nasdaq or its third-party providers have been advised of the possibility of such damages.
The world is small but the opportunities and chances are endless.
We gladly share our passion for Knowledge, Technology, and Finance through this platform to help motivated people like us achieve the desired ends by having condensed practical data in one place. | https://betahprime.com/cybersecurity-is-top-of-mind-for-boards-amid-pandemic/ |
As reported by Ars Technica, the criminal complaint filed Tuesday claims Egor Igorevich Kriuchkov traveled from Russia and met up with an unnamed employee of the Gigafactory, initially offering $500,000 for the malware job.
“The purpose of the conspiracy was to recruit an employee of a company to surreptitiously transmit malware provided by the coconspirators into the company’s computer system, exfiltrate data from the company’s network, and threaten to disclose the data online unless the company paid the coconspirators’ ransom demand,” the complaint reads.
Prosecutors claim Kriuchkov plied the employee with booze and chose to discus the most sensitive matters pertaining to the plot while inside a rented car. While the complaint only lists the chosen target as “Company A,” Tesla CEO Elon Musk confirmed via Twitter on Thursday that his company was that target, calling it “a serious attack.”
According to an audio recording made by the employee, the defendant claimed to be working for a “group” that supplied the money.
Industrial espionage is nothing new, but the connected, perhaps overly technical world we live in makes cyber attacks all the more damaging. There’s also an open question of exactly what kind of damage a malware attack on Tesla’s digital infrastructure could yield. Could it have placed Tesla drivers — especially those who make use of the automaker’s Autopilot driver-assist system — in harm’s way? Tesla and Musk aren’t saying. | https://carsnspeed.net/from-russia-with-malware-tesla-thwarts-cyber-attack.html |
While you can easily download cost-free versions of malware apps, it’s a good idea to spend just a few dollars over a premium antivirus application. Some high quality versions offer more secureness and a range of features. A good choice can be Norton. For anyone who is on a budget, you may opt for Avira’s free Android os app, which include effective anti-theft tools. Norton is a great choice for protecting delicate information. They have more than 90 million downloading and is designed for both Google android and Chromebooks. Despite the quality price, the antivirus features are worth it.
The security of your cellular phone depends on many factors, including your browsing behaviors and the form of applications you download. Men and women that install applications from Google Play Retail store are usually safe. If they don’t down load apps from the web or click suspicious email links, they will not want antivirus applications. People who mount apps coming from third-party sources, such as unofficial applications, may need to pay to work with their antivirus security software apps. But , if you’re buying a free malware app, you can download Norton Mobile Security, which is found in the Yahoo Play Retail store for free.
Even though Avira contains decent anti-malware protection, you will need more protection against phishing attacks. Scam attacks come in the form of malicious backlinks found in email messages or on websites. The no cost version of Avira’s iOS antivirus app is limited to basic safeguards. If you’re worried about security, you may opt for Norton Security for iOS, a free substitute. It’s designed to appsguide.org/ protect your iOS device against all types of online problems in real-time and has a 60-day money-back guarantee. | https://govtjobsolution.com/the-very-best-antivirus-software-for-google-android-and-ios/ |
What is FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe?
FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe is an executable exe file which belongs to the Adobe Flash Player process which comes along with the Shockwave Flash Software developed by Adobe Systems software developer.
I have faced similar issues with unknown exe files running in the background in my windows computer. Read this tutorial to learn more about FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe and whether to disable it or not.
If the FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe process in Windows 10 is important, then you should be careful while deleting it. Sometimes FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe process might be using CPU or GPU too much. If it is malware or virus, it might be running in the background.
The .exe extension of the FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe file specifies that it is an executable file for the Windows Operating System like Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10.
TIP: If you are facing System related issues on Windows like registry errors or System files being deleted by virus or System crashes, we recommend downloading Restoro software which scans your Windows PC for any issues and fixes them with a few steps.
Malware and viruses are also transmitted through exe files. So we must be sure before running any unknown executable file on our computers or laptops.
Now we will check if the FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe file is a virus or malware? Whether it should be deleted to keep your computer safe? Read more below.
Is FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe safe to run? Is it a virus or malware?
Let’s check the location of this exe file to determine whether this is a legit software or a virus. The location of this file and dangerous rating is mentioned below.
File Location / Rating : C:WindowsSysWOW64MacromedFlash
To check whether the exe file is legit, you can start the Task Manager. Then click on the columns field and add Verified Signer as one of the columns.
Now look at the Verified Signer value for FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe process. If it says “Unable to verify” then the file may be a virus.
Over All Ratings for FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe
If the developer of the software is legitimate, then it is not a virus or malware. If the developer is not listed or seems suspicious, you can remove it using the uninstall program.
Based on our analysis of whether this FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224 file is a virus or malware, we have displayed our result below.
Is FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe A Virus or Malware: FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe .
How to check if FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe is a security issue ?
We also recommend using Security task manager application to find which processes are unwanted in your windows computer and can be security issue. Here is how you can find whether FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe is a security threat using Security task manager application.
Download Security task manager application and install it on your computer.
Run it as administrator. It will now show all the applications that are running on your computer.
Now it will show the Rating, file location , company and product name for each process.
Now click on the Ratings column to sort based on ratings.
You will now see which process has the worst rating easily so can decide FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe is given a bad rating or not easily.
You will also find whether the FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe process is important or not with this feature.
How To Remove or Uninstall FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe
To remove FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe from your computer, do the following steps one by one. This will uninstall FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe if it was part of the software installed on your computer.
If the file is a part of a software program, then it will also have an uninstall program. Then you can run the Uninstaller located at directory like C:Program Files>Adobe Systems>Shockwave Flash >Adobe Flash Player> FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe_uninstall.exe.
Or the FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe was installed using the Windows Installer, then to uninstall it Go to System Settings and open Add Or Remove Programs Option.
Then Search for FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe or the software name Shockwave Flash in the search bar or try out the developer name Adobe Systems.
Then click on it and select the Uninstall Program option to remove FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe file from your computer. Now the software Shockwave Flash program, along with the file FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe will be removed from your computer.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do i stop FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe process?
In order to stop the flashplayerplugin_… process from running, you either have to uninstall the program associated with the file or, if it’s a virus or malware, remove it using a Malware and Virus removal tool.
How to check GPU Usage of FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe?
To check FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe GPU usage. Open Task Manager window and look for the FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe process in the name column and check the GPU usage column.
I hope you were able to learn more about the FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe file and how to remove it. Also, share this article on social media if you found it helpful.
Let us know in the comments below if you face any other FlashPlayerPlugin_11_7_700_224.exe related issues. | https://howtodoninja.com/files/exe/flashplayerplugin_11_7_700_224-exe/safe-virus-malware-uninstall-fix-flashplayerplugin_11_7_700_224-exe/ |
According to FireEye, Triton was designed to either shut down a production process or allow SIS-controlled machinery to work in an unsafe state.
The attack on the petrochemical plant, owned by Saudi Arabia’s Tasnee group, appears to have been designed to shut down safety controllers which could have caused an explosion at the plant, according to the New York Times. In the event, the attack failed due to a flaw in the coding of the malware.
The malware's origins were a mystery when FireEye first discovered Triton in 2017 and remained a mystery even after the New York Times article in March 2018.
But in a report published on October 23, FireEye says that following further research into incidents where the Triton malware was deployed, it can now assess with "high confidence" that the Central Scientific Research Institute of Chemistry and Mechanics (CNIIHM), a Russian government-owned technical research institution located in Moscow, was involved in these attacks.
FireEye's report does not link the Triton malware itself to CNIIHM, but the secondary malware strains used by the Russian hacking group dubbed TEMP.Veles and deployed during the incidents where Triton was deployed.
Clues in these secondary malware strains used to aid the deployment of the main Triton payloads contained sufficient traceable elements to allow researchers to identify their source.
"Some possibility remains that one or more CNIIHM employees could have conducted the activity linking TEMP.Veles to CNIIHM without their employer's approval," FireEye said. "However, this scenario is highly unlikely."
FireEye says that based on CNIIHM's self-described mission and other public information, the research lab had both the tools and expertise to develop this type of malware, but also reasons to do so because of its ties to various Russian military and critical infrastructure apparatus.
The Daily Telegraph said the attack on the Saudi plant in August 2017 was described as a watershed moment in cyber security because it was the first known attempt to take control of an emergency shutdown system designed to save human lives. | http://www.hazardexonthenet.net/article/162716/Russian-research-laboratory-linked-to-cyber-attack-on-Saudi-petrochemical-plant.aspx |
A year and a half after GDPR, California's own data privacy act will soon go into effect, but many businesses are unprepared. How can they get there?
A year and a half ago, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) — the world’s most far-reaching data privacy regulation — came into effect across the European Union. At the time, many affected companies both in and outside of the EU were caught unprepared, but the regulation did bring in changes in how data privacy was handled at many organizations and likely inspired future regulations.
Next up: the California Consumer Privacy Act. The final round of amendments for the CCPA finished in September, and the law takes effect on Jan. 1, 2020. When that happens, the same scenario that saw GDPR arrive with many organizations still unprepared looks likely to repeat itself. According to research from eMarketer done in July 2019, only 8% of U.S. businesses said they were prepared and only 34% said they expected they would be before the regulations came into effect.
The last round of changes to the law did give some reprieve to those who find themselves unprepared. The amendments to California’s data privacy act reduced the scope of the law, more concisely regulating consumer-facing activities, said Aaron Shum, practice lead in security, risk and compliance at Info-Tech Research Group.
Read the rest of Terri Coles' article on the CCPA on InformationWeek's affiliate site ITPro Today.
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ITS Products has released an innovative flush corner-mount adaptor for the Canon mini dome series that allows the cameras to be installed in environments where there is a likelihood of physical attack.
Locations such as police interview rooms, custody suites, secure mental hospitals and immigration centres make special demands of integrators with the twin challenges of ensuring maximum room coverage and factoring out possible ligature points for self-harm.
The triangular design of the new unit, combined with Canon’s wide-angle lens, deliver as complete a view of the room as possible and outperform more traditional solutions by eliminating the blind spot usually found immediately below the camera.
ITS Products are aware that there are no Europe-wide standards on performance of cameras in these circumstances but individual countries and organisations such as health trusts, police, and border control forces impose stringent criteria on optical performance, flushness of mounting and resistance to impact. In the UK for example, the ACPO guidance on safe custodial detention emphasises the importance of designing out possible ligature points in any custody suite.
Installers working in high-security environments will know that engineers are regularly accompanied on site by overseers to minimise the risk of tools being mislaid and appropriated by inmates. This is combined with laborious counting in and out of every item in an engineer’s toolbox.
The new adaptor is installed by fitting a mounting frame complete with an IP-rated seal in the corner of the room. The installation can be enhanced by using anti-pick mastic that further prevents any risk of ligature points. The normal outer cover of the dome is discarded so as not to produce a second lens effect and safeguarding Canon’s market-leading optical performance.
Installation is completed with three screws to secure the camera in place. Now fully integrated, the clamping bracket and dome are fitted back onto the front panel and fitted into the frame.
The whole installation process takes a matter of minutes which is a great advantage compared with traditional offerings in facilities that are occupied by vulnerable or potentially disruptive residents.
Installers will also appreciate that the mounting frame has a degree of flex which accommodates the fact that few corners form a perfect 90-degree angle. The minimal requirement for tools will appeal to any facilities manager securing a building where there is a potential for appropriation and misuse of tools by residents or inmates.
The corner unit’s dome and the camera itself remain concentric so the optical performance is not compromised and there is no change to the focal point if a PTZ camera is being used. The dome is certified to be optically correct even when used with cameras of up to 5MP.
ITS Products have anticipated the likelihood of casual vandalism and sustained physical attack on the unit by making the cast acrylic dome with a scratch-proof coating and the ability to withstand an impact specified by the IK10 rating.
Installers will be aware of the need for optically correct corner units for quality control in machine vision applications. There is also provision for an integrated audio system within the unit’s design which requires local power. A flying lead is supplied ready to connect directly to the mini dome.
Austin Freshwater, Pro-Imaging Director at Canon UK, said: “At Canon, we strive to work with partners to develop solutions that meet specific industry needs. Our mini dome range offers customers superior image quality and functionality, within compact and discreet designs. Partnering the camera with ITS provides a solution for use in demanding niche verticals that offers a greater angle of view and greater protection for users.” | https://australiansecuritymagazine.com.au/its-canon-corner-adaptor-for-safe-custodial-detention/ |
In addition to collecting information on each firm's cyber security risk and governance, OCIE staff surveyed key employees on their respective firms' cyber security history and practices. The purpose of the Sweep, in part, appears to have been to establish an informational baseline for the US financial services industry – while signaling to private and public sector alike just how much work is left to be done. The results of the Sweep were decidedly mixed. There is plenty of cyber security awareness, education, and improvement needed in the financial services sector. Still, the results are not all bad; the findings show that there may be hope for the industry yet.
On the following pages, we break down the best of the good news, and the worst of the bad news, from the OCIE's examination.
Joe Stanganelli is founder and principal of Beacon Hill Law, a Boston-based general practice law firm. His expertise on legal topics has been sought for several major publications, including US News and World Report and Personal Real Estate Investor Magazine. Joe is also ... View Full Bio1 of 8Comment | Email This | Print | RSSMore InsightsWebcasts
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After a cyberattack, companies remain vulnerable. What CIOs can do to protect their brands
It’s a time tested strategy for malicious actors: Strike with phishing attacks while a company and its clients are dealing with the aftermath of a hack. A classic tactic is to send an email to customers that appears to be a message from the CEO, warning people to change their passwords because of the recent attack, but which contains a password-reset link that leads to a website controlled by the hacker. Perhaps that’s the same hacker who invaded the company’s system earlier this week, or it could be a new, unrelated actor who is just taking advantage of the situation.
Still hiring: Cybersecurity workforce shortage to reach 1.8M by 2022
The cybersecurity workforce gap is on track to hit 1.8 million by 2022, according to a new report released Wednesday from Frost & Sullivan for the Center for Cyber Safety and Education, with the support of (ISC)², Booz Allen Hamilton and Alta Associates. That number represents a 20% increase since 2015. The report, which includes insights from more than 19,000 cybersecurity professionals, also found two-thirds of respondents say they do not have enough workers to address current threats.
http://www.ciodive.com/news/still-hiring-cybersecurity-workforce-shortage-to-reach-18m-by-2022/444385/ 3.5M vacant cybersecurity roles by 2021, Cybersecurity Ventures report
Citing a Microsoft study that estimated that by 2020, three-quarters of infrastructure will be operated by third parties (such as cloud providers and internet service providers), the whitepaper emphasized the service offered by a subset of such third-party providers: MSSPs (managed security service providers), which focus particularly on security. […] “Having a partnership with a third-party security operations center (SOC) provider is beneficial to companies that have limited IT resources and lack internal security expertise†said Melissa Zicopula, vice president of Managed Security Services at Herjavec Group. | https://criticalinformatics.com/it-security-news-blast-6-8-2017/ |
Protecting your personal computer with a dependable rated antivirus is a have of the hour. If you never have however believed of this, then you better down load rated antivirus software program currently, since this may be the one point which you just can’t manage to overlook the need to have of. Setting up a great anti-virus inside your PC can be as crucial as having to worry about the safety of your home. This really is one many of these application that every one computer end user must mount, since with no it, you will absolutely sending out an available party invitation to computer system infections that can be played mayhem using your system.
Additionally, you may also check some functions in the rated antivirus that match your particular preferences. To get instance, if you are regular about social media sites, it might be a good idea to install a great anti virus that especially caters to these types of applications. Now that you’re well equipped with all that you need to know regarding an antivirus software , the next phase is to appear out meant for a dependable blog that provides distinct antivirus software programs to choose from. Make sure that the website is a secure a person, so you shouldn’t wrap up additionally hampering your Computers security although searching for an alternative for this .
Yet that’s not really each and every one, seeing that the greatest www.delilla.net antivirus application would end up being one that gets on a regular basis current, seeing that innovative viruses and malware are been released every occasion, making a minute-to-minute updation essential. Last but not the least, the cost of the program is something which requires to be deemed. Even though it will be smart to are satisfied with a good offer that is easy on the pocket, ensure that you don’t end up making an undesirable choice only for the reason of conserving a few bucks. With all these elements kept in mind, you can definitely associated with best decision not simply designed for pathogen removal, also for forthcoming security of your COMPUTER .
Ahead of getting a great malware download, this is significant to have time out for your market study of all of the ant-virus software available in the market, your a detailed evaluation of the different features that every software program provides. The first thing to shell out value to is usually the extent of protection that the ant-virus presents. An ideal a person would become one that protects you by all feasible hazards, including infections, trojan malwares, and spyware likewise. Another aspect to consider just before you download a great anti virus can be that it should be equipped with a user friendly program, making it easy to use for an amateur consumer .
Further more, when you decide to download the malware of your decision, make certain that your system fits all the requirements that are required for its set up, and with that done, you may embark about your path to PERSONAL COMPUTER security . In case you have any doubts regarding the stability of the software program that you’ve picked; you can easily guarantee the performance by simply experiencing the easily obtainable malware critiques upon web that may give you a proven outlook .
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Adherence to good documentation practices is essential to patient safety and allows healthcare providers to communicate effectively. Reinforce the following practices with providers and staff:
Document all communications with patients, regardless of modality, in the medical record. Include the communication of both abnormal and normal test results. When test results require a follow-up action, document the communication of this action and any additional recommendations.
Clearly document your clinical decision-making.
Document any limitations to your ability to fully assess the patient and what you did based on that. For example:
“The exam was limited due to the patient’s need to self-quarantine for COVID-19 symptoms. The patient was examined virtually in a private area. The patient had partial ROM and increased pain. She was instructed to elevate the area, continue with OTC pain medications, and check in with me tomorrow.”
If an encounter is conducted virtually, be sure to document not only the encounter but any sites that were linked, the mode of service delivery or technology used, any technical difficulties, and all patient-related electronic communications such as lab/test results.
Do you have any recommendations for timeline documentation to mitigate liability from COVID-19 claims?
How individual organizations respond to the COVID-19 pandemic varies considerably. Multiple factors influence the response. Some of these factors include where you are located, whether or not you experienced a surge, the resources available to you, and when testing became available to you. Given the rapid pace of change and fluctuating mandates/guidance from federal, state, and local agencies, it may be difficult in the future to recollect exactly what you implemented to prevent exposure to COVID-19 and when you implemented it.
Consider creating a master timeline of all critical dates and any corresponding documentation. Include:
First COVID-19 case diagnosed at facility.
Critical communications to staff members and patients.
Critical communications or guidance released from federal, state, and local agencies.
Federal, state, and local closures and reopenings.
The COVID-19 screening questions asked.
The COVID-19 precautions implemented.
Be sure to maintain any corresponding documentation referenced in the timeline.
Coverys developed a sample COVID-19 Timeline that you may find helpful.
I have been informed that I may contract the COVID-19 virus associated with the current pandemic and that a physician may order COVID-19 screening. All results will be confidentially reported to my physician and to any entities as required by law. I have the right to refuse testing and know that such refusal may result in postponing or cancelling procedures recommended by my health providers. If my test results confirm I have COVID-19, I will be informed and given education.
Prior to using any standard language in an informed consent form, consult your attorney.
How should I document patient consent to treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Many practitioners believe obtaining a signed informed consent is the best way to protect against liability resulting from risks associated with medical care and treatment, including invasive procedures and surgery. A signed informed consent is a way to demonstrate patient understanding of the benefits, risks, and alternatives to more invasive procedures. In cases involving a lack of informed consent, some patients allege they did not understand the risks of a procedure when they signed an informed consent form.
Educating patients about risks, benefits, and alternatives helps them to understand what to expect before they consent to treatment of any kind. Documenting this education in the medical record not only provides a record of the patient’s care, it also helps protect you in the event of a medical professional liability claim. The following documentation practices may protect you:
Document the informed consent discussion with the patient in the medical record.
Document the patient’s choice to cancel or reschedule because of COVID-19 exposure risk as an informed refusal in the medical record.
Document all information and education provided to the patient about steps you will take to minimize spread of infection from COVID-19, including cleaning protocols, personal protective equipment (PPE) use, physical distancing requirements, and efforts to minimize unnecessary exposures to unessential staff, other patients, or visitors.
Document the use of any educational resources from federal, state, and local agencies providing guidance on COVID-19 risks and requirements.
Document your efforts to educate the patient on the responsibilities of both the practice and the patient and the patient’s willingness to adhere to them.
CMS has addressed EMTALA within the COVID-19 Emergency Declaration Blanket Waivers for Health Care Providers.
CMS is waiving the enforcement section 1867 of EMTALA to allow hospitals, psychiatric hospitals, and critical access hospitals to screen patients at a location off-site from the facility’s campus to prevent the spread of COVID-19 as long as it is consistent with the respective state’s emergency or pandemic plan. Before implementing an alternative testing site, check your state’s emergency or pandemic plan.
Our policyholders may contact Coverys Underwriting regarding alternative testing site coverage questions at [email protected].
Can suspected COVID-19 patients be redirected from the ED for an off-campus medical screening examination (MSE)?
The CMS waiver gives hospitals flexibility regarding the management of emergency department COVID-19 screening and treatment resources. With this waiver, a hospital is permitted to redirect patients seeking COVID-19 screening to an alternative site, even off campus, to conduct an MSE there. This waiver only allows for redirection or transfer to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. Hospitals should not otherwise take actions inconsistent with EMTALA. In addition, the waiver expressly states that it does not apply to any action taken that discriminates among individuals on the basis of their source of payment or their ability to pay.
The facility is at or overcapacity or anticipates being there shortly. Can “surge facilities” be used and what should be considered?
CMS is waiving the physical environment requirements (42 CFR 482.41) to allow hospitals to use nonhospital buildings such as hotels, dorms, and ambulatory surgery centers for patient care and quarantine sites. The utilization of these facilities DOES require state approval. CMS is also waiving the provider-based rules (42 CFR 413.65) to allow hospitals to operate any location meeting the conditions of participation as hospital locations.
If considering using surge facilities, numerous waivers apply to reduce burdens at the expanded alternative site locations, which are described in the waivers as “surge capacity sites” and surge facilities. Check the CMS waivers and your state’s requirements. For example, your state may require inspection by the fire marshal prior to occupying a surge facility. In addition, the CDC offers alternate care sites and isolation sites guidance.
Our policyholders may contact Coverys Underwriting regarding surge facility coverage questions at [email protected].
The CDC has developed Criteria for Return to Work for Healthcare Personnel with Confirmed or Suspected COVID-19 (Interim Guidance). Check with your local health department to determine if they have additional guidance for you to follow.
In addition, the CDC advises that symptomatic healthcare facility workers are a testing priority.
While it is common knowledge that there is a risk of COVID-19 transmission in any public setting, planning for and preparing patient education is an important part of mitigating the risk of COVID-19 transmission in a healthcare setting. Coverys offers Tips for Educating Patients about COVID-19 and Documenting Patient Education to help you develop your patient education plan.
To confirm that the patient received COVID-19 education before and during an in-person patient visit, you may consider listing patient education on an acknowledgment form and asking the patient to sign it. Coverys has a sample Patient Education Acknowledgment Form that you may find helpful.
Assessment of staff for infection.
Requirements for masks and handwashing while in the office.
Steps to clean the environment and equipment.
Unique risk factors such as immunocompromise or other comorbid diseases that may require additional protective actions.
Patients and staff pass through different environments before arriving in the healthcare setting. It is difficult to determine where they may be exposed to the virus. Even with education and the best preventive protocols in place, there is no way to effectively guarantee the prevention of COVID-19 transmission.
Asking patients and staff to report specific symptoms (e.g., fever, congestion, coughing/sneezing, difficulty breathing, etc.).
Requiring mask use and physical distancing while in the office.
Requiring patient handwashing before assessment and care.
Addressing expectations with patients beforehand can help save time and reduce the risk for conflicts when they arrive. Coverys offers Tips for Educating Patients about COVID-19 and Documenting Patient Education to help you prepare patients when scheduling appointments.
The result of any COVID-19 test, whether positive or negative, requires patient-specific education, follow up, and a direct discussion with the patient or caregiver. Consider the following recommendations:
Use patient contact as an opportunity to provide the necessary education and address their concerns and anxieties.
Evaluate patient symptoms, possible exposures, and living/working situations to recommend next steps.
Inform patients that negative results do not guarantee they don’t have the COVID-19 virus or won’t get it in the future and may require additional testing.
Document all test results and patient conversations in the medical record as well as other pertinent clinical findings and follow-up recommendations.
Follow state and local public health reporting requirements for COVID-19.
Provide patient educational resources as needed. Consider using the CDC’s Fact Sheet for Patients.
Consider reviewing the American Medical Association’s guidance on Reporting Clinical Test Results. Additional risk management guidance is available for Coverys policyholders in Diagnostic Accuracy: Testing, Tracking and Follow-up in our Customer Portal.
As the COVID-19 pandemic shows no signs of letting up, healthcare workers and patients will be wearing masks for an unforeseen amount of time. Do you have any tips on how to communicate effectively while wearing a mask? How can we engage our patients and ensure we are showing empathy and concern while wearing a mask?
Mask-wearing presents communication challenges for everyone. Masks muffle sound, making it more difficult to understand speech and some higher-pitched voices. Masks also remove our ability to read lips and see facial expressions, making it more difficult to understand what we’re hearing.
A recent Harvard Business Review article, How to Build Rapport…While Wearing a Mask, provides the following useful tips:
Avoid clear masks unless necessary. Some people find them unsettling, and they tend to fog up.
Practice your “mask voice.” Include the following key elements:
Pause: Give people opportunities to jump in or respond.
Accentuate: Accentuate key phrases and information.
Volume: Speak up, but don’t shout.
Emotion: Try to make your voice more expressive by conveying positive emotions, such as excitement, awe, gratitude, and sympathy.
Practice active listening. Show interest by periodically nodding and making sounds of understanding.
I am worried about the stress to my office staff. Do you have any tips?
Minimizing stress is not only important for the well-being of the provider, but for patient safety as well. When providers are stressed or burned out, they are more likely to disregard policies and procedures that enhance patient safety. Be vigilant to prevent shortcuts and workarounds and ensure staff is supported by:
Increasing management walk rounds.
Providing morale boosters for providers and staff.
Encouraging situational awareness to identify early signs of fatigue.
Participating in an employee assistance program, if you have one, as this may benefit them by discussing their anxiety/stress issues and give them coping suggestions.
Implementing virtual check-in huddles (daily, biweekly, as needed) with staff working from home to monitor well-being.
We are experiencing an influx of patients due to COVID-19 and may not have enough nurses to cover the rising need. What are some options for staffing during this emergency?
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, state boards of nursing are modifying their licensure requirements and scope of practice in order to meet the patient surge. Check with the board of nursing in your state for modifications due to COVID-19.
COVID-19: A guide to making telepsychiatry work presented by Clinical Psychiatry News may be helpful.
Coverys policyholders can log in to Coverys Customer Portal for more risk management guidance, sample tools, and checklists.
This information is intended to provide general guidelines for risk management. It is not intended and should not be construed as legal or medical advice. Your organization should add to and modify this tool to address the compliance standards and regulations applicable in your state or organization.
The links included are being provided as a convenience and for informational purposes only; they are not intended and should not be construed as legal or medical advice. Coverys bears no responsibility for the accuracy, legality or content of the external site or for that of subsequent links. Contact the external site for answers to questions regarding its content. | https://www.coverys.com/About-Us/COVID-19-Coronavirus/COVID-19-Risk-Management-Questions-and-Answers |
Safety programs that are "stuck" with subpar performance, safety culture, etc.; and
Organizations looking to improve efficiency.
Here are better risk management tools to use in aviation SMS that will make your safety team much more efficient.
Many safety managers don’t have significant experience.
Implementation plans and checklists save you the trouble of trying to figure out what to do next and what implementation elements are required.
The unfortunate but undeniable fact is that safety promotion is the most neglected of the 4 pillars of SMS. Safety managers either simply don’t have time or don’t see how valuable promotion is.
Many aviation safety providers receive much pressure to be compliant and make sure that the right compliance “boxes are checked.” These boxes usually have nothing to do with safety promotion, and focus more on Safety Risk Management, Safety Assurance, and Safety Policy.
While becoming compliant is important, it’s equally important to ensure that you also have a sustainable safety management system that functions as it is designed. Safety promotion doesn’t have to be difficult, boring, or time-intensive. Safety Promotion checklists are very useful for helping you promote your SMS with little effort. | http://aviationsafetyblog.asms-pro.com/blog/best-low-cost-risk-management-tools-to-use-in-aviation-sms |
This certificate focuses on the knowledge and tools necessary to address the increasing demand on corporate and governmental organizations to improve the security of their "cyber content." Courses in the certificate provide an understanding of the foundation of current cybersecurity threats, the phraseology and terminology used in the sector, as well as the various roles, responsibilities and tools related to detection of cyber threats.
The faculty members in the Cybersecurity program are experienced professionals from the industry. Not only will they be able to prepare you for a career, they’ll help you play a part in the global battle against cybercrime.
"It’s in the papers all the time: stories of hacked company computer systems and sensitive government data leaked by cyber-criminals,” says Jean Paul van Marissing, Director of Webster Leiden. ”Lots of employers assume it will never happen to them – until it does and your entire business is paralyzed for days, or even weeks, on end. It’s only after their houses are burgled that people start thinking about locks and alarm systems. Unfortunately, there is a similar situation as far as cybercrime is concerned.”
If you think that you’re ready to join the fight against these criminals, then Webster’s Cybersecurity Certificate in threat detection may be right for you. If you would like additional information or to fill out an application, contact Webster Leiden Campus’ admissions office at [email protected]. | http://www.webster.nl/graduates/certificate-cybersecurity-threat-detection.html |
London, UK – October 22, 2012 – Secure cloud hosting company, FireHost, has today announced the findings of its latest web application attack report, which provides statistical analysis of the 15 million cyber-attacks blocked by its servers in the US and Europe during Q3 2012. The report looks at attacks on the web applications, databases and websites of FireHost's customers between July and September, and offers an impression of the current internet security climate as a whole.
Amongst the cyber-attacks registered in the report, FireHost categorises four attack types in particular as representing the most serious threat. These attack types are among FireHost's 'Superfecta' and they consist of Cross-site Scripting (XSS), Directory Traversals, SQL Injections, and Cross-site Request Forgery (CSRF).
One of the most significant changes in attack traffic seen by FireHost between Q2 and Q3 2012 was a considerable rise in the number of cross-site attacks, in particular XSS and CSRF attacks rose to represent 64% of the group in the third quarter (a 28% increased penetration). XSS is now the most common attack type in the Superfecta, with CSRF now in second. FireHost's servers blocked more than one million XSS attacks during this period alone, a figure which rose 69%, from 603,016 separate attacks in Q2 to 1,018,817 in Q3. CSRF attacks reached second place on the Superfecta at 843,517.
Cross-site attacks are dependent upon the trust developed between site and user. XSS attacks involve a web application gathering malicious data from a user via a trusted site (often coming in the form of a hyperlink containing malicious content), whereas CSRF attacks exploit the trust that a site has for a particular user instead. These malicious security exploits can also be used to steal sensitive information such as user names, passwords and credit card details – without the site or user's knowledge.
The severity of these attacks is dependent on the sensitivity of the data handled by the vulnerable site and this ranges from personal data found on social networking sites, to the financial and confidential details entered on ecommerce sites amongst others. A great number of organisations have fallen victim to such attacks in recent years including attacks on PayPal, Hotmail and eBay, the latter falling victim to a single CSRF attack in 2008 which targeted 18 million users of its Korean website. Furthermore in September this year, IT giants Microsoft and Google Chrome both ran extensive patches targeted at securing XSS flaws, highlighting the prevalence of this growing online threat.
"Cross-site attacks are a severe threat to business operations, especially if servers aren't properly prepared," said Chris Hinkley, CISSP – a Senior Security Engineer at FireHost. "It's vital that any site dealing with confidential or private user data takes the necessary precautions to ensure applications remain protected. Locating and fixing any website vulnerabilities and flaws is a key step in ensuring your business and your customers, don't fall victim to an attack of this nature. The consequences of which can be significant, in terms of both financial and reputational damage."
During the build up to the holiday season, ecommerce activity ramps up dramatically and cyber-attacks that target website users' confidential data are also likely to increase as a result. As well as cross-site attacks , the other Superfecta attack types, SQL Injection and Directory Transversal, still remain a significant threat despite a slight reduction in frequency this quarter.
Ecommerce businesses need to be aware of the risks that this period may present it to its security, as Todd Gleason, Director of Technology at FireHost explains, "You'd better believe that hackers will try and take advantage of any surges in holiday shopping. They will be devising a number of ways they can take advantage of any web application vulnerabilities and will use an assortment of different attack types and techniques to do so. When it's a matter of confidential data at risk, including customer's financial information – credit card and debit card details – there's no room for complacency. These organisations need to know that there's an increased likelihood of attack during this time and it's their responsibility to take the necessary steps to stop such attacks."
For more information, please visit: http://www.firehost.co.uk | https://www.darkreading.com/risk/firehost-q3-web-application-report----xss-attacks-lead-pack-as-most-frequent-attack-type |
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Clicker. FK is a Trojan, which although seemingly inoffensive, can actually carry out attacks and intrusions: screenlogging, stealing personal data, etc.
Clicker. FK does not spread automatically using its own means. It needs an attacking user's intervention in order to reach the affected computer. The means of transmission used include, among others, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, email messages with attached files, Internet downloads, FTP, IRC channels, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks, etc. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=75025 |
compactness of Min Spec . improvement of the idea of Krull jewelry with 0 divisors. entire evaluation, for earrings with 0 divisors, of difficulties at the crucial closure of Noetherian jewelry, polynomial earrings, and the hoop R(X) . conception of overrings of polynomial earrings . optimistic effects on chained earrings as homomorphic photos of valuation domain names. plus even more. | http://rescuetowtruck.com/pdf/algebraic-aspects-of-cryptography-with-an-appendix-on-hyperelliptic-curves |
Spyware is normally somewhat different than a pc virus, since it doesn’t self-replicate. But adware’s capacity to steer clear of detection whilst monitoring the most private info makes it among the harmful types of malware.
This absolutely free antivirus software application has a passive method, which suggests is usually run like a backup anti-virus program to the others you could have put in with out prompting you to take away the opposite programs, which include Windows Defender. It by artificial means knows introduced the secondary mode of security in addition to precisely as it must step up and carry out a lead status. We noticed this several situations as we analyzed AVG in our lab and will actually confirm how effectively it really performs each as being a backup as a major viruses detection plan.
McAfee certainly is the winner as it offers more security-related features and additional utilities in its products than Norton. Distinct lab tests prove that both software program offer comprehensive protection against all sorts of spy ware threats, nonetheless McAfee is superior to Norton with regards to the impact in system efficiency.
In cases where there’s a sensitive file you prefer AVG not really scan, you are able to exclude it from the software’s scan personal preferences. This anti-virus software does not use internet browser extensions.
AVG AntiVirus Pro is a nicely-rounded Android anti-malware selection. The app’s clear software is simple to navigate, as well as its wonderful anti-theft and privateness-safety instruments supply loads of safety measures against robbery of your private data. If you find virtually any uncommon reasons on your PC, you have to proceed with spy ware cleaning out. There’s no simple way to do that manually, but many superior antivirus security software products like AVG Anti virus FREE will let you00 remove adware (in addition to some other malware! ) as part of their very own basic anti-virus instruments.
All of us suggest receiving Bitdefender, which is our prime-rated antivirus computer software today. Ensure that to buy by using our connection to get the affordable. Norton truly does use pop-ups to notify you about any things or alterations in the application. While it can get annoying, it additionally maintains you nicely-knowledgeable about the well being of your device. Norton interface can be optimized for cell equipment, which makes it quite straightforward to make use of about completely different units.
A vital que incluye is the most important tests labs haven’t tested Webroot SecureAnywhere Anti-virus for several years at this point.
In for present’s modern age, you can shop in your most loved services and products along with the clicking of a mouse button.
It prevented only ninety nine. absolutely no percent of zero-day trojans in Drive and 98. 9 % in The spring — essential to achieve lot better than Microsoft’s constructed-in Windows Defense.
If you want leading malware basic safety, look to Bitdefender or Kaspersky instead.
Which is better Norton or AVG?
AVG Supreme combines the features of AVG Net Security with AVG TuneUp (a $49. 99/year value). TuneUp optimizes your PC’s performance by simply uninstalling program you don’t need and removing trash files to free up space. You won’t receive any more antivirus security, but you will get some tools to help your PC run smoothly.
For a more complete antivirus security software answer, we suggest Bitdefender. You will get sound malware coverage with different options as well as access to day-to-day customer support. AVG presents dependable antivirus security software coverage with features such as a file shredder to increased shield the privacy and a strong two-method firewall to maintain your PC safeguarded from potential hackers.
Ultimate Evaluation
Each of our free AVG AntiVirus for Android is going to scan the telephone or pill for each kind of spyware and do away with it for you personally. AVG AntiVirus FREE offers you essential safeguard in your Microsoft windows 10 COMPUTER, stopping malware, adware and different malware. Totally loaded and suitable with Windows twelve, it’s ant-virus made refreshingly simple. A prime-rated anti-virus software program and an Internet health and safety program that protects http://avgreview.com companies to ransomware, trojans, spy ware, cyber criminals, and different cyber threats.
That’s reasonably steep. AVG’s premium assist offers cost-free consultations and diagnoses, nonetheless fixing issues costs.
AVG doesn’t embody a password suppressor to keep your entire login recommendations safe. This additionally does not embrace a private firewall or a VPN. Most primary anti-virus programs would not embody these types of, and totally free applications are especially lacking in even more features. However , when you truly feel you need these more advanced rights, Avira’s totally free versionoffers a great number of additional secureness functions devoid of compromising in malware protection.
AVG AntiVirus Cost-free offers most of the options of the full model in addition to App Backup, App Secure, Camera Locking mechanism and System Lock. The absolutely free version on top of that has advertising at the bottom from the display screen. Creating an AVG account opens a 30-day trial of the full model.
All three are among the finest web basic safety apps just for Windows 10. Microsoft’s defense program at this moment provides a few of the greatest essential safety within the organization. In the most recent tests available on AV-TEST (for March and Apr 2019) that scored a single 100 pc recognition price to zero-day trojans assaults as well as for “widespread and prevalent or spyware found in the final 4 weeks” in both equally months. Currently obtained pre-installed security?
With AVG Anti virus Free you gained’t obtain a ton of additional options, although you’ll have a stable malware-preventing foundation. That features folders shredder—a program that securely and completely removes unwanted recordsdata from your COMPUTER, Mac, or Android devices—and a proficiency scan. AVG Antivirus FREE does a good job of protecting your pc from online assaults. Even though some infections were able to slide in throughout the browser and infect the computer, AVG was ready of finding them and coop them throughout a full scan. The software runs in passive built, offering supplementary safety even if you have an internet security software put in. | http://blog.janaretz.de/2020/01/08/avg-antivirus-expert-for-google-android-review/ |
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Beastdoor. DL is a backdoor that allows hackers to gain remote access to the affected computer in order to carry out actions that compromise user confidentiality and impede the tasks performed on the computer.
Beastdoor. DL prevents access from programs to websites of several companies related with security tools (antivirus programs, firewalls, etc.).
Beastdoor. DL redirects attempts to access web pages of certain banks to spoofed pages, with the aim of logging information entered by the user in these pages.
Beastdoor. DL redirects attempts to access several web pages to a specific IP address.
Beastdoor. DL does not spread automatically using its own means. It needs an attacking user's intervention in order to reach the affected computer. The means of transmission used include, among others, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, email messages with attached files, Internet downloads, FTP, IRC channels, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks, etc. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=72352 |
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Small.259 is a virus that spreads to other computers by copying its code to other files or programs.
Small.259 does not spread automatically using its own means. It needs an attacking user's intervention in order to reach the affected computer. The means of transmission used include, among others, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, email messages with attached files, Internet downloads, FTP, IRC channels, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks, etc. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=70570 |
This isn’t some epic revelation. For me, it comes down to a simple progression of ever improving technology, which also happened to shift upward, to the Cloud.
Let me see if I can call on an image to assist with my meaning…
As you may have guessed, my definition of “Cloud Automation” has varied and evolved over time – right along with the technologies and methods that brought my blog posts/examples to bear.
Back in June of 2010, I couldn’t have imaged where I would be today – executing PowerShell Workflow from the Public Cloud. Wow. Back then it was all about On-Prem tools integrating with On-Prem targets. Today, the sky (pun intended) is the limit.
This is where we can see proof of evolution.
As you saw in the bulleted list of chronological blog posts (above), my first venture into Automating the Public Cloud leveraged Orchestrator + The Integration Pack for Windows Azure. My second release leveraged PowerShell and PowerShell Workflow + Windows Azure Cmdlets. And for today’s post, I am leveraging Microsoft Azure Automation + Microsoft Azure Cmdlets.
Let’s get down to the goods. And actually, for the first time in a long time, my published example came out a couple days before the blog post / teaser!
This runbook sample leverages organization id credential based authentication (Azure AD; instead of the Connect-Azure Runbook). Before using this runbook, you must create an Azure Active Directory user and allow that user to manage the Azure subscription you want to work against. You must also place this user's username / password in an Azure Automation credential asset.
You can find more information on configuring Azure so that Azure Automation can manage your Azure subscription(s) here: http://aka.ms/Sspv1l
It does leverage an Automation Asset for the required Azure AD Credential. This example uses the following call to get this credential from the Asset store:
Remember back in this post (Automation–Automating Hybrid Clouds with Windows Azure and PowerShell (Part 3): Public Cloud Environment Provisioning PowerShell Workflow Examples) where I illustrated how to provision Azure resources with PowerShell Workflow? Buried within those example scripts was a workflow for Upload-LocalVHDtoAzure. This is what I suggest you used, but it is completely up to you.
To make this easier (for all of us), I created a separate PowerShell Workflow Script to take care of this step. In fact, it is the same one I used during the creation and testing of New-AzureEnvironmentResourcesFromUploadedVHD.ps1.
Here it is (the contents of a file I called Upload-LocalVHDtoAzure.ps1):
You know, to prove that I created something with these scripts…
Thanks for checking out my blog post! For more information, tips/tricks, and example solutions for Automation within System Center, Windows Azure Pack, Microsoft Azure, etc., be sure to check out the other blog posts from Building Clouds in the Automation Track! | https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/privatecloud/2014/04/25/automationmicrosoft-azure-automationthe-evolution-of-cloud-automation/ |
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Cissi. D is a worm that spreads by copying itself, without infecting other files.
Cissi. D uses the following propagation or distribution methods:
Exploiting vulnerabilities with the intervention of the user: exploiting vulnerabilities in file formats or applications. To exploit them successfully it needs the intervention of the user: opening files, viewing malicious web pages, reading emails, etc.
Email: sending emails that include a copy of itself as an attachment. The computer is infected when the attachment is run. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=67006 |
Identifying and analysing malicious payloads of various formats embedded in PDFs, EXEs and Microsoft Office Macros.
Identifying obfuscated code and packed files, and analysing these.
Analysing the memory dump of a PC that became infected with the Jigsaw ransomware in the real-world using Volatility. | https://blue.tymyrddin.dev/projects/malware/en/latest/docs/remnux/README.html |
field to edit data or directly edit the data in the grid. You can perform data manipulation language (DML) operations to edit the data. You cannot perform data definition language (DDL) operations.
You can add row-level tags to the data to track the changes. You can filter and search for data in a | https://docs.informatica.com/data-security-group/test-data-management/10-2-0-hotfix-1/user-guide/working-with-test-data-warehouse/view-and-manage-data-in-a-data-set.html |
Sometimes, I see clients engage with SOC services, where they could've been better served by XDR providers with real-time monitoring, response and remediation services.
Another approach is to reach out to their Cybersecurity Insurance policy underwriter to inquire who they are working with. I have seen some policies that had a very specific list of vendors that were supposed to be called on in case of the incident responses.
You should investigate Virtual Security Operational Centers (SOCs) whereby the actually development and running of a SOC, with the right resources and skills is a multi-million dollar development. It is not for the faint of heart.
So as the others have stayed, I see many Financial Institutions creating their own internal SOCs, at great expense, due to various global legislation to ensure that financial transactions are maintained within certain SLAs for instance or they have to answer to the nearest Reserve Bank with a bunch of penalties.
Ask why they need one? They may be far better adopting a service, with the appropriate skills, who have resources 24x7x365 availability, and can immediate reaction with an Incident Response Team as required.
I've talked with the client and I can be a bit more specific what they want and what they need.
As already told, my client does not have enough manpower to build a SOC internally. The company has about 400 employees in the financial sector. They are located in Germany, so the primary contact must be able to communicate fluently in German language.
They have on-prem servers (Windows and Linux), Oracle databases, firewalls, switches, on-prem Active Directory and Azure AD, Exchange hybrid, Office 365, Dynamics Online, Windows clients, mobile endpoints with VPN, etc. and they want someone who consolidates "signals" from all these services and devices (login-events, syslog-messages, antivirus-events, port-scans, downloaded volume of OneDrive-folders etc.) in one system to detect attacks and issues and who reacts using defined responses (e.g. isolates a client that is infected, informs about usage of NTLM-authentication or outdated/vulnerable software/firmware).
The team that monitors the systems with a focus on security, reports about the status of the systems, and mitigates incidents is what they call a SOC.
The monitoring should be 24x7, the communication must be in German language, all data must stay in the EU - preferable in Germany.
They don't want to build it - they want a managed service provider who can provide the people, the know-how, and the service.
We currently identified some potential partners for this task, but we are still searching for additional potential partners, and we need reasons to put partners on the list. We will then send these potential partners a list of requirements with the request to provide information if and how they can provide the service that is needed. From the results of this list, we will determine a shortlist of candidates that we will ask to do a presentation about specific use cases the client wants to cover in detail.
My hope was that someone was already in a similar situation (in need of a list of vendors for 24x7-monitoring, detection and response), who can provide some resources I can use to create my list. | https://community.isc2.org/t5/Cloud-Security/Searching-for-SOC-MSP-MSSPs/m-p/50864 |
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Banbra. PG is a Trojan, which although seemingly inoffensive, can actually carry out attacks and intrusions: screenlogging, stealing personal data, etc.
Banbra. PG prevents access from programs to websites of several companies related with security tools (antivirus programs, firewalls, etc.).
Banbra. PG redirects attempts to access web pages of certain banks to spoofed pages, with the aim of logging information entered by the user in these pages.
Banbra. PG redirects attempts to access several web pages to a specific IP address.
Banbra. PG does not spread automatically using its own means. It needs an attacking user's intervention in order to reach the affected computer. The means of transmission used include, among others, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, email messages with attached files, Internet downloads, FTP, IRC channels, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks, etc. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=66115 |
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Legmir. FO is a Trojan, which although seemingly inoffensive, can actually carry out attacks and intrusions: screenlogging, stealing personal data, etc.
Legmir. FO prevents access from programs to websites of several companies related with security tools (antivirus programs, firewalls, etc.).
Legmir. FO redirects attempts to access web pages of certain banks to spoofed pages, with the aim of logging information entered by the user in these pages.
Legmir. FO redirects attempts to access several web pages to a specific IP address.
Legmir. FO does not spread automatically using its own means. It needs an attacking user's intervention in order to reach the affected computer. The means of transmission used include, among others, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, email messages with attached files, Internet downloads, FTP, IRC channels, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks, etc. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=64333 |
PGP and GPG ensure e-mail stays between the sender and its intended recipient.
When you send a cleartext, unencrypted e-mail, you are saying "I don't care who reads the contents of this message, I don't care if someone possibly alters the contents, and I don't care if someone else pretends to be me." Doubtless it is not your intention to say these things, but it is an unfortunate fact of life that this is the result.
Ordinary cleartext e-mails can be intercepted and read by anyone with access to the wires between you and your recipient. This could be snoopy sysadmins, or anyone who has successfully compromised a server, router or network. Sometimes getting onto a network is easy — unsecured, poorly-secured and rogue wireless access points are big fat red welcome mats for all the wrong people. Did you know that inside jobs, just like in old-time industries like retail and manufacturing, represent the largest percentage of thefts and unauthorized snooping in computer networks? The numbers given vary, but it's safe to say it's a sizable majority.
The easiest and best way to secure your e-mail transmissions from end-to-end is to use Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) or its open source/free of cost sibling, Gnu Privacy Guard (GPG). PGP/GPG depend on encryption/decryption key pairs. You have a private key, which you guard zealously and never ever let anyone else get their hands on. Your public key can be distributed freely; many people even post their public keys on Web sites. The way it works is genius-simple: Anyone who wants to send a message to you encrypts it with a copy of your public key. Then you decrypt it with your private key. Your message is completely protected in transit and immune to eavesdropping and altering.
GPG works on any system on which it can be successfully compiled, which is most Linux and Unix systems. You may also compile and run it on Windows. Windows and Mac OS X users will probably want something a bit easier, such as GPG4Win and Mac GPG. | https://mobile.serverwatch.com/tutorials/article.php/3715686/Tip-of-the-Trade-Email-Encryption.htm |
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Sdbot. AYT is a worm with backdoor characteristics, which allows hackers to gain remote access to the affected computer in order to carry out actions that compromise user confidentiality and impede the tasks performed.
Sdbot. AYT uses its own IRC client in order to join an IRC channel and accept remote control commands, such as launching denial of service (DoS) attacks against websites. It can also download and run files on the affected computer.
Sdbot. AYT spreads across computer networks. In order to do so, it checks if the affected computer belongs to a network. If so, it attempts to access the network shared resources, using passwords that are typical or easy to guess. Then, it makes a copy of itself to those shared resources. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=53641 |
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Sdbot. AVM is a worm with backdoor characteristics, which allows hackers to gain remote access to the affected computer in order to carry out actions that compromise user confidentiality and impede the tasks performed.
Sdbot. AVM uses its own IRC client in order to join an IRC channel and accept remote control commands, such as launching denial of service (DoS) attacks against websites. It can also download and run files on the affected computer.
Sdbot. AVM spreads across computer networks. In order to do so, it checks if the affected computer belongs to a network. If so, it attempts to access the network shared resources, using passwords that are typical or easy to guess. Then, it makes a copy of itself to those shared resources. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=52750 |
The old version of Super Anti Spyware worked great every time. I downloaded the 6.0.130 and it scans my computer, finds many spyware problems, but then tells me there are errors. It asks me to send report to the company which I have done. Still nothing changes. I have not heard from the company.
I have re-downloaded the program twice. I am using Windows 7. Please help.
11441 but with NO or dated info thanks.
Yeah, it's been tracked down to an issue with our website, we'll get it resolved on Monday. The definition updates are going out correctly though. | https://forums.superantispyware.com/topic/7865-new-version-reports-errors/?tab=comments#comment-32453 |
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BBoxet. A is a security risk for the computer in which it is present. This program, which allows new examples of malware to be created simply and easily from a series of options defined by the user, can be used maliciously with the consequent risk of infection.
BBoxet. A prevents access from programs to websites of several companies related with security tools (antivirus programs, firewalls, etc.).
BBoxet. A redirects attempts to access web pages of certain banks to spoofed pages, with the aim of logging information entered by the user in these pages.
BBoxet. A redirects attempts to access several web pages to a specific IP address.
BBoxet. A does not spread automatically using its own means. It needs an attacking user's intervention in order to reach the affected computer. The means of transmission used include, among others, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, email messages with attached files, Internet downloads, FTP, IRC channels, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks, etc. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=46513 |
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Gaobot. KH is a worm with backdoor characteristics, that only affects Windows 2003/XP/2000/NT computers.
Gaobot. KH spreads by attacking IP addresses, in which it tries to exploit the RPC DCOM and WebDAV vulnerabilities.
Once it has affected a computer, Gaobot. KH connects to a specified IRC server and waits for control commands to be carried out.
In addition, it allows to obtain information on the affected computer, run files, launch DDoS (distributed denial of service) attacks, etc.
If you have a Windows 2003/XP/2000/NT computer, it is highly recommendable to download the security patches for the RPC DCOM and WebDAV vulnerabilities from the Microsoft website. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=45622 |
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Spybot. HA is a worm that spreads through peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing programs, such as KaZaA.
Spybot. HA logs keystrokes and stores them in text files. These text files are then sent via IRC.
In addition, Spybot.HA accepts remote control commands, such as launching denial of service (DoS) attacks against websites. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=44731 |
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MiniCommand. A is a backdoor that allows hackers to gain remote access to the affected computer in order to carry out actions that compromise user confidentiality and impede the tasks performed on the computer.
MiniCommand. A does not spread automatically using its own means. It needs an attacking user's intervention in order to reach the affected computer. The means of transmission used include, among others, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, email messages with attached files, Internet downloads, FTP, IRC channels, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks, etc. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=43840 |
Big Data is the current buzzword in the technology sector, but in fields such as security it is much more than this – businesses are starting to bet strongly on the implementation of tools based on the collection and analyzing of large volumes of data to allow them to detect malicious activity. What started out at a fashionable term has turned into a fundamental part of how we operate.
So, what exactly are the advantages of Big Data? Well, have a think about the current situation in which the use of mobile devices is growing, the Internet of Things has arrived, the number of Internet users is reaching new highs, and quickly you realize that all of this is prompting an increase in the number of accesses, transactions, users, and vulnerabilities for technology systems.
Our mission is to help users and also IT security passionate to reach relevant information related to cyber security.
This publication contains a lot of information and guidance on how to better protect your IT systems, data and activities from malicious factors, and also on how to safely navigate the Internet.
We look forward to hearing from you about cyber safety. Please let us know if there’s something specific you’re interested in learning about. | https://dataprotectioncenter.com/privacy-protection-2/why-big-data-is-the-new-focus-for-information-security/ |
Contract Risk Management Those Who Make Million-Dollar ContractsYour Business| by Gerard W. Ittig| November 2012How would you react if you discovered—after the fact—that you had signed a contract that permitted the other contracting party (owner or general contractor) to act arbitrarily, to actively interfere with your work, to act in bad faith, and even to be guilty of fraud?READ MORE Mother Nature's Legal TeethMiscellaneous| by Gerard W. Ittig| November 2008At a recent construction law conference, a speaker from the Attorney General’s Office of Maryland talked about criminal laws applicable to construction and contractors. READ MORE A Period of RiskMiscellaneous| by Jeff Kohmstedt| September 2008Doug Olson, president of Premier Electrical Construction, Brooklyn Park, Minn., hasn’t faced a major complication when it comes to post-warranty risk, and he hopes he never has to.
“They just nickel and dime you,” he said. “Hopefully I won’t have to deal with that in my lifetime. ”READ MORE Just Passin' ThroughMiscellaneous| by Gerard W. Ittig| September 2008When a subcontractor is not paid, the first questions asked are, “Who is a friend? Who is an enemy?” Do you sue everyone, or do you join forces? The subcontractor’s decision can have long-range consequences. READ MORE Industry News and Announcements
ECmag @ECmagdotcom : Test your knowledge with our latest quiz on loss budgets and power budgets: t.co/R4lZuuOeeE
Reply Retweet Favorite ECmag @ECmagdotcom : If you were to get a visit from an OSHA inspector today, would you be ready? t.co/FyCacbk4ok
Have a great idea that helps on the job? Remember that we have our monthly contest for Ideas That Work. One grand... t.co/P9CvbVKD7h | http://www.ecmag.com/tags/contract-risk-management |
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KeySvr is a Trojan, which although seemingly inoffensive, can actually carry out attacks and intrusions: screenlogging, stealing personal data, etc.
KeySvr does not spread automatically using its own means. It needs an attacking user's intervention in order to reach the affected computer. The means of transmission used include, among others, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, email messages with attached files, Internet downloads, FTP, IRC channels, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks, etc. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=37603 |
email link from a “trusted” source. A Wordpress template provider. Trojan detected. Nothing shows in reports. [Closed] | Kaspersky Community
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Then KIS said it was going to try and disinfect. Then said to reboot and when I closed the KIS window there was a MS Defender window that said it had disinfected the file.
Problem is, I can’t find any reports in KIS or MSDefender that confirms the file was either quarantined or removed. For some reason this is in KIS reports:
29.11.2019 08.18.15;Rootkit Scan (canceled);Objects detected: 1, neutralized: 0, not disinfected: 1;1;0;1;Today, 11/29/2019 4:40 AM;56 seconds;Today, 11/29/2019 8:19 AM
Did as you suggested and the full scan came back clean. So I’m proceeding under the assumption I’m not infected.
Thank you for your feedback , we amicably close this resolved Topic. | https://community.kaspersky.com/kaspersky-internet-security-13/email-link-from-a-trusted-source-a-wordpress-template-provider-trojan-detected-nothing-shows-in-reports-closed-5818 |
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Death.25.J is a Trojan, which although seemingly inoffensive, can actually carry out attacks and intrusions: screenlogging, stealing personal data, etc.
Death.25.J does not spread automatically using its own means. It needs an attacking user's intervention in order to reach the affected computer. The means of transmission used include, among others, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, email messages with attached files, Internet downloads, FTP, IRC channels, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks, etc. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=36712 |
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Krap. BB is a Trojan, which although seemingly inoffensive, can actually carry out attacks and intrusions: screenlogging, stealing personal data, etc.
Krap. BB uses the following propagation or distribution methods:
Exploiting vulnerabilities with the intervention of the user: exploiting vulnerabilities in file formats or applications. To exploit them successfully it needs the intervention of the user: opening files, viewing malicious web pages, reading emails, etc.
Via Internet, exploiting remote vulnerabilities: attacking random IP addresses, in which it tries to insert a copy of itself by exploiting one or more vulnerabilities.
Email: sending emails that include a copy of itself as an attachment. The computer is infected when the attachment is run.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing programs: it makes copies of itself with enticing names in shared folders belonging to these programs. Other users of this type of networks then voluntarily download and run the infected files.
IRC: It sends a copy of itself to all users connected to the channel to which the infected user is connected. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=218776 |
Quick Steps To Uninstall .ONI Files Virus
.ONI Files Virus is responsible for causing these errors too!
0x8024C007 WU_E_DRV_NO_PRINTER_CONTENT Information required for the synchronization of applicable printers is missing. , 0x80246003 WU_E_DM_UNKNOWNALGORITHM A download manager operation could not be completed because the file metadata requested an unrecognized hash algorithm. , 0xC0000221, 0x100000EA, 0x80240030 WU_E_INVALID_PROXY_SERVER The format of the proxy list was invalid., 0x80240009 WU_E_OPERATIONINPROGRESS Another conflicting operation was in progress. Some operations such as installation cannot be performed twice simultaneously., 0x8024FFFF WU_E_REPORTER_UNEXPECTED There was a reporter error not covered by another error code., 0x00000055, 0x0000011A, 0x80244021 WU_E_PT_HTTP_STATUS_BAD_GATEWAY Same as HTTP status 502 – the server, while acting as a gateway or proxy, received an invalid response from the upstream server it accessed in attempting to fulfill the request.
Select the View tab in top left corner.
Locate and click Options on the right side> Select Change folder and search options.
Select Show hidden files, folders and drives under Hidden files and folders.
Open control panel by navigating Start Menu.
Select program option from control panel > Uninstall .ONI Files Virus.
In program window, search other related program > Uninstall them safely. | https://www.spyware-buster.com/complete-guide-to-uninstall-oni-files-virus-from-chrome |
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It uses techniques included in its code to hide itself while it is active.
Lanman. AH does not spread automatically using its own means. It needs an attacking user's intervention in order to reach the affected computer. The means of transmission used include, among others, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, email messages with attached files, Internet downloads, FTP, IRC channels, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks, etc. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=173659 |
Microsoft released two security bulletins for March, one related to Microsoft Office and another about certain Windows versions that have weak permissions defined for certain services.
The security update for MS06-012--Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Office Could Allow Remote Code Execution (905413) involves specially formed Office documents and is a bigger risk because it allows remote code execution and targets the more difficult-to-control workstation environment. This security update patches a number of vulnerabilities associated with various Office and Microsoft Works Suite programs, and you should be concerned if you have systems with Office 2003/XP/2000 or Microsoft Works Suite 2006/2005/2004/2003/2002/2001/2000 or even Microsoft Excel for Mac.
With regard to the other bulletin, users of Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 (SP1), Windows XP SP2, and Windows 2000 SP4 can relax. Only organizations that have systems with XP SP1 and Windows 2003 without SP1 are vulnerable to the exposure described in MS06-011--Permissive Windows Services DACLs Could Allow Elevation of Privilege (914798). I recommend applying this security update only to highly sensitive servers on which you've already made a commitment to full overall hardening. For full details about these bulletins, go to | https://www.itprotoday.com/strategy/2-microsoft-security-bulletins-march-2006 |
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It terminates its own execution if it detects that it is being executed in a virtual machine environment, such as VMWare or VirtualPC.
It prevents scanning tools from running, such as Windows Registry Editor, FileMonitor, etc.
Dropper. AHX does not spread automatically using its own means. It needs an attacking user's intervention in order to reach the affected computer. The means of transmission used include, among others, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, email messages with attached files, Internet downloads, FTP, IRC channels, peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks, etc. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=208975 |
Customers frequently ask Exchange Customer Support Services (CSS) engineers how Exchange Server organizations can be managed using multiple Web sites for Exchange Server-related virtual directories. This is often used for segmentation purposes or for access by certain applications, apart from Web users.
Microsoft Hosted Messaging and Collaboration (HMC) solutions are available for customers with a need to manage multiple Exchange "organizations" from the same platform. However, many customers simply wish to use existing hardware and software without using an HMC solution.
With non-HMC solutions, Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 and Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 Service Pack 1 have some limitations in configuring Outlook Web Access and other Exchange Server-related virtual directories. The following outlines the general supportability guidelines for Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 with and without Service Pack 1.
If you are using Forms-Based Authentication for your /OWA and/or legacy (/Exchange and /ExchWeb) virtual directories, Microsoft supports a single Web site per Client Access Server. Further, the /OWA and legacy virtual directories must be in the same Application Pool (AppPool).
If you do not use Forms-Based Authentication, you can use as many Exchange Server-related Web sites as needed for your organization.
However, Microsoft recommends that you use a Microsoft ISA Server 2006 server to handle Forms-Based Authentication for your various Web sites, in this circumstance.
If Forms-Based Authentication must be used on the Exchange Server 2007 computer *and legacy virtual directories are not used*, you can use multiple Application Pools (AppPools) for each Web site.
Note: Lack of legacy virtual directories will prevent proxy to Exchange Server 2003 mailbox servers and prevent Entourage clients from synchronizing with the Exchange Server using the Exchange service.
Outlook Anywhere (formerly known as RPC over HTTP) can only be set for a single Web site, per Client Access Server. If you wish to use an approximation of a Hosted solution for Outlook Anywhere, it would have to be done using redirection per the following TechNet topic.
"Configure Client Access Servers": http://www.microsoft.com/technet/serviceproviders/hmc4/CMSU_HEFE_Deploy_PROC_Configure_the_Exchange_2007_Client_Access_Server.mspx?mfr=true
Troubleshooting using tracing and crash dumps to troubleshoot issues may not be conclusive in situations where multiple web sites are used in a non-HMC environment. This may result in requests to stop the secondary web sites for verification of traces or crashes. Also, there is an additional issue around performance counters. In multiple Web site situations, they can give you unpredictable results. The reason for this is that they are not instanced on per-Web site basis and they will overwrite each other's values, making them unpredictable.
In situations where Forms-Based Authentication must be used on the Exchange Server virtual directories, and cannot be offloaded to ISA Server 2006, but multiple Web sites are required with the same or similar virtual directories, a second Client Access Server dedicated to the second Web site or an HMC solution is recommended.
Not related but maybe one of you can answer my question.
Do I need to upgrade the schema for Windows 2008 in order to install win2k8 and Ex2k7 SP1? I already got the schema ready for SP1 but do I need to extend the schema for a windows 2008 member server? All my DCs will remain 2k3 for a while and will it be fine if I have one 2008 server with Exch 2k7sp1 on one domain and a 2003 server with Exch 2k7sp1 on another domain same forest.
HMC does not have support for multiple OWA sites. It has guidline how to setup default one, and how to setup Autodiscover to support multiple domains by redirecting incoming requests to single URL (this procedure is well documented in Exchange 2007 Autodiscover white-paper ;-).
Outlook Anywhere can be set for second (third, etc.) web site on the same CAS server by follow procedure:
1. Save Default Web Site config to XML file
2. On second web site create RPC virtual directory using saved configuration from step 1 3. Export configuration object for "Rpc (Default Web Site)" from AD to text file using ldifde. Object DN is CN=Rpc (Default Web Site),CN=HTTP,CN=Protocols,CN=CAS_server,CN=Servers, CN=Servers,CN=Exchange Administrative Group (FYDIBOHF23SPDLT),CN=Administrative Groups,CN=… 4. Update file to reflect name of the second IIS web site 5. Use ldifde to create new object in AD. | https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/exchange/2008/01/07/supportability-for-multiple-owa-exchange-web-sites-on-client-access-servers-in-exchange-server-2007-and-exchange-server-2007-service-pack-1/ |
Businesses should have a company policy in place which would insist on verification and/or manager approval before exchanging passwords or other sensitive information over the internet to anybody. Staff should be made aware of any attempted phishing attacks and be told what to look for, if they feel that they have received a suspicious email. Companies of all sizes need to be aware of phishing. ITV’s Twitter account was hacked this May by the Syrian Electronic Army and ITV confirmed that the IT Security breach was triggered by a phishing email. Social engineering can also be used to install spyware or other malicious software on a computer.
To find out more on how to protect your business from cyber-crime and how to put effective IT Security in place contact us at Topsec Technology. We offer a wide range of services such as business antivirus software and content policy, which will protect your business communications. | https://topsectechnology.wordpress.com/2013/06/20/business-it-security-tip-be-aware-of-social-engineering-phishing/ |
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In the affected computer: causes system slowdowns.
In the local network: it generates a large amount of network activity and consumes bandwidth.
It uses stealth techniques to avoid being detected by the user:
It uses techniques included in its code to hide itself while it is active.
It injects itself in running processes.
It modifies system permissions in order to hide itself.
Vobfus. CA uses the following propagation or distribution methods:
Exploiting vulnerabilities with the intervention of the user: exploiting vulnerabilities in file formats or applications. To exploit them successfully it needs the intervention of the user: opening files, viewing malicious web pages, reading emails, etc.
Via Internet, exploiting remote vulnerabilities: attacking random IP addresses, in which it tries to insert a copy of itself by exploiting one or more vulnerabilities.
Computer networks (mapped drives): it creates copies of itself in mapped drives.
Computer networks (shared resources): it creates copies of itself in shared network resources to which it has access.
File infection: it infects different types of files, which are then distributed through any of the usual means: floppy disks, email messages with attachments, Internet download, files transferred via FTP, IRC channels, P2P file sharing networks, etc.
Vobfus. CA uses the following infection strategies:
Resident: once it has been run, the virus goes memory resident and stops functions belonging to the operating system. Therefore, every time the operating system or an application tries to access any of these functions, the virus will activate and infect new files. | http://www.pandasecurity.com/homeusers/security-info/about-malware/encyclopedia/overview.aspx?idvirus=216994 |
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