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221627

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joust%20%28video%20game%29

Joust (video game)

Joust is an action game developed by Williams Electronics and released in arcades in 1982. While not the first two-player cooperative video game, Jousts success and polished implementation popularized the concept. Player 1 rides an ostrich, player 2 a stork. Repeatedly pressing the flap button gains altitude, while a two-directional joystick controls direction. In a collision with enemy knights riding buzzards—or the other player—the higher rider dismounts the other. John Newcomer led the development team: Bill Pfutzenreuter, Janice Woldenberg-Miller ( Hendricks), Python Anghelo, Tim Murphy, and John Kotlarik. Newcomer aimed to create a flying game, with cooperative two-player gameplay, while avoiding the overdone space theme. The game was well-received by players and critics, and the mechanics influenced other games. Joust was ported to numerous home systems and was followed by a more complex and less popular arcade sequel in 1986: Joust 2: Survival of the Fittest. Gameplay The player controls a yellow knight riding a flying ostrich. The player navigates the protagonist around the game world, which consists of rock platforms floating above a flat island surrounded by lava, via two-way joystick and a button. The joystick controls the horizontal direction that the knight travels, while the button flaps the ostrich's wings. The rate at which the player repeatedly flaps causes the ostrich to fly upward, hover, or slowly descend. Moving off the left or right edges of the screen wraps around to the other side. The objective is to defeat the groups of enemy knights riding buzzards in each wave. Upon completing a wave, a more challenging one begins. Players pilot the knight to collide with enemies. The higher of two jousting lances is the winner. A collision of equal height repels the characters apart. A defeated enemy turns into a falling egg which can be collected for points. If the player does not collect the egg, it hatches into a knight that gains a new mount and must be defeated again (unless the egg falls into the lava, in which case it is destroyed). There are three types of enemy knight–Bounder, Hunter, and Shadow Lord—which are separate colors and worth different amounts of points. A pterodactyl appears after a predetermined time frame to hunt the hero. The disembodied hand of an indestructible Lava Troll grabs any character flying too low and pulls them into the lava. In a two-player game, the second player controls a blue knight on a stork. The two players cooperatively complete the waves, optionally attacking each other. Development Joust was developed by Williams Electronics, with John Newcomer as the lead designer. The development also included programmer Bill Pfutzenreuter, artists Janice Woldenberg-Miller and Python Anghelo, and audio designers Tim Murphy and John Kotlarik. The game features amplified monaural sound and raster graphics on a 19-inch color CRT monitor. Like other Williams arcade games, Joust was programmed in assembly language. A pack of three AA batteries provide power to save the game's settings and high scores when the machine is unplugged from an electrical outlet. Anghelo stenciled the cabinet artwork on a wooden frame, and designed artwork for promotional materials. One such flyer features archaic English, which was also incorporated into the game's onscreen instructions and game-over message. Conception Following the success of the 1981 game Defender, Williams searched for new creative staff. John Newcomer, believing video games to be the future of entertainment, left his job as a toy designer to work at Williams, who hired him to create game ideas as support for development staff. After a few days, he generated a list of ideas that included ideas for his top two games, The War of the Worlds and Joust. Technical specifications dictated the selection because his vision of The War of the Worlds was technologically infeasible, whereas Joust could be accomplished with hardware already available at Williams. A development team was formed, which decided to create the game using Defenders hardware. Newcomer was also inspired by the 1980s movie Flash Gordon. Newcomer conceived Joust as a "flying game" with cooperative two-player gameplay; however, he did not wish to emulate the popular space theme of previous successful flying games like Asteroids and Defender. To that end, he made a list of things that could fly: machines, animals, and fictional characters. After evaluating the positive and negative of each idea, Newcomer chose birds for their wide appeal and his familiarity with fantasy and science fiction media featuring birds. To further increase his understanding, Newcomer went to the library to study mythology. He believed that the primary protagonist should ride a majestic bird. The first choice was an eagle, but the lack of graceful land mobility dissuaded him. Instead, he decided that a flying ostrich was more believable than a running eagle. To differentiate between the first and second player characters, the developers picked a stork, believing the proportions were similar to an ostrich while the color difference would avoid confusion among players. Newcomer chose vultures as the main enemies, believing that they would be recognizably evil. Anghelo created concept art of the characters as guidance for further design. Design The decision to use birds prompted Newcomer to deviate from the standard eight-direction joystick. He implemented a flapping mechanism to allow players to control the character's ascent and descent. With the vertical direction controlled via the arcade cabinet's button, a two-way joystick was added to dictate horizontal direction. Though other Williams employees were concerned about the design, Newcomer believed that a direct control scheme for flight would strengthen the connection between the player and the character. The combat was devised to allow for higher levels of strategy than traditional shooting games. Because flying became an integral gameplay element, he chose to have characters collide as a means of combat, with victory decided by onscreen elevation. The developers created the game using 96K of ROM chip storage, which limited the data size of individual graphics and sound effects they could use. The ROM size limits also prohibited Newcomer from creating more characters. The graphics are hand-animated pixel art. To animate the birds, Woldenberg-Miller used Eadweard Muybridge's book Animals In Motion as a reference. Given the limited memory, she had to balance the number of frames (to minimize file size) while maintaining realistic animation. Woldenberg-Miller chose gray for the buzzards, but changed it to green to optimize the color palette as the developers had only 16 colors to create the entire display. Once the colors were decided for the character sprites, Newcomer finalized the look of the platforms. The hardware had limited audio capabilities, and sounds typically require larger amounts of memory than graphics. Working with these restrictions, Newcomer instructed Murphy and Kotlarik to focus on select sounds he deemed important to reinforcing gameplay. He reasoned that the audio would serve as conspicuous hints that players could use to adjust their strategy. Newcomer prioritized the crucial wing-flap sound above others related to the pterodactyl, collisions, and hatching eggs. In designing the levels, Newcomer added platforms to the environment after the combat was devised. A static game world was chosen, instead of a scrolling world, to focus on detailed visual textures applied to the platforms; the hardware could not easily display the textures while scrolling, and the team believed that displaying the whole environment would aid players. The final game world element designed was a lava pit and a hand reaching out of it to destroy characters too close to the bottom of the screen. Newcomer placed the platforms to optimize Pfutzenreuter's enemy artificial intelligence (AI), which was programmed for attack patterns based partly on platform placements. The knight enemies were designed to exhibit progressively more aggressive behavior. Bounders flew around the environment randomly, occasionally reacting to the protagonist. Hunters sought the player's character in an effort to collide. Shadow Lords flew quickly and closer to the top of the screen; Pfutzenreuter designed them to fly higher when close to the protagonist to increase the Shadow Lord's chances of victory against the player. The pterodactyl was designed to prevent players from idling, and to be difficult to defeat as it was vulnerable only in its open mouth during a specific animation frame and it quickly flies upward at the last moment when approaching a player waiting at the edge of a platform. The game prioritizes its graphics processing to favor the player characters over the enemies, so enemies begin to react more slowly when the number of on-screen sprites increases. While playtesting the game, the team discovered an animation bug they described as a "belly flop". The flaw allowed players to force the ostrich or stork sprite through an otherwise impassable small gap between two adjacent platforms of very close elevation. Because it provided an interesting method to perform a sneak attack on an opponent below the gap, and because of limited time available, the developers decided to keep the defect rather than fix it. A second bug, which allows the pterodactyl to be easily defeated, was discovered after the game was first distributed. Newcomer had always designed the game and its AI with each sprite's dimension in mind, but the pterodactyl's sprite had been altered to improve the appearance one day before the game was finished. The new sprite allowed the pterodactyl to be easily defeated an unending number of times. The player could sit on the center ledge, with a single enemy knight caught indefinitely in the hand of the Lava Troll, and kill an unlimited number of pterodactyls simply by turning to face them as they entered the screen. Using this flaw, the player could quickly accumulate a very high score, and a large cache of lives, with no significant skill required. Upon learning of the flaw, Williams shipped a new ROM for the arcade cabinets to assuage distributors' complaints. Ports Atari, Inc. published Joust for its own systems and under the Atarisoft label for others: Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 7800, Atari 8-bit family, Apple II, Macintosh, and IBM PC. Joust was ported to the Nintendo Entertainment System—programmed by Satoru Iwata. A port of Joust to the BBC Micro was done by Stuart Cheshire under the pseudonym "Delos D. Harriman" (which he also used for his networked tank game, Bolo), but since Atarisoft had reportedly ceased releasing titles for other systems, the work remained largely unavailable and was subsequently acquired by Aardvark Software, publisher of Frak and Zalaga, whereupon it received its first review. The game nevertheless remained unavailable for over a year before eventually being released as Skirmish by Godax for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron. Reception Given the peculiar control scheme, Williams was concerned that the game would be unsuccessful, and arcades were hesitant to purchase the game. However, Williams eventually shipped 26,000 units, and Electronic Games in 1983 described it as "tremendously popular". In the United States, it topped the Play Meter arcade charts in January 1983, and the RePlay upright arcade cabinet charts from January to February 1983. It was among the thirteen highest-grossing arcade games of 1983 in the United States. A cocktail table version was later released, engineered by Leo Ludzia. It is unique among cocktail games with its side-by-side seating rather than opposing sides, allowing Williams to reuse the same ROM chip from the upright cabinets. With substantially fewer units manufactured than the upright arcade machine, the cocktail version is a rare collector's item. French magazine Tilt rated the arcade game four out of six stars in 1983. Computer and Video Games rated the Atari VCS version 83% in 1989. Retrospective In 1996, Next Generation listed the arcade version as number 83 on its "Top 100 Games of All Time", calling it "a perfect example of the three ingredients that all too often make a classic: Original concepts, quirky designs, and - above all - playability. With only three controls (left, right, and flap), Joust creates an entire world of elegant combat." Video game historian Steve Kent considered Joust one of the more memorable games of its time. Author David Ellis agreed, and stated that the game remains enjoyable to this day. In 2008, Guinness World Records listed it as the number sixty-nine arcade game in technical, creative, and cultural impact. A writer for Video Gaming Illustrated called Joust exotic with lifelike animation. Antic called the Atari 8-bit version a "unique, addictive arcade game" that was "almost identical" to the original. The magazine concluded that Joust was "Atari's finest since Star Raiders". Kevin Bowen of GameSpy's Classic Gaming wrote that Joust has an "incredibly stupid" concept but is an appealing game with good controls and competitive gameplay. He said it is "one of the first really fun multiplayer games", differentiated from other contemporary multiplayer games, and a precursor to the video game deathmatch. Retro Gamer writer Mike Bevan called the game's physics "beautifully" realized, and described Joust as one of the "most remarkable and well-loved titles" of the Williams library. A Computer and Video Games writer called the game "weird and wonderful". Author John Sellers praised the competitive two-player gameplay, and attributed the game's appeal to the flapping mechanism. In 2004, Ellis described Joust as an example of innovative risk absent in the then-current video game industry. In retrospect, Newcomer commended Williams's management for taking a risk on him and the game. The game has garnered praise from industry professionals as well. Jeff Peters of GearWorks Games lauded the gameplay, describing it as unique and intuitive. Jeff Johannigman of Fusion Learning Systems praised the flapping mechanism and Kim Pallister of Microsoft enjoyed the multi-player aspect. Legacy A Joust-themed pinball table was released in 1983, designed by Barry Oursler and Constantino Mitchell. The game includes artwork and themes from the arcade version. In addition to single player gameplay, it features competitive two-player gameplay with the players on opposing sides of the machine. Fewer than 500 machines were produced. An arcade sequel, Joust 2: Survival of the Fittest, was released in 1986. It features similar gameplay with new elements on a vertical screen. In 2004, Midway Games also launched a website featuring the browser-based Shockwave versions. The game is in several multi-platform compilations: the 1996 Williams Arcade's Greatest Hits, the 2000 Midway's Greatest Arcade Hits, and the 2003 Midway Arcade Treasures. Other compilations are the 1995 Arcade Classic 4 for the Game Boy and the 2005 Midway Arcade Treasures: Extended Play for the PlayStation Portable. Joust was released via digital distribution on GameTap, Xbox Live Arcade, and the PlayStation Network. In 2012, Joust was included in the compilation Midway Arcade Origins. Other remakes were in development, but never released. Previously unreleased Atarisoft prototypes of Joust for the ColecoVision surfaced in 2001 at the Classic Gaming Expo in Las Vegas. An adaptation with three-dimensional (3D) graphics (and a port of the original Joust as a bonus) was in development for the Atari Jaguar. Titled Dactyl Joust, it was eventually canceled. Another remake in development is Joust 3D for the Nintendo 64. Because the arenas are in 3D, it was to use a split screen for the multiplayer battles. Newcomer pitched an updated version of the arcade game for the Game Boy Advance to Midway Games, which declined. The prototype uses multi-directional scrolling, more detailed graphics based on 3D renders, and new gameplay mechanics. Tiger Electronics released a keychain version of Joust in 1998. A mobile phone version was released in 2005, but omitted the flapping control scheme. It is also an included title on the Midway Legacy Edition Arcade1Up cabinet. Influenced games Several games by other developers either copy or build upon Jousts design. The 1983 Jetpac and Mario Bros., and the 1984 Balloon Fight, have elements inspired by it. The flying mechanics in the 2000 game Messiah were inspired by Joust. The arcade game Killer Queen was heavily inspired by Joust, and mixes elements of it with RTS and MOBA games. Popular culture Midway Games optioned Jousts movie rights to CP Productions in 2007. Michael Cerenzie of CP Productions described the script by Marc Gottlieb as "Gladiator meets Mad Max", set 25 years in the future. The June 2008 release date was pushed back to 2009, then Midway filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment purchased most of Midway's assets, including Joust, with the intent to develop movie adaptations. Joust is referenced in the Robot Chicken episode "Celebutard Mountain", the Code Monkeys episode "Just One of the Gamers", and the video games Mortal Kombat 3 (Shang Tsung turns into the character from Joust as his friendship) and World of Warcraft: Cataclysm. In the book Ready Player One, Wade Watts defeats an NPC in 2-player Joust. See also Williams Arcade's Greatest Hits Notes References External links 1982 video games Amiga games Arcade video games Assembly language software Atari 2600 games Atari 5200 games Atari 7800 games Atari 8-bit family games Atari Lynx games Atari ST games Cooperative video games Head-to-head arcade video games Classic Mac OS games Midway video games Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment franchises Nintendo Entertainment System games Williams video games Video games about birds Video games adapted into films Video games developed in the United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%20Women%27s%20European%20Volleyball%20Championship

1955 Women's European Volleyball Championship

The 1955 Women's European Volleyball Championship was the fourth edition of the event, organised by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. It was hosted in Bucharest, Romania from 15 to 24 June 1955. Participating teams Format The tournament was played in a single round-robin format, with all teams placed in a single group. Group and matches |} |} Final ranking References Confédération Européenne de Volleyball (CEV) External links Results at todor66.com European Volleyball Championships Volleyball Championship V Women's European Volleyball Championships June 1955 sports events 1950s in Bucharest Women's volleyball in Romania Sports competitions in Bucharest

22401297

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois%20Moorcroft

Lois Moorcroft

Lois Moorcroft (born August 21, 1954) is a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral districts of Mount Lorne (1992-2000) and Copperbelt South (2011-2016) in the Yukon Legislative Assembly. She is a member of the Yukon New Democratic Party. Early career Moorcroft was born in Oshawa, Ontario, and grew up in Whitby, Ontario. She studied history at Trent University in Peterborough where she earned a bachelor's degree. Prior to entering territorial politics, Moorcroft served as a librarian at Yukon College's Whitehorse campus. She also served on the Yukon Employment Standards Board and has held positions on the boards of the Yukon College Employees' Union and the Yukon Federation of Labour. In the 1980s, Moorcroft was one of the parents involved in successfully lobbying the territorial government for a new school (Golden Horn Elementary School) to be built for families and children living south of Whitehorse. Political career 28th Legislative Assembly Moorcroft was narrowly elected in the 1992 Yukon election as the representative for Mount Lorne for New Democrats. Moorcroft had campaigned on pay equality for women and the importance of the Canadian Human Rights Act. In that election, however, the government of New Democrat leader Tony Penikett was defeated and reduced to Official Opposition status by a coalition of Yukon Party and Independent MLAs. As an opposition member, Moorcroft served on the Standing Committee on Rules, Elections, and Privileges. 29th Legislative Assembly Moorcroft was re-elected comfortably in the 1996 Yukon election, defeating Yukon Liberal leader Ken Taylor in her riding of Mount Lorne. The New Democrats, now led by Piers McDonald, formed a majority government. Moorcroft was appointed Minister of Justice, Minister of Education, and Minister responsible for the Women's Directorate in the McDonald government. It was during Moorcroft's tenure as Education minister that the community school in Old Crow burned down for the second time in 20 years. Moorcroft was defeated in the 2000 Yukon election by Liberal candidate Cynthia Tucker, when the Yukon Liberal Party swept the City of Whitehorse to form a majority government. 33rd Legislative Assembly After a decade outside politics, Moorcroft announced her intent to seek the New Democrat nomination during the 2011 Yukon election in the newly constituted riding of Copperbelt South, which included much of her former riding of Mount Lorne. Moorcroft was narrowly successful, defeating Yukon Party candidate Val Boxall by just three votes. Her victory was confirmed in a recount. Moorcroft joined the New Democrats under leader Liz Hanson in forming Official Opposition during the 33rd Legislative Assembly and served as opposition critic for Justice, Highways and Public Works, and Advanced Education. She was also caucus whip. During the 33rd Legislative Assembly, Moorcroft took a stance against the Yukon Government's proposal to invest $200 million twinning the Alaska Highway through Whitehorse and opposed any fracking in the territory as a member of the Select Committee on Hydraulic Fracturing. Moorcroft also successfully put forward a motion, adopted unanimously, to make territorial campgrounds more successful. Moorcroft was once again defeated when seeking re-election, this time in the 2016 Yukon general election. She finished a distant third behind Yukon Party Cabinet minister Scott Kent and Liberal candidate and city councillor Jocelyn Curteanu. Moorcroft was one of four New Democrats to lose their seats on election night as part of the party's worst showing since 1978. Personal life After her first political defeat, she also served on the Yukon Electoral District Boundaries Commission and the Yukon Human Rights Commission. After her second political defeat, Moorcroft was appointed the Returning Officer for thee Liard First Nation, situated near Watson Lake, Yukon. The First Nation had failed to hold an election for its chief and council, whose terms had expired in December 2016. However, in March 2017, it was revealed that Moorcroft had abruptly resigned her position without reason, citing her confidentiality clause. Her resignation put election efforts on hold for the First Nation and led to speculation about her departure. Moorcroft has lived in the Yukon for more than 40 years, with her husband. Electoral record 2016 general election |- |- | Liberal | Jocelyn Curteanu | align="right"| 425 | align="right"| 34.9% | align="right"| +18.6% |- | NDP | Lois Moorcroft | align="right"| 331 | align="right"| 27.2% | align="right"| -14.8% |- |- |- ! align=left colspan=3|Total ! align="right"| 1217 ! align="right"| 100.0% ! align="right"| – |} 2011 general election |- | NDP | Lois Moorcroft | align=right| 397 | align=right| 42.0% | align=right| – |- |- | Liberal | Colleen Wirth | align="right"| 154 | align="right"| 16.3% | align="right"| – |- ! align=left colspan=3|Total ! align="right"| 945 ! align="right'| 100.0% ! align="right"| – |} 2000 general election |- | Liberal | Cynthia Tucker | align="right"| 563 | align="right"| 44.9% | align="right"| +19.9% |- | NDP | Lois Moorcroft | align="right"| 422 | align="right"| 33.7% | align="right"| -6.8% |- |- ! align=left colspan=3|Total ! align="right"|1254 ! align="right"|100.0% | align="right"| – |} 1996 general election |- | NDP | Lois Moorcroft | align="right"| 484 | align="right"| 40.5% | align="right"| +5.7% |- | Liberal | Ken Taylor | align="right"| 299 | align="right"| 25.0% | align="right"| +15.2% |- |- | Independent | Allen Luheck | align="right"| 166 | align="right"| 13.9% | align="right"| -8.3% |- ! align=left colspan=3|Total ! align="right"|1196 ! align="right"|100.0% | align="right"| – |} 1992 general election |- | NDP | Lois Moorcroft | align="right"|316 | align="right"|34.8% | align="right"| – | Independent | Barb Harris | align="right"|202 | align="right"|22.2% | align="right"| – | Liberal | Roger Moore | align="right"|89 | align="right"|9.8% | align="right"| – |- ! align=left colspan=3|Total ! align="right"|909 ! align="right"| 100.0% ! align="right"| – |} References 1956 births Living people People from Oshawa Politicians from Whitehorse Women MLAs in Yukon Yukon New Democratic Party MLAs 21st-century Canadian politicians 21st-century Canadian women politicians

27738325

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishiobiukwu%20Gedegwum

Ishiobiukwu Gedegwum

Ishiobiukwu Gedegwum is the ancient palace of the Orlu people. This is the residence of the traditional monarchy of Orlu, known as the Igwe of Orlu in Nigeria. Located in Imo state, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has always been a focal point for traditional festivals, ceremonies and dispute resolution. The original pre-colonial features, many of which survive, include the Ancient Obi-Hall, the remodelled Mansion of Duruojinnaka (and his forebears), the old Kitchen, the symbolic Iroko trees and the Central Chrysophyllum africanum-tree in Ishiobiukwu of Orlu. Eze Patick I, Crown-Prince Pats-Acholonu, Igwe Patrick II and other members of the Royal family oversaw the remodelling of the estate from the 1930s to the 2020s. Current Obi custodian The current King of Orlu and custodian of Ishiobiukwu Gedegwum is Eze Dr. Patrick II Chinedu Acholonu, Igwe XI, Duru IX of Orlu. As the eleventh Igwe (King), he is also the ninth Duru (Noble), the highest Ofor holder, Opara or Okwara (Primus inter pares) and Obi Custodian of the Orlu kingdom. He is a humble servant of Orlu town. Acholonu is an old family name that originated from the House of Duru (nobility). They are descendants of the ancient bloodline of Okwaraigweolu (First-born king of Orlu), who was granted Ọfọ-ukwu of the land. It was Ishiuburu who founded the Ozo society in Orlu. He took the title Okwaraugwelle - Okwaraigweolu. Ugwelle has been described to mean Igweolu - Igwe of Orlu, the title borne by the holders of the sceptre of Orlu's royal ancestry. Ancient Obi The Obi is a hallowed place. Every Igbo family, kindred (Ụmụ-Ọkala), village, town or kingdom respects the symbolism of the Obi. The Obi, in all its essence, represents the socio-political and spiritual centre of the people's link to their ancestry. At the central level is the Oshiobi-ukwu - the foremost of all the Obi's. Ishiobiukwu Gedegwum is the spiritual, symbolic and physical space of the palace, ancestral descent and the inviolable profundity of the everlasting ancient Nobles (Durus) of old Orlu. Ishiobiukwu ceremonies New Yam Festival (Ịri-ji) Ụmụ-Ọkala Assembly Masquerade Dance Ceremony Bestowing of Chieftaincy title Prayers and Thanksgiving See also Orlu Obi Acholonu References External links Longest reigning monarch, Igwe Acholonu, dies at 104 Palaces in Nigeria

62215781

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Marwede

Hermann Marwede

Hermann Marwede (SK 29) is the largest search and rescue cruiser (46-m-class) of German Maritime Search and Rescue Service (DGzRS) and the largest search and rescue cruiser in the world. The ship is based at the SAR-station Helgoland. The boat was built in 2003 at Fassmer-Werft in Berne, Motzen (Weser), Germany; the hull was built from aluminium by Aluship Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland. The daughter-boat Verena was built at Lürssen shipyard. In 2012, the original daughter-boat was changed to a rigid-hulled inflatable boat of the same name. Total cost for the ship was just under 15 million Euros. The namesake of the cruiser, Hermann Marwede, born in Bremen in 1878 and died there in 1959, had been personally liable partner of the brewery Beck & Co. for around 50 years. Twelve grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Marwede made a significant contribution to financing the ship. References Ships built in Germany Ships built in Poland 2003 ships Ships of Germany Lifeboats

67331487

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalawa%20%28TV%20series%29

Chalawa (TV series)

Chalawa () is a Pakistani supernatural horror drama series directed by Najaf Bilgrami and Shamoon Abbasi and premiered on Hum TV on 8 November 2020. It is produced by M. Nadeem J. and Umer Mukhtar under MD Productions and NJ Films. The drama stars Noor Zafar, Ali Ansari and Naveen Waqar in the lead. Plot Chalawa wheels around the supernatural story of a young girl named Sawera who is possessed by birth by a Chalawa (a type of supernatural demon) having the ability of betrayal and illusion. Her father Aamir had died before her birth but little did she know that Professor Hamdani was behind the betrayal who on the other hand seemed to be a savior to her mother Mahnoor earlier in her childhood after he "helped" get rid of the Chalawa named Sarnash from Sawera. The suspense, thrill and fear will keep you on your toes on this ride of mystery! Cast Main Noor Zafar Khan as Sawera Ahmed Turk Naveen Waqar as Mahnoor; Sawera's mother Ali Ansari as Harib Khanzada / Sarnash (when possessed by him) Adnan Jaffar as Professor Faraz Hamdani Usama Khan as Sarosh (Dead) / Kaafur (when possessed by the Chalawa Kaafur) Recurring Tahir Jatoi as Azlaan (Dead); a Jinn who was made a well-wisher to Mahnoor and later helped Sawera Fawad Jalal as Amir Ahmed Turk (Dead); Sawera's father Samina Ahmed as Khala / Dadi (Dead) Naveed Raza as Fawaad Emmad Butt as Sarosh's father Unknown as Mehak; Sarosh's mother Tabbasum Arif as Harib's mother Sohail Masood as Sarfarz, Scoohl's principal Hina Sheikh as Principal's wife Anoushey Rania Khan as Sawera (Young) Ashir Ali Khan as Sarnash/Chalawa (Young) References External links Official Website Pakistani drama television series 2020 Pakistani television series debuts 2021 Pakistani television series endings Urdu-language television shows Hum TV original programming Hum TV Pakistani horror fiction television series Pakistani television series endings

67877322

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aponchiidae

Aponchiidae

Aponchiidae is a family of nematodes belonging to the order Monhysterida. Genera: Aponchium Cobb, 1920 Metalaimoides Synonema Cobb, 1920 References Nematodes

8045716

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain%20temple

Jain temple

A Jain temple or Derasar is the place of worship for Jains, the followers of Jainism. Jain architecture is essentially restricted to temples and monasteries, and Jain buildings generally reflect the prevailing style of the place and time they were built. Jain temple architecture is generally close to Hindu temple architecture, and in ancient times Buddhist architecture. Normally the same builders and carvers worked for all religions, and regional and period styles are generally similar. For over 1,000 years the basic layout of a Hindu or most Jain temples has consisted of a small garbhagriha or sanctuary for the main murti or cult images, over which the high superstructure rises, then one or more larger mandapa halls. Māru-Gurjara architecture or the "Solanki style" is, a particular temple style from Gujarat and Rajasthan (both regions with a strong Jain presence) that originated in both Hindu and Jain temples around 1000, but became enduringly popular with Jain patrons. It has remained in use, in somewhat modified form, to the present day, indeed also becoming popular again for some Hindu temples in the last century. The style is seen in the groups of pilgrimage temples at Dilwara on Mount Abu, Taranga, Girnar and Palitana. Terms Derasar is a word used for a Jain temple in Gujarat and southern Rajasthan. Basadi is a Jain shrine or temple in Karnataka. The word is generally used in South India. Its historical use in North India is preserved in the names of the Vimala Vasahi and Luna Vasahi temples of Mount Abu. The Sanskrit word is vasati, it implies an institution including residences of scholars attached to the shrine. Temples may be divided into Shikar-bandhi Jain temples, public dedicated temple buildings, normally with a high superstructure, typically a north Indian shikhara tower above the shrine) and the Ghar Jain temple, a private Jain house shrine. A Jain temple which is known as a pilgrimage centre is often termed a Tirtha. The main image of a Jain temple is known as a mula nayak. A Manastambha (column of honor) is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples. It has four 'Moortis' i.e. stone figures of the main god of that temple. One facing each direction: North, East, South and West. Architecture Jain temples are built with various architectural designs. The earliest survivals of Jain architecture are part of the Indian rock-cut architecture tradition, initially shared with Buddhism, and by the end of the classical period with Hinduism. Very often numbers of rock-cut Jain temples and monasteries share a site with those of the other religions, as at Udayagiri, Bava Pyara, Ellora, Aihole, Badami, and Kalugumalai. The Ellora Caves are a late site, which contains temples of all three religions, as the earlier Buddhist ones give way to later Hindu excavations. There is considerable similarity between the styles of the different religions, but often the Jains placed large figures of one or more of the 24 tirthankaras in the open air rather than inside the shrine. These statues later began to be very large, normally standing nude figures in the kayotsarga meditation position (which is similar to standing at attention). Examples include the Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments and the Siddhachal Caves, with groups of statues, and a number of single figures including the 12th-century Gommateshwara statue, and the modern Statue of Vasupujya and, largest of all at 108 feet (32.9 meters) tall, the Statue of Ahimsa. In recent times, the use of murti images has become controversial within Jainism, and some smaller sects reject them entirely, while others are selective in terms of which figures they allow images of. In sects which largely disapprove of images, the religious buildings are far more simple. Following the regional styles in Hindu temples, Jain temples in North India generally use the north Indian nagara style, while those in South India use the dravida style, although the north Indian Māru-Gurjara style or Solanki style has made some inroads in the south over the last century or so. For example, the Mel Sithamur Jain Math in Tamil Nadu has a large gopuram tower, similar to those of local Hindu temples. Characteristics of the original Māru-Gurjara style are "the external walls of the temples have been structured by increasing numbers of projections and recesses, accommodating sharply carved statues in niches. These are normally positioned in superimposed registers, above the lower bands of mouldings. The latter display continuous lines of horse riders, elephants, and kīrttimukhas. Hardly any segment of the surface is left unadorned." The main shikhara tower usually has many urushringa subsidiary spirelets on it, and two smaller side-entrances with porches are common in larger temples. Later, with Dilwara in the lead, surrounding the main temple with a curtain of devakulikā shrines, each with a small spire became a distinctive feature of the Jain temples of West India, still employed in some modern temples. These are fairly plain on the outer walls, and often raised on a very high platform, so that the outside of larger temples can resemble a fortress with high walls. However the entrance(s), often up high, wide steps, are not designed for actual defence, even though medieval Muslim armies and others destroyed many Jain temples in the past, often permanently. Inside the temple, the Māru-Gurjara style features extremely lavish carving, especially on columns, large and intricately carved rosettes on the ceilings of mandapas, and a characteristic form of "flying arch" between columns, which has no structural role, and is purely decorative. Most early temples in the style are in various local shades of pink, buff or brown sandstone, but the Dilwara temples are in a very pure white marble which lightens the style and has become considered very desirable. While, before British India, large Buddhist or Hindu temples (and indeed Muslim mosques) have very often been built with funds from a ruler, this was infrequently the case with Jain temples. Instead they were typically funded by wealthy Jain individuals or families. For this reason, and often the smaller numbers of Jains in the population, Jain temples tend to be at the small or middle end of the range of sizes, but at pilgrimage sites they may cluster in large groups - there are altogether several hundred at Palitana, tightly packed within several high-walled compounds called "tuks" or "tonks". Temple charitable trusts, such as the very large Anandji Kalyanji Trust, founded in the 17th century and now maintaining 1,200 temples, play a very important role in funding temple building and maintenance. Etiquette There are some guidelines to follow when one is visiting a Jain temple: Before entering the temple, one should bathe and wear fresh washed clothes or some special puja (worship) clothes – while wearing these one must neither have eaten anything nor visited the washroom. However, drinking of water is permitted. One should not take any footwear (including socks) inside the temple. Leather items like a belt, purse etc. are not allowed inside the temple premises. One should not be chewing any edibles (food, gum, mints, etc.), and no edibles should be stuck in the mouth. One should try to keep as silent as possible inside temple. Mobile phones should not be used in the temple. One should keep them switched off. Prevailing traditional customs should be followed regarding worshipping at the temple and touching an idol. They can vary depending on the region and the specific sect. Gallery India Outside India See also List of Jain temples Jain flag Jain art Tirtha Jain sculpture Manastambha Jain stupa References Citations Sources Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, Jain architecture

25502612

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt%20Polite

Roosevelt Polite

Roosevelt I. Polite (September 3, 1912 – March 14, 1981) was a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. References Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Pennsylvania Republicans 1912 births 1981 deaths 20th-century American politicians

7523736

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishide%20Tatewaki

Ishide Tatewaki

was the hereditary name adopted by the head of each generation of roya bugyo (prison magistrate) in Edo period Japan. The name "Ishide Tatewaki" was initially taken by a man named Honda Tsunemasa (本多常政), who lived in a village called Ishide. Though the first Ishide Tatewaki served Tokugawa Ieyasu in a military capacity and was present at the Osaka Campaign, he was assigned to be prison magistrate because of the overabundance of brigands in the Kanto region, and before long, the job became hereditary. The Ishide family continued its duty as prison magistrates until the collapse of the Tokugawa shogunate and the start of the Meiji era. Notes Government of feudal Japan

39686050

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Palaiologos%20%28son%20of%20Michael%20VIII%29

Theodore Palaiologos (son of Michael VIII)

Theodore Komnenos Palaiologos (; ca. 1263 – after 1310) was a son of the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (reigned 1259–1282) and his consort, Theodora Palaiologina. He was born ca. 1263, and was the youngest of Michael VIII's sons. In 1293, he was intended to wed the daughter of Theodore Mouzalon, but as his brother, Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos, denied him the title of Despot, he declined and wedded a daughter of the pinkernes Libadarios instead. In 1295 he was at Ephesus when the revolt of Alexios Philanthropenos broke out, and was seized and imprisoned by the rebel until the latter's defeat. In 1305 he fought against the Catalan Company at the Battle of Apros in Thrace. He is last mentioned in 1310 as one of the witnesses to a treaty with the Republic of Venice. Sources 1260s births 14th-century deaths 13th-century Byzantine people 14th-century Byzantine people Theodore Year of death unknown Byzantine prisoners and detainees Children of Michael VIII Palaiologos

37074458

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhouse%27s%20scrub%20jay

Woodhouse's scrub jay

Woodhouse's scrub jay (Aphelocoma woodhouseii), is a species of scrub jay native to western North America, ranging from southeastern Oregon and southern Idaho to central Mexico. Woodhouse's scrub jay was until recently considered the same species as the California scrub jay, and collectively called the western scrub jay. Prior to that both of them were also considered the same species as the island scrub jay and the Florida scrub jay; the taxon was then called simply the scrub jay. Woodhouse's scrub jay is nonmigratory and can be found in urban areas, where it can become tame and will come to bird feeders. While many refer to scrub jays as "blue jays", the blue jay is a different species of bird entirely. Woodhouse's scrub jay is named for the American naturalist and explorer Samuel Washington Woodhouse. Description Woodhouse's scrub jay is a medium-sized bird, approximately in length (including its tail), with a wingspan, and about in weight. Coastal Pacific birds tend to be brighter in coloration than those of the interior, but all are patterned in blue, white, and gray, though none as uniform in color as the related Mexican jay. In general, this species has a blue head, wings, and tail, a gray-brown back, and grayish underparts. The throat is whitish with a blue necklace. The call is described as "harsh and scratchy". Habitat True to its name, Woodhouse's scrub jay inhabits areas of low scrub, preferring pinon-juniper forests, oak woods, edges of mixed evergreen forests, and sometimes mesquite bosques. Woodhouse's scrub jays are very common west of the southern Rocky Mountains, and can be found in scrub-brush, boreal forests, and temperate forests. Foraging Woodhouse's scrub jays usually forage in pairs, family groups, or small non-kin groups, outside of the breeding season. They feed on small animals, such as frogs and lizards, eggs and young of other birds, insects, and (particularly in winter) grains, nuts, and berries. They can be aggressive towards other birds, for example, they have been known to steal hoarded acorns from Acorn Woodpecker granary trees. Food storing Woodhouse's scrub jays, like many other corvids, exploit ephemeral surpluses by storing food in scattered caches within their territories. They rely on highly accurate and complex memories to recover the hidden caches, often after long periods of time. In the process of collecting and storing this food, they have shown an ability to plan ahead in choosing cache sites to provide adequate food volume and variety for the future. Woodhouse's scrub jays are also able to rely on their accurate observational spatial memories to steal food from caches made by conspecifics. To protect their caches from potential 'pilferers', food storing birds implement a number of strategies to reduce this risk of theft. Western scrub jays are also known for hoarding and burying brightly colored objects. Woodhouse's scrub jays have a mischievous streak, and they are not above outright theft. They have been caught stealing acorns from acorn woodpecker caches and robbing seeds and pine cones from Clark's nutcrackers. Some scrub jays steal acorns they have watched other jays hide. When these birds go to hide their own acorns, they check first that no other jays are watching. Western scrub jays sometimes land on the backs of mule deer to eat ticks and other parasites present on the deer. The deer seem to appreciate the help, often standing still and holding up their ears to give the jays access. The scrub jay even will eat peanuts off a human hand. Intelligence Recent research has suggested that Woodhouse's scrub jays, along with several other corvids, are among the most intelligent of animals. The brain-to-body mass ratio of adult scrub jays rivals that of chimpanzees and cetaceans, and is dwarfed only by that of humans. Scrub jays are also the only non-primate or non-dolphin shown to plan ahead for the future, which was previously thought of as a uniquely human trait. Other studies have shown that they can remember locations of over 200 food caches, as well as the food item in each cache and its rate of decay. To protect their caches from pilfering conspecifics, scrub-jays will choose locations out-of-sight of their competitors, or re-cache caches once they are alone, suggesting that they can take into account the perspective of others. Nesting The chicks start off fully gray. The older they get, the more they turn blue. On their heads, chicks tend to have a red crest that resembles a comb (Mostly seen on chickens). The chick will lose its crest at day seven, just like the way the baby chickens lose their egg tooth at 5–7 days. Nests are built low in trees or bushes, above the ground, primarily by the female, while the male guards her efforts. The nests are sturdy, with an outside diameter of , constructed on a platform of twigs with moss and dry grasses lined with fine roots and hair. Four to six eggs are laid from March through July, with some regional variations. There are two common shell color variations: pale green with irregular, olive-colored spots or markings; and pale grayish-white to green with reddish-brown spots. The female incubates the eggs for about 16 days. The young leave the nest about 18 days after hatching. Life span The life span of wild Woodhouse's scrub jays is approximately 9 years. Diseases Populations are being adversely affected by the West Nile virus. Phylogeny The Woodhouse's, California, island, and Florida scrub jay were once considered subspecies of a single "scrub jay" species. They are now believed to be distinct. Beyond the close relationship of the "California" and island scrub jays, resolution of their evolutionary history has proven very difficult. Judging from mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence data, there are two clades, namely a Pacific one west and one east of the Rocky Mountains. Woodhouse's scrub jay differs in plumage (paler blue above, with an indistinct and usually incomplete breast band) from the California scrub jay, which are darker blue above with a strongly defined–but not necessarily complete–blue breast band. A subgroup of Woodhouse's scrub jay living in interior southern Mexico is sometimes called Sumichrast's scrub jay. The subspecies are: Woodhouse's scrub jay, Aphelocoma (woodhouseii) woodhouseii Aphelocoma woodhouseii nevadae Pitelka, 1945a – Nevada scrub jay Great Basin from N Nevada southwards, some isolated mountain ranges in Death Valley and Mojave Desert from E California to the SW of New Mexico, south to NE Sonora and extreme NW Chihuahua. Some hybridization with A. w. oocleptica (californica group) at the north-western edge of its range. Lighter and duller than woodhouseii; light blue undertail coverts. Bill longish, quite pointed, and tapering, not hooked at tip. Aphelocoma woodhouseii woodhouseii (Baird, 1858) - Woodhouse's scrub jay Rocky Mountains foothills, from N Utah/S Wyoming south through NW Chihuahua and W Texas, sometimes ranging farther into that state. Blue of neck with dull grayish hue; back grayish brown. Undertail coverts blue. Bill heavy but straight, hardly hooked at tip. Aphelocoma woodhouseii texana Ridgway, 1902 – Texas scrub jay Hitherto only known from Edwards Plateau (Texas); area and extent of possible contact with woodhouseii undetermined. Possibly this subspecies at Caprock Escarpment, where species settled in the 1950s. Darker than woodhouseii with hint of breast collar. Lower breast with brownish hue, large white patch on lower belly. Undertail coverts white; in adult males usually with some blue feather tips. Back quite brown. Young birds conspicuously paler than in woodhouseii. Heavy, fairly blunt bill. Aphelocoma woodhouseii grisea Nelson, 1899 Sierra Madre Occidental, primarily in Chihuahua; intergrading with nevadae at NW of range. Lighter and larger than woodhouseii, with a hint of a blue collar. Undertail coverts white. Long wings and fairly short, heavy bill. Aphelocoma woodhouseii cyanotis Ridgway, 1887 – Blue-eared scrub jay Lower Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico, from S Coahuila to Tlaxcala; generally separated from texana woodhouseii; range adjacent to grisea in S Chihuahuan Desert. Apparently replaced by Mexican jay at higher-altitude woodland towards S of range. Larger and duller than woodhouseii. Back brown with blue tinge, sometimes quite bluish. Supercilium faint and small. Underside quite light; lower belly white. Undertail coverts dull white. Bill and wings as in grisea, young birds browner than texana. Sumichrast's scrub jay, Aphelocoma (woodhousei) sumichrasti Aphelocoma woodhousei/sumichrasti sumichrasti (Baird and Ridgway, 1874) – Sumichrast's scrub jay From Distrito Federal southeastwards through Veracruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca. Bright blue head color, with blackish ear patches. Faint white supercilium. Back grayish-brown, blue towards the tail. Light gray streaks on throat; traces of a faint grayish or grayish-blue breast collar. Thighs smoky gray. Remiges and rectrices dark dull blue. Large, with very long wings. Heavy, slightly hooked bill. Aphelocoma woodhouseii/sumichrasti remota Griscom, 1934 – Chilpancingo scrub jay SW Oaxaca and central Guerrero. Apparently separated from sumichrasti by Rio Balsas valley. Duller and lighter than sumichrasti. Largest of all western scrub jays. The common name of this subspecies commemorates the Mexican naturalist Francis Sumichrast. Footnotes Etymology: Aphelocoma, from Latinized Ancient Greek apheles- (from ἀφελής-) "simple" + Latin coma (from Greek kome κόμη) "hair", in reference to the lack of striped or banded feathers in this genus compared to other jays. References Further reading Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1994): Crows and jays: a guide to the crows, jays and magpies of the world. A&C Black, London. External links It takes a thief to know a thief – University of Cambridge Comparative Psychology of Learning and Cognition Lab article on studies of the cognitive abilities of western scrub jays (Archived on the Wayback Machine) Woodhouse's scrub jay Jay, Western Scrub Jay, Woodhouse's Scrub Birds of the Sierra Nevada (United States) Fauna of the Mojave Desert Woodhouse's scrub jay Woodhouse's scrub jay

33292290

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312%20Levante%20UD%20season

2011–12 Levante UD season

The 2011–12 season will be the 71st season in Levante's history and their second consecutive season in La Liga. With new manager Juan Ignacio Martínez, the club aims to stay in the top flight of Spanish football for another season. Levante will compete in the 2011–12 La Liga and the 2011–12 Copa del Rey where they will enter in the Round of 32. Current squad Squad information Updated 26 January 2012 Transfers In Out Statistics Team Stats |} Updated 27 January. Discipline Updated 29 January Competitions Pre-season Kickoff times are in CET. La Liga League table Results summary Results by round Matches Kickoff times are in CET. Copa del Rey Kickoff times are in CET. Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarter-finals References External links Levante UD official website Levante UD seasons Levante UD season

38711946

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20submarine%20C%C3%A9r%C3%A8s%20%281938%29

French submarine Cérès (1938)

Cérès (Q190) was a of the French Navy. The submarine was laid down at the Chantiers Worms shipyard in Rouen on 8 August 1936, launched on 9 December 1938, and commissioned 15 July 1939. Following Operation Torch, she was scuttled by her crew at Oran on 9 November 1942, to prevent her from falling into the hands of the Allies. She was later salvaged by the Allies in early 1943, but not put back into commission, and was eventually struck on 18 February 1946. See also List of submarines of France References 1938 ships Ships built in France World War II submarines of France

20603579

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical%20Turk%20%28disambiguation%29

Mechanical Turk (disambiguation)

The Mechanical Turk is an 18th-century fake chess-playing machine. Mechanical Turk may also refer to: Amazon Mechanical Turk, an online crowdsourcing marketplace platform The Turk, a fictional chess computer that became John Henry in Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

53011362

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saini%20Lemamea

Saini Lemamea

Su'a Saini Lemamea (14 July 1964 – January 2021) was a Samoan rugby union player. He played as a lock. Career Lemamea was born in Apia. His first international cap was during a match against Ireland, at Lansdowne Road, on 29 October 1989. Although he was not present in the 1991 Rugby World Cup roster, he took part at the 1995 Rugby World Cup, playing two matches. His last international cap was during a match against Tonga, at Nuku'alofa, on 8 July 1995. References External links 1964 births 2021 deaths Sportspeople from Apia Samoan rugby union players Rugby union locks Samoa international rugby union players

25969391

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum%20Creek%20Treaty

Drum Creek Treaty

The Drum Creek Treaty came about from the controversy over the Sturges Treaty of 1868. The Sturges Osage Treaty was a treaty negotiated between the United States and the Osage Nation in 1868. The treaty was submitted to both the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate but was never ratified. The treaty arose out of a growing need to relocate the Osage to a new reservation. American settlers began to arrive and establish farmsteads on Osage lands in the early 19th century. Their growing presence and pressure were instrumental in the decline of Osage control in Kansas. In the late 1860s, settlers infiltrated Osage lands at such a rate that the tribe resorted to requesting U.S. military assistance to help turn them back. As a result of this pressure the Osage began negotiating the treaty with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. The Canville Treaty of 1865 required that the United States sell the Osage Lands in Kansas on behalf of the tribe at $1.25 per acre and then purchase new lands in Oklahoma using the proceeds from the sale. However, the Sturges Treaty proposed to sell the 8,000,000 acre Osage Diminished Reserve to the LL&G railroad directly, at a price of 20 to 25 cents per acre. The settlers, along with lobbying members of the House and Senate, strongly opposed the Sturges Treaty and were largely responsible for its failure. The Osage would, however, come to an agreement with the United States that restored the terms of the Canville Treaty of 1865. It was contained in an act of Congress shown below: The Act of July 15, 1870 – Removal of Osage from Kansas - 16 Stat. 335, Chapter 296 "SEC. (12.) And be it further enacted, That whenever the Great and Little Osage Indians shall agree thereto, in such manner as the President shall prescribe, it shall be the duty of the President to remove said Indians from the State of Kansas to lands provided or to be provided for them for a permanent home in the Indian Territory, to consist of a tract of land in compact form equal in quantity to one hundred and sixty acres for each member of said tribe, or such part thereof as said Indians may desire, to be paid for out of the proceeds of the sales of their lands in the State of Kansas, the price per acre for such lands to be procured in the Indian Territory not to exceed the price paid or to be paid by the United States for the same. And to defray the expenses of said removal, and to aid in the subsistence of the said Indians during the first year, there is hereby appropriated out of the treasury, out of any money not otherwise appropriated, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, the sum of fifty thousand dollars, to be reimbursed to the United States from the proceeds of the sale of their present diminished reservation, which lands shall be open to settlement after survey, excepting the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections, which shall be reserved to the State of Kansas for school purposes, and shall be sold to actual settlers only, said settlers being heads of families or over twenty-one years of age, in quantities not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres, in square form, to each settler, at the price of one dollar and twenty- five cents per acre; payment to be made in cash within one year from date of settlement or of the passage of this act; and the United States, in consideration of the relinquishment by said Indians of their lands in Kansas, shall pay annually interest on the amount of money received as proceeds of sale of said lands, at the rate of five per centum, to be expended by the President for the benefit of said Indians, in such manner as he may deem proper. And for this purpose an accurate account shall be kept by the Secretary of the Interior of the money received as proceeds of sale, and the aggregate amount received prior to the first day of November of each year shall be the amount upon which the payment of interest shall be based. The proceeds of sale of said land shall be carried to the credit of said Indians on the books of the treasury, and shall bear interest at the rate of five per cent. per annum: Provided, That the diminished reserve of said Indians in Kansas shall be surveyed under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior as other public lands are surveyed, as soon as the consent of said Indians is obtained as above provided, the expense of said survey to be paid from the proceeds of sale of said land. "SEC. (13.) And be it further enacted, That there be, and is hereby, appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, as compensation to Osages for the stock and farming utensils which the United States agreed to furnish them by the second article of the treaty of January eleven, eighteen hundred and thirty-nine, and which were only in part furnished, twenty thousand dollars; and as compensation for the saw and grist mill(s) which the United States agreed by said treaty to maintain for them fifteen years, and which were only maintained five years, ten thousand dollars; which sums shall be expended, under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, in the following manner: Twelve thousand dollars in erecting agency buildings, a warehouse, and blacksmith's dwellings, and a blacksmith shop, and the remaining eighteen thousand dollars in the erection of a schoolhouse and church, and a saw and grist mill at their new home in the Indian Territory." This legislation led to the Drum Creek Treaty of 1870 with the signing of this treaty completed on September 10, 1870. "When the ratification of the treaty fell upon the shoulders of the U.S. Congress, it would be Kansas Senator Sidney Clarke who would raise the loudest voice, not in the name of the railroad but in the rights of the agrarian settlers. He insisted that the Osage lands be open for settlement instead of deeded to a railroad company. Saying that the sale of the Osage lands to the railroad was an unjustifiable abuse to the settlers, Clarke was able to get the treaty withdrawn from the senate in 1869, shortly after President Ulysses S. Grant had come to the presidency. In return, Clarke in July 1870 would offer an Indian appropriation bill, asking that the Osage Diminished Reserve be open to settlement at $1.25 per acre. Congress quickly ratified Clarke's Indian appropriation bill, and settlement immediately sprang up while the railroad continued its southward progression. President Grant, upon signing the bill, authorized the removal of the Osages to a new home in Indian Territory, now present-day Oklahoma. Clarke's bill was the predecessor to the Drum Creek Treaty of 1870." References External links Proposed treaties Osage Nation United States and Native American treaties Native American history of Kansas 1868 in the United States 1860s in Kansas

13290078

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Finlay%20%28Canadian%20politician%29

John Finlay (Canadian politician)

John Finlay (April 22, 1837 – November 13, 1910) was a Canadian politician. Born in Dummer Township, Peterborough County, Upper Canada, Finlay was educated in the Public Schools of Dummer. A manufacturer, Finlay was Councillor and Reeve of the Village of Norwood and County Councillor. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the electoral district of Peterborough East in the general elections of 1904. A Liberal, he did not run in the 1908 elections. References The Canadian Parliament; biographical sketches and photo-engravures of the senators and members of the House of Commons of Canada. Being the tenth Parliament, elected November 3, 1904 1837 births 1910 deaths Liberal Party of Canada MPs Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario

4333657

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saanich%20Peninsula

Saanich Peninsula

Saanich Peninsula () is located north of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It is bounded by Saanich Inlet on the west, Satellite Channel on the north, the small Colburne Passage on the northeast, and Haro Strait on the east. The exact southern boundary of what is referred to as the "Saanich Peninsula" (or simply as "the Peninsula") is somewhat fluid in local parlance. Surrounded by the Salish Sea, Saanich Peninsula is separated from Saltspring Island by Satellite Channel, Piers Island and Coal Island by Colburne Passage, and James Island by Cordova Passage in Haro Strait. Name Its name in the Saanich dialect, W̱SÁNEĆ, means "raised up" (where meaning the people, that term means "emerging people). Geography and climate Lying in the rain shadow of both the Vancouver Island Ranges and the Olympic Mountains, Saanich Peninsula is the driest part of Vancouver Island. The driest recording station in the provincial capital city of Victoria averages only of precipitation annually. Precipitation increases from east to west, and from south to north. The natural flora of the region include mixed forests of Douglas fir, Western red cedar, hemlock, arbutus, Garry oak, and manzanita. The ground cover includes snowberry, Oregon grape, salal, sword fern, trillium, and fawn lily. The peninsula is characterized by rolling hills and numerous freshwater ponds and lakes. Notable natural features of Saanich Peninsula include Elk Lake, Beaver Lake, Mount Newton, Bear Hill, Tod Inlet, Mount Finlayson, Maltby Lake, Prospect Lake, Durrance Lake, and Mount Work. Many of these features are protected in regional and municipal parks. Geology Many different kinds of bedrock underlie the peninsula. Sandstone is common at the northern end. Granodiorite crops out in many northern and central areas. Amphibolite, diorite, gabbro and quartz diorite are common in the south. Smaller areas of andesite, basalt, chert, dacite and limestone are also found. History The region is the historical homeland of certain Coast Salish peoples. Several Indian Reserves are located on the peninsula, predominantly along the shore of Saanich Inlet. Early European settlers arrived in the mid-nineteenth century, pursuing mainly resource-based economic activities such as logging, fishing, and — most notably — agriculture. The peninsula is home to the oldest agricultural exhibition in Western Canada, the Saanich Fair, sponsored by the North and South Saanich Agricultural Society. In more recent decades, residential and commercial development has become widespread on the Peninsula, although provincial law protects much of the region's farmland from rezoning. The peninsula is also home to many wilderness parks, mostly on its southwest. The largest of these is Gowlland Tod Provincial Park. Transportation The peninsula is also the location of the Swartz Bay terminal of the BC Ferry Corporation, the Victoria International Airport at Patricia Bay, aka "Pat Bay", and the western terminal of the Washington State Ferries run through the San Juan Islands from Anacortes to Sidney. A small ferry on the west coast of the Peninsula connects Brentwood Bay to Mill Bay. Cultural institutions Just north of Elk Lake is the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory. Butchart Gardens is located just south of the town of Brentwood Bay, which was the original home of a long-established private school of the same name. Governance The following municipalities are located on the peninsula. They are part of Greater Victoria and member municipalities of the Capital Regional District/(CRD): Central Saanich (containing the villages of Brentwood Bay and Saanichton) Highlands North Saanich Saanich (its northern portions) Sidney The Tsawout First Nation reserve and band office is located in Saanichton overlooking James Island on the east shore of the Peninsula; the Tsartlip First Nation is based on the west side of the peninsula north of Brentwood Bay; the Pauquachin First Nation is based between Mount Newton and Coles Bay on west side of the Peninsula; and the Tseycum First Nation is based on the NW of the Peninsula along the shores of Patricia Bay. The rural community of Willis Point is also located on the peninsula, but is governed via the Juan de Fuca Electoral Area. References External links A satellite image of the peninsula, from Google Local The MyPeninsula Local Events Calendar Peninsulas of British Columbia Greater Victoria

66092748

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awomir%20Poleszak

Sławomir Poleszak

Sławomir Poleszak (born 1969) is a Polish historian, employed by Institute of National Remembrance since 2000, who is an expert on cursed soldiers. He was decorated with Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta by President Andrzej Duda. Poleszak is the editor-in-chief of ohistorie.eu portal. References 1969 births Living people People associated with the Institute of National Remembrance Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta Polish historians Polish male non-fiction writers

1567611

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Beauty%2C%20Victoria

Mount Beauty, Victoria

Mount Beauty is a small town in north-eastern Victoria, Australia. The town lies alongside the Kiewa River, at the junction of the Kiewa Valley Highway and Bogong High Plains Road in the Alpine Shire local government area. History The town was originally established by the State Electricity Commission of Victoria to house construction workers from the Kiewa Hydroelectric Scheme in 1949, passing to the control of the local shire council in 1967 after construction was completed. Post Offices opened at Tawonga South (to the north) on 15 April 1943 and at Mount Beauty on 17 February 1947. Post Offices known as No 2 Camp, No 4 Camp, and No 5 Camp, Mount Beauty were open in the 1949-1953 period. Attractions The climate of Mount Beauty is truly seasonal, with chilling winters, cool wet springs, scorching summers and colourful autumns. Each season has its own attractions, including skiing, bushwalking, horse riding, gliding, bike riding (mountain and road) as well as fishing (river and lake). Mount Beauty has its own annual music festival, mountain bike competition and regular weekend markets on the first Saturday of each month. There are also many four wheel drive tracks in the local area. The town is a launching point for trips to the Falls Creek ski resort, and to the Bogong High Plains. To this end there are several ski hire shops, eateries, and a bus company doing daily trips to and from the resort at Falls Creek, 32 km distant. This town also has great views to the mountains, such as Mount Bogong and the peaks that are of interest to many of the tourists coming through the town. Sports The town in conjunction with neighbouring township Dederang has an Australian rules football team, Dederang-Mount Beauty, competing in the Tallangatta & District Football League. Golfers play at the Mount Beauty Golf Club on Tawonga Crescent. A hang gliding competition, the Bogong Cup, is held in January each year. Mount Beauty also sport a Dragon Boat team, who train on one of local pondage lakes. References Towns in Victoria (Australia) Towns in Central Hume Alpine Shire Company towns in Australia

42207569

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurita%20sanguisecta

Saurita sanguisecta

Saurita sanguisecta is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found in Colombia. References Moths described in 1898 Saurita

36211348

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solugerd

Solugerd

Solugerd (, also Romanized as Solūgerd; also known as Sūlgar, Sūlgerd, and Sulgird) is a village in Bizaki Rural District, Golbajar District, Chenaran County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,110, in 271 families. References Populated places in Chenaran County

61392185

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397%20Marquette%20Golden%20Eagles%20men%27s%20basketball%20team

1996–97 Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball team

The 1996–97 Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball team represented the Marquette University in the 1996–97 season. The Golden Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 22–9. Roster Schedule |- !colspan=9 style=| Conference USA Tournament |- !colspan=9 style=| NCAA Tournament Team players drafted into the NBA External links MUScoop's MUWiki References Marquette Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball seasons Marquette Marq Marq

6456874

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course%20evaluation

Course evaluation

A course evaluation is a paper or electronic questionnaire, which requires a written or selected response answer to a series of questions in order to evaluate the instruction of a given course. The term may also refer to the completed survey form or a summary of responses to questionnaires. They are a means to produce feedback which the teacher and school can use to assess their quality of instruction. The process of (a) gathering information about the impact of learning and of teaching practice on student learning, (b) analyzing and interpreting this information, and (c) responding to and acting on the results, is valuable for several reasons. They enable instructors to review how others interpret their teaching methods. The information can be also used by administrators, along with other input, to make summative decisions (e.g., decisions about promotion, tenure, salary increases, etc.) and make formative recommendations (e.g., identify areas where a faculty member needs to improve). Typically, these evaluations are combined with peer evaluations, supervisor evaluations, and results of student’s test scores to create an overall picture of teaching performance. Course evaluations are implemented in one of two ways, either summative or formative. Course evaluation instruments Course evaluation instruments generally include variables such as communication skills, organizational skills, enthusiasm, flexibility, attitude toward the student, teacher – student interaction, encouragement of the student, knowledge of the subject, clarity of presentation, course difficulty, fairness of grading and exams, and global student rating. Summative evaluation Summative evaluation occurs at the end of a semester, usually a week or two before the last day of class. The evaluation is performed by the current students of the class. Students have the option to reflect on the teachers’ instruction without fear of punishment because course evaluations are completely confidential and anonymous. This can be done in one of two ways; either with a paper form or with online technology. Typically, in a paper based format, the paper form is distributed by a student while the teacher is out of the room. It is then sealed in an envelope and the teacher will not see it until after final grades are submitted. The online version can be identical to a paper version or more detailed, using branching question technology to glean more information from the student. Both ways allow the student to be able to provide feedback. This feedback is to be used by teachers to assess the quality of their instruction. The information can also be used to evaluate the overall effectiveness of a teacher, particularly for tenure and promotion decisions. Formative evaluation Formative evaluation typically occurs when changes can take place during the current semester, although many institutions consider written comments on how to improve formative as well. Typically this form of evaluation is performed by peer consultation. Other experienced teachers will review one of their peer’s instructions. The purpose of this evaluation is for the teacher to receive constructive criticism on teaching. Generally, peer teachers will sit in on a few lessons given by the teacher and take notes on their methods. Later on the team of peer teachers will meet with the said teacher and provide useful, non-threatening feedback on their lessons. The peer team will offer suggestions on improvement, which the said teacher can choose to implement. Peer feedback is given to the instructor typically in the form of an open session meeting. The peers first reflect on the qualities that were good in the instruction. Then they move on to areas that need improvement. Next the instructor will make suggestions for improvement and receive feedback on those ideas. Student feedback can be an important part of formative evaluation. Student evaluations are formative when their purpose is to help faculty members improve and enhance their teaching skills. The teachers may require their students to complete written evaluation, participate in ongoing dialogue or directed discussions during the course of the semester. The use of a 'Stop, Start Continue' format for student feedback has been shown to be highly effective at generating constructive feedback for course improvement. At the Faculty of Psychology of the University of Vienna, Twitter was used for formative course evaluation. Criticism of course evaluations as measures of teaching effectiveness Summative student evaluations of teaching (SETs) have been widely criticized, especially by teachers, for not being accurate measures of teaching effectiveness. Surveys have shown that a majority of teachers believe that a teacher's raising the level of standards and/or content would result in worse SETs for the teacher, and that students in filling out SETs are biased in favor of certain teachers' personalities, looks, disabilities, gender and ethnicity. The evidence that some of these critics cite indicates that factors other than effective teaching are more predictive of favorable ratings. In order to get favorable ratings, teachers are likely to present the content which can be understood by the slowest student. Consequently, the content has been affected. Many of those who are critical of SETs have suggested that they should not be used in decisions regarding faculty hires, retentions, promotions, and tenure. Some have suggested that using them for such purposes leads to the dumbing down of educational standards. Others have said that the typical way SETs are now used at most universities is demeaning to instructors and has a corrupting effect on students' attitudes toward their teachers and higher education in general. The economics of education literature and the economic education literature is especially critical. For example, Weinberg et al. (2009) finds SET scores in first-year economics courses at Ohio State University are positively related to the grades instructors assign but are unrelated to learning outcomes once grades are controlled for. Others have also found a positive relationship between grades and SET scores but unlike Weinberg et al. (2009) do not directly address the relationship between SET scores and learning outcomes. A paper by Krautmann and Sander (1999) find that the grades students expect to receive in a course are positively related to SET scores. Isely and Singh (2005) find it is the difference between the grades students expect to receive and their cumulative GPA that is the relevant variable for obtaining favourable course evaluations. Another paper by Carrell and West (2010) use a data set from the U.S. Air Force Academy where students are randomly assigned to course sections (reducing selection problems). It found that calculus students got higher marks on common course examinations when they had instructors with high SET scores but did worse when they took later courses requiring calculus. The authors discuss a number of possible explanations for this finding, including that instructors with higher SET scores may have concentrated their teaching on the common examinations in the course rather than giving students a deeper understanding for later courses. Hamermesh and West (2005) find that students at the University of Texas at Austin gave attractive instructors higher SET scores than less attractive instructors. However, the authors conclude that it may not be possible to determine if attractiveness increases the effectiveness of an instructor, possibly resulting in better learning outcomes. It may be the case that students pay more attention to attractive instructors. Meanwhile, a 2017 lawsuit was filed on grounds of xenophobic discrimination in course evaluations at the University of Kansas, with Peter F. Lake, the director of Stetson University's Center for Excellence in Higher Education Law and Policy, suggesting this is no isolated incident. The empirical economics literature is in sharp contrast to the educational psychology literature which generally argues that teaching evaluations are a legitimate method of evaluating instructors and are unrelated to grade inflation. However, similar to the economic literature other researchers outside of educational psychology have offered negative findings on course evaluations. For example, some papers have examined online course evaluations and found them to be heavily influenced by the instructor’s attractiveness and willingness to give high grades in return for very little work. Another criticism of these assessment instruments is that largely the data they produce are difficult to interpret for purposes of self- or course-improvement, given the number of variables that can affect evaluation scores. Finally, paper based course evaluations can cost a university thousands of dollars over the years, while an electronic survey is offered at minimal cost to the university. Another concern that has been raised by instructors is that response rates to online course evaluations are lower (and therefore the results may be less valid) than paper-based in class evaluations. The situation is more complex that response rates alone would indicate. Student-faculty engagement is offered as an explanation, where course level, instructor rank, and other variables lacked explanatory power. See also Educational assessment Educational evaluation Donald Kirkpatrick, founder of the 'Four Level Model' of training evaluation Ronald Ferguson (economist), a researcher who studied student evaluation of teachers References External links Weinstock, R. B. (2004). Quality control in the course evaluation process. Educational personnel assessment and evaluation

11523820

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppo%20II

Suppo II

Suppo II (835-885) was a member of the Supponid family. Engelberga, the wife of Louis II may have been his sister. He was Count of Parma, Asti, and Turin. Along with his cousin, Suppo III, he was the chief lay magnate in Italy during Louis's reign. His father was Adelchis I of Spoleto and his mother is unknown. He himself had four sons: Adelchis II of Spoleto, Arding, Boso, and Wifred. He also left a daughter, Bertila, who married Berengar I of Italy. Sources Wickham, Chris. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400-1000. MacMillan Press: 1981. Supponid dynasty Counts of Italy ro:Suppo I de Spoleto

11421513

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z102/R77

Small nucleolar RNA Z102/R77

In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA RZ102/R77 refers to a group of related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). These small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are modifying RNAs and usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. These two snoRNAs R77 and Z102 were identified in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and rice Oryza sativa respectively. These related snoRNAs are predicted to belong to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. Z102 and R77 and are members of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. References External links plant snoRNA database Small nuclear RNA

61605675

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20State%20Route%20138

Tennessee State Route 138

State Route 138 (SR 138) is a state highway in West Tennessee, connecting the town of Toone with Interstate 40 (I-40). Route description SR 138 begins in Hardeman County at an intersection with SR 18. It goes northwest through wooded areas to enter Toone, where it passes through town along Main Street before having an intersection with SR 100. The highway then leaves Toone and continues northwest through mostly wooded areas to cross into Madison County. SR 138 continues north through farmland to have an intersection with SR 223 before passing Mercer. It continues north through farmland and rural areas for several miles to an intersection with US 70/SR 1 before coming to an end at an interchange with I-40 (Exit 68), where the road continues north as Providence Road. The entire route of SR 138 is a rural two-lane highway. Major intersections References 138 Transportation in Hardeman County, Tennessee Transportation in Madison County, Tennessee

38345662

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63

63

63 may refer to: 63 (number) one of the years 63 BC, AD 63, 1963, 2063 +63, telephone country code in the Philippines Flight 63 (disambiguation) 63 (album), by Tree63 63 (mixtape), by Kool A.D. "Sixty Three", a song by Karma to Burn from the album Mountain Czar, 2016

27508384

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuji%20Rokutan

Yuji Rokutan

is a Japanese football player. He currently plays for Yokohama FC. Club career statistics Updated to 18 February 2019. International career On 7 May 2015, Japan's coach Vahid Halilhodžić called him for a two-days training camp. Rokutan received his first call up to the senior Japan team in August 2015 for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Cambodia and Afghanistan. Honours Yokohama F. Marinos Emperor's Cup: 2013 References External links Profile at Shimizu S-Pulse 1987 births Living people Association football people from Kagoshima Prefecture Japanese footballers J1 League players J2 League players Avispa Fukuoka players Yokohama F. Marinos players Vegalta Sendai players Shimizu S-Pulse players Yokohama FC players Association football goalkeepers

13753114

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Leduc

Paul Leduc

Paul Leduc may refer to: Paul Leduc (film director) (1942–2020), Mexican film director :fr:Paul Leduc (peintre) (1876-1943), Belgian painter Paul Leduc (Ontario politician) (1889–1971), politician and lawyer in Ontario, Canada Paul LeDuc (wrestler) (born 1939), Canadian wrestler

727530

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20%28mother%20of%20Mark%20Antony%29

Julia (mother of Mark Antony)

Julia (104 – after 39 BC) was the mother of the triumvir general Mark Antony. Biography Early life She was the daughter of Lucius Julius Caesar (the consul of 90 BC) and Fulvia. She and her brother Lucius Julius Caesar (who was consul in 64 BC) were born and raised in Rome. Julia was a third-cousin of Julius Caesar (their great-grandparents Gaius and Sextus Julius Caesar were siblings). Marriages Julia married Marcus Antonius Creticus, a man of a senatorial family. Their sons were the triumvir Mark Antony, Gaius Antonius and Lucius Antonius. Because of their kinship through her, Gaius Julius Caesar was obliged to promote the political careers of her sons, despite his distaste for their father and his generally low opinion of their abilities. After Julia's first husband died in 74 BC, she married Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, a politician who in 63 BC was involved in the Catilinarian conspiracy and was executed on the orders of Cicero. Julia had raised her sons through her marriages. Plutarch describes her as one of "most nobly born and admirable women of her time". The following clause from Plutarch describes her relationship with her first husband: Later life Elsewhere Plutarch illustrates her character with an episode from the proscription of 43 BC, during the Second Triumvirate: During the Perusine War (modern Perugia) between 41 BC-40 BC, Julia left Rome, although Octavian (future Roman Emperor Augustus) treated her with kindness. She never trusted Sextus Pompeius. When Sextus Pompeius was in Sicily, Julia had sent to Greece for Antony, a distinguished escort and convoy of triremes. After the reconciliation of the triumvirs, Julia returned with Antony to Italy in 39 BC and was probably present at the meeting with Sextus Pompeius at Misenum. See also List of Roman women References Sources Plutarch's biography of Antony (from the Parallel Lives) William Smith (ed., 1849). "Julia (2)" Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. John Murray, London. 104 BC births 2nd-century BC Roman women 1st-century BC Roman women Family of Mark Antony Julii Caesares Year of death missing

5988488

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugat%2C%20Govi-Altai

Bugat, Govi-Altai

Bugat () is a sum (district) of Govi-Altai Province in western Mongolia. In 2009, its population was 2,257. Bugat was the birthplace of Puntsagiin Jasrai, Prime Minister of Mongolia from 1992 to 1996. References Populated places in Mongolia Districts of Govi-Altai Province

13271090

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Claisen%20rearrangement

Ireland–Claisen rearrangement

The Ireland–Claisen rearrangement is a chemical reaction of an allylic ester with strong base to give an γ,δ-unsaturated carboxylic acid. Several reviews have been published. Mechanism The Ireland–Claisen rearrangement is a type of Claisen rearrangement. The mechanism is therefore a concerted [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement which according to the Woodward–Hoffmann rules show a concerted, suprafacial, pericyclic reaction pathway. See also Cope rearrangement Overman rearrangement References Rearrangement reactions Name reactions

21676277

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least%20frequently%20used

Least frequently used

Least Frequently Used (LFU) is a type of cache algorithm used to manage memory within a computer. The standard characteristics of this method involve the system keeping track of the number of times a block is referenced in memory. When the cache is full and requires more room the system will purge the item with the lowest reference frequency. LFU is sometimes combined with a Least Recently Used algorithm and called LRFU. Implementation The simplest method to employ an LFU algorithm is to assign a counter to every block that is loaded into the cache. Each time a reference is made to that block the counter is increased by one. When the cache reaches capacity and has a new block waiting to be inserted the system will search for the block with the lowest counter and remove it from the cache. Ideal LFU: there is a counter for each item in the catalogue Practical LFU: there is a counter for the items stored in cache. The counter is forgotten if the item is evicted. Problems While the LFU method may seem like an intuitive approach to memory management it is not without faults. Consider an item in memory which is referenced repeatedly for a short period of time and is not accessed again for an extended period of time. Due to how rapidly it was just accessed its counter has increased drastically even though it will not be used again for a decent amount of time. This leaves other blocks which may actually be used more frequently susceptible to purging simply because they were accessed through a different method. Moreover, new items that just entered the cache are subject to being removed very soon again, because they start with a low counter, even though they might be used very frequently after that. Due to major issues like these, an explicit LFU system is fairly uncommon; instead, there are hybrids that utilize LFU concepts. See also Paging Page Replacement Algorithm Not Frequently Used References External links An O(1) algorithm for implementing the LFU cache eviction scheme, 16 August 2010, by Ketan Shah, Anirban Mitra and Dhruv Matani Virtual memory Memory management algorithms Online algorithms

54984873

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoreSunlight

MoreSunlight

MoreSunlight or Project Moresunlight is a proposal to advance Indian Standard Time by 30 minutes. According to the proposal of MoreSunlight, the current time of India, which is +530 UTC should be advance to +600 UTC. The project is a conception of many government officers, elected representatives, members of the scientific community in India and civil society organizations and ordinary citizens. Background India's current time is calculated from 82.5 longitude. This has been the established convention since 1906. Due to the geographical breadth of the country which spans 29 degrees of longitude there is a difference of 1 hour and 56 minutes between the extreme western and eastern parts of the country. Conveners of Project Moresunglight argues for calculating India's time zone from 90 degree east longitude Moreover, citizens in the north and north eastern parts of India tend to get less usable sunlight during their routine awake timings. There have been demands to split the country into two time zones. Some proposals have also called for daylight saving time concept as is prevalent in parts of Europe and America. The Government of India, has rejected both these demands. Solution to India's time situation Scientists and concerned citizens, at various forums have concluded that the best way to bring an optimum utilization of India's abundant sunlight is by advancing India's time by 30 minutes. Project Moresunlight proposes to educate the decision makers in India about the benefits of such an advancement, where India's new time zone would be +6:00 GMT. Benefits It is estimated that electricity worth more than 4000 crores a year will be saved by advancing IST by 30mins. See also Bombay Time Calcutta Time References Time in India

32802315

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Kolls

Lou Kolls

Louis Charles "Lou" Kolls (December 15, 1892 – February 23, 1941) was an American professional baseball umpire who worked in the American League from 1933 to 1940. Kolls umpired in one All-Star Game and one World Series. Kolls was released by the American League a few months before his untimely death. He also played in the National Football League. Early life Before entering umpiring, Kolls unsuccessfully ran for sheriff in Rock Island, Illinois. He also played semi-pro and minor league baseball. He attended college at St. Ambrose University Football career Kolls played seven seasons of professional football, 40 games total), for the 1920 Chicago Cardinals, 1920 Hammond Pros, 1922-1926 Rock Island Independents and 1927 New York Yankees. Umpiring career Kolls umpired in the Mississippi Valley League, Western League and International League before making it to the American League in 1933. Kolls called 1195 games in his major league career. He was named to the staff of the 1936 All-Star Game. In 1938, Kolls suffered a broken nose in spring training, but he umpired a full slate of 161 games and officiated the 1938 World Series. After the 1940 season, American League president Will Harridge issued an outright release to Kolls. Personal life Kolls was married to the former Irene Tanghe, who worked as a secretary to U.S. Representative Chester C. Thompson. Death Kolls was killed in a two-car accident near Hooppole, Illinois in 1941. Four occupants of the other car were killed in the head-on collision. Two people were injured, including the sole passenger in the umpire's vehicle. References External links Find a Grave 1892 births 1941 deaths Major League Baseball umpires Road incident deaths in Illinois American football centers Chicago Cardinals players Hammond Pros players Rock Island Independents players New York Yankees (NFL) players Baseball players from Illinois Players of American football from Illinois Sportspeople from Rock Island, Illinois

14161407

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki%20Kupci

Veliki Kupci

Veliki Kupci () is a village in the city of Kruševac, Rasinski county, Serbia, located at 15 km from Kruševac on route to Kopaonik mountain. Veliki Kupci and Mali Kupci are two parts of the same settlement separated by the river Rasina. According to 2002 census, there were 1,035 people living in Veliki Kupci, almost entirely Serbs. The younger and middle-age population is mostly commuting to Kruševac. Until 1965, the settlement was the administrative center of Veliki Kupci municipality which included the following settlements: Celije, Gornji Stepos, Grkljane, Jablanica, Majdevo, Malli Kupci, Naupare, Sebecevac, Suvaja, Savrane, Sogolj and Vitanovac. After that, all these settlements became part of the administrative municipality of Kruševac. The following institutions exist in Veliki Kupci: - "Knez Lazar" elementary school, gathering school children from Veliki Kupci, Mali Kupci, Sebecevac, Stitare, Grkljane, Majdevo, Suvaja and Celije; - Health care institution with laboratory and dentist office; - Pharmacy; - Post office; - Youth center; - Registry. There is also 'Heritage Museum' dedicated to old crafts, as well as a football and basketball court. Additionally, there are several hospitality facilities and gas stations. Agriculture is the primary industry in this area of Rasina District, and the main cultures are corn, wheat, all vegetables, plum, apples, blackberries and strawberries. Geography The settlement is located in the valley of the river Rasina which passes through Veliki Kupci. The lake of Celije is located at c. 6 km from Veliki Kupci, and mountains Jastrebac and Kopaonik are both at less than 40 km away. Populated places in Rasina District

20418416

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Parish

Old Parish

Old Parish () is a village in west County Waterford, Ireland. It is part of the Gaeltacht in Waterford Gaeltacht na nDéise. Geography An Sean Phobal, as it is known locally, is a large parish covering about 35 square kilometres with approximately 8 km of coastline along Muggort's Bay. With a population of about 350 It is the second largest parish in Waterford by area stretching west to east bordering the villages of Ardmore and Grange to the other Gaeltacht na nDéise parish of An Rinn and north to south from slightly beyond the Cork-Waterford N25 roadway to the coast. The closest centres of population to An Sean Phobal are Dungarvan and the County Cork town of Youghal. Amenities There is a primary school, a pre-school/child-care centre, public house, Roman Catholic church, parish hall, lighthouse, a GAA pitch and an all-weather pitch, a Gaeltacht Development office along with other businesses and cottage industries. For people working day to day within the parish farming and agriculture-related industries are still the largest source of employment. Leisure-wise there are two beaches with numerous coves and angling rocks along the cliffs, a fresh water lake and 2 large manmade lakes. The cliffs, deeply incised stream gullies and small bays of the area attract a wide variety of seabirds and make the area a paradise for bird-watchers. Irish language The Irish language plays an important role in the area. Gaoluinn na nDéise, the Waterford variant of the Munster Irish dialect, is spoken. According to the 2016 census 14% of the population spoke Irish on a daily basis outside the education system. The local primary school is Scoil Náisiúnta Baile Mhic Airt. Drama plays in Irish are produced annually by the local drama group, Aisteoirí An tSean Phobail, and the parish's GAA club competes in the Comórtas Peile na Gaeltachta, an annual Gaelic football competition contested by clubs from the Irish language-speaking Gaeltacht areas of Ireland. The official name of the area is An Sean Phobal or An tSean Phobail in the genetaive case. Both An Sean Phobal and Old Parish were on the local road-signs until 2005, when the anglicised form ceased to have any official standing. Today, roadsigns show the Irish name, An Sean Phobal only. History Place name The anglicised place name of the parish, Old Parish, is rare among place-names in Ireland in that it is a fairly direct translation of the original Irish name. The Irish word 'Pobal' is community in English and Sean is "old" in English. According to local lore, it is the oldest parish in Ireland. This myth is probably spurred on by the parish saint, Saint Colman, who had a monastery in Cill Comán in An Sean Phobal, having baptised Saint Declan, who went on to Christianise Waterford before the coming of Saint Patrick. But the name of the area is more likely due to the following reasons: It once was part of an older parish pairing that consisted of Ardmore and An Sean Phobal. It is said that people in neighbouring parishes (who at the time would have spoken Irish) referred to the area as An Sean Phobal after it left Ardmore to join in a new parish pairing with An Rinn in the early 1900s. Another theory is that the devastating effect the famine had on the parish population could have led people to call it An Sean Phobal (The Old Community), as it would have been a vibrant populated community beforehand. Either way, the nickname people had for the parish became the adopted place name for the area. Prior to the area being called An Sean Phobal, it was probably known as Baile Mhic Airt, the largest townland within An Sean Phobal. Scoil Náisiúnta Baile Mhic Airt is the name of the local primary school, Baile Mhic Airt and other parish townlands appear on O.S maps without An Sean Phobal and Baile Mhic Airt is still recognised within the postal service. 'Caileach Bhearra' megalithic tomb The late Neolithic or early Bronze Age court cairn at the Ballynamona townland of An Sean Phobal is the only example of its kind in the south-east of Ireland. The site is marked 'dolmen' on the Ordnance Survey map, and is known locally as 'Cailleach Bhearra'. It is located about 1.5 km (1 mile) north of the lighthouse and about 100 m (~100 yards) from the cliff edge. The tomb at Ballynamona is a court cairn. This type of megalithic tomb is usually found north of a line between Clew Bay in the west and Dundalk in the east. It would have been constructed by a tribal group and an immense amount of social organisation was required in its building. There would have been many burials in the grave. The bodies were burnt and the cremated bones were placed in the burial chambers sometimes with pottery, beads and stone and bone, and tools for use in the next life. Although the Ballynamona court cairn is neither spectacular nor large, its importance cannot be overlooked. It is known to date from 2000 B.C. during the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age. It is clear evidence of the early settlement of An Sean Phobal by a developed, agricultural society. The views of the Waterford and Wexford coastlines along with the vast Celtic Sea southwards from this site answer any questions one would have as to why the earliest known settlers of An Sean Phobal chose this location. It was excavated in May 1938 by a team led from the Office of Public Works in collaboration with the National Museum of Ireland. War of Independence and Civil War The men and women of An Sean Phobal played their part in the cause of Irish independence during this revolutionary period. A Company of Irish Volunteers was organised in Old Parish, in late 1917. The company was initially 8-9 but this quickly rose to 20 and doubled and tripled as the conflict escalated. In March 1918, men from An Sean Phobal defended Sinn Féin voters in a Waterford by election against Crown sympathisers, Pig traders and ex-British soldiers. The third battalion of The West Waterford IRA brigade, or Déise Brigade as it is also known, was the Ardmore-An Sean Phobal battalion its main personal were: Jim Mansfield, O.C, Willie Doyle, Vice-O.C., Paddy Cashen, Adjutant, Declan Slattery, Q.M., Dick Mooney, Engineer, Jerry Fitzgerald, Dispatch Rider, Tom Mooney, Transport and Declan Troy, Training. The Staff Engineer Mick Mansfield (brother of Jim Mansfield above) of Cruabhaile, An Sean Phobal took part in many operations across the county including the Burgery ambush. In 1918, Declan Slattery of Scrahan, An Sean Phobal was appointed Battalion Quartermaster. During the period 1918- 1919 activities were mostly confined to training and organisation. By the end of 1919 there were 8 companies of around 50 men each in the 3rd battalion. Roughly, 40% of the An Sean Phobal company were armed with shot guns this was probably helped by the companies location within a farming community. There were also a few Lee–Enfield rifles, about a half dozen revolvers but a poor supply of ammunition. A local blacksmith named Patrick Roche made some bayonets and about four dozen ‘Croppy’ pikes in his forge at An Cruabhaile but the pikes never came into any use by the company. In January 1920, Declan Slattery and other men from An Sean Phobal were in a party of thirty who attacked Ardmore R.I.C. police barracks which was about four miles from Youghal. Previous to the attack, twenty men or so were placed on outpost duty on the roads leading to Ardmore. These men were armed with shotguns, their job being to hold up any enemy reinforcements coming to relieve Ardmore. On the night of the attack, Slattery, armed with a shotgun, took up a position (with others) in houses opposite the barracks. The intention was to explode a land mine near the barracks and then rush it. The land mine tuned out to be a dud one: it never exploded. The party opened fire at the windows, which were steel-shuttered with loop-holes for firing. The R.I.C. were called on to surrender. They replied with rifles and machine guns. The gun battle went on for about an hour. It is unknown if any R.I.C. men were hit, but the IRA suffered no casualties. The day after the Ardmore attack, British Army and police raided the house of Commandant Jim Mansfield at Cruabhaile, An Sean Phobal. The three Mansfield brothers Jim, Mike and Charlie were all well-known I.R.A. men and badly wanted by the British. When the raiders led by Captain King (chief inspector of Police, Dungarvan) arrived at the house, the Mansfield brothers were gone. They interrogated family members and threatened to shoot Hannah Mansfield unless she informed on her sons. In order to curb Captain King's zeal, a group of Dungarvan Volunteers took the captain's car which was in a garage over half a mile from his house. They then pushed it through the town to his front door, where they drenched it with petrol and set it on fire. Shortly afterwards the Captain was transferred to Mallow at his own request The Active Unit West Waterford Flying Column officers George Lennon, Mick Mansfield and Pat Keating held a conference at the house, of Mrs Margaret Portle, Baile Mhic Airt, An Sean Phobal, as to the best means of bringing the British into a position suitable for ambushing. it was there and then decided to stage another but feint attack on the R.I.C. barracks at Ardmore and ambush any relieving force coming out from Youghal at a place called Piltown Cross about 4 miles north of Youghal on the Yougal-Dungarvan main road. This Ambush was to become known as the Piltown Cross ambush. Great Famine An Sean Phobal had a much greater population before the famine than it does now. In many ways, it has never recovered, Most notably in the seaside glens along the coast where many towns-land villages once existed Tóin Tí Thaidhg, Baile Mhic Airt íoctarach, and Baile na hAirde to name but a few. Immigration and death ridded these glens of a great majority of their human inhabitants. Plenty of ruined Boháns or cottages are still visible to the eye after years of vegetation overgrowth in these glens. Reilig an tSléibhe This is the famine graveyard in the Waterford Gaeltacht, it is located in An Sean Phobal, off the N25 from Dungarvan to Cork just before An Seanachaí pub about 4 km south-west of Dungarvan. The field itself was owned by the Villiers-Stuart family. In July 1847, the Clerk was directed to advertise for contractors to erect a stone wall around the site, four feet high and five feet wide, faced with stones on both sides ’the stones to be laid on edge.’ Two men were employed assisted by the workhouse inmates. On 28 August William Veale’s tender to make an iron gate 5½ feet high by 8 feet wide for 14 shillings was accepted. The graveyard was to be ready in a matter of weeks. In early September the Guardians ordered that any paupers who died were to be buried in the new graveyard for Grange and Ardmore until the site at Slievegrine, as the area in which Reilig an tSléibhe is located was then recorded, was opened. Henry Villiers-Stuart was chairperson of the Board of Guardians who ran the workhouse at the time. There are possibly 3 mass graves in the field that were used to cope with the large numbers and as the deaths declined, it is believed single graves were dug. The corpses were brought by pony and trap from the town along what would have been the old Cork road. A Mr Fitzgerald made this journey with his cart up to three times a day. A Mr Barron was also in charge of the burials. Currently, it is not known how many were buried there but there are certainly 100s if not up to 1000. Officialdom, at the time, had such disregard for the inmates of the workhouse, they only had a number and no names were recorded. Many literally had to dig their own graves a matter of days before they themselves would be tipped in. They were buried without coffins or even shrouds. There is a local story of a young baby that was about to be buried with a number of other corpses and just before the cart was tipped in, she left out a loud cry. That child emigrated to America and lived into her 90s. An Seanachaí, which is located beside the graveyard obtained its first licence in 1845, issued to John Ketts. The public house was originally established to provide food and drink for the gravediggers and the Kett family were caretakers of the graveyard in the immediate aftermath of the famine. In the early 1860s some members of the Board of Guardians felt that a small monument should be erected at Reilig an tSléibhe to commemorate those buried there, but nothing came of the idea. The subject came up again in August 1866 when it was proposed that a monument should be erected at a cost not exceeding £50. Denis McGrath’s plan for the monument was accepted in August 1866 but the Commissioners objected once again. The plan was eventually dropped, probably because of the opposition from the Commissioners. According to Seamus Clandillon writing in 1925 a wooden cross marked the site, this had reportedly crumbled well before 1943. In 1953 a new monument, which still stands on the site, was erected to commemorate the Holy year and a small inscription was included to mention the famine victims. The unveiling took place as part of the celebrations of the An Tostal festival in Dungarvan on Sunday 19 April 1953. This monument consists of a large plain limestone cross with inscriptions in Irish and English. On 20 August 1995, for the 150th commemoration of the famine, a commemorative mass was celebrated at Reilig An tSléibhe by Dr. William Lee, Bishop of Waterford and Lismore. A new memorial which was inscribed with part of Máire Ní Dhroma's poem, Na Prátaí Dubha was unveiled and a moving recital of Na Prataí Dubha was given by Peig, Bean Uí Reagáin. Also to be seen at the site is a solitary figure in mourning, at the side of the field. This sculpture was created by Seán Creagh, however, he died before it was complete and so the fiberglass structure that would have been used to create the mold for the final piece was erected instead. As such it is not very weather proof and is showing signs of damage. Within the field if you look at the surface of the grass, there are depressions which are very apparent. These are most likely the burial sites of the mass graves and the single interments. None of the graves are marked in any way. Within the field there is also a headstone where GR Jacobs from the HMT Bradford is buried. He died at sea in 1916. Castle ruin A castle ruin and a famine mass stone is situated in Baile Mhic Airt lower. There is very little known about the ruins; it is said that the initial owner was Lord Barron who came to the area and built it as a hunting lodge. This site is listed in the Buildings of Ireland Survey as an early 19th-century gate screen incorporating a central gateway with flanking lodges, probably built as part of plans to develop Glenanna Cottage grounds. Education All education in An Sean Phobal is delivered through the medium of Irish. There is one pre-school - Lios na Síog and one Primary school - Scoil Náisiúnta Baile Mhic Airt. Scoil Náisiúnta Bhaile Mhic Airt is a co-educational Gaeltacht school, under the patronage of the Catholic bishop of Waterford and Lismore. Economy Agriculture is one of the largest sources of employment in An Sean Phobal. The area is relatively underdeveloped economically, there is some industry in the area however. Fónta Teo: is a company which specialises in supplying stitcher heads, components and wire for wire stitcher machines. Their factory is located at the Údarás na Gaeltachta Industrial Estate in An Sean Phobal. Community Development Community development in An Sean Phobal is primarily carried out by two bodies that co-operate with each other. Coiste Forbartha an tSean Phobail, which is a community based development committee, which runs the local community hall, Halla Cholmáin which hosts facilities and activities such as Sean Nós dancing classes, as well as organising and hosting a variety of community events such as the local branch of Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann. Comhlucht Forbartha na nDéise, which represents Gaeltacht na nDéise also has an office in An Sean Phobal and works to develop various projects. Comhlucht Forbartha na nDéise was established in May 2005. It is a registered company and charity and has representatives from Coiste Forbartha an tSean Phobail, as well as Comhairle Pobail na Rinne, the other community based development committee in the Waterford Gaeltacht, on its board of directors. An Comhlucht Forbartha has developed and implemented several development plans for the Waterford Gaeltacht which have resulted in new facilities for An Rinn, such as An Imearlann, the local playground. Coiste Forbartha an tSean Phobal won recognition for their activities in the 'An Baile Beo' competition in 2006. Coast of An Sean Phobal There is 8 km (5 mls) of coastline in the area. This coastline consists of a dramatic seascape of cliffs (approximately 70 m, 230 ft., high) together with a number of deeply incised stream gullies and small bays. The unimproved grassland along the cliffs attracts a wide variety of seabirds. An Sean Phobal is a paradise for bird-watchers, anglers and people interested in nature. Mine Head Lighthouse The red sandstone lighthouse at Mine Head, was built in the mid 1800s. George Halpin Senior designed the major light of Mine Head. The red sandstone structure sitting on top of the steep cliffs of An Sean Phobal is higher above sea-level (88 m, 290 ft.) than any other Irish lighthouse. Local merchants and mariners from Youghal and Cork pressured the Ballast Board to begin a lighthouse tower on Capel Island off Youghal. This building was begun even though George Halpin felt the best place for a light was on Mine Head. The work was well under way when the local people changed their mind and decided that the light should be at Mine Head after all. After much debate, including input from Trinity House and the Admiralty, it was decided to abandon the site on Capel Island and build on Mine Head. The light was established on 1 June 1851, the same day as Ballycotton lighthouse. Mine Head has a 22 m (72 ft.) white tower with a black band. It was converted to electricity in Sept. 1964. The beacon flashes white and red every 2.5 sec. and has a nominal range of 52 km (28 nautical miles) since it sits so high above sea-level. Today the Commissioner of Irish Lights operates the lighthouse, which is not open to the public and is not accessible. Sport The local GAA club, CLG An tSean Phobail, concentrates on Gaelic football. Its finest hour came in 1949 when the Shocks, as the team are known, won the Waterford Junior Football Championship. For hurling purposes, the area is associated with Rinn Ó gCuanach club. The club colours are red and white. In 2013, CLG an tSean Phobail helped to host Comórtas Peile na Gaeltachta by providing their playing pitch, Páirc Cholmáin. The route of the Seán Kelly Heritage 100K runs through An Sean Phobal. Chicago Two long-serving mayors of Chicago, Richard J. Daley and his son, Richard M. Daley have strong connections to the area. Richard J. Daley was the only child of Michael and Lillian (Dunne) Daley, whose families had both arrived from An Sean Phobal area during the Great Famine (Ireland). A plaque dedicated to Richard J. Daley in Móin na Mín in An Sean Phobal. He donated a generous sum of money in aid of Church refurbishment in An Sean Phobal around 1970. References External links http://95.45.178.102/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1245.pdf http://www.waterfordmuseum.ie/exhibit/web/DisplayPrintable/article/22/2/ http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1357.pdf http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=WA&regno=22903907 Towns and villages in County Waterford Gaeltacht places in County Waterford Gaeltacht towns and villages

341211

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopachys

Isopachys

Isopachys is a genus of skinks endemic to Asia. Geographic range Species in the genus Isopachys are found in Thailand and Myanmar. Species There are four species in this genus: Isopachys anguinoides - Thai snake skink, Heyer's isopachys Isopachys borealis - Lang's isopachys Isopachys gyldenstolpei - Gyldenstolpe's worm skink, Gyldenstolpe's isopachys, Gyldenstolpe's snake skink Isopachys roulei - Chonburi snake skink Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Isopachys. References Further reading Lönnberg E (1916). "Zoological Results of the Swedish Zoological Expedition to Siam 1911-1912 and 1914: 2. Lizards". Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 55 (4): 1–12. (Isopachys, new genus, p. 10). Reptiles of Asia Lizard genera Taxa named by Einar Lönnberg

60362405

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville%20Watt

Neville Watt

Neville Watt (1930-2019) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in 1950s. He played his entire career for Balmain in the NSWRL competition. Background Watt was born in Balmain, New South Wales and grew up in the area before being graded by the Balmain club. Playing career Watt made his first grade debut for Balmain in 1952. In his first few seasons with Balmain, the club missed the finals after much of the team which won premierships in the 1940s had retired. In 1956, Balmain finished second on the table only one point behind minor premiers St George. Balmain went on to reach the 1956 grand final after defeating defending premiers South Sydney in the preliminary final. Watt played at hooker in the 1956 grand final against St George. Balmain lost the match 18–12 in front of 60,000 fans at the Sydney Cricket Ground. The grand final win for St George was their first of 11 successive premiership victories. In 1958, Balmain reached the preliminary final against St George with Watt playing at prop in the match as they lost 26–21. Watt played with Balmain until the end of the 1959 season. He died on 1 February 2019. References Balmain Tigers players Rugby league hookers Rugby league props 1930 births 2019 deaths Rugby league players from Sydney

68915230

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio%20Carlos%20Giardelli

Sergio Carlos Giardelli

Sergio Carlos Giardelli (27 June 1955 – 23 August 2015), was an Argentine chess International Master (IM) (1988), four-time Argentine Chess Championship silver medalist (1989, 1992, 1994, 2003). Biography From the mid-1970s to begin 2000s, Sergio Carlos Giardelli was one of Argentina's leading chess players. In 1974, in Manila he participated in World Junior Chess Championship and shared 6th–7th place. From 1978 to 2005 he often participated in the Argentine Chess Championship finals and won five medals: four silver (1989, 1992, 1994, 2003) and bronze (1993). Sergio Carlos Giardelli five time participated in World Chess Championships Zonal tournaments: 1982, 1987, 1989, 1993, and 2003. He was participant in a number of strong international chess tournaments. Sergio Carlos Giardelli won Mar del Plata Open Chess Tournament (1992) and International Chess Tournament in Buenos Aires (2003). Sergio Carlos Giardelli played for Argentina and Argentina B teams in the Chess Olympiads: In 1978, at first board in the 23rd Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires (+2, =2, -8), In 1980, at first reserve board in the 24th Chess Olympiad in La Valletta (+7, =1, -4). In 1988, Sergio Carlos Giardelli was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title. References External links Sergio Carlos Giardelli chess games at 365chess.com 1955 births 2015 deaths Chess International Masters Argentine chess players Chess Olympiad competitors 20th-century chess players

40816525

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irazema%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Mart%C3%ADnez

Irazema González Martínez

Irazema González Martínez Olivares (born 19 April 1974) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRI. She currently serves as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico. References 1974 births Living people Politicians from the State of Mexico Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians 21st-century Mexican politicians 21st-century Mexican women politicians

33465369

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalu%C4%91erovi%C4%87i

Kaluđerovići

Kaluđerovići is a village in the municipality of Priboj, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 164 people. References Populated places in Zlatibor District

63222969

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple%20Street%20Bridge%20%28Spokane%29

Maple Street Bridge (Spokane)

The Maple Street Bridge is a girder bridge in Spokane, Washington that spans Kendall Yards to Peaceful Valley. Along with the Division Street Bridge and Monroe Street Bridge, the Maple Street Bridge is one of several major bridges in Spokane that crosses the Spokane River. The bridge is long, stands above the Spokane River, and has a deck that is wide. The bridge has two lane traffic in each direction, and a caged pedestrian walkway. As of 2015, the Maple Street Bridge has an average daily traffic of 40,600 vehicles. History The Maple Street Bridge began construction in 1956 and opened on July 1, 1958. The bridge cost 6 million dollars to construct. It required a ten-cent toll from 1958 to 1981. The toll was raised to 25 cents from 1981 to 1990. In 1990 the toll was removed. Accidents In 2008, a teen died by accidentally falling from the Maple Street Bridge. References Buildings and structures in Spokane, Washington Transportation in Spokane, Washington Bridges completed in 1958 1958 establishments in Washington (state) Transportation buildings and structures in Spokane County, Washington

11487689

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20historic%20buildings%20in%20Markham%2C%20Ontario

List of historic buildings in Markham, Ontario

This is a list of historic building in Markham, Ontario, Canada. The earliest structures that were built in Markham, Ontario originated from indigenous settlements in the region, including the Iroquois, the Huron Wendat, the Petun and the Neutral Nation. However, Markham's oldest standing structures dates back to its earliest European settlers, who settled the area in 1794. Historic buildings and structures are spread throughout Markham, although a number of historic buildings are clustered in four "heritage conservation districts," Buttonville, Markham Village, Thornhill, and Unionville. Development in the heritage conservation districts is required to follow municipal guidelines laid out in the heritage district's conservation plan. These conservation plans were created to protect historic buildings, and to ensure that new developments within these districts complement the "character of the neighbourhood". List of historic buildings Most historic structures and properties are presently registered with the Markham Register of Property of Cultural Heritage Value or Interest. A number of buildings and properties listed on the registry are protected under the Ontario Heritage Act. Buildings and structures in the registry are either listed as individual properties, or as a part of a larger heritage conservation district. The oldest structure listed on the registry is Philip Eckardt Log House, built in 1800. In addition to buildings that are listed on the registry, several of Markham's oldest buildings are situated at the Markham Museum, an open-air museum located next to the Markham Village heritage conservation district. The majority of Markham's oldest standing structures were built as private residences, many of which are still used for that purpose. However, some residences have been re-purposed for commercial use. 1800 to 1849 The following is a list of historic buildings from 1800 to 1849: 1850 to 1890 The following is a list of structures built in Markham since 1850. List of lost buildings and structures Various historic structures have been burned down or demolished over time. List of other historic places Old 16th Avenue Bailey Bridge See also History of Markham, Ontario List of oldest buildings in Canada Notes References External links Milliken Main St. Study - 2005 Markham Heritage Property Register Historical Tours, Box Grove Boxgrove Community Association National Historic Sites in Ontario Buildings and structures in Markham, Ontario Markham

8770499

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught%20in%20the%20Act%20%28The%20Goodies%29

Caught in the Act (The Goodies)

"Caught in the Act" (also known as "The Playgirl Club" and as "Compromising Photos") is an episode of the British comedy television series The Goodies. It was written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. This episode only exists in black and white. Plot When the Minister for Trade and Domestic Affairs asks them to retrieve some compromising photos of her at the Playgirl Club, the Goodies have to infiltrate the club. References "The Complete Goodies" — Robert Ross, B T Batsford, London, 2000 "The Goodies Rule OK" — Robert Ross, Carlton Books Ltd, Sydney, 2006 "From Fringe to Flying Circus — 'Celebrating a Unique Generation of Comedy 1960-1980'" — Roger Wilmut, Eyre Methuen Ltd, 1980 "The Goodies Episode Summaries" — Brett Allender "The Goodies — Fact File" — Matthew K. Sharp External links The Goodies (series 1) episodes 1970 British television episodes

39296501

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowens

Cowens

Cowens is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Al Cowens (1951–2002), American baseball player Dave Cowens (born 1948), American basketball player and coach See also Cowen (surname)

17523932

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculus%20flammula

Ranunculus flammula

Ranunculus flammula, the lesser spearwort, greater creeping spearwort or banewort, is a species of perennial herbaceous plants in the genus Ranunculus (buttercup), growing in damp places throughout the Boreal Kingdom. It flowers June/July. Ranunculus flammula is poisonous. It is very closely related to R. reptans, which is distinguished by prostrate and more slender stems, narrower leaves and smaller flowers and is sometimes included within R. flammula sensu lato as a variety (R. flammula var. reptans (L.) E. Meyer). In addition to other forms of pollination, this plant is adapted to rain-pollination. Gallery Illustrations References External links flammula Flora of Asia Flora of Europe Flora of North America Flora of Norway Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

27802685

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20End%20%28Anguilla%20House%20of%20Assembly%20Constituency%29

West End (Anguilla House of Assembly Constituency)

West End is a constituency of the Anguillan House of Assembly. The incumbent, elected in the 2020 Anguillian general election is Cardigan Connor of the Anguilla United Front. Representatives Election results Elections in the 2020s |- class="vcard" | style="background-color:"| | class="org" style="width: 130px" | AUF | class="fn" |Cardigan Connor | style="text-align:right;" | 286 | style="text-align:right;" | 46.1 | style="text-align:right;" | -9.3 Elections in the 2010s Elections in the 2000s Elections in the 1990s Elections in the 1980s External links Constituency results on the government's website. Constituencies of the Anguillan House of Assembly

61475533

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler%20Springs

Wheeler Springs

Wheeler Springs may refer to: Wheeler Springs, California, an unincorporated community in Ventura County, California Wheeler Springs, Texas, an unincorporated community in Houston County, Texas

69629158

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichryson%20santamariensis

Aichryson santamariensis

Aichryson santamariensis is a species of plant endemic to the island of Santa Maria in the Azores. This species was previously part of the similar Aichryson villosum, restricted now only to the neighboring Madeira. References santamariensis Endemic flora of the Azores

3821359

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Pacific%20class%20MM-2

Southern Pacific class MM-2

Southern Pacific Company's MM-2 class of steam locomotives was Southern Pacific's (SP) only class of 2-6-6-2 locomotives ordered and built as oil-fired cab forward locomotives. They were built in 1911 as compound-expansion Mallet locomotives by Baldwin Locomotive Works and entered service on SP beginning September 19, 1911. By 1914, they had all been upgraded with an additional leading axle making them 4-6-6-2 locomotives, reclassified from MM-2 to AM-2. This was done to improve handling at speed. These locomotives were the predecessors of several other cab-forward engines, culminating in the AC-12 class cab forward locomotives built during World War II. SP used these locomotives in the Sierra Nevada for about 20 years, retiring them in the mid-1930s. They were stored in the railroad's Sacramento, California, shops for a couple years before being rebuilt with 4B Worthington feedwater heaters and uniform cylinders (making them simple-expansion them) measuring , diameter × stroke. The rebuilds increased the class weight to with on the drivers, boiler pressure and tractive effort. The rebuilt locomotives were renumbered into the 3900 series then used on SP's Portland Division in Oregon until they were again retired in the late 1940s. The locomotives were all scrapped soon after retirement with the last, 3907 (originally 4207), on September 23, 1948. References MM-2 2-6-6-2 locomotives 4-6-6-2 locomotives Baldwin locomotives Mallet locomotives Steam locomotives of the United States Railway locomotives introduced in 1911 Scrapped locomotives Standard gauge locomotives of the United States

27929381

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87i%20%28Kozarska%20Dubica%29

Božići (Kozarska Dubica)

Božići () is a village in the municipality of Kozarska Dubica, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. References Populated places in Dubica, Bosnia and Herzegovina

66411161

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna%2C%20Odisha

Patna, Odisha

Patna is a town and community development block in the eastern state of Odisha, India. Patna (Vidhan Sabha constituency) (Sl. No.: 23) is a Vidhan Sabha constituency of Kendujhar district. As of 2019 it had a total of 1,96,060 voters out of which 99,293 were male and 96,767 were female. In 2019 election Biju Janata Dal candidate Jagannath Naik, defeated BJP candidate Bhabani Sankar Nayak. References Cities and towns in Kendujhar district

22754747

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattias%20Thylander

Mattias Thylander

Mattias Thylander (born 22 October 1974) is a Swedish former football player, who played as a defender or midfielder. Thylander started his career at his hometown club Höllvikens GIF before moving to Allsvenskan giants Malmö FF in 1991. He left Malmö following the club's relegation in 1999 to sign for rival club AIK. He also played for Halmstads BK, Silkeborg IF, and Trelleborgs FF before retiring in 2011. External links Swedish footballers 1974 births Living people Association football defenders Association football midfielders Allsvenskan players Danish Superliga players Swedish expatriates in Denmark Malmö FF players AIK Fotboll players Halmstads BK players Silkeborg IF players Trelleborgs FF players Sweden international footballers Sweden under-21 international footballers Expatriate footballers in Denmark Swedish expatriate footballers

51286056

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317%20CWHL%20season

2016–17 CWHL season

The 2016–17 CWHL season is the tenth in the history of the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL). Opening weekend took place on Saturday, October 15 and Sunday, October 16, with a pair of series taking place in the Greater Toronto Area. The Toronto Furies hosted the Boston Blades in the first Heritage Game of the season. The 2016 Commissioners Trophy winning Canadiennes de Montreal took on the Brampton Thunder during opening weekend. The defending Clarkson Cup champion Calgary Inferno played their first game of the season on October 22, as they hosted the Brampton Thunder. Ottawa's Canadian Tire Centre will be the host venue for the Clarkson Cup finals for the second consecutive year. Offseason August 27: The Calgary Inferno acquired Genevieve Lacasse from the Boston Blades, completing the trade that sent Tara Watchorn to the Blades in the summer of 2014. CWHL Draft The 2016 draft for the Canadian Women's Hockey League took place in Toronto on August 21, 2016. Kayla Tutino of the Boston University Terriers women's ice hockey program was selected first overall by the Boston Blades. Regular season On December 11, 2016, Caroline Ouellette logged a pair of assists, eclipsing the 300-point mark. Of note, Ouellette became the first player in the history of the CWHL to reach this plateau. On December 11, 2016, goaltender Lauren Dahm gained the first win of her CWHL career, as the Boston Blades defeated the Toronto Furies in a shoot-out. Heritage Games In honor of the CWHL's tenth anniversary season, all teams participated in Heritage Games, honoring team alumnae. October 15, 2016 - Boston Blades @ Toronto Furies November 19, 2016 - Calgary Inferno @ Brampton Thunder December 10, 2016 - Calgary Inferno @ Les Canadiennes de Montreal - Played at Montreal's Bell Centre January 7, 2016 - Les Canadiennes de Montreal @ Boston Blades February 4, 2016 - Boston Blades @ Calgary Inferno All-Star Game The CWHL All-Star Game was held at Toronto's Air Canada Centre on February 11, 2017. This marks the third time that the ACC has served as host venue for the event. Jess Jones of the Brampton Thunder and Jillian Saulnier of the Calgary Inferno both scored a hat trick as members of Team White, becoming the first competitors in CWHL All-Star Game history to achieve the feat. Standings Statistical leaders Clarkson Cup playoffs Awards and honors Regular season Chairman's Trophy: Calgary Inferno Postseason awards 2017 Clarkson Cup Playoff MVP: Charline Labonte First Star of the Game 2017 Clarkson Cup: Charline Labonte Second Star of the Game 2017 Clarkson Cup: Marie-Philip Poulin Third Star of the Game 2017 Clarkson Cup: Jillian Saulnier CWHL Awards CWHL All-Rookie Team Goaltender: Emerance Maschmeyer, Calgary Defender: Renata Fast, Toronto Defender: Katelyn Gosling, Calgary Forward: Laura Stacey, Brampton Forward: Kate Leary, Boston Forward: Michela Cava, Toronto References Canadian Women's Hockey League seasons 1

6811155

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20Pullar

Rachel Pullar

Rachel Jane Pullar (born 3 June 1977) is a New Zealand former cricketer who played primarily as a right-arm medium bowler. She appeared in 51 One Day Internationals for New Zealand between 1997 and 2005, and she twice claimed five-wickets in an innings. She played domestic cricket for Central Districts and Otago. References External links 1977 births Living people Sportspeople from Balclutha, New Zealand New Zealand women cricketers New Zealand women One Day International cricketers Central Districts Hinds cricketers Otago Sparks cricketers

1804290

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Tomasello

Michael Tomasello

Michael Tomasello (born January 18, 1950) is an American developmental and comparative psychologist, as well as a linguist. He is professor of psychology at Duke University. Earning many prizes and awards from the end of the 1990s onward, he is considered one of today's most authoritative developmental and comparative psychologists. He is "one of the few scientists worldwide who is acknowledged as an expert in multiple disciplines". His "pioneering research on the origins of social cognition has led to revolutionary insights in both developmental psychology and primate cognition." Early life and education Tomasello was born in Bartow, Florida. He received his bachelor's degree 1972 from Duke University and his doctorate in Experimental Psychology 1980 from University of Georgia. Career Tomasello was a professor of psychology and anthropology at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, US, during the 1980s and 1990s. Subsequently, he moved to Germany to become co-director of Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, and later also honorary professor at University of Leipzig and co-director of the Wolfgang Kohler Primate Research Center. In 2016, he became Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, where he now is James F. Bonk Distinguished Professor. He works on child language acquisition as a crucially important aspect of the enculturation process. He is a critic of Noam Chomsky's universal grammar, rejecting the idea of an innate universal grammar and instead proposing a functional theory of language development (sometimes called the social-pragmatic theory of language acquisition or usage-based approach to language acquisition) in which children learn linguistic structures through intention-reading and pattern-finding in their discourse interactions with others. Tomasello also studies broader cognitive skills in a comparative light at the Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center in Leipzig. With his research team, he created a set of experimental devices to test toddlers' (from 6 months to 24 months) and apes' spatial, instrumental, and social cognition; the outcome of which is that social (even ultrasocial) cognition is what truly sets human apart. Uniqueness of human social cognition: broad outlines More specifically, Tomasello argues that apes lack a series of skills: social learning through pedagogical ostentation and deliberate transmission; over-imitation, imitating not only action but also manners and styles of doing; informative pointing; perspectival views, looking at the same thing or event alternatively from another agent's angle; recursive mind reading, knowing what others know we know they know (and so forth); third-party punishment (when agent C punishes or avoids collaborating with agent B because of agent B's unfairness toward agent A); building and enlarging common ground (communicating in order to share with others, and building a sphere of things that are commonly known); group-mindedness (prescriptive feeling of belonging, of interdependence, of self-monitoring following general, impersonal expectations); and cumulative culture, sometimes coined "the ratchet effect". Tomasello sees these skills as being preceded and encompassed by the capacity to share attention and intention (collective intentionality), an evolutionary novelty that would have emerged as a cooperative integrating of apes skills that formerly worked in competition. The sharing of attention and of intention The overall scheme of sharing of attention and of intention involves inferring a common need; being motivated to act cooperatively to fulfill this need; coordinating individuals' roles and perspectives under the common goal of fulfilling this common need if, and only if, other agents fulfill their commitment toward that goal; and sharing the spoils fairly. Tomasello holds such dual structure of commonality and individuality as being a cognitive integration of skills in mind reading, in instrumental action, and in simulational thinking (meaning agents use an internal representation of the state of things, and simulate actions and outcomes of these actions). Individuals need to make clear or explicit, by eye contact, by gestural pantomime or else, that they intend to coordinate their actions and perspectives under a common goal. Communicating such a specific intent suggest agents can entertain a sense of forming a "we", to which they feel a sense of commitment, such that defecting from collaborating requires an apology or a taking leave. Collaborative agents also see their interaction through a representational format amounting to a bird's eye view or view from nowhere, as suggested by their skills at role switching with a partner, and at inferring what is helpful or relevant to help a partners play his or her role. Tomasello's defense, use, and deepening of the shared attention and intention hypothesis rely on the experimental data he collected (see also work with Malinda Carpenter). Tomasello also resorts to an evolutionary two-step scenario (see below), and to philosophical concepts borrowed from Paul Grice, John Searle, Margaret Gilbert, Michael Bratman, and anthropologist Dan Sperber. At one point in time, after the emergence of the genus Homo two millions years ago, Homo Heidelbergensis or other close candidate became obligate foragers and scavengers under ecological pressures of desertification that led to scarcity of resources. Individuals able to avoid free-riders and to divide the spoils with collaborative partners would have gained an adaptive advantage over non cooperators. The heightened dependence on joint effort to gain food and the social selection of partners are supposed to account for an evolution toward better skills at coordinating individual's roles and perspectives under a common attentional frame (that of the hunt or scavenging) and under a common goal, giving rise to joint, interpersonal intention. Later, around 200,000 years ago, new ecological pressures presumably posed by competition within groups put those in "loose pools" of collaborators at a disadvantage against groups of coherently collaborative individuals working for a common territorial defense. "Individuals ... began to understand themselves as members of particular social group with a particular identity". For Tomasello, this two-step evolutionary path of macro-ecological pressures affecting micro-level skills in representation, inferences, and self-monitoring, does not hold because natural selection acts on internal mechanisms. "Cognitive processes are a product of natural selection, but they are not its target. Indeed, natural selection cannot even see cognition; it can only see the effects of cognition in organizing and regulating overt actions." Ecological pressures would have put prior cooperative or mutualistic behaviors at such an advantage against competition as to create a new selective pressure favoring new cognitive skills, which would have posed new challenges, in an autocatalytic way. Echoing the phylogenetic path, humans' unique skills at joint and collective intentionality develop during the individual's lifetime by scaffolding, not only on simple skills like distinguishing animate/inanimate matter, but also on the communicative conventions and institutions forming the socio-cultural environment, forming feedback loops that enrich and deepen both cultural ground and individual's prior skills. "[B]asic skills evolve phylogenetically, enabling the creation of cultural products historically, which then provide developing children with the biological and cultural tools they need to develop ontogenetically". The sharing of attention and of intention is taken to be prior to language in evolutionary time and in an individual's lifetime, while conditioning language's acquisition through the parsing of joint attentional scenes into actors, objects, events, and the like. More broadly, Tomasello sees the sharing of attention and of intention as the roots of humans' cultural world (the roots of conventions, of group identity, of institutions): "Human reasoning, even when it is done internally with the self, is ... shot through and through with a kind of collective normativity in which the individual regulates her actions and thinking based on the group's normative conventions and standards". Awards Guggenheim Fellowship, 1997 German National Academy of Sciences [elected, 2003] Fyssen Foundation Prize, Paris, 2004 Cognitive Development Society Book Award, 2005 (for Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition) Jean Nicod Prize, Paris, 2006 Mind and Brain Prize, University of Torino, 2007 Fellow, Cognitive Science Society [elected 2008] Hegel Prize, Stuttgart, 2009 Oswald Külpe Prize, University of Würzburg, 2009 Max Planck Research Prize [Human Evolution], Humboldt Society, 2010 Heineken Prize for Cognitive Science, Amsterdam, 2010 Hungarian National Academy of Sciences [elected, 2010] British Academy Wiley Prize in Psychology, 2011 Klaus Jacobs Research Prize, 2011 Wiesbadener Helmuth Plessner Prize, 2014 Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, American Psychological Association, 2015 American Academy of Arts and Sciences (elected, 2017) National Academy of Sciences (elected, 2017) Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts, 2020 Selected works Tomasello, M. & Call, J. (1997). Primate Cognition. Oxford University Press. Tomasello, M. (1999). The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition, Harvard University Press. (Winner of the William James Book Award of the APA, 2001) Tomasello, M. (2003). Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition, Harvard University Press. (Winner of the Cognitive Development Society Book Award, 2005) Tomasello, M. (2008). Origins of Human Communication, MIT Press. (Winner of the Eleanor Maccoby Book Award of the APA, 2009) Tomasello, M. (2009). Why We Cooperate, MIT Press. Tomasello, M. (2014). A Natural History of Human Thinking, Harvard University Press. Tomasello, M. (2016). A Natural History of Human Morality, Harvard University Press. (Winner of the Eleanor Maccoby Book Award of the APA, 2018) Tomasello, M. (2019). Becoming Human: A Theory of Ontogeny. Harvard University Press. See also Dawn of Humanity (2015 PBS film) Notes External links Official website at Duke University Origin of Human Communication, Jean Nicod Lectures (2006) 1950 births Living people American cognitive scientists American developmental psychologists Developmental psycholinguists American moral psychologists Psycholinguists Jean Nicod Prize laureates Winners of the Heineken Prize Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

34067929

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A6skesteg

Flæskesteg

Flæskesteg, ['flɛːskə.stɐ̯j] the Danish version of roast pork, is considered to be one of Denmark's principal national dishes. Always prepared with crackling, it is also a favourite for the Danish Christmas dinner served as the evening meal on 24 December or Christmas Eve. History Pork has been a Danish favourite for centuries but it was after the Industrial Revolution in the 1860s when wood-fired ovens were introduced for use in the home that, in addition to sausages and hams, roast pork became a popular dish. From the beginning, joints were always cooked together with the rind in order to provide crackling. Ever since, this has remained a prerequisite for the dish. Traditional recipe The traditional method of preparation is to roast a joint of pork from the breast or neck without removing the rind. So as to obtain crispy crackling, a sharp knife should be used to cut the skin through to the meat in narrow strips. The skin is rubbed with salt, pepper is added, while bay leaves and optionally cloves are inserted into the cuts. The joint is then roasted in a hot oven. The dish is traditionally accompanied by both boiled potatoes and caramelized potatoes (brunede kartofler). The caramelized potatoes are prepared by melting sugar in a frying pan over strong heat, adding a clump of butter, and allowing a portion of small, round, peeled, preboiled potatoes (available in cans) to bathe in the mixture until they become richly browned or caramelized. Red cabbage (rødkål), which can be bought in a jar or a can, is always included too. If the cabbage is prepared from scratch, sliced apples are often added. Many Danes consider the traditional recipe to be the one described by Frk. Jensen in her 1901 cookbook. Sandwiches Flæskesteg med rødkål (roast pork with red cabbage) is also served cold on dark Danish rye bread as an open sandwich, known in Denmark as smørrebrød. The thin slice(s) of pork should, of course, be served with their crispy crackling. The sandwich may be decorated with red cabbage, prunes, a slice of orange and pickled cucumber. Hot flæskestegssandwichs in a burger bun are available from many Danish hot dog stands and other fast food providers. See also Danish cuisine References Literature Jensen, Kristine Marie (edited and updated by Lundsgaard, Bente Nissen and Bloch, Hanne): Frøken Jensens kogebog, Copenhagen, Gyldendal, 2003, 366 p. Danish cuisine Sandwiches Christmas food Pork dishes

35817059

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Banks

Kate Banks

Kate Banks (born February 13, 1960) is an American children's writer who lives in France. Her books, The Night Worker, won the 2001 Charlotte Zolotow Award, And If the Moon Could Talk won the 1998 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award for best picture book. Dillon Dillon was a finalist for the 2002 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Young Adult Fiction. Howie Bowles, Secret Agent was nominated for the 2000 Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Juvenile. Max’s Math won the 2016 Mathical Book Prize. Books Alphabet Soup, Dragonfly Books, 1988 Big, Bigger, Biggest Adventure, Random House, 1991 The Bunnysitters, Random House, 1991 Peter and the Talking Shoes, Knopf, 1994 Baboon, Frances Foster Books, 1997 Spider Spider, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997 And If the Moon Could Talk, Frances Foster Books, 1998 The Bird, the Monkey, and the Snake in the Jungle, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999 Howie Bowles, Secret Agent, Scholastic, 1999 Howie Bowles and Uncle Sam, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000 The Night Worker, Frances Foster Books, 2000 A Gift from the Sea, Frances Foster Books, 2001 Mama’s Little Baby, DK Publishing, 2001 Close Your Eyes, Frances Foster Books, 2002 Dillon Dillon, Frances Foster Books, 2002 The Turtle and the Hippopotamus, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002 Mama’s Coming Home, Frances Foster Books, 2003 Walk Softly, Rachel, Frances Foster Books, 2003 The Cat Who Walked Across France, Frances Foster Books, 2004 Friends of the Heart/Amici del Cuore, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005 The Great Blue House, Frances Foster Books, 2005 Max’s Words, Frances Foster Books, 2006 Fox, Frances Foster Books, 2007 Lenny’s Space, Frances Foster Books, 2007 Max’s Dragon, Frances Foster Books, 2008 Monkeys and Dog Days, Frances Foster Books, 2008 Monkeys and the Universe, Frances Foster Books, 2009 That’s Papa’s Way, Frances Foster Books, 2009 What’s Coming for Christmas?, Frances Foster Books, 2009 The Eraserheads, Frances Foster Books, 2010 Max’s Castle, Frances Foster Books, 2011 This Baby illustrated by Gabi Swiatkowska, Frances Foster Books, 2011 The Magician's Apprentice, Frances Foster Books, 2012 The Bear in the Book, Frances Foster Books, 2012 Thank You, Mama illustrated by Gabi Swiatkowska, Frances Foster Books, 2013 City Cat, illustrated by Lauren Castillo, Frances Foster Books, 2013 Max’s Math, illustrated by Boris Kulikov, Frances Foster Books, 2015 Boy's Best Friend, with Rupert Sheldrake, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015 References External links Living people American children's writers American emigrants to France 1960 births American women children's writers

67720336

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsavana

Metsavana

Metsavana, also known as metsataat or metsaisa, is the old man of the forest, a forest deity in Estonian mythology. Etymology Metsavana is a compound of metsa ("forest") and vana ("old, ancient"). The names metsataat and metsaisa translate to "forest father" or "forest old man". Mythology Metsavana is one of the many types of forest spirits found in Estonian mythology, for example Metsaema ("forest mother") and metsahaldjas ("forest fairy"). He is one of many examples of an old man forest deity. Finnic folklore has links with Slavic mythology, shown in Metsavana's similarities with the Leshy and corresponding Komi forest spirit, Vörsa. Female forest spirits are generally more common in Estonian and Latvian mythology, with male forest spirits found more often in Russian mythologies. Estonian forest spirits are often seen as tricksters, generally benevolent but posing some danger to humans who stray from the path or act against them. In Komi folk religion, he is referred to pseudonymously to avoid catching his notice, using names such as "uncle" (djadja) and "old man". Each forest has its own metsavana. Metsavana is described as a tall elderly man with an unkempt beard, overgrown with moss. His clothes are made of birch and he wears a large birch hat and boots. Metsavana rules over the forest, deciding how plentiful the hunters' harvest will be, and he can speak with the birds and animals. They can be the protectors of wild animals, for example bears, wolves, snakes and foxes. Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald states in his book on Estonian mythology that as late as the 17th and 18th centuries straw puppets dressed alternately as Metsaema (forest mother) and Metsaisa (forest father) were used in metsiku tegemine festivals. It has been suggested, however, that Kreutzwald may have made the connection himself due to the metsa etymological link, as there is no other written evidence of these names being used to describe the puppets. References Forest spirits Estonian mythology Estonian deities

50923298

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marios

Marios

Marios is a given name. Notable people with the name include: Marios Agathokleous (born 1974), retired Cypriot football striker Marios Batis (born 1980), Greek professional basketball player Marios Chakkas (Greek: Μάριος Χάκκας; 1931-1972), Greek author Marios Demetriades (Greek: Μάριος Δημητριάδης; born 1971), Cypriot politician Marios Demetriou (born 1992, Greek: Μάριος Δημητρίου), professional football player Marios Elia (born 1979), retired Cypriot professional footballer For the footballer born in 1996, see Marios Elia (footballer born 1996). Marios Elia (Greek: Μάριος Ηλία, 1996), Cypriot footballer Marios Garoyian (Greek: Μάριος Καρογιάν; Armenian: Մարիոս Կարոյեան; born 1961), Cypriot-Armenian politician Marios Georgiou (gymnast) (born 1997), Cypriot gymnast Marios Giourdas (born 1973), former Greek male volleyball player Marios Grapsas (born 1998), Greek individual trampolinist Marios Hadjiandreou (Greek: Μάριος Χατζηανδρέου; born 1962), Cypriot triple jumper Marios Kapotsis (Greek: Μάριος Καπότσης; born 1991), Greek water polo player Marios Karas (born 1974), retired Cypriot football defender Marios Kyriazis (Greek: Μάριος Κυριαζής; born 1956), medical doctor and gerontologist Marios Lekkas (Greek: Μάριος Λέκκας; born 1979), Greek male model Marios Leousis (1936–2011), Greek magician, appeared in several post-war cabarets and toured through Europe Marios Loizides (1928–1988), Greek visual artist. Marios Louka (Greek: Μάριος Λουκά; born 1982), Cypriot footballer Marios Matalon (Greek: Μάριος Ματαλών; born 1989), Greek basketball player Marios Matsakis (born 1954), Cypriot politician and former Member of the European Parliament Marios Nicolaou (Greek: Μάριος Νικολάου; born 1983), Cypriot footballer Marios Oikonomou (Greek: Μάριος Οικονόμου; born 1992), Greek professional footballer Marios Pechlivanis (Greek: Μάριος Πεχλιβάνης; born 1995), Cypriot footballer Marios Siampanis (Greek: Μάριος Σιαμπάνης; born 1999), Greek footballer Marios Stylianou (born 1993), Cypriot international footballer Marios Tokas (Greek: Μάριος Τόκας; 1954–2008), Cypriot composer of traditional music Marios Varvoglis (Greek: Μάριος Βάρβογλης; 1885–1967), Greek composer Marios Vrousai (Greek: Μάριος Βρουσάι; born 1998), Greek footballer Greek masculine given names

31156224

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prathidhawani

Prathidhawani

Prathidhawani is a 1971 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by Vipin Das and produced by Upasana. The film stars Raghavan, Radhamani, Rani Chandra and Syamkumar. The film's score was composed by M. L. Srikanth. Cast Raghavan Radhamani Rani Chandra Syamkumar Usha Saraswathi Usharani Vasu Pradeep References External links 1971 films Indian films 1970s Malayalam-language films

30259168

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebat

Tebat

Tebat (also known as Tebut) is a settlement in Sarawak, Malaysia. It lies approximately east of the state capital Kuching. Neighbouring settlements include: Maruteh southeast Nanga Kujoh north Nanga Mejong south Balae northeast Nanga Murat southwest Nanga Mujan southwest References Populated places in Sarawak

1549177

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino%20cloth

Chino cloth

Chino cloth ( ) is a twill fabric, originally made of 100% cotton. The most common items made from it, trousers, are widely called chinos. Today it is also found in cotton-synthetic blends. Developed in the mid-19th century for British and French military uniforms, it has since migrated into civilian wear. Trousers of such a fabric gained popularity in the U.S. when Spanish–American War veterans returned from the Philippines with their twill military trousers. Etymology As the cloth itself was originally made in China, the trousers were known in Spanish as pantalones chinos (Chinese pants), which became shortened to simply "chinos" in English. History First designed to be used in the military, chino fabric was originally made to be simple, durable and comfortable for soldiers to wear; the use of natural earth-tone colors also began the move towards camouflage, instead of the brightly colored tunics used prior. The British and United States armies started wearing it as standard during the latter half of the 1800s. The pure-cotton fabric is widely used for trousers, referred to as chinos. The original khaki (light brown) is the traditional and most popular color, but chinos are made in many shades. References Further reading Woven fabrics Trousers and shorts

16191525

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%20Lay%20Gutted

She Lay Gutted

She Lay Gutted is the second studio album by American brutal death metal band Disgorge. It was released by Unique Leader Records in November, 1999 and re-released on February 21, 2006 by Crash Music Inc. Back-up vocals on the album are performed by Erik Lindmark of Deeds of Flesh. Track listing "Revelations XVIII" – 3:31 "She Lay Gutted" – 2:40 "Exhuming the Disemboweled" – 3:01 "Compost Devourment" – 1:52 "Sodomize the Bleeding" – 3:05 "False Conception" – 2:50 "Womb Full of Scabs" – 2:24 "Disfigured Catacombs" – 2:37 "Purifying the Cavity" – 2:50 Unique Leader Records albums 1999 albums Disgorge (American band) albums

21523051

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C4%85ka%2C%20Olesno%20County

Łąka, Olesno County

Łąka (German Lenke) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zębowice, within Olesno County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. References Villages in Olesno County

38128580

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Ross%20%28philatelist%29

Joe Ross (philatelist)

Joseph L. Ross is a philatelist who has specialised in the revenue stamps of South America. Ross has also been a prolific philatelic author, compiling or updating a large number of revenue stamp catalogues and writing numerous articles in philatelic journals. His catalogue of Uruguay revenues, for instance, is the first since Forbin's world catalogue of 1915 and starts where that one finished. In 2008, Ross won the Revenue Society Research Medal. Selected publications The revenue stamps of El Salvador. Elverta, California: Joe Ross, 1994. (Editor) Panama telegraph stamps. 2000. (With Federico Brid) The revenue stamps of Iraq. Joe Ross, third edition 2002. (With Avo Kaplanian and John Powell) The revenue stamps of Qatar. 2003. The revenue stamps of Jordan & the Occupied Territory (West Bank). 2004. (With Avo Kaplanian) The revenue stamps of Uruguay Patente de Rodados de Departamento de Montevideo Vehicle Registration Department of Montevideo 1928-1963. Elverta, California: Joe Ross, 2005. Panama revenues, Papel Sellado 1821-1975. 2008. Revenue stamps: The Republic of Uruguay 1915-2005. Elverta, California: Joe Ross, 2012. The revenue stamps of Liberia. Lydbrook, Glos: The Revenue Society, 2012. (With Clive Akerman and Bryant E. Korn) References External links Revenues - Tracción a Sangre - Pulled by Blood by Joe Ross. Living people Year of birth missing (living people) American philatelists Revenue stamps

61878919

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone%20Ghidotti

Simone Ghidotti

Simone Ghidotti (born 19 March 2000) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Gubbio, on loan from Fiorentina. Club career Fiorentina Born in Brescia, Ghidotti was a youth exponent of Fiorentina. Loan to Pergolettese On 19 July 2019, Ghidotti was loaned to newly promoted Serie C club Pergolettese on a season-long loan deal. Five weeks later, on 25 August, he made his professional debut in Serie C in a 2–0 away defeat against Como. On 22 September he kept his first clean sheet for the club in a 0–0 away draw against Novara. One week later, on 29 September, he kept his second clean sheet for Pergolettese, another 0–0 away draw, against Pro Vercelli. Ghidotti ended his season-long loan to Pergolettese with 23 appearances, 30 goals conceded and 6 clean sheets, and he also helps the club to avoid relegation in Serie D with a 3–3 draw on aggregate against Pianese in the play-out. On 22 September 2020, the loan was extended for another season. Ghidotti made his seasonal debut five days later, on 27 September in a 3–3 away draw against Lucchese. On 18 October he kept his first clean sheet for the club in a 1–0 home win over Pro Sesto, and four days later, on 22 October, his second consecutive clean sheet in a 0–0 away draw against Como. Ghidotti became Pergolettese's first-choice goalkeeper early in the season. He kept his third clean sheet in December in a 2–0 home win over Novara. On 11 April 2021, Ghidotti was sent-off with a red card in the 93rd minute of a 1–0 home defeat against Piacenza. Ghidotti ended his second season at Pergolettese with 35 appearances, 44 goals conceded and 11 clean sheets. Loan to Gubbio On 18 July 2021, he moved to Gubbio on a season-long loan. Personal life On 23 August 2020 he tested positive for COVID-19. Career statistics Club Honours Club Fiorentina Primavera Coppa Italia Primavera: 2018–19 References External links 2000 births Living people Sportspeople from Brescia Footballers from Lombardy Italian footballers Association football goalkeepers Serie C players ACF Fiorentina players U.S. Pergolettese 1932 players A.S. Gubbio 1910 players Italy youth international footballers

55611017

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Pal

Aleksandr Pal

Aleksandr Vladimirovich Pal (; born 16 December 1988) is a Russian actor. He appeared in more than fifteen films since 2013. Biography Pal is a descendant of Russian Germans caught up in the Urals as a result of repression. Initially, he did not plan to become an actor. He studied at the GITIS on the course of Leonid Kheifets. He acted in the plays of the Moscow Youth Theater and the Mayakovsky Theater. Filmography Awards Sakhalin International Film Festival — Best Actor Award (Rag Union) Kinotavr — Best Actor Award (Rag Union) References External links Aleksander Pal on Instagram 1988 births Living people People from Chelyabinsk Russian male film actors Russian male stage actors Russian male television actors Russian people of German descent

45603767

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland%20at%20the%20Cricket%20World%20Cup

Scotland at the Cricket World Cup

The Scotland national cricket team represents Scotland in the game of cricket. In 1992 Scotland severed their ties with the TCCB, and England, and gained associate membership of the ICC in their own right in 1994. They competed in the ICC Trophy for the first time in 1997, finishing third and qualifying for the 1999 World Cup, where they lost all their games. They also qualified for the 2007 and 2015 World Cups. Cricket World Cup Record World Cup Record (By Team) 1999 World Cup 1999 was Scotland's first appearance at the Cricket World Cup, and their matches against Bangladesh and New Zealand were played in Scotland. Scotland were drawn in Group B with Australia, Bangladesh, New Zealand, Pakistan and West Indies. Scotland failed to win a single match, and were eliminated in the group stages. 2007 World Cup After failing to qualify for the 2003 World Cup, Scotland qualified for the 2007 tournament in the West Indies. Once again, Scotland failed to win any of their matches, and were again eliminated in the group stage. Australia were put in to bat and made the seventh-highest total in World Cup history, It was nevertheless the third-lowest total in Scotland's ODI history and the third time a team had won by more than 200 runs in World Cup cricket. Ricky Ponting became the leading Australian run-scorer in World Cups, second overall only to Sachin Tendulkar. In reply, Colin Smith made his first ODI half-century on World Cup debut, and only ten men batted for Scotland; John Blain, one of two players in the eleven with previous World Cup experience, suffered an injury and was absent. 68% of South Africa's total was made up of boundaries, as Graeme Smith and A. B. de Villiers thumped runs and South Africa qualified for the Super Eights, and the result also confirmed Australia's place. South Africa bowled first, and after Fraser Watts and Majid Haq made it through the first ten overs, South Africa took a wicket every five overs to reduce Scotland to 84 for five after 30 overs. Andrew Hall and Charl Langeveldt took the wickets, but also got hit for runs by Dougie Brown, John Blain and Paul Hoffmann as Scotland posted their highest-ever World Cup total of 186. Nevertheless, South Africa made their way to the total in half the required time, as Graeme Smith and A. B. de Villiers hit at a rate of more than eight an over. Scotland turned to their spin bowlers in the thirteenth over, with Majid Haq and Glenn Rogers taking three wickets, though they still cost nearly eight an over between them. Justin Kemp hit the winning runs with a six off Rogers. 2015 World Cup After failing to qualify for the 2011 World Cup, Scotland managed to qualify for the 2015 tournament by winning the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier. Scotland lost all of their group matches, and were eliminated. New Zealand captain Brendon McCullum won the toss and put Scotland in to bat. Trent Boult and Tim Southee picked up two wickets each within the first five overs of the innings which left Scotland at 12/4. Both Matt Machan and Richie Berrington then scored fifties before being dismissed by Corey Anderson. Scotland's lower order offered little resistance and their innings ended in 36.2 overs at 142. Anderson and Daniel Vettori picked 3 wickets each for New Zealand. In reply, New Zealand lost wickets at regular intervals from the start and were 66/3 in the 11th over. Kane Williamson and Grant Elliott put on 40 runs for the fourth wicket, before Williamson fell for 38. Scotland picked another three wickets in quick time to leave New Zealand 137/7 in the 24th over. Vettori scored an unbeaten 8 from 4 balls and New Zealand went on to win the match by 3 wickets. Boult was awarded the Man of the Match for his bowling figures of 6-1-21-2 in Scotland's innings. See also Scotland national cricket team Cricket in Scotland References Cricket in Scotland Scotland in international cricket History of the Cricket World Cup

68436120

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andika%20Hazrumy

Andika Hazrumy

Andika Hazrumy (born 16 December 1985) is the current Deputy Governor of Banten since 2017. He is the son of former Governor of Banten Ratu Atut Chosiyah. Political career Hazrumy started his political career when he was elected as the member of the Regional Representative Council in 2009. At the 2014 legislative election, Hazrumy was elected as the member of the People's Representative Council. In 2019, he ran as the running mate of Wahidin Halim in the 2017 Banten gubernatorial election. The pair defeated incumbent Rano Karno and Hazrumy was elected as the deputy governor for the term 2017–2022. References 1985 births Living people 21st-century Indonesian politicians Golkar politicians Politicians from Banten People from Bandung

146319

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20war

Law of war

The law of war is the component of international law that regulates the conditions for initiating war (jus ad bellum) and the conduct of warring parties (jus in bello). Laws of war define sovereignty and nationhood, states and territories, occupation, and other critical terms of law. Among other issues, modern laws of war address the declarations of war, acceptance of surrender and the treatment of prisoners of war; military necessity, along with distinction and proportionality; and the prohibition of certain weapons that may cause unnecessary suffering. The law of war is considered distinct from other bodies of law—such as the domestic law of a particular belligerent to a conflict—which may provide additional legal limits to the conduct or justification of war. Early sources and history Attempts to define and regulate the conduct of individuals, nations, and other agents in war and to mitigate the worst effects of war have a long history. The earliest known instances are found in the Mahabharata and the Old Testament (Torah). In the Indian subcontinent, the Mahabharata describes a discussion between ruling brothers concerning what constitutes acceptable behavior on a battlefield, an early example of the rule of proportionality: An example from the Book of Deuteronomy 20:19–20 limits the amount of environmental damage, allowing only the cutting down of non-fruitful trees for use in the siege operation, while fruitful trees should be preserved for use as a food source: Also, Deuteronomy 20:10–12 requires the Israelites to make an offer of conditioned peace to the opposing party before laying siege to their city, taking the population as servants and forced-laborers instead, shall they accept the offer. Similarly, Deuteronomy 21:10–14 requires that female captives who were forced to marry the victors of a war, then not desired anymore, be let go wherever they want, and requires them not to be treated as slaves nor be sold for money: In the early 7th century, the first Muslim caliph, Abu Bakr, whilst instructing his Muslim army, laid down rules against the mutilation of corpses, killing children, females and the elderly. He also laid down rules against environmental harm to trees and slaying of the enemy's animals: Furthermore, Sura Al-Baqara 2:190–193 of the Quran requires that in combat Muslims are only allowed to strike back in self-defense against those who strike against them, but, on the other hand, once the enemies cease to attack, Muslims are then commanded to stop attacking: In the history of the early Christian church, many Christian writers considered that Christians could not be soldiers or fight wars. Augustine of Hippo contradicted this and wrote about 'just war' doctrine, in which he explained the circumstances when war could or could not be morally justified. In 697, Adomnan of Iona gathered Kings and church leaders from around Ireland and Scotland to Birr, where he gave them the 'Law of the Innocents', which banned killing women and children in war, and the destruction of churches. In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church also began promulgating teachings on just war, reflected to some extent in movements such as the Peace and Truce of God. The impulse to restrict the extent of warfare, and especially protect the lives and property of non-combatants continued with Hugo Grotius and his attempts to write laws of war. One of the grievances enumerated in the American Declaration of Independence was that King George III "has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions". Modern sources The modern law of war is made up from three principal sources: Lawmaking treaties (or conventions)—see § International treaties on the laws of war below. Custom. Not all the law of war derives from or has been incorporated in such treaties, which can refer to the continuing importance of customary law as articulated by the Martens Clause. Such customary international law is established by the general practice of nations together with their acceptance that such practice is required by law. General Principles. "Certain fundamental principles provide basic guidance. For instance, the principles of distinction, proportionality, and necessity, all of which are part of customary international law, always apply to the use of armed force". Positive international humanitarian law consists of treaties (international agreements) that directly affect the laws of war by binding consenting nations and achieving widespread consent. The opposite of positive laws of war is customary laws of war, many of which were explored at the Nuremberg War Trials. These laws define both the permissive rights of states as well as prohibitions on their conduct when dealing with irregular forces and non-signatories. The Treaty of Armistice and Regularization of War signed on November 25 and 26, 1820 between the president of the Republic of Colombia, Simón Bolívar and the Chief of the Military Forces of the Spanish Kingdom, Pablo Morillo, is the precursor of the International Humanitarian Law. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed and ratified by the United States and Mexico in 1848, articulates rules for any future wars, including protection of civilians and treatment of prisoners of war. The Lieber Code, promulgated by the Union during the American Civil War, was critical in the development of the laws of land warfare. Historian Geoffrey Best called the period from 1856 to 1909 the law of war's "epoch of highest repute." The defining aspect of this period was the establishment, by states, of a positive legal or legislative foundation (i.e., written) superseding a regime based primarily on religion, chivalry, and customs. It is during this "modern" era that the international conference became the forum for debate and agreement between states and the "multilateral treaty" served as the positive mechanism for codification. In addition, the Nuremberg War Trial judgment on "The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity" held, under the guidelines Nuremberg Principles, that treaties like the Hague Convention of 1907, having been widely accepted by "all civilised nations" for about half a century, were by then part of the customary laws of war and binding on all parties whether the party was a signatory to the specific treaty or not. Interpretations of international humanitarian law change over time and this also affects the laws of war. For example, Carla Del Ponte, the chief prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia pointed out in 2001 that although there is no specific treaty ban on the use of depleted uranium projectiles, there is a developing scientific debate and concern expressed regarding the effect of the use of such projectiles and it is possible that, in future, there may be a consensus view in international legal circles that use of such projectiles violates general principles of the law applicable to use of weapons in armed conflict. This is because in the future it may be the consensus view that depleted uranium projectiles breach one or more of the following treaties: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the Charter of the United Nations; the Genocide Convention; the United Nations Convention Against Torture; the Geneva Conventions including Protocol I; the Convention on Conventional Weapons of 1980; the Chemical Weapons Convention; and the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material. Purposes of the laws It has often been commented that creating laws for something as inherently lawless as war seems like a lesson in absurdity. But based on the adherence to what amounted to customary international law by warring parties through the ages, it was believed that codifying laws of war would be beneficial. Some of the central principles underlying laws of war are: Wars should be limited to achieving the political goals that started the war (e.g., territorial control) and should not include unnecessary destruction. Wars should be brought to an end as quickly as possible. People and property that do not contribute to the war effort should be protected against unnecessary destruction and hardship. To this end, laws of war are intended to mitigate the hardships of war by: Protecting both combatants and non-combatants from unnecessary suffering. Safeguarding certain fundamental human rights of persons who fall into the hands of the enemy, particularly prisoners of war, the wounded and sick, children, and civilians. Facilitating the restoration of peace. Principles of the laws of war Military necessity, along with distinction, proportionality, humanity (sometimes called unnecessary suffering), and honor (sometimes called chivalry) are the five most commonly cited principles of international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict. Military necessity is governed by several constraints: an attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a legitimate military objective,<ref name="military objective">Article 52 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions provides a widely accepted definition of military objective: "In so far as objects are concerned, military objectives are limited to those objects which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage." (Source: )</ref> and the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.Distinction is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby belligerents must distinguish between combatants and civilians.Proportionality is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby belligerents must make sure that the harm caused to civilians or civilian property is not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage expected by an attack on a legitimate military objective.Humanity. This principle is based in the Hague Conventions restrictions against using arms, projectiles, or materials calculated to cause suffering or injury manifestly disproportionate to the military advantage realized by the use of the weapon for legitimate military purposes. In some countries, like the United States, weapons are reviewed prior to their use in combat to determine if they comply with the law of war and are not designed to cause unnecessary suffering when used in their intended manner. This principle also prohibits using an otherwise lawful weapon in a manner that causes unnecessary suffering.Honor is a principle that demands a certain amount of fairness and mutual respect between adversaries. Parties to a conflict must accept that their right to adopt means of injuring each other is not unlimited, they must refrain from taking advantage of the adversary’s adherence to the law by falsely claiming the law’s protections, and they must recognize that they are members of a common profession that fights not out of personal hostility but on behalf of their respective States. Example substantive laws of war To fulfill the purposes noted above, the laws of war place substantive limits on the lawful exercise of a belligerent's power. Generally speaking, the laws require that belligerents refrain from employing violence that is not reasonably necessary for military purposes and that belligerents conduct hostilities with regard for the principles of humanity and chivalry. However, because the laws of war are based on consensus, the content and interpretation of such laws are extensive, contested, and ever-changing. The following are particular examples of some of the substance of the laws of war, as those laws are interpreted today. Declaration of war Section III of the Hague Convention of 1907 required hostilities to be preceded by a reasoned declaration of war or by an ultimatum with a conditional declaration of war. Some treaties, notably the United Nations Charter (1945) Article 2, and other articles in the Charter, seek to curtail the right of member states to declare war; as does the older Kellogg–Briand Pact of 1928 for those nations who ratified it. Formal declarations of war have been uncommon since 1945 outside the Middle East and East Africa. Lawful conduct of belligerent actors Modern laws of war regarding conduct during war (jus in bello), such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions, provide that it is unlawful for belligerents to engage in combat without meeting certain requirements. Article 4(a)(2) of the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War provides that Lawful Combatants are required (a) That of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates; (b) That of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance; (c) That of carrying arms openly; and (d) That of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war. Impersonating enemy combatants by wearing the enemy's uniform is allowed, though fighting in that uniform is unlawful perfidy, as is the taking of hostages. Combatants also must be commanded by a responsible officer. That is, a commander can be held liable in a court of law for the improper actions of their subordinates. There is an exception to this if the war came on so suddenly that there was no time to organize a resistance, e.g. as a result of a foreign occupation. People parachuting from an aircraft in distress Modern laws of war, specifically within Protocol I additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, prohibits attacking people parachuting from an aircraft in distress regardless of what territory they are over. Once they land in territory controlled by the enemy, they must be given an opportunity to surrender before being attacked unless it is apparent that they are engaging in a hostile act or attempting to escape. This prohibition does not apply to the dropping of airborne troops, special forces, commandos, spies, saboteurs, liaison officers, and intelligence agents. Thus, such personnel descending by parachutes are legitimate targets and, therefore, may be attacked, even if their aircraft is in distress. Red Cross, Red Crescent, Magen David Adom, and the white flag Modern laws of war, such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions, also include prohibitions on attacking doctors, ambulances or hospital ships displaying a Red Cross, a Red Crescent, Magen David Adom, The Red Crystal, or other emblem related to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It is also prohibited to fire at a person or vehicle bearing a white flag, since that indicates an intent to surrender or a desire to communicate. In either case, people protected by the Red Cross/Crescent/Star or white flag are expected to maintain neutrality, and may not engage in warlike acts. In fact, engaging in war activities under a protected symbol is itself a violation of the laws of war known as perfidy. Failure to follow these requirements can result in the loss of protected status and make the individual violating the requirements a lawful target. Applicability to states and individuals The law of war is binding not only upon States as such but also upon individuals and, in particular, the members of their armed forces. Parties are bound by the laws of war to the extent that such compliance does not interfere with achieving legitimate military goals. For example, they are obliged to make every effort to avoid damaging people and property not involved in combat or the war effort, but they are not guilty of a war crime if a bomb mistakenly or incidentally hits a residential area. By the same token, combatants that intentionally use protected people or property as human shields or camouflage are guilty of violations of the laws of war and are responsible for damage to those that should be protected. Mercenaries The use of contracted combatants in warfare has been an especially tricky situation for the laws of war. Some scholars claim that private security contractors appear so similar to state forces that it is unclear if acts of war are taking place by private or public agents. International law has yet to come to a consensus on this issue. Remedies for violations During conflict, punishment for violating the laws of war may consist of a specific, deliberate and limited violation of the laws of war in reprisal. After a conflict ends, persons who have committed or ordered any breach of the laws of war, especially atrocities, may be held individually accountable for war crimes through process of law. Also, nations that signed the Geneva Conventions are required to search for, then try and punish, anyone who has committed or ordered certain "grave breaches" of the laws of war. (Third Geneva Convention, Article 129 and Article 130.) Combatants who break specific provisions of the laws of war are termed unlawful combatants. Unlawful combatants who have been captured may lose the status and protections that would otherwise be afforded to them as prisoners of war, but only after a "competent tribunal" has determined that they are not eligible for POW status (e.g., Third Geneva Convention, Article 5.) At that point, an unlawful combatant may be interrogated, tried, imprisoned, and even executed for their violation of the laws of war pursuant to the domestic law of their captor, but they are still entitled to certain additional protections, including that they be "treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the rights of fair and regular trial." (Fourth Geneva Convention Article 5.) International treaties on the laws of war List of declarations, conventions, treaties, and judgments on the laws of war: 1856 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law abolished privateering. 1864 Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. 1868 St. Petersburg Declaration Renouncing the Use of Explosive projectiles Under 400  grams Weight. 1874 Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War (Brussels Declaration). Signed in Brussels 27 August. This agreement never entered into force, but formed part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899 Hague Peace Conference.Brussels Conference of 1874 ICRC cites D. Schindler and J. Toman, The Laws of Armed Conflicts, Martinus Nihjoff Publisher, 1988, pp. 22–34. 1880 Manual of the Laws and Customs of War at Oxford. At its session in Geneva in 1874 the Institute of International Law appointed a committee to study the Brussels Declaration of the same year and to submit to the Institute its opinion and supplementary proposals on the subject. The work of the Institute led to the adoption of the Manual in 1880 and it went on to form part of the basis for the codification of the laws of war at the 1899 Hague Peace Conference. 1899 Hague Conventions consisted of three main sections and three additional declarations: I – Pacific Settlement of International Disputes II – Laws and Customs of War on Land III – Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of Principles of Geneva Convention of 1864 Declaration I – On the Launching of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons Declaration II – On the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases Declaration III – On the Use of Bullets Which Expand or Flatten Easily in the Human Body 1907 Hague Conventions had thirteen sections, of which twelve were ratified and entered into force, and two declarations: I – The Pacific Settlement of International Disputes II – The Limitation of Employment of Force for Recovery of Contract Debts III – The Opening of Hostilities IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land V – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land VI – The Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities VII – The Conversion of Merchant Ships into War-ships VIII – The Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines IX – Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War X – Adaptation to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention XI – Certain Restrictions with Regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War XII – The Creation of an International Prize Court [Not Ratified]* XIII – The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War Declaration I – extending Declaration II from the 1899 Conference to other types of aircraft Declaration II – on the obligatory arbitration 1909 London Declaration concerning the Laws of Naval War largely reiterated existing law, although it showed greater regard to the rights of neutral entities. Never went into effect. 1922 The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty (6 February) 1923 Hague Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare. Never adopted in a legally binding form. 1925 Geneva protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare. 1927–1930 Greco-German arbitration tribunal 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact (also known as the Pact of Paris) 1929 Geneva Convention, Relative to the treatment of prisoners of war. 1929 Geneva Convention on the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick 1930 Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament (22 April) 1935 Roerich Pact 1936 Second London Naval Treaty (25 March) 1938 Amsterdam Draft Convention for the Protection of Civilian Populations Against New Engines of War. This convention was never ratified. 1938 League of Nations declaration for the "Protection of Civilian Populations Against Bombing From the Air in Case of War" 1945 United Nations Charter (entered into force on October 24, 1945) 1946 Judgment of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg 1947 Nuremberg Principles formulated under UN General Assembly Resolution 177, 21 November 1947 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 1949 Geneva Convention I for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field 1949 Geneva Convention II for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea 1949 Geneva Convention III Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 1949 Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1971 Zagreb Resolution of the Institute of International Law on Conditions of Application of Humanitarian Rules of Armed Conflict to Hostilities in which the United Nations Forces May be Engaged 1974 United Nations Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict 1977 United Nations Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques 1977 Geneva Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts 1977 Geneva Protocol II Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts 1978 Red Cross Fundamental Rules of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts 1980 United Nations Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW) 1980 Protocol I on Non-Detectable Fragments 1980 Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices 1980 Protocol III on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons 1995 Protocol IV on Blinding Laser Weapons 1996 Amended Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V to the 1980 Convention), 28 November 2003 (entered into force 12 November 2006) 1994 San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea 1994 ICRC/UNGA Guidelines for Military Manuals and Instructions on the Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict 1994 UN Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel. 1996 The International Court of Justice advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 1997 Ottawa Treaty - Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (entered into force 1 July 2002) 2000 Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (entered into force 12 February 2002) 2005 Geneva Protocol III Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions (entered into force 1 August 2010) See also Arms control (includes list of treaties) Command responsibility Crimes against humanity Customary international humanitarian law Debellatio International law Islamic military jurisprudence Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict Jus post bellum Law of occupation Law of the Sea Lawfare Lex pacificatoria List of Articles of War List of weapons of mass destruction treaties Right of conquest Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC) Self-defence in international law Targeted killing Total war War crime, an act that amounts to a violation of the law of war Notes References Citations General sources Further reading Witt, John Fabian. Lincoln's Code: The Laws of War in American History'' (Free Press; 2012) 498 pages; on the evolution and legacy of a code commissioned by President Lincoln in the Civil War External links War & law index—International Committee of the Red Cross website International Law of War Association The European Institute for International Law and International Relations The Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project Law of War Manual, U.S. Department of Defense (2015, updated December 2016) War

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiodiaptomus

Idiodiaptomus

Idiodiaptomus gracilipes is a species of copepod in the family Diaptomidae. It is endemic to "a pool at Itapura", in São Paulo state, Brazil. References Diaptomidae Fauna of Brazil Freshwater crustaceans of South America Monotypic arthropod genera Endemic fauna of Brazil Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z.%20I.%20M.%20Mostofa%20Ali

Z. I. M. Mostofa Ali

Z. I. M. Mostofa Ali is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the former Member of Parliament of Bogra-4. Career Ali was elected to parliament from Bogra-4 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 2008. He served in the Parliamentary Standing committee on health and family welfare ministry. References Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians Living people 9th Jatiya Sangsad members Year of birth missing (living people)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrassig

Schrassig

Schrassig ( ) is a town in the commune of Schuttrange, in the south-east of Luxembourg. As of , the town has a population of . It houses the country's biggest prison. Schuttrange Towns in Luxembourg

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim%20Jamal

Hakim Jamal

Hakim Abdullah Jamal (born Allen Donaldson; March 28, 1931 – May 1, 1973) was an American activist, who was a relative of Malcolm X and later became an associate of Michael X. Jamal wrote From the Dead Level, a memoir of his life and memories of Malcolm X. During his life, Jamal was romantically involved with several high-profile women, notably Jean Seberg, Diana Athill, and Gale Benson. Early life Donaldson was born in Roxbury, Boston, in 1931. His father was an alcoholic, and his mother abandoned him when he was 6. Donaldson started regularly drinking alcohol when he was aged 10 and became a heroin user at 14. In his early 20s he spent four years in prison. Donaldson's violent temper led to his committal to a mental asylum, after two attempted murders. He later underwent a conversion to the teachings of the Nation of Islam and renamed himself Hakim Jamal. He became a spokesman for the movement and contributed articles to various newspapers promoting Black Power. After Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam, Jamal supported his decision and was outspoken in his criticism of Elijah Muhammad. Founding US Organization After Malcolm X's death, Jamal joined with Maulana Karenga and others to found "US", an organization to promote African-American cultural unity. He had already circulated a self-produced magazine entitled "US", a pun on the phrase "us and them" and the accepted abbreviation of "United States". This promoted the idea of black cultural unity as a distinct national identity. Jamal and Karenga published a magazine Message to the Grassroot in 1966, in which Karenga was listed as chairman and Jamal as founder of the new group. Jamal argued that the ideas of Malcolm X should be the main ideological model for the group. However, Jamal's views increasingly differed from Karenga's. Jamal continued to emphasise his cousin's radical politics, while Karenga wished to root black Americans in African culture. Jamal saw no point in projects such as teaching Swahili and promoting traditional African rituals. He left "US" to establish the Malcolm X Foundation, based in Compton, California. Relationships Though married to fellow-activist Dorothy Jamal, Jamal had several significant affairs. He had a brief relationship with actress Jean Seberg. His wife phoned Seberg's father to try to bring an end to the affair. Jamal moved to London during the late 1960s where he met Gale Benson, daughter of the British MP Leonard Plugge. The writer V. S. Naipaul described Benson as Jamal's "white-woman slave." Jamal and Benson traveled in America seeking funds for a project to create a Montessori school for black children. They later joined West Indian Black Power leader Michael X in his commune in Trinidad, where Jamal wrote articles supporting the commune. Gale Benson murder Benson traveled to America to raise funds, but was unsuccessful. Shortly after her return to Trinidad in 1972, she was murdered by Michael X and his associates. Jamal was not a suspect, but it was alleged that Michael X had ordered her death because she was causing "mental strain" to Jamal. In 1971, Jamal wrote his autobiography, From the Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me. It was published in the UK by André Deutsch and at this time Jamal became involved in a relationship with his London editor, Diana Athill. She later wrote about their romance in her memoir Make Believe, recording his increasing mental instability and alleged that he made repeated assertions that he was God. Jamal eventually returned to his wife and moved back to Boston, where he revived his role as director of the Malcolm X Foundation. Death On May 1, 1973, Jamal was killed when four men burst into his apartment in Boston and shot him repeatedly. Police attributed the crime to a factional dispute, linked to Jamal's attacks on Elijah Muhammad. It was blamed on a group known as De Mau Mau. Five members of the group were convicted of involvement in the murder. In popular culture Jamal is a character in the 2008 film The Bank Job, in which he is played by Colin Salmon. In the Jean Seberg biopic Seberg from 2019 he is played by Anthony Mackie. Notes Further reading External links "Hakim Jamal (centre), Portobello Road", 1971 photograph by Charlie Phillips. V&A collection. FBI Docs Hakim Jamal FBI file as well as inventory of other FBI files on Jamal held by the National Archives II Malcolm X family 1931 births 1973 deaths 20th-century African-American activists Activists for African-American civil rights Activists from Massachusetts African-American Muslims African-American memoirists American memoirists American autobiographers Assassinated American civil rights activists Converts to Islam Deaths by firearm in Massachusetts Murdered African-American people People from Roxbury, Boston People murdered in Massachusetts

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear%20Butte

Bear Butte

Bear Butte is a geological laccolith feature located near Sturgis, South Dakota, United States, that was established as a State Park in 1961. An important landmark and religious site for the Plains Indians tribes long before Europeans reached South Dakota, Bear Butte is called Matȟó Pahá, or Bear Mountain, by the Lakota, or Sioux. To the Cheyenne, it is known as Noahȧ-vose ("giving hill") or Náhkȯhe-vose ("bear hill"), and is the place where Ma'heo'o (Great Spirit) imparted to Sweet Medicine, a Cheyenne prophet, the knowledge from which the Cheyenne derive their religious, political, social, and economic customs. The mountain is sacred to many indigenous peoples, who make pilgrimages to leave prayer cloths and tobacco bundles tied to the branches of the trees along the mountain's flanks. Other offerings are often left at the top of the mountain. The site is associated with various religious ceremonies throughout the year. The mountain is a place of prayer, meditation, and peace. The park includes a campsite west of South Dakota Highway 79 where horseback riding, fishing, and boating are permitted. On the summit side of Highway 79, a moderately sized herd of bison roams the base of the mountain. An education center and a summit trail are available. Official park policy advises visitors to Bear Butte to respect worshipers and to leave religious offerings undisturbed. Park fees are waived for those undertaking religious activities. Some nearby land was also obtained by some Native American tribes in later years as well. Geological history Bear Butte is not strictly a butte (created primarily by erosion of sedimentary strata), but a laccolith: an intrusive body of igneous rock, uplifting the earlier sedimentary layers, which have since largely eroded away. This is the result of the forcible entry (or intrusion) of magma into cooler crustal rock in the Black Hills area during the Eocene Epoch. In this, Bear Butte shares a similar geological history with other formations in the region, including the Black Hills, Devils Tower, the Missouri Buttes, and some parts of the Rocky Mountains. It is possible that when the intrusion was emplaced, some magma may have breached the surface, forming a volcano; however, it would have eroded away long ago. The peak rises above the surrounding plain and measures above sea level. Modern history Human artifacts have been found on or near Bear Butte that date back 10,000 years, indicating a long and continuous interest in the mountain. The Cheyenne and Lakota people have maintained a spiritual interest in Bear Butte from their earliest recorded history. Notable visitors like Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, and Sitting Bull made pilgrimages to the site. In 1857, a council of many Indian nations gathered at Bear Butte to discuss the growing presence of white settlers in the Black Hills. Violating a treaty of 1868, George Armstrong Custer led an expedition to the Black Hills region in 1874, and according to custom he camped near Bear Butte. Custer verified the rumors of gold in the Black Hills, and Bear Butte then served as an easily identifiable landmark for the rush of invading prospectors and settlers into the region. Indian reaction to the illegal movements of whites into the area was intense and hostile. Ultimately the government reneged on its treaty obligations regarding the Black Hills and instead embarked on a program to confine all northern Plains tribes to reservations. Ezra Bovee homesteaded on the southern slopes of the mountain, and by the time of World War II, he and his family were the legal owners of the site. In the spring of 1945, the Northern Cheyenne received permission from Bovee to hold a ceremony at Bear Butte to pray for the end of World War II. The Cheyenne found that the Bovee family welcomed their interest in the mountain, and over the years the Bovees continued to encourage native religious ceremonies. By the mid-1950s Ezra Bovee was attempting to stir up interest in making Bear Butte a national park. After his death, his family continued the effort. When federal interest in the project waned, the state government in Pierre took action, and Bear Butte became a state park in 1961 and was registered as a National Historic Landmark in 1981. Frank Fools Crow, the Lakota ceremonial chief (d. 1989), made pilgrimages to Bear Butte throughout his lifetime. Fools Crow taught racial harmony not just between whites and Indians, but among all the peoples of the world. He believed the Lakota should never sell the Black Hills. A bust and plaque in front of the education center at Bear Butte State Park honor Fools Crow's efforts. Frank Fools Crow was the plaintiff in one of the most prominent attempts by Native Americans to gain access to sacred lands under the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978. The case, Fools Crow v. Gullett, related to the introduction in 1982 of limits on when and for how long Lakota and Cheyenne religious ceremonies could take place on the Bluff. The Indian Americans argued that both the American Indian Religious Freedom Act and the First Amendment protected their right to unlimited access to the Bluff. They also wanted the Bluff to remain untouched as it was sacred. The plaintiffs lost their case on both the District and Appellate level and were denied a hearing by the Supreme Court. In 2011, the National Trust for Historic Preservation included Bear Butte on its list of the 11 Most Endangered Places. Between 2016 and 2018, Native American tribes such as the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribe of Oklahoma, the Northern Cheyenne Tribe of Montana and the Rosebud Sioux Tribe of South Dakota acquired land around the butte due to the cultural significance. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in South Dakota National Register of Historic Places listings in Meade County, South Dakota List of South Dakota state parks Notes References Oehlerking, Jerry. The Dick Williams Story: If Bear Butte Would Speak, South Dakota Conservation Digest, March/April 1977, pp. 22–25. External links Bear Butte State Park Black Hills Buttes of South Dakota Cheyenne tribe IUCN Category III Lakota National Historic Landmarks in South Dakota National Natural Landmarks in South Dakota Natural features on the National Register of Historic Places Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota Protected areas of Meade County, South Dakota Religious places of the indigenous peoples of North America Sacred mountains State parks of South Dakota Landforms of Meade County, South Dakota National Register of Historic Places in Meade County, South Dakota Eocene magmatism

14139662

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Mathurin%20Bourg

Joseph-Mathurin Bourg

Abbé Joseph-Mathurin Bourg (June 9, 1744 – August 20, 1797) was a Roman Catholic Spiritan priest. His family was among those Acadians expelled from Nova Scotia during the French and Indian War. They eventually ended up in France, where Bourg entered the seminary in Paris and joined the Congregation of the Holy Spirit. He was sent to Quebec, where he was ordained. He was assigned to the missions in Nova Scotia, and in 1774 made vicar-general for Acadia. Life Bourg was born in Rivière-aux-Canards, the eldest son of Michel and Anne Hébert Bourg. In 1755 he was deported with his family to Virginia where they were refused asylum. They were then sent to England where they were held as prisoners until the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763 and the Bourg family went to Saint-Malo, and eventually wound up in nearby Saint-Servan. In 1767 he attended the Séminaire du Saint-Esprit in Paris, under the patronage of the Abbé de L’Isle-Dieu, the bishop of Quebec's vicar general in France. In 1770, he received minor orders in the parish church of Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet in Paris. The following year he was sent to Quebec, where on 19 September 1772 he was ordained priest by Bishop Jean-Olivier Briand in the chapel of the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal. He was sent by his superiors to work in Baie des Chaleurs area. He was in charge of the missions of Nova Scotia, which also included New Brunswick and Gaspé. Bourg chose as his base Tracadièche. He learned the Mi'kmaq language and was greatly appreciated for his mediation efforts between Mi'kmaqs and white settlers. He lived in what is now Carleton and is responsible for the very first census of Carleton and Nouvelle. Upon their return from France, his family went to live in Quebec. Bourg went to Quebec in the summer of 1774; around that time, Bishop Briand appointed him Vicar-General for Acadia. That autumn, he made a pastoral visit to the Acadians at Saint John River. From there he made his way to Petitcodiac, and Annapolis, and then Grosses Coques near St. Marys Bay, where he ministered to a group that had returned to settle there after being deported from Massachusetts. Four years later, he was part of a commission to treat with the Maliseet and Mi'kmaq near Fort Howe; which area had come under attack by American privateers the year before. Bourg was successful in convincing them not to be persuaded by American provocateurs. He subsequently attended meetings at Fort Howe in 1780 and 1781. The abbé's mediation efforts were appreciated by Sir Richard Hughes who in recognition gave him the Heron Island (located between Carleton and present day Charlo. However he never took possession of these lands, being busy with the congregation in Carleton and the Island was eventually given up for Loyalist settlers. In 1781 he returned to St. Marys Bay and established a church at Pointe-de-l'Église. He made annual visits to southwestern Nova Scotia, until in 1784, Bishop Briand asked him to re-locate to Halifax, which had grown considerably. Bourg was considered well-suited because he spoke English. However, he did not remain long, turning over pastoral duties to the recently arrived Irish Capuchin James Jones from Cork. Father Jones is described as "a very good priest, a learned man, and a gifted preacher.” In February 1786, he once again visited the Acadians of Nova Scotia, then returned to Baie des Chaleurs. In March 1795, after a serious illness, he was given charge of the parish of Saint-Laurent, near Montreal, where he remained until his death on 20 August 1797. See also Heron Island Carleton-sur-Mer References Acadian people 18th-century Canadian Roman Catholic priests 1744 births 1797 deaths 19th-century Canadian Roman Catholic priests

530801

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom%20bodies

Mushroom bodies

The mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata are a pair of structures in the brain of insects, other arthropods, and some annelids (notably the ragworm Platynereis dumerilii). They are also known to play a role in olfactory learning and memory. In most insects, the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn are the two higher brain regions that receive olfactory information from the antennal lobe via projection neurons. They were first identified and described by French biologist Félix Dujardin in 1850. Structure Mushroom bodies are usually described as neuropils, i.e. as dense networks of neuronal processes (dendrite and axon terminals) and glia. They get their name from their roughly hemispherical calyx, a protuberance that is joined to the rest of the brain by a central nerve tract or peduncle. Most of our current knowledge of mushroom bodies comes from studies of a few species of insect, especially the cockroach Periplaneta americana, the honey bee Apis mellifera, the locust and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Studies of fruit fly mushroom bodies have been particularly important for understanding the genetic basis of mushroom body functioning, since their genome has been sequenced and a vast number of tools to manipulate their gene expression exist. In the insect brain, the peduncles of the mushroom bodies extend through the midbrain. They are mainly composed of the long, densely packed nerve fibres of the Kenyon cells, the intrinsic neurons of the mushroom bodies. These cells have been found in the mushroom bodies of all species that have been investigated, though their number varies. Fruit flies, for example, have around 2,500, whereas cockroaches have about 200,000. Function Mushroom bodies are best known for their role in olfactory associative learning. These olfactory signals are received from dopaminergic, octopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic neurons outside the MB. They are largest in the Hymenoptera, which are known to have particularly elaborate control over olfactory behaviours. However, since mushroom bodies are also found in anosmic primitive insects, their role is likely to extend beyond olfactory processing. Anatomical studies suggest a role in the processing of visual and mechanosensory input in some species. In Hymenoptera in particular, subregions of the mushroom body neuropil are specialized to receive olfactory, visual, or both types of sensory input. In Hymenoptera, olfactory input is layered in the calyx. In ants, several layers can be discriminated, corresponding to different clusters of glomeruli in the antennal lobes, perhaps for processing different classes of odors. There are two main groups of projection neurons dividing the antennal lobe into two main regions, anterior and posterior. Projection neuron groups are segregated, innervating glomerular groups separately and sending axons by separate routes, either through the medial-antenno protocerebral tract (m-APT) or through the lateral-antenno protocerebral tract (l-APT), and connecting with two layers in the calyx of the mushroom bodies. In these layers the organization of the two efferent regions of the antennal lobe is represented topographically, establishing a coarse odotopic map of the antennal lobe in the region of the lip of the mushroom bodies. Mushroom bodies are known to be involved in learning and memory, particularly for smell, and thus are the subject of current intense research. In larger insects, studies suggest that mushroom bodies have other learning and memory functions, like associative memory, sensory filtering, motor control, and place memory. Research implies that mushroom bodies generally act as a sort of coincidence detector, integrating multi-modal inputs and creating novel associations, thus suggesting their role in learning and memory. Recent work also shows evidence for the involvement of the mushroom body in innate olfactory behaviors through interactions with the lateral horn, possibly making use of the partially stereotyped sensory responses of the mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) across individuals. Although the connections between the projection neurons and the Kenyon cells are random (i.e., not stereotyped across individuals), the stereotypy in MBON responses is made possible by the dense convergence of many Kenyon cells onto a few MBONs along with other network properties. Information about odors may be encoded in the mushroom body by the identities of the responsive neurons as well as the timing of their spikes. Experiments in locusts have shown that Kenyon cells have their activity synchronized to 20-Hz neural oscillations and are particularly responsive to projection neuron spikes at specific phases of the oscillatory cycle. Sleep The neurons which receive signals from serotonergic and GABAergic neurons outside the MB produce wakefulness, and experimentally stimulating these serotonergic upstream neurons forces sleep. The target neurons in the MB are inhibited by serotonin, GABA, and the combination of both. On the other hand octopamine does not seem to affect the MB's sleep function. Drosophila melanogaster We know that mushroom body structures are important for olfactory learning and memory in Drosophila because their ablation destroys this function. The mushroom body is also able to combine information from the internal state of the body and the olfactory input to determine innate behavior. The exact roles of the specific neurons making up the mushroom bodies are still unclear. However, these structures are studied extensively because much is known about their genetic make-up. There are three specific classes of neurons that make up the mushroom body lobes: α/β, α’/β’, and γ neurons, which all have distinct gene expression. A topic of current research is which of these substructures in the mushroom body are involved in each phase and process of learning and memory. Drosophila mushroom bodies are also often used to study learning and memory and are manipulated due to their relatively discrete nature. Typically, olfactory learning assays consist of exposing flies to two odors separately; one is paired with electric shock pulses (the conditioned stimulus, or CS+), and the second is not (unconditioned stimulus, or US). After this training period, flies are placed in a T-maze with the two odors placed individually on either end of the horizontal ‘T’ arms. The percent of flies that avoid the CS+ is calculated, with high avoidance considered evidence of learning and memory. Cellular memory traces Recent studies combining odor conditioning and cellular imaging have identified six memory traces that coincide with molecular changes in the Drosophila olfactory system. Three of these traces are associated with early forming behavioral memory. One such trace was visualized in the antennal lobe (AL) by synapto-pHluorin reporter molecules. Immediately after conditioning, an additional set of projection neurons in a set of eight glomeruli in the AL becomes synaptically activated by the conditioned odor, and lasts for only 7 minutes. A second trace is detectable by GCaMP expression, and thus an increase in Ca2+ influx, in the α’/β’ axons of the mushroom body neurons. This is a longer-lasting trace, present for up to one hour following conditioning. The third memory trace is the reduction of activity of the anterior-paired lateral neuron, which acts as a memory formation suppressor through one of its inhibitory GABAergic receptors. Decrease in calcium response of APL neurons and subsequent decrease in GABA release onto the mushroom bodies persisted up to 5 minutes after odor conditioning. The intermediate term memory trace is dependent on expression of the amn gene located in dorsal paired medial neurons. An increase in calcium influx and synaptic release that innervates the mushroom bodies becomes detectable approximately 30 minutes after pairing of electric shock with an odor, and persists for at least an hour. Both long-term memory traces that have been mapped depend on activity and protein synthesis of CREB and CaMKII, and only exist after spaced conditioning. The first trace is detected in α/β neurons between 9 and 24 hours after conditioning, and is characterized by an increase in calcium influx in response to the conditioned odor. The second long-term memory trace forms in the γ mushroom bodies and is detected by increase calcium influx between 18 and 24 hours after conditioning cAMP dynamics Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP or cyclic AMP) is a second messenger that has been implicated in facilitating mushroom body calcium influx in Drosophila melanogaster mushroom body neurons. cAMP elevation induces presynaptic plasticity in Drosophila. cAMP levels are affected by both neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and octopamine, and odors themselves. Dopamine and octopamine are released by mushroom body interneurons, while odors directly activate neurons in the olfactory pathway, causing calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels. In a classical conditioning paradigm, pairing neuronal depolarization (via acetylcholine application to represent the odor or CS) with subsequent dopamine application (to represent the shock or US), results in a synergistic increase in cAMP in the mushroom body lobes. These results suggest that the mushroom body lobes are a critical site of CS/US integration via the action of cAMP. This synergistic effect was originally observed in Aplysia, where pairing calcium influx with activation of G protein signaling by serotonin generates a similar synergistic increase in cAMP. Additionally, this synergistic increase in cAMP is mediated by and dependent on rutabaga adenylyl cyclase (rut AC), which is sensitive to both calcium (which results from voltage-gated calcium channel opening by odors) and G protein stimulation (caused by dopamine). While a forward pairing of neuronal depolarization and dopamine, (acetylcholine followed by dopamine) results in a synergistic increase in cAMP, a forward pairing of neuronal depolarization and octopamine produces a sub-additive effect on cAMP. More specifically, this means that this pairing produces significantly less cAMP than the sum of each stimulus individually in the lobes. Therefore, rut AC in mushroom body neurons works as a coincidence detector with dopamine and octopamine functioning bidirectionally to affect cAMP levels. PKA dynamics Protein kinase A (PKA) has been found to play an important role in learning and memory in Drosophila. When calcium enters a cell and binds with calmodulin, it stimulates adenylate cyclase (AC), which is encoded by the rutabaga gene (rut). This AC activation increases the concentration of cAMP, which activates PKA. When dopamine, an aversive olfactory stimulant, is applied it activates PKA specifically in the vertical mushroom body lobes. This spatial specificity is regulated by the dunce (dnc) PDE, a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase. If the dunce gene is abolished, as found in the dnc mutant, the spatial specificity is not maintained. In contrast, an appetitive stimulation created by an octopamine application increases PKA in all lobes. In the rut mutant, a genotype in which the rutabaga is abolished, the responses to both dopamine and octopamine were greatly reduced and close to experimental noise. Acetylcholine, which represents the conditioned stimulus, leads to a strong increase in PKA activation compared to stimulation with dopamine or octopamine alone. This reaction is abolished in rut mutants, which demonstrates that PKA is essential for sensory integration. The specificity of activation of the alpha lobe in the presence of dopamine is maintained when dopamine is in combination with acetylcholine. Essentially, during a conditioning paradigm when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, PKA exhibits heightened activation. This shows that PKA is required for conditioned learning in Drosophila melanogaster. Apis mellifera Stimulus output responses are the product of pairs of excitation and inhibition. This is the same pattern of organisation as with mammals' brains. These patterns may, as with mammals, precede action. this is an area only recently elucidated by Zwaka et al 2018, Duer et al 2015, and Paffhausen et al 2020. See also Cerebral cortex References Further reading External links Standard BeeBrain Insect anatomy Arthropod anatomy Invertebrate nervous system

36595013

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schafmatt

Schafmatt

The Schafmatt (1,979 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located north of Flühli in the canton of Lucerne. It lies north of the Fürstein, where the border with the canton of Obwalden runs. References External links Schafmatt on Hikr Mountains of Switzerland Mountains of the Alps Mountains of the canton of Lucerne Emmental Alps

9890532

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua%20Pou%20Airport

Ua Pou Airport

Ua Pou Airport is an airport on Ua Pou in French Polynesia . The airport is 11 km northwest of the village of Hakahau. Airlines and destinations References External links Airports in French Polynesia Altiports

16761246

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0entjo%C5%A1t%2C%20Novo%20Mesto

Šentjošt, Novo Mesto

Šentjošt () is a settlement in the hills southeast of Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. The local church, from which the settlement also gets its name, is dedicated to Saint Judoc () and belongs to the Parish of Stopiče. It is a 16th-century building that was extensively restyled in the early 19th century. References External links Šentjošt on Geopedia Populated places in the City Municipality of Novo Mesto

62103628

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thung%20Sin%20Nio

Thung Sin Nio

Betsy Thung Sin Nio (, 22 May 1902 – 5 January 1996) was an Indonesian-Dutch women's rights activist, physician, economist and politician. Born into a wealthy and progressive Peranakan family of the 'Cabang Atas' gentry in Batavia, she was encouraged to obtain an education, which was unusual for Indonesian women at the time. After completing high school, she qualified as a bookkeeper, but – because social norms prevented women from doing office work – she became a teacher. After teaching briefly in an elementary school, in 1924 Thung enrolled at the Netherlands School of Business in Rotterdam to study economics. On graduating, she went on to earn a master's degree and a doctorate in economics. In 1932, she enrolled at the University of Amsterdam to pursue her medical studies. During her schooling in the Netherlands, Thung met Aletta Jacobs who encouraged her to become involved in the Dutch women's movement and the Association for Women's Interests and Equal Citizenship. She became an activist for improved socio-economic and civil status of women, writing articles for feminist journals in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies. After completing her degree in 1938, Thung returned to Batavia and opened a medical practice focusing on the health needs of women and children. She continued her feminist involvement and fought for women's suffrage. When the government proposed only European women be given the vote and the right to stand in elections, she campaigned successfully to secure voting rights for educated women regardless of their race. During World War II, Thung continued her private practice, volunteered at a local public hospital and opened a private hospital to treat European patients. When the war ended, she became a medical officer for the school system in Jakarta and entered local politics. She was elected as the first woman member of the Municipal Council of Jakarta in 1949, representing the Persatuan Tionghoa. From 1949 to 1965, she traveled abroad on numerous occasions on behalf of her country. She served as a translator for trade delegations and as an economist on fact-finding missions to Russia and China. Following the 1965 Indonesian coup d'état and the turn away from communism, she was released from government work. In 1968, when assimilationist policies were introduced to force Chinese citizens to take Indonesian names, Thung permanently immigrated to the Netherlands, where she continued to work as a physician. She formally sought naturalization in 1972 and in 1983 was knighted in the Order of Orange-Nassau. She is remembered in China, Indonesia and the Netherlands for her social activism on behalf of women and children. Early life Thung Sin Nio was born on 22 May 1902 in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, to the landowner and community leader Thung Bouw Kiat (1863–1916) and his wife, Tan Toan Nio (1865–1919), into a family of the Cabang Atas gentry, originally from Buitenzorg (now Bogor), a hill station in West Java. Her father, Thung Bouw Kiat, was the elder brother of Thung Tjoen Ho, Luitenant der Chinezen of Buitenzorg from 1895 until 1911; a nephew by marriage of Phoa Tjeng Tjoan, Kapitein der Chinezen of Buitenzorg from 1866 until 1878; and a maternal great-grandnephew of Tan Oe Ko, Kapitein der Chinezen of Buitenzorg from 1829 until 1860. The Chinese officership, consisting of the ranks of Luitenant, Kapitein and Majoor der Chinezen, was a high-ranking government position in the civil bureaucracy of the Dutch East Indies, part of the colony's system of 'indirect rule'. Thung's paternal family had migrated to West Java from the Hua'an County of Fujian, China, at the start of the nineteenth century; while her paternal grandmother's Tan lineage went back to the Chinese scholar-gentry of the fourteenth century, and had been established as community leaders in West Java since the eighteenth century. Thung's mother, Tan Toan Nio, was an elder sister of the rice mill owner Tan Kiat Tjay and the bureaucrat Tan Kiat Goan, Luitenant der Chinezen of Tjilakoe, West Java. Through her maternal uncle Tan Kiat Tjay, Thung was a first cousin of the paleontologist (1902–1945), to whom she was engaged for a time by prior family arrangement. Thung's father managed a plantation and sat for several years as a member of the Gemeenteraad (Municipal Council) of Batavia, a body to which Thung would also be elected in time. Belonging to one of the 10 wealthiest, Chinese-Indonesian families, her progressive parents encouraged their daughter to study, which – though unusual in the general community at the time – reflected a trend for westernized modernity among the Cabang Atas. Members of her extended family had been pioneers and promoters of higher education, including her father's first cousin, the prominent social activist Phoa Keng Hek (1857–1937, son of Kapitein Phoa Tjeng Tjoan); and their distant cousin, the colony's first university-educated, Chinese-Indonesian engineer, Ir. Tan Tjoen Liang (1862–1923, like Thung's father, another great-grandnephew of Kapitein Tan Oe Ko). Her privileged and progressive background allowed her to attend Dutch-medium schools, including Prins Hendrik School, where she passed her final examinations in 1918. As a woman, with few options to continue her education, she qualified as a bookkeeper at the Handelsschool (business school) in 1920. That year, her mother died, and as her father had died in 1916, she went to live in western Java in Cianjur with an aunt. Though she had a degree, a woman of her social class was not allowed to do office work. Instead, she spent her time sewing, cooking, reading and occasionally being allowed to go out under the supervision of a chaperone. Unsatisfied, Thung returned to school 1922, studying in Jatinegara at the Hollandsch Chineesche Kweekschool (Dutch-Chinese Teachers' College). She earned a teaching certificate in 1924 and then taught briefly at the private Hollandsch Chineesche School (Dutch Elementary School for the Chinese) of Bogor. Wanting to continue her education, Thung decided to go abroad and enrolled at the Nederlandsche Handels-Hoogeschool (Netherlands School of Business), on 15 October 1924, where she studied economics with Willemijn Posthumus-van der Goot. For her birthday in 1926, fellow students gave her a copy of Herinneringen (Memories) by Aletta Jacobs. After writing to the author to express her enthusiasm, Thung was invited to visit Jacobs, who introduced her to and other feminists. She joined the Vereniging voor Vrouwenbelangen en Gelijk Staatsburgerschap (Association for Women's Interests and Equal Citizenship) and became an active campaigner for changes to the legal statutes for matrimonial property and employment. Thung joined the Chinese student association, Chung Hwa Hui () and served on its board during 1926 and 1927. She gave several lectures at Chung Hwa Hui on feminist issues, like Het een en ander over de Chinese meisjes in Indonesie (Notes on Chinese Girls' Education in Indonesia) in 1926 and two years later a talk Het Montessori Onderwijs (The Montessori Education), on the innovative teaching methods used by Maria Montessori. On graduating in 1927, Thung went on to earn a master's degree the following year. She then traveled in Europe with her sisters before returning home. In December 1929, Thung returned to Batavia aboard the M.S. Indrapoera to attend her sister, Eng Nio's wedding. Career Early career and additional schooling In 1930, Thung began working as a physician's assistant and social worker at the Yang Seng Ie Hospital () (now ), founded by doctor Kwa Tjoan Sioe. She worked with women from the poorest neighborhoods of Batavia who were suffering from malnutrition, poverty, and venereal diseases. She also participated in clinics for infants, instructing women in child care and birth control. While continuing her work with the physician, Thung founded the First Chinese Girls' Boarding School in the upscale neighborhood of Welgelegen. Serving as its director, and with an all-female staff, she strove to overcome the resistance of Chinese parents to educating their daughters. After spending a year and a half in Batavia, she returned to Rotterdam where she completed her doctorate in economics in 1932. Thung decided to study medicine at the University of Amsterdam, believing, after her experience working in the hospital, that there was a need for women physicians in Java. In 1933, she resigned from Chung Hwa Hui and joined the break-away student group, Studieclub van Chineesche Studenten (Study Club of Chinese Students). She continued her involvement in feminist actions and was inspired by Catharine van Tussenbroek, a physician and feminist, who had been involved in the campaign to found a women's party. Thung believed that until women recognized their need for financial independence, a women's party would not be effective. She began writing articles for the Chinese women's monthly journal, Fu Nu Tsa Chih (), founded by Liem Sam Tjiang-Ong () in 1932 in Malang. She published articles in the Dutch women's magazine Vrouw en Gemeenschap (Women and Community), one of which related her struggles with schooling and her search for economic independence. Medical practice and activism After graduating in medicine in 1938, Thung returned to Batavia and on 13 September opened a private practice catering to women and children in her family home in the Salemba neighborhood. Modeling a child care course on those she had encountered in the Netherlands, Thung held classes for mothers, undertaking regular health checks on their children. Simultaneously, she published articles advocating for women's suffrage and about women's issues in magazines such as Fu Nu Tsa Chih; Fu Len (), founded by Ong Pik Hwa (); Maandblad Istri, a Sino-Malay publication founded by Kwee Yat Nio (better known as Mrs. Tjoa Hin Hoeij); and the newspaper Sin Po (). Her articles in Maandblad Istri, on whose board she served, typically provided medical advice on child care and nutrition or addressed education for women. Though Thung was a member of the Association for Women's Interests and Equal Citizenship in the Netherlands, the affiliate Vereeniging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht in Nederlands Indie (Association for Women's Suffrage in the Dutch East Indies) in reaction to nationalist aims of Indonesian women, pursued enfranchisement only for European women. Thung joined the Chung Hwa Fu Nu Hui (Chinese Women's Association), founded in 1938 and set up the Hutspot-club (Hodge-Podge Club) which provided opportunities for women from different classes and ethnic backgrounds to engage with each other. She was active on the committee to seek the vote for Chinese women and opposed the government's 1940 proposal to withhold the vote from non-Europeans. Collecting "thousands of signatures", Thung and other women protested the proposal. In 1941, an amendment was proposed by another woman physician, Mrs. J. Ch. Neuyen-Hakker, to the Volksraad (the colonial legislature) which advocated granting the right to vote and hold office to educated women of any race under the same terms as men. To counter the argument that women did not actually want the right to vote, Neuyen-Hakker proposed that women's registration be left to their individual choice to register. The proposal was accepted by the Volksraad and approved by the government in November 1941. That year, Thung also participated in the tenth-anniversary celebrations of the First Chinese Girls' Boarding School and the fifth-anniversary of the school's creation of a professional trade school for women. The following year, when the Japanese invaded Java and interred all the European physicians in 1943, Thung opened a private clinic, San Te Ie Juen to provide medical service to the upper classes. She continued her own private practice and did volunteer work at a local hospital for the duration of World War II. In 1945, when nationalists declared Indonesian independence, Batavia was renamed Jakarta. From 1945 to 1951, Thung was employed by the Ministry of Education to monitor the health of all of the school children in the city. She measured the height and weight of students for the Institute for Public Nutrition and monitored the milk supplements and food provided by the schools to ensure that they were provided in accordance with UNESCO standards. Entry into politics In addition to her educational duties and her private practice, in 1948 Thung ran as a candidate of the Persatuan Tionghoa and was elected as the first woman to serve on the Municipal Council, where her father had also served decades earlier. Thung was sent by the Indonesian Government, as an economist with several other Dutch-trained specialists, on several fact-finding missions abroad between 1949 and 1952. She served as an interpreter to several trade delegations in cities such as Helsinki and Moscow, using her skill with English. She made seven trips to China, the first in September 1951 and, given her admiration for Mao Zedong and communism, she continued to visit the country regularly between 1955 and 1965. In the aftermath of the 1965 Indonesian coup d'état, support for communism was banned and Thung's travels for the government ceased. When in 1968, the new government implemented an assimilationist policy, requiring Chinese citizens to use an Indonesian name, Thung refused. She emigrated permanently to the Netherlands. Later career in the Netherlands Thung settled in Eindhoven, where she continued to work as a physician in a public health center and in a children's home. In 1972, she became a naturalized Dutch citizen and then retired in 1974, when she became eligible for the elderly person's pension. In 1978, she returned to China for a visit and was noted for her contributions to charitable organizations, including a fund for repairs to the primary school in her ancestral village, Yunshan () in Hua'an County. On 29 April 1983, Thung was honored as a knight in the Order of Orange-Nassau for her contributions toward the emancipation of women. Death and legacy Thung died on 5 January 1996 in Eindhoven. She has been remembered in books published in China for her social activism and in 2000 her biography was included in a publication about the Thung (Tang) family from the Fujian province. She also has a brief biography in Leo Suryadinata's book, Prominent Indonesian Chinese. Her papers were donated to the International Archives for the Women's Movement and are now housed in the Atria Institute on Gender Equality and Women's History in Amsterdam. Notes References Citations Bibliography </ref> 1902 births 1996 deaths 20th-century Dutch East Indies people 20th-century Dutch economists 20th-century Dutch physicians 20th-century Dutch women politicians 20th-century Dutch politicians Cabang Atas Dutch people of Chinese descent Dutch schoolteachers Dutch women economists Dutch women physicians Dutch women's rights activists Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni Indonesian economists Indonesian emigrants to the Netherlands Indonesian people of Chinese descent Indonesian women physicians Indonesian schoolteachers Indonesian translators Indonesian women activists 20th-century Indonesian women politicians Indonesian women's rights activists Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau People from Batavia, Dutch East Indies University of Amsterdam alumni 20th-century translators Suffragists

69665245

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psammophis%20mossambicus

Psammophis mossambicus

Psammophis mossambicus, the olive grass snake, is a snake that occurs in the northeast of South Africa. The snake grows to 100 to 180 cm in length. The reptile lives in moist places near water. It is olive brown and the scales have dark edges and the belly is yellowish. It can also pick up its front third like the black mamba with which it is confused. The snake is active during the day and eats lizards, frogs, mammals and also other snakes. Its poison is considered moderate. In Afrikaans it is known as . References Fauna of South Africa Lamprophiidae

34806926

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitton%2C%20Shropshire

Whitton, Shropshire

Whitton is a hamlet and civil parish in Shropshire, England. It is situated east of Caynham and the market town of Ludlow is away. There is a parish church in the hamlet. Whitton Court is a grade I listed manor house dating from 1611, previously the home of Lord Mayor of London Sebastian Harvey, and members of the Charlton family. The village church, St Mary The Virgin, is notable for stained-glass by Sir Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris of c. 1893 in the east window. See also Listed buildings in Whitton, Shropshire References Villages in Shropshire Civil parishes in Shropshire

65914662

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphilochios%20%28Makris%29%20of%20Patmos

Amphilochios (Makris) of Patmos

Saint Amphilochios Makris (Greek: Αμφιλόχιος Μακρής, 13 December 1889 – 16 April 1970) was a Greek Orthodox hieromonk, missionary, and teacher from the island of Patmos, Greece. He was greatly revered in Greece for his wisdom and experience as a starets (elder). He was canonized on 29 August 2018 by the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate and his feast day is 16 April. Life and Works St. Amphilochios was born Athanasios Makris in 1889 to a pious family on the Greek island of Patmos. The small island is where St. John of Patmos is believed to have authored the Book of Revelation. At the age of seventeen, Athanasios obtained his parent's blessing to become a novice at the Monastery of St. John the Theologian, where he was given the name Amphilochios. He was tonsured to the Great Schema just seven years later and ordained to the diaconate in 1919. Shortly after, he was ordained to the priesthood and began serving as a confessor throughout the Italian-occupied islands of the Dodecanese. He was known for his love which he extended to all. He once said: “I ask you to put this order into practice; as much as you can, try to cultivate your love towards Christ’s very person. You must come to the point that whenever you mention His name, tears run from your eyes. Your hearts must be truly burning." He resisted Italy's attempts at expansionism with great zeal in order to preserve the Orthodox Church and Greek identity. Upon being made abbot of the Monastery of St. John, he built a knitting workshop as a guise under which children were taught Greek; when the Italian occupying forces discovered this in 1937, St. Amphilochios was exiled to Athens. He spent the next two years travelling throughout the mainland of Greece, eventually settling in Crete and becoming the spiritual father of the land. He was allowed to return to Patmos in 1939 and lived out the rest of his days there in peace, assisting the nuns of Patmos and establishing an orphanage, as well as several charitable institutions. He received a forewarning of his repose at Pascha in 1968 and was given two years to prepare himself and his spiritual children for his departure. When he reposed in 1970, onlookers noted that his face was filled with a remarkable beauty and peace. References 1889 births 1970 deaths

65492455

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dn%C4%81huanui

Kōnāhuanui

Pu'u Kōnāhuanui consists of two mountain peaks located in Honolulu County, Hawaii. It is the highest point in the Koʻolau Mountains. The Hawaiian word "Kōnāhuanui" roughly translates to "large testicles" in English. This alludes to a legend that states the mountain originated from the testicles of a giant, who threw them at a woman trying to escape from him. References Landforms of Oahu Mountains of Hawaii

40854976

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tas%20Kand

Tas Kand

Tas Kand (, also Romanized as Ţās Kand, Ţāskand, and Tās Kand) is a village in Karaftu Rural District, in the Central District of Takab County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 181, in 31 families. References Populated places in Takab County

10802156

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston%20Martin%20DP215

Aston Martin DP215

The Aston Martin DP215 was a prototype sports car built by Aston Martin for grand touring-style racing in 1963. It was built alongside the similar DP214, both of which replaced the previous DP212. Only a single example was built, which survives today. Again using a DB4GT chassis, the DP215 was stylistically similar to the DP214, but had the advantage of not only being slightly lighter, but also using the larger 4.0-litre Tadek Marek Inline-6-cylinder engine which had previously powered DP212. Even though the car was also intended to carry the Tadek Marek designed 5-litre V8 engine, which later appeared in the Lola Aston T70 MkIII. Even so, with this increased power and decreased weight, the DP215 was seen as better suited to Le Mans' Mulsannes straight than the DP214. The DP215 was sold at RM Sotheby's 2018 Monterey auction for $21,455,000 including buyer's fee. Racing History Early history The car never had the ‘planned’ V8 fitted and it made do with a dry sump 4-litre version of the well-proven 6-cylinder, with twin plug head. More contentiously, it was also fitted with the weakest link from the older and lower-powered DBR1, its CG537 5-speed transaxle; clearly a big mistake and one admitted by John Wyer. Visually, and dimensionally, the body was the same as the DP214s but the bonnet line was 1.5 inches lower, enabled by the dry sump engine. The car was initially fitted with engine no. 400/215/1. Le Mans 24 Hour 1963 Debuting at the 1963 24 Hours of Le Mans, the lone DP215, driven by Lucien Bianchi and Phil Hill, started alongside the two DP214s. During practice the DP215 set a time of 3m 57.2s with Hill. During the race the DP215 was intended to be the ‘hare’ for the DP214s, trying to break the Ferraris, lapping at 4m 05s. Hill led away at the start but was passed by a Maserati on the Mulsanne Straight. On the sixth lap Hill was in fifth place, but unavoidably ran over debris from an accident of a car, who was about to be lapped. Hill pitted so the mechanics could see if any damage had been caused to the under carriage, but no damage was found and Hill was sent out again. However, during the third hour (2hr 12m) after 29 laps, DP215 retired from the race whilst running ninth. The transmission had broken and the teeth on the input bevel failed; it was assumed that the extra torque of the 4-litre engine was responsible, as this had never happened to the DBR cars. Both DP214 cars would also suffer problems and be forced to retire. However, both DP214 and DP215, were the first cars officially recorded as exceeding 300 km/h (186 mph) down the Mulsanne. But, DP215 was the quickest of all. Phil Hill, in practice had been recorded at 319.6 km/h (198.6 mph) and Ted Cutting, the Aston Martin designer, is certain that DP215 had, in fact, exceeded , since the timing was recorded before the cars had reached their maximum speed or the braking area. The car still remains the fastest front engined Aston Martin ever made, with Phil Hill describing the car as light and controllable at such speeds down the straight. After Le Mans 24 Hour Following Le Mans, the DP215 appeared at the 12 Hours of Reims (a race accompanying the French GP), driven by Jo Schlesser. The car should have won easily, due to no serious opposition in the field. But after leading, Schlesser was having more trouble with the repaired CG537 transmission. Having difficulty changing gear, and missing gears, which caused over-revving of the engine, leading to bending all the valves, forcing the car to retire on lap 4. At the Guards Trophy at Brands Hatch, the car only completed a demonstration lap (driven by Bill Kimberley), due to financial/tax reasons. Shortly after the DP215 was rebuilt with more conventional transmission which allowed the fitting of the David Brown S532 5-speed box, which was also in the DP212. The car was soon retired from factory use as the DP214's proved more reliable. In 1966, whilst being driven/tested on the M1 Motorway, DP215 was involved in an accident which badly damaged the car (at this time it carried the reg. no 'ENP 246B'). Whilst travelling at about on the motorway a slower Dormobile wandered out into the outside lane, with the Aston Martin unable to avoid a collision. Both vehicles were severely damaged but all occupants were unhurt. Aston Martin, not wishing to gain publicity over the accident, quickly sold the damaged engine and the remains of the car. The engine-less car was bought for scrap value, by Malcolm Calvert, from the Isle of Wight, who then began restoring it. During the 1960s The car was rebuilt using a spare DP214/DP215 body and a dash, bought from the factory, with a DB6 engine planned to be installed, as the original engine had by then been fitted to DP214 (DB4GT/0194/R). The rare S532 gearbox had gone missing (possibly back as a spare to DP212) so, at this time a ZF gearbox, similar to those fitted to the V8 road cars was used to keep the car running. However the car was badly constructed, with the chassis still bent and the body shell being fitted to match this bent chassis. More inaccuracies were that the headlight openings were incorrect and the dry sump system was put in the wrong place. Finally, the car was fitted with Cobra wire wheels (not original Borrani) and not to mention the DB6 engine used. Restoration period The repaired car was then acquired by Nigel Dawes at a Sotheby's auction at Donington Park in April 1978. Dawes left the car as it was for several years, but hoped to get hold of the original engine which was sold on after the crash, but this had ended up being a spare for DP214 and converted to wet sump. Dawes then bought a 12 plug head, like the original and by luck obtained a 4.2-litre engine (engine no. 1293/420/2) taken from the Indianapolis Cooper-Aston in America. Forward Engineering then restored the engine remaking the dry sump system close to the original. Rubery Owen repaired the chassis based on the original drawings. Both the chassis and engine were then sent to Andy Chapman of Chapman Spooner who restored the engine to its former glory. With the engine producing at 5,750 rpm (330 lbs/ft of torque) and three 50 DCO Weber carburettors were sourced and added at great expense. Also, a lighter version of a 5-speed gearbox was fitted in the place of the ZF gearbox. The body shell was restored by Dawes with help of the original designer of the Le Mans series of cars, Ted Cutting. With a new roll cage being incorporated and a new fuel tank made as a copy of the original. The interior was restored similar to the original, but this time there were a few differences. The gearbox was insulated and covered in leather, pockets had been built into the doors and a speedometer and electric fan was added for legality. Also Dawes bought another set of seats from the DP215 and matched the faded original cloth; he was none the wiser about where the second set of seats came from. During the 1990s The 11 year restoration was completed in May 1991 and the car reappeared at a number of public events, but not raced. It was then that the car acquired the registration number’ XMO 88’. Soon after the car took part in the Ecurie Eccosse Tour. The car was then entered into the Louis Vuitton Concours at the Hurlingham Club, in London by Dawes and won first in class and was second overall. In June the car went to Le Mans and took part in the Historic Parade. The car was then paraded around the Goodwood circuit by Roy Salvadori and Willie Green. DP215 then went to Italy and took part in the Motoring Tour with 40 other exotic cars. Later the project car was on the Aston Martin Owners Club (AMOC) exhibit at the NEC in Birmingham at the Classic Car Show. In 1995 Dawes entered DP215 in the Goodwood Festival of Speed, which was the last outing of the car with Nigel Dawes. In 1996 the car was acquired by Anthony (Tony) J . Smith and again appeared at the Goodwood Festival of Speed. In 1997 Smith then entered at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance in California. DP215 was entered again at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, this time with the Earl of Arundel at the wheel, and the car recorded the fastest time in the 24 Hour Heroes Part 2. Later that year DP215 went to the Silverstone Coy’s Festival but crashed during the practice session with Smith driving. During the 2000s In 2000 at the Goodwood TT Revival the car finished 15th in the R.A.C. 1hr event with drivers of Tony Smith and Joachim Folch. Around 2002, the project was acquired by Neil Corner, who swapped a precious F1 car in a deal for DP215. Corner then went to the great expense of having a brand new S532 gearbox built from scratch by Crosthwaite and Gardner, using the box from DP212 as the basis. As only 6 of the original S532 were ever made, with two going into the DBR2’s, two into the works racing Lagonda’s, one to DP212 and the missing one, which miraculously disappeared after the crash on the M1. Corner consulted Ted Cutting throughout and with the help of Richard Williams, who also looks after DP212. Williams got consent from the owner of DP212 to clone the gearbox, but with over 1000 parts in the gearbox it was not an easy task for Crosthwaite and Gardner. However, the task was quickly completed and the gearbox was fitted with some alteration to the car, as this had been altered to accommodate the ZF gearbox. There were a few problems with the box, with the synchromesh not being perfect, sometimes dropping out of third gear on the overrun and once locking in fifth gear. But these problems were not serious and the cloning of the box was a success. In 2006 DP215 reappeared at the Goodwood Revival as part of the tribute to Phil Hill, in the Phil Hill Commemoration demonstration driven by Nigel Corner. Notes External links AstonMartins.com - DP215 DP215

18842179

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Redman

Richard Redman

Richard Redman may refer to: Richard Redman (speaker) (died 1426), Speaker of the House of Commons for the Parliament of 1415 Richard Redman (bishop) (died 1505), successively Bishop of Exeter and Ely and great-grandson of the above Rick Redman (born 1943), retired American football linebacker

40991895

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile%20Poilpot

Théophile Poilpot

Théophile Poilpot (20 March 1848, Paris – 6 February 1915, Paris), also known as Théophile-François-Henri Poilpot, was a French panorama painter. Biography Théophile Poilpot was born and lived all his life in Paris. His father, who shared the same first name, was himself a famous painter. Théophile Poilpot was a student of Gustave Boulanger and Jean-Léon Gérôme at École des Beaux-Arts. Poilpot saw service in the Franco-Prussian War as a Sergeant of the First Volunteer Regiment of the Seine and in 1874 was retired as an officer of the reserves. He was a Mayor of Noisy-le-Grand (1887–1892) and had been an Alderman and a Cantonal Delegate. He was a noted military painter and became a Commandeur of the Legion of Honour in 1913. His paintings are prime examples of academic art of the time, particularly history painting. Among the societies to which he belonged were the Society of French Artists; the Committee of the Association of Artists, Painters, Sculptors, Architects, and Engravers; the Artistic and Literary Association and the Military Circle of the Friends of the Louvre. Painting career Théophile Poilpot did not confine himself to French subjects, and his paintings are located in a number of countries. Several of his best known works are part of collections in the US, including ‘‘Bull Run’’, in Washington, D.C., and the ‘‘Merrimac and Monitor’’. Other major works by Poilpot include the ‘‘Battle of Jena’’, now in Paris, the ‘‘Crowning of Emperor Alexander III’’, in Moscow, the panorama of the ‘‘Battle of Balaklava’’, now in London, the ‘‘Transatlantic Panorama’’, which was shown at the Universal Exposition in 1889, the ‘‘Algerian Panorama’’, shown at the Paris Exposition of 1900, and the famous ‘‘Panorama of the Revolution and the Empire’’, now in Paris. Awards and honors Théophile Poilpot received many honors and decorations, including the Military Medal and the appointment as a Chevalier of the Order of St. Anna of Russia. Works Dioramas Battle of Nights (1894) The Paris of the century in 1892 Posters Paris, National Library of France Illustrations Reichshoffen's Cuirassiers, historical record by Gustave Toudouze, illustrations by Th. Poilpot, Jacob and Paty. Exhibitions Salon of 1874: A terrible Child 8 Salon of 1875: The Tarabouk, memory of Algiers 9 Salon of 1876: The Gallo-Roman Sender and Sleigh 10 Salon of 1877: Death of Diogenes 11 Salon of 1878: The Prey 12 Universal Exhibition of 1889 Universal Exhibition of 1900 External links Figures contemporaines, tirées de l'album Mariani, 1901, (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Archives nationales (culture.gouv.fr) Bibliothèque nationale de France (gallica.bnf.fr) Noisy le Grand, L'ACTUALITÉ Nos peintres et sculpteurs, graveurs, dessinateurs. Jules Martin. 1897. p.305 Revue illustrée (Paris. 1885) Célébrités-France-19e siècle-Biographies Commandeur of the Legion of Honour since 1913 (gallica.bnf.fr) Salon de 1874 Salon de 1875 Salon de 1876 Salon de 1877 THEOPHILE POILPOT DEAD, The New York Times, February 7, 1915 (pdf) 1848 births 1915 deaths 19th-century French painters French male painters 20th-century French painters 20th-century male artists Alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts Painters from Paris French Realist painters Academic art Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur 19th-century painters of historical subjects

7986855

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad%20the%20Sailor

Conrad the Sailor

Conrad the Sailor is a 1942 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon supervised by Chuck Jones. The title character, Conrad the Cat, is voiced by Pinto Colvig and animated by the quintet (Jones’ regular animators, including Ben Washam). The other featured player is Daffy Duck, voiced as usual by Mel Blanc. Plot The story takes place aboard a battleship staffed by anthropomorphic cats (which strangely look like dogs with their small ears), most of whom are singing "The Song of the Marines (Shovin' Right Off Again)" as a chorale group. Cut to Conrad, who talks and sings exactly like Colvig's characterization of the Walt Disney character "Goofy". As Conrad swabs the deck, he is interrupted by Daffy when he spots the duck’s muddy footprints on the deck and Daffy on the mast, and he angrily mutters the song to himself. On the mast, Daffy paces back and forth, mocking Conrad's singing, then remarks to the audience, "Phew, is that guy awful? Gee, it makes me sick". Conrad tries to ignore Daffy and his pranks, growing more suspicious and annoyed at Daffy, who deliberately swaps Conrad's water bucket with a paint bucket, causing Conrad to paint the deck, to which Daffy comments "Very sloppy, Roscoe. You're a slovenly housekeeper". Conrad angrily throws the mop at Daffy, who then catches it, uses it in a short vaudeville routine before tossing the mop into the air, and shouts to Conrad "Catch! Catch!", only the mop lands on Conrad's head. The camera angle shows Daffy on top of the mop, again taunting to Conrad "Very petite, Betsy. Very, very petite" before sliding down the mop and an infuriated Conrad, twisting him and the mop. Conrad finally gets fed up with Daffy, and proceeds to chase him, but Daffy outsmarts him at every turn from hiding in a lifeboat and after Conrad mistakes him for a telescope, keeping watch for Daffy. A running gag in the picture is that all action screeches to a halt whenever the ship's diminutive Admiral walks by, as both sailor and duck snap to attention and salute. The final gag involves Conrad and Daffy being chased by a shell from one of the ship's big guns. All three, including the shell, snap to attention as the Admiral walks by, before the chase continues as the cartoon ends with an iris out. Innovation Animator John McGrew first used match cuts in this short where different objects in separate scenes have the same basic shape, with McGrew giving the example of a gun and a cloud. Home media Conrad the Sailor is available on the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4 Disc 4. See also Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1940–1949) References External links Conrad the Sailor on the Internet Archive Merrie Melodies short films American films 1942 films 1942 short films Warner Bros. short films Warner Bros. Cartoons animated short films 1942 animated films Short films directed by Chuck Jones Films featuring Daffy Duck 1940s American animated films Animated films about cats 1940s Warner Bros. animated short films

5721230

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis%20%28band%29

Memphis (band)

Memphis is a musical duo consisting of longtime friends Torquil Campbell and Chris Dumont. Dumont, originally from North Carolina, first met Campbell in New York City in the early 1990s. With Campbell's childhood friends Chris Seligman, James Shaw, and Adam Marvy, the pair played together in a band called Luxe. Later, Seligman and Campbell would form Canada's indie pop group Stars, while Shaw would go on to form Metric with Emily Haines, with Dumont continuing to work on the carousel in New York's Central Park. Following the initial success of Stars, Campbell invited Dumont to visit Vancouver, British Columbia, and Memphis was born. The duo's first effort, an EP entitled A Good Day Sailing, was released on Le Grand Magistery in 2002. Over the course of the summers of 2003 and 2004, Dumont and Campbell recorded the full-length follow-up, I Dreamed We Fell Apart, released in 2004 on Paper Bag Records. Their next album, A Little Place in the Wilderness, produced by Dumont, was released on August 15, 2006 through Good Fences, EMI. On January 10, 2011, Memphis announced the release of their third full-length album. Here Comes a City came out on March 8, 2011 on Arts & Crafts. Their fourth album, Leave With Me was completed in 2018 and is due for release. Discography A Good Day Sailing (2002, Le Grand Magistery Records) I Dreamed We Fell Apart (2004, Paper Bag Records) A Little Place in the Wilderness (2006, Good Fences Records) Here Comes a City (2011, Arts & Crafts) Leave with Me (2019) References External links YouTube Playlist |HD| New Music Canada profile page MySpace Page Artist Bio Canadian indie pop groups Paper Bag Records artists

45419295

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday%20Night%20Live%2040th%20Anniversary%20Special

Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special

"Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special" (also billed as "SNL40") is a three-and-a-half-hour prime-time special that aired on February 15, 2015, on NBC, celebrating Saturday Night Lives 40th year on the air, having premiered on October 11, 1975, under the original title NBC's Saturday Night. It is produced by Broadway Video. This special generated 23.1 million viewers, becoming NBC's most-watched prime-time, non-sports, entertainment telecast (excluding Super Bowl lead-outs) since the Friends series finale in 2004. It is the third such anniversary special to be broadcast, with celebratory episodes also held during the 15th and 25th seasons. The special was preceded on NBC by an hour-long SNL 40th Red Carpet Live, hosted by Matt Lauer, Savannah Guthrie, Carson Daly and Al Roker, who interviewed past hosts, current and previous cast members, and musical legends who had previously performed on the show. Synopsis The special followed the format of a typical Saturday Night Live episode, extended to 3½ hours instead of the usual 1½, and included a cold open, a monologue, sketches, a short film, commercial parodies, and musical performances. The sketches, most of which were revivals of sketches that appeared over the show's run, made reference to the show and its four decades on air, with the original cast members who appeared in those sketches reprising their roles along with numerous guest stars. A handful of commercial parodies, including "Colon Blow" and "Mom Jeans", reran as they originally appeared on the show. Jimmy Fallon and Justin Timberlake appeared in the cold open, performing a "History of Rap"-esque musical number referencing famous sketches from the show's history. Rachel Dratch and Molly Shannon appeared as Debbie Downer and Mary Katherine Gallagher, respectively. Steve Martin performed the opening monologue, with featured appearances from Tom Hanks, Alec Baldwin, Melissa McCarthy, Chris Rock, Peyton Manning, Miley Cyrus, Billy Crystal, Paul McCartney, and Paul Simon, with the latter two performing an abbreviated duet of "I've Just Seen a Face". Dan Aykroyd and Laraine Newman appeared during the "Super Bass-O-Matic 2150" sketch, referencing a sketch originally done during the show's first season. Will Ferrell (as Alex Trebek), Darrell Hammond (as Sean Connery), Kate McKinnon (as Justin Bieber), Alec Baldwin (as Tony Bennett), Norm Macdonald (as Burt Reynolds), Taran Killam (as Christoph Waltz), Jim Carrey (as Matthew McConaughey), and Kenan Thompson (as Bill Cosby) appeared during the "Celebrity Jeopardy!" sketch. Pete Davidson and Leslie Jones introduced a montage featuring the auditions of current and former cast members, along with a few celebrities who never made the cast, including Jim Carrey, Stephen Colbert, Zach Galifianakis, and Kevin Hart. Fred Armisen, Vanessa Bayer, Bradley Cooper, Bill Hader, Taran Killam, Laraine Newman (reprising her Sherry the Valley Girl character), David Spade, Cecily Strong, Taylor Swift, Kenan Thompson, Kerry Washington, Betty White, and Kristen Wiig appeared during "The Californians/Total Bastard Airlines" sketch. Emma Stone (as Roseanne Roseannadanna), Edward Norton (as Stefon), Bill Hader (also as Stefon), Seth Meyers, Melissa McCarthy (as Matt Foley), and Bobby Moynihan (as the Land Shark) appeared during "Weekend Update", which was anchored by Jane Curtin, Tina Fey, and Amy Poehler. Norm Macdonald, Seth Meyers, Kevin Nealon, and Colin Quinn introduced a tribute to Chevy Chase, which also featured an appearance from Garrett Morris. Maya Rudolph (as Beyoncé) and Martin Short introduced a musical medley featuring appearances by Fred Armisen and Kristen Wiig (as Garth & Kat), Ana Gasteyer and Will Ferrell (as The Culps), Joe Piscopo (as Frank Sinatra), Dana Carvey (as Derek Stevens), Adam Sandler (as Opera Man), Kenan Thompson and Jason Sudeikis (as DeAndre Cole and Vance from the "What Up with That" sketches, alongside Cecily Strong and Sasheer Zamata), Steve Martin (as King Tut), Bill Murray (as Nick The Lounge Singer, alongside Paul Shaffer), and Dan Aykroyd and Jim Belushi (as The Blues Brothers). Jerry Seinfeld led the "Questions from the Audience" segment, which included cameos from Michael Douglas, John Goodman, James Franco, Larry David, Ellen Cleghorne, Dakota Johnson, Tim Meadows, Bob Odenkirk, and Sarah Palin (who Seinfeld jokingly mistook for Tina Fey). Will Forte and Jason Sudeikis appeared during the "ESPN Classics" sketch (reprising their roles as Pete Twinkle and Greg Stink). Chris Rock introduced a tribute to Eddie Murphy, which marked Murphy's first appearance on the show since departing as a cast member in 1984. Louis C.K., Robert De Niro, Jack Nicholson, Derek Jeter and Peyton Manning introduced clips dedicated to pre-recorded sketches, New York City, politics, and sports, respectively. Bill Hader, Chris Parnell, Andy Samberg, and Adam Sandler appeared during the SNL Digital Short "That's When You Break", introduced by Zach Galifianakis. Mike Myers and Dana Carvey appeared in the Wayne's World sketch reprising their roles as Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar. The sketch also featured a cameo appearance by Kanye West. Steve Martin pulled Lorne Michaels up onstage as they began the famous SNL Goodbye to end the night with the rest of the entertainers. The show included musical performances by: Paul McCartney, introduced by Keith Richards, Performed "Maybe I'm Amazed". Miley Cyrus, introduced by Candice Bergen and Win Butler, Performed "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover". Kanye West, introduced by Christopher Walken, Performed a medley of "Jesus Walks", "Only One", and "Wolves" (the latter with Sia and Vic Mensa). Paul Simon, introduced by Jack White, Performed "Still Crazy After All These Years". In Memoriam Bill Murray introduced an "In Memoriam" tribute to late SNL cast and crew members (which also included an obligatory mention of Francisco Franco). The following were paid tribute to: Jan Hooks, cast member Elizabeth Karolyi, wardrobe Al Siegel, cue cards Don Pardo, announcer Bernie Brillstein, talent manager Al Camoin, camera operator Tom Davis, writer/performer Andy Kaufman, guest performer Danitra Vance, cast member Charles Rocket, cast member Tom Wolk, band Heino Ripp, technical director Dave Wilson, director Willie Day, prop master Phil Hartman, cast member Chris Farley, cast member Michael O'Donoghue, writer/performer Elliott Wald, writer Audrey Peart Dickman, coordinating producer Herb Sargent, head writer John Belushi, cast member Gilda Radner, cast member Jon Lovitz, cast member (The inclusion of Lovitz in the segment was a joke, as he was alive and present in the audience. His shocked reaction is shown afterwards). Guest appearances This special assembled together a large list of current and former cast members, hosts, and musical acts from throughout the show's forty seasons. Show creator and executive producer Lorne Michaels stated that every host and most musical guests were invited, plus any cast member or writer who had been on the show more than a year. Ultimately, over a hundred in all were then confirmed to appear. In the opening sequence, 81 performers were credited. Unlike a regular episode, all performers were credited as repertory: Fred Armisen, Dan Aykroyd, Alec Baldwin, Vanessa Bayer, Jim Belushi, Candice Bergen, Win Butler, Jim Carrey, Dana Carvey, Chevy Chase, Louis C.K., Ellen Cleghorne, Bradley Cooper, Billy Crystal, Jane Curtin, Miley Cyrus, Larry David, Pete Davidson, Robert De Niro, Michael Douglas, Rachel Dratch, Jimmy Fallon, Will Ferrell, Tina Fey, Will Forte, James Franco, Zach Galifianakis, Ana Gasteyer, John Goodman, Bill Hader, Darrell Hammond, Tom Hanks, Derek Jeter, Dakota Johnson, Leslie Jones, Taran Killam, Jon Lovitz, Norm Macdonald, Peyton Manning, Steve Martin, Melissa McCarthy, Paul McCartney, Kate McKinnon, Tim Meadows, Seth Meyers, Garrett Morris, Bobby Moynihan, Eddie Murphy, Bill Murray, Mike Myers, Kevin Nealon, Laraine Newman, Jack Nicholson, Edward Norton, Bob Odenkirk, Sarah Palin, Joe Piscopo, Amy Poehler, Colin Quinn, Keith Richards, Chris Rock, Maya Rudolph, Andy Samberg, Adam Sandler, Jerry Seinfeld, Paul Shaffer, Molly Shannon, Martin Short, Paul Simon, David Spade, Emma Stone, Cecily Strong, Jason Sudeikis, Taylor Swift, Kenan Thompson, Justin Timberlake, Kerry Washington, Kanye West, Betty White, Jack White, and Kristen Wiig. Also in attendance were Arcade Fire, Tom Arnold, The B-52s, Backstreet Boys, Christine Baranski, Lance Bass, Beck Bennett, Michael Bolton, Jim Breuer, A. Whitney Brown, Steve Buscemi, Aidy Bryant, AJ Calloway, Kate Capshaw, 50 Cent, Dave Chappelle, Michael Che, Glenn Close, David Cone, Elvis Costello, Sheryl Crow, Alan Cumming, Carson Daly, Charlie Day, Rocsi Diaz, Leonardo DiCaprio, Diddy, Christopher Dodd, Jean Doumanian, Robin Duke, Nora Dunn, Christine Ebersole, Ari Emanuel, Siobhan Fallon, Paul Feig, Steve Forbes, Sen. Al Franken, Rudy Giuliani, Whoopi Goldberg, Jeff Goldblum, Cuba Gooding Jr., Gilbert Gottfried, Elliott Gould, Tom Green, Robert Greenblatt, Savannah Guthrie, Steve Guttenberg, Haim, Jon Hamm, Cheryl Hardwick (former SNL music director), Debbie Harry, Kevin Hart, Birgen Hartman (daughter of Phil Hartman), Sean Hayes, Grace Hightower, Melanie Hutsell, Victoria Jackson, Colin Jost, Jon Bon Jovi, Kim Kardashian, Chris Kattan, Tim Kazurinsky, Kings of Leon, Robert Klein, Kevin Kline, Johnny Knoxville, David Koechner, Jane Krakowski, Gary Kroeger, Frank Langella, Matt Lauer, Lucy Liu, Chris Lowell, George Lucas, Ludacris, Natasha Lyonne, Kyle MacLachlan, Eli Manning, Penny Marshall, Elaine May, MC Hammer, Dylan McDermott, John McEnroe, Bennett Miller, Finesse Mitchell, Kyle Mooney, Mumford & Sons, Randy Newman, Joanna Newsom, Don Novello, Bill O'Reilly, Cheri Oteri, Chris Parnell, David Paterson, Nasim Pedrad, Jay Pharoah, Ryan Phillippe, Prince, Brett Ratner, Jeff Richards, Brian L. Roberts, Al Roker, Paul Rudd, Horatio Sanz, Diane Sawyer, Rob Schneider, Jessica Seinfeld, Al Sharpton, Sia, Gabourey Sidibe, Sarah Silverman, J.K. Simmons, Christian Slater, Robert Smigel, G. E. Smith, J.B. Smoove, Trey Songz, Steven Spielberg, Julia Sweeney, Alex Trebek, Joe Torre, Donald Trump, Melania Trump, Christopher Walken, Sigourney Weaver, David Wells, Olivia Wilde, Fred Willard, Sasheer Zamata and Catherine Zeta-Jones. Production Of those former hosts, musical guests, former cast members and writers invited, the people who sent back an RSVP were then considered to be written for. Dan Aykroyd was asked by Lorne Michaels about doing a "Bass-O-Matic" sketch, while Mike Myers and Dana Carvey requested to reprise Wayne's World. Michaels stated that since different generations of former cast members were coming, they wanted to do sketches featuring mashups between different casts. Writer Jim Downey conceived the idea of Nick the Lounge Singer singing the theme to Jaws way back in the 1970s, but was never able to pull it off during Bill Murray's tenure on SNL. They were unsure if they could obtain the necessary copyright clearance to show footage of Jaws on a monitor in the background until they realized that, since NBC had already acquired the rights to Jaws with its purchase of Universal Pictures in 2002, they could just ask director Steven Spielberg, who was in attendance. Eddie Murphy was originally asked to play Bill Cosby in the "Celebrity Jeopardy!" sketch, but refused. Nora Dunn was asked to participate in the musical medley as Liz Sweeney, but refused because Jan Hooks (the other Sweeney Sister) died. Marketing and promotion A 15-second spot premiered during the Super Bowl XLIX broadcast and – along with two other 15-second clips – was uploaded on to the official Saturday Night Live YouTube page. While the clips promoted appearances by Jon Hamm and Paul Rudd, neither of these occurred during the live show. Numerous articles, features and interviews were published in the weeks prior to the broadcast. VH1 Classic aired a 19-day marathon of SNL-related programming that ended on the day of the special, featuring notable episodes in a reverse chronological order (alongside theme blocks focusing on specific cast members, and films featuring them), concluding with the original series premiere. Ratings The special gained 23.1 million viewers, becoming NBC's most-watched prime-time, non-sports, entertainment telecast (excluding Super Bowl lead-outs) since the Friends series finale in 2004. References 2010s American television specials 2015 in American television 2015 in New York (state) 2015 television specials Anniversary television episodes Television series reunion specials American live television shows NBC television specials Saturday Night Live in the 2010s Television shows directed by Don Roy King

53318408

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%9339%20Duke%20Blue%20Devils%20men%27s%20basketball%20team

1938–39 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team

The 1938–39 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team represented Duke University during the 1938–39 men's college basketball season. The head coach was Eddie Cameron, coaching his 11th season with the Blue Devils. The team finished with an overall record of 10–12. References Duke Blue Devils men's basketball seasons Duke 1938 in sports in North Carolina 1939 in sports in North Carolina

56808074

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroni%20Opera%20House

Moroni Opera House

The Moroni Opera House, at 325 W. Main St. in Moroni, Utah, was built in 1890–91. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It is a rectangular stone and brick building in plan. The former wooden stage, which projected beyond, no longer remains. References National Register of Historic Places in Utah Theatres completed in 1890 Sanpete County, Utah Opera houses

39443160

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myung-soo

Myung-soo

Myung-soo () is a Korean masculine given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 19 hanja with the reading "myung" and 67 hanja with the reading "soo" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names. People with this name include: Ri Myong-su (born 1937), North Korean security official; Park Myeong-su (born 1970), South Korean comedian; Kim Myung-soo (born 1992), stage name L (South Korean singer), member of South Korean boy band Infinite. Fictional characters with this name include: Dong Myung-soo, in 2013 South Korean film The Berlin File. See also List of Korean given names References Korean masculine given names

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Huei%20Tsai

Li-Huei Tsai

Li-Huei Tsai () is a neuroscientist and the director of the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is known for her work on neurological disorders that affect learning and memory, particularly for her research on Alzheimer’s disease and the role of CDK5 and chromatin remodeling in the progression of the disease. Additionally, her laboratory has innovated numerous applications of induced pluripotent stem cells for in vitro modeling of neurological diseases. Education and career Tsai was born and raised in Taiwan. In 1984, she received a fellowship to pursue a master's degree in veterinary medicine at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. After attending a series of lectures delivered by Nobel Prize laureate and cancer researcher Howard Temin, she developed an interest in molecular cancer research. Tsai earned her PhD in 1990 from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. In 1991, Tsai joined the laboratory of Ed Harlow at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and then the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center. In 1994, Tsai joined the faculty in the Department of Pathology at Harvard Medical School. She moved to MIT in 2006. She was appointed director of the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory in 2009 and is a founding member of MIT's Aging Brain Initiative. In 2019, Tsai became co-director of the Alana Down Syndrome Center at MIT. Research In the Harlow laboratory, Tsai studied cyclin-dependent kinases in order to identify their role in cell division. Tsai became interested in CDK5, which she found was not only inactive in cancer cells, but inactive in all other tissue cells except for the brain. She also found that Cdk5 requires p35 to be active. After moving to Harvard Medical School, she began to investigate the function of CDK5 and p35. Tsai found that mice lacking p35 displayed cortical lamination defects and were prone to seizures, and that CDK5-p35 activity was essential for neurite outgrowth during neuronal differentiation. Tsai also discovered that while Cdk5 activity is essential to proper brain development and function, overexpression of Cdk5 was associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Tsai observed that a truncated version of p35 called p25 accumulated in diseased or damaged brain tissue in mice and in tissue samples from deceased Alzheimer’s patients. In an experiment with genetically-engineered mice, Tsai found that increased expression of CDK5 led to the development of Alzheimer’s-like symptoms such as a decline in learning and cognition, profound neural loss in the forebrain, and that amyloid plaques developed within weeks. After moving to MIT in 2006, Tsai began to investigate how to ameliorate or reverse Alzheimer’s symptoms. In a 2007 study, Tsai trained mice to find and remember a platform submerged in a murky pool. When she induced Alzheimer’s-like symptoms, the mice could no longer find the platform; however, after spending some time in an enriched environment, those same mice could locate platform immediately, indicating their memories had returned. Tsai was able to replicate the same effects as the enriched environment by treating the mice with a drug that inhibited a chromatin-remodeling class of enzymes called histone deacetylases, or HDACs. In later studies, Tsai showed that HDAC2 creates an epigenetic blockade of genes that regulate structural and synaptic plasticity and that some cognitive function could be restored by inhibiting HDAC2 activity. Tsai has elucidated the role of structural and epigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease, showing in two 2015 studies that the DNA breakage necessary to learning was also responsible for cognitive decline, due to decline in DNA repair systems with age, and that the genetic component of Alzheimer’s primarily affects the regulatory circuitry of immune processes, rather than neuronal processes as expected. In 2016, Tsai demonstrated that visual stimulation of mice with an LED flashing at 40 hertz substantially reduces the beta amyloid plaques associated with Alzheimer’s disease, likely by inducing gamma oscillations. In more recent work, Tsai has created a lab-engineered model of the Blood-Brain Barrier to investigate how Alzheimer disease risk genes, namely APOE, contribute to breakdown of the brain's vasculature. Awards 1997 Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute 2008 Academician, Academia Sinica 2010 Glenn Award for Research in Biological Mechanisms of Aging 2011 Member, National Academy of Medicine 2011 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science 2016 Mika Salpeter Lifetime Achievement Award, Society for Neuroscience 2019 Fellow, National Academy of Inventors 2019 Hans Wigzell Research Foundation Science Prize See also Neuroscience of ageing References External links Li-Huei Tsai, Publications on Google scholar Li-Huei Tsai, Publications on PubMed Living people University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine alumni Chinese women neuroscientists Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty Alzheimer's disease researchers University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center alumni Harvard Medical School faculty Cancer researchers American pathologists Howard Hughes Medical Investigators Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science American people of Taiwanese descent Year of birth missing (living people)