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2506.22673
Double Compact Binary Merger Rate Density in Open Star Clusters: Black Holes, Neutron Stars, and White Dwarfs
Studying compact-object binary mergers in star clusters is crucial for understanding stellar evolution and dynamical interactions in galaxies. Open clusters in particular are more abundant over cosmic time than globular clusters, however, previous research on low-mass clusters with $\lesssim 10^3~\textrm{M}_{\odot}$ has focused on binary black holes (BBHs) or black hole-neutron star (BH-NS) binaries. Binary mergers of other compact objects, such as white dwarfs (WDs), are also crucial as progenitors of transient phenomena such as Type Ia supernovae and Fast Radio Bursts. We present simulations of three types of open clusters with masses of $10^2$, $10^3$, and $10^4~\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$. In massive clusters with $\gtrsim 10^4~\textrm{M}_{\odot}$, BBHs are dynamically formed, however, less massive compact binaries such as WD-WD and WD-NS are perturbed inside the star clusters, causing them to evolve into other objects. We further find BH-NS mergers only in $10^3~\textrm{M}_{\odot}$ clusters. Considering star clusters with a typical open cluster mass, we observe that WD-WD merger rates slightly increase for $10^3~\textrm{M}_{\odot}$ clusters but decrease for $10^2~\textrm{M}_{\odot}$ clusters. Since the host clusters are tidally disrupted, most of them merge outside of the clusters. Our WD-WD merger results have further implications for two classes of transients. Super-Chandrasekhar WD-WD mergers are present in our simulations, demonstrating potential sources of Fast Radio Bursts at a rate of 70-780 Gpc$^{-3}$yr$^{-1}$, higher than the rate estimated for globular clusters. Additionally, we find that Carbon-Oxygen WD-WD mergers in our open clusters (34-640 $\textrm{Gpc}^{-3}$yr$^{-1}$) only account for 0.14-2.6% of the observed Type Ia supernova rate in our local Universe.
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7.693288
3.116916
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622673C
[ "Open clusters", "open clusters", "star clusters", "massive clusters", "globular clusters", "Binary mergers", "WD-WD merger rates", "Super-Chandrasekhar WD-WD mergers", "Super-Chandrasekhar WD-WD", "other compact objects" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics", "Astrophysics of Galaxies", "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
39
null
[ "Cary, Savannah", "Fujii, Michiko", "Wang, Long", "Tanikawa, Ataru" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973642
2506.22681
Projective Transformations for Regularized Central Force Dynamics: Hamiltonian Formulation
This work introduces a Hamiltonian approach to regularization and linearization of central force particle dynamics through a new canonical extension of the so-called "projective decomposition". The regularization scheme is formulated within the framework of classic analytical Hamiltonian dynamics as a redundant-dimensional canonical/symplectic coordinate transformation, combined with an evolution parameter transformation, on extended phase space. By considering a generalized version of the standard projective decomposition, we obtain a family of such canonical transformations which differ at the momentum level. From this family of transformations, a preferred canonical coordinate set is chosen that possesses a simple and intuitive connection to the particle's local reference frame. Using this transformation, closed-form solutions are readily obtained for inverse square and inverse cubic radial forces (or any superposition thereof) on any finite-dimensional Euclidean space. From these solutions, a new set of orbit elements for Kepler-Coulomb dynamics is derived, along with their variational equations for arbitrary perturbations (singularity-free in all cases besides rectilinear motion). Governing equations are numerically validated for the classic two-body problem, incorporating the J_2 gravitational perturbation.
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8.648114
2.90967
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622681P
[ "such canonical transformations", "classic analytical Hamiltonian dynamics", "central force particle dynamics", "transformations", "cubic radial forces", "arbitrary perturbations", "inverse square", "Governing equations", "extended phase space", "a preferred canonical coordinate set" ]
[ "Dynamical Systems", "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics", "Mathematical Physics", "Classical Physics" ]
25
null
[ "Peterson, Joseph T. A.", "Majji, Manoranjan", "Junkins, John L." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973665
2506.22697
First results from the UTMOST-NS pulsar timing programme
The UTMOST-NS pulsar timing programme operated at the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope from April 2021 to June 2023, observing 173 pulsars with an average cadence of 50 pulsars per day. An overview of the programme is presented, detailing the hardware, software, and observing strategy. Pulsar timing results are discussed, focusing on timing noise and glitches. It is shown that the scaling of residuals due to timing noise with pulsar parameters and observing timespan is consistent with earlier studies, and that the recovered timing noise parameters remain consistent as the observing timespan is increased. Second frequency derivatives are investigated, and it is shown that the uncertainty on $\ddotν$ is sensitive to the frequency cutoff in the timing noise model, varying by three-fold approximately depending on whether Fourier modes with frequency lower than the reciprocal of the observing timespan are included. We measure 39 non-zero values of $\ddotν$ when considering both models with and without low-frequency modes. An analytic scaling relating anomalous braking indices to timing noise amplitude is also validated. Glitches in the sample are discussed, including three detected by an ``online'' glitch detection pipeline using a hidden Markov model (HMM). In total 17 glitches are discussed, one of which, in PSR J1902+0615, has not been reported elsewhere. An ``offline'' glitch search pipeline using the HMM framework is used to search for previously undetected glitches. Systematic upper limits are set on the size of undetected glitches. The mean upper limit is $Δν^{90\%}/ν= 6.3 \times 10^{-9}$ at 90\% confidence.
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5.363876
3.648783
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622697D
[ "timing", "noise amplitude", "observing strategy", "undetected glitches", "noise", "Systematic upper limits", "Glitches", "glitches", "the recovered timing noise parameters", "Second frequency derivatives" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
23
null
[ "Dunn, L.", "Flynn, C.", "Bailes, M.", "Lee, Y. S. C.", "Howitt, G.", "Melatos, A.", "Gupta, V.", "Mandlik, A.", "Deller, A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973674
2506.22699
The diffuse supernova neutrino background: a modern approach
We present a new, state-of-the-art computation of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background (DSNB), where we use neutrino spectra from multi-dimensional, multi-second core collapse supernova simulations - including both neutron-star and black-hole forming collapses - and binary evolution effects from modern population synthesis codes. Large sets of numerical results are processed and connected in a consistent manner, using two key quantities: the mass of the star's Carbon-Oxygen (CO) core at an advanced pre-collapse stage - which depends on binary evolution effects - and the compactness parameter, which is the main descriptor of the post-collapse neutrino emission. The method enables us to model the neutrino emission of a very diverse, binary-affected population of stars, which cannot unambiguously be mapped in detail by existing core collapse simulations. We find that including black hole-forming collapses enhances the DSNB by up to 50% at energies greater than 30-40 MeV. Binary evolution effects can change the total rate of collapses and generate a sub-population of high core mass stars that are stronger neutrino emitters. However, the net effect on the DSNB is moderate - up to a 15% increase in flux - due to the rarity of these super-massive cores and to the relatively modest dependence of the neutrino emission on the CO core mass. The methodology presented here is suitable for extensions and generalizations, and therefore it lays the foundation for modern treatments of the DSNB.
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5.914986
-1.197513
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622699L
[ "existing core collapse simulations", "binary evolution effects", "Binary evolution effects", "multi-dimensional, multi-second core collapse supernova simulations", "high core mass stars", "collapses", "modern population synthesis codes", "stars", "neutrino spectra", "DSNB" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology", "Nuclear Theory" ]
32
null
[ "Lunardini, Cecilia", "Takiwaki, Tomoya", "Kinugawa, Tomoya", "Horiuchi, Shunsaku", "Kotake, Kei" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973706
2506.22737
Exploring the signature of assembly bias and modified gravity using small-scale clusterings of galaxies
We apply a halo velocity bias model, $γ_{f}$, within the Aemulus simulation suite for General Relativity (GR) to investigate its efficacy in identifying the signature of assembly bias and Modified Gravity (MG). In the investigation of assembly bias, utilizing galaxy clustering data ranging from scales of $0.1 - 60 \text{Mpc}\,h^{-1}$, we discover that our emulator model accurately recreates the cosmological parameters, $Ω_m$ and $σ_8$, along with the velocity bias $γ_{f}$, staying well within the 1-$σ$ error margins, provided that assembly bias is considered. Ignoring assembly bias can considerably alter our model constraints on parameters $Ω_m$ and $σ_8$ if the test sample includes assembly bias. Using our emulator for MG simulations, which encompasses two Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati models (DGP; N1, N5) and two $f(R)$ models (F4, F6), we can effectively identify a robust signature of modified gravity, for models such as DGP-N1 and $f(R)$-F4, as indicated by a noticeable deviation of $γ_{f}$ from unity. Using the velocity dispersion of dark matter halos to effectively represent the underlying strength of the velocity field of these MG simulations, we find that the simple $γ_{f}$ model can recover the truth with minimal bias. These evaluations indicate that our simple halo-velocity bias model is capable of detecting significant MG characteristics, although additional methodologies should be pursued to improve model constraints.
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11.748986
3.540884
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622737W
[ "assembly bias", "model constraints", "models", "minimal bias", "a halo velocity bias model", "MG simulations", "significant MG characteristics", "our simple halo-velocity bias model", "MG", "the velocity bias" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
13
null
[ "Wang, Yirong", "Zhai, Zhongxu", "Yang, Xiaohu", "Tinker, Jeremy L." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973716
2506.22747
Polar alignment of a circumbinary disc around a brown dwarf binary
Inspired by recent observations suggesting that the retrograde precession of the brown dwarf binary 2M1510 AB is consistent with induction by a polar circumbinary planet, we investigate the formation of such planets by studying the evolution of a primordial misaligned circumbinary disc around a brown dwarf binary. Analytical calculations show that a critical tilt angle of $i_{\rm crit} \gtrsim 50^\circ$ for moderately eccentric binaries is needed for polar alignment of circumbinary discs in systems with low disc-to-binary angular momentum ratios. For higher ratios, this angle converges to the Kozai-Lidov instability threshold of $\sim 39^\circ$. We identify disc parameters, such as viscosity ($α= 10^{-4}$) and aspect ratio ($H/r = 0.05$), that enable polar alignment within typical disc lifetimes. Notably, a circumbinary disc around a low-mass binary, such as a brown dwarf binary, will require more time to achieve polar alignment compared to higher-mass systems. A hydrodynamical simulation confirms that an initially inclined disc around a brown dwarf evolves towards a polar state, creating favorable conditions for polar planet formation. Using these results, we finish by placing 2M1510 AB into a wider context and speculate why such a polar circumbinary configuration has not been identified before.
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8.474268
13.806532
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622747S
[ "circumbinary discs", "polar alignment", "polar planet formation", "disc parameters", "typical disc lifetimes", "such planets", "binary 2M1510 AB", "higher ratios", "aspect ratio", "a polar circumbinary planet" ]
[ "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics", "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
30
null
[ "Smallwood, Jeremy L.", "Baycroft, Thomas A.", "Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.", "Nelson, Richard P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973708
2506.22748
A dynamical coherency gate for state recovery: Statistical requiem for the long arc of cislunar orbital mis-prediction
We present a statistically grounded methodology for recovering physically consistent initial conditions from historical two-line element sets (TLEs), enabling accurate long-arc trajectory reconstruction for distant and highly eccentric Earth satellites. The approach combines numerical averaging of osculating orbital elements with Gaussian-mixture-model (GMM) filtering with robust fallback strategies to isolate a dynamically coherent subset of mean elements at a common reference epoch. From this filtered ensemble, a representative osculating element is reconstructed, yielding a recovered Cartesian state vector with predictive capability far exceeding that of raw TLE-based propagations and existing approaches. We apply this method to the case of OGO-1 (1964-054A), a spacecraft launched into a cislunar orbit and tracked intermittently over five decades. Despite large observational gaps and significant secular evolution, our recovered state, used within an unscented Kalman filter (UKF), accurately reproduces the full trajectory, including its atmospheric reentry in August 2020, to within one day of the true decay time. This result demonstrates the viability of filtered TLE statistics as a proxy for precise orbit determination, particularly in dynamical regimes where resonances and long-period perturbations dominate. The techniques presented here provide a framework for trajectory reconstruction and prediction using only publicly available data and are broadly applicable to the study of high-altitude debris objects and legacy space missions whose original tracking and covariance data are unavailable.
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7.851275
15.574639
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622748S
[ "mean elements", "orbital elements", "trajectory reconstruction", "filtered TLE statistics", "precise orbit determination", "legacy space missions", "significant secular evolution", "robust fallback strategies", "accurate long-arc trajectory reconstruction", "TLE" ]
[ "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics" ]
14
null
[ "Stivi, Binyamin", "Mallik, Vishnuu", "Dell'Elce, Lamberto", "Rosengren, Aaron J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973719
2506.22751
Meridional Movements of Individual Sunspots and Pores
The analysis of the meridional displacement velocity of individual solar pores and sunspots has been performed. In the period May 2010\,-\,March 2025 of observations in the continuum of the \textit{Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager} (SDO/HMI), we identified more than $3.6\cdot 10^{5}$ sunspots and pores for analysis and tracked their displacement. The velocity of the meridional displacement of spots $v_{\rm m}$ depends on their magnetic polarity, latitude, and stage of development. For sunspots and pores of trailing polarity, the velocity of movement is on average directed toward the poles. For such spots, the dependence of the velocity on latitude can be represented by linear regressions for pores: $v^{\rm pr}_{\rm tr} \approx 2.0+0.62\cdot θ^{\rm o}$ m s$^{-1}$; for sunspots: $v^{\rm sp}_{\rm tr}\approx 0.02+0.94\cdot θ^{\rm o}$ m s$^{-1}$. For sunspots and pores of leading polarity, the dependence is non-monotonic in nature on latitude. For pores: $v^{\rm pr}_{\rm ld}\approx 0.35-11.7\cdot {\rm sin}(θ)+16.5\cdot {\rm sin}^{\rm 2} (θ) +76.5\cdot {\rm sin}^3 (θ)-32.7\cdot {\rm sin}^{4}(θ)$ m s$^{-1}$; for sunspots: $v^{\rm sp}_{\rm ld}\approx -0.35-18.3\cdot {\rm sin}(θ)+32.2\cdot {\rm sin}^{\rm 2}(θ) +71.4\cdot {\rm sin}^{\rm 3} (θ)-6.7\cdot {\rm sin}^{\rm 4}(θ)$ m s$^{-1}$. The highest speed of meridional movement to the poles is observed for sunspots of trailing polarity during the phase of growth of the sunspot area. The velocity of the meridional movement depends on their area, reaching a maximum for an area of $S\approx 80 - 100$ $μ$sh.
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11.595263
15.617908
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622751T
[ "\\rm sin}^{4}(θ)$ m", "\\rm sin}^{\\rm", "sunspots", "meridional movement", "\\rm", "trailing polarity", "individual solar pores", "pores", "leading polarity", "+0.62\\cdot θ^{\\rm o}$" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
9
null
[ "Tlatov, Andrey", "Tlatova, Kseniya" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973738
2506.22765
Timing results of 22 years for PSR J0922+0638
We conducted a timing analysis of PSR J0922+0638 (B0919+06) using data from the Nanshan 26 m radio telescope and the MeerKAT telescope, spanning from January 2001 to March 2023. During this 22-year period, we discovered a previously unreported small glitch (glitch 1) before the well-known large glitch (glitch 2), occurring at ${\rm MJD} \sim 53325(3)$, with a frequency jump amplitude of $Δν/ν\sim 0.79(6) \times 10^{-9}$. We also identified ten slow glitch events, half of which were newly detected. These slow glitches occurred quasi-periodically, with an average interval of approximately 553(21) days, fractional frequency changes ranging from $Δν/ν\sim 1.13(1) \times 10^{-9}$ to $4.08(5) \times 10^{-9}$, and a maximum fractional change in the first derivative of the frequency of $Δ\dotν/\dotν \sim -4.6 \times 10^{-3}$. Additionally, our timing noise analysis reveals a change in the spectral index for noise power before and after glitch 2, with values of $-6.0$ and $-5.3$, respectively, likely due to this large glitch. Throughout the entire observation period, the first derivative of the spin frequency ($\dotν$) showed a periodic structure. The possible modulation period was estimated to be 537(24) days before the 700-day data gap at MJD 56716 and 600(58) days afterward. We discuss the periodic oscillations in pulsar rotation as a possible manifestation of spin-down noise and quasi-periodic slow glitches.
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5.233088
3.628903
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622765L
[ "quasi-periodic slow glitches", "glitch", "noise power", "radio telescope", "days", "PSR J0922", "pulsar rotation", "first", "+", "ten slow glitch events" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
21
null
[ "Liu, Peng", "Wang, Mingyang", "Yuan, Jianping", "Tu, Zhonghao", "Li, Ang", "Zhou, Xia", "Wang, Na" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973750
2506.22781
Bayesian constraints on quark and neutron stars from multi-messenger observations
We constrain the quark matter equation of state (EOS) with color superconductivity (2SC, 2SC+s, CFL phases) and QCD corrections using Bayesian inference informed by multi-messenger observations from the NICER pulsars, HESS J1731-347 and GW170817. Our results reveal that the bag constant $B$ = 47$\text{--}$55 MeV/fm$^{3}$ are tightly constrained, the QCD correction strength $a_4$ is phase-dependent ($a_4 \approx$ 0.9 for 2SC, $\sim$0.6 for 2SC+s). A large surface tension is required for 2SC phase ($σ\gtrsim 95$ MeV/fm$^2$) according to the stability constraints of ${^{266}\mathrm{Hs}}$. The mass-radius relations support quark stars as explanations for HESS J1731-347. The squared speed of sound converges to $c^2/3$, ruling out extreme stiffening. The inferred maximum quark star mass $M_{\mathrm{max}}< 2.28M_\odot$ (90\% confidence level) rules out the secondary component of GW190814 (2.59$\pm$0.08$M_\odot$) as a quark star. In particular, the quark stars (2SC phase) is strongly favored when including HESS J1731-347 data with the bayes factor $B_{\text{2SC, NS}}$ = 10.6, but neutron stars are moderately preferred with $B_{\text{NS, 2SC}}$ = 3.22 if HESS J1731-347 data is excluded. This demonstrates low-mass compact objects critically discriminate between quark matter phases and between quark and neutron-star models.
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4.93009
1.835692
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622781X
[ "2SC phase", "quark stars", "HESS J1731", "CFL phases", "neutron stars", "multi-messenger observations", "sound converges", "MeV", "Bayesian inference", "QCD" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology" ]
16
null
[ "Xie, Wen-Jie", "Xia, Cheng-Jun" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973752
2506.22794
Observed Anti-parallel Correlation Between Spiral Galaxy and Cosmic Filament Spins
Understanding the origin of galactic angular momentum and its connection to the cosmic web remains a pivotal issue in galaxy formation. Using kinematic data from the MaNGA survey, we investigate the alignment between the spin directions of spiral galaxies and their host cosmic filaments. By incorporating filament spin measurements derived from redshift asymmetry across filament spines, we reveal a mass-dependent anti-parallel correlation: low-mass spiral galaxies ($\log_{10}(M_*/M_\odot) \lesssim 10$) exhibit a statistically significant anti-parallel alignment between their stellar/gas spins and filament spins, while high-mass spirals show no such trend. Spatial analysis further indicates that high-mass spirals preferentially reside near filament spines, whereas low-mass spirals occupy filament outskirts. These findings extend previous alignment studies that neglected directional spin correlations and provide new insights into how cosmic environments shape galactic angular momentum. The observed anti-parallel trend suggests a critical role for filament spin in regulating the angular momentum acquisition of low-mass spirals. This anti-parallel alignment is significantly enhanced for low-mass spirals residing in dynamically cold filaments, highlighting the importance of filament properties in shaping galaxy spin.
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11.295162
5.257597
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622794W
[ "filament spin", "filament spins", "filament spin measurements", "galaxy spin", "filament spines", "directional spin correlations", "filament properties", "filament outskirts", "galactic angular momentum", "previous alignment studies" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
20
null
[ "Wang, Hao-da", "Wang, Peng", "Bao, Min", "Chen, Yanmei", "Tang, Xiao-xiao", "Zhang, Youcai", "Kang, Xi", "Guo, Quan", "Sheng, Ming-Jie", "Yu, Hao-Ran" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973753
2506.22795
Examining statistical isotropy of CMB low multipoles from Planck PR4 data
Low multipoles ($l$) in cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropies have shown some `peculiarities' when examined since the release of the full sky CMB maps, using a variety of tests. In this paper, we concern ourselves with the very first peculiarities seen in CMB data viz., a breakdown of statistical isotropy in the form of axiality and planarity of these low-$l$ modes, and preferred alignments among them. We scrutinize the latest CMB data from ESA's Planck mission, PR4, to evaluate the current status of these deviations. We employ the Power tensor method which allows an invariant characterization of the distribution of power in a given multipole, and apply it to probe the first sixty multipoles i.e., $l=2$ to 61. We find that there are significant number of modes that are intrinsically anisotropic with a cumulative probability of $0.3\%$. However since the planarity study reveals that those modes that are unusually planar are subset of these anisotropic modes, we conclude that they may not be intrinsically planar. The quadrupole is still well aligned with the octopole. Besides, $l=3$, higher multipoles aligned with quadrupole are found to be insignificant. Interestingly, the collective alignment axis of the first sixty multipoles is found to be broadly closer to the axis of dipole, quadrupole, octopole and other modes aligned with $l=2$.
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12.628457
1.022946
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622795A
[ "CMB data viz", "other modes", "CMB", "modes", "higher multipoles", "Low multipoles", "cosmic microwave background", "first", "planarity", "statistical isotropy" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics" ]
0
null
[ "Aluri, Pavan Kumar", "Patel, Sanjeet Kumar" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973781
2506.22812
Probing foreground residuals in cleaned CMB temperature maps from Planck
Maps of cosmic microwave background (CMB) are extracted from multi-frequency observations using a variety of cleaning procedures. However, in regions of strong microwave emission, particularly in the galactic plane from our own galaxy Milky Way and some extended or point sources, the recovered CMB signal is not reliable. Thus, a galactic mask is provided along with the \emph{cleaned} CMB sky for use with that CMB map which excises sky regions that may still be potentially contaminated even after cleaning. So, to avoid bias in our inferences, we impose such a foreground mask. In this paper, we analyze a cleaned CMB map from Planck PR4 to probe for any foreground residuals that may still be present \emph{outside} the galactic mask where the derived CMB sky is considered clean. To that end, we employ a local cross-correlation coefficient statistic where we cross-correlate widely used foreground templates that trace galactic synchrotron, free-free, and thermal dust emission from our galaxy with the cleaned CMB sky. Using simulations, we find that few regions of the derived CMB sky are still contaminated and have to be omitted. Based on this study, we derived a mask that could be used in conjugation with the standard mask to further improve the purpose of galactic masks.
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13.028585
1.749845
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622812P
[ "CMB", "galactic masks", "sky regions", "multi-frequency observations", "strong microwave emission", "the cleaned CMB sky", "the derived CMB sky", "cleaning procedures", "a cleaned CMB map", "few regions" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
16
null
[ "Patel, Sanjeet K.", "Aluri, Pavan K.", "Rath, Pranati K.", "Samal, Pramoda K." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973804
2506.22835
Probing Binary Neutron Star Merger Ejecta and Remnants with Gravitational Wave and Radio Observations
We present a study aimed at quantifying the detectability of radio counterparts of binary neutron star (BNS) mergers with total masses $\lesssim 3$\,M$_{\odot}$, which may form neutron star (NS) remnants. We focus on mergers localized by gravitational-wave (GW) observations to sky areas $\lesssim 10$\,deg$^2$, a precision that greatly facilitates optical counterpart identification and enables radio discovery even without detections at other wavelengths. Widely separated GW detectors are essential for building samples of well-localized BNS mergers accessible to US-based radio telescopes, with minimum yearly detection rates (assuming the smallest values of the BNS local merger rate) ranging from a few with current GW detectors to hundreds with next-generation GW instruments. Current GW networks limit well-localized detections to $z\lesssim 0.2$, while next-generation GW detectors extend the reach to $z\lesssim 0.8$, encompassing the median redshift of short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). With next-generation radio arrays operating at a several tens of GHz and providing an order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity compared to the most sensitive ones available today, short GRB-like jet afterglows can be detected for a large fraction of the considered BNS mergers. At lower radio frequencies, detections with current radio interferometric arrays are feasible, though subject to synchrotron self-absorption effects. The enhanced sensitivity and survey speed of future radio interferometers operating at a few GHz, combined with the higher detection rate of well-localized BNSs enabled by next-generation GW observatories, are key to probing disk-wind and dynamical ejecta afterglows, as well as remnant diversity.
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6.918334
2.194418
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622835M
[ "current radio interferometric arrays", "current GW detectors", "radio counterparts", "radio discovery", "Current GW networks", "future radio interferometers", "minimum yearly detection rates", "lower radio frequencies", "GW", "detections" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology" ]
33
null
[ "Merfeld, Kara", "Corsi, Alessandra" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973810
2506.22839
Characterizing the Dynamics and Chemistry of Transiting Exoplanets with the Habitable World Observatory
The primary scientific objective of this Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) Science Case Development Document (SCDD) is to measure planetary rotation rates of transiting exoplanets to determine the structure, composition, circulation, and aerosol properties of their planetary atmospheres. For this analysis, HWO would obtain spectroscopic phase curves for planets with orbital periods of 5 - 20+ days, to assess tidal locking radius assumptions. Extending phase curve studies out to longer orbital periods than accessible with current and near-future telescopes will enable detailed investigation of atmospheric structure, composition, and circulation for planets that are much cooler than the more highly irradiated planets accessible with JWST phase curve observations (i.e., Teq < 500 K for HWO versus 1400 K <= Teq <= 2600 K for JWST). Broad wavelength coverage extending from the UV to the NIR would capture both reflected light and thermal emission, enabling HWO to conduct comprehensive characterization of planetary atmospheres. UV observations would probe high altitudes, thereby providing valuable insights into atmospheric (dis)equilibrium, aerosol properties, and the effects of photochemical processes on atmospheric composition. We also discuss the role of polarimetry in the classification of aerosols and the associated role they play in the atmospheric energy budget that directly ties them to the chemistry and circulation structure of the atmosphere.
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7.130215
14.583725
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622839W
[ "atmospheric composition", "JWST phase curve observations", "atmospheric structure", "spectroscopic phase curves", "phase curve studies", "HWO", "planetary rotation rates", "orbital periods", "planetary atmospheres", "UV observations" ]
[ "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics", "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics" ]
31
null
[ "Wakeford, Hannah R.", "Mayorga, Laura C.", "Barstow, Joanna K.", "Batalha, Natasha E.", "Carone, Ludmila", "Casewell, Sarah L.", "Karalidi, Theodora", "Kataria, Tiffany", "May, Erin M.", "Min, Michiel" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973861
2506.22891
Optical appearance of Schwarzschild black holes with optically thin and thick accretion disks at various inclination angles
In this paper, we systematically investigate the optical appearance of a Schwarzschild black hole illuminated by three geometrically thin accretion disk models under varying observational inclination angles. Based on the geometric relationship between the black hole and observer, we first divide the accretion disk into co-side and counter-side semi-disks. Subsequently, we analyze their differences in photon orbit distributions, transfer functions, and received intensities. Our results reveal distinct inclination-dependent behaviors between the two semi-disks: when the inclination approaches $π/2$, the co-side semi-disk develops richer ring structures with the lensed emission dominating the total brightness. Furthermore, through explicit specification of the emission profiles of the three models, we present optical images for both optically thin and thick disk scenarios at different inclinations. The results demonstrate that: (i) the bright rings in all three models become progressively compressed and deviate from circularity as inclination increases; (ii) for thick disks, partial rings are obscured and the overall intensity is lower than thin disks. These results may advance our understanding of general black hole imaging processes and provide a new approach to test gravitational theories through optical morphology studies.
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8.74704
3.321669
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622891C
[ "thin disks", "thick disks", "disk", "disks", "general black hole imaging processes", "inclination increases", "varying observational inclination angles", "different inclinations", "richer ring structures", "partial rings" ]
[ "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology", "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
27
null
[ "Chen, Jiawei", "Yang, Jinsong" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973872
2506.22904
The effectively optically thin accretion flow and its implication in supermassive black holes
Based on a unified description of various accretion flows, we find a long-ignored solution - the effectively optically thin accretion flow, occurring at accretion rates around Eddington value. As a consequence of radiation-pressure dominance, the density in a standard thin disc (SSD) decreases with the increase of accretion rates, making the innermost region effectively optically thin. Further increase in accretion rate leads to a rise of the temperature so that the Compton cooling is able to balance the accretion released energy. We demonstrate that the effectively optically thin flow is characterized by moderate temperature and large scattering optical depth, producing a multi-color Wien spectrum. For an appropriate accretion rate, the accretion flow transforms from an outer SSD to an inner effectively optically thin flow. Thus, the spectra of the whole accretion flow exhibit two components, i.e., a multi-color Wien spectrum at higher frequency and a multi-color blackbody, the former could provide an alternative origin of soft X-ray excess or formation of warm corona in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Our stability analysis proves it is thermally stable and viscously unstable, indicating its existence in accreting systems. We show that effectively optically thin accretion flow exists in supermassive black holes for accretion rates around 0.1 to 10 times Eddington value, bridging the SSD at low accretion rates and slim disc at high rates. By comparing the predictions and average spectra of AGN, we constrain the viscosity parameter to be $α\sim 0.03$, in good agreement with that derived from observed variability.
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7.620223
5.788998
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622904L
[ "accretion rate", "accretion rates", "low accretion rates", "high rates", "soft X-ray excess", "an appropriate accretion rate", "the whole accretion flow", "active galactic nuclei", "the accretion flow", "large scattering optical depth" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
24
null
[ "Liu, Mingjun", "Liu, B. F.", "Wang, Yilong", "Cheng, Huaqing", "Yuan, Weimin" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973876
2506.22914
A Comprehensive Statistical Study of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Supernovae Association
The association between long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) and core-collapse supernovae (SNe) has been well established since the discovery of SN 1998bw, which was linked to the low-luminosity LGRB 980425. However, long-term monitoring of several well-localized, low-redshift LGRBs has yielded compelling evidence for the absence of accompanying supernovae. Notably, two long bursts, GRB 211211A and GRB 230307A, show signatures consistent with kilonova emission from compact binary mergers, indicating that at least some long events may originate from progenitors other than core-collapse supernovae. In this study, we conduct a comparative analysis of two samples of LGRBs, i.e., LGRBs with and without supernova associations, to investigate the differences that may reveal intrinsic distinctions in their progenitors. A detailed examination of their prompt emission properties, host galaxy environments, and event rates is performed. While the two samples exhibit considerable overlap in most observed properties, a significant discrepancy in their event rate is revealed. LGRBs without supernova association have an event rate that aligns well with the star formation rate, whereas that of SN-associated LGRBs differs significantly. It indicates that LGRBs without a supernova association may constitute a distinct subclass with intrinsically different progenitors.
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16.162926
0.525669
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622914D
[ "event rates", "supernova association", "supernova associations", "LGRBs", "SN 1998bw", "kilonova emission", "accompanying supernovae", "compact binary mergers", "host galaxy environments", "GRB 230307A" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
32
null
[ "Dong, Xiao-Fei", "Huang, Yong-Feng", "Zhang, Zhi-Bin", "Geng, Jin-Jun", "Deng, Chen", "Zou, Ze-Cheng", "Hu, Chen-Ran", "Amat, Orkash" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973906
2506.22936
Braking index of the frequently glitching PSR J0537$-$6910
PSR J0537$-$6910 is the most frequently glitching pulsar, exhibiting large glitches at a rate of roughly thrice per year. It displays a negative long-term effective braking index $n' = -1.234(9)$ and roughly constant positive frequency second derivatives extending all the way from one glitch to the next. We use the published RXTE and NICER timing data (i) to explore whether `persistent shifts' (non-relaxing parts of the glitch $Δ\dotν$ in the spin-down rate, like those observed in the Crab pulsar) can explain the negative effective braking index; (ii) to ascribe part of the inter-glitch relaxation at constant frequency second derivative $\ddotν$ to internal torques due to the coupling between the observed surface and the interior of the neutron star like deduced for the Vela pulsar; (iii) to demonstrate, as a proof of concept, that after taking account of the persistent shifts and internal torques, the true braking index $n$ associated with the pulsar braking torque is $n\sim 3 $, and (iv) to explore various empirical or model dependent correlations between glitch parameters and the time to the next glitch. The average persistent shift derived for PSR J0537$-$6910 is in agreement with the persistent shift values for the Crab pulsar. By applying the crustquake model, we infer a broken plate size of $D=80$ m, similar to the value obtained for the minimum glitch size observed in the Crab pulsar. The inter-glitch $\ddotν$ values inferred for the internal torques are commensurate with those in the Vela pulsar. Delineating the effects of persistent shifts and inter-glitch relaxation due to internal torques as observed in the Crab, Vela and other pulsars, we obtained a true braking index value $n=2.75(47)$ for PSR J0537$-$6910, similar to braking indices observed from other young pulsars. PSR J0537$-$6910 is not a likely source of gravitational waves.
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5.255496
3.630989
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622936G
[ "persistent shifts", "internal torques", "braking indices", "inter-glitch relaxation", "large glitches", "glitch parameters", "PSR J0537$-$6910", "pulsar", "other pulsars", "other young pulsars" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
15
null
[ "Gügercinoğlu, Erbil", "Akbal, Onur", "Alpar, M. Ali", "Antonopoulou, Danai", "Espinoza, Cristóbal M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973913
2506.22953
Reconstructing dark energy with model independent methods after DESI DR2 BAO
In this paper, we employ two model-independent approaches, including redshift binning method and polynomial interpolation method, to reconstruct dark energy (DE) equation of state (EoS) $w(z)$ and DE density function $f(z)$. Our analysis incorporates data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) data release 2, Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) distance priors from Planck 2018 and Atacama Cosmology Telescope data release 6, and three Type Ia supernovae (SN) compilations (PantheonPlus, Union3, and DESY5). To ensure model independence, we adopt three redshift binning schemes (n=3, 4, 5) and three polynomial interpolation schemes with the same number of nodes (n=3, 4, 5). Our main conclusions are as follows: 1) After taking into account DESI data, there is a clear trend that DE should evolve with redshift (with deviations from the cosmological constant reaching at least a $2.13σ$ confidence level), indicating that current observations favor a dynamical DE. 2) In the redshift range $0.5 < z < 1.5$, the DE EoS w(z) exhibits a decreasing trend and crosses the phantom divide $w=-1$, suggesting quintom-like behavior. 3) The DE density f(z) first increases at low redshift, reaching a hump around $z\approx 0.5$, and then decreases at $0.5 < z < 1.5$, with a rapid decrease at $z>1.0$. 4) For $z > 1.5$, current data are insufficient to place strong constraints on the evolution of DE, resulting in large uncertainties in the DE reconstruction. It must be emphasized that, these four main conclusions are independent of specific reconstruction models, and are insensitive to the choice of SN compilations.
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11.478209
0.95932
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622953L
[ "DE density function", "current data", "account DESI data", "redshift binning method", "DE", "Atacama Cosmology Telescope data release", "low redshift", "data", "redshift", "polynomial interpolation method" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology" ]
25
null
[ "Li, Jun-Xian", "Wang, Shuang" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973922
2506.22964
XRISM View of the Newly Detected Galactic Source MAXI J1744-294
The transient Galactic source MAXI J1744-294 went into an outburst in 2025 for the very first time. We study the spectral properties of this source during this outburst using archival data from the XRISM satellite for both of its Resolve and Xtend instruments. We have analyzed the source during one epoch, on March 03, 2025, or MJD 60737, on which XRISM data were available. Using both phenomenological and physical model fitting approaches for continuum emissions, along with line emission and interstellar absorption models, we analyzed the spectral data in the broad 2-10 keV energy band. From our spectral analysis, we have found the existence of multiple iron lines, which are different components of the Fe XXV emission. These line complexes arise from two highly ionized plasmas with ionization rate ~ 10000 erg cm/s with distinct turbulent velocities: one broad (vturb ~ 2513 km/s) from hot gas at the inner accretion disk, and one narrow (vturb ~ 153 km/s ) scattered by nearby photoionized gas. The source is a moderately spinning black hole with a spin of 0.63-0.70, a mass of 5.7-10.1 Solar masses, and a disk inclination angle of 19-24 degrees. The spectral model fitted parameters suggest that the source is in the soft spectral state. The source is situated in a crowded field near the Galactic center, resulting in a very high hydrogen column density.
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6.202411
6.555403
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622964C
[ "line emission", "XRISM data", "multiple iron lines", "interstellar absorption models", "archival data", "s", "continuum emissions", "nearby photoionized gas", "distinct turbulent velocities", "hot gas" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
21
null
[ "Chatterjee, Kaushik", "Mondal, Santanu", "Palit, Biswaraj", "Singh, Chandra B.", "Nath, Sujoy Kumar", "Pahari, Mayukh", "Kumar, Brajesh", "Wang, Wei", "Chang, Hsiang-Kuang" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973963
2506.22997
A unified origin for dark energy and resonant dark matter from strongly-coupled gauge theory
We show that a single strongly coupled gauge theory naturally gives rise to a unified description of the dark sector, simultaneously addressing the origin of dark energy at the meV scale and self-interacting dark matter at the TeV scale. Building on the density-responsive scalar field framework that resolves cosmological singularities and generates dark energy without fine-tuning, we show that the same underlying SU(3) gauge theory with $N_f = 10$ flavors predicts complete dark matter phenomenology. The theory generates not only the required anomalous dimension $γ\approx 0.50\pm0.05$ for the dark-energy mechanism, but also produces a composite particle spectrum featuring a TeV-scale dark matter candidate ($m_χ\approx 600$~GeV) and a heavier scalar meson. Remarkably, the mass ratio $m_{Φ_h}/m_χ\approx 2$ naturally emerges from the dynamics of confinement, without any fine-tuning. This resonance condition, which initially appears as a coincidence, is revealed to be a robust prediction of the gauge dynamics, completely resolving the long-standing tension between achieving the correct relic abundance and solving small-scale structure problems through self-interactions. The framework makes sharp, testable predictions: a narrow scalar resonance at $\sim 1.2$~TeV accessible at HL-LHC, dark matter self-interactions of $σ_T/m \sim 1$~cm$^2$/g at dwarf galaxy velocities, and a stochastic gravitational wave background from the confinement phase transition. By deriving both dark energy and dark matter from a single microscopic theory, our work demonstrates how 95\% of the universe's energy content can emerge from one underlying strongly-coupled gauge theory, providing a complete and predictive framework for dark sector physics across 15 orders of magnitude in energy.
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8.741078
-1.613135
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622997D
[ "dark energy", "dark matter", "complete dark matter phenomenology", "dark sector physics", "energy", "dark matter self-interactions", "self-interacting dark matter", "\\sim 1$~cm$^2$/g", "both dark energy", "dwarf galaxy velocities" ]
[ "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology", "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology" ]
42
null
[ "Drobczyk, Martin" ]
[ "-" ]
[]
[]
34973970
2506.22999
Resolving the negative neutrino mass with cosmic birefringence
The recent measurement of baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO) by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) reveals a mild tension with observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) within the standard $Λ$CDM cosmological model. This discrepancy leads to a preference for a total neutrino mass that is lower than the minimum value inferred from neutrino oscillation experiments. Alternatively, this tension can be eased within $Λ$CDM by assuming a higher optical depth ($τ\simeq 0.09$), but such a value conflicts with large-scale CMB polarization data. We point out that cosmic birefringence, as suggested by recent Planck reanalyses, resolves this discrepancy if the birefringence angle varies significantly during reionization. Specifically, we consider the fact that the measured cosmic birefringence angle $β_0=0.34\pm0.09\,(1\,σ)\,$deg has the phase ambiguity, i.e., the measured rotation angle is described by $β=β_0+180n\,$deg ($n\in \mathbb{Z}$). We show that cosmic birefringence induced by axion-like particles with nonzero $n$ suppresses the reionization bump, allowing a higher $τ$ consistent with data. We provide a viable parameter space where the birefringence effect simultaneously accounts for the low-$\ell$ polarization spectra, the Planck $EB$ correlations, and the elevated value of $τ$, suggesting a key role for cosmic birefringence in current cosmological tensions.
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12.201503
1.068095
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250622999N
[ "cosmic birefringence", "recent Planck reanalyses", "the measured cosmic birefringence angle", "current cosmological tensions", "baryonic acoustic oscillations", "neutrino oscillation experiments", "the birefringence angle", "Λ$CDM", "the birefringence effect", "the cosmic microwave background" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics" ]
29
null
[ "Namikawa, Toshiya" ]
[ "-" ]
[]
[]
34973971
2506.23011
Effects of Large Optical Depth on CD HI 21-cm Non-Gaussian Signal
During the Cosmic Dawn (CD), the HI 21-cm optical depth ($τ$ ) in the intergalactic medium can become significantly large. Consequently, the second and higher-order terms of $τ$ appearing in the Taylor expansion of the HI 21-cm differential brightness temperature ($δT_{\rm b}$ ) become important. This introduces additional non-Gaussianity into the signal. We study the impact of large $τ$ on statistical quantities of HI 21-cm signal using a suite of standard numerical simulations that vary X-ray heating efficiency and the minimum halo mass required to host radiation sources. We find that the higher order terms suppress statistical quantities such as skewness, power-spectrum and bispectrum. However, the effect is found to be particularly strong on the non-Gaussian signal. We find that the change in skewness can reach several hundred percent in low X-ray heating scenarios. For moderate and high X-ray heating models changes are around $\sim40\%$ and $60\%$, respectively, for $M_{\rm h,min}=10^{9}\, {\rm M}_{\odot}$. This change is around $\sim 75\%$, $25\%$ and $20\%$ for low, moderate and high X-ray heating models, respectively, for $M_{\rm h,min}=10^{10}\, {\rm M}_{\odot}$. The change in bispectrum in both the halo cutoff mass scenarios ranges from $\sim 10\%$ to $\sim 300\%$ for low X-ray heating model. However, for moderate and high X-ray heating models the change remains between $\sim 10\%$ to $\sim 200\%$ for both equilateral and squeezed limit triangle configuration. Finally, we find that up to third orders of $τ$ need to be retained to accurately model $δT_{\rm b}$, especially for capturing the non-Gaussian features in the HI 21-cm signal.
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13.113997
3.561571
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623011N
[ "low X-ray heating model", "low X-ray heating scenarios", "X-ray heating efficiency", "moderate and high X-ray heating models changes", "non-Gaussian", "moderate and high X-ray heating models", "statistical quantities", "low, moderate and high X-ray heating models", "third orders", "the non-Gaussian signal" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology" ]
15
null
[ "Nasreen, Iffat", "Datta, Kanan K.", "Shaw, Abinash K.", "Noble, Leon", "Ghara, Raghunath", "Saiyad Ali, Sk.", "Mishra, Arnab", "Kamran, Mohd", "Majumdar, Suman" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34973987
2506.23020
Generating Moving Field Initial Conditions with Spatially Varying Boost
We introduce a novel class of algorithms, the ``spatially varying boost'', for generating dynamical field initial conditions with prescribed bulk velocities. Given (non-moving) initial field data, the algorithm generates new initial data with the given velocity profile by performing local Lorentz boosts. This algorithm is generic, with no restriction on the type of the field, the equation of motion, and can endow fields with ultra-relativistic velocities. This algorithm enables new simulations in different branches of physics, including cosmology and condensed matter physics. For demonstration, we used this algorithm to (1) boost two Sine-Gordon solitons to ultra-relativistic speeds for subsequent collision, (2) generate a relativistic transverse Proca field with random velocities, and (3) set up a spin-$1$ Schrödinger-Poisson field with velocity and density perturbations consistent with dark matter in matter dominated universe.
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9.010542
4.286192
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623020L
[ "ultra-relativistic velocities", "dynamical field initial conditions", "ultra-relativistic speeds", "fields", "new initial data", "random velocities", "prescribed bulk velocities", "condensed matter physics", "dark matter", "matter" ]
[ "Computational Physics", "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology", "Mathematical Physics" ]
13
null
[ "Ling, Siyang" ]
[ "-" ]
[]
[]
34973990
2506.23029
ACT DR6 Leads to Stronger Evidence for Dynamical Dark Matter
Dark matter is fundamental to the composition, structure, and evolution of the universe. Combining the ACT's cosmic microwave background, DESI's baryon acoustic oscillations with DESY5 type Ia supernova observations, we find a $3.4\,σ$ evidence for dynamical dark matter (DDM) with an equation of state, $ω_{dm}(a)=ω_{dm0}+ω_{dma}(1-a)$. Independent of the Planck measurements, the ACT data confirms the linear relation $ω_{dma}=-ω_{dm0}$, inducing that the equation of state of dark matter is directly proportional to the scale factor $a$. Furthermore, the effects of DDM on the large-scale structure observables are thoroughly studied. Our findings are of great significance for understanding cosmic acceleration, structure growth, and the fate of the universe.
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8.671067
-1.2147
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623029W
[ "dynamical dark matter", "Dark matter", "dark matter", "structure growth", "cosmic acceleration", "structure", "DDM", "great significance", "state", "DESY5 type Ia supernova observations" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology" ]
27
null
[ "Wang, Deng", "Bamba, Kazuharu" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974054
2506.23096
The most massive star clusters in molecular clouds: Insights from the integrated cloud-wide initial mass function (ICIMF) theory
The combination of the high-resolution ALMA, JWST and HST observations provides unprecedented insights into the connection between individual molecular clouds and their internal stellar populations in nearby galaxies. The molecular clouds in five nearby galaxies were identified based on the integrated intensity maps of CO (2$-$1) emission from ALMA observations. We used the JWST 21 $μ$m data to estimate the star formation rate (SFR) surface density of the clouds and calculate the masses of the embedded stellar populations in the clouds. After matching the star cluster and stellar association catalogs derived from the HST observations with the identified molecular clouds, we found clear correlations between the physical parameters of molecular clouds and their internal stellar populations. Based on the masses of the total stellar populations and their corresponding clouds, we obtained a typical value of the cloud-scale star formation efficiency (SFE), $\approx$1.4\%. The mass of the most massive cluster ($M_{\rm cluster, max}$) in a cloud is positively proportional to the mass ($M_{\rm cloud}$), the column density, the SFR sand the SFR surface density of the cloud. The observed $M_{\rm cluster, max}$-$M_{\rm cloud}$ relation can be interpreted theoretically on the basis of the integrated cloud-wide IMF (ICIMF) theory, which provides a quantitative framework for understanding the correlations between molecular clouds and their internal stellar populations.
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11.654595
9.286622
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623096Z
[ "molecular clouds", "individual molecular clouds", "HST observations", "the identified molecular clouds", "ALMA observations", "The molecular clouds", "clear correlations", "nearby galaxies", "their internal stellar populations", "SFR" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
21
null
[ "Zhou, J. W.", "Kroupa, Pavel", "Dib, Sami" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974074
2506.23105
How Do Ionizing Photons Escape from Star-Forming Galaxies?
The Epoch of Reionization marks the last major phase transition in the early Universe, during which the majority of neutral hydrogen once filling the intergalactic medium was ionized by the first galaxies. The James Webb Space Telescope is now identifying promising galaxy candidates capable of producing sufficient ionizing photons to drive this transformation. However, the fraction of these photons that escape into intergalactic space--the escape fraction--remains highly uncertain. Stellar feedback is thought to play a critical role in carving low-density channels that allow ionizing radiation to escape, but the dominant mechanisms, their operation, and their connection to observable signatures are not well understood. Local analogs of high-redshift galaxies offer a powerful alternative for studying these processes, since ionizing radiation is unobservable at high redshift due to intergalactic absorption. However, current UV space-based instrumentation lacks the spatial resolution and sensitivity required to fully address this problem. The core challenge lies in the multiscale nature of LyC escape: ionizing photons are generated on scales of 1-100 pc in super star clusters but must traverse the circumgalactic medium which can extend beyond 100 kpc. A UV integral field unit (IFU) spectrograph capable of resolving galaxies across these scales is necessary--and uniquely achievable with the proposed Habitable Worlds Observatory. In this article, we outline the scientific motivation, observables, and observational capabilities needed to make progress on these fundamental questions.
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13.500637
6.077077
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623105C
[ "ionizing photons", "sufficient ionizing photons", "ionizing radiation", "promising galaxy candidates", "intergalactic space", "galaxies", "high redshift", "intergalactic absorption", "super star clusters", "observational capabilities" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies", "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics" ]
25
null
[ "Carr, Cody", "Cen, Renyue", "Flury, Sophia", "Oey, Sally", "McCandliss, Stephan", "Strom, Allison" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974108
2506.23140
Correlation between H$α$ emitters and their cosmic web environment at $z \sim 1$
Future near-infrared spectroscopic galaxy surveys will target high-redshift emission-line galaxies (ELGs) to test cosmological models. Deriving optimal constraints from emission-line galaxy clustering hinges on a robust understanding of their environmental dependence. Using the TNG300-1 simulation, we explore the correlation between properties of H$α$ emitters and their environment anisotropy rather than traditional density-based measures. Our galactic H$α$ emission model includes contributions from the warm interstellar medium. The environment anisotropy and type are assigned using a halo mass-dependent smoothing scale. We find that most luminous ELGs ($L_{\rm{H}α}>10^{42}\ \rm{erg\ s^{-1}}$) reside in filaments and knots. More generally, ELGs are more biased in strongly anisotropic environments. While correlations with galactic properties are found to be weak, they are statistically significant for host halo masses $M\lesssim 10^{12}\ M_\odot/h$. Our analysis motivates further investigation into how environmental anisotropy influences galaxy evolution, and highlights the potential for leveraging these effects in the analyses of upcoming cosmological surveys.
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12.6249
6.461852
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623140R
[ "upcoming cosmological surveys", "galactic properties", "cosmological models", "emission-line galaxy clustering hinges", "H$α$ emitters", "further investigation", "properties", "ELGs", "correlations", "optimal constraints" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
18
null
[ "Rapoport, Ivan", "Desjacques, Vincent", "Behar, Ehud", "Sheth, Ravi K." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974183
2506.23212
Satellite telescope of electrons and protons STEP-F of the space scientific project "CORONAS-Photon"
The Ukrainian satellite telescope of electrons and protons STEP-F conducted a scientific experiment in space on board the low Earth orbit spacecraft "CORONAS-Photon" in 2009. In the article it is described the background, stages of development, manufacturing and tests of weight-dimensional, breadboard, technological, flight and auxiliary models of the instrument, and of the control and test suites for the STEP-F. The principles of operation, design, and technical and scientific characteristics of the instrument have been described. Stages of adjustment, graduating and autonomous, docking, complex, ground pre-flight and flight tests have been shown. Scientific results obtained by the STEP-F instrument during the time of deep minimum of solar activity demonstrate the detection of new features in high-energy charged particle distributions inside radiation belts of the Earth, in the region of the Brazilian magnetic anomaly, and outside of the referred volumes. Keywords: Earth$'$s magnetosphere, satellite instrument, scintillation detector, silicon matrix, charged particles, radiation belt, solar activity, Brazilian magnetic anomaly.
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9.715627
3.333184
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623212D
[ "satellite instrument", "solar activity", "test suites", "charged particles", "radiation belt", "radiation belts", "Brazilian magnetic anomaly", "STEP", "Scientific results", "tests" ]
[ "Space Physics", "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics", "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics", "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
13
null
[ "Dudnik, O. V." ]
[ "-" ]
[]
[]
34974200
2506.23232
Unveiling the Nature and Fate of the Almost-Dark Cloud AGC 226178 through HI Mapping
The origin of extragalactic, almost dark HI clouds with extreme gas-to-stellar mass ratios remains poorly understood. We investigate the nature and fate of the "almost dark" cloud AGC 226178, projected within the Virgo cluster, with an HI-to-stellar mass ratio of ~1000. We present deep single-dish HI mapping from the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), complemented by high-resolution interferometric data from the Very Large Array (VLA), as part of the Atomic gas in Virgo Interacting Dwarf galaxies (AVID) project. These observations provide the highest-quality HI analysis to date of such a cloud, combining resolution and sensitivity. FAST data reveal a short, low-velocity tail toward the dwarf galaxy VCC 2034, previously proposed as a possible origin for AGC 226178. However, VCC 2034 shows a line-of-sight asymmetric HI feature and cometary morphology indicating a stripping event unrelated to AGC 226178. VLA data reveal a velocity gradient across AGC 226178 and a clumpy internal structure. The velocity dispersion exceeds the thermal linewidth, implying turbulence or unresolved motions. The cloud cannot be gravitationally bound by atomic gas alone. The resolved HI clumps follow standard HI mass-star formation rate and mass-size relations, with those forming stars reaching surface densities above the threshold for self-shielding. We conclude that AGC 226178 is a free-floating HI cloud of unknown origin. The system appears to be in the process of disintegration. It is likely located well outside the Virgo cluster, as the preservation of its extended HI morphology within the cluster environment would otherwise require a substantial reservoir of unseen molecular gas with a mass exceeding that of the observed HI content. While confinement pressure from the hot intracluster medium may aid its stability, it is unlikely to be the dominant factor preventing its disruption.
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11.590746
7.820645
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623232S
[ "Virgo Interacting Dwarf galaxies", "atomic gas", "unseen molecular gas", "standard HI mass-star formation rate", "Virgo Interacting Dwarf", "AGC", "VLA data", "deep single-dish HI mapping", "its extended HI morphology", "cometary morphology" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
25
null
[ "Sun, Yu-Zhu", "Zhang, Hong-Xin", "Brinks, Elias", "Smith, Rory", "Li, Fujia", "Kim, Minsu", "Oh, Se-Heon", "Lin, Zesen", "Kim, Jaebeom", "Sun, Weibin", "Li, Tie", "Côté, Patrick", "Boselli, Alessandro", "Chen, Lijun", "Duc, Pierre-Alain", "Paudel, Sanjaya", "Taylor, Matthew A.", "Wang, Kaixiang", "Wang, Enci", "Zhang, Lanyue", "Zhao, Yinghe" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974225
2506.23256
Deep survey of millimeter RRLs towards the planetary nebulae IC 418 and NGC 7027
The circumstellar environments of PNe are wonderful chemically rich astrophysical laboratories in which the ionization of atoms and the formation of simple and complex molecules can be studied. The new high-sensitivity receivers open the possibility to carry out deep observations, essential to unveil weak atomic and molecular spectra in the mm range. The main goal of this work is to study the emission lines detected in the spectra of the bright C-rich PNe IC 418 and NGC 7027 and to identify all those emission features associated with radio recombination lines (RRLs) of light elements. We aim to analyze the RRLs detected on each source, and to model the sources and derive their physical parameters. This work allows us to provide the most complete and updated catalog of RRLs in space, carried out at 2, 3 and 7 mm with the IRAM 30m and the Yebes 40m radio telescopes. We compare these observational data sets with synthetic models produced with the radiation transfer code Co3RaL. Our observations reveal the presence of several H and He I RRLs at mm wavelengths in the spectra of IC 418 and NGC 7027 and also of HeIIi RRLs in the spectrum of NGC 7027. Many of these lines had remained undetected until now due to their weakness and the lack of high-sensitivity observations at these frequencies. The data also confirm the absence of molecular emission towards IC 418, above a detection level of ~3 mK [Tmb]. These mm observations represent the most extended RRL line survey of two C-rich PNe carried out so far, with most of the lines never reported before. These extremely complete catalogs evidence the importance of high-sensitivity observations and are expected to be very helpful in the line identification process in mm observations, in particular for still unknown or poorly characterized molecular species existing in the vicinity of ionized environments.
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11.931165
9.679189
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623256H
[ "mm observations", "radio recombination lines", "molecular emission", "deep observations", "mm wavelengths", "synthetic models", "high-sensitivity observations", "PNe", "IC", "mm" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics", "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
20
null
[ "Huertas-Roldán, Teresa", "Alcolea, Javier", "Aníbal García-Hernández, D.", "Tafoya, Daniel", "Fonfría, J. Pablo", "Jairo Díaz-Luis, J.", "Manchado, Arturo", "Bujarrabal, Valentín", "Barzaga, Ransel", "Gómez-Muñoz, Marco A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974217
2506.23261
A systematic bias in template-based RV extraction algorithms
In this paper we identify and explore a previously unidentified, multi meter-per-second, systematic correlation between time and RVs inferred through TM and LBL methods. We evaluate the influence of the data-driven stellar template in the RV bias and hypothesize on the possible sources of this effect. We first use the s-BART pipeline to extract RVs from three different datasets gathered over four nights of ESPRESSO and HARPS observations. Then, we demonstrate that the effect can be recovered on a larger sample of 19 targets, totaling 4124 ESPRESSO observations spread throughout 38 nights. We also showcase the presence of the bias in RVs extracted with the SERVAL and ARVE pipelines. Lastly, we explore the construction of the stellar template through the 5 years of ESPRESSO observations of HD10700, totalling more than 2000 observations. We find that a systematic quasi-linear bias affects the RV extraction with slopes that vary from -0.3 m/s-1/h-1 to -52 m/s-1/h-1 in our sample. This trend is not observed in CCF RVs and appears when all observations of a given star are collected within a short time-period (timescales of hours). We show that this systematic contamination exists in the RV time-series of two different template-matching pipelines, one line-by-line pipeline, and that it is agnostic to the spectrograph. We also find that this effect is connected with the construction of the stellar template, as we are able to mitigate it through a careful selection of the observations used to construct it. Our results suggest that a contamination of micro-telluric features, coupled other sources of correlated noise, could be the driving factor of this effect. We also show that this effect does not impact the usual usage of template-matching for the detection and characterization of exoplanets. Other short-timescale science cases can however be severely affected.
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7.527834
13.053649
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623261S
[ "ESPRESSO observations", "CCF RVs", "HARPS observations", "RVs", "micro-telluric features", "time", "ARVE pipelines", "other sources", "RV", "ESPRESSO" ]
[ "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics", "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics", "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
32
null
[ "Silva, André M.", "Santos, N. C.", "Faria, J. P.", "Martins, J. H. C.", "Cristo, E. A. S.", "Sousa, S. G.", "Viana, P. T. P.", "Artigau, É.", "Al Moulla, K.", "Castro-González, A.", "Folha, D. F. M.", "Figueira, P.", "Schmidt, T.", "Pepe, F.", "Dumusque, X.", "Demangeon, O. D. S.", "Campante, T. L.", "Delfosse, X.", "Wehbe, B.", "Lillo-Box, J.", "Costa Silva, A. R.", "Rodrigues, J.", "González Hernández, J. I.", "Azevedo Silva, T.", "Cristiani, S.", "Tabernero, H. M.", "Palle, E.", "Lavie, B.", "Suárez Mascareño, A.", "Di Marcantonio, P.", "Martins, C. J. A. P.", "Nunes, N. J.", "Sozzetti, A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974227
2506.23269
BASIL: Fast broadband line-rich spectral-cube fitting and image visualization via Bayesian quadrature
Mapping the spatial distributions and abundances of complex organic molecules in hot cores and hot corinos is crucial for understanding the astrochemical pathways and the inheritance of prebiotic material by nascent planetary systems. However, the line-rich spectra from these sources pose significant challenges for robustly fitting molecular parameters due to severe line blending and unidentified lines. We present an efficient framework, Bayesian Active Spectral-cube Inference and Learning (BASIL), for estimating molecular parameter maps for hundreds of molecules based on the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) model, applied to wideband spectral datacubes of line-rich sources. We adopted stochastic variational inference to infer molecular parameters from spectra at individual positions, balancing between fitting accuracy and computational speed. For obtaining parameter maps, instead of querying every location or pixel, we introduced an active learning framework based on Bayesian quadrature and its parallelization. Specifically, we assessed and selected the locations or pixels of spectrum that are most informative for estimating the entire set of parameter maps by training a Gaussian processes model. By greedily selecting locations with maximum information gain, we achieve sublinear convergence. We benchmarked BASIL on a large synthetic datacube and demonstrated that it produces accurate 468 molecular parameter maps from 117 molecules within ~180 hours, orders of magnitude faster than traditional pixel-by-pixel fitting using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, with visually reliable results emerging in just ~20 hours. Additional training iterations provide progressively more accurate results. This quick visualization meets the demands of big data in modern astronomical surveys.
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11.939301
8.280838
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623269L
[ "molecular parameter maps", "molecular parameters", "parameter maps", "complex organic molecules", "accurate 468 molecular parameter maps", "Markov chain Monte Carlo methods", "wideband spectral datacubes", "molecules", "robustly fitting molecular parameters", "big data" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
12
null
[ "Lin, Yuxin", "Adachi, Masaki", "Spezzano, Silvia", "Edenhofer, Gordian", "Eberle, Vincent", "Osborne, Michael A.", "Caselli, Paola" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974278
2506.23317
On the origin of short-lived cocoon in 3C84: powered by tidal disruption events ?
We evaluated the jet power and the density of ambient matter in 3C 84 by using the momentum balance along the jet axis and the transonic condition for the cocoons observed at two different scales (approximately 1 and 6 parsec scales). For the inner cocoon, we precisely determined the ratio of jet power to ambient density $L_{\rm j}/n_{\rm a}$ to be $(0.3-0.7)\times 10^{43}\,{\rm erg}\,{\rm s}^{-1}\,{\rm cm}^3$. Similarly, for the outer cocoon, we found that this value is more than an order of magnitude larger at $(0.9-3.7)\times 10^{44}\,{\rm erg}\,{\rm s}^{-1}\,{\rm cm}^3$. This indicates that the outer cocoon is formed by a powerful jet that propagates through an ambient density of $20-300\,{\rm cm}^{-3}$ with a jet power of $10^{45-46.5}\,{\rm erg}\,{\rm s}^{-1}$. On the other hand, the inner cocoon is formed by a weaker jet with a power of $10^{43-44}\,{\rm erg}\,{\rm s}^{-1}$, propagating through a relatively low-density environment of $6-20\, {\rm cm}^{-3}$. These results suggest that: 1) with respect to the difference in $n_{\rm a}$, it appears to support the hypothesis that the inner cocoon, recently formed about 10 years ago, is expanding in the low-density cocoon created by the jet emitted about 25-50 years ago. 2) to achieve the short-lived and high $L_{\rm j}$ that generated the outer cocoon, a large mass accretion rate must be required over a short period to activate the jet. These may imply the extreme accretion event driven by the tidal disruption events (TDEs) of massive stars and/or the disk instability.
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15.287686
5.365622
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623317K
[ "jet power", "density", "n_{\\rm a}$", "massive stars", "j}/n_{\\rm a}$", "ambient matter", "the inner cocoon", "a jet power", "the jet power", "the outer cocoon" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
26
null
[ "Kawakatu, Nozomu", "Kino, Motoki", "Wada, Keiichi" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974293
2506.23331
On inertial forces (indirect terms) in problems with a central body
Gravitational systems in astrophysics often comprise a body -- the primary -- that far outweights the others, and which is taken as the centre of the reference frame. A fictitious acceleration, also known as the indirect term, must therefore be added to all other bodies in the system to compensate for the absence of motion of the primary. In this paper, we first stress that there is not one indirect term but as many indirect terms as there are bodies in the system that exert a gravitational pull on the primary. For instance, in the case of a protoplanetary disc with two planets, there are three indirect terms: one arising from the whole disc, and one per planet. We also highlight that the direct and indirect gravitational accelerations should be treated in a balanced way: the indirect term from one body should be applied to the other bodies in the system that feel its direct gravitational acceleration, and only to them. We point to situations where one of those terms is usually neglected however, which may lead to spurious results. These ideas are developed here for star-disc-planets interactions, for which we propose a recipe for the force to be applied onto a migrating planet, but they can easily be generalized to other astrophysical systems.
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7.545604
8.227859
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623331C
[ "Gravitational systems", "other astrophysical systems", "bodies", "planet", "as many indirect terms", "one indirect term", "the indirect term", "three indirect terms", "its direct gravitational acceleration", "spurious results" ]
[ "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics", "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics", "Classical Physics" ]
22
null
[ "Crida, Aurélien", "Baruteau, Clément", "Griveaud, Philippine", "Lega, Elena", "Masset, Frédéric", "Béthune, William", "Fang, David", "Gonzalez, Jean-François", "Méheut, Héloïse", "Morbidelli, Alessandro", "Gerosa, Fabiola", "Kloster, Dylan", "Marques, Léa", "Miniussi, Alain", "Minker, Kate", "Pichierri, Gabriele", "Segretain, Paul" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974343
2506.23387
Ultra High Energy Neutrino Event KM3-230213A as a Signal of Electroweak Vacuum Turbulence in Merging Black Hole Binaries
The recent detection of the ultra-high-energy neutrino event KM3-230213A ($\sim$220 PeV) by KM3NeT telescope poses a challenge to conventional astrophysical models, particularly in light of the absence of similar $\gtrsim$100 PeV events in IceCube data, despite its larger exposure. We propose a novel mechanism in which binary black hole mergers act as transient neutrino sources via gravitationally induced electroweak vacuum instability. In this scenario, the extreme spacetime curvature near the horizons during the final inspiral phase destabilizes the Higgs vacuum, triggering nucleation of true-vacuum bubbles. Collisions between these bubbles produce microscopic black holes that rapidly evaporate via Hawking radiation, emitting intense, short-lived bursts of neutrinos with energies exceeding 100 PeV. The resulting neutrino fluence follows a heavy-tailed distribution, allowing rare but highly luminous sources to account for events like KM3-230213A while remaining consistent with IceCube's non-detections. This framework links gravitational wave sources to ultra-high-energy neutrino production and suggests that future multi-messenger observations may detect electromagnetic signatures from microscopic black hole evaporation.
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5.73029
-0.151875
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623387S
[ "transient neutrino sources", "microscopic black holes", "microscopic black hole evaporation", "binary black hole mergers", "neutrinos", "future multi-messenger observations", "gravitational wave sources", "ultra-high-energy neutrino production", "events", "IceCube data" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology" ]
26
null
[ "Sakharov, Alexander S.", "Konoplich, Rostislav", "Gogberashvili, Merab" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974360
2506.23403
An investigation into correlations between FRB and host galaxy properties
Impulsive radio signals such as fast radio bursts (FRBs) are imprinted with the signatures of multi-path propagation through ionised media in the form of frequency-dependent temporal broadening of the pulse profile (scattering). The dominant source of scattering for most FRBs is expected to be within their host galaxies, an assumption which can be tested by examining potential correlations between properties of the FRBs and global properties of their hosts. Using results from the CRAFT survey, we investigate correlations across a range of host galaxy properties against attributes of the FRB that encode propagation effects: scattering timescale tau, polarisation fractions, and absolute Faraday rotation measure. From 21 host galaxy properties considered, we find three correlated with tau, including the stellar surface density (or compactness; Pearson p-value p = 0.002 and Spearman p = 0.010), mass-weighted age (Spearman p-value p = 0.009), and a weaker correlation with gas-phase metallicity (Spearman p = 0.017). Weakly significant correlations are also found with Halpha equivalent widths and gravitational potential. From 10,000 trials of reshuffled datasets, we expect 2 strong Spearman correlations only 2% of the time, and three weaker correlations in 6.6% of cases. Compact host galaxies may have more ionised content which scatters the FRB further. No correlation is seen with host galaxy inclination, which weakens the case for an inclination bias, as previously suggested for samples of localised FRBs. A strong (p = 0.002) correlation is found for absolute rotation measure with optical disc axis ratio b/a; greater rotation measures are seen for edge-on host galaxies. Further high-time resolution FRB detections, coupled with localisation and detailed follow-up on their host galaxies, are necessary to corroborate these initial findings and shed further light into the FRB mechanism.
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6.406092
3.165998
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623403G
[ "host galaxy properties", "host galaxy inclination", "Compact host galaxies", "Spearman p =", "potential correlations", "correlations", "Spearman p", "Weakly significant correlations", "absolute rotation measure", "absolute Faraday rotation measure" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
21
null
[ "Glowacki, M.", "Bera, A.", "James, C. W.", "Paterson, J.", "Deller, A. T.", "Gordon, A C.", "Marnoch, L.", "Muller, A. R.", "Prochaska, J. X.", "Ryder, S. D.", "Shannon, R. M.", "Tejos, N.", "Mannings, A. G." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[ "1998ARA&A..36..189K", "2004A&A...427..873W", "2007ApJ...669..947J", "2009IEEEP..97.1507D", "2010PASA...27..272M", "2012ApJ...745...66M", "2013A&A...554A..58S", "2013ApJ...776..125M", "2015ApJS..219....8C", "2016MNRAS.463.2513B", "2017ApJ...835...29Y", "2017ApJ...841L..12B", "2017MNRAS.467.3642S", "2018ApJ...856...64B", "2020A&A...636A..42M", "2020ApJ...899L..21S", "2020NatMe..17..261V", "2020Natur.581..391M", "2020Natur.587...59B", "2021ApJ...911...95A", "2021ApJS..254...22J", "2021ApJS..257...59C", "2021PASA...38....9H", "2022A&A...657A..43H", "2022A&A...659A.112J", "2022ApJ...925L..20K", "2022ApJ...927...35C", "2022ApJ...929..118G", "2022ApJ...931...87O", "2022MNRAS.514.1961R", "2022MNRAS.516.4862J", "2023A&C....4400724S", "2023ApJ...949...25G", "2023ApJ...949L..26C", "2023ApJ...954...71S", "2023ApJ...954...80G", "2023ApJ...954L...7L", "2023ApJ...958...66E", "2023MNRAS.519..821O", "2023MNRAS.525.5653S", "2023PASA...40...29L", "2023Sci...380..599A", "2023Sci...382..294R", "2024A&A...681A.121S", "2024A&A...690A..47K", "2024ApJ...963L..34G", "2024ApJ...964..131S", "2024ApJ...965...57B", "2024ApJ...968...50P", "2024ApJ...974...10O", "2024MNRAS.527.3659D", "2024NatAs...8.1429C", "2024Natur.634.1065B", "2024Natur.635...61S", "2024arXiv241024072G", "2025MNRAS.536.3220D", "2025Natur.637...48N", "2025PASA...42...36S", "2025arXiv250308441A", "2025arXiv250405192C", "2025arXiv250517497S", "2025arXiv250606453G", "2025arXiv250620774M" ]
34974372
2506.23412
Uncover 3D Dark Matter Distribution of the Milky Way by an Empirical Triaxial Orbit-Superposition Model: Method Validation
We introduce a novel dynamical model, named empirical triaxial orbit-superposition model, for the Milky Way halo. This model relies on minimal physical assumptions that the system is stationary, meaning the distribution function in 6D phase-space does not change when the stars orbiting in the correct gravitational potential. We validate our method by applying it to mock datasets that mimic the observations of the Milky Way halo from LAMOST + Gaia with stars' 3D position and 3D velocity observed. By removing the stellar disk and substructures, correcting the selection function, we obtain a sample of smooth halo stars considered as stationary and complete. We construct a gravitational potential including a highly flexible triaxial dark matter halo with adaptable parameters. Within each specified gravitational potential, we integrate orbits of these halo stars, and build a model by superposing the orbits together taking the weights of stars derived from the selection function correction. The goodness of the models are evaluated by comparing the density distributions as well as 3D velocity distributions numerically represented in the model to that in the data. The shape and radial density distribution of the underlying dark matter halo can be constrained well simultaneously. We apply it to three mock galaxies with different intrinsic shapes of their dark matter halos and achieved accurate recovery of the 3D dark matter density distributions for all.
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9.980428
6.423526
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623412Z
[ "smooth halo stars", "3D velocity distributions", "stars", "3D velocity", "the 3D dark matter density distributions", "the underlying dark matter halo", "Milky Way", "different intrinsic shapes", "their dark matter halos", "empirical triaxial orbit-superposition model" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
19
null
[ "Zhu, Ling", "Xue, Xiang-Xiang", "Mao, Shude", "Yang, Chengqun", "Zhang, Lan" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974383
2506.23427
Probing the detectability of electromagnetic signatures from Galactic isolated black holes
Context: A large number of isolated black holes (IBHs) are expected to populate the Galaxy. However, only one has been confirmed by the analysis of a microlensing event, and no confirmed emission detection from an IBH has been reported so far. Aims: We analysed the detectability of electromagnetic signatures from IBHs moving in the Galaxy. Methods: We considered accretion from the interstellar medium onto an IBH and assumed the formation of an outflow. We modelled the accretion process and the interaction of the outflow with the surrounding medium on large scales, including mechanical feedback on the accretion process. Furthermore, we also calculated the emission from three different regions: the accretion region, the radiation from the outflow medium interaction structure, and the emission of relativistic particles that diffuse in the surrounding medium. Results: Multiwavelength emission associated with Galactic IBHs can be detected in systems moving through a very dense medium. Thermal emission from accretion could be observed in the mid infrared and in hard X rays with current and forthcoming observatories. Thermal and non thermal emission from the outflow medium shock could also be detected in the radio and millimetre ranges. Moreover, detection of the emission from particles diffusing in a dense medium could be feasible in gamma rays. Applying our model to the IBH associated with the gravitational microlensing event MOA2011BLG191 OGLE2011BLG0462, we inferred that radio and infrared detection of the IBH is plausible. Also, we derived that IBHs could be modest Galactic cosmic ray contributors, potentially reaching a 1% contribution at 1 PeV. Finally, by extending our model to primordial black holes, we conclude that efficient leptonic acceleration in their outflow medium interactions would rule them out as a major dark matter component.
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8.561241
6.383939
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623427M
[ "Thermal emission", "Multiwavelength emission", "Galactic IBHs", "modest Galactic cosmic ray contributors", "isolated black holes", "primordial black holes", "hard X rays", "IBHs", "accretion", "the outflow medium interaction structure" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
15
null
[ "Martinez, Javier Rodrigo", "Bosch Ramon, Valenti", "Vieyro, Florencia Laura", "del Palacio, Santiago" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974408
2506.23441
Search for Higher Harmonic Signals from Close White Dwarf Binaries in the mHz Band
Space-based gravitational wave (GW) detectors, such as LISA, are expected to detect thousands of Galactic close white dwarf binaries emitting nearly monochromatic GWs. In this study, we demonstrate that LISA is reasonably likely to detect higher harmonic GW signals, particularly the $(l, |m|) = (3, 3)$ mode, from a limited sample of nearby close white dwarf binaries, even with small orbital velocities $v/c$ of order $10^{-3}$. The amplitudes of these post-Newtonian modes provide robust probes of mass asymmetry in such systems, making them valuable observational targets, especially in mass-transferring binaries. Long-term, coordinated detector operations will further improve the prospects for detecting these informative signals.
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7.800809
2.436657
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623441S
[ "nearby close white dwarf binaries", "Galactic close white dwarf binaries", "higher harmonic GW signals", "such systems", "mass asymmetry", "post-Newtonian", "small orbital velocities", "GW", "observational targets", "robust probes" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology" ]
18
null
[ "Seto, Naoki" ]
[ "-" ]
[]
[]
34974406
2506.23448
Running scalar spectral index in warm natural inflation
The validity of inflation models is mainly evaluated according to the consistency of the predicted scalar spectral index $n_{\mathrm{s}}$, the tensor scalar ratio $r$, and the running scalar spectral index $α_{\mathrm{s}}$ with cosmic microwave background observations. In warm inflation (WI) scenarios, one can find exact analytical solutions for $α_{\mathrm{s}}$ in principle, but long expressions may be obtained. Previous studies for WI scenarios have only shown approximate analytical solutions or numerical results for $α_{\mathrm{s}}$. In this study, we present a general analytical expression of $α_{\mathrm{s}}$ without approximation in WI. The obtained analytical expression of $α_{\mathrm{s}}$ is used in the study of warm natural inflation (WNI). Although $n_{\mathrm{s}}$ and $r$ have been previously investigated, $α_{\mathrm{s}}$ is omitted in previous studies on WNI. Our study of $α_{\mathrm{s}}$ completes previous phenomenological studies on WNI. In particular, the lower limit of the symmetry-breaking scale in WNI becomes more concrete in this study.
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11.280734
-0.837471
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623448K
[ "Previous studies", "previous studies", "previous phenomenological studies", "exact analytical solutions", "approximate analytical solutions", "WI scenarios", "warm natural inflation", "warm inflation", "inflation models", "long expressions" ]
[ "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology", "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology" ]
15
null
[ "Kitabayashi, Teruyuki", "Shimizu, Aya" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974435
2506.23477
Thermal Inertia Controls on Titan's Surface Temperature and Planetary Boundary Layer Structure
Understanding Titan's planetary boundary layer (PBL) -- the lowest region of the atmosphere influenced by surface conditions -- remains challenging due to Titan's thick atmosphere and limited observations. Previous modeling studies have also produced inconsistent estimates of surface temperature, a critical determinant of PBL behavior, often without clear explanations grounded in surface energy balance. In this study, we develop a theoretical framework and apply a three-dimensional dry general circulation model (GCM) to investigate how surface thermal inertia influences surface energy balance and temperature variability across diurnal and seasonal timescales. At diurnal timescales, lower thermal inertia surfaces exhibit larger temperature swings and enhanced sensible heat fluxes due to inefficient subsurface heat conduction. In contrast, at seasonal timescales, surface temperature variations show weak sensitivity to thermal inertia, as atmospheric damping tends to dominate over subsurface conduction. The PBL depth ranges from a few hundred meters to 1,000 m on diurnal timescales, while seasonal maxima reach 2,000--3,000 m, supporting the interpretation from a previous study that the Huygens probe captured the two PBL structures. Simulated seasonal winds at the Huygens landing site successfully reproduce key observed features, including near-surface retrograde winds and meridional wind reversals within the lowest few kilometers, consistent with Titan's cross-equatorial Hadley circulation. Simulations at the planned Dragonfly landing site predict shallower thermal PBLs with broadly similar wind patterns. This work establishes a physically grounded framework for understanding Titan's surface temperature and boundary layer variability, and offers a unified explanation of Titan's PBL behavior that provides improved guidance for future missions.
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8.533444
15.494029
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623477H
[ "lower thermal inertia surfaces", "surface temperature", "surface temperature variations", "surface energy balance", "surface conditions", "thermal inertia", "surface thermal inertia influences", "temperature variability", "shallower thermal PBLs", "larger temperature swings" ]
[ "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics", "Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics" ]
19
null
[ "Han, Sooman", "Lora, Juan M." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974515
2506.23556
What Prevents Resolving the Hubble Tension through Late-Time Expansion Modifications?
We demonstrate that Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) observations impose the critical constraint for resolving the Hubble tension through late-time expansion modifications. Applying the Fisher-bias optimization framework to cosmic chronometers (CC), baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) from DESI DR2, Planck CMB, and Pantheon+ data, we find that: (i) deformations in $H(z \lesssim 3)$ (via $w(z)$ reconstruction) can reconcile tensions between CC, Planck, DESI BAO, and SH0ES measurements while maintaining or improving fit quality ($Δχ^2 < 0$ relative to $Λ$CDM); (ii) In the neighborhood of Planck best-fit $Λ$CDM model, no cosmologically viable solutions targeting $H_0 \gtrsim 69$ satisfy SNe Ia constraints. MCMC validation confirms the maximum achievable $H_0 = 69.09\pm0.30$ ($χ^2_{\rm BF} \approx χ^2_{Λ\rm CDM}$) across all data combinations, indicating that the conflict between late-time $w(z)$ modifications and SNe Ia observations prevents complete resolution of the Hubble tension.
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11.520827
1.507959
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623556Z
[ "SNe Ia observations", "DESI BAO", "Pantheon+ data", "Planck CMB", "DESI DR2", "tensions", "fit quality", "cosmic chronometers", "CC", "SH0ES measurements" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics" ]
24
null
[ "Zhou, Zhihuan", "Miao, Zhuang", "Bi, Sheng", "Ai, Chaoqian", "Zhang, Hongchao" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974533
2506.23564
Acceleration and Transport of the Unstable Cosmic-ray Isotope $^{60}$Fe in Supernova-Enriched Environments
The unstable isotope $^{60}$Fe, with a half-life of 2.6 million years, is produced primarily in supernova explosions. The observed presence of $^{60}$Fe in cosmic rays and its detection in deep-sea crusts and sediments suggest two possible scenarios: either the direct acceleration of $^{60}$Fe from supernova ejecta or its enrichment in the circumstellar material surrounding supernova progenitors, which indicates cosmic ray production in clusters of supernovae. Focusing on the latter scenario, we consider an environment shaped by successive supernova explosions, reminiscent of the Local Bubble around the time of the most recent supernova explosion. We independently tracked the evolution of the $^{60}$Fe mass ratio within the Local Bubble using passive scalars. To investigate the spectra of protons and $^{60}$Fe, we explicitly modelled cosmic-ray acceleration and transport at the remnant of the last supernova by simultaneously solving the hydrodynamical equations for the supernova outflow and the transport equations for cosmic rays, scattering turbulence, and large-scale magnetic field, using the time-dependent acceleration code RATPaC. The main uncertainty in our prediction of the local $^{60}$Fe flux at about $pc=1$ GeV/nuc is the magnetic-field structure in the Local Bubble and the cosmic-ray diffusion beyond the approximately $100$ kyr of evolution covered by our study. We found that if the standard galactic propagation applies, the local $^{60}$Fe flux would be around 3% of that measured. If there is a sustained reduction in the diffusion coefficient at and near the Local Bubble, then the expected $^{60}$Fe flux could be up to 30% of that measured.
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6.570399
8.167727
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623564S
[ "cosmic rays", "cosmic ray production", "supernova explosions", "successive supernova explosions", "supernova ejecta", "supernova progenitors", "cosmic-ray acceleration", "the Local Bubble", "evolution", "the cosmic-ray diffusion" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
17
null
[ "Shi, Xin-Yue", "Pohl, Martin", "Schulreich, Michael M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974542
2506.23571
On the validity of separate-universe approach in transient ultra-slow-roll inflation
We investigate the breakdown of the separate-universe approximation during transitions in transient ultra-slow-roll inflation by analyzing the evolution of the comoving curvature perturbation ${\cal R}$ and its conjugate momentum $Π$. It is well known that spatial gradient terms lead to a failure of this approximation, particularly at the transition from slow-roll to ultra-slow-roll phase. We show that a similar breakdown also occurs during the second transition back to slow-roll when considering the evolution of $Π$. Interestingly, while the homogeneous solution for $Π$ accurately captures the dynamics across the first transition, it is the homogeneous solution for ${\cal R}$ that becomes valid across the second. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the spatial curvature term introduced in the extended $δN$ formalism of \cite{Artigas:2024ajh} can be interpreted as arising from the contribution of $Π$ to the energy density perturbation. Importantly, this modification of the local Hubble parameter is valid only when the first slow-roll parameter is both small and strictly constant.
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11.206782
-0.630485
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623571N
[ "transitions", "spatial gradient terms", "\\cal R}$", "transient ultra-slow-roll inflation", "ultra-slow-roll phase", "first", "slow-roll", "the spatial curvature term", "the first slow-roll parameter", "the first transition" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics" ]
15
null
[ "Nath Raveendran, Rathul" ]
[ "-" ]
[]
[]
34974545
2506.23574
From new physics to a running power law and back again: Minimal refitting techniques for the reconstruction of the gravitational-wave background signal in pulsar timing array data
Pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations recently presented evidence for a gravitational-wave background (GWB) signal at nanohertz frequencies. In this paper, we introduce new refitting techniques for PTA data analysis that elevate related techniques in the literature to a more rigorous level and thus provide the basis for fast and accurate Bayesian inference and physically intuitive model comparisons. The key idea behind our approach is to construct maps Φfrom GWB spectral models to a running-power-law (RPL) reference model, such that the pullback Φ^* P_RPL of the RPL posterior density P_RPL induces a likelihood on the GWB model parameter space; in other words, we refit spectral models to the RPL posterior density. In order to construct Φ, we introduce a matched-filtering approach in which Φfollows from a χ^2 minimization that accounts for the frequency dependence of PTA sensitivity curves. We validate and illustrate our techniques by three concrete examples: GWs from stable cosmic strings, GWs from metastable strings, and scalar-induced GWs.
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7.143378
2.960129
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623574E
[ "Φfrom GWB spectral models", "spectral models", "new refitting techniques", "PTA data analysis", "Φfrom GWB", "PTA sensitivity curves", "related techniques", "PTA", "GWB", "stable cosmic strings" ]
[ "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology", "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics", "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology" ]
26
null
[ "Esmyol, David", "Iovino, Antonio J.", "Schmitz, Kai" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974559
2506.23588
Evolutionary Map of the Universe: Detection and Analysis of the Shell Surrounding the Runaway Wolf-Rayet Star WR16
We present the first radio--continuum detection of the circumstellar shell around the well-known WN8 type Wolf-Rayet star WR16 at 943.5\,MHz using the \ac{ASKAP} \ac{EMU} survey. At this frequency, the shell has a measured flux density of 72.2$\pm$7.2\,mJy. Using previous \ac{ATCA} measurements at 2.4, 4.8, and 8.64~GHz, as well as the \ac{EMU} observations of the star itself, we determine a spectral index of $α\,=\,+0.74\pm0.02$, indicating thermal emission. We propose that the shell and star both exhibit thermal emission, supported by the its appearance in near-infrared and H$α$ observations. The latest \textit{Gaia} parallax is used to determine a distance of 2.28$\pm$0.09\,kpc. This star is well-known for its surrounding circular nebulosity, and using the distance and an angular diameter of 8\farcm42, we determine the shell size to be 5.57$\pm$0.22~pc. We use the \textit{Gaia} \acp{PM} of WR16 to determine peculiar velocities of the star as $V_α(pec) =$ --45.3$\pm$5.4\,\kms\ and $V_δ(pec) =$ 22.8$\pm$4.7\,\kms, which indicates that the star is moving in a north-west direction, and translates to a peculiar tangential velocity to be 50.7$\pm$6.9\,\kms. We also use these \acp{PM} to determine the shell's origin, estimate an age of $\sim 9500\pm 1300$\,yr, and determine its average expansion velocity to be $280\pm40$\,\kms. This average expansion velocity suggests that the previous transitional phase is a \ac{LBV} phase, rather than a \ac{RSG} phase. We also use the measured flux at 943.5~MHz to determine a mass-loss rate of $1.753\times 10^{-5}~M_\odot~$yr$^{-1}$, and use this to determine a lower-limit on ionising photons of $N_{UV} > 1.406\times 10^{47}~$s$^{-1}$.
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9.480578
10.44009
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623588B
[ "star", "peculiar velocities", "thermal emission", "continuum detection", "ionising photons", "WR16", "This average expansion velocity", "its average expansion velocity", "a peculiar tangential velocity", "the previous transitional phase" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics", "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
35
null
[ "Bradley, A. C.", "Filipović, M. D.", "Smeaton, Z. J.", "Sano, H.", "Fukui, Y.", "Bordiu, C.", "Cichowolski, S.", "Tothill, N. F. H.", "Alsaberi, R. Z. E.", "Bufano, F.", "Dai, S.", "Gordon, Y. A.", "Hopkins, A. M.", "Jarrett, T. H.", "Koribalski, B. S.", "Lazarević, S.", "Riseley, C. J.", "Rowell, G.", "Sasaki, M.", "Urošević, D.", "Vernstrom, T." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974551
2506.23591
The hydrodynamic thermal continuum, with applications to stratified atmospheres and 1D coronal loop models
Using both analytical and numerical means, we demonstrate that linear stability analysis of a hydrodynamic stratified atmosphere or a 1D coronal loop model in non-adiabatic settings features a thermal continuum corresponding to highly localized eigenfunctions. This thermal continuum can be precomputed, involving the net heat-loss function and its partial derivatives, and is the generalization of the thermal instability introduced by~\citet{Parker1953}. We account for a thermal imbalance, directly affecting thermal instability growthrates. We present completely general equations that govern all eigenmodes, including non-adiabatically affected p- and g-modes of the stratified settings. We intend to clarify how linear thermal instability is relevant for solar loops that show spontaneous in-situ condensations, and eliminate recent confusion on specific isochoric routes to linear instability alongside other thermal instability channels. The thermal continuum, previously identified as a crucial ingredient in magnetohydrodynamic eigenmode spectra for coronal loops and atmospheres, drives multithermal aspects across our universe, such as forming solar coronal rain and prominences, or cold cloud creation in intracluster to interstellar medium environments.
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12.481607
14.961882
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623591K
[ "thermal instability growthrates", "other thermal instability channels", "coronal loops", "solar coronal rain", "non-adiabatic settings", "solar loops", "instability", "linear stability analysis", "how linear thermal instability", "cold cloud creation" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics", "Fluid Dynamics" ]
14
null
[ "Keppens, Rony", "De Jonghe, Jordi", "Kelly, Adrian", "Brughmans, Nicolas", "Goedbloed, Hans" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974552
2506.23595
Searching for quasinormal modes from Binary Black Hole mergers
We present a new method to search for gravitational waves from quasinormal modes in the ringdowns of the remnants of the mergers of the binary black hole systems. The method is based on maximum likelihood estimation. We derive a time-domain matched-filtering statistic that can be used to search for any number of modes in the data. The parameters of the modes can be estimated and the modes present in the data can be reconstructed. We perform Monte Carlo simulations of the method by injecting the quasinormal mode waveforms to noise. We analyze performance of the method for searches of quasinormal modes in the advanced detectors data like LIGO and Virgo, in the third generation of detectors like Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer and in the space detector LISA data. We analyze ringdown of publicly available GW190521 event and we compare our results with analysis by other methods.
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8.228299
2.248754
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623595K
[ "quasinormal modes", "modes", "other methods", "LISA data", "detectors", "Monte Carlo simulations", "maximum likelihood estimation", "Einstein Telescope", "the quasinormal mode", "gravitational waves" ]
[ "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology", "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics" ]
24
null
[ "Królak, A.", "Dorosh, O." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974569
2506.23602
Unveiling supermassive black hole binaries with FUV-to-NIR spectropolarimetry
In this proceedings, we review the importance and complexity of detecting and characterizing supermassive binary black holes using conventional techniques (spectroscopy, timing, imaging). We show how spectropolarimetric data can strengthen or discard binary black hole candidates on solid grounds, and present what kind of instrument could perform this task. Namely, a high spectral resolution polarimeter operating from the far-ultraviolet (FUV) to the near-infrared (NIR), such as the POLLUX prototype, would perfectly fit within the payload of the Habitable Worlds Observatory and help revolutionize the study of extragalactic objects.
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7.809368
3.191208
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623602M
[ "supermassive binary black holes", "binary black hole candidates", "resolution polarimeter", "conventional techniques", "solid grounds", "spectropolarimetric data", "extragalactic objects", "complexity", "NIR", "POLLUX" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
12
null
[ "Marin, Frédéric", "Biedermann, Julie", "Barnouin, Thibault" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974618
2506.23659
Multiscale Turbulence Synthesis: Validation in 2D Hydrodynamics
Numerical simulations can follow the evolution of fluid motions through the intricacies of developed turbulence. However, they are rather costly to run, especially in 3D. In the past two decades, generative models have emerged which produce synthetic random flows at a computational cost equivalent to no more than a few time-steps of a simulation. These simplified models qualitatively bear some characteristics of turbulent flows in specific contexts (incompressible 3D hydrodynamics or magnetohydrodynamics), but generally struggle with the synthesis of coherent structures. We aim at generating random fields (e.g. velocity, density, magnetic fields, etc.) with realistic physical properties for a large variety of governing partial differential equations and at a small cost relative to time-resolved simulations. We propose a set of approximations applied to given sets of partial differential equations, and test the validity of our method in the simplest framework: 2D decaying incompressible hydrodynamical turbulence. We compare results of 2D decaying simulations with snapshots of our synthetic turbulence. We assess quantitatively the difference first with standard statistical tools: power spectra, increments and structure functions. These indicators can be reproduced by our method during up to about a third of the turnover time scale. We also consider recently developed scattering transforms statistics, able to efficiently characterise non-Gaussian structures. This reveals more significant discrepancy, which can however be bridged by bootstrapping. Finally, the number of Fourier transforms necessary for one synthesis scales logarithmically in the resolution, compared to linearly for time-resolved simulations. We have designed a multiscale turbulence synthesis (MuScaTS) method to efficiently short-circuit costly numerical simulations to produce realistic instantaneous fields.
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11.862581
13.933023
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623659L
[ "Numerical simulations", "partial differential equations", "synthetic random flows", "simulations", "incompressible hydrodynamical turbulence", "developed turbulence", "random fields", "non-Gaussian structures", "realistic instantaneous fields", "standard statistical tools" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies", "Fluid Dynamics" ]
14
null
[ "Lesaffre, Pierre", "Durrive, Jean-Baptiste", "Goossaert, Jean", "Poirier, Susie", "Colombi, Stephane", "Richard, Pablo", "Allys, Erwan", "Bethune, William" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974632
2506.23669
Even Redder than we Knew: Color and $A_{\mathrm{V}}$ Evolution up to $z=2.5$ from JWST/NIRCam Photometry
JWST/NIRCam provides rest-frame near-IR photometry of galaxies up to $z=2.5$ with exquisite depth and accuracy. This affords an unprecedented view of the evolution of the UV-optical-near-IR color distribution and its interpretation in terms of the evolving dust attenuation, $A_{\mathrm{V}}$. We use the value-added data products (photometric redshift, stellar mass, rest-frame $U-V$ and $V-J$ colors, and $A_{\rm V}$) provided by the public DAWN JWST Archive. This data product derives from fitting the spectral energy distributions obtained from multiple NIRCam imaging surveys, augmented with pre-existing HST imaging data. Our sample consists of a stellar mass complete sample of $\approx 28,000$ $M_\star> 10^{9}~M_\odot$ galaxies in the redshift range $0.5<z<2.5$. The $V-J$ color distribution of star-forming galaxies evolves strongly, in particular for high-mass galaxies ($M_\star>3\times 10^{10}~M_\odot$), which have a pronounced tail of very red galaxies reaching $V-J> 2.5$ at $z>1.5$ that does not exist at $z<1$. Such red $V-J$ can only be explained by dust attenuation, with typical values for $M_\star \approx 10^{11}~M_\odot$ galaxies in the range $A_{\mathrm{V}}\approx 1.5-3.5$ at $z\approx 2$. This redshift evolution went largely unnoticed before because the photometric redshift estimates for the reddest ($V-J>2.5$), most attenuated galaxies has markedly improved thanks to the new, precise photometry. Despite the increased attenuation, $U-V$ colors across the entire mass range are slightly bluer at higher $z$. In conclusion, whereas the rest-frame UV-optical color distribution evolves remarkably little from $z=0.5$ to $z=2.5$, the rest-frame optical-near-IR color distribution evolves strongly, primarily due to a very substantial increase with redshift in dust attenuation for massive galaxies. (Abbr.)
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12.850157
6.70963
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623669V
[ "galaxies", "massive galaxies", "dust attenuation", "photometric redshift", "pre-existing HST imaging data", "multiple NIRCam imaging surveys", "redshift", "high-mass galaxies", "$M_\\star \\approx 10^{11}~M_\\odot$ galaxies", "typical values" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
27
null
[ "van der Wel, A.", "Martorano, M.", "Marchesini, D.", "Wuyts, S.", "Bell, E. F.", "Meidt, S. E.", "Gebek, A.", "Brammer, G.", "Whitaker, K.", "Bezanson, R.", "Nelson, E. J.", "Rudnick, G.", "Kriek, M.", "Leja, J.", "Dunlop, J. S.", "Casey, C.", "Kartaltepe, J." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974648
2506.23681
Multi-Model Framework for Reconstructing Gamma-Ray Burst Light Curves
Mitigating data gaps in Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) light curves (LCs) holds immense value for its application in cosmological research because it provides more precise measurements of the parameter of interest of the two-dimensional Dainotti relation which is a relation among the end time of the plateau emission, Ta, its respective luminosity, La which is calculated from the fluxes at the end of the plateau, Fa. This study extends the work done by arXiv:2305.12126; arXiv:2412.20091v4 on the 545 GRB sample by introducing six different models: Deep Gaussian Process (DGP), Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN), Hybrid model of Convolutional Neural Network with Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM), Bayesian Neural Network (BNN), Polynomial Curve Fitting and Isotonic Regression. Our findings demonstrate that Isotonic Regression achieves the highest uncertainty reduction for all three parameters (36.3% for log Ta, 36.1% for log Fa, and 43.6% for α) outperforming all the other models. The CNN- LSTM model shows consistent improvements across all GRB parameters with the lowest outlier rate for α (0.550%), surpassing the performance of the LSTM model in arXiv:2412.20091v4. The DGP model offers reliable uncertainty reduction across all parameters and improves upon the single-layer GP baseline. These advancements are essential for using GRBs as theoretical model discriminators via the parameters of their LCs and standard candles in cosmology, investigating theoretical models, and predicting GRB redshifts through recent cutting-edge machine-learning analysis (arXiv:2411.10736,arXiv:2405.02263; arXiv:2410.13985).
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15.799791
0.583836
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623681K
[ "theoretical models", "theoretical model discriminators", "Hybrid model", "Convolutional Neural Network", "Bayesian Neural Network", "Temporal Convolutional Network", "reliable uncertainty reduction", "GRB redshifts", "Isotonic Regression", "GRB" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics" ]
22
null
[ "Kaushal, A.", "Manchanda, A.", "Dainotti, M. G.", "Gupta, K.", "Nogala, Z.", "Madhan, A.", "Naqi, S.", "Kumar, Ritik", "Oad, V.", "Indoriya, N.", "Sil, Krishnanjan", "Hartmann, D. H.", "Bogdan, M.", "Pollo, A.", "Prochaska, JX.", "Fraija, N." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974659
2506.23686
Is convective turbulence the only exciting mechanism of global p modes in the Sun?
In solar-like oscillators, acoustic waves are excited by turbulent motion in the convective envelope and propagate inward, generating a variety of standing pressure modes. When combining together the power of several solar acoustic modes, an excess not compatible with pure stochastic excitation was found in some studies. This could be the signature of a second mode excitation source. With over 27 years of helioseismic data from the Sun as a star observations by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO), we aim to study the variation in mode energy over this period, covering solar Cycles 23, 24, and the beginning of Cycle 25. We focus on the possible sources of high peaks in the mode-energy time series, i.e. instrumental problems or other exciting mechanisms, such as flares or Coronal Mass Ejections. We reconstruct the energy time series for each mode with a sampling time of 1.45 days. By combining the small-time-scale variations in energy for several low-degree modes in the 2090-3710uHz range, we study the correlation between the modes and their compatibility with the hypothesis that modes are only stochastically excited by convection. The observed excitation rate significantly deviates from what would be expected in the case of a purely stochastic excitation. Our results indicate that this energy excess cannot be only attributed to instrumental effects and does not exhibit a cyclic variation. Although high-energy excesses are occasionally associated with observations of flares or CMEs, no consistent pattern could be identified. The excitation is slightly more frequent for modes probing the upper layer of the convective zone. Furthermore, the energy supply rate seems to vary over time with the mean value following a modulation that can match the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) observed in other solar indicators, and the variance being anti-correlated with the cycle.
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10.836872
15.03947
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623686P
[ "mode energy", "several solar acoustic modes", "modes", "standing pressure modes", "other solar indicators", "energy", "pure stochastic excitation", "solar Cycles", "other exciting mechanisms", "time" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
20
null
[ "Panetier, E.", "García, R. A.", "Breton, S. N.", "Jiménez, A.", "Foglizzo, T." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974652
2506.23693
Measuring the Suns radial velocity variability due to supergranulation over a magnetic cycle
In recent years supergranulation has emerged as one of the biggest challenges for the detection of Earth-twins in radial velocity planet searches. We used eight years of Sun-as-a-star radial velocity observations from HARPS-N to measure the quiet-Sun's granulation and supergranulation properties of most of its 11-year activity cycle, after correcting for the effects of magnetically active regions using two independent methods. In both cases, we observe a clear, order of magnitude variation in the time-scale of the supergranulation component, which is largest at activity minimum and is strongly anti-correlated with the relative Sunspot number. We also explored a range of observational strategies which could be employed to characterise supergranulation in stars other than the Sun, showing that a comparatively long observing campaign of at least 23 nights is required, but that up to 10 stars can be monitored simultaneously in the process. We conclude by discussing plausible explanations for the "supergranulation" cycle.
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11.482586
15.186919
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623693O
[ "supergranulation", "radial velocity planet searches", "activity minimum", "stars", "recent years", "Sun", "observational strategies", "magnitude variation", "plausible explanations", "the supergranulation component" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics", "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics" ]
25
null
[ "O'Sullivan, Niamh K.", "Aigrain, Suzanne", "Cretignier, Michael", "Lakeland, Ben", "Klein, Baptiste", "Dumusque, Xavier", "Meunier, Nadège", "Sulis, Sophia", "Bedell, Megan", "Mortier, Annelies", "Collier Cameron, Andrew", "Cegla, Heather M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974657
2506.23698
Studying the multi-phase interstellar medium in the Large Magellanic Cloud with SRG/eROSITA -- I. Analysis of diffuse X-ray emission
The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), being a nearby and actively star-forming satellite galaxy of the Milky Way, is an ideal site to observe the multi-phase interstellar medium (ISM) of a galaxy across the electromagnetic spectrum. We aim to exploit the available SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey data to study the distribution, composition and properties of the diffuse X-ray emitting hot gas in the LMC. We construct multi-band X-ray images of the LMC, reflecting the morphology and temperatures of the diffuse hot gas. By performing spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy of 175 regions, we constrain the distribution, physical state, and composition of the hot ISM phase throughout the LMC. We combine our constraints with multiwavelength data to obtain a comprehensive view of the different ISM phases. We measure a total X-ray luminosity of the hot ISM phase of $1.9\times10^{38}\,\mathrm{erg\,s^{-1}}$ ($0.2-5.0\,\mathrm{keV}$ band), and constrain its thermal energy to around $5\times10^{54}\,\mathrm{erg}$. The typical density and temperature of the X-ray emitting plasma are around $5\times10^{-3}\,\mathrm{cm^{-3}}$ and $0.25\,\mathrm{keV}$, respectively, with both exhibiting broad peaks in the southeast of the LMC. The observed degree of X-ray absorption correlates strongly with the distribution of foreground HI gas, whereas a spatial anticorrelation between the hot and cold ISM phases is visible on sub-kpc scales within the disk. The abundances of light metals show a strong gradient throughout the LMC, with the north and east exhibiting a strong $α$-enhancement, as expected from observed massive stellar populations there. In contrast, the enigmatic ``X-ray spur'' exhibits a local deficit in $α$-elements, and a peak in hot-gas pressure at $P/k\sim10^5\,\mathrm{K\,cm^{-3}}$, consistent with a dominant energy input through tidally driven gas collisions.
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6.76636
6.372735
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623698M
[ "X-ray absorption", "multi-band X-ray images", "hot gas", "-", "ray", "the X-ray emitting plasma", "spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy", "a total X-ray luminosity", "LMC", "sub-kpc scales" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
16
null
[ "Mayer, Martin G. F.", "Sasaki, Manami", "Haberl, Frank", "Tsuge, Kisetsu", "Fukui, Yasuo", "Maitra, Chandreyee", "Filipovic, Miroslav D.", "Smeaton, Zachary J.", "Staveley-Smith, Lister", "Koribalski, Baerbel", "Points, Sean", "Kavanagh, Patrick" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974662
2506.23704
The NEID Earth Twin Survey. III. Survey Performance After Three Years on Sky
The NEID Earth Twin Survey (NETS) has been delivering a rich set of precise radial velocity (RV) measurements for 41 bright, nearby main sequence stars. Here, we describe the status of the survey after three years on sky and we present the full set of RV measurements and accompanying stellar activity indicators. We discuss intermediate survey diagnostics, including calibration of the known RV zero point offset introduced following the Contreras fire in 2022 and the identification of an undiagnosed and previously unknown zero point offset in 2021. An analysis of our data set using exttt{RVSearch} demonstrates that for these target stars, NEID is independently sensitive to nearly all known planets with periods shorter than the NETS observing baseline. We also highlight a number of newly detected RV signals, which present exciting opportunities for future investigations.
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7.52538
13.072794
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623704G
[ "RV measurements", "RV", "intermediate survey diagnostics", "exciting opportunities", "NETS", "stellar activity indicators", "NEID", "newly detected RV signals", "future investigations", "precise radial velocity (RV) measurements" ]
[ "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics", "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
41
null
[ "Gupta, Arvind F.", "Fitzmaurice, Evan", "Mahadevan, Suvrath", "Robertson, Paul", "Luhn, Jacob K.", "Wright, Jason T.", "Logsdon, Sarah E.", "Krolikowski, Daniel M.", "Paredes, Leonardo A.", "Bender, Chad F.", "Giovinazzi, Mark R.", "Lin, Andrea S.", "Blake, Cullen H.", "Cañas, Caleb I.", "Ford, Eric B.", "Halverson, Samuel P.", "Kanodia, Shubham", "McElwain, Michael W.", "Ninan, Joe P.", "Rajagopal, Jayadev", "Roy, Arpita", "Schwab, Christian", "Stefánsson, Guðmundur", "Terrien, Ryan C." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974714
2506.23752
Significance of soft-scale breaking on primordial black hole production in Coleman-Weinberg type supercooling-phase transition
Ultra-supercooling phase transitions can generate large overdensities in the Universe, potentially leading to the formation of primordial black holes (PBHs), which can also be a dark matter candidate. In this work, we focus on the supercooling phase transition for the scale symmetry breaking based on the effective potential of the Coleman-Weinberg (CW) type. We investigate the effect on the PBH production in the presence of an additional mass term for the CW scalar field, what we call a soft-scale breaking term, which serves as the extra explicit-scale breaking term other than the quantum scale anomaly induced by the CW mechanism. We demonstrate that even a small size of the soft-scale breaking term can significantly affect the PBH production depending on its sign: a positive term slows down the phase transition, thereby enhancing the PBH abundance and improving the model's ability to account for dark matter; in contrast, a negative term suppresses the PBH formation. The inclusion of such soft-scale breaking terms broadens the viable parameter space and increases the flexibility of the framework. We further illustrate our results through two ultraviolet-complete realizations: i) a many-flavor QCD-inspired model as a reference model which can dynamically induce a positive-soft scale breaking; ii) a Higgs portal model with a $B-L$ scalar as the benchmark for the case where a negative-soft scale breaking is induced. Our study would provide a new testable link between PBH dark matter and gravitational wave signatures in the CW-type scenario.
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9.619974
-1.101545
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623752Z
[ "PBH dark matter", "dark matter", "such soft-scale breaking terms", "Ultra-supercooling phase transitions", "PBH", "CW", "a soft-scale breaking term", "the soft-scale breaking term", "primordial black holes", "gravitational wave signatures" ]
[ "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology", "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics" ]
17
null
[ "Zhang, He-Xu", "Hashino, Katsuya", "Ishida, Hiroyuki", "Matsuzaki, Shinya" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974732
2506.23761
Macroscopic states in Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter model with axionlike interaction
The phase diagrams of ultralight dark matter (DM), modeled as a self-gravitating Bose-Einstein condensate with axionlike interaction, are studied. We classify stable, metastable, and unstable DM states over a wide range of condensate wave function amplitudes. It is shown that the axionlike interaction causes instability and an imaginary speed of sound at low amplitudes, whereas, in a specific high-amplitude band, DM attains a stable state capable of forming a dense solitonic core and suppressing quantum fluctuations in the surrounding galactic DM halo. These findings are corroborated by evaluating thermodynamic functions for DM in the dwarf galaxy NGC2366 and its hypothetical analogs with different core-to-halo mass ratios. Distinct DM phase compositions respond differently to fluctuation-induced partial pressure, resulting in a first-order phase transition in a certain range of an interaction parameter. While the DM properties in NGC2366 lie within the supercritical regime, the phase transition nonetheless provides a thermodynamic marker separating stable from unstable DM configurations. Once a dense core forms - reaching a threshold of about 12% of the total mass - the enhanced gravitation stabilizes the DM halo against fluctuations, while the internal pressure ensures core stability. In particular, we find that NGC2366's dense DM comprises roughly 19% of the DM mass while occupying only 4.7% of its total volume.
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9.037699
-0.854471
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623761N
[ "unstable DM states", "Distinct DM phase compositions", "unstable DM configurations", "DM", "condensate wave function amplitudes", "core stability", "thermodynamic functions", "quantum fluctuations", "axionlike interaction", "the surrounding galactic DM halo" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
10
null
[ "Nazarenko, A. V." ]
[ "-" ]
[]
[]
34974750
2506.23795
Simulation of images of protoplanetary disks after collision with free-floating planets
Observational manifestations of disturbances in a protoplanetary disk caused by a collision with a massive planet are studied. It is assumed that the planet moves along a parabolic trajectory that intersects the disk plane near the star. Gas-dynamic simulation is performed using the finite volume method on a long time scale. On its basis, images of the disk observed from the pole and edge-on are constructed in the infrared and submillimeter ranges. A wide range of planet orbit parameters is considered. The approach of the planet was considered both prograde and retrograde with the respect to the disk rotation. Calculations have shown that in the images of the disk seen pole-on, two spiral arms can be observed in case of the prograde fall, and one with retrograde case. In the case of observations of a disk whose plane is inclined at a small angle to the line of sight, distortions of the disk plane can be noticeable. In addition, a gas tail is extended from the disk in the direction of the planet's motion, which can also be identified in observations.
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9.382724
13.504537
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623795D
[ "planet orbit parameters", "the disk plane", "retrograde case", "a protoplanetary disk", "the disk rotation", "case", "images", "a disk", "the disk", "Observational manifestations" ]
[ "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics", "Astrophysics of Galaxies", "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
0
null
[ "Demidova, Tatiana", "Grigoryev, Vitaliy" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974753
2506.23798
Scalar-induced gravitational waves from coherent initial states
We investigate the impact of statistical inhomogeneity and anisotropy in primordial scalar perturbations on the scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGW). Assuming inflationary quantum fluctuations originate from a coherent state, the resulting primordial scalar perturbations acquire a non-zero space-dependent mean, violating statistical homogeneity, statistical isotropy, and parity. As a consequence of statistical inhomogeneities, SIGW acquires distinct scale-dependent features in its correlation function. Statistical anisotropies further lead to possible parity violation and correlation between different polarization modes in the tensor perturbations. Therefore, detection of these signatures in the stochastic gravitational wave background would offer probes to the statistical nature of primordial scalar perturbations beyond the scales accessible to CMB observations.
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10.890018
-0.549311
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623798M
[ "primordial scalar perturbations", "statistical inhomogeneities", "statistical inhomogeneity", "Statistical anisotropies", "statistical homogeneity", "statistical isotropy", "possible parity violation", "inflationary quantum fluctuations", "the resulting primordial scalar perturbations", "different polarization modes" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology", "High Energy Physics - Theory" ]
23
null
[ "Mukherjee, Dipayan", "Ragavendra, H. V.", "Sethi, Shiv K." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974770
2506.23811
Superconducting Ring Resonators: Modelling, Simulation, and Experimental Characterisation
We present a theoretical and experimental study of superconducting ring resonators as an initial step towards their application to superconducting electronics and quantum technologies. These devices have the potentially valuable property of supporting two orthogonal electromagnetic modes that couple to a common Cooper pair, quasiparticle, and phonon system. We present here a comprehensive theoretical and experimental analysis of the superconducting ring resonator system. We have developed superconducting ring resonator models that describe the key features of microwave behaviour to first order, providing insights into how transmission line inhomogeneities give rise to frequency splitting and mode rotation. Furthermore, we constructed signal flow graphs for a four-port ring resonator to numerically validate the behaviour predicted by our theoretical analysis. Superconducting ring resonators were fabricated in both coplanar waveguide and microstrip geometries using Al and Nb thin films. Microwave characterisation of these devices demonstrates close agreement with theoretical predictions. Our study reveals that frequency splitting and mode rotation are prevalent in ring systems with coupled degenerate modes, and these phenomena become distinctly resolved in high quality factor superconducting ring resonators.
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10.347497
3.031042
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623811S
[ "Superconducting ring resonators", "superconducting ring resonator models", "ring resonators", "ring systems", "mode rotation", "coupled degenerate modes", "the superconducting ring resonator system", "microwave behaviour", "theoretical predictions", "transmission line inhomogeneities" ]
[ "Superconductivity", "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics" ]
13
null
[ "Sun, Zhenyuan", "Withington, Stafford", "Thomas, Christopher", "Zhao, Songyuan" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974789
2506.23829
Enhanced Thermodynamic Framework for Third-Order Galaxy Correlation Functions: From Theory to Observations
We present a comprehensive thermodynamic derivation and observational validation of the third-order galaxy correlation function, extending the seminal work of Iqbal et al [ 1, 2]. Using the statistical mechanics framework for gravitating systems, we derive the governing partial differential equation and provide explicit analytical solutions. Our enhanced framework includes: (1) comparison with N-body simulations and SDSS/BOSS galaxy survey data showing excellent agreement (\c{hi}2/dof = 1.27), (2) systematic methodology for determining model parameters from observational constraints, (3) detailed analysis of scale-dependent behaviour across linear and nonlinear regimes, (4) direct connections to standard cosmological parameters (σ8, Ωm, fN L), (5) comprehensive treatment of redshift-space distortions, and (6) analysis of observational systematics. We demonstrate that our third-order correlation parameter b3 provides independent constraints complementary to two-point analyses, with potential to break degeneracies in dark energy and modified gravity studies. Explicit quantitative limitations regarding cosmic expansion effects and equilibrium assumptions are provided, along with comparisons to alternative methodologies and extensions for next-generation surveys.
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11.923282
2.871341
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623829C
[ "observational constraints", "standard cosmological parameters", "model parameters", "observational validation", "alternative methodologies", "observational systematics", "cosmic expansion effects", "independent constraints", "Explicit quantitative limitations", "comprehensive treatment" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
17
null
[ "Choudhary, Sameer", "Iqbal, Naseer" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974819
2506.23861
Constraining the Origin of FRB 20121102A's Persistent Radio Source with Long-Term Radio Observations
The persistent radio source (PRS) associated with FRB 20121102A, the first precisely localized repeating fast radio burst (FRB), provides key constraints on both its local environment and the nature of the underlying FRB engine. We present a seven-year (2016-2023) temporal analysis of the PRS, combining new uGMRT observations with archival data across L-band frequencies. We find no statistically significant long-term trend in its L-band flux density. The observed variability is consistent with refractive interstellar scintillation, and the data do not require the PRS to be a source exhibiting strong intrinsic variability. This stability challenges models predicting rapid fading from evolving magnetized outflows, such as those powered by young magnetars or relativistic shocks. Our low-frequency observations show no evidence for spectral evolution between 1.4 GHz and 745 MHz, with a measured spectral index of $α= -0.15 \pm 0.08$, in agreement with values reported from earlier observations in 2016-2017. The PRS remains compact, exhibits a flat radio spectrum, and-if powered by an intermediate-mass black hole accreting at a low Eddington ratio-its radio and X-ray properties are broadly consistent with the fundamental plane of radio-loud AGNs. While not conclusive, this scenario represents a viable alternative to magnetar wind nebula models and warrants further investigation. Furthermore, we find no statistically significant correlation between FRB burst activity and the luminosity of associated PRSs among repeating sources. This apparent decoupling challenges simple progenitor models that directly link bursts and persistent emission. Together, these results suggest that the FRB engine and PRS may in some systems originate from physically distinct sources, underscoring the need for flexible models to explain the diverse environments of repeating FRBs.
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6.288906
3.181489
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623861B
[ "FRB burst activity", "wind nebula models", "simple progenitor models", "flexible models", "models", "PRS", "FRB 20121102A", "new uGMRT observations", "FRB", "earlier observations" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
25
null
[ "Bhardwaj, Mohit", "Balasubramanian, Arvind", "Kaushal, Yasha", "Tendulkar, Shriharsh P." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974842
2506.23884
Spectropolarimetric synthesis of forbidden lines in MHD models of coronal bright points
The inference of the magnetic field vector from spectropolarimetric observations is crucial for understanding the physical processes governing the solar corona. We investigate which information on the magnetic fields of coronal bright points (CBP) can be gained from the intensity and polarization of the Fe XIII 10747 A, Fe XIV 5303 A, Si X 14301 A, and Si IX 39343 A forbidden lines. We apply the P-CORONA synthesis code to a CBP model in the very low corona, obtained with the Bifrost code, and to a larger global model to study the impact of the outer coronal material along the line of sight (LoS). The enhanced density within the CBP produces an intensity brightening, but suppresses the linear polarization. The circular polarization from such regions often approaches 0.1% of the intensity. The contribution from the coronal material along the LoS depends strongly on its temperature, and is weaker for lines with a peak response at higher temperatures (Fe10747 at 1.7 MK; Fe5303 at 2 MK). The weak field approximation (WFA) provides information on the longitudinal magnetic fields in the strongest-emitting spatial intervals along the LoS, and is more reliable in the regions of the CBP where the field does not change sign. This tends to coincide with the regions where there is a strong correlation between the circular polarization and the wavelength derivative of the intensity. Considering roughly 30 minutes of time evolution, the CBP signals are somewhat attenuated but are still identifiable, while the area where the WFA can be suitably applied remains substantial. The circular polarization of the Fe5303 and especially Fe10747 lines are valuable diagnostics for the magnetic fields in the higher-temperature regions of the CBP, which could be exploited with future coronagraphs with similar capabilities to Cryo-NIRSP/DKIST, but designed to observe below 1.05 solar radii.
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12.183392
15.206052
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623884A
[ "CBP", "such regions", "higher temperatures", "polarization", "coronal bright points", "lines", "the magnetic field vector", "the longitudinal magnetic fields", "similar capabilities", "Si IX" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
18
null
[ "Alsina Ballester, Ernest", "Nóbrega-Siverio, Daniel", "Moreno-Insertis, Fernando", "Dayananda, Supriya Hebbur" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974844
2506.23885
Modeling blazar broadband emission with convolutional neural networks -- III. proton synchrotron and hybrid models
Modeling the broadband emission of blazars has become increasingly challenging with the advent of multimessenger observations. Building upon previous successes in applying convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to leptonic emission scenarios, we present an efficient CNN-based approach for modeling blazar emission under proton synchrotron and hybrid lepto-hadronic frameworks. Our CNN is trained on extensive numerical simulations generated by SOPRANO, which span a comprehensive parameter space accounting for the injection and all significant cooling processes of electrons and protons. The trained CNN captures complex interactions involving both primary and secondary particles, effectively reproducing electromagnetic and neutrino emissions. This allows for rapid and thorough exploration of the parameter space characteristic of hadronic and hybrid emission scenarios. The effectiveness of the trained CNN is demonstrated through fitting the spectral energy distributions of two prominent blazars, TXS 0506+059 and PKS 0735+178, both associated with IceCube neutrino detections. The modeling is conducted under assumptions of constant neutrino flux across distinct energy ranges, as well as by adopting a fitting that incorporates the expected neutrino event count through a Poisson likelihood method. The trained CNN is integrated into the Markarian Multiwavelength Data Center (MMDC; https://www.mmdc.am), offering a robust tool for the astrophysical community to explore blazar jet physics within a hadronic framework.
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8.384556
1.731207
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623885S
[ "blazar emission", "leptonic emission scenarios", "blazar jet physics", "constant neutrino flux", "blazars", "IceCube neutrino detections", "CNN", "distinct energy ranges", "convolutional neural networks", "extensive numerical simulations" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
15
null
[ "Sahakyan, N.", "Bégué, D.", "Casotto, A.", "Dereli-Bégué, H.", "Vardanyan, V.", "Khachatryan, M.", "Giommi, P.", "Pe'er, A." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974860
2506.23889
Avalanching together: A model for sympathetic flaring
Avalanche models running in a self-organized critical regime have proven powerful in reproducing the power-law distributions and scale invariance that characterize the statistical properties of solar flares. They are often interpreted as representing an individual active region of the Sun. As a result, this class of models has rarely been applied to describe sympathetic flares $\unicode{x2014}$ solar eruptions that occur in close spatial and temporal proximity, seemingly driven by their mutual interaction. In this study, we investigate the phenomenon of sympathetic flaring using avalanche models and compare their statistical properties with observations of sympathetic flares on the Sun. We developed a novel avalanche model featuring two connected lattices, each representing a distinct active region. This connectivity allows the transfer of nodal variable between the lattices, simulating the non-local effects expected to occur during sympathetic flares. Our results show that under strong connectivity, the lattices exhibit temporal synchronization, with correlations between their avalanche energies. Furthermore, increasing the connectivity between the lattices results in an excess of avalanches at short waiting times. A quantitative comparison with observational data suggests that only a weak connectivity allows our model to replicate the observed solar waiting time distributions. Consequently, we propose that if magnetic connectivity between distinct active regions drives sympathetic flaring on the Sun, it must remain relatively weak.
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13.002039
15.854211
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623889G
[ "Avalanche models", "avalanche models", "sympathetic flares", "sympathetic flaring", "distinct active regions", "strong connectivity", "models", "magnetic connectivity", "solar flares", "Avalanche" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics", "Space Physics" ]
0
null
[ "Guité, Louis-Simon", "Charbonneau, Paul", "Strugarek, Antoine" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974849
2506.23891
Three-dimensional Transport-induced Chemistry on Temperate sub-Neptune K2-18b, Part I: the Effects of Atmospheric Dynamics
The low equilibrium temperatures of temperate sub-Neptunes lead to extremely long chemical timescales in their upper atmospheres, causing the abundances of chemical species to be strongly shaped by atmospheric transport. Here, we used a three-dimensional (3D) general circulation model involving a passive tracer to investigate the atmospheric circulation and 3D transport of temperate gas-rich sub-Neptunes, using K2-18b as an example. We model K2-18b as a synchronous or asynchronous rotator, exploring spin-orbit resonances (SOR) of 2:1, 6:1, and 10:1. We find that the strong absorption of CO$_2$ and CH$_4$ induces a detached convective zone between 1 and 5 bar, resulting in strong vertical mixing at these levels. The upper atmosphere is dominated by eastward winds (an equatorial superrotating jet present in all simulations), leading to warmer evening terminators and approximately 20% higher passive tracer mass mixing ratios compared to the morning terminators. Rotation rates have minimal impact on the strength of global mean vertical mixing, but significantly influence the latitudinal distribution of passive tracers. For synchronous, 2:1 SOR, and 6:1 SOR simulations, passive tracers are more abundant in the upwelling branches at latitudes within 60$^\circ$, while for the 10:1 SOR simulation, strong transient eddies at high latitudes (>70$^\circ$) between 0.1 to 1 bar can transport passive tracers upward from the deep atmosphere, making them more abundant there, despite their alignment with the downwelling branch of the large-scale circulation. This study focuses on the atmospheric dynamics and its influence on passive tracer transport, while a follow-up paper will incorporate active chemical species.
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7.46121
14.790152
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623891L
[ "passive tracer transport", "passive tracers", "strong vertical mixing", "global mean vertical mixing", "atmospheric transport", "strong transient eddies", "3D transport", "chemical species", "warmer evening terminators", "SOR" ]
[ "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics" ]
32
null
[ "Liu, Jiachen", "Christie, Duncan", "Yang, Jun" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974871
2506.23899
Continuum optical-UV and X-ray variability of AGN: current results and future challenges
Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are believed to be powered by accretion of matter onto a supermassive black hole. A fundamental ingredient in shaping our understanding of AGN is their variability across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Variability studies have the potential to help us understand the geometry of the emitting regions (in various energy bands), their causal relations, and the physics of the accretion processes. This review focuses on the observational properties of AGN variability in the optical/UV/X-ray bands (where most of the AGN luminosity is emitted) and their dependence on the AGN physical parameters (i.e. mass, luminosity, accretion rate). We also discuss possible interpretations in the context of accreting compact systems, and we review the use of variability as a tool to discover AGN and trace their properties across cosmic time, using both ground and space facilities. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges provided by current and next-generation optical/X-ray surveys, to use variability as an effective tool to probe the growth of super massive black holes in the Universe.
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16.109213
7.076371
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623899P
[ "AGN variability", "AGN", "Variability studies", "variability", "super massive black holes", "various energy bands", "accreting compact systems", "accretion", "cosmic time", "Active Galactic Nuclei" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
30
null
[ "Paolillo, Maurizio", "Papadakis, Iossif" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974874
2506.23915
Exploring the Wolf Approach to Constraining NIR Extinction Laws in the Corona Australis Molecular Cloud
The viability of the star count (Wolf) method is assessed as a means of constraining the near-infrared (NIR) extinction law toward the Corona Australis molecular cloud. Using deep $JHK_S$ photometry from the VISIONS survey, extinction maps with 1 arcmin spatial resolution are constructed. The derived extinction ratios are $A_J/A_H=1.73\pm0.07$, $A_H/A_{K_S}=1.70\pm0.11$, and $A_J/A_{K_S}=3.02\pm0.22$, which are consistent with Galactic literature means. Assuming a power-law form ($A_λ\propto λ^{-α}$) for the NIR extinction law, we derive indices of $α\approx 2.0$ across all wavelength combinations, with no statistically significant wavelength dependence throughout the NIR wavelength range. While spatial variations in extinction properties are tentatively observed across the cloud, concerns persist regarding the impact of photometric completeness, and the role of reference field selection. Continued research is required to refine the approach, and scrutinize the veracity of potential extinction law variations over a more expansive region of sky.
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11.167441
9.509176
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623915J
[ "potential extinction law variations", "extinction maps", "extinction properties", "the NIR extinction law", "spatial variations", "NIR", "photometric completeness", "reference field selection", "The derived extinction ratios", "Corona Australis" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies", "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
21
null
[ "Jiang, Botao", "Li, Jun", "Chen, Xi" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974888
2506.23920
A possible two-fold scenario for the disc-corona of the luminous AGN 1H 0419--577: a high-density disc or a warm corona
[abridged] 1H 0419-577 is a highly-accreting, luminous BLS1 AGN. This study aims to characterise its disc-corona system using, for the first time, simultaneous XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations, performed in May and November 2018. We conducted high-resolution grating spectroscopy to identify potential soft X-ray absorption and emission features. To measure the hot corona temperatures from the spectral analysis above 3 keV, we also included data from a previous NuSTAR observation from June 2015. We characterised the disc-corona system properties by analysing the broadband spectra and the SED from UV to hard X-rays. 1H 0419-577 was observed in a bare-like high-flux state at both epochs, with negligible neutral and ionised absorption along its line of sight at both Galactic and AGN rest-frames. However, several soft X-ray emission lines were detected, notably a broad and intense OVII line indicating an accretion disc origin at only a few tens of gravitational radii. The broadband X-ray spectra revealed a prominent, absorption-free smooth soft X-ray excess, a weak Fe Kalpha complex, and a lack of a Compton hump. Fitting data above 3 keV yielded apparent moderate hot corona temperatures of ~20-30 keV for the 2018 and 2015 observations, depending on the model applied. The 2018 X-ray broadband spectra were well reproduced by either a relativistic reflection model with a high-density accretion disc (~10^18 cm^-2), or a hybrid model combining warm and hot coronae with relativistic reflection. We performed the SED analysis for the latter scenario, which indicated that both the hot and warm coronae would have a small spatial extent. Both scenarios can successfully reproduce the two 2018 observations of 1H 0419-577, but they imply very different physical conditions, for example, in terms of disc density, temperature and accretion power released in the hot corona and the origin of the UV emission.
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15.924726
7.918123
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623920P
[ "several soft X-ray emission lines", "apparent moderate hot corona temperatures", "disc density", "NuSTAR observations", "potential soft X-ray absorption and emission features", "-", "rays", "the hot corona temperatures", "temperature", "relativistic reflection" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
25
null
[ "Porquet, Delphine", "Reeves, James N.", "Braito, Valentina" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974900
2506.23931
Sagittarius A* near-infrared flares polarization as a probe of space-time I: Non-rotating exotic compact objects
The center of our galaxy hosts Sagittarius~A*, a supermassive compact object of $\sim 4.3\times 10^6$ solar masses, usually associated with a black hole. Nevertheless, black holes possess a central singularity, considered unphysical, and an event horizon, which leads to loss of unitarity in a quantum description of the system. To address these theoretical inconsistencies, alternative models, collectively known as exotic compact objects, have been proposed. In this paper, we investigate the potential detectability of signatures associated with non-rotating exotic compact objects within the Sgr~A* polarized flares dataset, as observed through GRAVITY and future instruments. We examine a total of eight distinct metrics, originating from four different categories of static and spherically symmetric compact objects: Black Holes, Boson stars, Fluid spheres, and Gravastars. Our approach involves utilizing a toy model that orbits the compact object in the equatorial plane, at the Schwarzschild-Keplerian velocity. Using simulated astrometric and polarimetric data with present GRAVITY and future GRAVITY+ uncertainties, we fit the datasets across all metrics examined. We evaluated the detectability of the metric for each dataset based on the resulting $χ^2_\mathrm{red}$ and BIC-based Bayes factors. Plunge-through images of ECOs affect polarization and astrometry. With GRAVITY's present uncertainties, only a compact boson-star model is discernible. GRAVITY+'s improved sensitivity allows detection of most exotic compact object models. However, enhancing the astrophysical complexity of the hot spot model diminishes these outcomes. Presently, GRAVITY's uncertainties limit us to detecting just one exotic compact object metric. With GRAVITY+'s enhanced sensitivity, we can expect to uncover additional exotic compact object models and use Sgr~A* as a laboratory for fundamental physics.
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8.553076
5.438434
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623931A
[ "exotic compact objects", "additional exotic compact object models", "most exotic compact object models", "non-rotating exotic compact objects", "alternative models", "future GRAVITY+ uncertainties", "a supermassive compact object", "the compact object", "just one exotic compact object metric", "Boson stars" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology" ]
20
null
[ "Aimar, Nicolas", "Luís Rosa, João", "Liis Tamm, Hanna", "Garcia, Paulo" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974925
2506.23955
Variability-finding in Rubin Data Preview 1 with LSDB
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory recently released Data Preview 1 (DP1) in advance of the upcoming Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), which will enable boundless discoveries in time-domain astronomy over the next ten years. DP1 provides an ideal sandbox for validating innovative data analysis approaches for the LSST mission, whose scale challenges established software infrastructure paradigms. This note presents a pair of such pipelines for variability-finding using powerful software infrastructure suited to LSST data, namely the HATS (Hierarchical Adaptive Tiling Scheme) format and the LSDB framework, developed by the LSST Interdisciplinary Network for Collaboration and Computing (LINCC) Frameworks team. This note presents a pair of variability-finding pipelines built on LSDB, the HATS catalog of DP1 data, and preliminary results of detected variable objects, two of which are novel discoveries.
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10.817847
4.430983
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623955M
[ "LSST data", "LSST", "DP1 data", "innovative data analysis approaches", "powerful software infrastructure", "software infrastructure paradigms", "boundless discoveries", "detected variable objects", "such pipelines", "novel discoveries" ]
[ "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics", "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
47
null
[ "Malanchev, Konstantin", "DeLucchi, Melissa", "Caplar, Neven", "Malz, Alex I.", "Beebe, Wilson", "Branton, Doug", "Campos, Sandro", "Connolly, Andrew", "Dai, Mi", "Kubica, Jeremy", "Lynn, Olivia", "Mandelbaum, Rachel", "McGuire, Sean", "Aubourg, Eric", "Blum, Robert David", "Carlin, Jeffrey L.", "Delgado, Francisco", "Gangler, Emmanuel", "Jannuzi, Buell T.", "Jenness, Tim", "Kang, Yijung", "Kannawadi, Arun", "Moniez, Marc", "Plazas Malagón, Andrés A.", "van Reeven, Wouter", "Sanmartim, David", "Urbach, Elana K.", "Wood-Vasey, W. M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974950
2506.23983
High-precision polarization measurements with Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors
This work aims to demonstrate that two arrays of Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors (LEKIDs), when employed in filled array configuration and separated by an external linear polarizer oriented at 45 degrees, can achieve the precision required by next-generation cosmological experiments. The focus here is on validating their ability to meet stringent uncertainty requirements, in particular for polarization angle reconstruction. To achieve this, the uncertainties in the reconstruction of the polarization angle have been characterized in the laboratory using a dedicated closed-circuit 100 mK dilution cryostat. This is optically coupled to a Martin-Puplett interferometer and a custom-designed sky simulator equipped with both photometric and polarized sources, allowing one to reproduce realistic ground-based observation conditions. This experimental setup allows us to generate intensity and polarization maps with diffraction-limited resolution, allowing us to determine the polarization angles and their associated uncertainties. The results show performance in line with expectations for the next generation CMB experiments. The polarization angle was reconstructed with an uncertainty of 6.5 arcmin.
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10.400279
3.026715
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250623983S
[ "polarization angle reconstruction", "filled array configuration", "stringent uncertainty requirements", "Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors", "The polarization angle", "the polarization angle", "the polarization angles", "the next generation CMB experiments", "next-generation cosmological experiments", "intensity and polarization maps" ]
[ "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics", "Instrumentation and Detectors" ]
16
null
[ "Savorgnano, Sofia", "Catalano, Andrea", "Macías Perez, Juan-Francisco", "Bounmy, Julien", "Bourrion, Olivier", "Calvo, Martino", "Choulet, Olivier", "Garde, Gregory", "Gerardin, Anne", "Kusulja, Mile", "Monfardini, Alessandro", "Ponthieu, Nicolas", "Tourres, Damien", "Vezzu, Francis" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974960
2506.24002
Line-of-sight acceleration as a test of the Galactic Yukawa potential
We forecast the impact of direct radial acceleration measurements, based on two redshift measurements of the same target one decade apart, on constraining the Yukawa correction to the Newtonian potential in the Milky Way. The Galaxy's matter distribution is modeled as the sum of a spherical bulge, a spherical dark matter halo, and two axially symmetric disks. Considering a sample of 165 Milky Way globular clusters, we find that the precision of next-generation spectrographs ($\sim$ 10 cm s$^{-1}$) is not sufficient to provide competitive constraints compared to rotation curve data using the same baryonic matter distribution. The latter sample only becomes competitive for a precision better than 0.6 cm s$^{-1}$. On the other hand, we find that adopting a population of $1.3 \times 10^5$ RR Lyrae stars as targets, a precision of $\sim$ 10 cm s$^{-1}$ can achieve constraints on the Yukawa parameters as strong as with the rotation curves.
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9.839232
6.66043
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250624002D
[ "direct radial acceleration measurements", "competitive constraints", "rotation curve data", "targets", "Yukawa", "constraints", "the same baryonic matter distribution", "a spherical dark matter halo", "165 Milky Way globular clusters", "Newtonian" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
16
null
[ "da Silva Barbosa, Felipe A.", "Amendola, Luca", "Rodrigues, Davi C.", "Capuzzo-Dolcetta, Roberto" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974972
2506.24004
A planet-host ratio relation to synthesize microlensing and transiting exoplanet demography from Roman
The NASA Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman) will be the first survey able to detect large numbers of both cold and hot exoplanets across Galactic distances: ~1,400 cold exoplanets via microlensing and ~200,000 hot, transiting planets. Differing sensitivities to planet bulk properties between the microlensing and transit methods require relations like a planet mass-radius relation (MRR) to mediate. We propose using instead a planet-host ratio relation (PHRR) to couple directly microlensing and transit observables. Unlike the MRR, a PHRR uses parameters that are always measured and so can leverage the full Roman exoplanet sample. Using 908 confirmed exoplanets from the NASA Exoplanet Archive, we show that transit depth, $δ$, and planet-host mass ratio, $q$, obey a PHRR that is continuous over all planet scales. The PHRR is improved by including orbital period, $P$, and host effective temperature, $T_{\star}$. We compare several candidate PHRRs of the form $δ(q,T_\star, P)$, with the Bayesian Information Criterion favouring power-law dependence on $T_\star$ and $P$, and broken power-law dependence on $q$. The break in $q$ itself depends on $T_\star$, as do the power-law slopes in $q$ either side of the break. The favoured PHRR achieves a fairly uniform $50\%$ relative precision in $δ$ for all $q$. Approximately $5\%$ of the sample has a transit depth that is strongly under-predicted by the PHRR; around half of these are associated with large stars ($R_\star > 2.5 \, R_{\odot}$) potentially subject to Malmquist bias.
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14.189119
12.24736
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250624004E
[ "planet bulk properties", "PHRR", "large stars", "large numbers", "several candidate PHRRs", "planet-host mass ratio", "relations", "effective temperature", "orbital period", "broken power-law dependence" ]
[ "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics", "Astrophysics of Galaxies", "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics", "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics" ]
24
null
[ "Edmondson, Kathryn", "Kerins, Eamonn" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974971
2506.24010
Anchoring Stellar Age Indicators: A Cross-Calibration of [C/N] and Gyrochronology Ages via the Age-Velocity-Dispersion Relation
Determining stellar ages is challenging, as it depends on other stellar parameters in a non-linear way and often relies on stellar evolution models to infer the underlying relation between these parameters and age. This complexity increases when comparing different age-dating methods, as they rely on distinct indicators and are often applicable to non-overlapping regions of the color-magnitude diagram. Moreover, many empirical calibration methods rely on pre-determined ages, often from open clusters or asteroseismology, which only cover a limited parameter space. Fortunately, the age-velocity-dispersion relation (AVR), in which the velocity dispersion increases with age, is a universal feature among stars of all evolutionary stages. In this paper, we 1) explore the parameter space in which [C/N] and gyrochronology are applicable, extending beyond the domains probed by asteroseismology and open clusters, and 2) assess whether the traditionally assumed [C/N] and gyrochronology relations yield ages on a consistent physical scale, after calibrating both using the same AVR. We find gyrochronology can be applied to all partially convective stars after they have converged onto the slow rotating sequence and before they experience weakened magnetic braking; [C/N] can be used to infer ages for all giants with metallicity > -0.8 dex and [C/N] < -0.05 dex, and can be used as an age-indicator down to [Fe/H] of -1 dex if only selecting the low-$α$ disk. Lastly, ages obtained from [C/N] and gyrochronology agree within uncertainty after accounting for systematic offsets.
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8.150157
12.320315
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250624010L
[ "stellar ages", "pre-determined ages", "age", "ages", "gyrochronology relations", "other stellar parameters", "non-overlapping regions", "gyrochronology", "stellar evolution models", "open clusters" ]
[ "Solar and Stellar Astrophysics", "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
37
null
[ "Lu, Yuxi", "Pinsonneault, Marc H.", "Ting, Yuan-Sen", "Van-Lane, Phil R.", "Roberts, John D", "Tayar, Jamie", "Stone-Martinez, Alexander" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974973
2506.24011
The Lifespan of our Universe
The Dark Energy Survey (DES) and the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) measurements claim that the dark energy equation of state $w \ne -1$. This observation can be explained by the axion Dark Energy (aDE) model of an ultralight axion plus a cosmological constant $Λ$. Despite a relatively large degeneracy, there is a high probability that $Λ<0$. This negative $Λ$ leads the universe to end in a big crunch. Using the best-fit values of the model as a benchmark, we find the lifespan of our universe to be 33 billion years.
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11.305676
0.829032
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250624011N
[ "Dark Energy", "the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument", "The Dark Energy Survey", "DESI", "Dark Energy (aDE) model", "state", "DES", "an ultralight axion", "a high probability", "the model" ]
[ "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology", "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics" ]
43
null
[ "Nhan Luu, Hoang", "Qiu, Yu-Cheng", "Tye, S. -H. Henry" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974990
2506.24022
Cosmic Axions Revealed via Amplified Modulation of Ellipticity of Laser (CARAMEL)
We propose a new axion dark matter detection strategy that employs optical readout of laser beam ellipticity modulations caused by axion-induced electric fields in a microwave cavity, using electro-optic (EO) crystals, enhanced by externally injected radio-frequency (RF) power. Building upon the variance-based probing method, PRD 107, 103005, (2023), we extend this concept to the optical domain: a weak probe laser interacts with an EO crystal placed inside a resonant microwave cavity at cryogenic temperatures, and the axion-induced electric field is revealed through induced ellipticity. The injected RF signal coherently interferes with that of the axion field, amplifying the optical response and significantly improving sensitivity. While our EO-based method employs a Fabry-Perot resonator, we do not require Michelson interferometers. Our method hence enables compact, high-frequency axion searches, across the 0.5-50\,GHz range. Operating at cryogenic temperatures not only suppresses thermal backgrounds but, critically, allows the probing method to mitigate the laser quantum noise. This approach offers a scalable path forward for axion detection over the $\sim (\text{few}-200$)~$μ$eV mass range -- covering the preferred parameter space for the post-inflationary Peccei-Quinn axion dark matter -- using compact, tunable systems.
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9.200766
-2.371401
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250624022D
[ "axion detection", "laser beam ellipticity modulations", "optical readout", "a new axion dark matter detection strategy", "axion-induced electric fields", "cryogenic temperatures", "induced ellipticity", "EO", "the post-inflationary Peccei-Quinn axion dark matter", "the axion field" ]
[ "High Energy Physics - Experiment", "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology" ]
27
null
[ "Davoudiasl, Hooman", "Semertzidis, Yannis K." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34974998
2506.24030
Listening Across the Cosmic Time: Standard Sirens from Ground- and Space-Based Missions in the Next Decade
Precise measurement of the Hubble parameter will enable stringent tests of the standard model for cosmology. Standard sirens, using the luminosity distances measured by gravitational-wave observations of compact binary mergers, are expected to provide such measurements independently in the next decade. With the ground- and space-based gravitational wave observatories, the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) network and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), different types of standard sirens altogether will place constraints across a wide redshift range. In this paper, we forecast the precisions of standard siren Hubble parameter measurements and compare various scenarios, accounting for the dominant sources of systematic uncertainty. Specifically, we find a $2\%$ constraint on $H_0$, a $1.5-3\%$ constraint on $H(z)$ at $z=1$, and a $3-5\%$ constraint on $H(z)$ at $z=7$ when combining LVK and LISA standard sirens with precise redshift measurements from electromagnetic counterpart observations. We do not find a significant improvement when including standard sirens with no EM counterpart, but which rely on features in the black hole mass distribution, and the potential systematics introduced by the possible redshift evolution of such features could further degrade the measurement accuracy if not properly accounted for.
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8.135734
1.852443
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250624030S
[ "standard siren Hubble parameter measurements", "Standard sirens", "standard sirens", "precise redshift measurements", "such measurements", "Precise measurement", "such features", "electromagnetic counterpart observations", "compact binary mergers", "constraints" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics" ]
15
null
[ "Salvarese, Alberto", "Chen, Hsin-Yu", "Mangiagli, Alberto", "Tamanini, Nicola" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975009
2506.24050
EMPRESS. XV. A New Determination of the Primordial Helium Abundance Suggesting a Moderately Low $Y_\mathrm{P}$ Value
We present a new constraint on the primordial helium abundance, $Y_\mathrm{P}$, based on Subaru observations. A major source of uncertainty in previous $Y_\mathrm{P}$ determinations is the lack of extremely metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs; $0.01-0.1Z_\odot$), which have metallicities a few to ten times lower than the metal-poor galaxies (MPGs; $0.1-0.4Z_\odot$) predominantly used in earlier studies, requiring substantial extrapolation to zero metallicity. Here, we perform Subaru near-infrared spectroscopy of 29 galaxies, including 14 EMPGs. By incorporating existing optical spectra, we derive He/H for each galaxy using photoionization modeling of helium and hydrogen emission lines, including the He I 10830 Å line to break the density-temperature degeneracy. After carefully selecting galaxies with robust He/H determinations, and adding 58 galaxies from previous studies, we obtain $Y_\mathrm{P} = 0.2387^{+0.0036}_{-0.0031}$. This $Y_\mathrm{P}$ value is $\sim1σ$ lower than most of the previous estimates, but agrees with recent determinations using EMPGs and the CMB constraint from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) experiment. Our result indicates $N_\mathrm{eff} = 2.54^{+0.21}_{-0.20}$, showing a mild ($1-2σ$) tension with the Standard Model and Planck results. These tensions may suggest a nonzero lepton asymmetry, which would be alleviated with $ξ_\mathrm{e} = 0.05^{+0.02}_{-0.02}$. More observations of EMPGs and further assessments of systematic uncertainties are essential to test the potential tension more rigorously.
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10.627518
9.298738
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250624050Y
[ "galaxies", "previous studies", "EMPGs", "recent determinations", "earlier studies", "systematic uncertainties", "Subaru observations", "existing optical spectra", "Å line", "lepton asymmetry" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies", "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics" ]
24
null
[ "Yanagisawa, Hiroto", "Ouchi, Masami", "Matsumoto, Akinori", "Kawasaki, Masahiro", "Murai, Kai", "Nakajima, Kimihiko", "Kohri, Kazunori", "Sugahara, Yuma", "Nagamine, Kentaro", "Tanaka, Ichi", "Kim, Ji Hoon", "Ono, Yoshiaki", "Nakane, Minami", "Fukushima, Keita", "Harikane, Yuichi", "Hirai, Yutaka", "Isobe, Yuki", "Kusakabe, Haruka", "Onodera, Masato", "Rauch, Michael", "Yajima, Hidenobu" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975037
2506.24069
Recurring region for neutron-star observables
In this letter, we report a new phenomena of recurring regions when relating observables for hybrid neutron stars and hybrid neutron-star mergers. To describe dense matter within hybrid stars, we introduce a percolation to vary the size and characteristics of the deconfinement phase transition to quark matter. Before and after the percolation, we keep the hadronic and quark phases the same, described by different realistic models for the equation of state of beta-equilibrated, charge-neutral, zero-temperature matter. When solving spherical and deformed equations for neutron stars in general relativity, we find that: no matter the size or characteristics of the percolation region, or the order of the phase transition on either side (hadronic and quark), as long as we minimize the average sound speed from the beginning of the percolation region to the central density for a given star, we can produce equations of state that cross through the same, small recurring region within mass-radius and mass-tidal deformability diagrams. Our findings provide a new way to produce hybrid equations of state for dense matter that match a given observation of neutron stars or neutron star mergers.
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4.97654
1.884975
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250624069C
[ "hybrid neutron stars", "hybrid stars", "neutron stars", "hybrid equations", "recurring regions", "quark matter", "neutron star mergers", "equations", "dense matter", "state" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
12
null
[ "Clevinger, Alexander", "Lin, Zidu", "Albino, Milena", "Hammond, Peter", "Dexheimer, Veronica", "Steiner, Andrew" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975046
2506.24077
The distribution of metals in simulated Milky Way-mass galaxies
Galaxies form due to the continuous accretion of gaseous material towards the centre of dark matter haloes, which gives rise to stellar discs once the gas reaches high density. Analysis of stellar age distribution shows that stars in the inner regions of the disc are born at earlier times, in contrast to those found in the outer regions, which constitute a younger population. This scheme, typical of galactic formation processes, is known as the "inside-out" scenario and is closely related to the global properties of a significant fraction of the population of spiral galaxies. In this study, we analyse model galaxies from the Auriga project, a set of high-resolution, magnetohydrodynamic cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies, to investigate the distribution of metals at $z=0$. Since different galactic components were subjected to different formation histories, we focus on the distribution of metals in the halo, bulge, and disc using a dynamical decomposition method based on the degree of rotation of the stars and their gravitational potential.
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10.376778
7.400153
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250624077I
[ "stellar age distribution", "stellar discs", "galactic formation processes", "Galaxies form", "spiral galaxies", "different formation histories", "dark matter haloes", "different galactic components", "disc", "high density" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
22
null
[ "Iza, Federico G.", "Nuza, Sebastián E.", "Scannapieco, Cecilia", "Biaus, Luis", "Lozano, Ezequiel" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975070
2506.24100
Tidal Inflation is Stronger for Misaligned Neptune-Sized Planets Than Aligned Ones
Recent observations have revealed an intriguing abundance of polar-orbiting Neptune-sized planets, many of which exhibit unusually inflated radii. While such misaligned orbits point to a complex dynamical history, the connection between their orbital orientations and planetary structures remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyze a sample of 12 misaligned and 12 aligned planets using structure models that incorporate tidal heating. We use various statistical tests to demonstrate with at least $90\%$ confidence that misaligned planets experience more tidally-induced radius inflation compared to aligned planets. This inflation likely stems from their dynamically active histories, which often place them in close-in, eccentric, and highly inclined orbits. We further present a case study of WASP-107~b, an exceptionally inflated polar Neptune, and model its history using a simple coupled orbital and radius evolution approach. Our results place constraints on the planet's tidal quality factor that agree with recent JWST observations.
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7.664097
14.484696
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250624100S
[ "misaligned planets", "aligned planets", "such misaligned orbits", "recent JWST observations", "structure models", "Recent observations", "planetary structures", "tidal heating", "various statistical tests", "Neptune" ]
[ "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics" ]
37
null
[ "Sethi, Ritika", "Millholland, Sarah" ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975080
2506.24110
Constraining self-interacting ultrahigh-energy neutrinos by cosmic microwave background spectral distortion
The neutrino telescopes have firmly established the existence of ultra-high-energy (UHE) neutrinos. Observations of these neutrinos offer a unique probe of neutrino self-interactions. This work investigates how the self-interacting neutrinos, mediated by scalar bosons, inject energy into the medium through radiative scattering with the cosmic neutrino background, leaving an imprint on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) spectrum. The energy injection into plasma in redshift ranges, $5\times10^4\lesssim z\lesssim2\times10^6$ and $ z\lesssim5\times10^4$, leads to $μ$-type and $y$-type of CMB spectral distortions, respectively. Using observational constraints from Cosmic Background Explorer/Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (COBE/FIRAS) and projected sensitivities from Primordial Inflation Explorer (PIXIE) experiments for $μ$-type and $y$-type CMB distortions, we derive the stringent upper bounds on the self-interaction coupling strength as a function of mediator mass for neutrino interactions. We focus on flavor-specific self-interaction related to muon neutrinos and sub-GeV mass mediators ($m_ϕ$). We find the upper bound on the self-interaction coupling strength to be $\sim 3.1\times 10^{-5}$ for the muon neutrino, considering UHE muon neutrino energy to be 1 PeV and PIXIE projected upper bounds on $μ$-type CMB spectral distortion. The bound remains constant till the mediator mass reaches the center of mass energy, and after that, it gets relaxed and becomes proportional to the mediator mass. We have also compared our results with existing bounds in the literature. Our findings indicate that CMB spectral distortion could play a decisive role in exploring neutrino physics beyond the standard model of particle physics, and future missions like PIXIE can provide valuable insights.
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7.101658
-1.228665
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250624110N
[ "neutrino interactions", "muon neutrinos", "neutrino physics", "CMB spectral distortion", "CMB spectral distortions", "sub-GeV mass mediators", "mediator mass", "mass energy", "upper bounds", "energy" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology" ]
33
null
[ "Natwariya, Pravin Kumar", "Si, Shibsankar", "Nayak, Alekha C.", "Srivastava, Tripurari" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975093
2506.24128
Beneath the Surface: >85% of z>5.9 QSOs in Massive Host Galaxies are UV-Faint
We use [CII] observations of a large QSO sample to segregate sources by host galaxy mass, aiming to identify those in the most massive hosts. [CII] luminosity, a known tracer of molecular gas, is taken as a proxy for host mass and used to rank 190 QSOs at z>5.9, spanning a 6-mag UV luminosity range (-22<Muv<-28). Particularly valuable are ALMA data from a cycle-10 CISTERN program, providing [CII] coverage for 46 UV-faint (M_{UV,AB}>-24.5) and 25 especially UV-faint (Muv>-23.5) QSOs, improving statistics by 5x and 6x, respectively. Taking massive host galaxies to be those where L[CII]>1.8x10^9 Lsol (median L[CII] of UV-bright QSOs), we identify 61 QSOs, including 13 which are UV-faint and 7 especially UV-faint. Using these selections and recent QSO luminosity functions (LFs), we present the first characterization of UV luminosity distribution for QSOs in massive host galaxies and quantify [CII] LFs for both UV-bright and UV-faint QSOs. While ~3% of massive-host QSOs are UV-bright (Muv<-26), >~85% are UV-faint (Muv>-24.5). This wide dispersion in UV luminosities reflects variations in dust obscuration, accretion efficiency, and black hole mass. Though spectroscopy is needed for definitive conclusions, black hole mass appears to be the dominant factor driving variations in the UV luminosity, based on 34 [CII]-luminous (L[CII]>1.8x10^9 Lsol) QSOs distributed across a ~3-mag baseline in UV luminosity and with measured MBH. At Muv~-23, the median extrapolated log10 (MBH/Msol) is 8.1+/-0.4, consistent with the local relation. SMBHs in UV-bright QSOs thus appear to be ~15(-9)(+25)x more massive than typical for massive host galaxies at z~6.
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14.512362
7.063583
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250624128B
[ "UV luminosities", "UV luminosity", "UV luminosity distribution", "massive host galaxies", "host galaxy mass", "recent QSO luminosity functions", "host mass", "QSOs", "black hole mass", "UV-bright QSOs" ]
[ "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
41
null
[ "Bouwens, R. J.", "Banados, E.", "Decarli, R.", "Hennawi, J.", "Yang, D.", "Algera, H.", "Aravena, M.", "Farina, E.", "Gloudemans, A.", "Hodge, J.", "Inami, H.", "Matthee, J.", "Meyer, R.", "Naidu, R. P.", "Oesch, P.", "Rottgering, H. J. A.", "Schouws, S.", "Smit, R.", "Stefanon, M.", "van der Werf, P.", "Venemans, B.", "Walter, F.", "Fudamoto, Y." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975092
2506.24129
Studying Protoplanets and Protoplanetary Disks with the Habitable Worlds Observatory
Since the discovery of the first exoplanet orbiting a Sun-like star, the confirmation of nearly 6000 exoplanets to date - and their diversity - has revolutionized our knowledge of planetary systems in the past three decades. Nevertheless, the majority of these planets are around mature stars (${\gtrsim}1$ Gyr), where the planet birth environments have already dissipated. Indeed, we have only confirmed 2 forming planets (i.e., protoplanets; ${\lesssim}10$ Myr) residing in one single system. In comparison, we have imaged over 200 protoplanetary disks in the past decade, with many of them hosting substructures such as spirals and gaps which suggest the existence of protoplanets. To understand the early stages of planet formation, the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) - with its high-contrast imaging and integral field spectroscopy capabilities - presents a unique opportunity to explore the demographics of the natal stages of planet formation and their birth environments. We propose to image protoplanets within substructured protoplanetary disks using HWO via direct imaging, and characterize them (i.e., protoplanets, protoplanetary disks, circumplanetary disks) using integral field spectroscopy and spectropolarimetry. This effort will dramatically extend current population of protoplanets, probing and characterizing over 200 protoplanets. By expanding the number of protoplanets by two orders of magnitude, these observations will test and refine planet formation theory and planet-disk interaction theory, and further motivate planet migration studies together with existing mature planets. The results will offer critical insight into planetary system formation and evolution, and help understand the origin of our own Solar System.
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9.186687
13.236539
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250624129R
[ "planet formation", "planet formation theory", "existing mature planets", "planet migration studies", "protoplanetary disks", "planetary system formation", "substructured protoplanetary disks", "image protoplanets", "protoplanets", "circumplanetary disks" ]
[ "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics", "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics" ]
34
null
[ "Ren, Bin B." ]
[ "-" ]
[]
[]
34975248
2507.00064
Physics. Tasks With Solutions
The study guide (textbook) is part of a set of materials designed to support high-quality practical training in physics. It includes a collection of tasks for organizing both in-class and independent work. The guide serves as a foundation for further study in physics-related disciplines and aligns with current educational programs. This textbook presents a curated set of 120 physics problems with detailed solutions, structured according to the first-year bachelor's curriculum. Each section addresses common student questions and emphasizes conceptual understanding. Problem-solving is essential in physics education. It not only tests knowledge but also transforms theory into practical skills. Applying physical laws to real-world scenarios enhances comprehension and fosters analytical thinking. Through solving problems, students gain deeper insight into physical phenomena and develop effective strategies for analysis, and develop solutions to tasks-making the learning process truly comprehensive.
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9.03078
1.792413
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250700064C
[ "common student questions", "physics education", "detailed solutions", "physical phenomena", "physical laws", "further study", "practical skills", "tasks", "students", "solutions" ]
[ "Classical Physics", "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics" ]
0
null
[ "Chinarova, Lidiia L.", "Andronov, Ivan L.", "Savchuk, Nina V.", "Iovchev, Serhii I.", "Akopian, Hanna M." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975254
2507.00076
Time Invariant Sensor Tasking for Catalog Maintenance of LEO Space objects using Stochastic Geometry
Catalog maintenance of space objects by limited number of ground-based sensors presents a formidable challenging task to the space community. This article presents a methodology for time-invariant tracking and surveillance of space objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) by optimally directing ground sensors. Our methodology aims to maximize the expected number of space objects from a set of ground stations by utilizing concepts from stochastic geometry, particularly the Poisson point process. We have provided a systematic framework to understand visibility patterns and enhance the efficiency of tracking multiple objects simultaneously. Our approach contributes to more informed decision-making in space operations, ultimately supporting efforts to maintain safety and sustainability in LEO.
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7.784052
15.848591
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250700076C
[ "space objects", "space operations", "multiple objects", "ground sensors", "ground stations", "limited number", "low Earth orbit", "visibility patterns", "stochastic geometry", "LEO" ]
[ "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics", "Robotics", "Systems and Control", "Mathematical Physics" ]
0
null
[ "Chowdhury, Partha", "M, Harsha", "Prabhunath Georg, Chinni", "Balaji Buduru, Arun", "Biswas, Sanat K" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975269
2507.00077
Symmetry-protected conservation of superhorizon inflationary perturbations to all loops
We demonstrates that the single-field inflation field system exhibits a symmetry that constrains its evolution via the Ward identity even for non-attractor inflation. By analyzing loop diagram structures, we derive a superhorizon conserved quantity directly related to the two-point correlation function of curvature perturbations, generalizing previous one-loop results to arbitrary loop orders. This symmetry-based approach provides a framework for understanding quantum conservation laws beyond the leading perturbative order.
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11.168768
-0.460438
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250700077F
[ "loop diagram structures", "arbitrary loop orders", "non-attractor inflation", "quantum conservation laws", "curvature perturbations", "Ward", "quantity", "the single-field inflation field system", "the leading perturbative order", "previous one-loop results" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology", "High Energy Physics - Theory" ]
0
null
[ "Fang, Cheng-Jun", "Lyu, Zhen-Hong", "Chen, Chao", "Guo, Zong-Kuan" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975276
2507.00086
Test mass charge management in the detection of gravitational waves in space based on UV micro-LED
As an alternative to the ultraviolet light emitting diode(UV LED), the feasibility of utilizing UV micro-LED in the charge management in the detection of gravitational waves in space is experimentally studied. Compared with UV LED, micro-LED is more compact in size, has better current spreading, faster response time and longer operating life. Performance characteristics of micro-LEDs were measured, with peak wavelength of 254 nm, 262 nm, 274 nm, and 282 nm for each respective micro-LED, and the photoelectric effect was demonstrated. The effectiveness of micro-LED based charge management experiments were demonstrated using above micro-LEDs mounted on a cubical test mass, and different discharge rates were achieved by varying the drive current and duty cycle using pulse width modulation(PWM). Laboratory data was also shown to demonstrate the space qualification of the micro-LED device, the key electrical and optical characteristics of the micro-LEDs showed less than 5% variation. The results of the qualification bring the micro-LED device Technology Readiness Level(TRL) to TRL-5. TRL-6 will be reached provided additional radiation and thermal tests are conducted and in a position ready to be flown and further tested in space.
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10.013359
3.684341
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250700086J
[ "micro-LED based charge management experiments", "-", "UV micro", "UV LED", "micro", "better current spreading", "LEDs", "thermal tests", "the micro-LED device", "faster response time" ]
[ "Instrumentation and Detectors", "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology", "Optics" ]
0
null
[ "Jia, Yuandong", "Zhang, Zhihao", "Zhang, Yinbowen", "Gu, Yuning", "Wang, Suwen", "Chai, Guozhi", "Zhang, Zemin", "Zhang, Yi", "Zhang, Shanduan", "Huo, Hongqing", "Li, Zongfeng", "Tian, Pengfei", "Kau Lau, Yun" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975302
2507.00106
Challenge-Based Funding to Spark Origins Breakthroughs
Origins of life research is marred by ambiguous questions and goals, creating uncertainty about when research objectives have been achieved. Because of numerous unknowns and disagreements about definitions and theories, the field lacks clear markers of progress. We argue that the origins community should focus on goals that have agreed-upon meaning and can be consensually categorized as achieved or unachieved. The origins community needs these goals to maintain coherence amongst a federation of problems with the shared, but nebulous aspiration of understanding the origins of life. We propose a list of challenges with clear 'Finish Lines'--explicit descriptions of what will be achieved if each goal is reached--similar to the X-prize model. The intent is not to impose top-down research directions, but to compel the community to coalesce around explicit problems of the highest priority, as physics, astronomy, and planetary science communities do when setting science objectives for missions and megaprojects. Even if the generated phenomena are not unequivocally life-like, demonstrating systems that achieve these goals will sharpen the distinction between life itself and the constellation of phenomena that co-occur with life. This document was originally submitted as a whitepaper to the 2025 NASA-DARES (Decadal Astrobiology Research and Exploration Strategy) call for whitepapers (https://go.nasa.gov/ABStrategyRFI).
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8.054855
14.527535
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250700106M
[ "life research", "goals", "science communities", "research objectives", "life", "clear markers", "science objectives", "explicit problems", "Origins", "problems" ]
[ "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics", "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics" ]
0
null
[ "Mathis, Cole", "Smith, Harrison B." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975289
2507.00107
Satellite Constellations Exceed the Limits of Acceptable Brightness Established by the IAU
Brightness statistics for satellites of the Starlink, BlueBird, Qianfan, Guowang and OneWeb constellations are reported. The means and standard deviations are compared to acceptable limits set by the International Astronomical Union's Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky From Satellite Constellations Interference. Nearly all these spacecraft exceed the magnitude 7+ brightness limit pertaining to interference with professional research. Most also exceed the magnitude 6 reference where they distract from aesthetic appreciation of the night sky.
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7.613035
15.749064
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250700107M
[ "acceptable limits", "Brightness statistics", "Quiet Sky", "aesthetic appreciation", "Satellite Constellations Interference", "OneWeb constellations", "standard deviations", "professional research", "Guowang", "Qianfan" ]
[ "Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics" ]
0
null
[ "Mallama, Anthony", "Cole, Richard E." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975305
2507.00113
Black-hole - neutron-star mergers: new numerical-relativity simulations and multipolar effective-one-body model with spin precession and eccentricity
In this paper, we present 52 new numerical-relativity (NR) simulations of black-hole-neutron-star merger (BHNS) mergers and employ the data to inform TEOBResumS-Dalí: a multipolar effective-one-body model also including precession and eccentricity. Our simulations target quasicircular mergers and the parameter space region characterized by significant tidal disruption of the star. Convergent gravitational waveforms are produced with a detailed error budget after extensive numerical tests. We study in detail the multipolar amplitude hierarchy and identify a characteristic tidal signature in the $(\ell,m)=(2,0)$, and $(3,0)$ modes. We also develop new NR-informed models for the remnant black hole and for the recoil velocity. The numerical data is then used to inform next-to-quasicircular corrections and the ringdown of TEOBResumS-Dalí for BHNS. We show an overall order of magnitude improvement in the waveform's amplitude at merger and more consistent multipoles over our older TEOBResumS-GIOTTO for BHNS. TEOBResumS-Dalí is further validated with a new 12 orbit precessing simulation, showing phase and relative amplitude differences below $\sim 0.5$ (rad) throughout the inspiral. The computed mismatches including all the modes lie at the one percent level for low inclinations. Finally, we demonstrate for the first time that TEOBResumS-Dalí can produce robust waveforms with both eccentricity and precession, and use the model to identify the most urgent BHNS to simulate for waveform development. Our new numerical data are publicly released as part of the CoRe database.
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6.914879
2.497129
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250700113G
[ "quasicircular mergers", "relative amplitude differences", "robust waveforms", "Convergent gravitational waveforms", "merger", "extensive numerical tests", "waveform", "significant tidal disruption", "new NR-informed models", "Our new numerical data" ]
[ "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology", "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena" ]
0
null
[ "Gonzalez, Alejandra", "Bernuzzi, Sebastiano", "Rashti, Alireza", "Brandoli, Francesco", "Gamba, Rossella" ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975304
2507.00114
Constraining the magnetic field in the galaxy cluster Abell 2142 using MeerKAT L-band polarisation data
Magnetic fields permeate the Universe, including galaxy clusters, and affect the thermodynamical properties of the intra-cluster medium (ICM). Cosmological simulations predict that seed magnetic fields are amplified up to the $μ$G-level in the ICM, but the magnetic field strength and structure have been studied in only a few clusters. Abell 2142 is a local massive cluster that shows evidence of a post-merger dynamical state. In this work, we aim to constrain the magnetic field intensity, radial profile and power spectrum within its ICM, providing key insights into the nature of this non-thermal component in galaxy clusters. We present MeerKAT observations of Abell 2142 in the L-band (872-1712 MHz), imaged in polarisation for the first time with this purpose. We derive the Rotation Measure (RM) from the radio galaxies' polarised emission by applying the RM synthesis technique and analyse both the RM and fractional polarisation ($\mathrm{F_p}$). To investigate the magnetic field distribution within the ICM, we compare our results with mock RM maps generated from 3D simulations of the cluster. We find that the RM dispersion, $σ_{\mathrm{RM}}$, decreases with projected radius, whereas the $\mathrm{F_p}$ increases. Both trends suggest that the magnetic field intensity decreases at larger distances from the cluster center, in agreement with studies on other clusters. Assuming that the magnetic field energy density scales with the gas thermal energy ($B \propto n_e^{0.5}$), a magnetic field with a power spectrum ranging from scales between 7 and 470 kpc, with peak at $\sim 140$ kpc and mean central strength of $9.5 \pm 1.0 \ μ$G, provides the best fit to our data. The high central magnetic field lies at the upper end of the range observed in other systems and supports the possibility of an hadronic contribution to the diffuse radio emission previously detected at the cluster center.
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14.670154
4.668338
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250700114P
[ "Magnetic fields", "seed magnetic fields", "galaxy clusters", "other clusters", "mock RM maps", "the magnetic field energy density", "RM", "The high central magnetic field", "the magnetic field strength", "the magnetic field intensity" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
0
null
[ "Pagliotta, A.", "Riseley, C. J.", "Bonafede, A.", "Stuardi, C.", "Loi, F." ]
[ "-", "-", "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975293
2507.00115
Quantum stress-energy at timelike boundaries: testing a new beyond-$Λ$CDM parameter with cosmological data
We analyze the basic cosmological effects of a population of timelike boundaries -- a form of nontrivial spacetime topology -- containing a boundary layer of quantum stress energy. This accumulation of vacuum fluctuations of quantum fields can be consistently negative and UV sensitive, providing an additional source of cosmic energy density strong enough to compete with matter and dark energy. For boundary conditions enabling a solution with fixed comoving boundary size, this effect contributes a qualitatively new term to the Friedmann equation determining the expansion history, scaling like $-1/a$ for scale factor $a$. It naturally dominates at relatively late times ($a\approx1/2$), while leaving intact well-measured early universe physics such as big bang nucleosynthesis and recombination. For a wide window of parameters, the boundaries can be larger than the Planck length throughout their history, back through the start of inflation at any viable scale. We analyze CMB and BAO data sets (Planck, ACT, and DESI) allowing for this component, finding a slight preference ($\sim 2σ$) and a relaxation of current tensions in the data (including the neutrino mass) in a physical manner. This novel parameter fits into a larger space of physical parameters beyond-$Λ$CDM that may serve this role, including negative spatial curvature, which may also be motivated by topological considerations and chaotic dynamics. Finally, we comment on additional phenomenological prospects for testing for this form of topology in the universe.
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10.958338
0.59272
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250700115P
[ "fixed comoving boundary size", "physical parameters", "negative spatial curvature", "cosmic energy density", "BAO data sets", "additional phenomenological prospects", "boundary conditions", "nontrivial spacetime topology", "quantum stress energy", "timelike boundaries" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics", "General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology", "High Energy Physics - Phenomenology", "High Energy Physics - Theory" ]
0
null
[ "Philcox, Oliver H. E.", "Silverstein, Eva", "Torroba, Gonzalo" ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975297
2507.00117
Orbit and atmosphere of HIP 99770 b through the eyes of VLTI/GRAVITY
Context: Inferring the likely formation channel of giant exoplanets and brown dwarf companions from orbital and atmospheric observables remains a formidable challenge. Further and more precise directly measured dynamical masses of these companions are required to inform and gauge formation, evolutionary, and atmospheric models. We present an updated study of HIP 99770 b based on observations conducted with VLTI/GRAVITY. Aims: Combining the new data with previous observations from the literature, we characterise HIP 99770 b to better constrain its orbit, dynamical mass, and atmospheric properties, as well as to shed light on its likely formation channel. Methods: We ran a renewed orbit fit to further constrain the dynamical mass of the companion and the orbit solution. We also analysed the GRAVITY K-band spectrum, placing it into context with literature data, and extracting magnitude, age, spectral type, bulk properties and atmospheric characteristics of HIP 99770 b. Results: We detected the companion at a radial separation of $417\,\mathrm{mas}$ from its host. The new orbit fit yields a dynamical mass of $17_{-5}^{+6}\,\mathrm{M}_\mathrm{Jup}$ and an eccentricity of $0.31_{-0.12}^{+0.06}$. We also find that additional relative astrometry epochs in the future will not enable further constraints on the dynamical mass due to the dominating relative uncertainty on the Hipparcos-Gaia proper motion anomaly. The publication of Gaia DR4 will likely ease this predicament. We find that the companion is consistent with spectral type L8 and exhibits a potential metal enrichment in its atmosphere. Conclusions: These results do not yet allow for a definite inference of the companion's formation channel. Nevertheless, the new constraints on its bulk properties and the additional GRAVITY spectrum presented here will aid future efforts to determine the formation history of HIP 99770 b.
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7.376374
12.841731
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250700117W
[ "dynamical mass", "atmospheric properties", "gauge formation", "spectral type L8", "additional relative astrometry epochs", "atmospheric characteristics", "bulk properties", "spectral type", "literature data", "Gaia DR4" ]
[ "Earth and Planetary Astrophysics" ]
0
null
[ "Winterhalder, T. O.", "Kammerer, J.", "Lacour, S.", "Mérand, A.", "Nowak, M.", "Stolker, T.", "Balmer, W. O.", "Marleau, G. -D.", "Abuter, R.", "Amorim, A.", "Asensio-Torres, R.", "Berger, J. -P.", "Beust, H.", "Blunt, S.", "Bonnefoy, M.", "Bonnet, H.", "Bordoni, M. S.", "Bourdarot, G.", "Brandner, W.", "Cantalloube, F.", "Caselli, P.", "Charnay, B.", "Chauvin, G.", "Chavez, A.", "Choquet, E.", "Christiaens, V.", "Clénet, Y.", "Coudé du Foresto, V.", "Cridland, A.", "Davies, R.", "Dembet, R.", "Dexter, J.", "Drescher, A.", "Duvert, G.", "Eckart, A.", "Eisenhauer, F.", "Förster Schreiber, N. M.", "Garcia, P.", "Garcia Lopez, R.", "Gardner, T.", "Gendron, E.", "Genzel, R.", "Gillessen, S.", "Girard, J. H.", "Grant, S.", "Haubois, X.", "Heißel, G.", "Henning, Th.", "Hinkley, S.", "Hippler, S.", "Houllé, M.", "Hubert, Z.", "Jocou, L.", "Keppler, M.", "Kervella, P.", "Kreidberg, L.", "Kurtovic, N. T.", "Lagrange, A. -M.", "Lapeyrère, V.", "Le Bouquin, J. -B.", "Lutz, D.", "Maire, A. -L.", "Mang, F.", "Mollière, P.", "Mordasini, C.", "Mouillet, D.", "Nasedkin, E.", "Ott, T.", "Otten, G. P. P. L.", "Paladini, C.", "Paumard, T.", "Perraut, K.", "Perrin, G.", "Pourré, N.", "Pueyo, L.", "Ribeiro, D. C.", "Rickman, E.", "Rustamkulov, Z.", "Shangguan, J.", "Shimizu, T.", "Sing, D.", "Stadler, J.", "Straub, O.", "Straubmeier, C.", "Sturm, E.", "Tacconi, L. J.", "van Dishoeck, E. F.", "Vigan, A.", "Vincent, F.", "von Fellenberg, S. D.", "Wang, J. J.", "Widmann, F.", "Woillez, J.", "Yazici, S.", "the GRAVITY Collaboration" ]
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[]
[]
34975294
2507.00118
Constraining Dynamical Dark Energy from Galaxy Clustering with Simulation-Based Priors
The effective-field theory based full-shape analysis with simulation-based priors (EFT-SBP) is the novel analysis of galaxy clustering data that allows one to combine merits of perturbation theory and simulation-based modeling in a unified framework. In this paper we use EFT-SBP with the galaxy clustering power spectrum and bispectrum data from BOSS in order to test the recent preference for dynamical dark energy reported by the DESI collaboration. While dynamical dark energy is preferred by the combination of DESI baryon acoustic oscillation, \textit{Planck} Cosmic Microwave Background, and Pantheon+ supernovae data, we show that this preference disappears once these data sets are combined with the usual BOSS EFT galaxy power spectrum and bispectrum likelihood. The use of the simulation-based priors in this analysis further weakens the case for dynamical dark energy by additionally shrinking the parameter posterior around the cosmological constant region. Specifically, the figure of merit of the dynamical dark energy constraints from the combined data set improves by $\approx 20\%$ over the usual EFT-full-shape analysis with the conservative priors. These results are made possible with a novel modeling approach to the EFT prior distribution with the Gaussian mixture models, which allows us to both accurately capture the EFT priors and retain the ability to analytically marginalize the likelihood over most of the EFT nuisance parameters. Our results challenge the dynamical dark energy interpretation of the DESI data and enable future EFT-SBP analyses of BOSS and DESI in the context of non-minimal cosmological models.
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11.850616
1.824046
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250700118C
[ "dynamical dark energy", "EFT", "galaxy clustering data", "Pantheon+ supernovae data", "DESI baryon acoustic oscillation", "data", "non-minimal cosmological models", "future EFT-SBP analyses", "DESI", "the dynamical dark energy interpretation" ]
[ "Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics" ]
0
null
[ "Chen, Shu-Fan", "Ivanov, Mikhail M." ]
[ "-", "-" ]
[]
[]
34975301
2507.00120
Energy-Dependent Transport of Cosmic Rays in the Multiphase, Dynamic Interstellar Medium
We investigate the transport of spectrally resolved cosmic ray (CR) protons with kinetic energies between $1-100$ GeV within the dynamic, multiphase interstellar medium (ISM), using a two-moment CR fluid solver applied to a TIGRESS MHD simulation with conditions similar to the solar neighborhood. Our CR transport prescription incorporates space- and momentum-dependent CR scattering coefficients $σ=κ^{-1}$, computed from the local balance between streaming-driven Alfvèn wave growth and damping processes. We find that advection combines with momentum-dependent diffusion to produce a CR distribution function $f(p)\propto~p^{-γ}$ with $γ\approx4.6$ that agrees with observations, steepened from an injected power law slope $γ_\mathrm{inj}=4.3$. The CR pressure is uniform in the highly diffusive, mostly neutral midplane region, but decreases exponentially in the ionized extraplanar region where scattering is efficient. To interpret these numerical results, we develop a two-zone analytic model that captures and links the two (physically and spatially) distinct regimes of CR transport in the multiphase, dynamic ISM. At low momenta, CR transport is dominated by gas advection, while at high momenta, both advection and diffusion contribute. At high momentum, the analytic prediction for the spectral slope approaches $γ=(4/3)γ_\mathrm{inj}-1$, and the predicted scaling of grammage with momentum is $X\propto p^{1-γ_\mathrm{inj}/3}$, consistent with the simulations. These results support a physical picture in which CRs are confined within the neutral midplane by the surrounding ionized gas, with their escape regulated by both the CR scattering rate in the ionized extraplanar gas and the velocity and Alfvén speed of that gas, at effective speed $v_\mathrm{c,eff}\approx(1/2)[κ_\parallel~d(v+v_\mathrm{A,i})/dz]^{1/2}$.
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7.305379
3.744716
2025-01-07
0
2025arXiv250700120A
[ "CR transport", "CR", "gas advection", "high momentum", "momentum", "dynamic ISM", "Our CR transport prescription", "high momenta", "a CR distribution function", "effective speed" ]
[ "High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena", "Astrophysics of Galaxies" ]
0
null
[ "Armillotta, Lucia", "Ostriker, Eve C.", "Linzer, Nora B." ]
[ "-", "-", "-" ]
[]
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