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This is illustrated in Figure 11.17 . | TQA:T_0090_3 | 2 | illustrated | true | illustrate | [
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"in Figure 11.17"
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The decay of an unstable isotope to a stable element occurs at a constant rate . | TQA:T_0090_4 | 10 | occurs | true | occur | [
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"at a constant rate"
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The decay of an unstable isotope to a stable element occurs at a constant rate . | TQA:T_0090_4 | 10 | occurs | true | occur | [
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"The decay of an unstable isotope to a stable element"
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The decay rate is measured in a unit called the half-life . | TQA:T_0090_6 | 4 | measured | true | measure | [
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"in a unit called the half-life"
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The decay rate is measured in a unit called the half-life . | TQA:T_0090_6 | 4 | measured | true | measure | [
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The decay rate is measured in a unit called the half-life . | TQA:T_0090_6 | 8 | called | true | call | [
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The decay rate is measured in a unit called the half-life . | TQA:T_0090_6 | 8 | called | true | call | [
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"the half-life"
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The half-life is the time it takes for half of a given amount of an isotope to decay . | TQA:T_0090_7 | 6 | takes | true | take | [
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The half-life is the time it takes for half of a given amount of an isotope to decay . | TQA:T_0090_7 | 11 | given | true | give | [
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Imagine that you start out with 100 grams of carbon-14 . | TQA:T_0090_9 | 0 | Imagine | true | imagine | [
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"that you start out with 100 grams of carbon-14"
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Imagine that you start out with 100 grams of carbon-14 . | TQA:T_0090_9 | 3 | start | true | start | [
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"100 grams of carbon-14"
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Imagine that you start out with 100 grams of carbon-14 . | TQA:T_0090_9 | 3 | start | true | start | [
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The rate of decay of unstable isotopes can be used to estimate the absolute ages of fossils and rocks . | TQA:T_0091_0 | 9 | used | true | use | [
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"The rate of decay of unstable isotopes",
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The rate of decay of unstable isotopes can be used to estimate the absolute ages of fossils and rocks . | TQA:T_0091_0 | 9 | used | true | use | [
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"estimate the absolute ages of fossils and rocks",
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The rate of decay of unstable isotopes can be used to estimate the absolute ages of fossils and rocks . | TQA:T_0091_0 | 11 | estimate | true | estimate | [
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"The rate of decay of unstable isotopes",
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This type of dating is called radiometric dating . | TQA:T_0091_1 | 3 | dating | true | date | [
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"radiometric dating"
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This type of dating is called radiometric dating . | TQA:T_0091_1 | 5 | called | true | call | [
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This type of dating is called radiometric dating . | TQA:T_0091_1 | 5 | called | true | call | [
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"radiometric dating"
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This type of dating is called radiometric dating . | TQA:T_0091_1 | 7 | dating | true | date | [
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The best-known method of radiometric dating is carbon-14 dating . | TQA:T_0092_0 | 5 | dating | true | date | [
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The best-known method of radiometric dating is carbon-14 dating . | TQA:T_0092_0 | 8 | dating | true | date | [
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"carbon-14"
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A living thing takes in carbon-14 -LRB- along with stable carbon-12 -RRB- . | TQA:T_0092_1 | 1 | living | true | live | [
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A living thing takes in carbon-14 -LRB- along with stable carbon-12 -RRB- . | TQA:T_0092_1 | 3 | takes | true | take | [
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"in carbon-14 -LRB- along with stable carbon-12",
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A living thing takes in carbon-14 -LRB- along with stable carbon-12 -RRB- . | TQA:T_0092_1 | 3 | takes | true | take | [
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A living thing takes in carbon-14 -LRB- along with stable carbon-12 -RRB- . | TQA:T_0092_1 | 3 | takes | true | take | [
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"in",
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It decays quickly compared to some other unstable isotopes . | TQA:T_0092_11 | 1 | decays | true | decay | [
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It decays quickly compared to some other unstable isotopes . | TQA:T_0092_11 | 1 | decays | true | decay | [
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It decays quickly compared to some other unstable isotopes . | TQA:T_0092_11 | 3 | compared | true | compare | [
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It decays quickly compared to some other unstable isotopes . | TQA:T_0092_11 | 3 | compared | true | compare | [
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"to some other unstable isotopes",
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So carbon - 14 dating is useful for specimens younger than 50,000 years old . | TQA:T_0092_12 | 4 | dating | true | date | [
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"is useful for specimens younger than 50,000 years old",
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So carbon - 14 dating is useful for specimens younger than 50,000 years old . | TQA:T_0092_12 | 4 | dating | true | date | [
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But radiocarbon dating is very useful for more recent events . | TQA:T_0092_14 | 2 | dating | true | date | [
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But radiocarbon dating is very useful for more recent events . | TQA:T_0092_14 | 2 | dating | true | date | [
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"is very useful for more recent events",
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Carbon-14 dating is also limited to the remains of once-living things . | TQA:T_0092_16 | 1 | dating | true | date | [
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"Carbon-14",
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Carbon-14 dating is also limited to the remains of once-living things . | TQA:T_0092_16 | 4 | limited | true | limit | [
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"Carbon-14 dating"
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Carbon-14 dating is also limited to the remains of once-living things . | TQA:T_0092_16 | 4 | limited | true | limit | [
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"the remains of once-living things"
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To date rocks , scientists use other radioactive isotopes . | TQA:T_0092_17 | 5 | use | true | use | [
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"other radioactive isotopes"
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To date rocks , scientists use other radioactive isotopes . | TQA:T_0092_17 | 5 | use | true | use | [
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"scientists"
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To date rocks , scientists use other radioactive isotopes . | TQA:T_0092_17 | 5 | use | true | use | [
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"To date rocks"
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As the carbon-14 decays , it is replaced with more carbon-14 . | TQA:T_0092_2 | 3 | decays | true | decay | [
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As the carbon-14 decays , it is replaced with more carbon-14 . | TQA:T_0092_2 | 7 | replaced | true | replace | [
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"carbon-14",
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As the carbon-14 decays , it is replaced with more carbon-14 . | TQA:T_0092_2 | 7 | replaced | true | replace | [
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"decays",
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After the organism dies , it stops taking in carbon . | TQA:T_0092_3 | 3 | dies | true | die | [
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"the organism"
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After the organism dies , it stops taking in carbon . | TQA:T_0092_3 | 6 | stops | true | stop | [
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"taking in carbon"
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After the organism dies , it stops taking in carbon . | TQA:T_0092_3 | 6 | stops | true | stop | [
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After the organism dies , it stops taking in carbon . | TQA:T_0092_3 | 6 | stops | true | stop | [
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After the organism dies , it stops taking in carbon . | TQA:T_0092_3 | 7 | taking | true | take | [
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"carbon",
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After the organism dies , it stops taking in carbon . | TQA:T_0092_3 | 7 | taking | true | take | [
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"something",
"_",
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] | [
"it"
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After the organism dies , it stops taking in carbon . | TQA:T_0092_3 | 7 | taking | true | take | [
"when",
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"After the organism dies"
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That includes carbon-14 . | TQA:T_0092_4 | 1 | includes | true | include | [
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"carbon-14"
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That includes carbon-14 . | TQA:T_0092_4 | 1 | includes | true | include | [
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The carbon-14 that is in its body continues to decay . | TQA:T_0092_5 | 7 | continues | true | continue | [
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"carbon-14"
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The carbon-14 that is in its body continues to decay . | TQA:T_0092_5 | 7 | continues | true | continue | [
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"decay"
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So the organism contains less and less carbon-14 as time goes on . | TQA:T_0092_6 | 3 | contains | true | contain | [
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"organism",
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So the organism contains less and less carbon-14 as time goes on . | TQA:T_0092_6 | 3 | contains | true | contain | [
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] | [
"less and less carbon-14"
] | [
[
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So the organism contains less and less carbon-14 as time goes on . | TQA:T_0092_6 | 3 | contains | true | contain | [
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"as time goes on"
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So the organism contains less and less carbon-14 as time goes on . | TQA:T_0092_6 | 10 | goes | true | go | [
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"on"
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So the organism contains less and less carbon-14 as time goes on . | TQA:T_0092_6 | 10 | goes | true | go | [
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We can estimate the amount of carbon-14 that has decayed by measuring the amount of carbon-14 to carbon-12 . | TQA:T_0092_7 | 2 | estimate | true | estimate | [
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"measuring the amount of carbon-14 to carbon-12",
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We can estimate the amount of carbon-14 that has decayed by measuring the amount of carbon-14 to carbon-12 . | TQA:T_0092_7 | 2 | estimate | true | estimate | [
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"the amount of carbon-14",
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We can estimate the amount of carbon-14 that has decayed by measuring the amount of carbon-14 to carbon-12 . | TQA:T_0092_7 | 2 | estimate | true | estimate | [
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"We"
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[
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We can estimate the amount of carbon-14 that has decayed by measuring the amount of carbon-14 to carbon-12 . | TQA:T_0092_7 | 9 | decayed | true | decay | [
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"carbon-14"
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We can estimate the amount of carbon-14 that has decayed by measuring the amount of carbon-14 to carbon-12 . | TQA:T_0092_7 | 11 | measuring | true | measure | [
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"the amount of carbon-14 to carbon-12",
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We can estimate the amount of carbon-14 that has decayed by measuring the amount of carbon-14 to carbon-12 . | TQA:T_0092_7 | 11 | measuring | true | measure | [
"what",
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"the amount of carbon-14 to carbon-12",
"the amount of carbon-14 that has decayed"
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We know how fast carbon-14 decays . | TQA:T_0092_8 | 1 | know | true | know | [
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"_",
"_",
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] | [
"how fast carbon-14 decays"
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[
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We know how fast carbon-14 decays . | TQA:T_0092_8 | 1 | know | true | know | [
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"We"
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[
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We know how fast carbon-14 decays . | TQA:T_0092_8 | 5 | decays | true | decay | [
"what",
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"_",
"_",
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] | [
"carbon-14"
] | [
[
4,
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With this information , we can tell how long ago the organism died . | TQA:T_0092_9 | 6 | tell | true | tell | [
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"_",
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"With this information"
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[
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With this information , we can tell how long ago the organism died . | TQA:T_0092_9 | 6 | tell | true | tell | [
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"we",
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[
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7,
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With this information , we can tell how long ago the organism died . | TQA:T_0092_9 | 6 | tell | true | tell | [
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"_",
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] | [
"we"
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[
4,
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With this information , we can tell how long ago the organism died . | TQA:T_0092_9 | 12 | died | true | die | [
"what",
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] | [
"the organism"
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[
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The isotopes in Table 11.1 are used to date igneous rocks . | TQA:T_0093_0 | 6 | used | true | use | [
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"to date igneous rocks"
] | [
[
7,
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The isotopes in Table 11.1 are used to date igneous rocks . | TQA:T_0093_0 | 6 | used | true | use | [
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[
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[
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Because they decay more slowly , they can be used to date much older specimens . | TQA:T_0093_2 | 9 | used | true | use | [
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"_",
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] | [
"they"
] | [
[
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Because they decay more slowly , they can be used to date much older specimens . | TQA:T_0093_2 | 9 | used | true | use | [
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"to date much older specimens",
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[
10,
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[
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Because they decay more slowly , they can be used to date much older specimens . | TQA:T_0093_2 | 9 | used | true | use | [
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"_",
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] | [
"Because they decay more slowly"
] | [
[
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Which of these isotopes could be used to date a rock that formed half a million years ago ? | TQA:T_0093_3 | 6 | used | true | use | [
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] | [
"these isotopes",
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[
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[
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] |
Which of these isotopes could be used to date a rock that formed half a million years ago ? | TQA:T_0093_3 | 6 | used | true | use | [
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"something",
"used",
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] | [
"date a rock that formed half a million years ago",
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[
8,
18
],
[
7,
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],
[
7,
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] |
Which of these isotopes could be used to date a rock that formed half a million years ago ? | TQA:T_0093_3 | 8 | date | true | date | [
"what",
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"something",
"_",
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"?"
] | [
"these isotopes",
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] | [
[
2,
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],
[
3,
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]
] |
Which of these isotopes could be used to date a rock that formed half a million years ago ? | TQA:T_0093_3 | 8 | date | true | date | [
"what",
"can",
"something",
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"_",
"_",
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"?"
] | [
"a rock",
"a rock that formed half a million years ago"
] | [
[
9,
11
],
[
9,
18
]
] |
Which of these isotopes could be used to date a rock that formed half a million years ago ? | TQA:T_0093_3 | 12 | formed | true | form | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"formed",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"a rock"
] | [
[
9,
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]
] |
Which of these isotopes could be used to date a rock that formed half a million years ago ? | TQA:T_0093_3 | 12 | formed | true | form | [
"when",
"did",
"something",
"form",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"half a million years ago"
] | [
[
13,
18
]
] |
Unstable Isotope Decays to At a Half-Life of -LRB- years -RRB- Potassium-40 Uranium-235 Uranium-238 Argon-40 Lead-207 Lead-206 1.3 billion 700 million 4.5 billion Dates Rocks Aged -LRB- years old -RRB- 100 thousand - 1 billion 1 million - 4.5 billion 1 million - 4.5 billion | TQA:T_0093_4 | 2 | Decays | true | decay | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"decays",
"_",
"_",
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"?"
] | [
"Unstable Isotope"
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[
0,
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Unstable Isotope Decays to At a Half-Life of -LRB- years -RRB- Potassium-40 Uranium-235 Uranium-238 Argon-40 Lead-207 Lead-206 1.3 billion 700 million 4.5 billion Dates Rocks Aged -LRB- years old -RRB- 100 thousand - 1 billion 1 million - 4.5 billion 1 million - 4.5 billion | TQA:T_0093_4 | 2 | Decays | true | decay | [
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] | [
"At a Half-Life of -LRB- years -RRB-",
"At a Half-Life"
] | [
[
4,
11
],
[
4,
7
]
] |
Our solar system began about 5 billion years ago . | TQA:T_0094_0 | 3 | began | true | begin | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"began",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"Our solar system",
"solar system"
] | [
[
0,
3
],
[
1,
3
]
] |
Our solar system began about 5 billion years ago . | TQA:T_0094_0 | 3 | began | true | begin | [
"when",
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"something",
"begin",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"about 5 billion years ago",
"5 billion years ago ."
] | [
[
4,
9
],
[
5,
10
]
] |
The Sun , planets and other solar system objects all formed at about the same time . | TQA:T_0094_1 | 10 | formed | true | form | [
"what",
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"_",
"formed",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"all",
"The Sun , planets and other solar system objects"
] | [
[
9,
10
],
[
0,
9
]
] |
The Sun , planets and other solar system objects all formed at about the same time . | TQA:T_0094_1 | 10 | formed | true | form | [
"when",
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"something",
"form",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"at about the same time"
] | [
[
11,
16
]
] |
The Sun and planets formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust . | TQA:T_0095_0 | 4 | formed | true | form | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"formed",
"_",
"from",
"something",
"?"
] | [
"The Sun and planets"
] | [
[
0,
4
]
] |
The cloud contracted and began to spin . | TQA:T_0095_2 | 2 | contracted | true | contract | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"contracted",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"The cloud"
] | [
[
0,
2
]
] |
The cloud contracted and began to spin . | TQA:T_0095_2 | 4 | began | true | begin | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"began",
"_",
"_",
"to do something",
"?"
] | [
"The cloud",
"cloud"
] | [
[
0,
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],
[
1,
2
]
] |
The cloud contracted and began to spin . | TQA:T_0095_2 | 4 | began | true | begin | [
"what",
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"something",
"begin",
"_",
"_",
"to do",
"?"
] | [
"spin"
] | [
[
6,
7
]
] |
The cloud contracted and began to spin . | TQA:T_0095_2 | 6 | spin | true | spin | [
"what",
"was",
"_",
"spinning",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"The cloud"
] | [
[
0,
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]
] |
As it contracted , its temperature and pressure increased . | TQA:T_0095_3 | 2 | contracted | true | contract | [
"what",
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"_",
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"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"it"
] | [
[
1,
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]
] |
As it contracted , its temperature and pressure increased . | TQA:T_0095_3 | 8 | increased | true | increase | [
"what",
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"_",
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"_",
"_",
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"?"
] | [
"its temperature",
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] | [
[
4,
6
],
[
7,
8
],
[
4,
8
]
] |
As it contracted , its temperature and pressure increased . | TQA:T_0095_3 | 8 | increased | true | increase | [
"when",
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"something",
"increase",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"As it contracted"
] | [
[
0,
3
]
] |
The cloud spun faster , and formed into a disk . | TQA:T_0095_4 | 2 | spun | true | spin | [
"how",
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"something",
"spin",
"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"faster"
] | [
[
3,
4
]
] |
The cloud spun faster , and formed into a disk . | TQA:T_0095_4 | 2 | spun | true | spin | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
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"_",
"_",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"The cloud",
"cloud"
] | [
[
0,
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],
[
1,
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]
] |
The cloud spun faster , and formed into a disk . | TQA:T_0095_4 | 6 | formed | true | form | [
"what",
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"something",
"form",
"_",
"into",
"_",
"?"
] | [
"disk",
"into a disk",
"a disk"
] | [
[
9,
10
],
[
7,
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],
[
8,
10
]
] |
The cloud spun faster , and formed into a disk . | TQA:T_0095_4 | 6 | formed | true | form | [
"what",
"_",
"_",
"formed",
"_",
"into",
"something",
"?"
] | [
"The cloud",
"cloud"
] | [
[
0,
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],
[
1,
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]
] |
Subsets and Splits