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1 | 590-593 | The number of field lines in our picture
cutting the area elements is proportional to the magnitude of field at
these points The picture shows that the field at R is stronger than at S To understand the dependence of the field lines on the area, or rather
the solid angle subtended by an area element, let us try to relate the
area with the solid angle, a generalisation of angle to three dimensions Recall how a (plane) angle is defined in two-dimensions |
1 | 591-594 | The picture shows that the field at R is stronger than at S To understand the dependence of the field lines on the area, or rather
the solid angle subtended by an area element, let us try to relate the
area with the solid angle, a generalisation of angle to three dimensions Recall how a (plane) angle is defined in two-dimensions Let a small
transverse line element Dl be placed at a distance r from a point O |
1 | 592-595 | To understand the dependence of the field lines on the area, or rather
the solid angle subtended by an area element, let us try to relate the
area with the solid angle, a generalisation of angle to three dimensions Recall how a (plane) angle is defined in two-dimensions Let a small
transverse line element Dl be placed at a distance r from a point O Then
the angle subtended by Dl at O can be approximated as Dq = Dl/r |
1 | 593-596 | Recall how a (plane) angle is defined in two-dimensions Let a small
transverse line element Dl be placed at a distance r from a point O Then
the angle subtended by Dl at O can be approximated as Dq = Dl/r Likewise, in three-dimensions the solid angle* subtended by a small
perpendicular plane area DS, at a distance r, can be written as
DW = DS/r2 |
1 | 594-597 | Let a small
transverse line element Dl be placed at a distance r from a point O Then
the angle subtended by Dl at O can be approximated as Dq = Dl/r Likewise, in three-dimensions the solid angle* subtended by a small
perpendicular plane area DS, at a distance r, can be written as
DW = DS/r2 We know that in a given solid angle the number of radial
field lines is the same |
1 | 595-598 | Then
the angle subtended by Dl at O can be approximated as Dq = Dl/r Likewise, in three-dimensions the solid angle* subtended by a small
perpendicular plane area DS, at a distance r, can be written as
DW = DS/r2 We know that in a given solid angle the number of radial
field lines is the same In Fig |
1 | 596-599 | Likewise, in three-dimensions the solid angle* subtended by a small
perpendicular plane area DS, at a distance r, can be written as
DW = DS/r2 We know that in a given solid angle the number of radial
field lines is the same In Fig 1 |
1 | 597-600 | We know that in a given solid angle the number of radial
field lines is the same In Fig 1 13, for two points P1 and P2 at distances
r1 and r2 from the charge, the element of area subtending the solid angle
DW is
2
1r DW at P1 and an element of area
2
2r DW at P2, respectively |
1 | 598-601 | In Fig 1 13, for two points P1 and P2 at distances
r1 and r2 from the charge, the element of area subtending the solid angle
DW is
2
1r DW at P1 and an element of area
2
2r DW at P2, respectively The
number of lines (say n) cutting these area elements are the same |
1 | 599-602 | 1 13, for two points P1 and P2 at distances
r1 and r2 from the charge, the element of area subtending the solid angle
DW is
2
1r DW at P1 and an element of area
2
2r DW at P2, respectively The
number of lines (say n) cutting these area elements are the same The
number of field lines, cutting unit area element is therefore n/(
2
1r DW) at
P1 and n/(
2
2r DW) at P2, respectively |
1 | 600-603 | 13, for two points P1 and P2 at distances
r1 and r2 from the charge, the element of area subtending the solid angle
DW is
2
1r DW at P1 and an element of area
2
2r DW at P2, respectively The
number of lines (say n) cutting these area elements are the same The
number of field lines, cutting unit area element is therefore n/(
2
1r DW) at
P1 and n/(
2
2r DW) at P2, respectively Since n and DW are common, the
strength of the field clearly has a 1/r 2 dependence |
1 | 601-604 | The
number of lines (say n) cutting these area elements are the same The
number of field lines, cutting unit area element is therefore n/(
2
1r DW) at
P1 and n/(
2
2r DW) at P2, respectively Since n and DW are common, the
strength of the field clearly has a 1/r 2 dependence The picture of field lines was invented by Faraday to develop an
intuitive non-mathematical way of visualising electric fields around
charged configurations |
1 | 602-605 | The
number of field lines, cutting unit area element is therefore n/(
2
1r DW) at
P1 and n/(
2
2r DW) at P2, respectively Since n and DW are common, the
strength of the field clearly has a 1/r 2 dependence The picture of field lines was invented by Faraday to develop an
intuitive non-mathematical way of visualising electric fields around
charged configurations Faraday called them lines of force |
1 | 603-606 | Since n and DW are common, the
strength of the field clearly has a 1/r 2 dependence The picture of field lines was invented by Faraday to develop an
intuitive non-mathematical way of visualising electric fields around
charged configurations Faraday called them lines of force This term is
somewhat misleading, especially in case of magnetic fields |
1 | 604-607 | The picture of field lines was invented by Faraday to develop an
intuitive non-mathematical way of visualising electric fields around
charged configurations Faraday called them lines of force This term is
somewhat misleading, especially in case of magnetic fields The more
appropriate term is field lines (electric or magnetic) that we have
adopted in this book |
1 | 605-608 | Faraday called them lines of force This term is
somewhat misleading, especially in case of magnetic fields The more
appropriate term is field lines (electric or magnetic) that we have
adopted in this book Electric field lines are thus a way of pictorially mapping the electric
field around a configuration of charges |
1 | 606-609 | This term is
somewhat misleading, especially in case of magnetic fields The more
appropriate term is field lines (electric or magnetic) that we have
adopted in this book Electric field lines are thus a way of pictorially mapping the electric
field around a configuration of charges An electric field line is, in general,
FIGURE 1 |
1 | 607-610 | The more
appropriate term is field lines (electric or magnetic) that we have
adopted in this book Electric field lines are thus a way of pictorially mapping the electric
field around a configuration of charges An electric field line is, in general,
FIGURE 1 13 Dependence of
electric field strength on the
distance and its relation to the
number of field lines |
1 | 608-611 | Electric field lines are thus a way of pictorially mapping the electric
field around a configuration of charges An electric field line is, in general,
FIGURE 1 13 Dependence of
electric field strength on the
distance and its relation to the
number of field lines *
Solid angle is a measure of a cone |
1 | 609-612 | An electric field line is, in general,
FIGURE 1 13 Dependence of
electric field strength on the
distance and its relation to the
number of field lines *
Solid angle is a measure of a cone Consider the intersection of the given cone
with a sphere of radius R |
1 | 610-613 | 13 Dependence of
electric field strength on the
distance and its relation to the
number of field lines *
Solid angle is a measure of a cone Consider the intersection of the given cone
with a sphere of radius R The solid angle DW of the cone is defined to be equal
to DS/R
2, where DS is the area on the sphere cut out by the cone |
1 | 611-614 | *
Solid angle is a measure of a cone Consider the intersection of the given cone
with a sphere of radius R The solid angle DW of the cone is defined to be equal
to DS/R
2, where DS is the area on the sphere cut out by the cone Rationalised 2023-24
Electric Charges
and Fields
21
a curve drawn in such a way that the tangent to it at each
point is in the direction of the net field at that point |
1 | 612-615 | Consider the intersection of the given cone
with a sphere of radius R The solid angle DW of the cone is defined to be equal
to DS/R
2, where DS is the area on the sphere cut out by the cone Rationalised 2023-24
Electric Charges
and Fields
21
a curve drawn in such a way that the tangent to it at each
point is in the direction of the net field at that point An
arrow on the curve is obviously necessary to specify the
direction of electric field from the two possible directions
indicated by a tangent to the curve |
1 | 613-616 | The solid angle DW of the cone is defined to be equal
to DS/R
2, where DS is the area on the sphere cut out by the cone Rationalised 2023-24
Electric Charges
and Fields
21
a curve drawn in such a way that the tangent to it at each
point is in the direction of the net field at that point An
arrow on the curve is obviously necessary to specify the
direction of electric field from the two possible directions
indicated by a tangent to the curve A field line is a space
curve, i |
1 | 614-617 | Rationalised 2023-24
Electric Charges
and Fields
21
a curve drawn in such a way that the tangent to it at each
point is in the direction of the net field at that point An
arrow on the curve is obviously necessary to specify the
direction of electric field from the two possible directions
indicated by a tangent to the curve A field line is a space
curve, i e |
1 | 615-618 | An
arrow on the curve is obviously necessary to specify the
direction of electric field from the two possible directions
indicated by a tangent to the curve A field line is a space
curve, i e , a curve in three dimensions |
1 | 616-619 | A field line is a space
curve, i e , a curve in three dimensions Figure 1 |
1 | 617-620 | e , a curve in three dimensions Figure 1 14 shows the field lines around some simple
charge configurations |
1 | 618-621 | , a curve in three dimensions Figure 1 14 shows the field lines around some simple
charge configurations As mentioned earlier, the field lines
are in 3-dimensional space, though the figure shows them
only in a plane |
1 | 619-622 | Figure 1 14 shows the field lines around some simple
charge configurations As mentioned earlier, the field lines
are in 3-dimensional space, though the figure shows them
only in a plane The field lines of a single positive charge
are radially outward while those of a single negative
charge are radially inward |
1 | 620-623 | 14 shows the field lines around some simple
charge configurations As mentioned earlier, the field lines
are in 3-dimensional space, though the figure shows them
only in a plane The field lines of a single positive charge
are radially outward while those of a single negative
charge are radially inward The field lines around a system
of two positive charges (q, q) give a vivid pictorial
description of their mutual repulsion, while those around
the configuration of two equal and opposite charges
(q, –q), a dipole, show clearly the mutual attraction
between the charges |
1 | 621-624 | As mentioned earlier, the field lines
are in 3-dimensional space, though the figure shows them
only in a plane The field lines of a single positive charge
are radially outward while those of a single negative
charge are radially inward The field lines around a system
of two positive charges (q, q) give a vivid pictorial
description of their mutual repulsion, while those around
the configuration of two equal and opposite charges
(q, –q), a dipole, show clearly the mutual attraction
between the charges The field lines follow some important
general properties:
(i)
Field lines start from positive charges and end at
negative charges |
1 | 622-625 | The field lines of a single positive charge
are radially outward while those of a single negative
charge are radially inward The field lines around a system
of two positive charges (q, q) give a vivid pictorial
description of their mutual repulsion, while those around
the configuration of two equal and opposite charges
(q, –q), a dipole, show clearly the mutual attraction
between the charges The field lines follow some important
general properties:
(i)
Field lines start from positive charges and end at
negative charges If there is a single charge, they may
start or end at infinity |
1 | 623-626 | The field lines around a system
of two positive charges (q, q) give a vivid pictorial
description of their mutual repulsion, while those around
the configuration of two equal and opposite charges
(q, –q), a dipole, show clearly the mutual attraction
between the charges The field lines follow some important
general properties:
(i)
Field lines start from positive charges and end at
negative charges If there is a single charge, they may
start or end at infinity (ii) In a charge-free region, electric field lines can be taken
to be continuous curves without any breaks |
1 | 624-627 | The field lines follow some important
general properties:
(i)
Field lines start from positive charges and end at
negative charges If there is a single charge, they may
start or end at infinity (ii) In a charge-free region, electric field lines can be taken
to be continuous curves without any breaks (iii) Two field lines can never cross each other |
1 | 625-628 | If there is a single charge, they may
start or end at infinity (ii) In a charge-free region, electric field lines can be taken
to be continuous curves without any breaks (iii) Two field lines can never cross each other (If they did,
the field at the point of intersection will not have a
unique direction, which is absurd |
1 | 626-629 | (ii) In a charge-free region, electric field lines can be taken
to be continuous curves without any breaks (iii) Two field lines can never cross each other (If they did,
the field at the point of intersection will not have a
unique direction, which is absurd )
(iv) Electrostatic field lines do not form any closed loops |
1 | 627-630 | (iii) Two field lines can never cross each other (If they did,
the field at the point of intersection will not have a
unique direction, which is absurd )
(iv) Electrostatic field lines do not form any closed loops This follows from the conservative nature of electric
field (Chapter 2) |
1 | 628-631 | (If they did,
the field at the point of intersection will not have a
unique direction, which is absurd )
(iv) Electrostatic field lines do not form any closed loops This follows from the conservative nature of electric
field (Chapter 2) 1 |
1 | 629-632 | )
(iv) Electrostatic field lines do not form any closed loops This follows from the conservative nature of electric
field (Chapter 2) 1 9 ELECTRIC FLUX
Consider flow of a liquid with velocity v, through a small
flat surface dS, in a direction normal to the surface |
1 | 630-633 | This follows from the conservative nature of electric
field (Chapter 2) 1 9 ELECTRIC FLUX
Consider flow of a liquid with velocity v, through a small
flat surface dS, in a direction normal to the surface The
rate of flow of liquid is given by the volume crossing the
area per unit time v dS and represents the flux of liquid
flowing across the plane |
1 | 631-634 | 1 9 ELECTRIC FLUX
Consider flow of a liquid with velocity v, through a small
flat surface dS, in a direction normal to the surface The
rate of flow of liquid is given by the volume crossing the
area per unit time v dS and represents the flux of liquid
flowing across the plane If the normal to the surface is
not parallel to the direction of flow of liquid, i |
1 | 632-635 | 9 ELECTRIC FLUX
Consider flow of a liquid with velocity v, through a small
flat surface dS, in a direction normal to the surface The
rate of flow of liquid is given by the volume crossing the
area per unit time v dS and represents the flux of liquid
flowing across the plane If the normal to the surface is
not parallel to the direction of flow of liquid, i e |
1 | 633-636 | The
rate of flow of liquid is given by the volume crossing the
area per unit time v dS and represents the flux of liquid
flowing across the plane If the normal to the surface is
not parallel to the direction of flow of liquid, i e , to v, but
makes an angle q with it, the projected area in a plane
perpendicular to v is δ dS cos q |
1 | 634-637 | If the normal to the surface is
not parallel to the direction of flow of liquid, i e , to v, but
makes an angle q with it, the projected area in a plane
perpendicular to v is δ dS cos q Therefore, the flux going
out of the surface dS is v |
1 | 635-638 | e , to v, but
makes an angle q with it, the projected area in a plane
perpendicular to v is δ dS cos q Therefore, the flux going
out of the surface dS is v ˆn dS |
1 | 636-639 | , to v, but
makes an angle q with it, the projected area in a plane
perpendicular to v is δ dS cos q Therefore, the flux going
out of the surface dS is v ˆn dS For the case of the electric
field, we define an analogous quantity and call it electric
flux |
1 | 637-640 | Therefore, the flux going
out of the surface dS is v ˆn dS For the case of the electric
field, we define an analogous quantity and call it electric
flux We should, however, note that there is no flow of a
physically observable quantity unlike the case of
liquid flow |
1 | 638-641 | ˆn dS For the case of the electric
field, we define an analogous quantity and call it electric
flux We should, however, note that there is no flow of a
physically observable quantity unlike the case of
liquid flow In the picture of electric field lines described above,
we saw that the number of field lines crossing a unit area,
placed normal to the field at a point is a measure of the
strength of electric field at that point |
1 | 639-642 | For the case of the electric
field, we define an analogous quantity and call it electric
flux We should, however, note that there is no flow of a
physically observable quantity unlike the case of
liquid flow In the picture of electric field lines described above,
we saw that the number of field lines crossing a unit area,
placed normal to the field at a point is a measure of the
strength of electric field at that point This means that if
FIGURE 1 |
1 | 640-643 | We should, however, note that there is no flow of a
physically observable quantity unlike the case of
liquid flow In the picture of electric field lines described above,
we saw that the number of field lines crossing a unit area,
placed normal to the field at a point is a measure of the
strength of electric field at that point This means that if
FIGURE 1 14 Field lines due to
some simple charge configurations |
1 | 641-644 | In the picture of electric field lines described above,
we saw that the number of field lines crossing a unit area,
placed normal to the field at a point is a measure of the
strength of electric field at that point This means that if
FIGURE 1 14 Field lines due to
some simple charge configurations Rationalised 2023-24
22
Physics
we place a small planar element of area DS
normal to E at a point, the number of field lines
crossing it is proportional* to E DS |
1 | 642-645 | This means that if
FIGURE 1 14 Field lines due to
some simple charge configurations Rationalised 2023-24
22
Physics
we place a small planar element of area DS
normal to E at a point, the number of field lines
crossing it is proportional* to E DS Now
suppose we tilt the area element by angle q |
1 | 643-646 | 14 Field lines due to
some simple charge configurations Rationalised 2023-24
22
Physics
we place a small planar element of area DS
normal to E at a point, the number of field lines
crossing it is proportional* to E DS Now
suppose we tilt the area element by angle q Clearly, the number of field lines crossing the
area element will be smaller |
1 | 644-647 | Rationalised 2023-24
22
Physics
we place a small planar element of area DS
normal to E at a point, the number of field lines
crossing it is proportional* to E DS Now
suppose we tilt the area element by angle q Clearly, the number of field lines crossing the
area element will be smaller The projection of
the area element normal to E is DS cosq |
1 | 645-648 | Now
suppose we tilt the area element by angle q Clearly, the number of field lines crossing the
area element will be smaller The projection of
the area element normal to E is DS cosq Thus,
the number of field lines crossing DS is
proportional to E DS cosq |
1 | 646-649 | Clearly, the number of field lines crossing the
area element will be smaller The projection of
the area element normal to E is DS cosq Thus,
the number of field lines crossing DS is
proportional to E DS cosq When q = 90°, field
lines will be parallel to DS and will not cross it
at all (Fig |
1 | 647-650 | The projection of
the area element normal to E is DS cosq Thus,
the number of field lines crossing DS is
proportional to E DS cosq When q = 90°, field
lines will be parallel to DS and will not cross it
at all (Fig 1 |
1 | 648-651 | Thus,
the number of field lines crossing DS is
proportional to E DS cosq When q = 90°, field
lines will be parallel to DS and will not cross it
at all (Fig 1 15) |
1 | 649-652 | When q = 90°, field
lines will be parallel to DS and will not cross it
at all (Fig 1 15) The orientation of area element and not
merely its magnitude is important in many
contexts |
1 | 650-653 | 1 15) The orientation of area element and not
merely its magnitude is important in many
contexts For example, in a stream, the amount
of water flowing through a ring will naturally
depend on how you hold the ring |
1 | 651-654 | 15) The orientation of area element and not
merely its magnitude is important in many
contexts For example, in a stream, the amount
of water flowing through a ring will naturally
depend on how you hold the ring If you hold
it normal to the flow, maximum water will flow
through it than if you hold it with some other
orientation |
1 | 652-655 | The orientation of area element and not
merely its magnitude is important in many
contexts For example, in a stream, the amount
of water flowing through a ring will naturally
depend on how you hold the ring If you hold
it normal to the flow, maximum water will flow
through it than if you hold it with some other
orientation This shows that an area element
should be treated as a vector |
1 | 653-656 | For example, in a stream, the amount
of water flowing through a ring will naturally
depend on how you hold the ring If you hold
it normal to the flow, maximum water will flow
through it than if you hold it with some other
orientation This shows that an area element
should be treated as a vector It has a
magnitude and also a direction |
1 | 654-657 | If you hold
it normal to the flow, maximum water will flow
through it than if you hold it with some other
orientation This shows that an area element
should be treated as a vector It has a
magnitude and also a direction How to specify the direction of a planar
area |
1 | 655-658 | This shows that an area element
should be treated as a vector It has a
magnitude and also a direction How to specify the direction of a planar
area Clearly, the normal to the plane specifies the orientation of the
plane |
1 | 656-659 | It has a
magnitude and also a direction How to specify the direction of a planar
area Clearly, the normal to the plane specifies the orientation of the
plane Thus the direction of a planar area vector is along its normal |
1 | 657-660 | How to specify the direction of a planar
area Clearly, the normal to the plane specifies the orientation of the
plane Thus the direction of a planar area vector is along its normal How to associate a vector to the area of a curved surface |
1 | 658-661 | Clearly, the normal to the plane specifies the orientation of the
plane Thus the direction of a planar area vector is along its normal How to associate a vector to the area of a curved surface We imagine
dividing the surface into a large number of very small area elements |
1 | 659-662 | Thus the direction of a planar area vector is along its normal How to associate a vector to the area of a curved surface We imagine
dividing the surface into a large number of very small area elements Each small area element may be treated as planar and a vector associated
with it, as explained before |
1 | 660-663 | How to associate a vector to the area of a curved surface We imagine
dividing the surface into a large number of very small area elements Each small area element may be treated as planar and a vector associated
with it, as explained before Notice one ambiguity here |
1 | 661-664 | We imagine
dividing the surface into a large number of very small area elements Each small area element may be treated as planar and a vector associated
with it, as explained before Notice one ambiguity here The direction of an area element is along
its normal |
1 | 662-665 | Each small area element may be treated as planar and a vector associated
with it, as explained before Notice one ambiguity here The direction of an area element is along
its normal But a normal can point in two directions |
1 | 663-666 | Notice one ambiguity here The direction of an area element is along
its normal But a normal can point in two directions Which direction do
we choose as the direction of the vector associated with the area element |
1 | 664-667 | The direction of an area element is along
its normal But a normal can point in two directions Which direction do
we choose as the direction of the vector associated with the area element This problem is resolved by some convention appropriate to the given
context |
1 | 665-668 | But a normal can point in two directions Which direction do
we choose as the direction of the vector associated with the area element This problem is resolved by some convention appropriate to the given
context For the case of a closed surface, this convention is very simple |
1 | 666-669 | Which direction do
we choose as the direction of the vector associated with the area element This problem is resolved by some convention appropriate to the given
context For the case of a closed surface, this convention is very simple The vector associated with every area element of a closed surface is taken
to be in the direction of the outward normal |
1 | 667-670 | This problem is resolved by some convention appropriate to the given
context For the case of a closed surface, this convention is very simple The vector associated with every area element of a closed surface is taken
to be in the direction of the outward normal This is the convention used
in Fig |
1 | 668-671 | For the case of a closed surface, this convention is very simple The vector associated with every area element of a closed surface is taken
to be in the direction of the outward normal This is the convention used
in Fig 1 |
1 | 669-672 | The vector associated with every area element of a closed surface is taken
to be in the direction of the outward normal This is the convention used
in Fig 1 16 |
1 | 670-673 | This is the convention used
in Fig 1 16 Thus, the area element vector DS at a point on a closed
surface equals DS ˆn where DS is the magnitude of the area element and
ˆn is a unit vector in the direction of outward normal at that point |
1 | 671-674 | 1 16 Thus, the area element vector DS at a point on a closed
surface equals DS ˆn where DS is the magnitude of the area element and
ˆn is a unit vector in the direction of outward normal at that point We now come to the definition of electric flux |
1 | 672-675 | 16 Thus, the area element vector DS at a point on a closed
surface equals DS ˆn where DS is the magnitude of the area element and
ˆn is a unit vector in the direction of outward normal at that point We now come to the definition of electric flux Electric flux Df through
an area element DS is defined by
Df = E |
1 | 673-676 | Thus, the area element vector DS at a point on a closed
surface equals DS ˆn where DS is the magnitude of the area element and
ˆn is a unit vector in the direction of outward normal at that point We now come to the definition of electric flux Electric flux Df through
an area element DS is defined by
Df = E DS = E DS cosq
(1 |
1 | 674-677 | We now come to the definition of electric flux Electric flux Df through
an area element DS is defined by
Df = E DS = E DS cosq
(1 11)
which, as seen before, is proportional to the number of field lines cutting
the area element |
1 | 675-678 | Electric flux Df through
an area element DS is defined by
Df = E DS = E DS cosq
(1 11)
which, as seen before, is proportional to the number of field lines cutting
the area element The angle q here is the angle between E and DS |
1 | 676-679 | DS = E DS cosq
(1 11)
which, as seen before, is proportional to the number of field lines cutting
the area element The angle q here is the angle between E and DS For a
closed surface, with the convention stated already, q is the angle between
E and the outward normal to the area element |
1 | 677-680 | 11)
which, as seen before, is proportional to the number of field lines cutting
the area element The angle q here is the angle between E and DS For a
closed surface, with the convention stated already, q is the angle between
E and the outward normal to the area element Notice we could look at
the expression E DS cosq in two ways: E (DS cosq ) i |
1 | 678-681 | The angle q here is the angle between E and DS For a
closed surface, with the convention stated already, q is the angle between
E and the outward normal to the area element Notice we could look at
the expression E DS cosq in two ways: E (DS cosq ) i e |
1 | 679-682 | For a
closed surface, with the convention stated already, q is the angle between
E and the outward normal to the area element Notice we could look at
the expression E DS cosq in two ways: E (DS cosq ) i e , E times the
FIGURE 1 |
1 | 680-683 | Notice we could look at
the expression E DS cosq in two ways: E (DS cosq ) i e , E times the
FIGURE 1 15 Dependence of flux on the
inclination q between E and ˆn |
1 | 681-684 | e , E times the
FIGURE 1 15 Dependence of flux on the
inclination q between E and ˆn FIGURE 1 |
1 | 682-685 | , E times the
FIGURE 1 15 Dependence of flux on the
inclination q between E and ˆn FIGURE 1 16
Convention for
defining normal
ˆn and DS |
1 | 683-686 | 15 Dependence of flux on the
inclination q between E and ˆn FIGURE 1 16
Convention for
defining normal
ˆn and DS *
It will not be proper to say that the number of field lines is equal to EDS |
1 | 684-687 | FIGURE 1 16
Convention for
defining normal
ˆn and DS *
It will not be proper to say that the number of field lines is equal to EDS The
number of field lines is after all, a matter of how many field lines we choose to
draw |
1 | 685-688 | 16
Convention for
defining normal
ˆn and DS *
It will not be proper to say that the number of field lines is equal to EDS The
number of field lines is after all, a matter of how many field lines we choose to
draw What is physically significant is the relative number of field lines crossing
a given area at different points |
1 | 686-689 | *
It will not be proper to say that the number of field lines is equal to EDS The
number of field lines is after all, a matter of how many field lines we choose to
draw What is physically significant is the relative number of field lines crossing
a given area at different points Rationalised 2023-24
Electric Charges
and Fields
23
projection of area normal to E, or E^ DS, i |
1 | 687-690 | The
number of field lines is after all, a matter of how many field lines we choose to
draw What is physically significant is the relative number of field lines crossing
a given area at different points Rationalised 2023-24
Electric Charges
and Fields
23
projection of area normal to E, or E^ DS, i e |
1 | 688-691 | What is physically significant is the relative number of field lines crossing
a given area at different points Rationalised 2023-24
Electric Charges
and Fields
23
projection of area normal to E, or E^ DS, i e , component of E along the
normal to the area element times the magnitude of the area element |
1 | 689-692 | Rationalised 2023-24
Electric Charges
and Fields
23
projection of area normal to E, or E^ DS, i e , component of E along the
normal to the area element times the magnitude of the area element The
unit of electric flux is N C–1 m2 |
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