Chapter
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1 | 2590-2593 | 18)
Substituting the value of |vd| from Eq (3 17)
2
E
τ
∆ =
∆
e A
I t
n
t
m
(3 19)
By definition I is related to the magnitude |j| of the current density by
I = |j|A
(3 |
1 | 2591-2594 | (3 17)
2
E
τ
∆ =
∆
e A
I t
n
t
m
(3 19)
By definition I is related to the magnitude |j| of the current density by
I = |j|A
(3 20)
Hence, from Eqs |
1 | 2592-2595 | 17)
2
E
τ
∆ =
∆
e A
I t
n
t
m
(3 19)
By definition I is related to the magnitude |j| of the current density by
I = |j|A
(3 20)
Hence, from Eqs (3 |
1 | 2593-2596 | 19)
By definition I is related to the magnitude |j| of the current density by
I = |j|A
(3 20)
Hence, from Eqs (3 19) and (3 |
1 | 2594-2597 | 20)
Hence, from Eqs (3 19) and (3 20),
2
j
= neτE
m
(3 |
1 | 2595-2598 | (3 19) and (3 20),
2
j
= neτE
m
(3 21)
The vector j is parallel to E and hence we can write Eq |
1 | 2596-2599 | 19) and (3 20),
2
j
= neτE
m
(3 21)
The vector j is parallel to E and hence we can write Eq (3 |
1 | 2597-2600 | 20),
2
j
= neτE
m
(3 21)
The vector j is parallel to E and hence we can write Eq (3 21) in the
vector form
2
τ
j=
E
ne
m
(3 |
1 | 2598-2601 | 21)
The vector j is parallel to E and hence we can write Eq (3 21) in the
vector form
2
τ
j=
E
ne
m
(3 22)
Comparison with Eq |
1 | 2599-2602 | (3 21) in the
vector form
2
τ
j=
E
ne
m
(3 22)
Comparison with Eq (3 |
1 | 2600-2603 | 21) in the
vector form
2
τ
j=
E
ne
m
(3 22)
Comparison with Eq (3 13) shows that Eq |
1 | 2601-2604 | 22)
Comparison with Eq (3 13) shows that Eq (3 |
1 | 2602-2605 | (3 13) shows that Eq (3 22) is exactly the Ohm’s
law, if we identify the conductivity s as
FIGURE 3 |
1 | 2603-2606 | 13) shows that Eq (3 22) is exactly the Ohm’s
law, if we identify the conductivity s as
FIGURE 3 4 Current in a metallic
conductor |
1 | 2604-2607 | (3 22) is exactly the Ohm’s
law, if we identify the conductivity s as
FIGURE 3 4 Current in a metallic
conductor The magnitude of current
density in a metal is the magnitude of
charge contained in a cylinder of unit
area and length vd |
1 | 2605-2608 | 22) is exactly the Ohm’s
law, if we identify the conductivity s as
FIGURE 3 4 Current in a metallic
conductor The magnitude of current
density in a metal is the magnitude of
charge contained in a cylinder of unit
area and length vd Rationalised 2023-24
Current
Electricity
87
EXAMPLE 3 |
1 | 2606-2609 | 4 Current in a metallic
conductor The magnitude of current
density in a metal is the magnitude of
charge contained in a cylinder of unit
area and length vd Rationalised 2023-24
Current
Electricity
87
EXAMPLE 3 1
ne2
m
σ
τ
=
(3 |
1 | 2607-2610 | The magnitude of current
density in a metal is the magnitude of
charge contained in a cylinder of unit
area and length vd Rationalised 2023-24
Current
Electricity
87
EXAMPLE 3 1
ne2
m
σ
τ
=
(3 23)
We thus see that a very simple picture of electrical conduction
reproduces Ohm’s law |
1 | 2608-2611 | Rationalised 2023-24
Current
Electricity
87
EXAMPLE 3 1
ne2
m
σ
τ
=
(3 23)
We thus see that a very simple picture of electrical conduction
reproduces Ohm’s law We have, of course, made assumptions that t
and n are constants, independent of E |
1 | 2609-2612 | 1
ne2
m
σ
τ
=
(3 23)
We thus see that a very simple picture of electrical conduction
reproduces Ohm’s law We have, of course, made assumptions that t
and n are constants, independent of E We shall, in the next section,
discuss the limitations of Ohm’s law |
1 | 2610-2613 | 23)
We thus see that a very simple picture of electrical conduction
reproduces Ohm’s law We have, of course, made assumptions that t
and n are constants, independent of E We shall, in the next section,
discuss the limitations of Ohm’s law Example 3 |
1 | 2611-2614 | We have, of course, made assumptions that t
and n are constants, independent of E We shall, in the next section,
discuss the limitations of Ohm’s law Example 3 1 (a) Estimate the average drift speed of conduction
electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 1 |
1 | 2612-2615 | We shall, in the next section,
discuss the limitations of Ohm’s law Example 3 1 (a) Estimate the average drift speed of conduction
electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 1 0 × 10–7 m2 carrying
a current of 1 |
1 | 2613-2616 | Example 3 1 (a) Estimate the average drift speed of conduction
electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 1 0 × 10–7 m2 carrying
a current of 1 5 A |
1 | 2614-2617 | 1 (a) Estimate the average drift speed of conduction
electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 1 0 × 10–7 m2 carrying
a current of 1 5 A Assume that each copper atom contributes roughly
one conduction electron |
1 | 2615-2618 | 0 × 10–7 m2 carrying
a current of 1 5 A Assume that each copper atom contributes roughly
one conduction electron The density of copper is 9 |
1 | 2616-2619 | 5 A Assume that each copper atom contributes roughly
one conduction electron The density of copper is 9 0 × 103 kg/m3,
and its atomic mass is 63 |
1 | 2617-2620 | Assume that each copper atom contributes roughly
one conduction electron The density of copper is 9 0 × 103 kg/m3,
and its atomic mass is 63 5 u |
1 | 2618-2621 | The density of copper is 9 0 × 103 kg/m3,
and its atomic mass is 63 5 u (b) Compare the drift speed obtained
above with, (i) thermal speeds of copper atoms at ordinary
temperatures, (ii) speed of propagation of electric field along the
conductor which causes the drift motion |
1 | 2619-2622 | 0 × 103 kg/m3,
and its atomic mass is 63 5 u (b) Compare the drift speed obtained
above with, (i) thermal speeds of copper atoms at ordinary
temperatures, (ii) speed of propagation of electric field along the
conductor which causes the drift motion Solution
(a) The direction of drift velocity of conduction electrons is opposite
to the electric field direction, i |
1 | 2620-2623 | 5 u (b) Compare the drift speed obtained
above with, (i) thermal speeds of copper atoms at ordinary
temperatures, (ii) speed of propagation of electric field along the
conductor which causes the drift motion Solution
(a) The direction of drift velocity of conduction electrons is opposite
to the electric field direction, i e |
1 | 2621-2624 | (b) Compare the drift speed obtained
above with, (i) thermal speeds of copper atoms at ordinary
temperatures, (ii) speed of propagation of electric field along the
conductor which causes the drift motion Solution
(a) The direction of drift velocity of conduction electrons is opposite
to the electric field direction, i e , electrons drift in the direction
of increasing potential |
1 | 2622-2625 | Solution
(a) The direction of drift velocity of conduction electrons is opposite
to the electric field direction, i e , electrons drift in the direction
of increasing potential The drift speed vd is given by Eq |
1 | 2623-2626 | e , electrons drift in the direction
of increasing potential The drift speed vd is given by Eq (3 |
1 | 2624-2627 | , electrons drift in the direction
of increasing potential The drift speed vd is given by Eq (3 18)
vd = (I/neA)
Now, e = 1 |
1 | 2625-2628 | The drift speed vd is given by Eq (3 18)
vd = (I/neA)
Now, e = 1 6 × 10–19 C, A = 1 |
1 | 2626-2629 | (3 18)
vd = (I/neA)
Now, e = 1 6 × 10–19 C, A = 1 0 × 10–7m2, I = 1 |
1 | 2627-2630 | 18)
vd = (I/neA)
Now, e = 1 6 × 10–19 C, A = 1 0 × 10–7m2, I = 1 5 A |
1 | 2628-2631 | 6 × 10–19 C, A = 1 0 × 10–7m2, I = 1 5 A The density of
conduction electrons, n is equal to the number of atoms per cubic
metre (assuming one conduction electron per Cu atom as is
reasonable from its valence electron count of one) |
1 | 2629-2632 | 0 × 10–7m2, I = 1 5 A The density of
conduction electrons, n is equal to the number of atoms per cubic
metre (assuming one conduction electron per Cu atom as is
reasonable from its valence electron count of one) A cubic metre
of copper has a mass of 9 |
1 | 2630-2633 | 5 A The density of
conduction electrons, n is equal to the number of atoms per cubic
metre (assuming one conduction electron per Cu atom as is
reasonable from its valence electron count of one) A cubic metre
of copper has a mass of 9 0 × 103 kg |
1 | 2631-2634 | The density of
conduction electrons, n is equal to the number of atoms per cubic
metre (assuming one conduction electron per Cu atom as is
reasonable from its valence electron count of one) A cubic metre
of copper has a mass of 9 0 × 103 kg Since 6 |
1 | 2632-2635 | A cubic metre
of copper has a mass of 9 0 × 103 kg Since 6 0 × 1023 copper
atoms have a mass of 63 |
1 | 2633-2636 | 0 × 103 kg Since 6 0 × 1023 copper
atoms have a mass of 63 5 g,
23
6
6 |
1 | 2634-2637 | Since 6 0 × 1023 copper
atoms have a mass of 63 5 g,
23
6
6 0
10
9 |
1 | 2635-2638 | 0 × 1023 copper
atoms have a mass of 63 5 g,
23
6
6 0
10
9 0
10
63 |
1 | 2636-2639 | 5 g,
23
6
6 0
10
9 0
10
63 5
n
×
=
×
×
= 8 |
1 | 2637-2640 | 0
10
9 0
10
63 5
n
×
=
×
×
= 8 5 × 1028 m–3
which gives,
28
–19
–7
1 |
1 | 2638-2641 | 0
10
63 5
n
×
=
×
×
= 8 5 × 1028 m–3
which gives,
28
–19
–7
1 5
8 |
1 | 2639-2642 | 5
n
×
=
×
×
= 8 5 × 1028 m–3
which gives,
28
–19
–7
1 5
8 5
10
1 |
1 | 2640-2643 | 5 × 1028 m–3
which gives,
28
–19
–7
1 5
8 5
10
1 6
10
1 |
1 | 2641-2644 | 5
8 5
10
1 6
10
1 0
10
=
×
×
×
×
×
d
v
= 1 |
1 | 2642-2645 | 5
10
1 6
10
1 0
10
=
×
×
×
×
×
d
v
= 1 1 × 10–3 m s–1 = 1 |
1 | 2643-2646 | 6
10
1 0
10
=
×
×
×
×
×
d
v
= 1 1 × 10–3 m s–1 = 1 1 mm s–1
(b) (i) At a temperature T, the thermal speed* of a copper atom of
mass M is obtained from [<(1/2) Mv2 > = (3/2) kBT ] and is thus
typically of the order of
/
B
k T M , where kB is the Boltzmann
constant |
1 | 2644-2647 | 0
10
=
×
×
×
×
×
d
v
= 1 1 × 10–3 m s–1 = 1 1 mm s–1
(b) (i) At a temperature T, the thermal speed* of a copper atom of
mass M is obtained from [<(1/2) Mv2 > = (3/2) kBT ] and is thus
typically of the order of
/
B
k T M , where kB is the Boltzmann
constant For copper at 300 K, this is about 2 × 102 m/s |
1 | 2645-2648 | 1 × 10–3 m s–1 = 1 1 mm s–1
(b) (i) At a temperature T, the thermal speed* of a copper atom of
mass M is obtained from [<(1/2) Mv2 > = (3/2) kBT ] and is thus
typically of the order of
/
B
k T M , where kB is the Boltzmann
constant For copper at 300 K, this is about 2 × 102 m/s This
figure indicates the random vibrational speeds of copper atoms
in a conductor |
1 | 2646-2649 | 1 mm s–1
(b) (i) At a temperature T, the thermal speed* of a copper atom of
mass M is obtained from [<(1/2) Mv2 > = (3/2) kBT ] and is thus
typically of the order of
/
B
k T M , where kB is the Boltzmann
constant For copper at 300 K, this is about 2 × 102 m/s This
figure indicates the random vibrational speeds of copper atoms
in a conductor Note that the drift speed of electrons is much
smaller, about 10–5 times the typical thermal speed at ordinary
temperatures |
1 | 2647-2650 | For copper at 300 K, this is about 2 × 102 m/s This
figure indicates the random vibrational speeds of copper atoms
in a conductor Note that the drift speed of electrons is much
smaller, about 10–5 times the typical thermal speed at ordinary
temperatures (ii) An electric field travelling along the conductor has a speed of
an electromagnetic wave, namely equal to 3 |
1 | 2648-2651 | This
figure indicates the random vibrational speeds of copper atoms
in a conductor Note that the drift speed of electrons is much
smaller, about 10–5 times the typical thermal speed at ordinary
temperatures (ii) An electric field travelling along the conductor has a speed of
an electromagnetic wave, namely equal to 3 0 × 108 m s–1
(You will learn about this in Chapter 8) |
1 | 2649-2652 | Note that the drift speed of electrons is much
smaller, about 10–5 times the typical thermal speed at ordinary
temperatures (ii) An electric field travelling along the conductor has a speed of
an electromagnetic wave, namely equal to 3 0 × 108 m s–1
(You will learn about this in Chapter 8) The drift speed is, in
comparison, extremely small; smaller by a factor of 10–11 |
1 | 2650-2653 | (ii) An electric field travelling along the conductor has a speed of
an electromagnetic wave, namely equal to 3 0 × 108 m s–1
(You will learn about this in Chapter 8) The drift speed is, in
comparison, extremely small; smaller by a factor of 10–11 *
See Eq |
1 | 2651-2654 | 0 × 108 m s–1
(You will learn about this in Chapter 8) The drift speed is, in
comparison, extremely small; smaller by a factor of 10–11 *
See Eq (12 |
1 | 2652-2655 | The drift speed is, in
comparison, extremely small; smaller by a factor of 10–11 *
See Eq (12 23) of Chapter 12 from Class XI book |
1 | 2653-2656 | *
See Eq (12 23) of Chapter 12 from Class XI book Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
88
EXAMPLE 3 |
1 | 2654-2657 | (12 23) of Chapter 12 from Class XI book Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
88
EXAMPLE 3 2
Example 3 |
1 | 2655-2658 | 23) of Chapter 12 from Class XI book Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
88
EXAMPLE 3 2
Example 3 2
(a) In Example 3 |
1 | 2656-2659 | Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
88
EXAMPLE 3 2
Example 3 2
(a) In Example 3 1, the electron drift speed is estimated to be only a
few mm s–1 for currents in the range of a few amperes |
1 | 2657-2660 | 2
Example 3 2
(a) In Example 3 1, the electron drift speed is estimated to be only a
few mm s–1 for currents in the range of a few amperes How then
is current established almost the instant a circuit is closed |
1 | 2658-2661 | 2
(a) In Example 3 1, the electron drift speed is estimated to be only a
few mm s–1 for currents in the range of a few amperes How then
is current established almost the instant a circuit is closed (b) The electron drift arises due to the force experienced by electrons
in the electric field inside the conductor |
1 | 2659-2662 | 1, the electron drift speed is estimated to be only a
few mm s–1 for currents in the range of a few amperes How then
is current established almost the instant a circuit is closed (b) The electron drift arises due to the force experienced by electrons
in the electric field inside the conductor But force should cause
acceleration |
1 | 2660-2663 | How then
is current established almost the instant a circuit is closed (b) The electron drift arises due to the force experienced by electrons
in the electric field inside the conductor But force should cause
acceleration Why then do the electrons acquire a steady average
drift speed |
1 | 2661-2664 | (b) The electron drift arises due to the force experienced by electrons
in the electric field inside the conductor But force should cause
acceleration Why then do the electrons acquire a steady average
drift speed (c) If the electron drift speed is so small, and the electron’s charge is
small, how can we still obtain large amounts of current in a
conductor |
1 | 2662-2665 | But force should cause
acceleration Why then do the electrons acquire a steady average
drift speed (c) If the electron drift speed is so small, and the electron’s charge is
small, how can we still obtain large amounts of current in a
conductor (d) When electrons drift in a metal from lower to higher potential,
does it mean that all the ‘free’ electrons of the metal are moving
in the same direction |
1 | 2663-2666 | Why then do the electrons acquire a steady average
drift speed (c) If the electron drift speed is so small, and the electron’s charge is
small, how can we still obtain large amounts of current in a
conductor (d) When electrons drift in a metal from lower to higher potential,
does it mean that all the ‘free’ electrons of the metal are moving
in the same direction (e) Are the paths of electrons straight lines between successive
collisions (with the positive ions of the metal) in the (i) absence of
electric field, (ii) presence of electric field |
1 | 2664-2667 | (c) If the electron drift speed is so small, and the electron’s charge is
small, how can we still obtain large amounts of current in a
conductor (d) When electrons drift in a metal from lower to higher potential,
does it mean that all the ‘free’ electrons of the metal are moving
in the same direction (e) Are the paths of electrons straight lines between successive
collisions (with the positive ions of the metal) in the (i) absence of
electric field, (ii) presence of electric field Solution
(a) Electric field is established throughout the circuit, almost instantly
(with the speed of light) causing at every point a local electron
drift |
1 | 2665-2668 | (d) When electrons drift in a metal from lower to higher potential,
does it mean that all the ‘free’ electrons of the metal are moving
in the same direction (e) Are the paths of electrons straight lines between successive
collisions (with the positive ions of the metal) in the (i) absence of
electric field, (ii) presence of electric field Solution
(a) Electric field is established throughout the circuit, almost instantly
(with the speed of light) causing at every point a local electron
drift Establishment of a current does not have to wait for electrons
from one end of the conductor travelling to the other end |
1 | 2666-2669 | (e) Are the paths of electrons straight lines between successive
collisions (with the positive ions of the metal) in the (i) absence of
electric field, (ii) presence of electric field Solution
(a) Electric field is established throughout the circuit, almost instantly
(with the speed of light) causing at every point a local electron
drift Establishment of a current does not have to wait for electrons
from one end of the conductor travelling to the other end However,
it does take a little while for the current to reach its steady value |
1 | 2667-2670 | Solution
(a) Electric field is established throughout the circuit, almost instantly
(with the speed of light) causing at every point a local electron
drift Establishment of a current does not have to wait for electrons
from one end of the conductor travelling to the other end However,
it does take a little while for the current to reach its steady value (b) Each ‘free’ electron does accelerate, increasing its drift speed until
it collides with a positive ion of the metal |
1 | 2668-2671 | Establishment of a current does not have to wait for electrons
from one end of the conductor travelling to the other end However,
it does take a little while for the current to reach its steady value (b) Each ‘free’ electron does accelerate, increasing its drift speed until
it collides with a positive ion of the metal It loses its drift speed
after collision but starts to accelerate and increases its drift speed
again only to suffer a collision again and so on |
1 | 2669-2672 | However,
it does take a little while for the current to reach its steady value (b) Each ‘free’ electron does accelerate, increasing its drift speed until
it collides with a positive ion of the metal It loses its drift speed
after collision but starts to accelerate and increases its drift speed
again only to suffer a collision again and so on On the average,
therefore, electrons acquire only a drift speed |
1 | 2670-2673 | (b) Each ‘free’ electron does accelerate, increasing its drift speed until
it collides with a positive ion of the metal It loses its drift speed
after collision but starts to accelerate and increases its drift speed
again only to suffer a collision again and so on On the average,
therefore, electrons acquire only a drift speed (c) Simple, because the electron number density is enormous,
~1029 m–3 |
1 | 2671-2674 | It loses its drift speed
after collision but starts to accelerate and increases its drift speed
again only to suffer a collision again and so on On the average,
therefore, electrons acquire only a drift speed (c) Simple, because the electron number density is enormous,
~1029 m–3 (d) By no means |
1 | 2672-2675 | On the average,
therefore, electrons acquire only a drift speed (c) Simple, because the electron number density is enormous,
~1029 m–3 (d) By no means The drift velocity is superposed over the large
random velocities of electrons |
1 | 2673-2676 | (c) Simple, because the electron number density is enormous,
~1029 m–3 (d) By no means The drift velocity is superposed over the large
random velocities of electrons (e) In the absence of electric field, the paths are straight lines; in the
presence of electric field, the paths are, in general, curved |
1 | 2674-2677 | (d) By no means The drift velocity is superposed over the large
random velocities of electrons (e) In the absence of electric field, the paths are straight lines; in the
presence of electric field, the paths are, in general, curved 3 |
1 | 2675-2678 | The drift velocity is superposed over the large
random velocities of electrons (e) In the absence of electric field, the paths are straight lines; in the
presence of electric field, the paths are, in general, curved 3 5 |
1 | 2676-2679 | (e) In the absence of electric field, the paths are straight lines; in the
presence of electric field, the paths are, in general, curved 3 5 1 Mobility
As we have seen, conductivity arises from mobile charge carriers |
1 | 2677-2680 | 3 5 1 Mobility
As we have seen, conductivity arises from mobile charge carriers In
metals, these mobile charge carriers are electrons; in an ionised gas, they
are electrons and positive charged ions; in an electrolyte, these can be
both positive and negative ions |
1 | 2678-2681 | 5 1 Mobility
As we have seen, conductivity arises from mobile charge carriers In
metals, these mobile charge carriers are electrons; in an ionised gas, they
are electrons and positive charged ions; in an electrolyte, these can be
both positive and negative ions An important quantity is the mobility m defined as the magnitude of
the drift velocity per unit electric field:
|
Ed|
µ = v
(3 |
1 | 2679-2682 | 1 Mobility
As we have seen, conductivity arises from mobile charge carriers In
metals, these mobile charge carriers are electrons; in an ionised gas, they
are electrons and positive charged ions; in an electrolyte, these can be
both positive and negative ions An important quantity is the mobility m defined as the magnitude of
the drift velocity per unit electric field:
|
Ed|
µ = v
(3 24)
The SI unit of mobility is m2/Vs and is 104 of the mobility in practical
units (cm2/Vs) |
1 | 2680-2683 | In
metals, these mobile charge carriers are electrons; in an ionised gas, they
are electrons and positive charged ions; in an electrolyte, these can be
both positive and negative ions An important quantity is the mobility m defined as the magnitude of
the drift velocity per unit electric field:
|
Ed|
µ = v
(3 24)
The SI unit of mobility is m2/Vs and is 104 of the mobility in practical
units (cm2/Vs) Mobility is positive |
1 | 2681-2684 | An important quantity is the mobility m defined as the magnitude of
the drift velocity per unit electric field:
|
Ed|
µ = v
(3 24)
The SI unit of mobility is m2/Vs and is 104 of the mobility in practical
units (cm2/Vs) Mobility is positive From Eq |
1 | 2682-2685 | 24)
The SI unit of mobility is m2/Vs and is 104 of the mobility in practical
units (cm2/Vs) Mobility is positive From Eq (3 |
1 | 2683-2686 | Mobility is positive From Eq (3 17), we have
vd =
τ
e E
m
Rationalised 2023-24
Current
Electricity
89
Hence,
τ
µ =
vd=
e
E
m
(3 |
1 | 2684-2687 | From Eq (3 17), we have
vd =
τ
e E
m
Rationalised 2023-24
Current
Electricity
89
Hence,
τ
µ =
vd=
e
E
m
(3 25)
where t is the average collision time for electrons |
1 | 2685-2688 | (3 17), we have
vd =
τ
e E
m
Rationalised 2023-24
Current
Electricity
89
Hence,
τ
µ =
vd=
e
E
m
(3 25)
where t is the average collision time for electrons 3 |
1 | 2686-2689 | 17), we have
vd =
τ
e E
m
Rationalised 2023-24
Current
Electricity
89
Hence,
τ
µ =
vd=
e
E
m
(3 25)
where t is the average collision time for electrons 3 6 LIMITATIONS OF OHM’S LAW
Although Ohm’s law has been found valid over a large class
of materials, there do exist materials and devices used in
electric circuits where the proportionality of V and I does not
hold |
1 | 2687-2690 | 25)
where t is the average collision time for electrons 3 6 LIMITATIONS OF OHM’S LAW
Although Ohm’s law has been found valid over a large class
of materials, there do exist materials and devices used in
electric circuits where the proportionality of V and I does not
hold The deviations broadly are one or more of the following
types:
(a) V ceases to be proportional to I (Fig |
1 | 2688-2691 | 3 6 LIMITATIONS OF OHM’S LAW
Although Ohm’s law has been found valid over a large class
of materials, there do exist materials and devices used in
electric circuits where the proportionality of V and I does not
hold The deviations broadly are one or more of the following
types:
(a) V ceases to be proportional to I (Fig 3 |
1 | 2689-2692 | 6 LIMITATIONS OF OHM’S LAW
Although Ohm’s law has been found valid over a large class
of materials, there do exist materials and devices used in
electric circuits where the proportionality of V and I does not
hold The deviations broadly are one or more of the following
types:
(a) V ceases to be proportional to I (Fig 3 5) |
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