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1 | 3190-3193 | In a conducting wire, the total current and charge density
arises from both positive and negative charges:
j = r+ v+ + r– v–
rrrrr = r+ + r–
Now in a neutral wire carrying electric current,
rrrrr+ = – r–
Further, v+ ~ 0 which gives
rrrrr = 0
j = r– v
Thus, the relation j = r v does not apply to the total current charge
density 6 Kirchhoff’s junction rule is based on conservation of charge and the
outgoing currents add up and are equal to incoming current at a
junction Bending or reorienting the wire does not change the validity
of Kirchhoff’s junction rule |
1 | 3191-3194 | 6 Kirchhoff’s junction rule is based on conservation of charge and the
outgoing currents add up and are equal to incoming current at a
junction Bending or reorienting the wire does not change the validity
of Kirchhoff’s junction rule EXERCISES
3 |
1 | 3192-3195 | Kirchhoff’s junction rule is based on conservation of charge and the
outgoing currents add up and are equal to incoming current at a
junction Bending or reorienting the wire does not change the validity
of Kirchhoff’s junction rule EXERCISES
3 1
The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12 V |
1 | 3193-3196 | Bending or reorienting the wire does not change the validity
of Kirchhoff’s junction rule EXERCISES
3 1
The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12 V If the internal
resistance of the battery is 0 |
1 | 3194-3197 | EXERCISES
3 1
The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12 V If the internal
resistance of the battery is 0 4 W, what is the maximum current
that can be drawn from the battery |
1 | 3195-3198 | 1
The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12 V If the internal
resistance of the battery is 0 4 W, what is the maximum current
that can be drawn from the battery 3 |
1 | 3196-3199 | If the internal
resistance of the battery is 0 4 W, what is the maximum current
that can be drawn from the battery 3 2
A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 W is connected to a
resistor |
1 | 3197-3200 | 4 W, what is the maximum current
that can be drawn from the battery 3 2
A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 W is connected to a
resistor If the current in the circuit is 0 |
1 | 3198-3201 | 3 2
A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 W is connected to a
resistor If the current in the circuit is 0 5 A, what is the resistance
of the resistor |
1 | 3199-3202 | 2
A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 W is connected to a
resistor If the current in the circuit is 0 5 A, what is the resistance
of the resistor What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the
circuit is closed |
1 | 3200-3203 | If the current in the circuit is 0 5 A, what is the resistance
of the resistor What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the
circuit is closed 3 |
1 | 3201-3204 | 5 A, what is the resistance
of the resistor What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the
circuit is closed 3 3
At room temperature (27 |
1 | 3202-3205 | What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the
circuit is closed 3 3
At room temperature (27 0 °C) the resistance of a heating element
is 100 W |
1 | 3203-3206 | 3 3
At room temperature (27 0 °C) the resistance of a heating element
is 100 W What is the temperature of the element if the resistance is
found to be 117 W, given that the temperature coefficient of the
material of the resistor is 1 |
1 | 3204-3207 | 3
At room temperature (27 0 °C) the resistance of a heating element
is 100 W What is the temperature of the element if the resistance is
found to be 117 W, given that the temperature coefficient of the
material of the resistor is 1 70 × 10–4 °C–1 |
1 | 3205-3208 | 0 °C) the resistance of a heating element
is 100 W What is the temperature of the element if the resistance is
found to be 117 W, given that the temperature coefficient of the
material of the resistor is 1 70 × 10–4 °C–1 Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
106
3 |
1 | 3206-3209 | What is the temperature of the element if the resistance is
found to be 117 W, given that the temperature coefficient of the
material of the resistor is 1 70 × 10–4 °C–1 Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
106
3 4
A negligibly small current is passed through a wire of length 15 m
and uniform cross-section 6 |
1 | 3207-3210 | 70 × 10–4 °C–1 Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
106
3 4
A negligibly small current is passed through a wire of length 15 m
and uniform cross-section 6 0 × 10–7 m2, and its resistance is
measured to be 5 |
1 | 3208-3211 | Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
106
3 4
A negligibly small current is passed through a wire of length 15 m
and uniform cross-section 6 0 × 10–7 m2, and its resistance is
measured to be 5 0 W |
1 | 3209-3212 | 4
A negligibly small current is passed through a wire of length 15 m
and uniform cross-section 6 0 × 10–7 m2, and its resistance is
measured to be 5 0 W What is the resistivity of the material at the
temperature of the experiment |
1 | 3210-3213 | 0 × 10–7 m2, and its resistance is
measured to be 5 0 W What is the resistivity of the material at the
temperature of the experiment 3 |
1 | 3211-3214 | 0 W What is the resistivity of the material at the
temperature of the experiment 3 5
A silver wire has a resistance of 2 |
1 | 3212-3215 | What is the resistivity of the material at the
temperature of the experiment 3 5
A silver wire has a resistance of 2 1 W at 27 |
1 | 3213-3216 | 3 5
A silver wire has a resistance of 2 1 W at 27 5 °C, and a resistance
of 2 |
1 | 3214-3217 | 5
A silver wire has a resistance of 2 1 W at 27 5 °C, and a resistance
of 2 7 W at 100 °C |
1 | 3215-3218 | 1 W at 27 5 °C, and a resistance
of 2 7 W at 100 °C Determine the temperature coefficient of
resistivity of silver |
1 | 3216-3219 | 5 °C, and a resistance
of 2 7 W at 100 °C Determine the temperature coefficient of
resistivity of silver 3 |
1 | 3217-3220 | 7 W at 100 °C Determine the temperature coefficient of
resistivity of silver 3 6
A heating element using nichrome connected to a 230 V supply
draws an initial current of 3 |
1 | 3218-3221 | Determine the temperature coefficient of
resistivity of silver 3 6
A heating element using nichrome connected to a 230 V supply
draws an initial current of 3 2 A which settles after a few seconds to
a steady value of 2 |
1 | 3219-3222 | 3 6
A heating element using nichrome connected to a 230 V supply
draws an initial current of 3 2 A which settles after a few seconds to
a steady value of 2 8 A |
1 | 3220-3223 | 6
A heating element using nichrome connected to a 230 V supply
draws an initial current of 3 2 A which settles after a few seconds to
a steady value of 2 8 A What is the steady temperature of the heating
element if the room temperature is 27 |
1 | 3221-3224 | 2 A which settles after a few seconds to
a steady value of 2 8 A What is the steady temperature of the heating
element if the room temperature is 27 0 °C |
1 | 3222-3225 | 8 A What is the steady temperature of the heating
element if the room temperature is 27 0 °C Temperature coefficient
of resistance of nichrome averaged over the temperature range
involved is 1 |
1 | 3223-3226 | What is the steady temperature of the heating
element if the room temperature is 27 0 °C Temperature coefficient
of resistance of nichrome averaged over the temperature range
involved is 1 70 × 10–4 °C–1 |
1 | 3224-3227 | 0 °C Temperature coefficient
of resistance of nichrome averaged over the temperature range
involved is 1 70 × 10–4 °C–1 3 |
1 | 3225-3228 | Temperature coefficient
of resistance of nichrome averaged over the temperature range
involved is 1 70 × 10–4 °C–1 3 7
Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in
Fig |
1 | 3226-3229 | 70 × 10–4 °C–1 3 7
Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in
Fig 3 |
1 | 3227-3230 | 3 7
Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in
Fig 3 20:
FIGURE 3 |
1 | 3228-3231 | 7
Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in
Fig 3 20:
FIGURE 3 20
3 |
1 | 3229-3232 | 3 20:
FIGURE 3 20
3 8
A storage battery of emf 8 |
1 | 3230-3233 | 20:
FIGURE 3 20
3 8
A storage battery of emf 8 0 V and internal resistance 0 |
1 | 3231-3234 | 20
3 8
A storage battery of emf 8 0 V and internal resistance 0 5 W is being
charged by a 120 V dc supply using a series resistor of 15 |
1 | 3232-3235 | 8
A storage battery of emf 8 0 V and internal resistance 0 5 W is being
charged by a 120 V dc supply using a series resistor of 15 5 W |
1 | 3233-3236 | 0 V and internal resistance 0 5 W is being
charged by a 120 V dc supply using a series resistor of 15 5 W What
is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging |
1 | 3234-3237 | 5 W is being
charged by a 120 V dc supply using a series resistor of 15 5 W What
is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging What is the
purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit |
1 | 3235-3238 | 5 W What
is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging What is the
purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit 3 |
1 | 3236-3239 | What
is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging What is the
purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit 3 9
The number density of free electrons in a copper conductor
estimated in Example 3 |
1 | 3237-3240 | What is the
purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit 3 9
The number density of free electrons in a copper conductor
estimated in Example 3 1 is 8 |
1 | 3238-3241 | 3 9
The number density of free electrons in a copper conductor
estimated in Example 3 1 is 8 5 × 1028 m–3 |
1 | 3239-3242 | 9
The number density of free electrons in a copper conductor
estimated in Example 3 1 is 8 5 × 1028 m–3 How long does an electron
take to drift from one end of a wire 3 |
1 | 3240-3243 | 1 is 8 5 × 1028 m–3 How long does an electron
take to drift from one end of a wire 3 0 m long to its other end |
1 | 3241-3244 | 5 × 1028 m–3 How long does an electron
take to drift from one end of a wire 3 0 m long to its other end The
area of cross-section of the wire is 2 |
1 | 3242-3245 | How long does an electron
take to drift from one end of a wire 3 0 m long to its other end The
area of cross-section of the wire is 2 0 × 10–6 m2 and it is carrying a
current of 3 |
1 | 3243-3246 | 0 m long to its other end The
area of cross-section of the wire is 2 0 × 10–6 m2 and it is carrying a
current of 3 0 A |
1 | 3244-3247 | The
area of cross-section of the wire is 2 0 × 10–6 m2 and it is carrying a
current of 3 0 A Rationalised 2023-24
4 |
1 | 3245-3248 | 0 × 10–6 m2 and it is carrying a
current of 3 0 A Rationalised 2023-24
4 1 INTRODUCTION
Both Electricity and Magnetism have been known for more than 2000
years |
1 | 3246-3249 | 0 A Rationalised 2023-24
4 1 INTRODUCTION
Both Electricity and Magnetism have been known for more than 2000
years However, it was only about 200 years ago, in 1820, that it was
realised that they were intimately related |
1 | 3247-3250 | Rationalised 2023-24
4 1 INTRODUCTION
Both Electricity and Magnetism have been known for more than 2000
years However, it was only about 200 years ago, in 1820, that it was
realised that they were intimately related During a lecture demonstration
in the summer of 1820, Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted noticed
that a current in a straight wire caused a noticeable deflection in a nearby
magnetic compass needle |
1 | 3248-3251 | 1 INTRODUCTION
Both Electricity and Magnetism have been known for more than 2000
years However, it was only about 200 years ago, in 1820, that it was
realised that they were intimately related During a lecture demonstration
in the summer of 1820, Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted noticed
that a current in a straight wire caused a noticeable deflection in a nearby
magnetic compass needle He investigated this phenomenon |
1 | 3249-3252 | However, it was only about 200 years ago, in 1820, that it was
realised that they were intimately related During a lecture demonstration
in the summer of 1820, Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted noticed
that a current in a straight wire caused a noticeable deflection in a nearby
magnetic compass needle He investigated this phenomenon He found
that the alignment of the needle is tangential to an imaginary circle which
has the straight wire as its centre and has its plane perpendicular to the
wire |
1 | 3250-3253 | During a lecture demonstration
in the summer of 1820, Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted noticed
that a current in a straight wire caused a noticeable deflection in a nearby
magnetic compass needle He investigated this phenomenon He found
that the alignment of the needle is tangential to an imaginary circle which
has the straight wire as its centre and has its plane perpendicular to the
wire This situation is depicted in Fig |
1 | 3251-3254 | He investigated this phenomenon He found
that the alignment of the needle is tangential to an imaginary circle which
has the straight wire as its centre and has its plane perpendicular to the
wire This situation is depicted in Fig 4 |
1 | 3252-3255 | He found
that the alignment of the needle is tangential to an imaginary circle which
has the straight wire as its centre and has its plane perpendicular to the
wire This situation is depicted in Fig 4 1(a) |
1 | 3253-3256 | This situation is depicted in Fig 4 1(a) It is noticeable when the
current is large and the needle sufficiently close to the wire so that the
earth’s magnetic field may be ignored |
1 | 3254-3257 | 4 1(a) It is noticeable when the
current is large and the needle sufficiently close to the wire so that the
earth’s magnetic field may be ignored Reversing the direction of the
current reverses the orientation of the needle [Fig |
1 | 3255-3258 | 1(a) It is noticeable when the
current is large and the needle sufficiently close to the wire so that the
earth’s magnetic field may be ignored Reversing the direction of the
current reverses the orientation of the needle [Fig 4 |
1 | 3256-3259 | It is noticeable when the
current is large and the needle sufficiently close to the wire so that the
earth’s magnetic field may be ignored Reversing the direction of the
current reverses the orientation of the needle [Fig 4 1(b)] |
1 | 3257-3260 | Reversing the direction of the
current reverses the orientation of the needle [Fig 4 1(b)] The deflection
increases on increasing the current or bringing the needle closer to the
wire |
1 | 3258-3261 | 4 1(b)] The deflection
increases on increasing the current or bringing the needle closer to the
wire Iron filings sprinkled around the wire arrange themselves in
concentric circles with the wire as the centre [Fig |
1 | 3259-3262 | 1(b)] The deflection
increases on increasing the current or bringing the needle closer to the
wire Iron filings sprinkled around the wire arrange themselves in
concentric circles with the wire as the centre [Fig 4 |
1 | 3260-3263 | The deflection
increases on increasing the current or bringing the needle closer to the
wire Iron filings sprinkled around the wire arrange themselves in
concentric circles with the wire as the centre [Fig 4 1(c)] |
1 | 3261-3264 | Iron filings sprinkled around the wire arrange themselves in
concentric circles with the wire as the centre [Fig 4 1(c)] Oersted
concluded that moving charges or currents produced a magnetic field
in the surrounding space |
1 | 3262-3265 | 4 1(c)] Oersted
concluded that moving charges or currents produced a magnetic field
in the surrounding space Following this, there was intense experimentation |
1 | 3263-3266 | 1(c)] Oersted
concluded that moving charges or currents produced a magnetic field
in the surrounding space Following this, there was intense experimentation In 1864, the laws
obeyed by electricity and magnetism were unified and formulated by
Chapter Four
MOVING CHARGES
AND MAGNETISM
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
108
James Maxwell who then realised that light was electromagnetic waves |
1 | 3264-3267 | Oersted
concluded that moving charges or currents produced a magnetic field
in the surrounding space Following this, there was intense experimentation In 1864, the laws
obeyed by electricity and magnetism were unified and formulated by
Chapter Four
MOVING CHARGES
AND MAGNETISM
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
108
James Maxwell who then realised that light was electromagnetic waves Radio waves were discovered by Hertz, and produced by J |
1 | 3265-3268 | Following this, there was intense experimentation In 1864, the laws
obeyed by electricity and magnetism were unified and formulated by
Chapter Four
MOVING CHARGES
AND MAGNETISM
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
108
James Maxwell who then realised that light was electromagnetic waves Radio waves were discovered by Hertz, and produced by J C |
1 | 3266-3269 | In 1864, the laws
obeyed by electricity and magnetism were unified and formulated by
Chapter Four
MOVING CHARGES
AND MAGNETISM
Rationalised 2023-24
Physics
108
James Maxwell who then realised that light was electromagnetic waves Radio waves were discovered by Hertz, and produced by J C Bose and
G |
1 | 3267-3270 | Radio waves were discovered by Hertz, and produced by J C Bose and
G Marconi by the end of the 19th century |
1 | 3268-3271 | C Bose and
G Marconi by the end of the 19th century A remarkable scientific and
technological progress took place in the 20th century |
1 | 3269-3272 | Bose and
G Marconi by the end of the 19th century A remarkable scientific and
technological progress took place in the 20th century This was due to
our increased understanding of electromagnetism and the invention of
devices for production, amplification, transmission and detection of
electromagnetic waves |
1 | 3270-3273 | Marconi by the end of the 19th century A remarkable scientific and
technological progress took place in the 20th century This was due to
our increased understanding of electromagnetism and the invention of
devices for production, amplification, transmission and detection of
electromagnetic waves In this chapter, we will see how magnetic field exerts
forces on moving charged particles, like electrons, protons,
and current-carrying wires |
1 | 3271-3274 | A remarkable scientific and
technological progress took place in the 20th century This was due to
our increased understanding of electromagnetism and the invention of
devices for production, amplification, transmission and detection of
electromagnetic waves In this chapter, we will see how magnetic field exerts
forces on moving charged particles, like electrons, protons,
and current-carrying wires We shall also learn how
currents produce magnetic fields |
1 | 3272-3275 | This was due to
our increased understanding of electromagnetism and the invention of
devices for production, amplification, transmission and detection of
electromagnetic waves In this chapter, we will see how magnetic field exerts
forces on moving charged particles, like electrons, protons,
and current-carrying wires We shall also learn how
currents produce magnetic fields We shall see how
particles can be accelerated to very high energies in a
cyclotron |
1 | 3273-3276 | In this chapter, we will see how magnetic field exerts
forces on moving charged particles, like electrons, protons,
and current-carrying wires We shall also learn how
currents produce magnetic fields We shall see how
particles can be accelerated to very high energies in a
cyclotron We shall study how currents and voltages are
detected by a galvanometer |
1 | 3274-3277 | We shall also learn how
currents produce magnetic fields We shall see how
particles can be accelerated to very high energies in a
cyclotron We shall study how currents and voltages are
detected by a galvanometer In this and subsequent Chapter on magnetism,
we adopt the following convention: A current or a
field (electric or magnetic) emerging out of the plane of the
paper is depicted by a dot (¤) |
1 | 3275-3278 | We shall see how
particles can be accelerated to very high energies in a
cyclotron We shall study how currents and voltages are
detected by a galvanometer In this and subsequent Chapter on magnetism,
we adopt the following convention: A current or a
field (electric or magnetic) emerging out of the plane of the
paper is depicted by a dot (¤) A current or a field going
into the plane of the paper is depicted by a cross ( )* |
1 | 3276-3279 | We shall study how currents and voltages are
detected by a galvanometer In this and subsequent Chapter on magnetism,
we adopt the following convention: A current or a
field (electric or magnetic) emerging out of the plane of the
paper is depicted by a dot (¤) A current or a field going
into the plane of the paper is depicted by a cross ( )* Figures |
1 | 3277-3280 | In this and subsequent Chapter on magnetism,
we adopt the following convention: A current or a
field (electric or magnetic) emerging out of the plane of the
paper is depicted by a dot (¤) A current or a field going
into the plane of the paper is depicted by a cross ( )* Figures 4 |
1 | 3278-3281 | A current or a field going
into the plane of the paper is depicted by a cross ( )* Figures 4 1(a) and 4 |
1 | 3279-3282 | Figures 4 1(a) and 4 1(b) correspond to these two
situations, respectively |
1 | 3280-3283 | 4 1(a) and 4 1(b) correspond to these two
situations, respectively 4 |
1 | 3281-3284 | 1(a) and 4 1(b) correspond to these two
situations, respectively 4 2 MAGNETIC FORCE
4 |
1 | 3282-3285 | 1(b) correspond to these two
situations, respectively 4 2 MAGNETIC FORCE
4 2 |
1 | 3283-3286 | 4 2 MAGNETIC FORCE
4 2 1 Sources and fields
Before we introduce the concept of a magnetic field B, we
shall recapitulate what we have learnt in Chapter 1 about
the electric field E |
1 | 3284-3287 | 2 MAGNETIC FORCE
4 2 1 Sources and fields
Before we introduce the concept of a magnetic field B, we
shall recapitulate what we have learnt in Chapter 1 about
the electric field E We have seen that the interaction
between two charges can be considered in two stages |
1 | 3285-3288 | 2 1 Sources and fields
Before we introduce the concept of a magnetic field B, we
shall recapitulate what we have learnt in Chapter 1 about
the electric field E We have seen that the interaction
between two charges can be considered in two stages The charge Q, the source of the field, produces an electric
field E, where
FIGURE 4 |
1 | 3286-3289 | 1 Sources and fields
Before we introduce the concept of a magnetic field B, we
shall recapitulate what we have learnt in Chapter 1 about
the electric field E We have seen that the interaction
between two charges can be considered in two stages The charge Q, the source of the field, produces an electric
field E, where
FIGURE 4 1 The magnetic field due to a straight long current-carrying
wire |
1 | 3287-3290 | We have seen that the interaction
between two charges can be considered in two stages The charge Q, the source of the field, produces an electric
field E, where
FIGURE 4 1 The magnetic field due to a straight long current-carrying
wire The wire is perpendicular to the plane of the paper |
1 | 3288-3291 | The charge Q, the source of the field, produces an electric
field E, where
FIGURE 4 1 The magnetic field due to a straight long current-carrying
wire The wire is perpendicular to the plane of the paper A ring of
compass needles surrounds the wire |
1 | 3289-3292 | 1 The magnetic field due to a straight long current-carrying
wire The wire is perpendicular to the plane of the paper A ring of
compass needles surrounds the wire The orientation of the needles is
shown when (a) the current emerges out of the plane of the paper,
(b) the current moves into the plane of the paper |
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