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9 | 1539-1542 | (b) Light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source is placed
at its focus (c) The portion of the wavefront of light from a distant star intercepted
by the Earth 10 3
(a) The refractive index of glass is 1 |
9 | 1540-1543 | (c) The portion of the wavefront of light from a distant star intercepted
by the Earth 10 3
(a) The refractive index of glass is 1 5 |
9 | 1541-1544 | 10 3
(a) The refractive index of glass is 1 5 What is the speed of light in
glass |
9 | 1542-1545 | 3
(a) The refractive index of glass is 1 5 What is the speed of light in
glass (Speed of light in vacuum is 3 |
9 | 1543-1546 | 5 What is the speed of light in
glass (Speed of light in vacuum is 3 0 × 108 m s–1)
(b) Is the speed of light in glass independent of the colour of light |
9 | 1544-1547 | What is the speed of light in
glass (Speed of light in vacuum is 3 0 × 108 m s–1)
(b) Is the speed of light in glass independent of the colour of light If
not, which of the two colours red and violet travels slower in a
glass prism |
9 | 1545-1548 | (Speed of light in vacuum is 3 0 × 108 m s–1)
(b) Is the speed of light in glass independent of the colour of light If
not, which of the two colours red and violet travels slower in a
glass prism 10 |
9 | 1546-1549 | 0 × 108 m s–1)
(b) Is the speed of light in glass independent of the colour of light If
not, which of the two colours red and violet travels slower in a
glass prism 10 4
In a Young’s double-slit experiment, the slits are separated by
0 |
9 | 1547-1550 | If
not, which of the two colours red and violet travels slower in a
glass prism 10 4
In a Young’s double-slit experiment, the slits are separated by
0 28 mm and the screen is placed 1 |
9 | 1548-1551 | 10 4
In a Young’s double-slit experiment, the slits are separated by
0 28 mm and the screen is placed 1 4 m away |
9 | 1549-1552 | 4
In a Young’s double-slit experiment, the slits are separated by
0 28 mm and the screen is placed 1 4 m away The distance between
the central bright fringe and the fourth bright fringe is measured
to be 1 |
9 | 1550-1553 | 28 mm and the screen is placed 1 4 m away The distance between
the central bright fringe and the fourth bright fringe is measured
to be 1 2 cm |
9 | 1551-1554 | 4 m away The distance between
the central bright fringe and the fourth bright fringe is measured
to be 1 2 cm Determine the wavelength of light used in the
experiment |
9 | 1552-1555 | The distance between
the central bright fringe and the fourth bright fringe is measured
to be 1 2 cm Determine the wavelength of light used in the
experiment 10 |
9 | 1553-1556 | 2 cm Determine the wavelength of light used in the
experiment 10 5
In Young’s double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of
wavelength l, the intensity of light at a point on the screen where
path difference is l, is K units |
9 | 1554-1557 | Determine the wavelength of light used in the
experiment 10 5
In Young’s double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of
wavelength l, the intensity of light at a point on the screen where
path difference is l, is K units What is the intensity of light at a
point where path difference is l/3 |
9 | 1555-1558 | 10 5
In Young’s double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of
wavelength l, the intensity of light at a point on the screen where
path difference is l, is K units What is the intensity of light at a
point where path difference is l/3 10 |
9 | 1556-1559 | 5
In Young’s double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of
wavelength l, the intensity of light at a point on the screen where
path difference is l, is K units What is the intensity of light at a
point where path difference is l/3 10 6
A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 650 nm and 520 nm,
is used to obtain interference fringes in a Young’s double-slit
experiment |
9 | 1557-1560 | What is the intensity of light at a
point where path difference is l/3 10 6
A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 650 nm and 520 nm,
is used to obtain interference fringes in a Young’s double-slit
experiment (a) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from
the central maximum for wavelength 650 nm |
9 | 1558-1561 | 10 6
A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 650 nm and 520 nm,
is used to obtain interference fringes in a Young’s double-slit
experiment (a) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from
the central maximum for wavelength 650 nm (b) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the
bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide |
9 | 1559-1562 | 6
A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 650 nm and 520 nm,
is used to obtain interference fringes in a Young’s double-slit
experiment (a) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from
the central maximum for wavelength 650 nm (b) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the
bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide Rationalised 2023-24
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11 |
9 | 1560-1563 | (a) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from
the central maximum for wavelength 650 nm (b) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the
bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide Rationalised 2023-24
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274
11 1 INTRODUCTION
The Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism and Hertz experiments on
the generation and detection of electromagnetic waves in 1887 strongly
established the wave nature of light |
9 | 1561-1564 | (b) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the
bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide Rationalised 2023-24
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274
11 1 INTRODUCTION
The Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism and Hertz experiments on
the generation and detection of electromagnetic waves in 1887 strongly
established the wave nature of light Towards the same period at the end
of 19th century, experimental investigations on conduction of electricity
(electric discharge) through gases at low pressure in a discharge tube led
to many historic discoveries |
9 | 1562-1565 | Rationalised 2023-24
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274
11 1 INTRODUCTION
The Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism and Hertz experiments on
the generation and detection of electromagnetic waves in 1887 strongly
established the wave nature of light Towards the same period at the end
of 19th century, experimental investigations on conduction of electricity
(electric discharge) through gases at low pressure in a discharge tube led
to many historic discoveries The discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895,
and of electron by J |
9 | 1563-1566 | 1 INTRODUCTION
The Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism and Hertz experiments on
the generation and detection of electromagnetic waves in 1887 strongly
established the wave nature of light Towards the same period at the end
of 19th century, experimental investigations on conduction of electricity
(electric discharge) through gases at low pressure in a discharge tube led
to many historic discoveries The discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895,
and of electron by J J |
9 | 1564-1567 | Towards the same period at the end
of 19th century, experimental investigations on conduction of electricity
(electric discharge) through gases at low pressure in a discharge tube led
to many historic discoveries The discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895,
and of electron by J J Thomson in 1897, were important milestones in
the understanding of atomic structure |
9 | 1565-1568 | The discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895,
and of electron by J J Thomson in 1897, were important milestones in
the understanding of atomic structure It was found that at sufficiently
low pressure of about 0 |
9 | 1566-1569 | J Thomson in 1897, were important milestones in
the understanding of atomic structure It was found that at sufficiently
low pressure of about 0 001 mm of mercury column, a discharge took
place between the two electrodes on applying the electric field to the gas
in the discharge tube |
9 | 1567-1570 | Thomson in 1897, were important milestones in
the understanding of atomic structure It was found that at sufficiently
low pressure of about 0 001 mm of mercury column, a discharge took
place between the two electrodes on applying the electric field to the gas
in the discharge tube A fluorescent glow appeared on the glass opposite
to cathode |
9 | 1568-1571 | It was found that at sufficiently
low pressure of about 0 001 mm of mercury column, a discharge took
place between the two electrodes on applying the electric field to the gas
in the discharge tube A fluorescent glow appeared on the glass opposite
to cathode The colour of glow of the glass depended on the type of glass,
it being yellowish-green for soda glass |
9 | 1569-1572 | 001 mm of mercury column, a discharge took
place between the two electrodes on applying the electric field to the gas
in the discharge tube A fluorescent glow appeared on the glass opposite
to cathode The colour of glow of the glass depended on the type of glass,
it being yellowish-green for soda glass The cause of this fluorescence
was attributed to the radiation which appeared to be coming from the
cathode |
9 | 1570-1573 | A fluorescent glow appeared on the glass opposite
to cathode The colour of glow of the glass depended on the type of glass,
it being yellowish-green for soda glass The cause of this fluorescence
was attributed to the radiation which appeared to be coming from the
cathode These cathode rays were discovered, in 1870, by William
Crookes who later, in 1879, suggested that these rays consisted of streams
of fast moving negatively charged particles |
9 | 1571-1574 | The colour of glow of the glass depended on the type of glass,
it being yellowish-green for soda glass The cause of this fluorescence
was attributed to the radiation which appeared to be coming from the
cathode These cathode rays were discovered, in 1870, by William
Crookes who later, in 1879, suggested that these rays consisted of streams
of fast moving negatively charged particles The British physicist
J |
9 | 1572-1575 | The cause of this fluorescence
was attributed to the radiation which appeared to be coming from the
cathode These cathode rays were discovered, in 1870, by William
Crookes who later, in 1879, suggested that these rays consisted of streams
of fast moving negatively charged particles The British physicist
J J |
9 | 1573-1576 | These cathode rays were discovered, in 1870, by William
Crookes who later, in 1879, suggested that these rays consisted of streams
of fast moving negatively charged particles The British physicist
J J Thomson (1856-1940) confirmed this hypothesis |
9 | 1574-1577 | The British physicist
J J Thomson (1856-1940) confirmed this hypothesis By applying
mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields across the discharge
tube, J |
9 | 1575-1578 | J Thomson (1856-1940) confirmed this hypothesis By applying
mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields across the discharge
tube, J J |
9 | 1576-1579 | Thomson (1856-1940) confirmed this hypothesis By applying
mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields across the discharge
tube, J J Thomson was the first to determine experimentally the speed
Chapter Eleven
DUAL NATURE OF
RADIATION AND
MATTER
Rationalised 2023-24
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Dual Nature of Radiation
and Matter
and the specific charge [charge to mass ratio (e/m)] of the cathode ray
particles |
9 | 1577-1580 | By applying
mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields across the discharge
tube, J J Thomson was the first to determine experimentally the speed
Chapter Eleven
DUAL NATURE OF
RADIATION AND
MATTER
Rationalised 2023-24
275
Dual Nature of Radiation
and Matter
and the specific charge [charge to mass ratio (e/m)] of the cathode ray
particles They were found to travel with speeds ranging from about 0 |
9 | 1578-1581 | J Thomson was the first to determine experimentally the speed
Chapter Eleven
DUAL NATURE OF
RADIATION AND
MATTER
Rationalised 2023-24
275
Dual Nature of Radiation
and Matter
and the specific charge [charge to mass ratio (e/m)] of the cathode ray
particles They were found to travel with speeds ranging from about 0 1
to 0 |
9 | 1579-1582 | Thomson was the first to determine experimentally the speed
Chapter Eleven
DUAL NATURE OF
RADIATION AND
MATTER
Rationalised 2023-24
275
Dual Nature of Radiation
and Matter
and the specific charge [charge to mass ratio (e/m)] of the cathode ray
particles They were found to travel with speeds ranging from about 0 1
to 0 2 times the speed of light (3 ×108 m/s) |
9 | 1580-1583 | They were found to travel with speeds ranging from about 0 1
to 0 2 times the speed of light (3 ×108 m/s) The presently accepted value
of e/m is 1 |
9 | 1581-1584 | 1
to 0 2 times the speed of light (3 ×108 m/s) The presently accepted value
of e/m is 1 76 × 1011 C/kg |
9 | 1582-1585 | 2 times the speed of light (3 ×108 m/s) The presently accepted value
of e/m is 1 76 × 1011 C/kg Further, the value of e/m was found to be
independent of the nature of the material/metal used as the cathode
(emitter), or the gas introduced in the discharge tube |
9 | 1583-1586 | The presently accepted value
of e/m is 1 76 × 1011 C/kg Further, the value of e/m was found to be
independent of the nature of the material/metal used as the cathode
(emitter), or the gas introduced in the discharge tube This observation
suggested the universality of the cathode ray particles |
9 | 1584-1587 | 76 × 1011 C/kg Further, the value of e/m was found to be
independent of the nature of the material/metal used as the cathode
(emitter), or the gas introduced in the discharge tube This observation
suggested the universality of the cathode ray particles Around the same time, in 1887, it was found that certain metals, when
irradiated by ultraviolet light, emitted negatively charged particles having
small speeds |
9 | 1585-1588 | Further, the value of e/m was found to be
independent of the nature of the material/metal used as the cathode
(emitter), or the gas introduced in the discharge tube This observation
suggested the universality of the cathode ray particles Around the same time, in 1887, it was found that certain metals, when
irradiated by ultraviolet light, emitted negatively charged particles having
small speeds Also, certain metals when heated to a high temperature were
found to emit negatively charged particles |
9 | 1586-1589 | This observation
suggested the universality of the cathode ray particles Around the same time, in 1887, it was found that certain metals, when
irradiated by ultraviolet light, emitted negatively charged particles having
small speeds Also, certain metals when heated to a high temperature were
found to emit negatively charged particles The value of e/m of these particles
was found to be the same as that for cathode ray particles |
9 | 1587-1590 | Around the same time, in 1887, it was found that certain metals, when
irradiated by ultraviolet light, emitted negatively charged particles having
small speeds Also, certain metals when heated to a high temperature were
found to emit negatively charged particles The value of e/m of these particles
was found to be the same as that for cathode ray particles These
observations thus established that all these particles, although produced
under different conditions, were identical in nature |
9 | 1588-1591 | Also, certain metals when heated to a high temperature were
found to emit negatively charged particles The value of e/m of these particles
was found to be the same as that for cathode ray particles These
observations thus established that all these particles, although produced
under different conditions, were identical in nature J |
9 | 1589-1592 | The value of e/m of these particles
was found to be the same as that for cathode ray particles These
observations thus established that all these particles, although produced
under different conditions, were identical in nature J J |
9 | 1590-1593 | These
observations thus established that all these particles, although produced
under different conditions, were identical in nature J J Thomson, in 1897,
named these particles as electrons, and suggested that they were
fundamental, universal constituents of matter |
9 | 1591-1594 | J J Thomson, in 1897,
named these particles as electrons, and suggested that they were
fundamental, universal constituents of matter For his epoch-making
discovery of electron, through his theoretical and experimental
investigations on conduction of electricity by gasses, he was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 |
9 | 1592-1595 | J Thomson, in 1897,
named these particles as electrons, and suggested that they were
fundamental, universal constituents of matter For his epoch-making
discovery of electron, through his theoretical and experimental
investigations on conduction of electricity by gasses, he was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 In 1913, the American physicist R |
9 | 1593-1596 | Thomson, in 1897,
named these particles as electrons, and suggested that they were
fundamental, universal constituents of matter For his epoch-making
discovery of electron, through his theoretical and experimental
investigations on conduction of electricity by gasses, he was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 In 1913, the American physicist R A |
9 | 1594-1597 | For his epoch-making
discovery of electron, through his theoretical and experimental
investigations on conduction of electricity by gasses, he was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 In 1913, the American physicist R A Millikan (1868-1953) performed the pioneering oil-drop experiment for
the precise measurement of the charge on an electron |
9 | 1595-1598 | In 1913, the American physicist R A Millikan (1868-1953) performed the pioneering oil-drop experiment for
the precise measurement of the charge on an electron He found that the
charge on an oil-droplet was always an integral multiple of an elementary
charge, 1 |
9 | 1596-1599 | A Millikan (1868-1953) performed the pioneering oil-drop experiment for
the precise measurement of the charge on an electron He found that the
charge on an oil-droplet was always an integral multiple of an elementary
charge, 1 602 × 10–19 C |
9 | 1597-1600 | Millikan (1868-1953) performed the pioneering oil-drop experiment for
the precise measurement of the charge on an electron He found that the
charge on an oil-droplet was always an integral multiple of an elementary
charge, 1 602 × 10–19 C Millikan’s experiment established that electric
charge is quantised |
9 | 1598-1601 | He found that the
charge on an oil-droplet was always an integral multiple of an elementary
charge, 1 602 × 10–19 C Millikan’s experiment established that electric
charge is quantised From the values of charge (e) and specific charge
(e/m), the mass (m) of the electron could be determined |
9 | 1599-1602 | 602 × 10–19 C Millikan’s experiment established that electric
charge is quantised From the values of charge (e) and specific charge
(e/m), the mass (m) of the electron could be determined 11 |
9 | 1600-1603 | Millikan’s experiment established that electric
charge is quantised From the values of charge (e) and specific charge
(e/m), the mass (m) of the electron could be determined 11 2 ELECTRON EMISSION
We know that metals have free electrons (negatively charged particles) that
are responsible for their conductivity |
9 | 1601-1604 | From the values of charge (e) and specific charge
(e/m), the mass (m) of the electron could be determined 11 2 ELECTRON EMISSION
We know that metals have free electrons (negatively charged particles) that
are responsible for their conductivity However, the free electrons cannot
normally escape out of the metal surface |
9 | 1602-1605 | 11 2 ELECTRON EMISSION
We know that metals have free electrons (negatively charged particles) that
are responsible for their conductivity However, the free electrons cannot
normally escape out of the metal surface If an electron attempts to come
out of the metal, the metal surface acquires a positive charge and pulls the
electron back to the metal |
9 | 1603-1606 | 2 ELECTRON EMISSION
We know that metals have free electrons (negatively charged particles) that
are responsible for their conductivity However, the free electrons cannot
normally escape out of the metal surface If an electron attempts to come
out of the metal, the metal surface acquires a positive charge and pulls the
electron back to the metal The free electron is thus held inside the metal
surface by the attractive forces of the ions |
9 | 1604-1607 | However, the free electrons cannot
normally escape out of the metal surface If an electron attempts to come
out of the metal, the metal surface acquires a positive charge and pulls the
electron back to the metal The free electron is thus held inside the metal
surface by the attractive forces of the ions Consequently, the electron can
come out of the metal surface only if it has got sufficient energy to overcome
the attractive pull |
9 | 1605-1608 | If an electron attempts to come
out of the metal, the metal surface acquires a positive charge and pulls the
electron back to the metal The free electron is thus held inside the metal
surface by the attractive forces of the ions Consequently, the electron can
come out of the metal surface only if it has got sufficient energy to overcome
the attractive pull A certain minimum amount of energy is required to be
given to an electron to pull it out from the surface of the metal |
9 | 1606-1609 | The free electron is thus held inside the metal
surface by the attractive forces of the ions Consequently, the electron can
come out of the metal surface only if it has got sufficient energy to overcome
the attractive pull A certain minimum amount of energy is required to be
given to an electron to pull it out from the surface of the metal This
minimum energy required by an electron to escape from the metal surface
is called the work function of the metal |
9 | 1607-1610 | Consequently, the electron can
come out of the metal surface only if it has got sufficient energy to overcome
the attractive pull A certain minimum amount of energy is required to be
given to an electron to pull it out from the surface of the metal This
minimum energy required by an electron to escape from the metal surface
is called the work function of the metal It is generally denoted by f0 and
measured in eV (electron volt) |
9 | 1608-1611 | A certain minimum amount of energy is required to be
given to an electron to pull it out from the surface of the metal This
minimum energy required by an electron to escape from the metal surface
is called the work function of the metal It is generally denoted by f0 and
measured in eV (electron volt) One electron volt is the energy gained by an
electron when it has been accelerated by a potential difference of 1 volt, so
that 1 eV = 1 |
9 | 1609-1612 | This
minimum energy required by an electron to escape from the metal surface
is called the work function of the metal It is generally denoted by f0 and
measured in eV (electron volt) One electron volt is the energy gained by an
electron when it has been accelerated by a potential difference of 1 volt, so
that 1 eV = 1 602 ×10–19 J |
9 | 1610-1613 | It is generally denoted by f0 and
measured in eV (electron volt) One electron volt is the energy gained by an
electron when it has been accelerated by a potential difference of 1 volt, so
that 1 eV = 1 602 ×10–19 J This unit of energy is commonly used in atomic and nuclear physics |
9 | 1611-1614 | One electron volt is the energy gained by an
electron when it has been accelerated by a potential difference of 1 volt, so
that 1 eV = 1 602 ×10–19 J This unit of energy is commonly used in atomic and nuclear physics The work function (f0) depends on the properties of the metal and the
nature of its surface |
9 | 1612-1615 | 602 ×10–19 J This unit of energy is commonly used in atomic and nuclear physics The work function (f0) depends on the properties of the metal and the
nature of its surface The minimum energy required for the electron emission from the metal
surface can be supplied to the free electrons by any one of the following
physical processes:
(i)
Thermionic emission: By suitably heating, sufficient thermal energy
can be imparted to the free electrons to enable them to come out of the
metal |
9 | 1613-1616 | This unit of energy is commonly used in atomic and nuclear physics The work function (f0) depends on the properties of the metal and the
nature of its surface The minimum energy required for the electron emission from the metal
surface can be supplied to the free electrons by any one of the following
physical processes:
(i)
Thermionic emission: By suitably heating, sufficient thermal energy
can be imparted to the free electrons to enable them to come out of the
metal Rationalised 2023-24
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276
(ii) Field emission: By applying a very strong electric field (of the order of
108 V m–1) to a metal, electrons can be pulled out of the metal, as in a
spark plug |
9 | 1614-1617 | The work function (f0) depends on the properties of the metal and the
nature of its surface The minimum energy required for the electron emission from the metal
surface can be supplied to the free electrons by any one of the following
physical processes:
(i)
Thermionic emission: By suitably heating, sufficient thermal energy
can be imparted to the free electrons to enable them to come out of the
metal Rationalised 2023-24
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276
(ii) Field emission: By applying a very strong electric field (of the order of
108 V m–1) to a metal, electrons can be pulled out of the metal, as in a
spark plug (iii) Photoelectric emission: When light of suitable frequency illuminates
a metal surface, electrons are emitted from the metal surface |
9 | 1615-1618 | The minimum energy required for the electron emission from the metal
surface can be supplied to the free electrons by any one of the following
physical processes:
(i)
Thermionic emission: By suitably heating, sufficient thermal energy
can be imparted to the free electrons to enable them to come out of the
metal Rationalised 2023-24
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276
(ii) Field emission: By applying a very strong electric field (of the order of
108 V m–1) to a metal, electrons can be pulled out of the metal, as in a
spark plug (iii) Photoelectric emission: When light of suitable frequency illuminates
a metal surface, electrons are emitted from the metal surface These
photo(light)-generated electrons are called photoelectrons |
9 | 1616-1619 | Rationalised 2023-24
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276
(ii) Field emission: By applying a very strong electric field (of the order of
108 V m–1) to a metal, electrons can be pulled out of the metal, as in a
spark plug (iii) Photoelectric emission: When light of suitable frequency illuminates
a metal surface, electrons are emitted from the metal surface These
photo(light)-generated electrons are called photoelectrons 11 |
9 | 1617-1620 | (iii) Photoelectric emission: When light of suitable frequency illuminates
a metal surface, electrons are emitted from the metal surface These
photo(light)-generated electrons are called photoelectrons 11 3 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
11 |
9 | 1618-1621 | These
photo(light)-generated electrons are called photoelectrons 11 3 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
11 3 |
9 | 1619-1622 | 11 3 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
11 3 1 Hertz’s observations
The phenomenon of photoelectric emission was discovered in 1887 by
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894), during his electromagnetic wave experiments |
9 | 1620-1623 | 3 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
11 3 1 Hertz’s observations
The phenomenon of photoelectric emission was discovered in 1887 by
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894), during his electromagnetic wave experiments In his experimental investigation on the production of electromagnetic
waves by means of a spark discharge, Hertz observed that high voltage
sparks across the detector loop were enhanced when the emitter plate
was illuminated by ultraviolet light from an arc lamp |
9 | 1621-1624 | 3 1 Hertz’s observations
The phenomenon of photoelectric emission was discovered in 1887 by
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894), during his electromagnetic wave experiments In his experimental investigation on the production of electromagnetic
waves by means of a spark discharge, Hertz observed that high voltage
sparks across the detector loop were enhanced when the emitter plate
was illuminated by ultraviolet light from an arc lamp Light shining on the metal surface somehow facilitated the escape of
free, charged particles which we now know as electrons |
9 | 1622-1625 | 1 Hertz’s observations
The phenomenon of photoelectric emission was discovered in 1887 by
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894), during his electromagnetic wave experiments In his experimental investigation on the production of electromagnetic
waves by means of a spark discharge, Hertz observed that high voltage
sparks across the detector loop were enhanced when the emitter plate
was illuminated by ultraviolet light from an arc lamp Light shining on the metal surface somehow facilitated the escape of
free, charged particles which we now know as electrons When light falls
on a metal surface, some electrons near the surface absorb enough energy
from the incident radiation to overcome the attraction of the positive ions
in the material of the surface |
9 | 1623-1626 | In his experimental investigation on the production of electromagnetic
waves by means of a spark discharge, Hertz observed that high voltage
sparks across the detector loop were enhanced when the emitter plate
was illuminated by ultraviolet light from an arc lamp Light shining on the metal surface somehow facilitated the escape of
free, charged particles which we now know as electrons When light falls
on a metal surface, some electrons near the surface absorb enough energy
from the incident radiation to overcome the attraction of the positive ions
in the material of the surface After gaining sufficient energy from the
incident light, the electrons escape from the surface of the metal into the
surrounding space |
9 | 1624-1627 | Light shining on the metal surface somehow facilitated the escape of
free, charged particles which we now know as electrons When light falls
on a metal surface, some electrons near the surface absorb enough energy
from the incident radiation to overcome the attraction of the positive ions
in the material of the surface After gaining sufficient energy from the
incident light, the electrons escape from the surface of the metal into the
surrounding space 11 |
9 | 1625-1628 | When light falls
on a metal surface, some electrons near the surface absorb enough energy
from the incident radiation to overcome the attraction of the positive ions
in the material of the surface After gaining sufficient energy from the
incident light, the electrons escape from the surface of the metal into the
surrounding space 11 3 |
9 | 1626-1629 | After gaining sufficient energy from the
incident light, the electrons escape from the surface of the metal into the
surrounding space 11 3 2 Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s observations
Wilhelm Hallwachs and Philipp Lenard investigated the phenomenon of
photoelectric emission in detail during 1886-1902 |
9 | 1627-1630 | 11 3 2 Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s observations
Wilhelm Hallwachs and Philipp Lenard investigated the phenomenon of
photoelectric emission in detail during 1886-1902 Lenard (1862-1947) observed that when ultraviolet radiations were
allowed to fall on the emitter plate of an evacuated glass tube enclosing
two electrodes (metal plates), current flows in the circuit (Fig |
9 | 1628-1631 | 3 2 Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s observations
Wilhelm Hallwachs and Philipp Lenard investigated the phenomenon of
photoelectric emission in detail during 1886-1902 Lenard (1862-1947) observed that when ultraviolet radiations were
allowed to fall on the emitter plate of an evacuated glass tube enclosing
two electrodes (metal plates), current flows in the circuit (Fig 11 |
9 | 1629-1632 | 2 Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s observations
Wilhelm Hallwachs and Philipp Lenard investigated the phenomenon of
photoelectric emission in detail during 1886-1902 Lenard (1862-1947) observed that when ultraviolet radiations were
allowed to fall on the emitter plate of an evacuated glass tube enclosing
two electrodes (metal plates), current flows in the circuit (Fig 11 1) |
9 | 1630-1633 | Lenard (1862-1947) observed that when ultraviolet radiations were
allowed to fall on the emitter plate of an evacuated glass tube enclosing
two electrodes (metal plates), current flows in the circuit (Fig 11 1) As
soon as the ultraviolet radiations were stopped, the current flow also
stopped |
9 | 1631-1634 | 11 1) As
soon as the ultraviolet radiations were stopped, the current flow also
stopped These observations indicate that when ultraviolet radiations fall
on the emitter plate C, electrons are ejected from it which are attracted
towards the positive, collector plate A by the electric field |
9 | 1632-1635 | 1) As
soon as the ultraviolet radiations were stopped, the current flow also
stopped These observations indicate that when ultraviolet radiations fall
on the emitter plate C, electrons are ejected from it which are attracted
towards the positive, collector plate A by the electric field The electrons
flow through the evacuated glass tube, resulting in the current flow |
9 | 1633-1636 | As
soon as the ultraviolet radiations were stopped, the current flow also
stopped These observations indicate that when ultraviolet radiations fall
on the emitter plate C, electrons are ejected from it which are attracted
towards the positive, collector plate A by the electric field The electrons
flow through the evacuated glass tube, resulting in the current flow Thus,
light falling on the surface of the emitter causes current in the external
circuit |
9 | 1634-1637 | These observations indicate that when ultraviolet radiations fall
on the emitter plate C, electrons are ejected from it which are attracted
towards the positive, collector plate A by the electric field The electrons
flow through the evacuated glass tube, resulting in the current flow Thus,
light falling on the surface of the emitter causes current in the external
circuit Hallwachs and Lenard studied how this photo current varied with
collector plate potential, and with frequency and intensity of incident light |
9 | 1635-1638 | The electrons
flow through the evacuated glass tube, resulting in the current flow Thus,
light falling on the surface of the emitter causes current in the external
circuit Hallwachs and Lenard studied how this photo current varied with
collector plate potential, and with frequency and intensity of incident light Hallwachs, in 1888, undertook the study further and connected a
negatively charged zinc plate to an electroscope |
9 | 1636-1639 | Thus,
light falling on the surface of the emitter causes current in the external
circuit Hallwachs and Lenard studied how this photo current varied with
collector plate potential, and with frequency and intensity of incident light Hallwachs, in 1888, undertook the study further and connected a
negatively charged zinc plate to an electroscope He observed that the
zinc plate lost its charge when it was illuminated by ultraviolet light |
9 | 1637-1640 | Hallwachs and Lenard studied how this photo current varied with
collector plate potential, and with frequency and intensity of incident light Hallwachs, in 1888, undertook the study further and connected a
negatively charged zinc plate to an electroscope He observed that the
zinc plate lost its charge when it was illuminated by ultraviolet light Further, the uncharged zinc plate became positively charged when it was
irradiated by ultraviolet light |
9 | 1638-1641 | Hallwachs, in 1888, undertook the study further and connected a
negatively charged zinc plate to an electroscope He observed that the
zinc plate lost its charge when it was illuminated by ultraviolet light Further, the uncharged zinc plate became positively charged when it was
irradiated by ultraviolet light Positive charge on a positively charged
zinc plate was found to be further enhanced when it was illuminated by
ultraviolet light |
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