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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
How best to draw in the console? | 106,850 | <p>I'm trying to write a console (as in terminal, not gaming console) pong game in python and I'm having trouble figuring how best to (re)draw the game.</p>
<p>I was thinking of having an 2d array as a sort of bitmap, editing the array to reflect the ball/paddles new positions and then casting each row to a string and printing it. However that means that the old "frames" will remain, and if the dimensions of the game are smaller than the console window, old frames will still be visible.</p>
<p>Is there a way to delete characters from the console? '\b' I've heard is unreliable.</p>
<p>Or is there an easier alternative route to outputting to the console for this sort of app?</p>
| 5 | 2008-09-20T02:45:45Z | 106,860 | <p>This <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/43267/good-resources-for-writing-console-style-applications-for-windows">previous StackOverflow question</a> should give you some more useful information.</p>
| 0 | 2008-09-20T02:51:49Z | [
"python",
"console",
"stdout"
] |
How best to draw in the console? | 106,850 | <p>I'm trying to write a console (as in terminal, not gaming console) pong game in python and I'm having trouble figuring how best to (re)draw the game.</p>
<p>I was thinking of having an 2d array as a sort of bitmap, editing the array to reflect the ball/paddles new positions and then casting each row to a string and printing it. However that means that the old "frames" will remain, and if the dimensions of the game are smaller than the console window, old frames will still be visible.</p>
<p>Is there a way to delete characters from the console? '\b' I've heard is unreliable.</p>
<p>Or is there an easier alternative route to outputting to the console for this sort of app?</p>
| 5 | 2008-09-20T02:45:45Z | 107,700 | <p>You can use curses.</p>
<p>It has a <a href="http://adamv.com/dev/python/curses/" rel="nofollow" title="WCurses">Windows Port</a> and <a href="https://docs.python.org/library/curses.html" rel="nofollow" title="Unix Curses">Unix Port</a>, and plenty of <a href="https://docs.python.org/howto/curses.html" rel="nofollow" title="curses howto">documentation</a>.
You can also use some <a href="http://urwid.org/" rel="nofollow" title="gui for curses">helper libs</a>.</p>
| 1 | 2008-09-20T09:15:16Z | [
"python",
"console",
"stdout"
] |
How best to draw in the console? | 106,850 | <p>I'm trying to write a console (as in terminal, not gaming console) pong game in python and I'm having trouble figuring how best to (re)draw the game.</p>
<p>I was thinking of having an 2d array as a sort of bitmap, editing the array to reflect the ball/paddles new positions and then casting each row to a string and printing it. However that means that the old "frames" will remain, and if the dimensions of the game are smaller than the console window, old frames will still be visible.</p>
<p>Is there a way to delete characters from the console? '\b' I've heard is unreliable.</p>
<p>Or is there an easier alternative route to outputting to the console for this sort of app?</p>
| 5 | 2008-09-20T02:45:45Z | 287,791 | <p>There are actually <strong>two</strong> libraries that solve this, the older <a href="https://docs.python.org/library/curses.html" rel="nofollow">curses</a> and the newer <a href="http://www.jedsoft.org/slang/" rel="nofollow">S-Lang</a>. Curses has a tendency to make buggy line art, especially on Windows and on unicode consoles (it's unicode support is shit). S-Lang's <a href="http://www.jedsoft.org/slang/doc/html/cslang-8.html" rel="nofollow">screen management functions</a> are better.</p>
<p>While I haven't used either of them in Python, and it seems curses is better supported, in C at least I'm switching my code to S-Lang because of those issues, and because deep down I never really liked the curses API.</p>
| 3 | 2008-11-13T18:30:52Z | [
"python",
"console",
"stdout"
] |
How best to draw in the console? | 106,850 | <p>I'm trying to write a console (as in terminal, not gaming console) pong game in python and I'm having trouble figuring how best to (re)draw the game.</p>
<p>I was thinking of having an 2d array as a sort of bitmap, editing the array to reflect the ball/paddles new positions and then casting each row to a string and printing it. However that means that the old "frames" will remain, and if the dimensions of the game are smaller than the console window, old frames will still be visible.</p>
<p>Is there a way to delete characters from the console? '\b' I've heard is unreliable.</p>
<p>Or is there an easier alternative route to outputting to the console for this sort of app?</p>
| 5 | 2008-09-20T02:45:45Z | 1,176,195 | <p>Try <a href="http://urwid.org/" rel="nofollow">urwid</a>. One of the examples bundled with urwid is <a href="https://github.com/wardi/urwid/blob/master/examples/graph.py" rel="nofollow">a simulator for animated bar graphs</a>. The bar graphs clear the screen well, without leaving artifacts of the old "frame".</p>
| 1 | 2009-07-24T07:16:41Z | [
"python",
"console",
"stdout"
] |
How best to draw in the console? | 106,850 | <p>I'm trying to write a console (as in terminal, not gaming console) pong game in python and I'm having trouble figuring how best to (re)draw the game.</p>
<p>I was thinking of having an 2d array as a sort of bitmap, editing the array to reflect the ball/paddles new positions and then casting each row to a string and printing it. However that means that the old "frames" will remain, and if the dimensions of the game are smaller than the console window, old frames will still be visible.</p>
<p>Is there a way to delete characters from the console? '\b' I've heard is unreliable.</p>
<p>Or is there an easier alternative route to outputting to the console for this sort of app?</p>
| 5 | 2008-09-20T02:45:45Z | 30,834,903 | <p>I have recently been developing an ASCII animation package (<a href="https://github.com/peterbrittain/asciimatics" rel="nofollow">https://github.com/peterbrittain/asciimatics</a>) which faced similar issues. While it doesn't have everything you need to write a game, it should give you most of what you want.</p>
<p>The Sprite class in particular will help you handle redrawing issues. There are plenty of samples to help you get to grips with various ways to use them and other effects in the package. Here's a little demo I put together as a tribute to one of my favourite games of yesteryear...</p>
<p><a href="https://asciinema.org/a/47568" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://asciinema.org/a/47568.png" alt="Pac man"></a></p>
| 0 | 2015-06-14T21:48:08Z | [
"python",
"console",
"stdout"
] |
How do you send a HEAD HTTP request in Python 2? | 107,405 | <p>What I'm trying to do here is get the headers of a given URL so I can determine the MIME type. I want to be able to see if <code>http://somedomain/foo/</code> will return an HTML document or a JPEG image for example. Thus, I need to figure out how to send a HEAD request so that I can read the MIME type without having to download the content. Does anyone know of an easy way of doing this?</p>
| 97 | 2008-09-20T06:38:38Z | 107,427 | <p><strong>edit</strong>: This answer works, but nowadays you should just use the <a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/index.html" rel="nofollow">requests</a> library as mentioned by other answers below.</p>
<hr>
<p>Use <a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/httplib.html" rel="nofollow">httplib</a>.</p>
<pre><code>>>> import httplib
>>> conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("www.google.com")
>>> conn.request("HEAD", "/index.html")
>>> res = conn.getresponse()
>>> print res.status, res.reason
200 OK
>>> print res.getheaders()
[('content-length', '0'), ('expires', '-1'), ('server', 'gws'), ('cache-control', 'private, max-age=0'), ('date', 'Sat, 20 Sep 2008 06:43:36 GMT'), ('content-type', 'text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1')]
</code></pre>
<p>There's also a <code>getheader(name)</code> to get a specific header.</p>
| 94 | 2008-09-20T06:45:45Z | [
"python",
"python-2.7",
"http",
"http-headers",
"content-type"
] |
How do you send a HEAD HTTP request in Python 2? | 107,405 | <p>What I'm trying to do here is get the headers of a given URL so I can determine the MIME type. I want to be able to see if <code>http://somedomain/foo/</code> will return an HTML document or a JPEG image for example. Thus, I need to figure out how to send a HEAD request so that I can read the MIME type without having to download the content. Does anyone know of an easy way of doing this?</p>
| 97 | 2008-09-20T06:38:38Z | 358,075 | <p>Probably easier: use urllib or urllib2.</p>
<pre><code>>>> import urllib
>>> f = urllib.urlopen('http://google.com')
>>> f.info().gettype()
'text/html'
</code></pre>
<p>f.info() is a dictionary-like object, so you can do f.info()['content-type'], etc.</p>
<p><a href="http://docs.python.org/library/urllib.html" rel="nofollow">http://docs.python.org/library/urllib.html</a><br />
<a href="http://docs.python.org/library/urllib2.html" rel="nofollow">http://docs.python.org/library/urllib2.html</a><br />
<a href="http://docs.python.org/library/httplib.html" rel="nofollow">http://docs.python.org/library/httplib.html</a></p>
<p>The docs note that httplib is not normally used directly.</p>
| -4 | 2008-12-11T00:11:48Z | [
"python",
"python-2.7",
"http",
"http-headers",
"content-type"
] |
How do you send a HEAD HTTP request in Python 2? | 107,405 | <p>What I'm trying to do here is get the headers of a given URL so I can determine the MIME type. I want to be able to see if <code>http://somedomain/foo/</code> will return an HTML document or a JPEG image for example. Thus, I need to figure out how to send a HEAD request so that I can read the MIME type without having to download the content. Does anyone know of an easy way of doing this?</p>
| 97 | 2008-09-20T06:38:38Z | 779,985 | <p>As an aside, when using the httplib (at least on 2.5.2), trying to read the response of a HEAD request will block (on readline) and subsequently fail. If you do not issue read on the response, you are unable to send another request on the connection, you will need to open a new one. Or accept a long delay between requests.</p>
| 1 | 2009-04-23T01:39:05Z | [
"python",
"python-2.7",
"http",
"http-headers",
"content-type"
] |
How do you send a HEAD HTTP request in Python 2? | 107,405 | <p>What I'm trying to do here is get the headers of a given URL so I can determine the MIME type. I want to be able to see if <code>http://somedomain/foo/</code> will return an HTML document or a JPEG image for example. Thus, I need to figure out how to send a HEAD request so that I can read the MIME type without having to download the content. Does anyone know of an easy way of doing this?</p>
| 97 | 2008-09-20T06:38:38Z | 2,070,916 | <p><a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/urllib2.html" rel="nofollow">urllib2</a> can be used to perform a HEAD request. This is a little nicer than using httplib since urllib2 parses the URL for you instead of requiring you to split the URL into host name and path.</p>
<pre><code>>>> import urllib2
>>> class HeadRequest(urllib2.Request):
... def get_method(self):
... return "HEAD"
...
>>> response = urllib2.urlopen(HeadRequest("http://google.com/index.html"))
</code></pre>
<p>Headers are available via response.info() as before. Interestingly, you can find the URL that you were redirected to:</p>
<pre><code>>>> print response.geturl()
http://www.google.com.au/index.html
</code></pre>
| 99 | 2010-01-15T10:50:52Z | [
"python",
"python-2.7",
"http",
"http-headers",
"content-type"
] |
How do you send a HEAD HTTP request in Python 2? | 107,405 | <p>What I'm trying to do here is get the headers of a given URL so I can determine the MIME type. I want to be able to see if <code>http://somedomain/foo/</code> will return an HTML document or a JPEG image for example. Thus, I need to figure out how to send a HEAD request so that I can read the MIME type without having to download the content. Does anyone know of an easy way of doing this?</p>
| 97 | 2008-09-20T06:38:38Z | 2,630,687 | <p>I have found that httplib is slightly faster than urllib2. I timed two programs - one using httplib and the other using urllib2 - sending HEAD requests to 10,000 URL's. The httplib one was faster by several minutes. <strong>httplib</strong>'s total stats were: real 6m21.334s
user 0m2.124s
sys 0m16.372s</p>
<p>And <strong>urllib2</strong>'s total stats were: real 9m1.380s
user 0m16.666s
sys 0m28.565s</p>
<p>Does anybody else have input on this?</p>
| 1 | 2010-04-13T15:10:00Z | [
"python",
"python-2.7",
"http",
"http-headers",
"content-type"
] |
How do you send a HEAD HTTP request in Python 2? | 107,405 | <p>What I'm trying to do here is get the headers of a given URL so I can determine the MIME type. I want to be able to see if <code>http://somedomain/foo/</code> will return an HTML document or a JPEG image for example. Thus, I need to figure out how to send a HEAD request so that I can read the MIME type without having to download the content. Does anyone know of an easy way of doing this?</p>
| 97 | 2008-09-20T06:38:38Z | 4,421,712 | <p>Just:</p>
<pre><code>import urllib2
request = urllib2.Request('http://localhost:8080')
request.get_method = lambda : 'HEAD'
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
response.info().gettype()
</code></pre>
<p>Edit: I've just came to realize there is httplib2 :D</p>
<pre><code>import httplib2
h = httplib2.Http()
resp = h.request("http://www.google.com", 'HEAD')
assert resp[0]['status'] == 200
assert resp[0]['content-type'] == 'text/html'
...
</code></pre>
<p><a href="http://httplib2.googlecode.com/hg/doc/html/libhttplib2.html">link text</a></p>
| 15 | 2010-12-12T12:45:54Z | [
"python",
"python-2.7",
"http",
"http-headers",
"content-type"
] |
How do you send a HEAD HTTP request in Python 2? | 107,405 | <p>What I'm trying to do here is get the headers of a given URL so I can determine the MIME type. I want to be able to see if <code>http://somedomain/foo/</code> will return an HTML document or a JPEG image for example. Thus, I need to figure out how to send a HEAD request so that I can read the MIME type without having to download the content. Does anyone know of an easy way of doing this?</p>
| 97 | 2008-09-20T06:38:38Z | 7,387,509 | <p>I believe the <a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/index.html">Requests</a> library should be mentioned as well.</p>
| 33 | 2011-09-12T12:02:47Z | [
"python",
"python-2.7",
"http",
"http-headers",
"content-type"
] |
How do you send a HEAD HTTP request in Python 2? | 107,405 | <p>What I'm trying to do here is get the headers of a given URL so I can determine the MIME type. I want to be able to see if <code>http://somedomain/foo/</code> will return an HTML document or a JPEG image for example. Thus, I need to figure out how to send a HEAD request so that I can read the MIME type without having to download the content. Does anyone know of an easy way of doing this?</p>
| 97 | 2008-09-20T06:38:38Z | 9,227,931 | <pre><code>import httplib
import urlparse
def unshorten_url(url):
parsed = urlparse.urlparse(url)
h = httplib.HTTPConnection(parsed.netloc)
h.request('HEAD', parsed.path)
response = h.getresponse()
if response.status/100 == 3 and response.getheader('Location'):
return response.getheader('Location')
else:
return url
</code></pre>
| 2 | 2012-02-10T12:39:59Z | [
"python",
"python-2.7",
"http",
"http-headers",
"content-type"
] |
How do you send a HEAD HTTP request in Python 2? | 107,405 | <p>What I'm trying to do here is get the headers of a given URL so I can determine the MIME type. I want to be able to see if <code>http://somedomain/foo/</code> will return an HTML document or a JPEG image for example. Thus, I need to figure out how to send a HEAD request so that I can read the MIME type without having to download the content. Does anyone know of an easy way of doing this?</p>
| 97 | 2008-09-20T06:38:38Z | 12,997,216 | <p>Obligatory <a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/"><code>Requests</code></a> way:</p>
<pre><code>import requests
resp = requests.head("http://www.google.com")
print resp.status_code, resp.text, resp.headers
</code></pre>
| 38 | 2012-10-21T11:00:49Z | [
"python",
"python-2.7",
"http",
"http-headers",
"content-type"
] |
How do you send a HEAD HTTP request in Python 2? | 107,405 | <p>What I'm trying to do here is get the headers of a given URL so I can determine the MIME type. I want to be able to see if <code>http://somedomain/foo/</code> will return an HTML document or a JPEG image for example. Thus, I need to figure out how to send a HEAD request so that I can read the MIME type without having to download the content. Does anyone know of an easy way of doing this?</p>
| 97 | 2008-09-20T06:38:38Z | 15,420,705 | <p>For completeness to have a Python3 answer equivalent to the accepted answer using <em>httplib</em>.</p>
<p>It is basically the same code just that the library isn't called <em>httplib</em> anymore but <em>http.client</em></p>
<pre><code>from http.client import HTTPConnection
conn = HTTPConnection('www.google.com')
conn.request('HEAD', '/index.html')
res = conn.getresponse()
print(res.status, res.reason)
</code></pre>
| 6 | 2013-03-14T21:38:44Z | [
"python",
"python-2.7",
"http",
"http-headers",
"content-type"
] |
How do you send a HEAD HTTP request in Python 2? | 107,405 | <p>What I'm trying to do here is get the headers of a given URL so I can determine the MIME type. I want to be able to see if <code>http://somedomain/foo/</code> will return an HTML document or a JPEG image for example. Thus, I need to figure out how to send a HEAD request so that I can read the MIME type without having to download the content. Does anyone know of an easy way of doing this?</p>
| 97 | 2008-09-20T06:38:38Z | 16,960,321 | <p>And yet another approach (similar to Pawel answer):</p>
<pre><code>import urllib2
import types
request = urllib2.Request('http://localhost:8080')
request.get_method = types.MethodType(lambda self: 'HEAD', request, request.__class__)
</code></pre>
<p>Just to avoid having unbounded methods at instance level.</p>
| 0 | 2013-06-06T10:55:31Z | [
"python",
"python-2.7",
"http",
"http-headers",
"content-type"
] |
XML-RPC: best way to handle 64-bit values? | 107,616 | <p>So the official XML-RPC standard doesn't support 64-bit values. But in these modern times, 64-bit values are increasingly common.</p>
<p>How do you handle these? What XML-RPC extensions are the most common? What language bindings are there? I'm especially interested in Python and C++, but all information is appreciated.</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T08:27:11Z | 107,637 | <p>I don't know anything about how XMLRPC could be extended but I did find <a href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2006-May/381032.html" rel="nofollow">this mail</a> about the subject:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>In XML-RPC, everything is transmitted
as a string, so I don't think that
choice is really that bad - except of
course for the additional clumsiness
for invoking explicit conversion
functions.</p>
<p>But no, XML-RPC doesn't have a data
type that can represent integers above
2**32. If you can accept losing
precision, you can use doubles (but
you still would have to convert
explicitly on the sender).</p>
</blockquote>
| 0 | 2008-09-20T08:35:45Z | [
"c++",
"python",
"64bit",
"xml-rpc"
] |
XML-RPC: best way to handle 64-bit values? | 107,616 | <p>So the official XML-RPC standard doesn't support 64-bit values. But in these modern times, 64-bit values are increasingly common.</p>
<p>How do you handle these? What XML-RPC extensions are the most common? What language bindings are there? I'm especially interested in Python and C++, but all information is appreciated.</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T08:27:11Z | 108,032 | <p>Some libraries support 64 bits extensions, indeed, but there doesn't seem to be a standard. <a href="http://xmlrpc-c.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow">xmlrpc-c</a>, for example, has a so called i8 but it doesn't work with python (at least not by default).</p>
<p>I would recommend to either:</p>
<ul>
<li>Convert the integer to string by hand and send it as such. XMLRPC will convert it to string anyway, so I would say this is reasonable.</li>
<li>Break it in two 32 bits integers and send it as such.</li>
</ul>
| 7 | 2008-09-20T12:29:16Z | [
"c++",
"python",
"64bit",
"xml-rpc"
] |
XML-RPC: best way to handle 64-bit values? | 107,616 | <p>So the official XML-RPC standard doesn't support 64-bit values. But in these modern times, 64-bit values are increasingly common.</p>
<p>How do you handle these? What XML-RPC extensions are the most common? What language bindings are there? I'm especially interested in Python and C++, but all information is appreciated.</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T08:27:11Z | 113,493 | <p>The use of "i8" as a data-type is becoming more and more common. I recently added this to my Perl XML-RPC module (<a href="http://metacpan.org/pod/RPC::XML" rel="nofollow">http://metacpan.org/pod/RPC::XML</a>) in response to a request from a large group that needed it in order to work with a server written in Java. I don't know what toolkit the server used, but it was already accepting i8 as a type.</p>
<p>One thing that I feel still has to be addressed, is whether the "int" alias for "i4" should also accept i8, the way it currently does i4. Or, for that matter, if a parameter typed as i8 should quietly accept an input typed as i4. XML-RPC has great potential as a lightweight, low-overhead protocol handy when you don't need all the coverage of SOAP, but it is often overlooked in the religious wars between REST and SOAP.</p>
<p>XML-RPC is in need of some updating and revision, if we could just get the original author to permit it...</p>
| 1 | 2008-09-22T06:42:22Z | [
"c++",
"python",
"64bit",
"xml-rpc"
] |
XML-RPC: best way to handle 64-bit values? | 107,616 | <p>So the official XML-RPC standard doesn't support 64-bit values. But in these modern times, 64-bit values are increasingly common.</p>
<p>How do you handle these? What XML-RPC extensions are the most common? What language bindings are there? I'm especially interested in Python and C++, but all information is appreciated.</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T08:27:11Z | 5,447,801 | <p><a href="http://www.xml-rpc.net/" rel="nofollow">XML-RPC.NET</a> has supported <i8> since release 2.5.0 (5th September 2010).</p>
| 0 | 2011-03-27T07:20:40Z | [
"c++",
"python",
"64bit",
"xml-rpc"
] |
How can I unit test responses from the webapp WSGI application in Google App Engine? | 107,675 | <p>I'd like to unit test responses from the Google App Engine webapp.WSGIApplication, for example request the url '/' and test that the responses status code is 200, using <a href="http://code.google.com/p/gaeunit">GAEUnit</a>. How can I do this? </p>
<p>I'd like to use the webapp framework and GAEUnit, which runs within the App Engine sandbox (unfortunately <a href="http://pythonpaste.org/webtest/">WebTest</a> does not work within the sandbox).</p>
| 10 | 2008-09-20T08:56:59Z | 107,753 | <p>Actually WebTest does work within the sandbox, as long as you comment out </p>
<pre><code>import webbrowser
</code></pre>
<p>in webtest/__init__.py </p>
| 1 | 2008-09-20T09:44:18Z | [
"python",
"unit-testing",
"google-app-engine"
] |
How can I unit test responses from the webapp WSGI application in Google App Engine? | 107,675 | <p>I'd like to unit test responses from the Google App Engine webapp.WSGIApplication, for example request the url '/' and test that the responses status code is 200, using <a href="http://code.google.com/p/gaeunit">GAEUnit</a>. How can I do this? </p>
<p>I'd like to use the webapp framework and GAEUnit, which runs within the App Engine sandbox (unfortunately <a href="http://pythonpaste.org/webtest/">WebTest</a> does not work within the sandbox).</p>
| 10 | 2008-09-20T08:56:59Z | 114,449 | <p>I have added a <a href="http://code.google.com/p/gaeunit/source/browse/#svn/trunk/sample_app">sample application</a> to the GAEUnit project which demonstrates how to write and execute a web test using GAEUnit. The sample includes a slightly modified version of the '<a href="http://pythonpaste.org/webtest/index.html">webtest</a>' module ('import webbrowser' is commented out, as recommended by David Coffin).</p>
<p>Here's the 'web_tests.py' file from the sample application 'test' directory:</p>
<pre><code>import unittest
from webtest import TestApp
from google.appengine.ext import webapp
import index
class IndexTest(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.application = webapp.WSGIApplication([('/', index.IndexHandler)], debug=True)
def test_default_page(self):
app = TestApp(self.application)
response = app.get('/')
self.assertEqual('200 OK', response.status)
self.assertTrue('Hello, World!' in response)
def test_page_with_param(self):
app = TestApp(self.application)
response = app.get('/?name=Bob')
self.assertEqual('200 OK', response.status)
self.assertTrue('Hello, Bob!' in response)
</code></pre>
| 10 | 2008-09-22T12:02:08Z | [
"python",
"unit-testing",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Disable output buffering | 107,705 | <p>Is output buffering enabled by default in Python's interpreter for <code>sys.stdout</code>?</p>
<p>If the answer is positive, what are all the ways to disable it?</p>
<p>Suggestions so far:</p>
<ol>
<li>Use the <code>-u</code> command line switch</li>
<li>Wrap <code>sys.stdout</code> in an object that flushes after every write</li>
<li>Set <code>PYTHONUNBUFFERED</code> env var</li>
<li><code>sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Is there any other way to set some global flag in <code>sys</code>/<code>sys.stdout</code> programmatically during execution?</p>
| 285 | 2008-09-20T09:17:20Z | 107,717 | <p>From <a href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/tutor/2003-November/026645.html">Magnus Lycka answer on a mailing list</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>You can skip buffering for a whole
python process using "python -u"
(or#!/usr/bin/env python -u etc) or by
setting the environment variable
PYTHONUNBUFFERED.</p>
<p>You could also replace sys.stdout with
some other stream like wrapper which
does a flush after every call.</p>
<pre><code>class Unbuffered(object):
def __init__(self, stream):
self.stream = stream
def write(self, data):
self.stream.write(data)
self.stream.flush()
def __getattr__(self, attr):
return getattr(self.stream, attr)
import sys
sys.stdout = Unbuffered(sys.stdout)
print 'Hello'
</code></pre>
</blockquote>
| 251 | 2008-09-20T09:24:31Z | [
"python",
"stdout",
"buffered"
] |
Disable output buffering | 107,705 | <p>Is output buffering enabled by default in Python's interpreter for <code>sys.stdout</code>?</p>
<p>If the answer is positive, what are all the ways to disable it?</p>
<p>Suggestions so far:</p>
<ol>
<li>Use the <code>-u</code> command line switch</li>
<li>Wrap <code>sys.stdout</code> in an object that flushes after every write</li>
<li>Set <code>PYTHONUNBUFFERED</code> env var</li>
<li><code>sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Is there any other way to set some global flag in <code>sys</code>/<code>sys.stdout</code> programmatically during execution?</p>
| 285 | 2008-09-20T09:17:20Z | 107,720 | <p>Yes, it is.</p>
<p>You can disable it on the commandline with the "-u" switch.</p>
<p>Alternatively, you could call .flush() on sys.stdout on every write (or wrap it with an object that does this automatically)</p>
| 24 | 2008-09-20T09:25:36Z | [
"python",
"stdout",
"buffered"
] |
Disable output buffering | 107,705 | <p>Is output buffering enabled by default in Python's interpreter for <code>sys.stdout</code>?</p>
<p>If the answer is positive, what are all the ways to disable it?</p>
<p>Suggestions so far:</p>
<ol>
<li>Use the <code>-u</code> command line switch</li>
<li>Wrap <code>sys.stdout</code> in an object that flushes after every write</li>
<li>Set <code>PYTHONUNBUFFERED</code> env var</li>
<li><code>sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Is there any other way to set some global flag in <code>sys</code>/<code>sys.stdout</code> programmatically during execution?</p>
| 285 | 2008-09-20T09:17:20Z | 107,721 | <p>Yes, it is enabled by default. You can disable it by using the -u option on the command line when calling python.</p>
| 5 | 2008-09-20T09:26:19Z | [
"python",
"stdout",
"buffered"
] |
Disable output buffering | 107,705 | <p>Is output buffering enabled by default in Python's interpreter for <code>sys.stdout</code>?</p>
<p>If the answer is positive, what are all the ways to disable it?</p>
<p>Suggestions so far:</p>
<ol>
<li>Use the <code>-u</code> command line switch</li>
<li>Wrap <code>sys.stdout</code> in an object that flushes after every write</li>
<li>Set <code>PYTHONUNBUFFERED</code> env var</li>
<li><code>sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Is there any other way to set some global flag in <code>sys</code>/<code>sys.stdout</code> programmatically during execution?</p>
| 285 | 2008-09-20T09:17:20Z | 107,746 | <p>One way to get unbuffered output would be to use <code>sys.stderr</code> instead of <code>sys.stdout</code> or to simply call <code>sys.stdout.flush()</code> to explicitly force a write to occur.</p>
<p>You could easily redirect everything printed by doing:</p>
<pre><code>import sys; sys.stdout = sys.stderr
print "Hello World!"
</code></pre>
<p>Or to redirect just for a particular <code>print</code> statement:</p>
<pre><code>print >>sys.stderr, "Hello World!"
</code></pre>
<p>To reset stdout you can just do:</p>
<pre><code>sys.stdout = sys.__stdout__
</code></pre>
| 4 | 2008-09-20T09:40:13Z | [
"python",
"stdout",
"buffered"
] |
Disable output buffering | 107,705 | <p>Is output buffering enabled by default in Python's interpreter for <code>sys.stdout</code>?</p>
<p>If the answer is positive, what are all the ways to disable it?</p>
<p>Suggestions so far:</p>
<ol>
<li>Use the <code>-u</code> command line switch</li>
<li>Wrap <code>sys.stdout</code> in an object that flushes after every write</li>
<li>Set <code>PYTHONUNBUFFERED</code> env var</li>
<li><code>sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Is there any other way to set some global flag in <code>sys</code>/<code>sys.stdout</code> programmatically during execution?</p>
| 285 | 2008-09-20T09:17:20Z | 107,854 | <p>You can create an unbuffered file and assign this file to sys.stdout.</p>
<pre><code>import sys
myFile= open( "a.log", "w", 0 )
sys.stdout= myFile
</code></pre>
<p>You can't magically change the system-supplied stdout; since it's supplied to your python program by the OS.</p>
| 2 | 2008-09-20T10:39:09Z | [
"python",
"stdout",
"buffered"
] |
Disable output buffering | 107,705 | <p>Is output buffering enabled by default in Python's interpreter for <code>sys.stdout</code>?</p>
<p>If the answer is positive, what are all the ways to disable it?</p>
<p>Suggestions so far:</p>
<ol>
<li>Use the <code>-u</code> command line switch</li>
<li>Wrap <code>sys.stdout</code> in an object that flushes after every write</li>
<li>Set <code>PYTHONUNBUFFERED</code> env var</li>
<li><code>sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Is there any other way to set some global flag in <code>sys</code>/<code>sys.stdout</code> programmatically during execution?</p>
| 285 | 2008-09-20T09:17:20Z | 181,654 | <pre><code># reopen stdout file descriptor with write mode
# and 0 as the buffer size (unbuffered)
sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)
</code></pre>
<p>Credits: "Sebastian", somewhere on the Python mailing list.</p>
| 58 | 2008-10-08T07:23:10Z | [
"python",
"stdout",
"buffered"
] |
Disable output buffering | 107,705 | <p>Is output buffering enabled by default in Python's interpreter for <code>sys.stdout</code>?</p>
<p>If the answer is positive, what are all the ways to disable it?</p>
<p>Suggestions so far:</p>
<ol>
<li>Use the <code>-u</code> command line switch</li>
<li>Wrap <code>sys.stdout</code> in an object that flushes after every write</li>
<li>Set <code>PYTHONUNBUFFERED</code> env var</li>
<li><code>sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Is there any other way to set some global flag in <code>sys</code>/<code>sys.stdout</code> programmatically during execution?</p>
| 285 | 2008-09-20T09:17:20Z | 1,736,047 | <p>You can also use fcntl to change the file flags in-fly.</p>
<pre><code>fl = fcntl.fcntl(fd.fileno(), fcntl.F_GETFL)
fl |= os.O_SYNC # or os.O_DSYNC (if you don't care the file timestamp updates)
fcntl.fcntl(fd.fileno(), fcntl.F_SETFL, fl)
</code></pre>
| 5 | 2009-11-15T00:01:01Z | [
"python",
"stdout",
"buffered"
] |
Disable output buffering | 107,705 | <p>Is output buffering enabled by default in Python's interpreter for <code>sys.stdout</code>?</p>
<p>If the answer is positive, what are all the ways to disable it?</p>
<p>Suggestions so far:</p>
<ol>
<li>Use the <code>-u</code> command line switch</li>
<li>Wrap <code>sys.stdout</code> in an object that flushes after every write</li>
<li>Set <code>PYTHONUNBUFFERED</code> env var</li>
<li><code>sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Is there any other way to set some global flag in <code>sys</code>/<code>sys.stdout</code> programmatically during execution?</p>
| 285 | 2008-09-20T09:17:20Z | 3,678,114 | <pre><code>def disable_stdout_buffering():
# Appending to gc.garbage is a way to stop an object from being
# destroyed. If the old sys.stdout is ever collected, it will
# close() stdout, which is not good.
gc.garbage.append(sys.stdout)
sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)
# Then this will give output in the correct order:
disable_stdout_buffering()
print "hello"
subprocess.call(["echo", "bye"])
</code></pre>
<p>Without saving the old sys.stdout, disable_stdout_buffering() isn't idempotent, and multiple calls will result in an error like this:</p>
<pre><code>Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test/buffering.py", line 17, in <module>
print "hello"
IOError: [Errno 9] Bad file descriptor
close failed: [Errno 9] Bad file descriptor
</code></pre>
<p>Another possibility is:</p>
<pre><code>def disable_stdout_buffering():
fileno = sys.stdout.fileno()
temp_fd = os.dup(fileno)
sys.stdout.close()
os.dup2(temp_fd, fileno)
os.close(temp_fd)
sys.stdout = os.fdopen(fileno, "w", 0)
</code></pre>
<p>(Appending to gc.garbage is not such a good idea because it's where unfreeable cycles get put, and you might want to check for those.)</p>
| 10 | 2010-09-09T15:37:53Z | [
"python",
"stdout",
"buffered"
] |
Disable output buffering | 107,705 | <p>Is output buffering enabled by default in Python's interpreter for <code>sys.stdout</code>?</p>
<p>If the answer is positive, what are all the ways to disable it?</p>
<p>Suggestions so far:</p>
<ol>
<li>Use the <code>-u</code> command line switch</li>
<li>Wrap <code>sys.stdout</code> in an object that flushes after every write</li>
<li>Set <code>PYTHONUNBUFFERED</code> env var</li>
<li><code>sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Is there any other way to set some global flag in <code>sys</code>/<code>sys.stdout</code> programmatically during execution?</p>
| 285 | 2008-09-20T09:17:20Z | 11,276,965 | <p>Variant that works without crashing (at least on win32; python 2.7, ipython 0.12) then called subsequently (multiple times):</p>
<pre><code>def DisOutBuffering():
if sys.stdout.name == '<stdout>':
sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)
if sys.stderr.name == '<stderr>':
sys.stderr = os.fdopen(sys.stderr.fileno(), 'w', 0)
</code></pre>
| 4 | 2012-06-30T19:20:08Z | [
"python",
"stdout",
"buffered"
] |
Disable output buffering | 107,705 | <p>Is output buffering enabled by default in Python's interpreter for <code>sys.stdout</code>?</p>
<p>If the answer is positive, what are all the ways to disable it?</p>
<p>Suggestions so far:</p>
<ol>
<li>Use the <code>-u</code> command line switch</li>
<li>Wrap <code>sys.stdout</code> in an object that flushes after every write</li>
<li>Set <code>PYTHONUNBUFFERED</code> env var</li>
<li><code>sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Is there any other way to set some global flag in <code>sys</code>/<code>sys.stdout</code> programmatically during execution?</p>
| 285 | 2008-09-20T09:17:20Z | 14,729,823 | <p>I would rather put my answer in <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/230751/how-to-flush-output-of-python-print">How to flush output of Python print?</a> or in <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3895481/pythons-print-function-that-flushes-the-buffer-when-its-called">Python's print function that flushes the buffer when it's called?</a>, but since they were marked as duplicates of this one (what I do not agree), I'll answer it here.</p>
<p>Since Python 3.3 print() supports the keyword argument "flush" (<a href="http://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html?highlight=print#print">see documentation</a>):</p>
<pre><code>print('Hello World!', flush=True)
</code></pre>
| 31 | 2013-02-06T13:05:23Z | [
"python",
"stdout",
"buffered"
] |
Disable output buffering | 107,705 | <p>Is output buffering enabled by default in Python's interpreter for <code>sys.stdout</code>?</p>
<p>If the answer is positive, what are all the ways to disable it?</p>
<p>Suggestions so far:</p>
<ol>
<li>Use the <code>-u</code> command line switch</li>
<li>Wrap <code>sys.stdout</code> in an object that flushes after every write</li>
<li>Set <code>PYTHONUNBUFFERED</code> env var</li>
<li><code>sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Is there any other way to set some global flag in <code>sys</code>/<code>sys.stdout</code> programmatically during execution?</p>
| 285 | 2008-09-20T09:17:20Z | 17,047,064 | <p>(I've posted a comment, but it got lost somehow. So, again:)</p>
<ol>
<li><p>As I noticed, CPython (at least on Linux) behaves differently depending on where the output goes. If it goes to a tty, then the output is flushed after each '<code>\n'</code>
<br/>If it goes to a pipe/process, then it is buffered and you can use the <code>flush()</code> based solutions or the <strong>-u</strong> option recommended above.</p></li>
<li><p>Slightly related to output buffering:<br/>
If you iterate over the lines in the input with</p>
<p><code>for line in sys.stdin:</code>
<br/>...</p></li>
</ol>
<p>then the <strong>for</strong> implementation in <strong>CPython</strong> will collect the input for a while and then execute the loop body for a bunch of input lines. If your script is about to write output for each input line, this might look like output buffering but it's actually batching, and therefore, none of the <code>flush()</code>, etc. techniques will help that.
Interestingly, you don't have this behaviour in <strong>pypy</strong>.
To avoid this, you can use</p>
<p><code>while True:
line=sys.stdin.readline()</code>
<br/>...</p>
| 3 | 2013-06-11T14:47:38Z | [
"python",
"stdout",
"buffered"
] |
Disable output buffering | 107,705 | <p>Is output buffering enabled by default in Python's interpreter for <code>sys.stdout</code>?</p>
<p>If the answer is positive, what are all the ways to disable it?</p>
<p>Suggestions so far:</p>
<ol>
<li>Use the <code>-u</code> command line switch</li>
<li>Wrap <code>sys.stdout</code> in an object that flushes after every write</li>
<li>Set <code>PYTHONUNBUFFERED</code> env var</li>
<li><code>sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Is there any other way to set some global flag in <code>sys</code>/<code>sys.stdout</code> programmatically during execution?</p>
| 285 | 2008-09-20T09:17:20Z | 23,034,580 | <p>The following works in Python 2.6, 2.7, and 3.2:</p>
<pre><code>import os
import sys
buf_arg = 0
if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
os.environ['PYTHONUNBUFFERED'] = '1'
buf_arg = 1
sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'a+', buf_arg)
sys.stderr = os.fdopen(sys.stderr.fileno(), 'a+', buf_arg)
</code></pre>
| 6 | 2014-04-12T18:43:28Z | [
"python",
"stdout",
"buffered"
] |
Disable output buffering | 107,705 | <p>Is output buffering enabled by default in Python's interpreter for <code>sys.stdout</code>?</p>
<p>If the answer is positive, what are all the ways to disable it?</p>
<p>Suggestions so far:</p>
<ol>
<li>Use the <code>-u</code> command line switch</li>
<li>Wrap <code>sys.stdout</code> in an object that flushes after every write</li>
<li>Set <code>PYTHONUNBUFFERED</code> env var</li>
<li><code>sys.stdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'w', 0)</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Is there any other way to set some global flag in <code>sys</code>/<code>sys.stdout</code> programmatically during execution?</p>
| 285 | 2008-09-20T09:17:20Z | 31,170,728 | <p>You can also run Python with <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/stdbuf-invocation.html" rel="nofollow" title="stdbuf">stdbuf</a> utility:</p>
<p><code>stdbuf -oL python <script></code></p>
| 3 | 2015-07-01T20:09:53Z | [
"python",
"stdout",
"buffered"
] |
PLY: Token shifting problem in C parser | 108,009 | <p>I'm writing a C parser using PLY, and recently ran into a problem.
This code:</p>
<pre><code>typedef int my_type;
my_type x;
</code></pre>
<p>Is correct C code, because my_type is defined as a type previously to
being used as such. I handle it by filling a type symbol table in the
parser that gets used by the lexer to differentiate between types and
simple identifiers.</p>
<p>However, while the type declaration rule ends with SEMI (the ';' token), PLY shifts the token <code>my_type</code> from the second line before deciding it's done with the first one. Because of this, I have no chance to pass the update in the type symbol table to the lexer and it
sees my_type as an identifier and not a type.</p>
<p>Any ideas for a fix ?</p>
<p>The full code is at: <a href="http://code.google.com/p/pycparser/source/browse/trunk/src/c_parser.py" rel="nofollow">http://code.google.com/p/pycparser/source/browse/trunk/src/c_parser.py</a>
Not sure how I can create a smaller example out of this. </p>
<p><strong>Edit:</strong></p>
<p>Problem solved. See my solution below.</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T12:14:41Z | 108,033 | <p>I think you need to move the check for whether an ID is a TYPEID from c_lexer.py to c_parser.py.</p>
<p>As you said, since the parser is looking ahead 1 token, you can't make that decision in the lexer.</p>
<p>Instead, alter your parser to check ID's to see if they are TYPEID's in declarations, and, if they aren't, generate an error.</p>
<p>As Pax Diablo said in his excellent answer, the lexer/tokenizer's job isn't to make those kinds of decisions about tokens. That's the parser's job.</p>
| 1 | 2008-09-20T12:31:30Z | [
"python",
"parsing",
"yacc",
"ply"
] |
PLY: Token shifting problem in C parser | 108,009 | <p>I'm writing a C parser using PLY, and recently ran into a problem.
This code:</p>
<pre><code>typedef int my_type;
my_type x;
</code></pre>
<p>Is correct C code, because my_type is defined as a type previously to
being used as such. I handle it by filling a type symbol table in the
parser that gets used by the lexer to differentiate between types and
simple identifiers.</p>
<p>However, while the type declaration rule ends with SEMI (the ';' token), PLY shifts the token <code>my_type</code> from the second line before deciding it's done with the first one. Because of this, I have no chance to pass the update in the type symbol table to the lexer and it
sees my_type as an identifier and not a type.</p>
<p>Any ideas for a fix ?</p>
<p>The full code is at: <a href="http://code.google.com/p/pycparser/source/browse/trunk/src/c_parser.py" rel="nofollow">http://code.google.com/p/pycparser/source/browse/trunk/src/c_parser.py</a>
Not sure how I can create a smaller example out of this. </p>
<p><strong>Edit:</strong></p>
<p>Problem solved. See my solution below.</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T12:14:41Z | 108,054 | <p>Not sure why you're doing that level of analysis in your lexer.</p>
<p>Lexical analysis should probably be used to separate the input stream into lexical tokens (number, line-change, keyword and so on). It's the parsing phase that should be doing that level of analysis, including table lookups for typedefs and such.</p>
<p>That's the way I've always separated the duties between lexx and yacc, my tools of choice.</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T12:47:23Z | [
"python",
"parsing",
"yacc",
"ply"
] |
PLY: Token shifting problem in C parser | 108,009 | <p>I'm writing a C parser using PLY, and recently ran into a problem.
This code:</p>
<pre><code>typedef int my_type;
my_type x;
</code></pre>
<p>Is correct C code, because my_type is defined as a type previously to
being used as such. I handle it by filling a type symbol table in the
parser that gets used by the lexer to differentiate between types and
simple identifiers.</p>
<p>However, while the type declaration rule ends with SEMI (the ';' token), PLY shifts the token <code>my_type</code> from the second line before deciding it's done with the first one. Because of this, I have no chance to pass the update in the type symbol table to the lexer and it
sees my_type as an identifier and not a type.</p>
<p>Any ideas for a fix ?</p>
<p>The full code is at: <a href="http://code.google.com/p/pycparser/source/browse/trunk/src/c_parser.py" rel="nofollow">http://code.google.com/p/pycparser/source/browse/trunk/src/c_parser.py</a>
Not sure how I can create a smaller example out of this. </p>
<p><strong>Edit:</strong></p>
<p>Problem solved. See my solution below.</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T12:14:41Z | 108,482 | <p>With <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/ply-hack/tree/browse_frm/thread/cf31e8334801eabd/b9cdf4a6682635c1?rnum=1&_done=%2Fgroup%2Fply-hack%2Fbrowse_frm%2Fthread%2Fcf31e8334801eabd%3F#doc_5c415da045e77a6e" rel="nofollow">some help</a> from Dave Beazley (PLY's creator), my problem was solved.</p>
<p>The idea is to use special sub-rules and do the actions in them. In my case, I split the <code>declaration</code> rule to:</p>
<pre><code>def p_decl_body(self, p):
""" decl_body : declaration_specifiers init_declarator_list_opt
"""
# <<Handle the declaration here>>
def p_declaration(self, p):
""" declaration : decl_body SEMI
"""
p[0] = p[1]
</code></pre>
<p><code>decl_body</code> is always reduced before the token after SEMI is shifted in, so my action gets executed at the correct time.</p>
| 2 | 2008-09-20T15:28:02Z | [
"python",
"parsing",
"yacc",
"ply"
] |
How to apply bold style to a specific word in Excel file using Python? | 108,134 | <p>I am using <code>pyexcelerator</code> Python module to generate Excel files.
I want to apply bold style to part of cell text, but not to the whole cell.
How to do it?</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T13:20:50Z | 108,204 | <p>This is an example from Excel documentation:</p>
<pre><code>With Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B1")
.Value = "New Title"
.Characters(5, 5).Font.Bold = True
End With
</code></pre>
<p>So the Characters property of the cell you want to manipulate is the answer to your question. It's used as Characters(<em>start</em>, <em>length</em>).</p>
<p>PS: I've never used the module in question, but I've used Excel COM automation in python scripts. The Characters property is available using win32com.</p>
| 1 | 2008-09-20T13:54:04Z | [
"python",
"excel",
"xlwt",
"pyexcelerator"
] |
How to apply bold style to a specific word in Excel file using Python? | 108,134 | <p>I am using <code>pyexcelerator</code> Python module to generate Excel files.
I want to apply bold style to part of cell text, but not to the whole cell.
How to do it?</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T13:20:50Z | 109,724 | <p>Found example here: <a href="http://www.answermysearches.com/generate-an-excel-formatted-file-right-in-python/122/" rel="nofollow">Generate an Excel Formatted File Right in Python</a></p>
<p>Notice that you make a font object and then give it to a style object, and then provide that style object when writing to the sheet:</p>
<pre><code>import pyExcelerator as xl
def save_in_excel(headers,values):
#Open new workbook
mydoc=xl.Workbook()
#Add a worksheet
mysheet=mydoc.add_sheet("test")
#write headers
header_font=xl.Font() #make a font object
header_font.bold=True
header_font.underline=True
#font needs to be style actually
header_style = xl.XFStyle(); header_style.font = header_font
for col,value in enumerate(headers):
mysheet.write(0,col,value,header_style)
#write values and highlight those that match my criteria
highlighted_row_font=xl.Font() #no real highlighting available?
highlighted_row_font.bold=True
highlighted_row_font.colour_index=2 #2 is red,
highlighted_row_style = xl.XFStyle(); highlighted_row_style.font = highlighted_row_font
for row_num,row_values in enumerate(values):
row_num+=1 #start at row 1
if row_values[1]=='Manatee':
for col,value in enumerate(row_values):
#make Manatee's (sp) red
mysheet.write(row_num,col,value,highlighted_row_style)
else:
for col,value in enumerate(row_values):
#normal row
mysheet.write(row_num,col,value)
#save file
mydoc.save(r'C:testpyexel.xlt')
headers=['Date','Name','Localatity']
data=[
['June 11, 2006','Greg','San Jose'],
['June 11, 2006','Greg','San Jose'],
['June 11, 2006','Greg','San Jose'],
['June 11, 2006','Greg','San Jose'],
['June 11, 2006','Manatee','San Jose'],
['June 11, 2006','Greg','San Jose'],
['June 11, 2006','Manatee','San Jose'],
]
save_in_excel(headers,data)
</code></pre>
| 2 | 2008-09-20T23:10:13Z | [
"python",
"excel",
"xlwt",
"pyexcelerator"
] |
Union and Intersect in Django | 108,193 | <pre><code>class Tag(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(maxlength=100)
class Blog(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(maxlength=100)
tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag)
</code></pre>
<p>Simple models just to ask my question.</p>
<p>I wonder how can i query blogs using tags in two different ways.</p>
<ul>
<li>Blog entries that are tagged with "tag1" or "tag2":
<code>Blog.objects.filter(tags_in=[1,2]).distinct()</code></li>
<li>Blog objects that are tagged with "tag1" and "tag2" : <strong>?</strong></li>
<li>Blog objects that are tagged with exactly "tag1" and "tag2" and nothing else : <strong>??</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><hr /></p>
<p>Tag and Blog is just used for an example.</p>
| 30 | 2008-09-20T13:46:52Z | 108,404 | <p>You could use Q objects for #1:</p>
<pre><code># Blogs who have either hockey or django tags.
from django.db.models import Q
Blog.objects.filter(
Q(tags__name__iexact='hockey') | Q(tags__name__iexact='django')
)
</code></pre>
<p>Unions and intersections, I believe, are a bit outside the scope of the Django ORM, but its possible to to these. The following examples are from a Django application called called <a href="http://code.google.com/p/django-tagging/">django-tagging</a> that provides the functionality. <a href="http://code.google.com/p/django-tagging/source/browse/trunk/tagging/models.py#346">Line 346 of models.py</a>: </p>
<p>For part two, you're looking for a union of two queries, basically</p>
<pre><code>def get_union_by_model(self, queryset_or_model, tags):
"""
Create a ``QuerySet`` containing instances of the specified
model associated with *any* of the given list of tags.
"""
tags = get_tag_list(tags)
tag_count = len(tags)
queryset, model = get_queryset_and_model(queryset_or_model)
if not tag_count:
return model._default_manager.none()
model_table = qn(model._meta.db_table)
# This query selects the ids of all objects which have any of
# the given tags.
query = """
SELECT %(model_pk)s
FROM %(model)s, %(tagged_item)s
WHERE %(tagged_item)s.content_type_id = %(content_type_id)s
AND %(tagged_item)s.tag_id IN (%(tag_id_placeholders)s)
AND %(model_pk)s = %(tagged_item)s.object_id
GROUP BY %(model_pk)s""" % {
'model_pk': '%s.%s' % (model_table, qn(model._meta.pk.column)),
'model': model_table,
'tagged_item': qn(self.model._meta.db_table),
'content_type_id': ContentType.objects.get_for_model(model).pk,
'tag_id_placeholders': ','.join(['%s'] * tag_count),
}
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute(query, [tag.pk for tag in tags])
object_ids = [row[0] for row in cursor.fetchall()]
if len(object_ids) > 0:
return queryset.filter(pk__in=object_ids)
else:
return model._default_manager.none()
</code></pre>
<p>For part #3 I believe you're looking for an intersection. See <a href="http://code.google.com/p/django-tagging/source/browse/trunk/tagging/models.py#307">line 307 of models.py</a> </p>
<pre><code>def get_intersection_by_model(self, queryset_or_model, tags):
"""
Create a ``QuerySet`` containing instances of the specified
model associated with *all* of the given list of tags.
"""
tags = get_tag_list(tags)
tag_count = len(tags)
queryset, model = get_queryset_and_model(queryset_or_model)
if not tag_count:
return model._default_manager.none()
model_table = qn(model._meta.db_table)
# This query selects the ids of all objects which have all the
# given tags.
query = """
SELECT %(model_pk)s
FROM %(model)s, %(tagged_item)s
WHERE %(tagged_item)s.content_type_id = %(content_type_id)s
AND %(tagged_item)s.tag_id IN (%(tag_id_placeholders)s)
AND %(model_pk)s = %(tagged_item)s.object_id
GROUP BY %(model_pk)s
HAVING COUNT(%(model_pk)s) = %(tag_count)s""" % {
'model_pk': '%s.%s' % (model_table, qn(model._meta.pk.column)),
'model': model_table,
'tagged_item': qn(self.model._meta.db_table),
'content_type_id': ContentType.objects.get_for_model(model).pk,
'tag_id_placeholders': ','.join(['%s'] * tag_count),
'tag_count': tag_count,
}
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute(query, [tag.pk for tag in tags])
object_ids = [row[0] for row in cursor.fetchall()]
if len(object_ids) > 0:
return queryset.filter(pk__in=object_ids)
else:
return model._default_manager.none()
</code></pre>
| 19 | 2008-09-20T15:01:12Z | [
"python",
"django",
"django-models",
"django-views",
"tagging"
] |
Union and Intersect in Django | 108,193 | <pre><code>class Tag(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(maxlength=100)
class Blog(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(maxlength=100)
tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag)
</code></pre>
<p>Simple models just to ask my question.</p>
<p>I wonder how can i query blogs using tags in two different ways.</p>
<ul>
<li>Blog entries that are tagged with "tag1" or "tag2":
<code>Blog.objects.filter(tags_in=[1,2]).distinct()</code></li>
<li>Blog objects that are tagged with "tag1" and "tag2" : <strong>?</strong></li>
<li>Blog objects that are tagged with exactly "tag1" and "tag2" and nothing else : <strong>??</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><hr /></p>
<p>Tag and Blog is just used for an example.</p>
| 30 | 2008-09-20T13:46:52Z | 108,500 | <p>I've tested these out with Django 1.0:</p>
<p>The "or" queries:</p>
<pre><code>Blog.objects.filter(tags__name__in=['tag1', 'tag2']).distinct()
</code></pre>
<p>or you could use the Q class:</p>
<pre><code>Blog.objects.filter(Q(tags__name='tag1') | Q(tags__name='tag2')).distinct()
</code></pre>
<p>The "and" query:</p>
<pre><code>Blog.objects.filter(tags__name='tag1').filter(tags__name='tag2')
</code></pre>
<p>I'm not sure about the third one, you'll probably need to drop to SQL to do it.</p>
| 15 | 2008-09-20T15:33:55Z | [
"python",
"django",
"django-models",
"django-views",
"tagging"
] |
Union and Intersect in Django | 108,193 | <pre><code>class Tag(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(maxlength=100)
class Blog(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(maxlength=100)
tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag)
</code></pre>
<p>Simple models just to ask my question.</p>
<p>I wonder how can i query blogs using tags in two different ways.</p>
<ul>
<li>Blog entries that are tagged with "tag1" or "tag2":
<code>Blog.objects.filter(tags_in=[1,2]).distinct()</code></li>
<li>Blog objects that are tagged with "tag1" and "tag2" : <strong>?</strong></li>
<li>Blog objects that are tagged with exactly "tag1" and "tag2" and nothing else : <strong>??</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><hr /></p>
<p>Tag and Blog is just used for an example.</p>
| 30 | 2008-09-20T13:46:52Z | 110,437 | <p>Please don't reinvent the wheel and use <a href="http://code.google.com/p/django-tagging/">django-tagging application</a> which was made exactly for your use case. It can do all queries you describe, and much more.</p>
<p>If you need to add custom fields to your Tag model, you can also take a look at <a href="http://www.bitbucket.org/zuber/django-newtagging">my branch of django-tagging</a>.</p>
| 9 | 2008-09-21T07:03:07Z | [
"python",
"django",
"django-models",
"django-views",
"tagging"
] |
Union and Intersect in Django | 108,193 | <pre><code>class Tag(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(maxlength=100)
class Blog(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(maxlength=100)
tags = models.ManyToManyField(Tag)
</code></pre>
<p>Simple models just to ask my question.</p>
<p>I wonder how can i query blogs using tags in two different ways.</p>
<ul>
<li>Blog entries that are tagged with "tag1" or "tag2":
<code>Blog.objects.filter(tags_in=[1,2]).distinct()</code></li>
<li>Blog objects that are tagged with "tag1" and "tag2" : <strong>?</strong></li>
<li>Blog objects that are tagged with exactly "tag1" and "tag2" and nothing else : <strong>??</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><hr /></p>
<p>Tag and Blog is just used for an example.</p>
| 30 | 2008-09-20T13:46:52Z | 4,604,096 | <p>This will do the trick for you</p>
<pre><code>Blog.objects.filter(tags__name__in=['tag1', 'tag2']).annotate(tag_matches=models.Count(tags)).filter(tag_matches=2)
</code></pre>
| 5 | 2011-01-05T12:45:41Z | [
"python",
"django",
"django-models",
"django-views",
"tagging"
] |
How should I best emulate and/or avoid enum's in Python? | 108,523 | <p>I've been using a small class to emulate Enums in some Python projects. Is there a better way or does this make the most sense for some situations?</p>
<p>Class code here:</p>
<pre><code>class Enum(object):
'''Simple Enum Class
Example Usage:
>>> codes = Enum('FOO BAR BAZ') # codes.BAZ will be 2 and so on ...'''
def __init__(self, names):
for number, name in enumerate(names.split()):
setattr(self, name, number)
</code></pre>
| 6 | 2008-09-20T15:42:39Z | 108,547 | <p>Enums have been proposed for inclusion into the language before, but were rejected (see <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0354/" rel="nofollow" title="PEP 354">http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0354/</a>), though there are existing packages you could use instead of writing your own implementation:</p>
<ul>
<li>enum: <a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/enum" rel="nofollow" title="enum">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/enum</a></li>
<li>SymbolType (not quite the same as enums, but still useful): <a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/SymbolType" rel="nofollow" title="SymbolType">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/SymbolType</a></li>
<li><a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=search&term=enum&submit=search" rel="nofollow">Or just do a search</a></li>
</ul>
| 5 | 2008-09-20T15:51:51Z | [
"python",
"enums"
] |
How should I best emulate and/or avoid enum's in Python? | 108,523 | <p>I've been using a small class to emulate Enums in some Python projects. Is there a better way or does this make the most sense for some situations?</p>
<p>Class code here:</p>
<pre><code>class Enum(object):
'''Simple Enum Class
Example Usage:
>>> codes = Enum('FOO BAR BAZ') # codes.BAZ will be 2 and so on ...'''
def __init__(self, names):
for number, name in enumerate(names.split()):
setattr(self, name, number)
</code></pre>
| 6 | 2008-09-20T15:42:39Z | 108,549 | <p>The builtin way to do enums is:</p>
<pre><code>(FOO, BAR, BAZ) = range(3)
</code></pre>
<p>which works fine for small sets, but has some drawbacks:</p>
<ul>
<li>you need to count the number of elements by hand</li>
<li>you can't skip values </li>
<li>if you add one name, you also need to update the range number</li>
</ul>
<p>For a complete enum implementation in python, see:
<a href="http://code.activestate.com/recipes/67107/" rel="nofollow">http://code.activestate.com/recipes/67107/</a></p>
| 2 | 2008-09-20T15:52:20Z | [
"python",
"enums"
] |
How should I best emulate and/or avoid enum's in Python? | 108,523 | <p>I've been using a small class to emulate Enums in some Python projects. Is there a better way or does this make the most sense for some situations?</p>
<p>Class code here:</p>
<pre><code>class Enum(object):
'''Simple Enum Class
Example Usage:
>>> codes = Enum('FOO BAR BAZ') # codes.BAZ will be 2 and so on ...'''
def __init__(self, names):
for number, name in enumerate(names.split()):
setattr(self, name, number)
</code></pre>
| 6 | 2008-09-20T15:42:39Z | 108,556 | <p>What I see more often is this, in top-level module context:</p>
<pre><code>FOO_BAR = 'FOO_BAR'
FOO_BAZ = 'FOO_BAZ'
FOO_QUX = 'FOO_QUX'
</code></pre>
<p>...and later...</p>
<pre><code>if something is FOO_BAR: pass # do something here
elif something is FOO_BAZ: pass # do something else
elif something is FOO_QUX: pass # do something else
else: raise Exception('Invalid value for something')
</code></pre>
<p>Note that the use of <code>is</code> rather than <code>==</code> is taking a risk here -- it assumes that folks are using <code>your_module.FOO_BAR</code> rather than the string <code>'FOO_BAR'</code> (which will <I>normally</I> be interned such that <code>is</code> will match, but that certainly can't be counted on), and so may not be appropriate depending on context.</p>
<p>One advantage of doing it this way is that by looking anywhere a reference to that string is being stored, it's immediately obvious where it came from; <code>FOO_BAZ</code> is much less ambiguous than <code>2</code>.</p>
<p>Besides that, the other thing that offends my Pythonic sensibilities re the class you propose is the use of <code>split()</code>. Why not just pass in a tuple, list or other enumerable to start with?</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T15:58:02Z | [
"python",
"enums"
] |
How should I best emulate and/or avoid enum's in Python? | 108,523 | <p>I've been using a small class to emulate Enums in some Python projects. Is there a better way or does this make the most sense for some situations?</p>
<p>Class code here:</p>
<pre><code>class Enum(object):
'''Simple Enum Class
Example Usage:
>>> codes = Enum('FOO BAR BAZ') # codes.BAZ will be 2 and so on ...'''
def __init__(self, names):
for number, name in enumerate(names.split()):
setattr(self, name, number)
</code></pre>
| 6 | 2008-09-20T15:42:39Z | 108,557 | <p>There's a lot of good discussion <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/36932/whats-the-best-way-to-implement-an-enum-in-python">here</a>. </p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T15:58:10Z | [
"python",
"enums"
] |
How should I best emulate and/or avoid enum's in Python? | 108,523 | <p>I've been using a small class to emulate Enums in some Python projects. Is there a better way or does this make the most sense for some situations?</p>
<p>Class code here:</p>
<pre><code>class Enum(object):
'''Simple Enum Class
Example Usage:
>>> codes = Enum('FOO BAR BAZ') # codes.BAZ will be 2 and so on ...'''
def __init__(self, names):
for number, name in enumerate(names.split()):
setattr(self, name, number)
</code></pre>
| 6 | 2008-09-20T15:42:39Z | 108,816 | <p>The most common enum case is enumerated values that are part of a State or Strategy design pattern. The enums are specific states or specific optional strategies to be used. In this case, they're almost always part and parcel of some class definition</p>
<pre><code>class DoTheNeedful( object ):
ONE_CHOICE = 1
ANOTHER_CHOICE = 2
YET_ANOTHER = 99
def __init__( self, aSelection ):
assert aSelection in ( self.ONE_CHOICE, self.ANOTHER_CHOICE, self.YET_ANOTHER )
self.selection= aSelection
</code></pre>
<p>Then, in a client of this class.</p>
<pre><code>dtn = DoTheNeeful( DoTheNeeful.ONE_CHOICE )
</code></pre>
| 4 | 2008-09-20T17:32:17Z | [
"python",
"enums"
] |
How should I best emulate and/or avoid enum's in Python? | 108,523 | <p>I've been using a small class to emulate Enums in some Python projects. Is there a better way or does this make the most sense for some situations?</p>
<p>Class code here:</p>
<pre><code>class Enum(object):
'''Simple Enum Class
Example Usage:
>>> codes = Enum('FOO BAR BAZ') # codes.BAZ will be 2 and so on ...'''
def __init__(self, names):
for number, name in enumerate(names.split()):
setattr(self, name, number)
</code></pre>
| 6 | 2008-09-20T15:42:39Z | 674,652 | <p>I started with something that looks a lot like S.Lott's answer but I only overloaded 'str' and 'eq' (instead of the whole object class) so I could print and compare the enum's value.</p>
<pre><code>class enumSeason():
Spring = 0
Summer = 1
Fall = 2
Winter = 3
def __init__(self, Type):
self.value = Type
def __str__(self):
if self.value == enumSeason.Spring:
return 'Spring'
if self.value == enumSeason.Summer:
return 'Summer'
if self.value == enumSeason.Fall:
return 'Fall'
if self.value == enumSeason.Winter:
return 'Winter'
def __eq__(self,y):
return self.value==y.value
</code></pre>
<p>Print(x) will yield the name instead of the value and two values holding Spring will be equal to one another.</p>
<pre><code> >>> x = enumSeason(enumSeason.Spring)
>>> print(x)
Spring
>>> y = enumSeason(enumSeason.Spring)
>>> x == y
True
</code></pre>
| 1 | 2009-03-23T18:28:48Z | [
"python",
"enums"
] |
Topological sort, recursive, using generators | 108,586 | <p>Data: a dependency list, already verified to be acyclic. So here, 'a' depends on 'b','c' (c depends on d), etc... </p>
<pre><code>A = { 'a' : dict(b=1, c=1),
'c' : dict(d=1),
'd' : dict(e=1,f=1,g=1),
'h' : dict(j=1)
}
</code></pre>
<p>I'd like to have a top-down, recursive solution to let's say, find the chain starting at
'a': a, c, d, e, g, f, b</p>
<p>So, right now (a non-generator solution):</p>
<pre><code>def get_all(D,k):
L = []
def get2(D,k):
L.append(k)
for ii in D.get(k,[]):
get2(D, ii)
get2(D,k)
return L
</code></pre>
<p>Obviously, this is pretty weak :) I've been banging my head about how to how to get yields inside there, and I'd appreciate any py-foo y'all can bring to this.</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T16:07:18Z | 108,606 | <p>Try this:</p>
<pre><code>#!/usr/bin/env python
def get_all(D, k):
yield k
for ii in D.get(k, []):
for jj in get_all(D, ii):
yield jj
A = { 'a' : dict(b=1, c=1),
'c' : dict(d=1),
'd' : dict(e=1,f=1,g=1),
'h' : dict(j=1)
}
for ii in get_all(A,'a'):
print ii
</code></pre>
<p>Gives me </p>
<pre>
steve@rei:~/code/tmp
$ python recur.py
a
c
d
e
g
f
b
</pre>
| 4 | 2008-09-20T16:18:00Z | [
"python",
"recursion",
"generator",
"topology"
] |
Topological sort, recursive, using generators | 108,586 | <p>Data: a dependency list, already verified to be acyclic. So here, 'a' depends on 'b','c' (c depends on d), etc... </p>
<pre><code>A = { 'a' : dict(b=1, c=1),
'c' : dict(d=1),
'd' : dict(e=1,f=1,g=1),
'h' : dict(j=1)
}
</code></pre>
<p>I'd like to have a top-down, recursive solution to let's say, find the chain starting at
'a': a, c, d, e, g, f, b</p>
<p>So, right now (a non-generator solution):</p>
<pre><code>def get_all(D,k):
L = []
def get2(D,k):
L.append(k)
for ii in D.get(k,[]):
get2(D, ii)
get2(D,k)
return L
</code></pre>
<p>Obviously, this is pretty weak :) I've been banging my head about how to how to get yields inside there, and I'd appreciate any py-foo y'all can bring to this.</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T16:07:18Z | 108,852 | <p>Both answers give the same result, but if my reading of the question is correct give the wrong answer to a simple alteration to the given graph - if you add a dependency on 'c' from 'b' (which doesn't introduce a cycle as the graph is directed) the output is: <code>
a
c
d
e
g
f
b
d
e
g
f
</code></p>
<p>which isn't totally helpful. Try this small variation, which keeps track of which nodes of the graph have already been visited:</p>
<pre><code>def get_all(D, k, seen=None):
if not seen:
seen = set( )
if k not in seen:
seen.add(k)
yield k
for ii in D.get(k, []):
for jj in get_all(D, ii, seen):
yield jj
</code></pre>
| 6 | 2008-09-20T17:43:51Z | [
"python",
"recursion",
"generator",
"topology"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 108,939 | <p>Presumably your hack was something like this:</p>
<pre><code># Deleting all messages older than "earliest_date"
q = db.GqlQuery("SELECT * FROM Message WHERE create_date < :1", earliest_date)
results = q.fetch(1000)
while results:
db.delete(results)
results = q.fetch(1000, len(results))
</code></pre>
<p>As you say, if there's sufficient data, you're going to hit the request timeout before it gets through all the records. You'd have to re-invoke this request multiple times from outside to ensure all the data was erased; easy enough to do, but hardly ideal.</p>
<p>The admin console doesn't seem to offer any help, as (from my own experience with it), it seems to only allow entities of a given type to be listed and then deleted on a page-by-page basis.</p>
<p>When testing, I've had to purge my database on startup to get rid of existing data.</p>
<p>I would infer from this that Google operates on the principle that disk is cheap, and so data is typically orphaned (indexes to redundant data replaced), rather than deleted. Given there's a fixed amount of data available to each app at the moment (0.5 GB), that's not much help for non-Google App Engine users.</p>
| 9 | 2008-09-20T18:34:42Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 109,018 | <p>Unfortunately, there's no way to easily do a bulk delete. Your best bet is to write a script that deletes a reasonable number of entries per invocation, and then call it repeatedly - for example, by having your delete script return a 302 redirect whenever there's more data to delete, then fetching it with "wget --max-redirect=10000" (or some other large number).</p>
| 3 | 2008-09-20T19:03:04Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 118,828 | <p>The <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/google-appengine/browse_thread/thread/ec0800a3ca92fe69#" rel="nofollow">official answer</a> from Google is that you have to delete in chunks spread over multiple requests. You can use AJAX, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_refresh" rel="nofollow">meta refresh</a>, or request your URL from a script until there are no entities left.</p>
| 4 | 2008-09-23T02:44:10Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 291,819 | <p>Try using <a href="http://con.appspot.com/console/help/integration">App Engine Console</a> then you dont even have to deploy any special code</p>
| 9 | 2008-11-14T23:58:35Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 323,041 | <p>I've tried db.delete(results) and App Engine Console, and none of them seems to be working for me. Manually removing entries from Data Viewer (increased limit up to 200) didn't work either since I have uploaded more than 10000 entries. I ended writing this script </p>
<pre><code>from google.appengine.ext import db
from google.appengine.ext import webapp
from google.appengine.ext.webapp.util import run_wsgi_app
import wsgiref.handlers
from mainPage import YourData #replace this with your data
class CleanTable(webapp.RequestHandler):
def get(self, param):
txt = self.request.get('table')
q = db.GqlQuery("SELECT * FROM "+txt)
results = q.fetch(10)
self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain'
#replace yourapp and YouData your app info below.
self.response.out.write("""
<html>
<meta HTTP-EQUIV="REFRESH" content="5; url=http://yourapp.appspot.com/cleanTable?table=YourData">
<body>""")
try:
for i in range(10):
db.delete(results)
results = q.fetch(10, len(results))
self.response.out.write("<p>10 removed</p>")
self.response.out.write("""
</body>
</html>""")
except Exception, ints:
self.response.out.write(str(inst))
def main():
application = webapp.WSGIApplication([
('/cleanTable(.*)', CleanTable),
])
wsgiref.handlers.CGIHandler().run(application)
</code></pre>
<p>The trick was to include redirect in html instead of using self.redirect. I'm ready to wait overnight to get rid of all the data in my table. Hopefully, GAE team will make it easier to drop tables in the future. </p>
| 7 | 2008-11-27T06:00:44Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 1,023,729 | <p>I am currently deleting the entities by their key, and it seems to be faster.</p>
<pre><code>from google.appengine.ext import db
class bulkdelete(webapp.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain'
try:
while True:
q = db.GqlQuery("SELECT __key__ FROM MyModel")
assert q.count()
db.delete(q.fetch(200))
time.sleep(0.5)
except Exception, e:
self.response.out.write(repr(e)+'\n')
pass
</code></pre>
<p>from the terminal, I run curl -N http://...</p>
| 27 | 2009-06-21T11:41:24Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 1,400,490 | <p>One tip. I suggest you get to know the <a href="http://code.google.com/appengine/articles/remote%5Fapi.html" rel="nofollow">remote_api</a> for these types of uses (bulk deleting, modifying, etc.). But, even with the remote api, batch size can be limited to a few hundred at a time.</p>
| 4 | 2009-09-09T15:47:34Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 1,882,697 | <p>If I were a paranoid person, I would say Google App Engine (GAE) has not made it easy for us to remove data if we want to. I am going to skip discussion on index sizes and how they translate a 6 GB of data to 35 GB of storage (being billed for). That's another story, but they do have ways to work around that - limit number of properties to create index on (automatically generated indexes) et cetera.</p>
<p>The reason I decided to write this post is that I need to "nuke" all my Kinds in a sandbox. I read about it and finally came up with this code:</p>
<pre><code>package com.intillium.formshnuker;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import com.google.appengine.api.datastore.Key;
import com.google.appengine.api.datastore.Query;
import com.google.appengine.api.datastore.Entity;
import com.google.appengine.api.datastore.FetchOptions;
import com.google.appengine.api.datastore.DatastoreService;
import com.google.appengine.api.datastore.DatastoreServiceFactory;
import com.google.appengine.api.labs.taskqueue.QueueFactory;
import com.google.appengine.api.labs.taskqueue.TaskOptions.Method;
import static com.google.appengine.api.labs.taskqueue.TaskOptions.Builder.url;
@SuppressWarnings("serial")
public class FormsnukerServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException {
response.setContentType("text/plain");
final String kind = request.getParameter("kind");
final String passcode = request.getParameter("passcode");
if (kind == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
if (passcode == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
if (!passcode.equals("LONGSECRETCODE")) {
response.getWriter().println("BAD PASSCODE!");
return;
}
System.err.println("*** deleting entities form " + kind);
final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
int deleted_count = 0;
boolean is_finished = false;
final DatastoreService dss = DatastoreServiceFactory.getDatastoreService();
while (System.currentTimeMillis() - start < 16384) {
final Query query = new Query(kind);
query.setKeysOnly();
final ArrayList<Key> keys = new ArrayList<Key>();
for (final Entity entity: dss.prepare(query).asIterable(FetchOptions.Builder.withLimit(128))) {
keys.add(entity.getKey());
}
keys.trimToSize();
if (keys.size() == 0) {
is_finished = true;
break;
}
while (System.currentTimeMillis() - start < 16384) {
try {
dss.delete(keys);
deleted_count += keys.size();
break;
} catch (Throwable ignore) {
continue;
}
}
}
System.err.println("*** deleted " + deleted_count + " entities form " + kind);
if (is_finished) {
System.err.println("*** deletion job for " + kind + " is completed.");
} else {
final int taskcount;
final String tcs = request.getParameter("taskcount");
if (tcs == null) {
taskcount = 0;
} else {
taskcount = Integer.parseInt(tcs) + 1;
}
QueueFactory.getDefaultQueue().add(
url("/formsnuker?kind=" + kind + "&passcode=LONGSECRETCODE&taskcount=" + taskcount).method(Method.GET));
System.err.println("*** deletion task # " + taskcount + " for " + kind + " is queued.");
}
response.getWriter().println("OK");
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>I have over 6 million records. That's a lot. I have no idea what the cost will be to delete the records (maybe more economical not to delete them). Another alternative would be to request a deletion for the entire application (sandbox). But that's not realistic in most cases.</p>
<p>I decided to go with smaller groups of records (in easy query). I know I could go for 500 entities, but then I started receiving very high rates of failure (re delete function).</p>
<p><strong><em>My request from GAE team: please add a feature to delete all entities of a kind in a single transaction.</em></strong></p>
| 10 | 2009-12-10T17:41:07Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 2,245,189 | <p>You can use the task queues to delete chunks of say 100 objects.
Deleting objects in GAE shows how limited the Admin capabilities are in GAE. You have to work with batches on 1000 entities or less. You can use the bulkloader tool that works with csv's but the documentation does not cover java.
I am using GAE Java and my strategy for deletions involves having 2 servlets, one for doing the actually delete and another to load the task queues. When i want to do a delete, I run the queue loading servlet, it loads the queues and then GAE goes to work executing all the tasks in the queue.</p>
<p>How to do it:
Create a servlet that deletes a small number of objects.
Add the servlet to your task queues.
Go home or work on something else ;)
Check the datastore every so often ...</p>
<p>I have a datastore with about 5000 objects that i purge every week and it takes about 6 hours to clean out, so i run the task on Friday night.
I use the same technique to bulk load my data which happens to be about 5000 objects, with about a dozen properties. </p>
| 0 | 2010-02-11T14:48:22Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 2,511,446 | <p>With django, setup url: </p>
<pre><code>url(r'^Model/bdelete/$', v.bulk_delete_models, {'model':'ModelKind'}),
</code></pre>
<p>Setup view</p>
<pre><code>def bulk_delete_models(request, model):
import time
limit = request.GET['limit'] or 200
start = time.clock()
set = db.GqlQuery("SELECT __key__ FROM %s" % model).fetch(int(limit))
count = len(set)
db.delete(set)
return HttpResponse("Deleted %s %s in %s" % (count,model,(time.clock() - start)))
</code></pre>
<p>Then run in powershell:</p>
<pre><code>$client = new-object System.Net.WebClient
$client.DownloadString("http://your-app.com/Model/bdelete/?limit=400")
</code></pre>
| 1 | 2010-03-24T21:12:14Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 3,376,429 | <p>This worked for me:</p>
<pre><code>class ClearHandler(webapp.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain'
q = db.GqlQuery("SELECT * FROM SomeModel")
self.response.out.write("deleting...")
db.delete(q)
</code></pre>
| 0 | 2010-07-31T01:41:22Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 3,671,769 | <p>The fastest and efficient way to handle bulk delete on Datastore is by using the new <a href="http://code.google.com/p/appengine-mapreduce/" rel="nofollow">mapper API</a> announced on the latest <a href="http://code.google.com/events/io/2010/" rel="nofollow">Google I/O</a>.</p>
<p>If your language of choice is <a href="http://code.google.com/p/appengine-mapreduce/wiki/GettingStartedInPython" rel="nofollow">Python</a>, you just have to register your mapper in a <em>mapreduce.yaml</em> file and define a function like this:</p>
<pre><code>from mapreduce import operation as op
def process(entity):
yield op.db.Delete(entity)
</code></pre>
<p>On <a href="http://code.google.com/p/appengine-mapreduce/wiki/GettingStartedInJava" rel="nofollow">Java</a> you should have a look to <a href="http://ikaisays.com/2010/07/09/using-the-java-mapper-framework-for-app-engine/" rel="nofollow">this article</a> that suggests a function like this:</p>
<pre><code>@Override
public void map(Key key, Entity value, Context context) {
log.info("Adding key to deletion pool: " + key);
DatastoreMutationPool mutationPool = this.getAppEngineContext(context)
.getMutationPool();
mutationPool.delete(value.getKey());
}
</code></pre>
| 5 | 2010-09-08T20:49:35Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 4,600,511 | <p>If you are using Java/JPA you can do something like this:</p>
<pre><code> em = EntityManagerFactoryUtils.getTransactionalEntityManager(entityManagerFactory)
Query q = em.createQuery("delete from Table t");
int number = q.executeUpdate();
</code></pre>
<p>Java/JDO info can be found here: <a href="http://code.google.com/appengine/docs/java/datastore/queriesandindexes.html#Delete_By_Query" rel="nofollow">http://code.google.com/appengine/docs/java/datastore/queriesandindexes.html#Delete_By_Query</a></p>
| 1 | 2011-01-05T03:12:37Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 7,291,775 | <p>Thank you all guys, I got what I need. :D<br>
This may be useful if you have lots db models to delete, you can dispatch it in your terminal. And also, you can manage the delete list in DB_MODEL_LIST yourself.<br>
Delete DB_1:</p>
<pre><code>python bulkdel.py 10 DB_1
</code></pre>
<p>Delete All DB:</p>
<pre><code>python bulkdel.py 11
</code></pre>
<p>Here is the bulkdel.py file:</p>
<pre><code>import sys, os
URL = 'http://localhost:8080'
DB_MODEL_LIST = ['DB_1', 'DB_2', 'DB_3']
# Delete Model
if sys.argv[1] == '10' :
command = 'curl %s/clear_db?model=%s' % ( URL, sys.argv[2] )
os.system( command )
# Delete All DB Models
if sys.argv[1] == '11' :
for model in DB_MODEL_LIST :
command = 'curl %s/clear_db?model=%s' % ( URL, model )
os.system( command )
</code></pre>
<p>And here is the modified version of alexandre fiori's code.</p>
<pre><code>from google.appengine.ext import db
class DBDelete( webapp.RequestHandler ):
def get( self ):
self.response.headers['Content-Type'] = 'text/plain'
db_model = self.request.get('model')
sql = 'SELECT __key__ FROM %s' % db_model
try:
while True:
q = db.GqlQuery( sql )
assert q.count()
db.delete( q.fetch(200) )
time.sleep(0.5)
except Exception, e:
self.response.out.write( repr(e)+'\n' )
pass
</code></pre>
<p>And of course, you should map the link to model in a file(like main.py in GAE), ;)<br>
In case some guys like me need it in detail, here is part of main.py:</p>
<pre><code>from google.appengine.ext import webapp
import utility # DBDelete was defined in utility.py
application = webapp.WSGIApplication([('/clear_db',utility.DBDelete ),('/',views.MainPage )],debug = True)
</code></pre>
| 0 | 2011-09-03T07:27:45Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 7,464,545 | <p>You can now use the Datastore Admin for that: <a href="https://developers.google.com/appengine/docs/adminconsole/datastoreadmin#Deleting_Entities_in_Bulk">https://developers.google.com/appengine/docs/adminconsole/datastoreadmin#Deleting_Entities_in_Bulk</a></p>
| 20 | 2011-09-18T21:17:52Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 8,444,988 | <p>Yes you can:
Go to Datastore Admin, and then select the Entitiy type you want to delete and click Delete.
Mapreduce will take care of deleting!</p>
| 1 | 2011-12-09T11:42:36Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 13,626,511 | <p>In javascript, the following will delete all the entries for on page:</p>
<pre><code>document.getElementById("allkeys").checked=true;
checkAllEntities();
document.getElementById("delete_button").setAttribute("onclick","");
document.getElementById("delete_button").click();
</code></pre>
<p>given that you are on the admin-page (.../_ah/admin) with the entities you want to delete.</p>
| -2 | 2012-11-29T13:06:19Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Delete all data for a kind in Google App Engine | 108,822 | <p>I would like to wipe out all data for a specific kind in Google App Engine. What is the
best way to do this?
I wrote a delete script (hack), but since there is so much data is
timeout's out after a few hundred records. </p>
| 40 | 2008-09-20T17:34:24Z | 33,964,279 | <p>On a <a href="https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/tools/devserver?hl=en" rel="nofollow">dev server</a>, one can cd to his app's directory then run it like this:</p>
<pre><code>dev_appserver.py --clear_datastore=yes .
</code></pre>
<p>Doing so will start the app and clear the datastore. If you already have another instance running, the app won't be able to bind to the needed IP and therefore fail to start...and to clear your datastore. </p>
| 0 | 2015-11-27T20:11:34Z | [
"python",
"google-app-engine"
] |
Python Music Library? | 108,848 | <p>I'm looking at writing a little drum machine in Python for fun. I've googled some and found the python pages on <a href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonInMusic">music</a> and <a href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/Audio/">basic audio</a> as well as a StackOverflow question on <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/45385/good-python-library-for-generating-audio-files">generating audio files</a>, but <strong><em>what I'm looking for is a decent library for music creation</em></strong>. Has anyone on here tried to do something like this before? If so, what was your solution? What, either of the ones I've found, or something I haven't found, would be a decent library for audio manipulation?</p>
<p>Minimally, I'd like to be able to do something similar to <a href="http://audacity.sourceforge.net/">Audacity's</a> scope within python, but if anyone knows of a library that can do more... I'm all ears.</p>
| 36 | 2008-09-20T17:42:53Z | 108,885 | <p>There is a variety of Python music software, you can find a catalog <a href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonInMusic" rel="nofollow">here</a>.</p>
<p>If you scroll down the linked page, you find a section on <strong>Music Programming in Python</strong> describing several music creation packages including <a href="http://musickit.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow">MusicKit</a> and <a href="http://sndobj.sourceforge.net/#python" rel="nofollow">PySndObj</a>.</p>
| 4 | 2008-09-20T18:01:39Z | [
"python",
"audio",
"music"
] |
Python Music Library? | 108,848 | <p>I'm looking at writing a little drum machine in Python for fun. I've googled some and found the python pages on <a href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonInMusic">music</a> and <a href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/Audio/">basic audio</a> as well as a StackOverflow question on <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/45385/good-python-library-for-generating-audio-files">generating audio files</a>, but <strong><em>what I'm looking for is a decent library for music creation</em></strong>. Has anyone on here tried to do something like this before? If so, what was your solution? What, either of the ones I've found, or something I haven't found, would be a decent library for audio manipulation?</p>
<p>Minimally, I'd like to be able to do something similar to <a href="http://audacity.sourceforge.net/">Audacity's</a> scope within python, but if anyone knows of a library that can do more... I'm all ears.</p>
| 36 | 2008-09-20T17:42:53Z | 108,936 | <p>I had to do this years ago. I used pymedia. I am not sure if it is still around any way here is some test code I wrote when I was playing with it. It is about 3 years old though.</p>
<p><strong>Edit:</strong> The sample code plays an MP3 file</p>
<pre><code>import pymedia
import time
demuxer = pymedia.muxer.Demuxer('mp3') #this thing decodes the multipart file i call it a demucker
f = open(r"path to \song.mp3", 'rb')
spot = f.read()
frames = demuxer.parse(spot)
print 'read it has %i frames' % len(frames)
decoder = pymedia.audio.acodec.Decoder(demuxer.streams[0]) #this thing does the actual decoding
frame = decoder.decode(spot)
print dir(frame)
#sys.exit(1)
sound = pymedia.audio.sound
print frame.bitrate, frame.sample_rate
song = sound.Output( frame.sample_rate, frame.channels, 16 ) #this thing handles playing the song
while len(spot) > 0:
try:
if frame: song.play(frame.data)
spot = f.read(512)
frame = decoder.decode(spot)
except:
pass
while song.isPlaying(): time.sleep(.05)
print 'well done'
</code></pre>
| 7 | 2008-09-20T18:33:16Z | [
"python",
"audio",
"music"
] |
Python Music Library? | 108,848 | <p>I'm looking at writing a little drum machine in Python for fun. I've googled some and found the python pages on <a href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonInMusic">music</a> and <a href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/Audio/">basic audio</a> as well as a StackOverflow question on <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/45385/good-python-library-for-generating-audio-files">generating audio files</a>, but <strong><em>what I'm looking for is a decent library for music creation</em></strong>. Has anyone on here tried to do something like this before? If so, what was your solution? What, either of the ones I've found, or something I haven't found, would be a decent library for audio manipulation?</p>
<p>Minimally, I'd like to be able to do something similar to <a href="http://audacity.sourceforge.net/">Audacity's</a> scope within python, but if anyone knows of a library that can do more... I'm all ears.</p>
| 36 | 2008-09-20T17:42:53Z | 109,147 | <p>Take a close look at <a href="http://www.csounds.com/">cSounds</a>. There are Python bindings allow you to do pretty flexible digital synthesis. There are some pretty complete packages available, too. </p>
<p>See <a href="http://www.csounds.com/node/188">http://www.csounds.com/node/188</a> for a package.</p>
<p>See <a href="http://www.csounds.com/journal/issue6/pythonOpcodes.html">http://www.csounds.com/journal/issue6/pythonOpcodes.html</a> for information on Python scripting within cSounds.</p>
| 13 | 2008-09-20T19:51:39Z | [
"python",
"audio",
"music"
] |
Python Music Library? | 108,848 | <p>I'm looking at writing a little drum machine in Python for fun. I've googled some and found the python pages on <a href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonInMusic">music</a> and <a href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/Audio/">basic audio</a> as well as a StackOverflow question on <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/45385/good-python-library-for-generating-audio-files">generating audio files</a>, but <strong><em>what I'm looking for is a decent library for music creation</em></strong>. Has anyone on here tried to do something like this before? If so, what was your solution? What, either of the ones I've found, or something I haven't found, would be a decent library for audio manipulation?</p>
<p>Minimally, I'd like to be able to do something similar to <a href="http://audacity.sourceforge.net/">Audacity's</a> scope within python, but if anyone knows of a library that can do more... I'm all ears.</p>
| 36 | 2008-09-20T17:42:53Z | 109,642 | <p>In addition to what has been mentioned previously, I wrote a simple Python audio editor.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/yaalp/source/browse/#svn/trunk" rel="nofollow">http://code.google.com/p/yaalp/source/browse/#svn/trunk</a>
See main.py.</p>
<p>It also has audio manipulation and some effects.</p>
<p>Code's GPL, so this could be a starting point for you.</p>
| 1 | 2008-09-20T22:39:12Z | [
"python",
"audio",
"music"
] |
Python Music Library? | 108,848 | <p>I'm looking at writing a little drum machine in Python for fun. I've googled some and found the python pages on <a href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonInMusic">music</a> and <a href="http://wiki.python.org/moin/Audio/">basic audio</a> as well as a StackOverflow question on <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/45385/good-python-library-for-generating-audio-files">generating audio files</a>, but <strong><em>what I'm looking for is a decent library for music creation</em></strong>. Has anyone on here tried to do something like this before? If so, what was your solution? What, either of the ones I've found, or something I haven't found, would be a decent library for audio manipulation?</p>
<p>Minimally, I'd like to be able to do something similar to <a href="http://audacity.sourceforge.net/">Audacity's</a> scope within python, but if anyone knows of a library that can do more... I'm all ears.</p>
| 36 | 2008-09-20T17:42:53Z | 3,761,953 | <p>Also check out <a href="http://code.google.com/p/pyo/" rel="nofollow">http://code.google.com/p/pyo/</a></p>
| 2 | 2010-09-21T15:40:27Z | [
"python",
"audio",
"music"
] |
Is there something like 'autotest' for Python unittests? | 108,892 | <p>Basically, growl notifications (or other callbacks) when tests break or pass. <strong>Does anything like this exist?</strong></p>
<p>If not, it should be pretty easy to write.. Easiest way would be to..</p>
<ol>
<li>run <code>python-autotest myfile1.py myfile2.py etc.py</code></li>
<li>Check if files-to-be-monitored have been modified (possibly just if they've been saved).</li>
<li>Run any tests in those files.</li>
<li>If a test fails, but in the previous run it passed, generate a growl alert. Same with tests that fail then pass.</li>
<li>Wait, and repeat steps 2-5.</li>
</ol>
<p>The problem I can see there is if the tests are in a different file. The simple solution would be to run all the tests after each save.. but with slower tests, this might take longer than the time between saves, and/or could use a lot of CPU power etc..</p>
<p>The best way to do it would be to actually see what bits of code have changed, if function abc() has changed, only run tests that interact with this.. While this would be great, I think it'd be extremely complex to implement?</p>
<p>To summarise:</p>
<ul>
<li>Is there anything like the Ruby tool <code>autotest</code> (part of the <a href="http://www.zenspider.com/ZSS/Products/ZenTest/">ZenTest package</a>), but for Python code?</li>
<li>How do you check which functions have changed between two revisions of a script?</li>
<li>Is it possible to determine which functions a command will call? (Somewhat like a reverse traceback)</li>
</ul>
| 39 | 2008-09-20T18:07:40Z | 108,911 | <p>Maybe buildbot would be useful <a href="http://buildbot.net/trac" rel="nofollow">http://buildbot.net/trac</a> </p>
| 2 | 2008-09-20T18:18:11Z | [
"python",
"testing"
] |
Is there something like 'autotest' for Python unittests? | 108,892 | <p>Basically, growl notifications (or other callbacks) when tests break or pass. <strong>Does anything like this exist?</strong></p>
<p>If not, it should be pretty easy to write.. Easiest way would be to..</p>
<ol>
<li>run <code>python-autotest myfile1.py myfile2.py etc.py</code></li>
<li>Check if files-to-be-monitored have been modified (possibly just if they've been saved).</li>
<li>Run any tests in those files.</li>
<li>If a test fails, but in the previous run it passed, generate a growl alert. Same with tests that fail then pass.</li>
<li>Wait, and repeat steps 2-5.</li>
</ol>
<p>The problem I can see there is if the tests are in a different file. The simple solution would be to run all the tests after each save.. but with slower tests, this might take longer than the time between saves, and/or could use a lot of CPU power etc..</p>
<p>The best way to do it would be to actually see what bits of code have changed, if function abc() has changed, only run tests that interact with this.. While this would be great, I think it'd be extremely complex to implement?</p>
<p>To summarise:</p>
<ul>
<li>Is there anything like the Ruby tool <code>autotest</code> (part of the <a href="http://www.zenspider.com/ZSS/Products/ZenTest/">ZenTest package</a>), but for Python code?</li>
<li>How do you check which functions have changed between two revisions of a script?</li>
<li>Is it possible to determine which functions a command will call? (Somewhat like a reverse traceback)</li>
</ul>
| 39 | 2008-09-20T18:07:40Z | 108,934 | <p>For your third question, maybe the <code>trace</code> module is what you need:</p>
<pre><code>>>> def y(a): return a*a
>>> def x(a): return y(a)
>>> import trace
>>> tracer = trace.Trace(countfuncs = 1)
>>> tracer.runfunc(x, 2)
4
>>> res = tracer.results()
>>> res.calledfuncs
{('<stdin>', '<stdin>', 'y'): 1, ('<stdin>', '<stdin>', 'x'): 1}
</code></pre>
<p><code>res.calledfuncs</code> contains the functions that were called. If you specify <code>countcallers = 1</code> when creating the tracer, you can get caller/callee relationships. See the <a href="http://docs.python.org/lib/trace-api.html" rel="nofollow">docs of the <code>trace</code> module</a> for more information.</p>
<p>You can also try to get the calls via static analysis, but this can be dangerous due to the dynamic nature of Python. </p>
| 2 | 2008-09-20T18:32:54Z | [
"python",
"testing"
] |
Is there something like 'autotest' for Python unittests? | 108,892 | <p>Basically, growl notifications (or other callbacks) when tests break or pass. <strong>Does anything like this exist?</strong></p>
<p>If not, it should be pretty easy to write.. Easiest way would be to..</p>
<ol>
<li>run <code>python-autotest myfile1.py myfile2.py etc.py</code></li>
<li>Check if files-to-be-monitored have been modified (possibly just if they've been saved).</li>
<li>Run any tests in those files.</li>
<li>If a test fails, but in the previous run it passed, generate a growl alert. Same with tests that fail then pass.</li>
<li>Wait, and repeat steps 2-5.</li>
</ol>
<p>The problem I can see there is if the tests are in a different file. The simple solution would be to run all the tests after each save.. but with slower tests, this might take longer than the time between saves, and/or could use a lot of CPU power etc..</p>
<p>The best way to do it would be to actually see what bits of code have changed, if function abc() has changed, only run tests that interact with this.. While this would be great, I think it'd be extremely complex to implement?</p>
<p>To summarise:</p>
<ul>
<li>Is there anything like the Ruby tool <code>autotest</code> (part of the <a href="http://www.zenspider.com/ZSS/Products/ZenTest/">ZenTest package</a>), but for Python code?</li>
<li>How do you check which functions have changed between two revisions of a script?</li>
<li>Is it possible to determine which functions a command will call? (Somewhat like a reverse traceback)</li>
</ul>
| 39 | 2008-09-20T18:07:40Z | 109,007 | <p>Django's development server has a file change monitor that watches for modifications and automatically reloads itself. You could re-use this code to launch unit tests on file modification.</p>
| 2 | 2008-09-20T19:00:04Z | [
"python",
"testing"
] |
Is there something like 'autotest' for Python unittests? | 108,892 | <p>Basically, growl notifications (or other callbacks) when tests break or pass. <strong>Does anything like this exist?</strong></p>
<p>If not, it should be pretty easy to write.. Easiest way would be to..</p>
<ol>
<li>run <code>python-autotest myfile1.py myfile2.py etc.py</code></li>
<li>Check if files-to-be-monitored have been modified (possibly just if they've been saved).</li>
<li>Run any tests in those files.</li>
<li>If a test fails, but in the previous run it passed, generate a growl alert. Same with tests that fail then pass.</li>
<li>Wait, and repeat steps 2-5.</li>
</ol>
<p>The problem I can see there is if the tests are in a different file. The simple solution would be to run all the tests after each save.. but with slower tests, this might take longer than the time between saves, and/or could use a lot of CPU power etc..</p>
<p>The best way to do it would be to actually see what bits of code have changed, if function abc() has changed, only run tests that interact with this.. While this would be great, I think it'd be extremely complex to implement?</p>
<p>To summarise:</p>
<ul>
<li>Is there anything like the Ruby tool <code>autotest</code> (part of the <a href="http://www.zenspider.com/ZSS/Products/ZenTest/">ZenTest package</a>), but for Python code?</li>
<li>How do you check which functions have changed between two revisions of a script?</li>
<li>Is it possible to determine which functions a command will call? (Somewhat like a reverse traceback)</li>
</ul>
| 39 | 2008-09-20T18:07:40Z | 109,011 | <p>Maybe Nose <a href="http://somethingaboutorange.com/mrl/projects/nose/" rel="nofollow">http://somethingaboutorange.com/mrl/projects/nose/</a> has a plugin <a href="http://somethingaboutorange.com/mrl/projects/nose/doc/writing_plugins.html" rel="nofollow">http://somethingaboutorange.com/mrl/projects/nose/doc/writing_plugins.html</a></p>
<p>Found this: <a href="http://jeffwinkler.net/2006/04/27/keeping-your-nose-green/" rel="nofollow">http://jeffwinkler.net/2006/04/27/keeping-your-nose-green/</a></p>
| 2 | 2008-09-20T19:01:22Z | [
"python",
"testing"
] |
Is there something like 'autotest' for Python unittests? | 108,892 | <p>Basically, growl notifications (or other callbacks) when tests break or pass. <strong>Does anything like this exist?</strong></p>
<p>If not, it should be pretty easy to write.. Easiest way would be to..</p>
<ol>
<li>run <code>python-autotest myfile1.py myfile2.py etc.py</code></li>
<li>Check if files-to-be-monitored have been modified (possibly just if they've been saved).</li>
<li>Run any tests in those files.</li>
<li>If a test fails, but in the previous run it passed, generate a growl alert. Same with tests that fail then pass.</li>
<li>Wait, and repeat steps 2-5.</li>
</ol>
<p>The problem I can see there is if the tests are in a different file. The simple solution would be to run all the tests after each save.. but with slower tests, this might take longer than the time between saves, and/or could use a lot of CPU power etc..</p>
<p>The best way to do it would be to actually see what bits of code have changed, if function abc() has changed, only run tests that interact with this.. While this would be great, I think it'd be extremely complex to implement?</p>
<p>To summarise:</p>
<ul>
<li>Is there anything like the Ruby tool <code>autotest</code> (part of the <a href="http://www.zenspider.com/ZSS/Products/ZenTest/">ZenTest package</a>), but for Python code?</li>
<li>How do you check which functions have changed between two revisions of a script?</li>
<li>Is it possible to determine which functions a command will call? (Somewhat like a reverse traceback)</li>
</ul>
| 39 | 2008-09-20T18:07:40Z | 482,668 | <p><a href="http://github.com/gfxmonk/autonose/tree/master">autonose</a> created by <a href="http://gfxmonk.net/">gfxmonk</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Autonose is an autotest-like tool for python, using the excellent nosetest library.</p>
<p>autotest tracks filesystem changes and automatically re-run any changed tests or dependencies whenever a file is added, removed or updated. A file counts as changed if it has iself been modified, or if any file it <code>import</code>s has changed.</p>
<p>...</p>
<p>Autonose currently has a native GUI for OSX and GTK. If neither of those are available to you, you can instead run the console version (with the --console option).</p>
</blockquote>
| 16 | 2009-01-27T08:42:41Z | [
"python",
"testing"
] |
Is there something like 'autotest' for Python unittests? | 108,892 | <p>Basically, growl notifications (or other callbacks) when tests break or pass. <strong>Does anything like this exist?</strong></p>
<p>If not, it should be pretty easy to write.. Easiest way would be to..</p>
<ol>
<li>run <code>python-autotest myfile1.py myfile2.py etc.py</code></li>
<li>Check if files-to-be-monitored have been modified (possibly just if they've been saved).</li>
<li>Run any tests in those files.</li>
<li>If a test fails, but in the previous run it passed, generate a growl alert. Same with tests that fail then pass.</li>
<li>Wait, and repeat steps 2-5.</li>
</ol>
<p>The problem I can see there is if the tests are in a different file. The simple solution would be to run all the tests after each save.. but with slower tests, this might take longer than the time between saves, and/or could use a lot of CPU power etc..</p>
<p>The best way to do it would be to actually see what bits of code have changed, if function abc() has changed, only run tests that interact with this.. While this would be great, I think it'd be extremely complex to implement?</p>
<p>To summarise:</p>
<ul>
<li>Is there anything like the Ruby tool <code>autotest</code> (part of the <a href="http://www.zenspider.com/ZSS/Products/ZenTest/">ZenTest package</a>), but for Python code?</li>
<li>How do you check which functions have changed between two revisions of a script?</li>
<li>Is it possible to determine which functions a command will call? (Somewhat like a reverse traceback)</li>
</ul>
| 39 | 2008-09-20T18:07:40Z | 1,744,498 | <p>I just found this: <a href="http://www.metareal.org/p/modipyd/" rel="nofollow">http://www.metareal.org/p/modipyd/</a></p>
<p>I'm currently using thumb.py, but as my current project transitions from a small project to a medium sized one, I've been looking for something that can do a bit more thorough dependency analysis, and with a few tweaks, I got modipyd up and running pretty quickly.</p>
| 3 | 2009-11-16T19:58:57Z | [
"python",
"testing"
] |
Is there something like 'autotest' for Python unittests? | 108,892 | <p>Basically, growl notifications (or other callbacks) when tests break or pass. <strong>Does anything like this exist?</strong></p>
<p>If not, it should be pretty easy to write.. Easiest way would be to..</p>
<ol>
<li>run <code>python-autotest myfile1.py myfile2.py etc.py</code></li>
<li>Check if files-to-be-monitored have been modified (possibly just if they've been saved).</li>
<li>Run any tests in those files.</li>
<li>If a test fails, but in the previous run it passed, generate a growl alert. Same with tests that fail then pass.</li>
<li>Wait, and repeat steps 2-5.</li>
</ol>
<p>The problem I can see there is if the tests are in a different file. The simple solution would be to run all the tests after each save.. but with slower tests, this might take longer than the time between saves, and/or could use a lot of CPU power etc..</p>
<p>The best way to do it would be to actually see what bits of code have changed, if function abc() has changed, only run tests that interact with this.. While this would be great, I think it'd be extremely complex to implement?</p>
<p>To summarise:</p>
<ul>
<li>Is there anything like the Ruby tool <code>autotest</code> (part of the <a href="http://www.zenspider.com/ZSS/Products/ZenTest/">ZenTest package</a>), but for Python code?</li>
<li>How do you check which functions have changed between two revisions of a script?</li>
<li>Is it possible to determine which functions a command will call? (Somewhat like a reverse traceback)</li>
</ul>
| 39 | 2008-09-20T18:07:40Z | 9,461,979 | <p>I found <a href="https://github.com/gfxmonk/autonose">autonose</a> to be pretty unreliable but <a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/sniffer/0.2.3">sniffer</a> seems to work very well.</p>
<pre><code>$ pip install sniffer
$ cd myproject
</code></pre>
<p>Then instead of running "nosetests", you run:</p>
<pre><code>$ sniffer
</code></pre>
<p>Or instead of <code>nosetests --verbose --with-doctest</code>, you run:</p>
<pre><code>$ sniffer -x--verbose -x--with-doctest
</code></pre>
<p>As described in the <a href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/sniffer/0.2.3">readme</a>, it's a good idea to install one of the platform-specific filesystem-watching libraries, <code>pyinotify</code>, <code>pywin32</code> or <code>MacFSEvents</code> (all installable via <code>pip</code> etc)</p>
| 24 | 2012-02-27T08:28:14Z | [
"python",
"testing"
] |
Is there something like 'autotest' for Python unittests? | 108,892 | <p>Basically, growl notifications (or other callbacks) when tests break or pass. <strong>Does anything like this exist?</strong></p>
<p>If not, it should be pretty easy to write.. Easiest way would be to..</p>
<ol>
<li>run <code>python-autotest myfile1.py myfile2.py etc.py</code></li>
<li>Check if files-to-be-monitored have been modified (possibly just if they've been saved).</li>
<li>Run any tests in those files.</li>
<li>If a test fails, but in the previous run it passed, generate a growl alert. Same with tests that fail then pass.</li>
<li>Wait, and repeat steps 2-5.</li>
</ol>
<p>The problem I can see there is if the tests are in a different file. The simple solution would be to run all the tests after each save.. but with slower tests, this might take longer than the time between saves, and/or could use a lot of CPU power etc..</p>
<p>The best way to do it would be to actually see what bits of code have changed, if function abc() has changed, only run tests that interact with this.. While this would be great, I think it'd be extremely complex to implement?</p>
<p>To summarise:</p>
<ul>
<li>Is there anything like the Ruby tool <code>autotest</code> (part of the <a href="http://www.zenspider.com/ZSS/Products/ZenTest/">ZenTest package</a>), but for Python code?</li>
<li>How do you check which functions have changed between two revisions of a script?</li>
<li>Is it possible to determine which functions a command will call? (Somewhat like a reverse traceback)</li>
</ul>
| 39 | 2008-09-20T18:07:40Z | 17,866,537 | <p><a href="https://github.com/guard/guard" rel="nofollow">Guard</a> is an excellent tool that monitors for file changes and triggers tasks automatically. It's written in Ruby, but it can be used as a standalone tool for any task like this. There's a <a href="https://github.com/medihack/guard-nosetests" rel="nofollow">guard-nosetests</a> plugin to run Python tests via <a href="https://nose.readthedocs.org/en/latest/" rel="nofollow">nose</a>.</p>
<p>Guard supports cross-platform notifications (Linux, OSX, Windows), including Growl, as well as many other great features. One of my can't-live-without dev tools.</p>
| 2 | 2013-07-25T18:59:37Z | [
"python",
"testing"
] |
Is there something like 'autotest' for Python unittests? | 108,892 | <p>Basically, growl notifications (or other callbacks) when tests break or pass. <strong>Does anything like this exist?</strong></p>
<p>If not, it should be pretty easy to write.. Easiest way would be to..</p>
<ol>
<li>run <code>python-autotest myfile1.py myfile2.py etc.py</code></li>
<li>Check if files-to-be-monitored have been modified (possibly just if they've been saved).</li>
<li>Run any tests in those files.</li>
<li>If a test fails, but in the previous run it passed, generate a growl alert. Same with tests that fail then pass.</li>
<li>Wait, and repeat steps 2-5.</li>
</ol>
<p>The problem I can see there is if the tests are in a different file. The simple solution would be to run all the tests after each save.. but with slower tests, this might take longer than the time between saves, and/or could use a lot of CPU power etc..</p>
<p>The best way to do it would be to actually see what bits of code have changed, if function abc() has changed, only run tests that interact with this.. While this would be great, I think it'd be extremely complex to implement?</p>
<p>To summarise:</p>
<ul>
<li>Is there anything like the Ruby tool <code>autotest</code> (part of the <a href="http://www.zenspider.com/ZSS/Products/ZenTest/">ZenTest package</a>), but for Python code?</li>
<li>How do you check which functions have changed between two revisions of a script?</li>
<li>Is it possible to determine which functions a command will call? (Somewhat like a reverse traceback)</li>
</ul>
| 39 | 2008-09-20T18:07:40Z | 20,275,347 | <p>Check out pytddmon. Here is a video demonstration of how to use it:
<a href="http://pytddmon.org/?page_id=33" rel="nofollow">http://pytddmon.org/?page_id=33</a></p>
| 1 | 2013-11-28T22:00:26Z | [
"python",
"testing"
] |
How to get instance variables in Python? | 109,087 | <p>Is there a built-in method in Python to get an array of all a class' instance variables? For example, if I have this code:</p>
<pre><code>class hi:
def __init__(self):
self.ii = "foo"
self.kk = "bar"
</code></pre>
<p>Is there a way for me to do this:</p>
<pre><code>>>> mystery_method(hi)
["ii", "kk"]
</code></pre>
<p>Thanks guys!</p>
<p>Edit: I originally had asked for class variables erroneously. Thanks to all who brought this to my attention!</p>
| 66 | 2008-09-20T19:30:24Z | 109,106 | <p>Every object has a <code>__dict__</code> variable containing all the variables and its values in it.</p>
<p>Try this</p>
<pre><code>>>> hi_obj = hi()
>>> hi_obj.__dict__.keys()
</code></pre>
| 78 | 2008-09-20T19:34:17Z | [
"python",
"methods",
"instance-variables"
] |
How to get instance variables in Python? | 109,087 | <p>Is there a built-in method in Python to get an array of all a class' instance variables? For example, if I have this code:</p>
<pre><code>class hi:
def __init__(self):
self.ii = "foo"
self.kk = "bar"
</code></pre>
<p>Is there a way for me to do this:</p>
<pre><code>>>> mystery_method(hi)
["ii", "kk"]
</code></pre>
<p>Thanks guys!</p>
<p>Edit: I originally had asked for class variables erroneously. Thanks to all who brought this to my attention!</p>
| 66 | 2008-09-20T19:30:24Z | 109,118 | <p>You normally can't get instance attributes given just a class, at least not without instantiating the class. You can get instance attributes given an instance, though, or class attributes given a class. See the 'inspect' module. You can't get a list of instance attributes because instances really can have anything as attribute, and -- as in your example -- the normal way to create them is to just assign to them in the __init__ method.</p>
<p>An exception is if your class uses slots, which is a fixed list of attributes that the class allows instances to have. Slots are explained in <a href="http://www.python.org/2.2.3/descrintro.html">http://www.python.org/2.2.3/descrintro.html</a>, but there are various pitfalls with slots; they affect memory layout, so multiple inheritance may be problematic, and inheritance in general has to take slots into account, too.</p>
| 13 | 2008-09-20T19:38:01Z | [
"python",
"methods",
"instance-variables"
] |
How to get instance variables in Python? | 109,087 | <p>Is there a built-in method in Python to get an array of all a class' instance variables? For example, if I have this code:</p>
<pre><code>class hi:
def __init__(self):
self.ii = "foo"
self.kk = "bar"
</code></pre>
<p>Is there a way for me to do this:</p>
<pre><code>>>> mystery_method(hi)
["ii", "kk"]
</code></pre>
<p>Thanks guys!</p>
<p>Edit: I originally had asked for class variables erroneously. Thanks to all who brought this to my attention!</p>
| 66 | 2008-09-20T19:30:24Z | 109,122 | <p>You can also test if an object has a specific variable with:</p>
<pre><code>>>> hi_obj = hi()
>>> hasattr(hi_obj, "some attribute")
</code></pre>
| 8 | 2008-09-20T19:39:31Z | [
"python",
"methods",
"instance-variables"
] |
How to get instance variables in Python? | 109,087 | <p>Is there a built-in method in Python to get an array of all a class' instance variables? For example, if I have this code:</p>
<pre><code>class hi:
def __init__(self):
self.ii = "foo"
self.kk = "bar"
</code></pre>
<p>Is there a way for me to do this:</p>
<pre><code>>>> mystery_method(hi)
["ii", "kk"]
</code></pre>
<p>Thanks guys!</p>
<p>Edit: I originally had asked for class variables erroneously. Thanks to all who brought this to my attention!</p>
| 66 | 2008-09-20T19:30:24Z | 109,127 | <p>Your example shows "instance variables", not really class variables.</p>
<p>Look in <code>hi_obj.__class__.__dict__.items()</code> for the class variables, along with other other class members like member functions and the containing module.</p>
<pre><code>class Hi( object ):
class_var = ( 23, 'skidoo' ) # class variable
def __init__( self ):
self.ii = "foo" # instance variable
self.jj = "bar"
</code></pre>
<p>Class variables are shared by all instances of the class.</p>
| 4 | 2008-09-20T19:42:43Z | [
"python",
"methods",
"instance-variables"
] |
How to get instance variables in Python? | 109,087 | <p>Is there a built-in method in Python to get an array of all a class' instance variables? For example, if I have this code:</p>
<pre><code>class hi:
def __init__(self):
self.ii = "foo"
self.kk = "bar"
</code></pre>
<p>Is there a way for me to do this:</p>
<pre><code>>>> mystery_method(hi)
["ii", "kk"]
</code></pre>
<p>Thanks guys!</p>
<p>Edit: I originally had asked for class variables erroneously. Thanks to all who brought this to my attention!</p>
| 66 | 2008-09-20T19:30:24Z | 109,173 | <p>Use vars()</p>
<pre><code>class Foo(object):
def __init__(self):
self.a = 1
self.b = 2
vars(Foo()) #==> {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
vars(Foo()).keys() #==> ['a', 'b']
</code></pre>
| 63 | 2008-09-20T20:02:26Z | [
"python",
"methods",
"instance-variables"
] |
How to get instance variables in Python? | 109,087 | <p>Is there a built-in method in Python to get an array of all a class' instance variables? For example, if I have this code:</p>
<pre><code>class hi:
def __init__(self):
self.ii = "foo"
self.kk = "bar"
</code></pre>
<p>Is there a way for me to do this:</p>
<pre><code>>>> mystery_method(hi)
["ii", "kk"]
</code></pre>
<p>Thanks guys!</p>
<p>Edit: I originally had asked for class variables erroneously. Thanks to all who brought this to my attention!</p>
| 66 | 2008-09-20T19:30:24Z | 109,207 | <p>Suggest</p>
<pre><code>>>> print vars.__doc__
vars([object]) -> dictionary
Without arguments, equivalent to locals().
With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__.
</code></pre>
<p>In otherwords, it essentially just wraps __dict__ </p>
| 6 | 2008-09-20T20:12:58Z | [
"python",
"methods",
"instance-variables"
] |
How to get instance variables in Python? | 109,087 | <p>Is there a built-in method in Python to get an array of all a class' instance variables? For example, if I have this code:</p>
<pre><code>class hi:
def __init__(self):
self.ii = "foo"
self.kk = "bar"
</code></pre>
<p>Is there a way for me to do this:</p>
<pre><code>>>> mystery_method(hi)
["ii", "kk"]
</code></pre>
<p>Thanks guys!</p>
<p>Edit: I originally had asked for class variables erroneously. Thanks to all who brought this to my attention!</p>
| 66 | 2008-09-20T19:30:24Z | 111,876 | <p>Although not directly an answer to the OP question, there is a pretty sweet way of finding out what variables are in scope in a function. take a look at this code:</p>
<pre><code>>>> def f(x, y):
z = x**2 + y**2
sqrt_z = z**.5
return sqrt_z
>>> f.func_code.co_varnames
('x', 'y', 'z', 'sqrt_z')
>>>
</code></pre>
<p>The func_code attribute has all kinds of interesting things in it. It allows you todo some cool stuff. Here is an example of how I have have used this:</p>
<pre><code>def exec_command(self, cmd, msg, sig):
def message(msg):
a = self.link.process(self.link.recieved_message(msg))
self.exec_command(*a)
def error(msg):
self.printer.printInfo(msg)
def set_usrlist(msg):
self.client.connected_users = msg
def chatmessage(msg):
self.printer.printInfo(msg)
if not locals().has_key(cmd): return
cmd = locals()[cmd]
try:
if 'sig' in cmd.func_code.co_varnames and \
'msg' in cmd.func_code.co_varnames:
cmd(msg, sig)
elif 'msg' in cmd.func_code.co_varnames:
cmd(msg)
else:
cmd()
except Exception, e:
print '\n-----------ERROR-----------'
print 'error: ', e
print 'Error proccessing: ', cmd.__name__
print 'Message: ', msg
print 'Sig: ', sig
print '-----------ERROR-----------\n'
</code></pre>
| 5 | 2008-09-21T19:46:01Z | [
"python",
"methods",
"instance-variables"
] |
How to get instance variables in Python? | 109,087 | <p>Is there a built-in method in Python to get an array of all a class' instance variables? For example, if I have this code:</p>
<pre><code>class hi:
def __init__(self):
self.ii = "foo"
self.kk = "bar"
</code></pre>
<p>Is there a way for me to do this:</p>
<pre><code>>>> mystery_method(hi)
["ii", "kk"]
</code></pre>
<p>Thanks guys!</p>
<p>Edit: I originally had asked for class variables erroneously. Thanks to all who brought this to my attention!</p>
| 66 | 2008-09-20T19:30:24Z | 4,522,706 | <p>Both the Vars() and dict methods will work for the example the OP posted, but they won't work for "loosely" defined objects like:</p>
<pre><code>class foo:
a = 'foo'
b = 'bar'
</code></pre>
<p>To print all non-callable attributes, you can use the following function:</p>
<pre><code>def printVars(object):
for i in [v for v in dir(object) if not callable(getattr(object,v))]:
print '\n%s:' % i
exec('print object.%s\n\n') % i
</code></pre>
| 10 | 2010-12-23T21:50:34Z | [
"python",
"methods",
"instance-variables"
] |
Python signal woes: SIGQUIT handler delays execution if SIGQUIT recieved during execution of another signal handler? | 109,705 | <p>The following program is very simple: it outputs a single dot each half a second. If it recieves a <strong>SIGQUIT</strong>, it proceeds to output ten <strong>Q</strong>s. If it recieves a <strong>SIGTSTP</strong> <em>(<kbd>Ctrl</kbd>-<kbd>Z</kbd>)</em>, it outputs ten <strong>Z</strong>s.</p>
<p>If it recieves a <strong>SIGTSTP</strong> while printing <strong>Q</strong>s, it will print ten <strong>Z</strong>s after it's done with the ten <strong>Q</strong>s. This is a good thing.</p>
<p>However, if it recieves a <strong>SIGQUIT</strong> while printing <strong>Z</strong>s, it fails to print <strong>Q</strong>s after them. Instead, it prints them out only after I manually terminate execution via a KeyboardInterrupt. I want the <strong>Q</strong>s to be printed immediately after the <strong>Z</strong>s.</p>
<p>This happens using Python2.3.</p>
<p>I hope I've made a silly, easily-correctable mistake somewhere. What am I doing wrong? Muchas gracias. ^^</p>
<pre><code>#!/usr/bin/python
from signal import *
from time import sleep
from sys import stdout
def write(text):
stdout.write(text)
stdout.flush()
def process_quit(signum, frame):
for i in range(10):
write("Q")
sleep(0.5)
def process_tstp(signum, frame):
for i in range(10):
write("Z")
sleep(0.5)
signal(SIGQUIT, process_quit)
signal(SIGTSTP, process_tstp)
while 1:
write('.')
sleep(0.5)
</code></pre>
| 9 | 2008-09-20T23:02:35Z | 109,783 | <p>Your larger problem is blocking in signal handlers.</p>
<p>This is usually discouraged since it can lead to strange timing conditions. But it's not quite the cause of your problem since the timing condition you're vulnerable to exists because of your choice of signal handlers.</p>
<p>Anyway, here's how to at least minimize the timing condition by only setting flags in your handlers and leaving the main while loop to do the actual work. The explanation for why your code is behaving strangely is described after the code.</p>
<pre><code>#!/usr/bin/python
from signal import *
from time import sleep
from sys import stdout
print_Qs = 0
print_Zs = 0
def write(text):
stdout.write(text)
stdout.flush()
def process_quit(signum, frame):
global print_Qs
print_Qs = 10
def process_tstp(signum, frame):
global print_Zs
print_Zs = 10
signal(SIGQUIT, process_quit)
signal(SIGTSTP, process_tstp)
while 1:
if print_Zs:
print_Zs -= 1
c = 'Z'
elif print_Qs:
print_Qs -= 1
c = 'Q'
else:
c = '.'
write(c)
sleep(0.5)
</code></pre>
<p>Anyway, here's what's going on.</p>
<p>SIGTSTP is more special than SIGQUIT.</p>
<p>SIGTSTP masks the other signals from being delivered while its signal handler is running. When the kernel goes to deliver SIGQUIT and sees that SIGTSTP's handler is still running, it simply saves it for later. Once another signal comes through for delivery, such as SIGINT when you <kbd>CTRL</kbd>+<kbd>C</kbd> (aka KeyboardInterrupt), the kernel remembers that it never delivered SIGQUIT and delivers it now.</p>
<p>You will notice if you change <code>while 1:</code> to <code>for i in range(60):</code> in the main loop and do your test case again, the program will exit without running the SIGTSTP handler since exit doesn't re-trigger the kernel's signal delivery mechanism.</p>
<p>Good luck!</p>
| 5 | 2008-09-20T23:39:49Z | [
"python",
"signals"
] |
Python signal woes: SIGQUIT handler delays execution if SIGQUIT recieved during execution of another signal handler? | 109,705 | <p>The following program is very simple: it outputs a single dot each half a second. If it recieves a <strong>SIGQUIT</strong>, it proceeds to output ten <strong>Q</strong>s. If it recieves a <strong>SIGTSTP</strong> <em>(<kbd>Ctrl</kbd>-<kbd>Z</kbd>)</em>, it outputs ten <strong>Z</strong>s.</p>
<p>If it recieves a <strong>SIGTSTP</strong> while printing <strong>Q</strong>s, it will print ten <strong>Z</strong>s after it's done with the ten <strong>Q</strong>s. This is a good thing.</p>
<p>However, if it recieves a <strong>SIGQUIT</strong> while printing <strong>Z</strong>s, it fails to print <strong>Q</strong>s after them. Instead, it prints them out only after I manually terminate execution via a KeyboardInterrupt. I want the <strong>Q</strong>s to be printed immediately after the <strong>Z</strong>s.</p>
<p>This happens using Python2.3.</p>
<p>I hope I've made a silly, easily-correctable mistake somewhere. What am I doing wrong? Muchas gracias. ^^</p>
<pre><code>#!/usr/bin/python
from signal import *
from time import sleep
from sys import stdout
def write(text):
stdout.write(text)
stdout.flush()
def process_quit(signum, frame):
for i in range(10):
write("Q")
sleep(0.5)
def process_tstp(signum, frame):
for i in range(10):
write("Z")
sleep(0.5)
signal(SIGQUIT, process_quit)
signal(SIGTSTP, process_tstp)
while 1:
write('.')
sleep(0.5)
</code></pre>
| 9 | 2008-09-20T23:02:35Z | 109,803 | <p>On Python 2.5.2 on Linux 2.6.24, your code works exactly as you describe your desired results (if a signal is received while still processing a previous signal, the new signal is processed immediately after the first one is finished).</p>
<p>On Python 2.4.4 on Linux 2.6.16, I see the problem behavior you describe.</p>
<p>I don't know whether this is due to a change in Python or in the Linux kernel.</p>
| 1 | 2008-09-20T23:49:18Z | [
"python",
"signals"
] |
Change the width of form elements created with ModelForm in Django | 110,378 | <p>How can i change the width of a textarea form element if i used ModelForm to create it?</p>
<p>Here is my product class:</p>
<pre><code>class ProductForm(ModelForm):
long_desc = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
short_desc = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
class Meta:
model = Product
</code></pre>
<p>And the template code...</p>
<pre><code>{% for f in form %}
{{ f.name }}:{{ f }}
{% endfor %}
</code></pre>
<p><code>f</code> is the actual form element...</p>
| 42 | 2008-09-21T06:15:13Z | 110,414 | <p><strong>The easiest way for your use case is to use CSS</strong>. It's a language meant for defining presentation. Look at the code generated by form, take note of the ids for fields that interest you, and change appearance of these fields through CSS.</p>
<p>Example for <code>long_desc</code> field in your ProductForm (when your form does not have a custom prefix):</p>
<pre><code>#id_long_desc {
width: 300px;
height: 200px;
}
</code></pre>
<p><strong>Second approach</strong> is to pass the <code>attrs</code> keyword to your widget constructor.</p>
<pre><code>class ProductForm(ModelForm):
long_desc = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea(attrs={'cols': 10, 'rows': 20}))
short_desc = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
class Meta:
model = Product
</code></pre>
<p>It's <a href="http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/forms/widgets/#django.forms.Widget.attrs">described in Django documentation</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Third approach</strong> is to leave the nice declarative interface of newforms for a while and set your widget attributes in custom constructor.</p>
<pre><code>class ProductForm(ModelForm):
long_desc = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
short_desc = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
class Meta:
model = Product
# Edit by bryan
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(ProductForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) # Call to ModelForm constructor
self.fields['long_desc'].widget.attrs['cols'] = 10
self.fields['long_desc'].widget.attrs['rows'] = 20
</code></pre>
<p>This approach has the following advantages:</p>
<ul>
<li>You can define widget attributes for fields that are generated automatically from your model without redefining whole fields.</li>
<li>It doesn't depend on the prefix of your form.</li>
</ul>
| 91 | 2008-09-21T06:44:02Z | [
"python",
"html",
"django",
"django-forms",
"django-templates"
] |
Change the width of form elements created with ModelForm in Django | 110,378 | <p>How can i change the width of a textarea form element if i used ModelForm to create it?</p>
<p>Here is my product class:</p>
<pre><code>class ProductForm(ModelForm):
long_desc = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
short_desc = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
class Meta:
model = Product
</code></pre>
<p>And the template code...</p>
<pre><code>{% for f in form %}
{{ f.name }}:{{ f }}
{% endfor %}
</code></pre>
<p><code>f</code> is the actual form element...</p>
| 42 | 2008-09-21T06:15:13Z | 640,680 | <p>Excellent answer by zuber, but I believe there's an error in the example code for the third approach. The constructor should be:</p>
<pre><code>def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(ProductForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) # Call to ModelForm constructor
self.fields['long_desc'].widget.attrs['cols'] = 10
self.fields['long_desc'].widget.attrs['cols'] = 20
</code></pre>
<p>The Field objects have no 'attrs' attributes, but their widgets do.</p>
| 14 | 2009-03-12T22:02:52Z | [
"python",
"html",
"django",
"django-forms",
"django-templates"
] |
Change the width of form elements created with ModelForm in Django | 110,378 | <p>How can i change the width of a textarea form element if i used ModelForm to create it?</p>
<p>Here is my product class:</p>
<pre><code>class ProductForm(ModelForm):
long_desc = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
short_desc = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)
class Meta:
model = Product
</code></pre>
<p>And the template code...</p>
<pre><code>{% for f in form %}
{{ f.name }}:{{ f }}
{% endfor %}
</code></pre>
<p><code>f</code> is the actual form element...</p>
| 42 | 2008-09-21T06:15:13Z | 25,192,228 | <p>In the event that you're using an add-on like Grappelli that makes heavy use of styles, you may find that any overridden row and col attributes get ignored because of CSS selectors acting on your widget. This could happen when using zuber's excellent Second or Third approach above.</p>
<p>In this case, simply use the First Approach blended with either the Second or Third Approach by setting a 'style' attribute instead of the 'rows' and 'cols' attributes.</p>
<p>Here's an example modifying <strong>init</strong> in the Third Approach above:</p>
<pre><code>def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(ProductForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) # Call to ModelForm constructor
self.fields['short_desc'].widget.attrs['style'] = 'width:400px; height:40px;'
self.fields['long_desc'].widget.attrs['style'] = 'width:800px; height:80px;'
</code></pre>
| 2 | 2014-08-07T21:08:12Z | [
"python",
"html",
"django",
"django-forms",
"django-templates"
] |
Is there an easy way to request a URL in python and NOT follow redirects? | 110,498 | <p>Looking at the source of urllib2 it looks like the easiest way to do it would be to subclass HTTPRedirectHandler and then use build_opener to override the default HTTPRedirectHandler, but this seems like a lot of (relatively complicated) work to do what seems like it should be pretty simple.</p>
| 24 | 2008-09-21T07:49:10Z | 110,547 | <p><a href="http://www.diveintopython.net/http_web_services/redirects.html">Dive Into Python</a> has a good chapter on handling redirects with urllib2. Another solution is <a href="http://docs.python.org/library/httplib.html">httplib</a>.</p>
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>>>> import httplib
>>> conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("www.bogosoft.com")
>>> conn.request("GET", "")
>>> r1 = conn.getresponse()
>>> print r1.status, r1.reason
301 Moved Permanently
>>> print r1.getheader('Location')
http://www.bogosoft.com/new/location
</code></pre>
| 34 | 2008-09-21T08:33:12Z | [
"python",
"http",
"redirect"
] |
Is there an easy way to request a URL in python and NOT follow redirects? | 110,498 | <p>Looking at the source of urllib2 it looks like the easiest way to do it would be to subclass HTTPRedirectHandler and then use build_opener to override the default HTTPRedirectHandler, but this seems like a lot of (relatively complicated) work to do what seems like it should be pretty simple.</p>
| 24 | 2008-09-21T07:49:10Z | 110,808 | <p>I second olt's pointer to <a href="http://www.diveintopython.org/http_web_services/redirects.html">Dive into Python</a>. Here's an implementation using urllib2 redirect handlers, more work than it should be? Maybe, shrug.</p>
<pre><code>import sys
import urllib2
class RedirectHandler(urllib2.HTTPRedirectHandler):
def http_error_301(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
result = urllib2.HTTPRedirectHandler.http_error_301(
self, req, fp, code, msg, headers)
result.status = code
raise Exception("Permanent Redirect: %s" % 301)
def http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
result = urllib2.HTTPRedirectHandler.http_error_302(
self, req, fp, code, msg, headers)
result.status = code
raise Exception("Temporary Redirect: %s" % 302)
def main(script_name, url):
opener = urllib2.build_opener(RedirectHandler)
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
print urllib2.urlopen(url).read()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main(*sys.argv)
</code></pre>
| 5 | 2008-09-21T11:31:20Z | [
"python",
"http",
"redirect"
] |
Is there an easy way to request a URL in python and NOT follow redirects? | 110,498 | <p>Looking at the source of urllib2 it looks like the easiest way to do it would be to subclass HTTPRedirectHandler and then use build_opener to override the default HTTPRedirectHandler, but this seems like a lot of (relatively complicated) work to do what seems like it should be pretty simple.</p>
| 24 | 2008-09-21T07:49:10Z | 111,066 | <p>i suppose this would help</p>
<pre><code>from httplib2 import Http
def get_html(uri,num_redirections=0): # put it as 0 for not to follow redirects
conn = Http()
return conn.request(uri,redirections=num_redirections)
</code></pre>
| 8 | 2008-09-21T13:51:30Z | [
"python",
"http",
"redirect"
] |
Subsets and Splits