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Which of the following virus is from Herpes virus family? | A VIRINAE B VIRINAE VIRINAE Includes HSV 1 HSV 2 HHV 3 Affects Ganglionic cells Includes HHV 5 HHV 6 HHV 7 Affects salivary glands Includes HHV 4 HHV 8 Affects B cells HHV - 3 - varicella zoster HHV - 4 - EBV HHV - 5 - Cytomegalo virus HHV - 8 - Kaposi saroma causing virus HSV - 1 - Herpes simplex virus 1 HSV - 2 - Herpes simplex virus 2 | 4 | Rubella | Measles | Rabies | EBV | Microbiology | FMGE 2019 | afe585cf-e3f9-48db-b638-2f86fd947200 | single |
False about PCOS | In PCOS, LH:FSH ratio is increased Shaw's Textbook of gynaecology,16th edition page no 432 | 1 | High FSH/LH ratio | Bilateral ovarian cyst | Hirsutism | Increased risk of diabetes melitus | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | PCOD, hirsutism and galactorrhea | 78696fc1-ccdd-4122-a5f3-3054b6c42c48 | multi |
A 30-year-old male on methotrexate 7.5 mg once daily for arthritis attends clinic for starting family. Wife takes no other medication apart from OCP. What should be the advice before conceiving? | Ans: A (Husband should stop methotrexate and wife should continue contraception for 3 months) Ref: Internet Source (e Therapeutic Guidelines Complete --Use of Anti-Rheumatic Drugs in Pregnancy) and Textbook of Management of Psoriasis by Nikhil YawalkarExplanation:Methotrexate interferes with the biosynthesis of purines via the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase.A teratogenic syndrome called Ami nopterin syndrome has been described in women being treated for malignancies on higher doses of methotrexate than used in rheumatoid arthritis i.e., higher than 10 to 25 mg per week.Am inopterin Syndromeo Skeletal abnormalities of skull and limbs,o Microcephaly; ando Facial dysmorphism.Animal studies show a widely varying species susceptibility to this drug.Several small studies of human use of methotrexate suggest increased risk of abnormality after exposure during a critical period from 8 to 10 weeks gestation. A safe contraception and ceasing methotrexate before conception are recommended.Contraception is essential in fertile women during treatment with methotrexate and for 3 months following its discontinuation due to its teratogenic properties and prolonged presence in tissues.The same duration of contraception (3 months} is also advisable in men as methotrexate reduces spermatogenesis. | 1 | Husband should stop methotrexate and wife should continue contraception for 3 months | Husband should stop methotrexate and wife should continue contraception for 1 year | Wife should immediately conceive but husband should stop methotrexate | Adoption | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Pathology of Conception | 542ea728-717b-43ba-bbb4-b5ab85637819 | multi |
Which of the following is considered the MOST impoant risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis? | Prematurity is the most impoant risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis, although term infants also sometimes develop the condition. Clinical series have repoed that between 60 and 95% of affected babies are premature, and the incidence is markedly increased in babies born at lower gestational ages. Many other purpoed risk factors have also been cited but seem to have a lesser effect, including perinatal asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, umbilical catheterization, hypothermia, shock, patent ductus aeriosus, cyanotic congenital hea disease, polycythemia, thrombocytosis, anemia, exchange transfusion, congenital GI anomalies, chronic diarrhea, non-breast milk formula, nasojejunal feedings, hypeonic formula, and colonization with necrogenic bacteria. It may simply be that any already fragile baby, paicularly if premature, who has other significant underlying disease, is at increased risk for developing necrotizing enterocolitis. Ref: Thilo E.H., Rosenberg A.A. (2012). Chapter 2. The Newborn Infant. In W.W. Hay, Jr., M.J. Levin, R.R. Deterding, J.J. Ross, J.M. Sondheimer (Eds), CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Pediatrics, 21e. | 3 | Perinatal asphyxia | Polycythemia | Prematurity | Respiratory distress syndrome | Pediatrics | null | 97b478bb-b924-480c-bb58-b6f35700ab42 | single |
After how many days of ovulation embryo implantation occurs ? | 7 - 9 days "From the time a feilized ovum enters the uterine cavity from the fallopian tube (which occurs 3-4 days after ovulation) until the time ovum implants (7-9 days after ovulation) the uterine secretions called uterinemilk provide nutrition for the early dividing ovum" "At the time of implantation, on days 21-22 of menstrual cycle the predominant morphologic feature is edema of the endometrial stroma." Impoant facts : Oogenesis begins in ovary at 6-8 weeks of gestation.deg Maximum number of oocytes (6-7 million) are attained at 20 weeks of gestation.deg All the primary oocytes in the ovary of a newborn are arrested In the late prophase (of meiosis) till pubey.deg At pubey as a result of mid cycle preovulatory surge, meiosis is resumed and compTetedjust prior to ovulation.deg Therefore first polar body is released just prior fo ovulation The second division stas immediately after_ it and is arrested in metaphase.deg At the time of feilization second division is completed which results in the release of oocyte and second polar body. Therefore second polar body release occurs only at the time of feilisation.deg LH surge preceedes ovulation by 34-36 hours.o LH peak preceedes ovulation by 10-16 hours.o Prior to ovulation :- Follicle reaches a size of 18-20mm. - Endometrium is 9-10 min trick.o - Endometrium show triple line on USG.o Ovulation occurs 14 days before the next menstruation.deg Maximum action of corpus luteum is at 22 day of menstruationdeg (following which it stas regressing ~ 8 years after ovulation).deg In absence of feilisation and implanation the corpus leteum persists for 12-14 days.o Maximum growth of corpus lutem of pregnancy is at 8th week of gestation and degenerates at 6 months of gestation.o Feilisation occurs in the ampullary pa of fallopian tube.deg Feilised egg enters the uterus on day 18 - 19 of the cycle.deg | 2 | 3 - 5 days | 7 - 9 days | 10 - 12 days | 13 - 15 days | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | c00eca28-e929-41f9-97a6-edb08106d48c | single |
All of the following are clinical features of MEN-II EXCEPT: March 2004 | Ans. A i.e. Pituitary tumour Pituitary tumours are a pa of MEN-I/ Wermer syndrome | 1 | Pituitary tumour | Phaeochromocytoma | Medullary carcinoma of thyroid | Neuroma | Pathology | null | ad292ad8-814e-4dac-8781-e0b0b232bb98 | multi |
Type of collagen present in cornea ? | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Type I | 1 | Type I | Type II | Type III | Type IV | Ophthalmology | null | dc5e91d9-440d-446a-9db9-d0540e0f4fa6 | single |
Caplan's syndrome is | Rheumatoid Arthritis + Pneumoconiosis nodules = Caplan's syndrome.
Neutropenia + Splenomegaly + Nodular RA = Felty's syndrome. | 2 | Splenomegaly + Neutropenia | Rheumatoid Arthritis + Pneumoconiosis | Pneumoconiosis + Splenomegaly | Pneumoconiosis + Neutropenia | Medicine | null | 4ae5e8a4-6143-40e7-a113-06ebeea2ec00 | single |
Parotid duct opens at | null | 3 | 1st PM | 1st molar | 2nd upper molar | 2nd lower molar | Anatomy | null | d7fc2573-7a4a-4902-82c2-bb4970ef708d | single |
Profunda femoris aery at its origin lies on which side of the femoral aery ? | Ans. is 'b' i.e., LateralProfunda femoris aery arises from lateral side of femoral aery about 4 cm below the inguinal ligament. | 2 | Medial | Lateral | Posterior | Posteromedial | Anatomy | null | 6e8de49f-8b2c-4d53-b257-6776f209b9cd | single |
A patient treated for infeility with clomiphene citrate presents with sudden onset of abdominal pain and distension with ascites the probable cause is | Ovarian Hyperstimulation syndrome It is an iatrogenic complication of ovulation induction with exogenous gonadotropins and clomiphene-induced cycles Charecteristic feature of OHSS is an increase in capillary permeability resulting in fluid shift from intravascular to extravascular spaces Mechanism of Action Probably mediated by increased ovarian secretion of vasoactive substances including Vascular endothelial growth factor , elements of Renin-Angiotensin system and other cytokines Risk factors Young age, low body weight, PCOS, higher doses of gonadotropins and previous episodes of hyperstimulation Mild illness Charecterised by Ovarian enlargement, lower abdominal discomfo, mild nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal discomfo. Managed by outpatient basis with analgesics and bedrest; monitored by daily weight checkup, urinary frequency, clinical examination to detect ascites, lab tests of hematocrit, electrolytes and serum creatinine Serious illness Characterised by severe pain, rapid weight gain, tense ascites, hemodynamic instability, respiratory diffiulty, progressive oliguria leadng to renal failure, ovarian rupture and thromboembolic phenomenon Hospitalization and treated according to symptoms Ref: Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infeility; Eigth Edition; Chapter 31 | 4 | Uterine repture | Ectopic pregnancy rupture | Multifetal pregnancy | Hyperstimulation syndrome | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Reproductive physiology and hormones in females | 2ccede39-a077-45a2-b0ca-79e637bdaa59 | single |
A 42-year-old man presents with long-standing abdominal pain after meals, which is relieved by over-the-counter antacids. The patient has lost 9 kg (20 lb) in the past year. Physical examination reveals peripheral edema and ascites. Laboratory studies show decreased serum albumin but normal serum levels of transaminases and gastrin. Gross and microscopic examination of this patient's stomach would most likely show which of the following pathologic changes? | Menetrier disease /Hyperplastic hypersecretory gastropathy Mean age 30-60 years Rare disorder associated with excessive secretion of transforming growth factor (TGF)-a, which is an EGF receptor (EGFR) ligand, and hyperactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor on gastric epithelial cells. Excessive EGFR activation causes diffuse hyperplasia of foveolar epithelium within the body and fundus Hypoproteinemia occurs to albumin loss across the gastric mucosa Secondary symptoms such as weight loss, diarrhea, and peripheral edema are commonly present Enlarged rugae are present in the body and fundus but the antrum is generally spared Risk of gastric adenocarcinoma is increased -Histology shows characteristic feature that is: Hyperplasia of surface and glandular mucous cells Marked intraepithelial lymphocytosis. Diffuse or patchy glandular atrophy The glands are elongated with a corkscrew-like appearance and cystic dilation present | 2 | Atrophic gastritis | Enlarged rugal folds | Intestinal metaplasia | Multiple hemorrhagic ulcers | Pathology | Systemic Pathology | 5a7a4b63-18f2-4dc2-91ac-35c8c4e4fab0 | single |
A middle-aged male comes to the outpatient depament (OPD) with the only complaint of hoarseness of voice for the past 2 years. He has been a chronic smoker for 30 years. On examination, a reddish area of mucosal irregularity overlying a poion of both cords was seen. Management would include all except: | The mentioned symptoms indicate that either it is pachydermia laryngitis or it can be early carcinoma: Both the conditions can be distinguished by biopsy only In either conditions: smoking is a causative factor and should be stopped. Regular follow up is a must in either of the conditions. Bilateral cordectomy is not required even if it is glottic cancer because early stages of glottic cancer are treated by radiotherapy. Management of pachydermia is microsurgical excision of hyperplastic epithelium (cordectomy has no role). | 2 | Cessation of smoking | Bilateral cordectomy | Microlaryngeal surgery for biopsy | Regular follow-up | ENT | null | f3a3d766-3bf6-4a5b-b273-99bac02ec613 | multi |
Antibody found in patients of myaesthenia gravis is directed against | *myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease,most commonly caused by antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in the post junctional membrane of the neuromuscular junction ,which are found in around 80%of affected patients. Ref Harrison20th edition pg 2378 | 2 | Acetycholine | Acetycholine receptors | Acetycholine vesicles in nerve terminal | Actin-myosin complex of the muscle | Medicine | C.N.S | 1f4a594c-c7ca-4253-b07c-fd3e5e94c2f6 | single |
All are true foe annular pancreas except | upper GI series is not the investigation of choice.They are plain X-ray abdomen,ERCP and Radioscopic study , Barium meal. SRB,5th,712 | 1 | Upper GI series is IOC | Duodenal obstruction present | ERCP is done | Non - rotation of gut | Surgery | G.I.T | 68933803-90b4-4008-9097-ed8a15b02fc5 | multi |
Which of the following liver enzymes is predominantly mitochondrial? | In old literature, it was called as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT). AST needs pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) as co-enzyme. Normal serum level of AST ranges from 8 to 20 U/L. It is a marker of liver injury and shows moderate to the drastic increase in parenchymal liver diseases like hepatitis and malignancies of the liver.Ref: DM Vasudevan, Page no: 269 | 1 | SGOT (AST) | SGPT (ALT) | GGT | 5' Nucleotidase | Biochemistry | Enzymes | c38bf251-62b7-4aaa-a391-c104dcc87a40 | single |
The normal P wave is biphasic in lead | The normal P wave in lead V1 may be biphasic with a positive component reflecting right atrial depolarization, followed by a small (<1 mm2 ) negative component reflecting left atrial depolarization. Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 1455 | 1 | V1 | LII | aVF | aVR | Medicine | C.V.S | 37d870d9-1b0a-4bad-8baf-9223fce09cbd | single |
Mycosis cells are altered : | A. i.e. T lymphacytis | 1 | T Lymphocytes | Monocytes | b lymphocytes | Eosinophils | Skin | null | 258fb8d5-2be6-4c4f-b023-cf231449cbef | single |
Following periodontal surgery the epithelial attachment
healing is completed in | null | 2 | 2 weeks | 4 weeks | 6 weeks | 8 weeks | Dental | null | 2fe94907-eb3f-4324-ac4d-27b97ae7ea7b | single |
All of the following are indices to define obesity, EXCEPT: | Various indices used to detect obesity include: Corpulence index Quetlet's index/ Body mass index Ponderal index Broca index Lorentz's formula Ref: Park 21st edition, page 369. | 1 | Chandler's index | Corpulence index | Quetlet's index | Body mass index | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | 4a8ec7c2-185c-4f2f-a233-d4bd3d8513b3 | multi |
Surfactant appears in amniotic fluid at the gesta?tional age of : | Ans. is b i.e. 32 weeks Friends, I had to search a lot for this answer but all in vain. Only Nelson Paediatric throws some light on this issue : "Pulmonary surfactant is a heterogenous mixture of phospholipids and proteins secreted into the saccular or alveolar sub-phase by the type ll pneumocytes. Its presence is first recognised in characteristic secretory organelles known as lamellar bodies as early as the 24th week of gestation. However, surfactant lipids of which the most abundant is phosphatidyicholine, are not detectable in the amniotic fluid until the 30th week of gestation, suggesting that there is a chronologic gap between surfactant synthesis and secretion. Labour probably shoens this gap because phospholipids are consistently found in the air spaces of infants born before the 30th week of gestation." From the above lines it is clear : Surfactant synthesis occurs in 24th week of gestation, it appear in amniotic fluid in 30th week of gestation. Since 30 weeks is not given in options, I would personally go with 32 weeks, when surfactant will absolutely be detected in amniotic fluid, whereas at 28 weeks it can detected only if preterm labour occurs. | 2 | 20 weeks | 32 weeks | 36 weeks | 26 weeks | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | 8b98449b-b9ee-42db-b2b0-17b6434aad96 | single |
For termination of pregnancy, consent is needed from | Pregnancy can only be terminated on the written consent of the woman. Husband's consent is not requiredPregnancy in a minor girl (below the age of 18 years) or lunatic cannot be terminated without written consent of the parents or legal guardianReference: Textbook of Obstetrics; Sheila Balakrishnan | 1 | Only woman | Only husband | Both paners | Consent not needed | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | General obstetrics | 61509fe3-5949-45a7-9627-ca61a26a8214 | multi |
The usefulness of a 'screening test' in a community depends on its - | Screening refer to 'the search for unrecognized disease or defect by means of rapidly applied tests, examinations or other procedures in apparently healthy individuals'
For screening a disease the most important parameter is sensitivity
Sensitivity is defined as the ability of a test to identify correctly all those who have the disease i.e., true positives as it reflects the ability to detect those who have the disease amongst the hidden cases in the community.
For confirming a patient as diseased most important parameter is specificity
Specificity is defined as the ability of a test to identify correctly all these who do not have the disease i.e., true negative.
Memo: ELISA is a sensitive test for HIV: ELISA is used as screening test for HIV
Western blot is a specific test for HIV : Western blot is used as a confirmatory test for HIV.
Usefulness of a screening test is given by sensitivity
Statistical index of diagnostic accuracy → specificity | 1 | Sensitivity | Specificity | Reliability | Predictive value | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | 7a075a1c-d492-4f80-8481-ac8a6ca159db | single |
The laryngeal mask airway used for securing the airway of a patient in all of the following conditions except: | D i.e. In a patient with large tumor of the oral cavity | 4 | In a difficult intubation | In cardiopulmonary resuscitation | In a child undergoing an elective/routine eye surgery | In a patient with a large tumour in the oral cavity | Anaesthesia | null | 77960df3-f4d1-4fea-91ae-f47f4f8b6ad6 | multi |
Ratio of lung weight to body weight is calculated in | Plocquet's test is one of the tests for live birth.
Before respiration: Ratio of lung weight to body weight is I/70.
After respiration: Ratio is 1/35. | 2 | Fodere's test | Plocquet's test | Breslau's second life test | All of the above | Forensic Medicine | null | 886ee69b-3aeb-4bc5-bca5-d95b700f817c | multi |
Which of the following is a false physical parameter during pregnancy? | On an average the non pregnant levels of blood fibrinogen is 260mg%. But in pregnancy it can reach an average value of 388 mg% (288 - 576 mg%) even then the clotting and bleeding times remains unchanged. Ref: Mudaliar and Menon's Clinical Obstetrics, 9th Edition, Page 41. | 3 | It's a prothrombotic condition | Blood fibrinogen levels are increased | Clotting and bleeding times are reduced | There is lowering of serum protein levels | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | 445393f3-46ba-4530-8433-c190a3c8b93c | multi |
Chocolate agar is ? | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Enriched medium | 3 | Basal medium | Enrichment medium | Enriched medium | Simple medium | Microbiology | null | 83715a2b-a224-4d3f-8e76-e09833be90d0 | single |
Asprin is not given in a patient who is already on heparin because aspirin causes : | null | 1 | Platelet dysfunction | Aspirin inhibits the action of heparin | Enhanced hypersensitivity of heparin | Therapy of heparin cannot be monitored | Pharmacology | null | 762d06b7-e6a0-4103-a6b0-b8f0671c36b6 | single |
Which of these is the characteristic feature of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis- | Ans. is 'c' > 'd' ie splitting of glomerular basement membrane > sub endothelial deposits Both the features mentioned in the options d & c are present in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is of 2 typesTYPE I characterized byDeposition of subendothelial* immune on complexes in the glomerular capillarySplit basement membrane (Double contour or tram track appearance)Type II Characterized by:Dense intramembranous* deposits electron microscopyRemember the only other condition where subendothelial deposits are seen is - SLE.Glomerular depositsSub epithelialDiffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis*Membranous glomerulopathy*.IntramembranousMembranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II *Mesangial Focal segmental glomerulonephritis*Henoch Schonlein purpura * | 3 | Sub epithelial deposits | Foamy cells | Splitting of glomerular basement membrane | Sub endothelial deposits. | Pathology | Glomerular Diseases | 35263021-5b59-43ea-99cc-76cf015b1219 | single |
Main hormone acting upon uterus to initiate labor- | Ans-A i.e., Oxytocin Oxytocino Oxytocin is a nonapeptide,o It is secreted by the posterior pituitary along with vasopressin (ADH).o Both oxytocin and ADH are synthesized within the nerve cell bodies in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus; are transported down the axon and stored in the nerve endings within the neurohypophysis.o They are stored in separate neurons as complexes with their specific binding proteins (Neurophysin).o ActionsUterusIt increases the force and frequency of uterine contraction.Estrogens sensitize the uterus to oxytocin, while progestins decrease the sensitivity.The increased contractility is restricted to the fundus and body,, lower segment is not contracted, may even be relaxed at term.BreastOxytocin contracts myoepithelium of mammary alveoli and forces milk into bigger sinusoids - Milk ejection or milk letdown reflex.CVSHigher doses cause vasodilation - Brief fall in BP, reflex tachycardia, and flushing.The umbilical vessels are constricted oxytocin may help their closure at birth.KidneyOxytocin in high doses exerts ADH like action -->> water retention can occur. | 1 | Oxytocin | Estrogen | Progesterone | Cortisole | Unknown | null | 50c9ed23-19a7-480d-950a-973876d73c50 | single |
Non -sterile hypopyon is seen in - | In fungal ulcer, usually a big hypopyon is present even if the ulcer is small.Unlike the bacterial ulcer,the hypopyon may not be sterile as the fungi can penetrate into the anterior chamber without perforation. Reference:Comprehensive ophthalmology,AK Khurana,6th edition,page no.106 | 3 | Pneumococcus infection | Pseudomonas infection | Fungal infection | Gonococcal infection | Ophthalmology | Cornea and sclera | aa68d709-b4b6-4186-8ad1-42f7f3f437c9 | single |
A highly specific inhibitor that targets the phosphorylation activity of TFIIH is added to an in vitro transcription reaction. Which one of the following steps is most likely to be affected? | Most likely to be affected by inhibitor that targets the phosphorylation activity of TFIIH is promoter clearance Transcription factor II H has two activities : Helicase Kinase -Unwinds the DNA -Phosphorylates the TFIIH- Promoter clearance. | 2 | Binding of RNA polymerase to promoter sequence | Promoter clearance | Recruitment of TFIID | Open promoter complex formation | Biochemistry | Transcription | 9b491862-490f-455a-8ce2-f009684cb999 | multi |
Occlusal morphology is given by: | null | 1 | Okeson | Bencher | Kennedy | Knol | Dental | null | c4326fc2-da43-4eef-86b2-2f6b7945eb13 | single |
All of the following histopathological changes are seen in psoriasis except? | Dyskeratosis is premature &abnormal keratinization below the level of stratum corneum,seen in Bowen's disease,SCC,Dyskeratosis congenita. | 3 | Hyperkeratosis | Acanthosis | Dyskeratosis | Parakeratosis | Dental | null | 12857153-7f3a-4555-903e-b514d8b9f9ba | multi |
X-ray of a patient shows the following changes: Bulbous ends of long bones, normal appositional bone growth and there is failure of physiologic root resorption. Lab finding shows myelophthisic anemia. What can be the probable diagnosis? | OSTEOPETROSIS:
Roentgenographic features:
Medullary cavities are replaced by bone and the cortex is thickened.
Density of bone may be such that, the roots of the teeth are nearly invisible on dental roentgenogram.
Ends of long bones are bulbous called Erlenmeyer's flask deformity.
In osteopetrosis, there is normal appositional bone growth, but failure of physiologic root resorption.
On X-ray, bones might appear club-like or show an appearance of a bone within bone (Endobone). Vertebrae are extremely radiodense and may show alternating bands, known as the "rugger-jersey" sign.
Lab findings of Osteopetrosis:
Myelophthisic anemia (as bone marrow is replaced by bone).
Hypocalcemia (Shafer reports normal serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels).
Secondary hyperparathyroidism. | 3 | Fibrous dysplasia | Osteomyelitis | Osteopetrosis | Paget's disease | Pathology | null | c79aae07-b997-4c94-8807-90fb1297819d | single |
A 70-year-old male has a pathologic fracture of femur. The lesion appears a lytic on X-rays film with a circumscribed punched out appearance. The curetting from fracture site is most likely to show which of the following? | Old patient along with lytic circumscribed punched out X-ray appearance suggests multiple myeloma Multiple myeloma most often presents as multifocal destructive bone tumors composed of plasma cells throughout the skeletal system. It shows sheets of atypical plasma cells. | 2 | Diminished and thinned trabecular bone | Sheets of atypical plasma cells | Metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma | Malignant cells forming osteoid bone | Pathology | Plasma Cell Disorders and Multiple myeloma | 3c21f444-3630-4021-8c51-26ab483d116b | single |
Not a common complication of hemithyroidectomy | As parathyroids on the opposite side are preserved and not dealt with during surgery hypoparathyroidism is not seen after hemithyroidectomy. | 1 | Hypoparathyroidism | Reactionary hemorrhage | Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy | External laryngeal nerve palsy | Surgery | All India exam | 9d40c400-1f32-4a65-9ea9-e3e4c3c3c84a | single |
Diet given to pregnant lady under ICDS is | In ICDS supplementary nutrition is given to children below 6 years, nursing and expectant mothers from low-income group.Each child 6-72 months of age get 500 Cal and 12-15Gm of proteinSeverely malnourished child 6-72 months of age get 800 Cal and 20-25Gm of proteinEach pregnant and nursing women to get 600 Cal and 18-20Gm of proteinPark 23e pg: 591 | 4 | 3000Kcal with 60grams of protein | 800Kcal with 25grams of protein | 500Kcal with 12grams of protein | 600Kcal with 18grams of protein | Social & Preventive Medicine | Maternal and child care | ed366945-d705-4c75-8cea-4bf202fec9a5 | single |
Pulpotomy is not indicated in- | If the patient is seen within an hour or two after the injury, if the vital exposure is small, and if sufficient crown remains to retain a temporary restoration to support the capping material and prevent the ingress of oral fluids, the treatment of choice is direct pulp capping.
If the pulp exposure in a traumatized, immature permanent (open apex) tooth is large, if even a small pulp exposure exists and the patient did not seek treatment until several hours or days after the injury, or if there is insufficient crown remaining to hold a temporary restoration, the immediate treatment of choice is a shallow pulpotomy or a conventional pulpotomy.
A shallow or partial pulpotomy is preferable if coronal pulp inflammation is not widespread and if a deeper access opening is not needed to help retain the coronal restoration.
Pulpotomy is also indicated for immature permanent teeth if necrotic pulp tissue is evident at the exposure site with inflammation of the underlying coronal tissue, but a conventional or cervical pulpotomy would be required.
Yet another indication is trauma to a more mature permanent (closed apex) tooth that has caused both a pulp exposure and a root fracture. In addition, a shallow pulpotomy may be the treatment of choice for a complicated fracture of a tooth with a closed apex when definitive treatment can be provided soon after the injury. | 1 | Small pulp exposure since 1 hour | Pulp exposure in permanent tooth with open apex | Pulp exposure in permanent tooth with closed apex treated immediately after injury | Insufficient crown structure remaining | Dental | null | 4a78e035-14d9-4ca6-9680-9e30bfe5f9a4 | multi |
The site at which 1,25-hydroxylation of Vitamin-D takes place in the kidneys is: | Proximal convoluted tubules | 3 | Collecting ducts | Glomerulus | Proximal convoluted tubules | Distal convoluted tubules | Physiology | null | 7115dcf8-3997-48ac-9899-c8d052c56126 | single |
Pharyngoconjunctival fever is caused by - | Pharyngoconjunctival fever is caused most commonly by serotypes 3 and 7, but serotypes 2, 4 and 14
also, have been documented as etiologic agents.
Ocular infections caused by Adenovirus -
i. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis → Serotypes 8, 19, 37
ii. Follicular conjunctivitis → Serotypes 3,7
iii. Pharyngoconjunctival fever - Serotypes 3, 7
Adeno Virus
Non-enveloped, DNA (ds DNA) Virus
Has characteristic morphology consisting of an icosahedral shell composed of 20 equilateral triangular faces and 12 vertices → space vehicle appearance.
Human adenovirus grows only in tissue culture of human origins, such as human embryonic kidney, HeLa or HEP-2.
The cytopathic effect in tissue culture → cell rounding and aggregation into grape-like clusters.
Adenovirus has been used as a vector for gene therapy.
Adenovirus cause infections of the respiratory tract and eyes and less often of the intestine and urinary tract.
Most frequently affect infants and children
Clinical manifestations
□ Most common manifestation in children is an acute upper respiratory tract infection with prominent rhinitis.
□ Most common manifestation in an adult is ARDS | 1 | Adenovirus 3 and 7 | Adenovirus 11, 21 | Adenovirus 40, 41 | Adenovirus 8, 19 | Microbiology | null | f7d17358-64c7-4deb-9cea-16c5d5b38d78 | single |
Emergency contraceptive drugs are: | Postcoital (emergency) contraception : 1. Levonorgestrel 0.5 mg + ethinylestradiol 0.1mg taken as early as possible but within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse and repeated after 1 2 hours. Progesterone and estrogen combination can also be used in emergency contraception. 2. levonorgestrel 3. ulipristal 4. mifepristone (REF.Essentials of Pharmacology TD TRIPATHI 6th EDITION page no 310) | 4 | Levo-norgestrel | Estrogen + progesterone | Mifepristone | All of the above | Pharmacology | Endocrinology | e7997f2a-8855-4953-b749-8130dd76c2c5 | multi |
The following are features of primary hyperladosteronism EXCEPT: March 2013 | Ans. D i.e. Hyperkalemia Conn's syndrome 3asic pathology: Hyperaldosteronism Features: - Hypeension, - Decreased K., - I-olyuria, - Poiydypsia and - Proximal myopathy | 4 | Polyuria | Hypeension | Hypokalemia | Hyperkalemia | Medicine | null | 25ece4f5-1cd5-4043-a29d-73b48705c362 | multi |
Ring sequestrum causes: | Sequestrum is the dead bone separated out from the living bone by the granulation tissue. The factors responsible for bone death in chronic osteomyelitis are: raised intravascular pressure Vascular stasis and small vessel thrombosis periosteal stripping bacterial toxins Sequestrum is the hall mark of chronic osteomyelitis Ring sequestrum causes : Ring sequestrum * Amputation stump * Pin tract infection Cylindrical/pencil like Infants Green Pseudomonas osteomyelitis Black Amputation stump due to exposure of bone with air. | 3 | Typhoid osteomyelitis | Chronic osteomyelitis | Amputation stump | Tuberculosis osteomyelitis | Orthopaedics | Joint and Soft tissue infections | 04b969f1-dda2-4a4b-8c12-284b3a619f5d | single |
Following represents fetal hypoxia except: | Normal fetal scalp pH ranges from 7.25 to 7.35.
Fetal hypoxia is indicated by ‘acidosis’ or fall in fetal scalp pH to values below normal (Not by increase).
It is used to corroborate the significance of fetal CTG (Cardiotocography).
Interpretation of Fetal Scalp blood sampling | 3 | Excessive foetal movements | Meconium in vertex presentation | Fetal scalp blood pH > 7.3 | Heart rate < 100 | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | 57395979-66b0-4198-bf4c-23043f6924cf | multi |
Which of the following has the highest cholesterol content | null | 3 | chylomicrons. | intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs). | LDL. | HDL. | Physiology | null | ad4d2ea2-4139-4e89-8990-e7e4a5eeaf85 | single |
Incubation period of herpes zoster is | null | 1 | 7-14 days | 1 month | 1-2 years | 3-6 months | Microbiology | null | 053adcb3-b843-4568-af0e-ad8ff005bc99 | single |
Which of the following is physiological uncoupler- | Ans. is 'a' i.e.* Thermogenin o Amongst the given options, a, b and c are uncouplers.o However, only thermogenin, among these three is a natural (physiological) uncouplex.Uncoupleso As the name suggests, these componds block the coupeling of oxidation with phosphorylation. These compounds allow the transfer of reducing equivalents in respiratory' chain but prevent the phosphorylation of ADP to ATPQ by uncoupling the linkage between ETC and phosphorylation. Thus the energy instead of being trapped by phosphorylation is dissipated as heat. Uncouplers may beNatural:- Thermogenin, thyroxineSynthetic :- 2, 4-dinitrophenol (2, 4-DNP), 2, 4-dinitrocresol (2, 4-DNC), and CCCP (chlorocarbonylcyanidephenvl hvdrazone).o Thermogenin is an uncoupler protein present in brown adipose tissue (brown fat0). It uncouples oxidation and phosphorylation by acting as a channel for IT ions so that hydrogen ion gradient cannot build up. Oxidation occuring in brown adipose tissue without generation of ATP results in production of heatQ . | 1 | Thermogonin | 2, 4nitrophenol | 2, 4Dinitrophenol | Oligomycin | Biochemistry | Respiratory Chain | 6b3a5bd8-29ae-471f-a887-484621447d46 | single |
Most common mode of treatment for laryngomalacia is: | In most patients laryngomalacia is a self-limiting condition. Treatment of laryngomalacia is reassurance to the parents and early antibiotic therapy for upper respiratory tract infections. Tracheostomy is required only in severe respiratory obstruction. Surgical intervention (supraglottoplasty i.e. reduction of redundant laryngeal mucosa) is indicated for 10% of patients. Main indications for surgery are: Severe stridor Apnea Failure to thrive Pulmonary hypeension Cor pulmonale | 1 | Reassurance | Medical | Surgery | Wait and watch | ENT | null | 6bad93ce-f227-415b-b299-fa8c7c82fd80 | single |
Sensory fiber with least conduction velocity:September. 2005 | Ans. A: C- fiberAlpha fibers are the thickest (fiber diameter of 12-20 micrometer) and fastest conduction velocity (of 70-120 mis) whereas C-fibers are the thinnest (fiber diameter of 0.3-1.2 micrometer) and slowest conduction velocity (of 0.5-2 m/s) | 1 | C- fiber | Alpha fiber | beta fiber | Gamma fiber | Physiology | null | 9aed191e-4ca7-4aa4-bb58-8d444b704552 | single |
Which of these structures appears radiopaque? | Radiopaque refers to that portion of the radiograph that appears light or white. Radiopaque structures are dense and absorb or resist the passage of the X-ray beam, E.g., Enamel, dentin and bone.
Nasal septum
On the panoramic radiograph, it appears as a vertical radiopaque partition that divides the nasal cavity.
Reference: Freny R Karjodkar Oral Radiology Principles and Interpretation 2nd edition page no 251 | 3 | Maxillary sinus | Nasal fossa | Nasal septum | Mental foramen | Radiology | null | e74349c7-0d7c-4cab-9472-38dbfd4c16dc | single |
Coliform test is for - | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Water Contomination Bacteriological indicators of w ater contaminationo Presence of following organism indicate fecal contamination of water.Coliform : by all practical point of view it is assumed that all coliform are fecal in origin unless a non-fecal origin can be proved.Fecal streptococci or enterococci :They regularly occur in feces. Finding of fecal streptococci in water is regarded as important confirmatory evidence of recent fecal contamination water.Clostridium perfringens: They also regularly occur in feces. Presence of spore of Cl. perfringens and absence of coliform group indicate remote contamination of water. | 2 | Air pollution | Water contamination | Sound pollution | None | Social & Preventive Medicine | Environment and Health | 9d2117b0-8fd7-4dd6-8792-fbd5c558b7a8 | multi |
Seoli cell secrets | Androgen binding protein is a protein secreted by testicular Seoli cells along with inhibin and mullerian inhibiting substance. Androgen binding protein probably maintains a high concentration of androgen in the seminiferous tubules.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no: 421 | 1 | Androgen binding protein | Testosterone | LH | FSH | Physiology | Endocrinology | d4f8ccc1-bb25-4209-a951-725d03dd72ad | single |
High plasma protein binding of a drug results in:- | * High plasma protein binding (PPB) of a drug decreases its distribution into tissue and thus lower the volume of distribution. * As only free drug can be metabolized or excreted, high PPB usually increases the duration of action. * With higher PPB, there is more chance of getting displaced by other drugs leading to more drug interactions. * Drugs with high plasma protein binding have lesser glomerular filteration as proteins cannot be filtered across the glomerulus. | 1 | Decreased glomerular filtration | High volume of distribution | Lowers duration of action | Less drug interaction | Pharmacology | Pharmacokinetics | d7b0c506-5aba-47c4-8314-f083e0c93216 | single |
Polypeptide capsule is seen in | null | 4 | Corynebacterium diphtheriae | Clostridium welchii | Staphylococcus aureus | Bacillus anthracis | Microbiology | null | c5e38b06-c1a5-4b15-a1f6-15c60046906a | single |
Earliest fetal anomaly to be detected by USG: March 2013 | Ans. C i.e. Anencephaly | 3 | Hydrocephalus | Achndroplasia | Anencephaly | Spina bifida | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | addb09aa-0799-4052-a66c-908012e726b7 | single |
Treatment of depression with suicidal tendencies is? | ANSWER: (C) ECTREF: Kaplan synopsis 10th ed p. 557ECT is therapy of choice depression with:Suicidal tendencyPsychomotor retardationPsychotic and delusional features with somatic syndromeIntolerance , contraindication, refractory to drugs | 3 | Clozapine | Mitrazapine | ECT | Olenzapine | Psychiatry | Pharmacotherapy Management of Children and Adolescents | a8b70198-2795-4dcd-a6f8-2066403c55f2 | single |
A 32 year old male presents with a laceration he sustained after stepping on broken glass at the beach. The examination reveals an 8cm cut on the medial plantar aspect of the left foot. Which peripheral nerve block is appropriate? | Posterior tibial nerve * The posterior tibial nerve innervates the sole of the foot. To perform a peroneal nerve block, 1 percent lidocaine is injected into the subcutaneous tissue lateral to the posterior tibial aery at the upper border of the medial malleolus. * None of the other nerves listed supply the plantar surface of the foot. The saphenous nerve provides sensation to the skin over the medial malleolus. The sural nerve supplies the lateral foot and fifth toe. * The superficial peroneal nerve innervates the dorsum of the foot and the other toes, except the adjacent sides of the first and second toes, which derive sensation from the deep peroneal nerve. | 3 | Saphenous nerve | Sural nerve | Posterior tibial nerve | Superficial peroneal nerve | Surgery | null | 9828fcb3-3ef9-46e3-89bb-ae0011bfb255 | multi |
Complication of positive pressure ventilation – | PEEP & CPAP can cause barotrauma which may result in pneumothorax, pneumoperitoneum, penumopericardium/ cardiac tamponade. | 1 | Pneumothorax | Bradycardia | Decreased ventilation | Arrhythmias | Anaesthesia | null | 3847c743-34e9-4c9d-a493-21582033a3f4 | single |
The most common cause of conductive deafness in children is | SEROUS OTITIS MEDIA, SECRETORY OTITIS MEDIA, MUCOID OTITIS MEDIA, "GLUE EAR" This is an insidious condition characterized by accumulation of nonpurulent effusion in the middle ear cleft. The fluid is nearly sterile. The disease affects children of 5-8 years of age. Hearing loss. This is the presenting and sometimes the only symptom. It is insidious in onset and rarely exceeds 40 dB. Deafness may pass unnoticed by the parents and may be accidentally discovered during audiometric screening tests. Ref : Diseases of ENT by Dhingra 6th edition Pgno : 64 | 3 | ASOM | Wax | Serous otitis media | Otosclerosis | ENT | Ear | f10fe683-0482-41ec-8387-a275cadddc1b | single |
Drug of choice in absence seizure- | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Ethosuximide | 4 | Carbamazepine | Phenytoin | ACTH | Ethosuximide | Pediatrics | null | 8517f45a-abf9-4048-b2a3-072e2d92116b | single |
A young girl has had repeated infections with Candida albicans and respiratory viruses since the time she was 3 months old. As pa of the clinical evaluation of her immune status, her responses to routine immunization procedures should be tested. In this evaluation, the use of which of the following vaccines is contraindicated? | Recurrent severe infection is an indication for clinical evaluation of immune status. Live vaccines, including BCG attenuated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, should not be used in the evaluation of a patient's immune competence because patients with severe immunodeficiencies may develop an overwhelming infection from the vaccine. For the same reason, oral (Sabin) polio vaccine is not advisable for use in such persons. Reference: Ananthanarayan and Paniker&;s Textbook of Microbiology Tenth edition | 4 | Diphtheria toxoid | Bordetella peussis vaccine | Tetanus toxoid | BCG | Microbiology | Immunology | 14a9d171-cee5-4ffa-a67c-f2e441af2daa | single |
Choanal atresia is due to the persistence of | Choanal atresia
Choana, also called posterior nares, is an opening in the posterior part of each nasal cavity, through which the nasal cavity communicates with nasopharynx.
Choanal atresia is a congenital anomaly characterized by closure of one or both posterior nasal cavies (i.e., choana). It is due to the persistence of bucconasal membrane.
Approximately 60- 70% of cases are unilateral and are more common on the right side.
Bilateral cases occur in 20-30% of patients and 50% of these patients are associated with other congenital anomaly, i.e.,
CHARGE syndrome
→ Coloboma, Heart defects, Choanal atresia, Retarded growth, Genitourinary abnormalies and Ear defects.
Diagnosis - Unilateral lesions go unnoticed until the child presents with persistent unilateral nasal discharge.
There is the absence of air bubbles in nasal discharge.
A simple test for unilateral choanal atresia is to have the child attempt nose blowing with opposite nostril occluded by external pressure.
Failure to detect any air movement is suspicious for complete obstruction.
Bilateral choanal atresia presents as respiratory distress in newborn and requires support immediately after birth. | 1 | Bucconasal membrane | Oropharyngeal membrane | Laryngotracheal fold | Tracheoesophageal fold | ENT | null | fe2e1548-36ce-49a6-b6b5-19254bbf113e | single |
Cells seen at the function between two layers ofplacenta are? | Ans. is'a'i.e., Hofbauer cellHofbauer cells (HBCs) are placental macrophages that are present in the core of villus.Major cell type in placenta include syncytiotrophoblasts which line intervillous space and are in direct contact of maternal blood.Underlying stromal cells adjacent to fetal capillaries largely consisting off bro blasts and Hofbauer cells (fetal tissue macrophages) | 1 | Hofbauer cell | Hofmann cells | Amniogenic cells | Uterine natural killer cells (UNK) | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | aefdead6-93f1-4b03-9a6e-b3f83650e659 | single |
Mode of excretion of cyclophosphamide is - | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Kidney [Ref: style="font-size: 1.04761904761905em; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif; margin: 0 0 8pt 8px; text-indent: 0; text-align: left">o Cyclophosphomide is primarily metabolized (80%) and metabolites are excerted in urine.o 10 to 20% is excreted unchanged in urine and 4% is excreted in bile. | 3 | Lung | Liver | Kidney | Skin | Pharmacology | Anti-Neoplastic Agents | bf6b9832-8c15-4a34-a58a-3b00f8e487e5 | single |
HPV with low risk sexually transmitted types include | (A) 6 & 11# GENITAL INFECTIONS: Since cervical and female genital infection by specific HPV types is highly associated with cervical cancer, those types of HPV infection have received most of the attention from scientific studies.> HPV infections in that area are transmitted primarily via sexual activity.> Of the 120 known human papillomaviruses, 51 species and three subtypes infect the genital mucosa. 15 are classified as high-risk types (16, 18, 31,33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82) 3 as probable high-risk (26, 53, and 66) 12 as low-risk (6, 11,40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81, and CP6108).> If a college woman has at least one different partner per year for four years, the probability that she will leave college with an HPV infection is greater than 85%.> Condoms do not completely protect from the virus because the areas around the genitals including the inner thigh area are not covered, thus exposing these areas to the infected person's skin. | 1 | 6 & 11 | 16 & 18 | 26 & 53 | 73 & 82 | Skin | Miscellaneous | 3b66b489-d00c-4d11-b418-bf8c54eb9d8e | multi |
Infection by which virus gives rise to the following skin lesions? | c Varicella zoster virusSimultaneous presence of various types of skin lesions including macules, papules & vesicles are suggestive of Chicken Pox', caused by Varicella zoster virus | 3 | Herpesvirus | Measles virus | Varicella zoster virus | Parvovirus | Pediatrics | General Considerations - Infectious Diseases | 9b1b7698-0bc5-4606-9a1c-2c71aba0fcc8 | single |
Action of Antidote of heparin (Protamine) is based on: | Chemical antagonism | 2 | Competitive antagonism | Chemical antagonism | Non competitive antagonism | Toxic reaction | Pharmacology | null | 30f00c67-b7e1-433a-9a03-1636378a12de | single |
Breast milk storage in a refrigerator is upto ? | Ans. is 'd' i.e., 24 hrs Breast milk o Can be stored at room temperature --> For 8-10 hours o In a refrigerator --> For 24 hours o In a freezer --> -20degc for 3 months | 4 | 4 hrs | 8 hrs | 12 hours | 24 hrs | Pediatrics | null | 9ef8c88a-4de3-4b89-b2a9-28586dd05628 | single |
Currarino triad includes: | Currarino triadorASP triad: - Anorectal malformation or congenital anorectal stenosis - Sacrococcygeal osseous defect (always present) - Classically, hemisacrum with intact first sacral veebra ("sickle-shaped sacrum") - Mild (hypoplasia) to severe (agenesis) of sacrum and coccyx - Presacral mass (various types) - Anterior sacral meningocele - Tumor, e.g. mature teratoma - Dermoid/epidermoid cyst | 3 | Pre-sacral meningocele + Sacral defect + Tethered cord | Ectopia vesicae + Anorectal malformation + Sacrococcygeal osseous defect | Anorectal malformations + Sacrococcygeal osseous defect + Presacral mass | Tethered cord + Anorectal malformations + Ectopia vesicae | Surgery | Oncology | d6db73bc-a8a2-4442-8aca-d34f2b52d3c1 | single |
The International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) stage 4S includes metastasis to all the following except | INSS stage 4S refers to neuroblastoma in children younger than 1 yr of age with dissemination to liver, skin, and/or bone marrow without bone involvement and with a primary tumor that would otherwise be staged as INSS stage 1 or 2. Reference: Nelson; Neuroblastoma; Page no: 2463 | 4 | Liver | Skin | Bone marrow | Bone | Pediatrics | Childhood tumors | 42a30553-2592-47b5-bbb4-094d6f343179 | multi |
Anuria is defined passing Less than _____ ml urine/day | Anuria <100ml.
Oliguria < 400ml. | 3 | 400ml | 3L | 100ml | 1000ml | Medicine | null | 883904fc-e3c3-47d1-b1c3-26113f0b1ee8 | single |
At the superficial inguinal canal increased abdominal pressure leads to closure by approximation of crura in the opening. This defect is seen in an aponeurosis formed by which of the following muscles? | Ans. is'b'i.e., External oblique(Ref: BDC &/e Vol. II p. 212, 213; Ramesh Babu p. 219)Examinar is asking about superficial inguinal ring which is triangular defect in external oblique aponeurosis.Superficial inguinal ring is an anatomical structure in the anterior abdominal wall. It is a triangular shaped defect in the aponeurosis of external oblique muscle | 2 | Fascia tranversalis | External oblique | Internal oblique | Erector spinae | Anatomy | null | 3e98d532-5ed4-4224-b483-f243beaf16fd | single |
Heller's myotomy is done for: September 2007, 2009, 2010 | Ans. C: Achalasia cardia Achalasia is associated with loss of ganglion cells in the esophageal myenteric plexus. These impoant inhibitory neurons induce LES relaxation and coordinate proximal-to-distal peristaltic contraction of the esophagus Achalasia is an esophageal motor disorder characterized by increased lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, diminished-to-absent peristalsis in the distal poion of the esophagus composed of smooth muscle, and lack of a coordinated LES relaxation in response to swallowing. Barium radiology may show 'bird's beak' appearance. Esophageal (Heller) myotomy is a surgical procedure that is performed with minimally invasive techniques. The laparoscopic approach appears to be most appropriate. | 3 | Esophageal carcinoma | Pyloric hyperophy | Achalasia cardia | Inguinal hernia | Surgery | null | 8d4bec16-cfa0-4df9-a4ea-c822526ec76b | single |
Proton pump inhibitors suppress gastric add secretion by inhibition of- | null | 2 | H+/Cl- ATPase pump | H+/ K+ ATPase pump | Na/Cl- ATPase pump | Na+/K+ ATPase pump | Unknown | null | b6b8d13c-ec39-45a4-814a-553b3e56f8c4 | single |
Which of following anatomical information may assist you during post-partum tubal sterilization. | Round ligament originates below and anterior to origin of fallopian tube. | 2 | Fallopian tube lies anterior to round ligament. | Round ligament lies anterior to fallopian tube. | Uteroovarian ligament lies anterior to round ligament. | Fallopian tube lies posterior to uteroovarian ligament. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | 3ecac067-48bf-44a4-afba-9512751ce904 | multi |
Features of alcoholic liver disease - | Ans. is AllPathology of alcoholic liver diseaseSteatosis (fatty liver)o Microvesicular fatty change o Later changes to macrovesicular fatty changeAlcoholic hepatitiso Hepatocellular necrosis o Ballooning degeneration o Mallory bodieso Neutrophilic infiltration Perivenular and perisinusoidol fibrosis --*central hyaline sclerosisAlcoholic cirrhosiso Nodularity o Fibrosis | 4 | Fatty changes | Pericellular fibrosis | Mallory bodies seen | All | Pathology | null | 8cfc30cb-fa60-4509-83f1-006e62168b3d | multi |
Which of the following is the commonest tumour of thyroid - | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Papillary 'Papillary carcinoma accounts for 80% of all thyroid malignancies in iodine-sufficient areas and is the predominant thyroid cancer in children and individuals exposed to external radiation." - SchwartzIncidence of primary malignant tumors of thyroid gland (Harrison 17/e)Type of thyroid carcinomaApproximate PrevalencePapillary Carcinoma80-90%Follicular Carcinoma5-10%Medullary Carcinoma10%Anaplastic CarcinomaRareLymphomas1-2%* Also rememberThyroid carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system (Ref: Harrison, 17/e, p 2243) | 3 | Anaplastic carcinoma | Follicular carcinoma | Papillary carcinoma | Medullary carcinoma | Surgery | Thyroid Malignancies | 24926ac8-e575-44a8-b426-b22e99e527a5 | single |
SVC syndrome is most commonly associated with: | If the superior or inferior vena cava is obstructed, the venous blood causes distention of the veins running from the anterior chest wall to the thigh.The lateral thoracic vein anastomoses with the superficial epigastric vein, a tributary of the great saphenous vein of the leg. In these circumstances, a touous varicose vein may extend from the axilla to the lower abdomenThe most common cause of superior vena cava syndrome is cancer.Primary or metastatic cancer in the upper lobe of the right lung can compress the superior vena cava.Lymphoma or other tumors located in the mediastinum can also cause compression of the superior vena cava.Less often, the superior vena cava can become blocked with a blood clot from within.Invasive medical procedures (Blood clot (thrombus) formation that causes superior vena cava syndrome is a complication of pacemaker wires, dialysis, and other intravenous catheters that are threaded into the superior vena cava)Infection (syphilis and tuberculosis) is another cause of superior vena cava syndrome. Sarcoidosis (a disease that results in masses of inflamed tissue) may also cause this syndrome. | 3 | Mediastinal fibrosis | Lymphoma | Lung cancer | TB mediastinitis | Anatomy | null | e5b691d7-fd28-489b-9a45-6150ed49612e | single |
There is a pressure sore extending into the subcutaneous tissue but underlying structures are not involved. Stage of the pressure sore is | Stage 1Non-blanchable erythema without a breach in theepidermisStage 2Paial-thickness skin loss involving the epidermis and dermisStage 3Full-thickness skin loss extending into the subcutaneous tissue but not through underlying fasciaStage 4Full-thickness skin loss through fascia with extensive tissue destruction, maybe involving muscle, bone, tendon or joint Bailey and Love 27e pg: 29 | 3 | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | Stage 4 | Surgery | General surgery | 9e038a3c-f6b8-47bb-ac4d-8455955ab6d0 | single |
The fluidity of the plasma membrane is increased by | Cholesterol maintains the fluidity of the membrane. Cholesterol acts as a buffer to modify the fluidity of membranes. A lipid bilayer made up of only one type of phospholipid changes from a liquid state to a rigid crystalline state (gel state) at a characteristic freezing point. This change in state is known as a phase transition, and the temperature at which it occurs is called the phase transition temperature (Tm). The Tm is higher (fluidity is low) when the constituent fatty acid chains are long and mostly saturated (without double bonds). Long chains have greater interactions among themselves, making the membrane stiffer. Saturated fatty acids have straight tails, whereas unsaturated fatty acids have kinked tails. As more kinks are inseed in the tails, the membrane becomes less tightly packed, and therefore its fluidity increases. . | 1 | Arachidonic acid | Cholesterol | Palmitic acid | Stearic acid | Physiology | General physiology | c5a90bfb-c634-455e-a6d8-c1f330bd857c | single |
The hard carious dentin is removed with | null | 3 | Excavator | Bur at Low speed | Bur at high speed | None of the above | Dental | null | cfd01954-7882-4226-920e-7ce274942686 | multi |
In transverse lie, the presentation is: | Transverse lie The long axes of the fetal and maternal ovoid are approximately at right angles to each other and the shoulder is presenting at pelvic inlet.The baby may be directly across the mother&;s abdomen,when it is a transverse lie,or obliquely across with the head or breech in one iliac fossa ,when it is an oblique lie (refer pgno:383 sheila textbook of obstetrics 2 nd edition) | 4 | Veex | Breech | Brow | Shoulder | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Abnormal labor | a0437225-5c70-4bd7-87b3-050872f3dcc8 | single |
Infection of CNS spreads to inner ear through | The scala tympani is closed by a secondary tympanic membrane. It is also connected with subarachnoid space through aqueduct of cochlea Reference: Dhingra 6th edition. | 1 | Cochlear aqueduct | Endolymphatic sac | Vestibular aqueduct | Hyle fissure | ENT | Ear | 0dfddde1-0368-421b-b97e-f42b21013b26 | single |
Resting membrane potential of a neuron is | In neurons, the resting membrane potential is usually about - 70mV, which is close to the equilibrium potential for K+. Because there are more open K+channels than Na+ channels at rest Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology;25th edition; pg: 90 | 3 | -9mV | -50mV | -70mV | -100mV | Physiology | Nervous system | 80e6faab-60ec-42f1-9ab2-09a339cad8f5 | single |
All of the following are true about Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein(CETP) , EXCEPT: | Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP): Facilitates the transfer of cholesterol ester from HDL to VLDL, IDL and LDL in exchange for triacylglycerol. Relieves the product inhibition of the LCAT enzyme. | 4 | Associated with HDL | Facilitates the transfer of cholesterol ester from HDL to LDL | Facilitates the transfer of triacylglycerol from LDL to HDL | Facilitates the transfer of triacylglycerol from HDL to LDL | Biochemistry | Lipoproteins | 3bc487df-97f4-4e75-af7e-ce46ab5e1969 | multi |
A 27 year old man develops bilateral parotid gland swelling and orchitis, and is generally ill with fever of 102deg F. Which of the following substances is most likely to be significantly elevated in the patient's serum? | The disease is mumps, caused by a paramyxovirus. In children, mumps causes a transient inflammation of the parotid glands, and less commonly, the testes, pancreas, or central nervous system. Mumps tends to be a more severe disease in adults than in children. Mumps in adults involves the testes (causing orchitis) and pancreas with some frequency. Pancreatic involvement can cause elevation of serum amylase.. ALT and AST are markers for hepatocellular damage. Ceruloplasmin is a copper-carrying protein that is decreased in Wilson's disease. Ref: Ray C.G., Ryan K.J. (2010). Chapter 10. Mumps Virus, Measles, Rubella, and Other Childhood Exanthems. In C.G. Ray, K.J. Ryan (Eds), Sherris Medical Microbiology, 5e. | 2 | Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) | Amylase | Aspaate aminotransferase (AST) | Ceruloplasmin | Microbiology | null | 0ebde6da-7495-407d-b9df-d640a5960cc9 | multi |
The MR imaging in multiple sclerosis will show lesions in: | A i.e. White matter | 1 | White matter | Grey matter | Thalamus | Basal ganglia | Radiology | null | 3577e966-c297-49fb-bec4-0df5b963ba3e | single |
Duroziez's sign is seen in | Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1536 booming "pistol-shot" sound can be heard over the femoral aeries (Traube's sign), and a to-and-fro murmur (Duroziez's sign) is audible if the femoral aery is lightly compressed with a stethoscope. | 1 | Aoic regurgitation | Tricuspid regurgitation | Mitral stenosis | Carcinoid syndrome | Medicine | C.V.S | 4606b481-62b4-4441-bafa-2ba5bac58e5d | single |
The yeast which shows thick gelatinous capsule and positive for mucicarmine is | null | 1 | Cryptococcus neoformans | Histoplasmosis | Blastomycosis | Paracoccidiomycosis | Pathology | null | 33d60b9b-c221-4993-be25-faaeef829d8a | single |
Not a sign of blunt trauma? | Rings of Trauma: Hidden signs of Blunt trauma 1.Central Iris: Sphincter Tear 2.Peripheral Iris: Iridodialysis 3.Anterior Ciliary body: Angle recession 4.Separation of ciliary body from scleral spur: Cyclodialysis 5.Trabecular Meshwork: Trabecular Meshwork tear 6.Zonule/ lens: Zonular tear with possible lens subluxation 7.Retinal Dialysis: Separation of Retina with Ora Serrata | 3 | Sphincter tear | angle recession | Corneal perforation | Retinal dialysis | Ophthalmology | Trauma | 226bf456-c696-41d0-91ae-076710b27aab | single |
Following constitute dietary fibres except : | D i.e. Riboflavin | 4 | Pectin | Cellulose | Hemicellulose | Riboflavin | Physiology | null | a3b727ae-d59e-4cf6-a8c8-7b883fe2b4dc | multi |
A patch test is what type of hypersensitivity? | HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS | 1 | Type 4 | Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 3 | Pathology | null | 756e520d-da5c-4681-9b95-808ab10e2585 | single |
Ganglion of tendons is an example of - | Ganglion
A ganglion is a small cyst located near a joint capsule or tendon sheath. A common location is around the joints of the wrist where it appears as a firm, fluctuant, pea-sized, translucent nodule. It arises as a result of cystic or myxoid degeneration of connective tissue; hence the cyst wall lacks a true cell lining. The fluid in the cyst is similar to the synovial fluid; However, there is no communication with the joint space. | 4 | Neoplastic process | Malformation | Amyloid deposition | Myxomatous degeneration | Pathology | null | 4532efdd-cb38-4516-bbd7-dc6554b07502 | single |
Epidemiological Web of Causation theory was given by | The 'web of causation' considers all the predisposing factors of any type and their complex interrelationship with each other. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 41 | 3 | Louis Pasteur | Robe Koch | McMahon and Pugh | None | Social & Preventive Medicine | Concept of health and disease | 432064ad-b9e3-4f0e-8dc8-663a6b43f4a4 | multi |
A 57 year old male suffering from acute pancreatitis develops sudden onset breathlessness with a CVP< 18mmHg. The chest xray shows bilateral infiltrates. The possible diagnosis is - | Ans. is 'a' i.e., ARDS ARDS Criteria 1. Acute, meaning onset over 1 week or less. 2. Bilateral opacities consistent with pulmonary edema must be present and may be detected on CT or chest radiograph. 3. PF ratio < 300 mmHg with a minimum of 5 cmH20 PEEP (or CPAP). 4. C VP < 18 mmHg. X-Ray showing bilateral infiltrates: | 1 | ARDS | Myocardial infarction | Congestive left heart failure | Pulmonary embolism | Surgery | Pathophysiology - Acute Pancreatitis | 6c899ce7-3619-4446-abd4-0c6c12be59a0 | single |
Intravenous immunoglobulin is given in-a) Kawasaki diseaseb) GB syndromec) Heart blockd) Atrial fibrillatione) Myasthenia gravis | null | 3 | abc | bcd | abe | acd | Medicine | null | e94dab85-5794-49e7-b65f-39ede69cfc00 | single |
Action potential is produce by | (A) Sodium Influx # Action potential is due to opening of Na+ channels causing "Na+ influx"> As the membrane potential is increased, sodium ion channels open, allowing the entry of sodium ions into the cell. This is followed by the opening of potassium ion channels that permit the exit of potassium ions from the cell.> Inward flow of sodium ions increases the concentration of positively-charged cations in the cell and causes depolarization, where the potential of the cell is higher than the cell's resting potential.> Sodium channels close at the peak of the action potential, while potassium continues to leave the cell.> Efflux of potassium ions decreases the membrane potential or hyperpolarizes the cell.> For small voltage increases from rest, the potassium current exceeds the sodium current and the voltage returns to its normal resting value, typically -70 mV.> However, if the voltage increases past a critical threshold, typically 15 mV higher than the resting value, the sodium current dominates.> This results in a runaway condition whereby the positive feedback from the sodium current activates even more sodium channels. Thus, the cell "fires," producing an action potential | 1 | Sodium Influx | Sodium Efflux | Potassium Influx | Potassium Efflux | Physiology | Misc. | 4c6e43c0-1894-4858-b91c-0f78d0c5f813 | single |
Fat provides ____________ of body's calories | null | 2 | 40% | 30% | 50% | 75% | Biochemistry | null | 8fdeb7e5-7c73-4279-ab22-5602ed57dcf9 | single |
Therapeutic drug monitoring is required for: March 2010 | Ans. D: Gentamycin | 4 | Sulfonamides | Metformin | Cycloserine | Gentamycin | Pharmacology | null | 07f46f52-8802-4fc0-a9d5-4ace3646b0fb | single |
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