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7851948631501884142	Once Upon a Time (TV series)	Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2011 American series . For the various French animated TV series , see Once Upon a Time ... Once Upon a Time Genre Drama Fantasy Mystery Adventure Created by Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Starring Ginnifer Goodwin Jennifer Morrison Lana Parrilla Josh Dallas Jared S. Gilmore Raphael Sbarge Jamie Dornan Robert Carlyle Eion Bailey Emilie de Ravin Meghan Ory Colin O'Donoghue Michael Raymond - James Michael Socha Rebecca Mader Sean Maguire Andrew J. West Dania Ramirez Gabrielle Anwar Alison Fernandez Mekia Cox Composer ( s ) Mark Isham Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 155 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Steve Pearlman David H. Goodman Andrew Chambliss Producer ( s ) Damon Lindelof Christine Boylan Robert Hull Kalinda Vazquez Jane Espenson Daniel T. Thomsen Brian Wankum Kathy Gilroy Ian Goldberg Liz Tigelaar Samantha Thomas Jerome Schwartz Helga Ungurait Location ( s ) Steveston , British Columbia Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Steven Fierberg Stephen Jackson Tony Mirza Editor ( s ) Geofrey Hildrew Mark Goldman Scot J. Kelly Joe Talbot Hall Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC Studios Kitsis / Horowitz Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release October 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) -- May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Chronology Related shows Once Upon a Time in Wonderland External links Website Once Upon a Time is an American fantasy drama television series on ABC which debuted on October 23 , 2011 , and concluded on May 18 , 2018 . The first six seasons are largely set in the fictitious seaside town of Storybrooke , Maine , with the character of Emma Swan serving as the lead , while the seventh and final season takes place in a Seattle , Washington neighborhood called Hyperion Heights , with a new main narrative led by Swan 's son , Henry Mills . The show borrows elements and characters from the Disney franchise and popular Western literature , folklore , and fairy tales . Once Upon a Time was created by Lost and Tron : Legacy writers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz . A spin - off series , Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , consisting of 13 episodes which followed the titular character from Alice in Wonderland , premiered on October 10 , 2013 and concluded on April 3 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 1.2 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 1.3 Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 1.4 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 1.5 Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 1.6 Season 6 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 1.7 Season 7 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2 Episodes 3 Cast 4 Development and production 4.1 Conception 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Setting 5.1 Main settings 5.2 Expanded settings 6 Cultural references 7 Music 8 Broadcast 9 Reception 9.1 Critical response 9.2 Ratings 9.3 Awards and nominations 10 Tie - in material 10.1 Novels 10.2 Comic books 11 Spin - off 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Series overview ( edit ) For the first six seasons , the series originally took place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke , Maine , in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales and other stories that were transported to the real world town and robbed of their original memories by the Evil Queen Regina ( Lana Parrilla ) who used a powerful curse obtained from Rumplestiltskin ( Robert Carlyle ) . The residents of Storybrooke , where Regina is mayor , have lived an unchanging existence for 28 years , unaware of their own lack of aging . The town 's only hope lies with a bail - bonds person named Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison ) , the daughter of Snow White ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) and Prince Charming ( Josh Dallas ) , who was transported from the Enchanted Forest to the real world via a magic tree as an infant before she could be cursed . As such , she is the only person who can break the curse and restore the characters ' lost memories . She is aided by her son , Henry ( Jared S. Gilmore ) , with whom she was recently reunited after giving him up for adoption upon his birth , and his Once Upon a Time book of fairy tales that holds the key to breaking the curse . Henry is also the adopted son of Regina , providing a source of both conflict and common interest between the two women . In the seventh season reboot , an adult Henry Mills ( Andrew J. West ) , along with Regina , Captain Hook ( Colin O'Donoghue ) and Rumplestiltskin , are found years later in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , where characters from a different realm were brought under a new curse . Hoping to restore her family 's memories , Lucy ( Alison Fernandez ) must convince her parents , Henry and Cinderella ( Dania Ramirez ) , of the true nature of Hyperion Heights , in the midst of emerging dangers involving Lady Tremaine ( Gabrielle Anwar ) and Mother Gothel ( Emma Booth ) . Episodes usually have one segment that details the characters ' past lives that , when serialized , adds a piece to the puzzle about the characters and their connection to the events that preceded the curse and its consequences . The other , set in the present day , follows a similar pattern with a different outcome but also offers similar insights . Season 1 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 1 ) The first season premiered on October 23 , 2011 . The Evil Queen interrupts the wedding of Snow White and Prince Charming to announce that she will cast a curse on everyone that will leave her with the only happy ending . As a result , the majority of the characters are transported to the town of Storybrooke , Maine , where they have been stripped of their original memories and identities as fairy tale characters . On her 28th birthday , Emma Swan , the daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming , is brought to Storybrooke by her biological son Henry Mills in the hopes of breaking the curse cast by his adoptive mother , the Evil Queen Regina . In the Enchanted Forests `` flashbacks '' , it 's shown that Snow White and Prince Charming went to The Dark One to ask how to stop the curse . He told them their unborn child would be the savior , and break the curse . Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 2 ) The second season premiered on September 30 , 2012 . Despite Emma having broken the curse , the characters are not returned to the fairy tale world , and must deal with their own dual identities . With the introduction of magic into Storybrooke by Mr. Gold , the fates of the two worlds become intertwined , and new threats emerge in the form of Captain Hook ( Colin O'Donoghue ) , Regina 's mother Cora ( Barbara Hershey ) , also known as the Queen of Hearts , and sinister operatives from the real world with an agenda to destroy magic . Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 3 ) The third season premiered on September 29 , 2013 . It was split into two volumes , with the first eleven episodes running from September to December 2013 , and the later half from March to May 2014 . In the first volume , the main characters travel to Neverland to rescue Henry , who has been kidnapped by Peter Pan ( Robbie Kay ) as part of a plan to obtain the `` Heart of the Truest Believer '' from him . Their increasing power struggle with Pan continues in Storybrooke , which ultimately results in the complete reversal of the original curse . All the characters are returned to their original worlds , leaving Emma and Henry to escape to New York City . In the second volume , the characters are mysteriously brought back to a recreated Storybrooke with their memories of the previous year removed , and the envious Wicked Witch of the West ( Rebecca Mader ) from the Land of Oz appears with a plan to change the past . Once again , Emma is needed to save her family . Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 4 ) The fourth season premiered on September 28 , 2014 . It was also split into two volumes , with the first eleven episodes running from September to December 2014 , and the later half from March to May 2015 . A new storyline incorporating elements from Frozen was revealed when the time travel events of the previous season lead to the accidental arrival of Elsa ( Georgina Haig ) from the Enchanted Forest of the past to present - day Storybrooke . As she searches for her sister Anna ( Elizabeth Lail ) with the aid of the main characters , they encounter the Snow Queen ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) . Meanwhile , Regina seeks the Author of Henry 's Once Upon a Time book so that she can finally have her happy ending . However , Mr. Gold , with the help of Cruella De Vil ( Victoria Smurfit ) , Maleficent ( Kristin Bauer van Straten ) , and Ursula ( Merrin Dungey ) , has his own plan to rewrite the rules governing the fates of all heroes and villains . Henry and Emma race to restore reality and the truth before the twisted inversion becomes permanent . However , the price leads to the ultimate sacrifice . Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 5 ) The fifth season was announced on May 7 , 2015 , and premiered on September 27 , 2015 . It was once again split into two volumes with the first volume ran from September to December 2015 , and the second volume from March to May 2016 . The characters embark on a quest to Camelot to find the Sorcerer Merlin ( Elliot Knight ) in order to free Emma from the powers of an ancient darkness that threatens to destroy everything . To complicate matters , King Arthur ( Liam Garrigan ) is determined to forever alter the balance between light and darkness using the legendary Excalibur . As history and destiny collide , unsuspected consequences lead the characters to the Underworld where they encounter souls of those with unfinished business and must face Hades ( Greg Germann ) . In an attempt to restore order to the chaos that has culminated , the characters ' dangerous manipulations of magic lead to an exacerbation of the war between light and darkness , with the separation of Regina and her Evil Queen persona , as well as the arrival of Dr. Jekyll ( Hank Harris ) and Mr. Hyde ( Sam Witwer ) . Season 6 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 6 ) The sixth season was announced on March 3 , 2016 , and premiered on September 25 , 2016 . The characters must defend Storybrooke from the combined threat of Mr. Hyde and an unleashed Evil Queen and the mysterious fate of saviors leads to Emma learning about Aladdin ( Deniz Akdeniz ) . The ongoing war between light and darkness ultimately leads to the arrival of the Black Fairy ( Jaime Murray ) as well as the final battle that was prophesied before the casting of the original curse . Season 7 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) See also : Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) In May 2017 , the series was renewed for a final seventh season consisting of 22 episodes , which marks the beginning of a soft reboot . Years later , Lucy ( Alison Fernandez ) arrives in the fictional neighborhood of Hyperion Heights in Seattle , Washington with her Once Upon a Time book to find her father Henry Mills ( Andrew J. West ) who is needed by his family . Characters from the New Enchanted Forest were brought to Hyperion Heights under a new curse and are caught in a rising conflict involving Cinderella ( Dania Ramirez ) and Lady Tremaine ( Gabrielle Anwar ) whose dangerous history with Mother Gothel ( Emma Booth ) is revealed . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Once Upon a Time episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( millions ) Viewers rank 18 -- 49 rating / share 18 - 49 rank 22 October 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 11.71 28 4.1 / 10 18 22 September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 10.24 35 3.6 / 9 18 22 September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 9.38 35 3.3 / 8 12 22 September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 8.98 50 3.2 / 7 17 5 23 September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 6.32 69 2.2 / 7 34 6 22 September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 4.39 105 1.5 / 5 70 7 22 October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA Once Upon a Time 's first season received `` generally favorable '' reviews from critics . Metacritic gave it a score of 66 out of 100 based on 26 reviews . The pilot episode was watched by 12.93 million viewers and achieved an adult 18 -- 49 rating / share of 4.0 / 10 . The second season premiered on September 30 , 2012 , to an audience of 11.36 million viewers , while the third season began on September 29 , 2013 , opening to 8.52 million viewers . In May 2014 , ABC renewed the show for its fourth season , premiering in September 2014 to an audience of 9.47 million viewers . The series was renewed for a fifth season in May 2015 and for a sixth season in March 2016 . On May 11 , 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a 22 - episode seventh season . In February 2018 , it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters Ginnifer Goodwin as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan ( seasons 1 -- 6 ; recurring season 7 ) Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni Josh Dallas as Pauper / Prince Charming / David Nolan ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) Jared S. Gilmore as Henry Mills ( main seasons 1 -- 6 ; recurring season 7 ) Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archibald Hopper ( main season 1 ; recurring seasons 2 -- 3 , 6 ) Jamie Dornan as Huntsman / Sheriff Graham Humbert ( season 1 ) Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Crocodile / Beast / Mr. Gold / Weaver Eion Bailey as Pinocchio / August Wayne Booth ( main season 1 ; recurring seasons 2 , 4 , 6 ) Emilie de Ravin as Belle / Lacey ( main seasons 2 -- 6 ; recurring season 1 , 7 ) Meghan Ory as Red Riding Hood / Wolf / Ruby ( main season 2 ; recurring seasons 1 , 3 , 5 ) Colin O'Donoghue as Killian Jones / Captain Hook / Rogers ( seasons 2 -- 7 ) Michael Raymond - James as Baelfire / Neal Cassidy ( main season 3 ; recurring season 2 ) Michael Socha as Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts / White King ( season 4 ) Rebecca Mader as Zelena / Wicked Witch of the West / Kelly West ( main seasons 5 -- 6 ; recurring seasons 3 -- 4 , 7 ) Sean Maguire as Robin Hood ( main season 5 ; recurring seasons 3 -- 4 , 6 - 7 ) Andrew J. West as Henry Mills ( season 7 ) Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda Vidrio ( season 7 ) Gabrielle Anwar as Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey ( season 7 ) Alison Fernandez as Lucy ( season 7 ) Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine ( season 7 ) Development and production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis conceived the show in 2004 before joining the writing staff of Lost , but wanted to wait until that series was over to focus on this project . The idea is to take these characters that we all know collectively and try to find things about them that we have n't explored before . Sometimes it 's a story point , sometimes it 's a thematic connection , sometimes it 's a dilemma they face in both worlds that is similar . We are not generally retelling the exact same story as the fairy tale world . `` '' -- Executive producer Adam Horowitz Eight years before the Once Upon a Time pilot ( the two had just completed their work on Felicity , in 2002 ) , Kitsis and Horowitz became inspired to write fairy tales out of a love of `` mystery and excitement of exploring lots of different worlds . '' They presented the premise to networks , but were refused because of its fantastic nature . From their time on Lost , the writers learned to look at the story in a different way , namely that `` character has to trump mythology . '' They explained , `` As people , you 've got to see what the void in their heart or in their lives is to care about them ... For us , this was as much about the character journeys and seeing what was ripped from them in coming to Storybrooke -- going at it that way as opposed to making it the ' break - the - curse show . ' '' Despite the comparisons and similarities to Lost , the writers intend them to be very different shows . To them , Lost concerned itself with redemption , while Once Upon a Time is about `` hope '' . Lost co-creator Damon Lindelof aids in the development of the series as a consultant , but has no official credit on the show . Kitsis and Horowitz have called him a `` godfather '' to the series . To differentiate the storytelling from what the audience already knew , the writing staff decided to begin the pilot with the end of the typical Snow White fairytale . Themes concerning family and motherhood were emphasized , in contrast to the focus on fatherhood in Lost . Kitsis and Horowitz sought to write strong female characters , rather than the classic damsel in distress . Horowitz stated their desire to approach each character the same way , asking themselves , `` How do we make these icons real , make them relatable ? '' The pilot is meant to be the `` template of the series '' . Kitsis confirmed that every week will contain flashbacks between both worlds , as they `` love the idea of going back and forth and informing what the character is missing in their life . '' The writers ' desire to present a `` mash up '' of many small characters can be seen in a scene of the pilot , in which there is a war council featuring Geppetto , Pinocchio , and Grumpy . Horowitz elaborated , `` One of the fun things for us coming up with these stories is thinking of ways these different characters can interact in ways they never have before . '' Since then , the creators have added more elements , and given its ties to Disney , have managed to expand the universe to include more recent material , by throwing out hints that they might look ahead at incorporating characters from Brave and Frozen in future episodes , if they get the green light from Disney . The Season 3 finale introduced Elsa in the final minutes of the episode . The general premise , importing the Snow White core characters into the `` real world '' , was previously seen on ABC television in the short - lived 1980s comedy The Charmings . The show also has a similar premise to Bill Willingham 's ten - year - old comic series Fables , to which ABC bought the rights in 2008 but never made it past planning stages . After Fables fans raised controversy over possible appropriation , the show writers initially denied a link , but later said they may have `` read a couple issues '' of the comic book but while the two concepts are `` in the same playground '' , they are `` telling a different story . '' Bill Willingham responded to the controversy in an interview , where he stated he did not feel the show was plagiarism and said : `` Maybe they did remember reading Fables back then , but did n't want to mention it because we 've become a very litigious people . '' Casting ( edit ) The cast as they appeared in season three . Secondary character casting director , Samuel Forsyth , started the casting process in 2010 . Horowitz stated that everyone they initially wanted for roles in the series accepted their roles after being sent a script . Ginnifer Goodwin was cast as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard , who appreciated that she would be playing a strong character that was fleshed out for the audience . Goodwin had stated in interviews that she would love to play Snow White , and called her acceptance of the role `` a no - brainer . '' Both Kitsis and Horowitz are self - described big fans of Goodwin 's previous series , Big Love , and wrote the part of Snow White with her in mind . Josh Dallas , who portrays Prince Charming / David Nolan , was pleased the writers took `` some dramatic license '' with his character , believing the prince had become more real . He explained , `` Prince Charming just happens to be a name . He 's still a man with the same emotions as any other man . He 's a Prince , but he 's a Prince of the people . He gets his hands dirty . He 's got a kingdom to run . He has a family to protect . He has an epic , epic love for Snow White . He 's like everybody else . He 's human . '' Jennifer Morrison was hired for the part of Emma Swan . The actress explained her character as someone who `` help ( s ) her son Henry whom she abandoned when he was a baby and who seems like he 's a little bit emotionally dysfunctional '' , but noted that Emma does not start out believing in the fairytale universe . Ten - year old Jared Gilmore , known for his work on Mad Men , took the role of her son , Henry . The role of The Evil Queen / Regina was given to Lana Parrilla . `` There 's always two stories being told when playing Regina . There 's the threat of her knowing she 's an evil queen and then there 's just the pure simple fact that the biological mother has stepped into her world and the threat of losing her son is just enormous . That 's a fear that I think any adopted mother would have . I think that 's going to really help the audience relate to Regina in some level . '' -- Lana Parrilla The role of Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold was given to Robert Carlyle , after having been written with him in mind , though the writers initially thought he would not accept the part . Horowitz recalled Carlyle 's prison sequence , which was the actor 's first day on the set as `` mind - blowing ... You could see Ginny actually jump , the first time he did that character . It was fantastic ! '' Jamie Dornan portrayed the Huntsman / Sheriff Graham as a series regular before being killed off in the seventh episode , while Eion Bailey was cast as Pinocchio / August Wayne Booth in a recurring role , starting in the show 's ninth episode , `` True North '' , where he was credited as `` Stranger '' , he was promoted to series regular status for the fifteenth episode , `` Red - Handed '' . Raphael Sbarge portrayed Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper . For the second season , Meghan Ory and Emilie de Ravin were promoted to series regulars as Red Riding Hood / Ruby and Belle / Lacey respectively , while Bailey made guest appearances in two episodes after departing the series and Sbarge joined the recurring cast . Colin O'Donoghue was cast as Captain Killian `` Hook '' Jones , and was upped to series regular for the fourteenth episode of the season . For the third season , Michael Raymond - James was promoted to a series regular as Neal Cassidy , while Ory did not return as a series regular due to commitments to the TV series , Intelligence . For the fourth season , Michael Socha was brought onto the show as Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts from the show 's spin - off , Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , while Raymond - James was dropped from the regular cast when the writers decided to kill off his character . Bailey returned in a recurring arc towards the end of the season after being absent from the show since the second season . For the fifth season , Rebecca Mader and Sean Maguire were announced to have been promoted to series regulars as Zelena / Wicked Witch of the West and Robin Hood respectively , while Socha was confirmed to not be returning as a series regular . Ory also returned to the series in a recurring capacity after being absent since the third - season finale . Before the series was renewed for a seventh season , Jennifer Morrison announced that , if the series were to be renewed , she would not be returning as a series regular for that season but agreed to return for one episode to wrap up Emma Swan 's storyline . Later that week , actress Rebecca Mader announced that she would also be leaving the series after the sixth season wrapped . It was later announced that Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Jared S. Gilmore and Emilie de Ravin would also be leaving the show after the sixth season 's finale aired . Along with departures , Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced to be joining the seventh season of the show as series regulars after guest starring in the previous season 's finale . They will portray an older Henry Mills and his daughter Lucy respectively . In July 2017 , actresses Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced to be joining the cast of the seventh season as series regulars , playing new iterations of Cinderella and Lady Tremaine , respectively . In September 2017 , Mekia Cox , who portrays Tiana , was promoted to a series regular . Filming ( edit ) Steveston , BC doubles as the town of Storybrooke , Maine for the series ' six seasons . Principal photography for the series takes place in Vancouver , British Columbia . Steveston Village in the adjacent city of Richmond doubles as Storybrooke for the series , with props and exterior sets disguising the existing businesses and buildings . During filming , all brightly - colored objects ( flowers , etc . ) are hidden to reinforce the story village 's spell - subdued character . Certain sets are additionally filmed in separate studios , including the interior of Mr. Gold 's pawn shop and the clock tower , which are not found in Steveston . Setting ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main settings ( edit ) During the first six seasons , the Enchanted Forest and Storybrooke , Maine are the main settings of the series . The Enchanted Forest is a realm within Fairy Tale Land , but the actual spread and scope of the realm is not known . However , they are later united during the Ogre Wars , which played a part in the formation of the War Council that is formed by Prince Charming and served as the catalysts in the backstories involving Rumpelstiltskin and the Evil Queen . Several independent kingdoms are implied by an array of different rulers . Most of the stories detailed their earlier lives before ascension to power and being influenced by their mentors through their upbringings . Meanwhile , Storybrooke serves as an isolated town separated from the rest of the Land Without Magic , where the cursed inhabitants are trapped by various forces . During the seventh season , the New Enchanted Forest is shown as the main setting , alongside with Hyperion Heights , Seattle . As a realm in New Fairy Tale Land , the New Enchanted Forest is divided into several independent kingdoms with different rulers . The inhabitants are in - conflict with each other , most notably between Lady Tremaine , Cinderella , Drizella , a resistance led by Tiana , and the Coven of the Eight led by Mother Gothel . Most flashbacks shown are involving events happened before the original curse and before the latest curse that brought everyone to Hyperion Heights , where unlike Storybrooke , its cursed inhabitants are living among ordinary people . Expanded settings ( edit ) The show , including its spin - off , have explored beyond the main settings to numerous worlds , each based on fairy tales , literature , and folklore . Known worlds are Fairy Tale Land , the Land Without Magic , Wonderland , the Dreamscape , Land Without Color , the Netherworld , Neverland , Victorian England , the Land of Oz , Kansas , Asgard , 1920s England , the World Within the Book , the Underworld , the Worst Place , Mount Olympus , the Land of Untold Stories , 19th Century France , the World Behind the Mirror , the Dark Realm , the Wish Realm , New Fairy Tale Land , the World Beyond the Bridge , the Mansion Realm , the Edge of Realms , and New Wonderland . All the realms are then merged via a variation of the Dark Curse , known as the United Realms . Cultural references ( edit ) As a nod to the ties between the production teams of Once Upon a Time and Lost , the former show contains allusions to Lost , and is expected to continue alluding to Lost throughout its run . For example , many items found in the Lost universe , such as Apollo candy bars , Oceanic Airlines , Ajira Airways , the TV series Exposé and MacCutcheon Whiskey , can be seen in Once Upon a Time . Music ( edit ) Mark Isham composed the series ' theme and music . On February 14 , 2012 , an extended play album featuring four cues from the score was released by ABC Studios . On May 1 , 2012 , a full - length 25 - track official soundtrack album was released by Intrada Records to accompany season one . On August 13 , 2013 , another full - length 25 - track official soundtrack album was released by Intrada to accompany season two . Since December 2015 , Mark Isham had begun to release music that was previously not released from the third , fourth and fifth seasons on his Soundcloud account . ( show ) Season 1 Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` Once Upon a Time Orchestral Suite '' 4 : 13 2 . `` Henry 's Proposal '' 1 : 17 3 . `` The Queen 's Curse '' 2 : 46 4 . `` Jiminy Cricket '' 3 : 11 5 . `` Dealing With Rumplestiltskin '' 3 : 26 6 . `` Belle 's Story '' 2 : 37 7 . `` Dwarves '' 2 : 45 8 . `` The Huntsman '' 4 : 31 9 . `` Things Are Changing in Storybrooke '' 1 : 47 10 . `` Cinderella '' 1 : 44 11 . `` Wedding Dance '' 1 : 21 12 . `` Advising Ashley '' 2 : 26 13 . `` If The Shoe Fits '' 1 : 35 14 . `` Unhappy Endings '' 3 : 46 15 . `` Emma And Henry '' 1 : 43 16 . `` The Siren '' 5 : 07 17 . `` The Man with the Wooden Box '' 1 : 11 18 . `` Hope Will Return '' 1 : 48 19 . `` Rumplestiltskin in Love '' 2 : 19 20 . `` The Genie 's Wishes '' 1 : 58 21 . `` The Road To True Love '' 2 : 50 22 . `` The Family Compass '' 2 : 00 23 . `` Burn The Witch '' 2 : 34 24 . `` What The Queen Loves Most '' 2 : 30 25 . `` The Clock Moves '' 1 : 12 ( show ) Season 2 Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` Sleeping Beauty '' 2 : 29 2 . `` True Love '' 4 : 45 3 . `` Magic '' 3 : 12 4 . `` We Are Both '' 1 : 41 5 . `` Meet the Jefferson '' 2 : 37 6 . `` Ruby and Granny '' 1 : 54 7 . `` A Real Boy '' 2 : 26 8 . `` The Hedge Maze '' 4 : 13 9 . `` Regina 's True Love '' 2 : 29 10 . `` Storybrooke Reunions '' 2 : 12 11 . `` The Duelists '' 1 : 21 12 . `` The Lady Jack '' 0 : 45 13 . `` In a Burning Room '' 4 : 16 14 . `` Tallahassee '' 2 : 21 15 . `` This Boy Will Be Your Undoing '' 2 : 46 16 . `` Science ! '' 1 : 23 17 . `` To Neverland ! '' 1 : 58 18 . `` Cora 's Waltz '' 2 : 19 19 . `` Snow White in Black '' 2 : 45 20 . `` How Magic Is Made '' 3 : 33 21 . `` One Perfect Day After Another '' 2 : 37 22 . `` Bae and the Shadow '' 2 : 45 23 . `` Tamara Shows Her True Colors '' 4 : 20 24 . `` The Adventure Begins '' 2 : 14 25 . `` Main Title '' 0 : 14 Broadcast ( edit ) The series has been licensed to over 190 countries . In Australia , Once Upon a Time first aired on Seven Network , starting on May 15 , 2012 . In Canada it airs on CTV from October 23 , 2011 . It premiered on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom on April 1 , 2012 . On December 17 , 2013 , it was confirmed that Channel 5 would not be picking the series up for the third season airing in the UK . On March 14 , 2015 , Netflix picked up the show in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland , subsequently showing all seasons and premiering each new episode on Wednesdays after their initial showing on Sundays on ABC . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Critical response to the first season was generally positive . On Metacritic , it was given a score of 66 out of 100 with `` generally favorable reviews '' . E ! 's Kristin dos Santos cited the show as one of the five new shows of the 2011 -- 2012 season to watch . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave the show a `` C + '' grade commenting `` From a pair of Lost producers , this is a love - or - hate proposition . The ambition is impressive , as it asks us to imagine Goodwin 's Snow White and Parrilla 's Evil Queen as moderns . But Morrison is a wooden lead , and the back stories -- a random collection of fairy tales -- do n't promise to surprise . '' In a review from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch , TV critic Gail Pennington hailed it as one of the `` Most Promising Shows of The Fall '' and , unlike Gilbert , had high marks for Morrison . USA Today 's Robert Blanco placed the series on its top ten list , declaring that `` There 's nothing else on the air quite like it . '' Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times preferred the series to another fairy - tale themed drama , Grimm , citing that the premise takes its time building up the charm and that the producer `` has that part nailed '' . She also gave excellent reviews for Morrison 's character : `` Her Emma is predictably cynical and prickly -- fairy - tale princess , my Aunt Fanny -- but she 's sharp and lively enough to keep audiences begging for ' just a few more pages ' before they go to bed . '' Several feminist outlets were pleased with the show for its feminist twist on fairy tales . Avital Norman Nathman of Bitch stated that she liked the show for `` infusing a feminist sensibility '' into the stories . Genie Leslie at Feministing commented that Emma was a `` badass '' , that she liked how Emma was `` very adamant that women be able to make their own decisions about their lives and their children '' , and how Emma was a `` well - rounded '' character who was `` feminine , but not ' girly ' '' . Natalie Wilson from Ms. praised the show for a strong , `` kick - butt '' female lead , for including multiple strong women who take turns doing the saving with the men , for subverting the fetishization of true love , and for dealing with the idea of what makes a mother in a more nuanced fashion . Wilson went on to state of the lead : `` Her pursuit of a ' happy ending ' is not about finding a man or going to a ball all gussied up , but about detective work , about building a relationship with her son Henry , and about seeking the ' truth ' as to why time stands still in the corrupt Storybrooke world . '' Ratings ( edit ) The first season premiered as the top - rated drama series . The pilot episode was watched by 13 million viewers and received a 4.0 rating / share among 18 - to 49 - year - olds . It was the season 's highest - rated drama debut among the age range and ABC 's biggest debut in five years . With DVR viewers , the premiere climbed to 15.5 million viewers and a 5.2 rating / share in adults 18 -- 49 . The show 's next three episodes had consistent ratings every week with over 11 million viewers . The series has become the number one non-sports program in the U.S. with viewers and young adults on Sunday nights . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Sunday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) 12.93 May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 9.66 2011 -- 12 28 11.71 4.1 / 10 22 September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) 11.36 May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 7.33 2012 -- 13 35 10.24 3.6 / 9 22 September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 8.52 May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 6.80 2013 -- 14 35 9.38 3.3 / 8 22 September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 9.47 May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 5.51 2014 -- 15 50 8.98 3.2 / 7 5 23 September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 5.93 May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 4.07 2015 -- 16 69 6.32 6 22 September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 3.99 May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 2.95 2016 -- 17 105 4.39 1.5 / 5 7 Friday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 3.26 May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 2.27 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time was nominated for a 2012 People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite New TV Drama '' , but lost to Person of Interest . The show was nominated at the 39th People 's Choice Awards in four categories : Favorite Network TV Drama , Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show , Favorite TV Fan Following , and Favorite TV Drama Actress ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) ; it lost to another ABC show Grey 's Anatomy in the first category , Supernatural in the second two , and Ellen Pompeo ( from Grey 's Anatomy ) in the last category . the show was nominated at 40th People 's Choice Awards , but lost to Beauty and the Beast and The Vampire Diaries , respectively . The show was also nominated for `` Best Genre Series '' at the 2011 Satellite Awards , but lost to American Horror Story . The show was nominated in this category again at the 2012 Satellite Awards , but lost to The Walking Dead . The program also received three nominations at the 2012 Visual Effects Society Awards , but all lost to Boardwalk Empire , Gears of War 3 , and Terra Nova . At the 38th Saturn Awards , the series received a nomination for Best Network Television Series and Parrilla was nominated for Best Supporting Actress on Television , but lost to Fringe and Michelle Forbes , respectively . The program was nominated for the former award again at the 39th Saturn Awards , but lost to new series Revolution . Jared S. Gilmore was nominated for Best Performance by an Younger Actor on Television at 40th Saturn Awards , but lost to Chandler Riggs for The Walking Dead The show received trophies for `` Favorite New TV Drama '' and `` Favorite Villain '' for Lana Parrilla by the TV Guide . The show was nominated at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards , but lost to The Vampire Diaries , Pretty Little Liars and Awkward and the show was also nominated at 2013 Teen Choice Awards , but lost to The Vampire Diaries and Pretty Little Liars . The show was nominated again 2014 Teen Choice Awards , but lost to The Vampire Diaries and Dylan O'Brien , respectively . It was also nominated at the 64th Creative Arts Primetime Emmy Awards , but lost to Game of Thrones and The Walking Dead and the show was nominated again at 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , but lost to The Borgias and Game of Thrones . Tie - in material ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) In 2013 , Disney - owned Hyperion Books published Reawakened by Odette Beane , a novelization of storylines from the first season , expanded to include new perspectives . The narrative is from the points - of - view of Emma Swan in Storybrooke and Snow White in the Enchanted Forest . The novel was published on April 28 , 2013 , as an ebook and May 7 , 2013 , in paperback form . In 2015 , production company Kingswell Teen published Red 's Untold Tale , by Wendy Toliver , a novel telling a story of Red 's past that was not seen in the show . The novel was published on September 22 , 2015 and consisted of 416 pages . In 2017 , Kingswell Teen published a second novel , Regina Rising , also written by Wendy Toliver , which depicts the life of a sixteen year old Regina . The novel was published on April 25 , 2017 . In 2018 , Kingswell Teen published a third novel , Henry and Violet , written by Michelle Zink , which follows Henry and Violet on an adventure to New York City . The novel was published on May 8 , 2018 . Comic Books ( edit ) A comic book , titled Once Upon a Time : Shadow of the Queen , was released on September 4 , 2013 , in both digital and hardcover forms . The story was written by Dan Thomsen and Corinna Bechko , with art by Nimit Malavia , Vasilis Lolos , Mike Del Mundo , Stephanie Hans and Mike Henderson . Shadow of the Queen details what happens after the Evil Queen takes the Huntsman 's heart . She forces the Huntsman to commit evil , and try to capture Snow White yet again . The Huntsman faces his past , and also meets Red Riding Hood , who is trying to cope with her beastly alter ego . Together , they team up and try to save Snow White before all is too late . On April 14 , 2014 , a sequel to the first comic book called Once Upon a Time : Out of the Past was released . Spin - off ( edit ) Main article : Once Upon a Time in Wonderland In February 2013 , Kitsis & Horowitz , along with producers Zack Estrin and Jane Espenson , developed a spin - off focusing on Lewis Carroll 's Wonderland . The series was called Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . A `` teaser presentation '' began shooting in April 2013 , and the pilot was shot in late July or August . On May 10 , 2013 , ABC announced that it had approved the spin - off and on May 14 , 2013 , announced that the spin - off would air in the Thursday night 8 : 00pm time slot instead of making it a fill - in for the parent series . The series premiered on October 10 , 2013 , but was cancelled after a single - season thirteen - episode run , and ended on April 3 , 2014 . See also ( edit ) List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of items in Once Upon a Time List of LGBT characters in television and radio List of Once Upon a Time creatures and races Television in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Once Upon A Time '' . Tourism Richmond . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Revenge ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Nashville ' , ' Castle ' and ' Scandal ' Renewed for New Seasons by ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . zap2it . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ABC Announces Fall Premiere and Season Premiere Dates for 2012 -- 13 Season from The Futon Critic ( July 26 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( May 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' season finale : 39 burning / freezing questions about ( SPOILER ) 's introduction ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ABC 's Once Upon a Time Renewed for Season 5 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time Season 6 Premiere Date Announced - Once Upon A Time '' . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Jennifer Morrison Exits , Others Near Deals For Season 7 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Morrison '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Emilie de Ravin and Jared Gilmore exit '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time to end after season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Walking Dead Alum Andrew J. West in Finale Mystery Role , Possible Season 7 Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Jane the Virgin star in mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time reveals new details on season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Once Upon a Time ' star Rebecca Mader previews Zelena 's return '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' -- Ratings -- TVbytheNumbers '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 broadcast TV shows of 2013 - 14 '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Season5Ratings '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Season6Ratings '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Webb Mitvich , Matt ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Renewed for Season 6 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ratcliffe , Amy ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` COMIC - CON : ONCE UPON A TIME TALKS DARK SWAN AND MERIDA FOR SEASON 5 '' . IGN . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ; Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Bosses Confirm Six Total Exits : ' We Fervently Believe It Wo n't Be the Last We See of Them ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time season 5 news : Jennifer Morrison is looking forward to playing Dark Emma ; Casting call out for Rumplestilskin 's mother '' . vinereport.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lana Parrilla ( @ LanaParrilla ) ( 7 July 2015 ) . `` We 're baaaaaack ! ! ! ... # OnceIsBack # Season5 # OnceUponATime '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Joshua Dallas , Edward Kitsis , Adam Horowitz ( 2011 ) . Fairy Tales in the Modern World ( DVD ) . Once Upon a Time : The Complete First Season Disc 5 : Disney - ABC Domestic Television . Jump up ^ `` ( # 501 ) `` The Dark Swan '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` @ swansrogers yes '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Meghan Ory to Return as Ruby in Season 5 '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Ups Sean Maguire , Rebecca Mader to Series Regulars '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader exiting after season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Lost ' exec producers Horowitz , Kitsis sell pilot to ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Keily , Karl ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` NYCC -- Once Upon a Time -- Pilot Screening and Panel '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Co-Creator / Executive Producer Adam Horowitz Once Upon a Time Interview '' . Collider . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Josie ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Lost 's Kitsis , Horowitz Start at the Beginning With Once Upon A Time '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Phegley , Kiel ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Creators Talk Willingham , Lindelof and Icons '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hale - Stern , Kaila ( October 16 , 2011 ) . `` On the TV show Once Upon a Time , all of your favorite fairy tale characters are trapped in Maine '' . io9 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Lost Writers ' Once Upon a Time Among ABC Pilot Orders '' . IGN . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Robert Carlyle Is Rumplestiltskin in ABC 's Once Upon A Time '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ; Masters , Megan ( August 7 , 2011 ) . `` Real Truths Behind ABC 's Once Upon a Time ( Including That Pesky Fables Comparison ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time Bosses Want to Do Frozen and Brave Princesses -- and Here 's Who Should Play Them '' from E ! Online ( March 10 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` 39 burning / freezing questions about ( SPOILER ) on ' Once Upon a Time ' PopWatch EW.com '' . popwatch.ew.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Willingham on Fables vs Once '' . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Joins ABC Drama Pilot ' Once Upon A Time ' As Snow White '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Halterman , Jim ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Interview : `` Once Upon a Time '' Co-Stars Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas & Lana Parrilla `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison Set as the Lead in ABC Pilot ' Once Upon a Time ' , 3 Others Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Several Actors Board Broadcast Pilots '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Robert Carlyle joins ABC fairytale pilot '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Once Upon A Time : `` The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter '' TV Club The A.V. Club `` . avclub.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Covert Affairs ' Eion Bailey Plays the Perfect Stranger on ' Once Upon a Time ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eion Bailey '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Meghan Ory Upped To Series Regular on ABC 's ' Once Upon A Time ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Once Upon a Time Promotes Emilie de Ravin to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Grey 's , Revolution 's Big Switch , Castle and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Sandra ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' scoop : Look who 's returning ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SEASON PREMIERE '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moorhouse , Drusilla ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : Colin O'Donoghue cast as Captain Hook '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' upgrades Colin O'Donoghue ( Capt . Hook ) to series regular -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' star made series regular '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keck , William . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Once Upon a Time Loses Its Little Red to CBS '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Socha to become Series regular '' . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time -- WonderCon 2014 Season 3 Spoilers , Videos & Pics Entertainment Outlook '' . entertainmentoutlook.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Lightning Round 12 : Once Upon a Time Bosses Answer Your Burning Questions '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Eion Bailey returning to ' Once Upon a Time ' '' . EW.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Teen Wolf , Once , Wayward Pines , iZombie , Major Crimes and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Jennifer Morrison Not Returning for Possible Season 7 '' . tvline.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Mekia Cox Upped To Series Regular For Season 7 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dallas , Josh ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Last day on the finale of # onceuponatime season 2 ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Morrison ( @ jenmorrisonlive ) ( 5 April 2013 ) . `` Last day of season 2 ... # uglyducklings '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Start Dates for Vancouver Filming of Fall TV : # Supernatural # OnceuponaTime # Fringe # Arrow # EmilyOwensMD '' . YVRSHOOTS . June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Visiting the Magical Lands of `` Once Upon a Time '' `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20160906abc24/ Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Once Upon a Time recap : Into the Deep '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` FICTIONAL Victorian London . Where chars like Alice live . exists concurrently w / our world so same OUAT timeline remains '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` In OUAT , Dorothy exists in a `` fictional Kansas '' realm , like we 've seen w / other stories . Need slippers to get there and back '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ https://www.hypable.com/once-upon-a-time-season-4-episode-5-recap-temporary-reflections/ Jump up ^ `` '' Sympathy for the De Vil '' - TheFutonCritic `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-4-finale/ Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Discuss `` Unfinished Business '' in Underworld , Potential Rumbelle Baby `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-once-upon-a-time-journey-underworld-20160306-story.html Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Underworld Preview : ' Dangerous ' and ' Warm ' Reunions , Emma Under Pressure and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Chambliss ( @ AndrewChambliss ) ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` I love the Evil Queen 's french flourish . I want to see more of her adventures in Fictional 19th Century France '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 13 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Recap : Pain in the Glass -- Plus , Did Rumple Go Too Far ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Hooded figure revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/27/once-upon-a-time-emilie-de-ravin-belle-dead/ Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` @ I_Love_Lana_Bex Yes '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2018/05/18/once-upon-a-time-recap-series-finale-regina-good-queen-realms-merge/ Jump up ^ Carlyle , Robert ; Dallas , Josh ; Goodwin , Ginnifer ; Horowitz , Adam ; Kitsis , Edward ; Morrison , Jennifer ; Parrilla , Lana ; Pearlman , Steve ; Sbarge , Raphael ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` Paleyfest 2012 : A Conversation with the Cast and Creators of Once Upon a Time '' ( Panel ) . Interview with Matt Mitovich . Beverly Hills . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time ( Music from the TV Series ) -- EP '' . iTunes . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon A Time : Original Television Soundtrack ( Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com/ . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time -- Season 2 ( Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' U.K. 's Channel 5 buys ' Once Upon a Time ' `` '' . Variety . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time dropped by Channel 5 after two seasons '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time -- Season 1 Reviews , Ratings , Credits and More '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ dos Santos , Kristin ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Five Fall Shows We Love : Once Upon a Time Is Magic . Period '' . E !. For Mark Perigard for Boston Herald `` Jennifer Morrison is superb . '' Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( September 4 , 2011 ) . `` Which new fall series make the grade ? '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` A sneak peek at the fall TV season '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ Blanco , Robert ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Fall TV preview : The new season 's top 10 '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( October 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grimm ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' reviews : Fairy tales all grown up '' . Los Angeles Times . For TV Live , `` Morrison does a nice job of mirroring the viewer 's disbelief of this fantastical dilemma -- and Emma looks like she could become a worthy adversary for Regina . '' For twitlonger , `` Morrison 's performance is great , and she finally gets a chance to lead . '' For Daniel Fienberg , `` Jennifer Morrison is very good in the lead '' . Jump up ^ Avital Norman Nathman ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Mom & Pop Culture : Once Upon A Remake '' . Bitch . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Genie Leslie ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Once Upon a ( Feminist ) Time '' . Feministing . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Natalie Wilson ( November 13 , 2011 ) . `` What a Difference a Strong Snow White Makes '' . Ms. Magazine blog . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings For World Series Game 4 & Saints / Colts '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` ABC 's ' Once Upon a Time ' Opens as the Season 's No. 1 New Drama '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Beaten By ' Modern Family ' & ' Two and a Half Men ' In Week No. 5 Among Teens and Adults 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Private Practice ' Tops % Gains In Week 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Cleveland Show ' Adjusted Up ; ' Pan Am ' Adjusted Down + Unscrambled CBS Shows & ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . TV by the Numbers . November 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' solid again Sunday , NFL scores for NBC '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` TV ratings : Patriots - Jets gives NBC a Sunday win , ' Once Upon a Time ' steady for ABC '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` ABC 's ' Once Upon a Time ' is Sunday 's No. 1 Non-Sports Show '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings For World Series Game 4 & Saints / Colts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sarah ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , Family guy ' , ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor : Reunion ' , ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' 666 Park Avenue ' , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up '' from TV by the Numbers / Zap2It ( May 14 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' -- Ratings -- TVbytheNumbers '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' American Dad ' & ' America 's Funniet Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' , ' Cosmos ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 broadcast TV shows of 2013 - 14 '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Premiere Week Live + 7 Ratings : NBC , CBS Win Network Race , ' Gotham ' , ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Lead DVR Gains '' . Deadline Hollywood . October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' finale , everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , FOX shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' finale adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' 20 / 20 , ' ' Life Sentence , ' ' Harry & Meghan ' special all adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Choice Award TV Nominations '' . Ology.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Winners '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Winners '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beard , Lanford ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Tintin ' , ' Harry Potter ' , ' Transformers ' lead the VES Awards nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; Hugo and Harry Potter Lead with 10 Nominations Each '' . collider.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Hobbit ' leads Saturn Awards with nine nominations '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' laun3ching a novel -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gopez , Patty ( August 30 , 2015 ) . `` Read an Excerpt from `` Once Upon a Time : Red 's Untold Tale '' `` . ABC . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Regina Rising '' . Disney Books . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Henry and Violet '' . Disney Books . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Plans A Once Upon A Time Original Graphic Novel '' . KSiteTV . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Out of the Past : Kalinda Vazquez , Corinna Bechko , Pascal Campion , Betsy Peterschmidt , Vanesa Del Rey , Janet Lee : 9780785191162 : Amazon.com : Books '' . amazon.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Eddy Kitsis & Adam Horowitz 's ' Once Upon A Time ' Spin - off Set In Wonderland Takes Shape , Zack Estrin & Jane Espenson Join . '' Deadline Hollywood ( March 19 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Spin - off ' Wonderland ' Casts Its Alice '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Thehollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` ABC 2013 -- 14 Primetime Schedule : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' on Tuesday , ' Revenge ' Sticks With Sunday , ' Once Upon a Time ' Spinoff on Thursday , ' DWTS ' Downsized & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 2014 - 03 - 28 ) . `` It 's Official : ABC 's ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' Canceled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' Canceled by ABC After One Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Official website Once Upon a Time on IMDb Once Upon a Time at TV.com Creators ' podcast Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' `` One Little Tear '' `` The Eighth Witch '' `` Secret Garden '' `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` Knightfall '' `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` Sisterhood '' `` Breadcrumbs '' `` Chosen '' `` The Guardian '' `` Flower Child '' `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' `` Homecoming '' `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... 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5560261091535632915	2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup	2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup - wikipedia 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup २०१७ फीफा अंडर - १७ विश्व कप Tournament details Host country India Dates 6 -- 28 October Teams 24 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 6 ( in 6 host cities ) Final positions Champions England ( 1st title ) Runners - up Spain Third place Brazil Fourth place Mali Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 183 ( 3.52 per match ) Attendance 1,347,133 ( 25,906 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Rhian Brewster ( 8 goals ) Best player Phil Foden Best goalkeeper Gabriel Brazão Fair play award Brazil ← 2015 2019 → The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the 17th FIFA U-17 World Cup , a biennial international football tournament contested by men 's under - 17 national teams . Organized by FIFA , the tournament took place in India between 6 and 28 October 2017 , after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 5 December 2013 . The tournament marked the first time India have hosted a FIFA tournament and the first Asian hosted U-17 World Cup since 2013 . The attendance for this World Cup was a record 1,347,133 surpassing China 's 1985 edition where it was 1,230,976 . The matches were played in six stadiums in six host cities around the country , with the final taking place at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata , West Bengal . Twenty - three teams , besides the host India , managed to qualify for the tournament via participating in their various continental under - 17 tournaments . In the first round of the tournament finals , the teams competed in round - robin groups of four for points , where the top two teams in each group along with the top four third placed teams would advance to the next round . These 16 teams will advance to the knockout stage , where three rounds of play will decide which teams would participate in the final . The reigning FIFA U-17 World Cup champions , Nigeria , did not have the opportunity to defend their title after failing to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first incumbent title holder since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the subsequent edition . England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two - goal deficit and beating Spain 5 -- 2 in the final . This meant England became the second nation , after Brazil in 2003 , to win both of FIFA 's under - age ( U-20 and U-17 ) World Cup tournaments in the same calendar year . England has also become the third country , after Brazil and North Korea , to win both U-17 and U-20 World Cup in their respective gender tournaments on the same year , as North Korea had also won both U-17 and U-20 Women 's World Cup last year. The Official Match Ball of the Tournament is Adidas Krasava . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualified teams 3 Organization 3.1 Preparation 3.2 Emblem 3.3 Tickets 4 Venues 5 Draw 6 Referees 7 Squads 8 Group stage 8.1 Group A 8.2 Group B 8.3 Group C 8.4 Group D 8.5 Group E 8.6 Group F 8.7 Ranking of third - placed teams 9 Knockout stage 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Round of 16 9.3 Quarter - finals 9.4 Semi-finals 9.5 Third place play - off 9.6 Final 10 Awards 11 Final ranking 12 Goalscorers 13 Broadcasting 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Host selection ( edit ) The bids for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup had to be submitted by 15 November 2013 . On 28 May 2013 it was announced by FIFA that Azerbaijan , India , Republic of Ireland , and Uzbekistan would bid for the hosting rights . Finally , on 5 December 2013 , FIFA announced that India had won the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup hosting rights . Qualified teams ( edit ) As host , India made their first ever appearance at the FIFA U-17 World Cup and their first appearance in the World Cup at any age level . As well as India , New Caledonia and Niger also made their first appearance in the FIFA U-17 World Cup . The previous U-17 World Cup title holders , Nigeria , failed to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first nation since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the next edition of the FIFA U-17 World Cup after winning the previous edition . A total of 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . In addition to India , the other 23 teams qualified from six separate continental competitions . Starting from 2017 , the Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) will receive an additional spot ( in total two spots ) , while UEFA will have five instead of six spots . Confederation Qualifying Tournament Qualifier ( s ) AFC ( Asia ) Host Nation India 2016 AFC U-16 Championship Iraq Iran Japan North Korea CAF ( Africa ) 2017 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Ghana Guinea Mali Niger CONCACAF ( Central , North America and Caribbean ) 2017 CONCACAF U-17 Championship Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States CONMEBOL ( South America ) 2017 South American Under - 17 Championship Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay OFC ( Oceania ) 2017 OFC U-17 Championship New Caledonia New Zealand UEFA ( Europe ) 2017 UEFA European Under - 17 Championship England France Germany Spain Turkey 1. ^ Teams that will make their debut . Organization ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) The six venues selected for the tournament were given major renovations prior to the FIFA U-17 World Cup . All the stadiums were given new bucket seats , new dressing rooms , new evacuation exits for fans , and new training grounds . Javier Ceppi , the Local Organising Committee director , stated that despite work starting slowly , things eventually became quicker . `` It has been a long process in the last two and half years . In India , it takes time to start things but once things start it kind of picks its own pace and in terms of implementation I always say that India is a very good country when it comes to implementation . '' Emblem ( edit ) The official emblem for the tournament was launched on 27 September 2016 at a hotel in Goa during the 2016 AFC U-16 Championship . According to the press release from FIFA the emblem was designed `` as a celebration of the country 's richness and diversity of cultures , with the main elements of the Indian Ocean , the banyan tree , the kite and the starburst , which is an interpretation of the Ashoka Chakra , an integral part of the national identity . '' Tickets ( edit ) Sales of tickets for the FIFA U-17 World Cup began on 16 May 2017 during a function in Delhi . Carles Puyol was present during the ticket sales launch as special guest . General ticket sales officially began on 17 May 2017 at 19 : 11 . The time was selected as a tribute to when Mohun Bagan defeated East Yorkshire Regiment in the IFA Shield in 1911 , marking the first time an Indian football club defeated a British side in British India . Tickets for the tournament were sold in four phases : Phase one only sold tickets for categories 1 to 3 at each venue with a 60 % discount while phase two allowed people to buy tickets for all categories , but only if you are a Visa card holder , at a 50 % discount . Phase three allowed anyone to buy tickets with a 25 % discount while phase four had tickets at full price . The attendance for matches breached the million mark in the final match of the Round of 16 , which made India only the third nation after China and Mexico to register an attendance of over a million for the event . On 28 October 2017 , in the 3rd place match - up between Brazil and Mali , India finally beat the existing record of 1,230,976 set in the 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship edition in China on October 28 , 2017 . The final attendance figures were 1,347,133 . Venues ( edit ) After being awarded the hosting rights for the FIFA U-17 World Cup , eight locations were shortlisted : Bangalore , Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , Mumbai , and Pune . On 29 May 2015 , Bangalore , Chennai , Delhi , Goa , and Pune were provisionally selected as host locations . On 27 October 2016 , FIFA officially announced Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , and New Mumbai as the official host cities for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Kolkata Kochi New Delhi Salt Lake Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Capacity : 66,600 Capacity : 29,000 Capacity : 58,000 Navi Mumbai New Delhi Kolkata Kochi Margao Guwahati 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup ( India ) Navi Mumbai Guwahati Margao DY Patil Stadium Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium Fatorda Stadium Capacity : 58,300 Capacity : 23,800 Capacity : 16,200 Draw ( edit ) The draw for the FIFA U-17 World Cup was held on 7 July 2017 in Mumbai . The draw was attended by former U-17 World Cup champions Nwankwo Kanu ( Nigeria ) and Esteban Cambiasso ( Argentina ) , as well as India senior international Sunil Chhetri and badminton player P.V. Sindhu . The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four teams , with hosts India being allocated to position A1 . The rest of the teams were allocated into their respective pots based on a ranking which was built according to past performances during the last five FIFA U-17 World Cups . Importance was given to the most recent U-17 World Cups . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 India Mexico Brazil Germany Mali France Spain Japan New Zealand England Iran United States Costa Rica North Korea Honduras Iraq Turkey Colombia Chile Paraguay Ghana Guinea Niger New Caledonia Referees ( edit ) FIFA 's Referees ' Committee selected 21 referees , representing all six confederations , to officiate at the U-17 World Cup : Seven from UEFA , four from CONMEBOL , three each from the AFC , CAF , and CONCACAF , and one from the OFC . No referee from host country India were selected to officiate . Confederation Referee Assistant referees Support referee AFC Muhammad Taqi Lee Tzu Liang Koh Min Kiat Ri Hyang - ok Ryuji Sato Toru Sagara Hiroshi Yamauchi Nawaf Shukralla Yaser Tulefat Ebrahim Saleh CAF Mehdi Abid Charef Albdelhak Etchiali Anouar Hmila Gladys Lengwe Hamada Nampiandraza Arsenio Marengula Yahaya Mahamadou Bamlak Tessema Weyesa Olivier Safari Mark Ssonko CONCACAF Jair Marrufo Frank Anderson Corey Rockwell Carol Chenard Ricardo Montero Octavio Jara Juan Carlos Mora John Pitti Gabriel Victoria Christian Ramírez CONMEBOL José Argote Luis Murillo Carlos López Claudia Umpierrez Enrique Cáceres Eduardo Cardozo Juan Zorrilla Sandro Ricci Emerson de Carvalho Marcelo Van Gasse Gery Vargas Juan Pablo Montaño Jose Alberto Antelo OFC Abdelkader Zitouni Folio Moeaki Bernard Mutukera Anna - Marie Keighley UEFA Ovidiu Hațegan Octavian Șovre Sebastian Gheorghe Kateryna Monzul Esther Staubli Bobby Madden David McGeachie Alastair Mather Anastasios Sidiropoulos Polychronis Kostaras Lazaros Dimitriadis Artur Soares Dias Rui Barbosa Tavares Paulo Alexandre Santos Soares Anthony Taylor Gary Beswick Adam Nunn Clément Turpin Nicolas Danos Cyril Gringore Slavko Vinčić Tomaz Klancnik Andraz Kovacic Squads ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup squads . Each team 's squad for the FIFA U-17 World Cup will consist of 21 players . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 21 - player squad by 21 September 2017 . A total of 504 players will be participating in the tournament . The squads were announced by FIFA on 26 September 2017 . Group stage ( edit ) The top two teams of each group and the four best third - placed teams advance to the round of 16 . The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria , their rankings are determined as follows : points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned ; goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned ; number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned ; fair play points : first yellow card : minus 1 point ; indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points ; direct red card : minus 4 points ; yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . All times are local , IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Ghana 0 5 + 4 6 Knockout stage Colombia 0 5 + 2 6 United States 0 5 + 2 6 India ( H ) 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : FIFA ( H ) Host . Colombia v Ghana 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 1 Ghana Report Ibrahim 39 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 24,300 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) India v United States 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 India 0 -- 3 United States Report Sargent 30 ' ( pen . ) Durkin 51 ' Carleton 84 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 46,351 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Ghana v United States 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 0 -- 1 United States Report Akinola 75 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 17,500 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) India v Colombia 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 India 1 -- 2 Colombia Thounaojam 82 ' Report Peñaloza 49 ' , 83 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 48,184 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v India 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 Ghana 4 -- 0 India Ayiah 43 ' , 52 ' Danso 86 ' Toku 87 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 52,614 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) United States v Colombia 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 3 Colombia Acosta 24 ' Report Vidal 3 ' Peñaloza 67 ' D. Caicedo 87 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 22,263 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paraguay 0 0 10 5 + 5 9 Knockout stage Mali 0 8 + 4 6 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 Turkey 0 7 − 5 Source : FIFA New Zealand v Turkey 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 New Zealand 1 -- 1 Turkey Mata 58 ' Report Kutucu 18 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 9,727 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Paraguay v Mali 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 3 -- 2 Mali Galeano 12 ' Sánchez 17 ' Rodríguez 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Dramé 20 ' Ndiaye 34 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 25,342 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Turkey v Mali 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 0 -- 3 Mali Report D. Traoré 38 ' Ndiaye 68 ' Konaté 86 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 18,323 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Paraguay v New Zealand 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 4 -- 2 New Zealand Rodríguez 2 ' Vega 75 ' , 78 ' Armoa 90 + 1 ' Report Duarte 20 ' ( o.g. ) , 34 ' ( o.g. ) DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 20,877 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Turkey v Paraguay 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 1 -- 3 Paraguay Kesgin 90 + 3 ' Report Bogado 41 ' Cardozo 43 ' Galeano 61 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 8,895 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Mali v New Zealand 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Mali 3 -- 1 New Zealand Salam 18 ' D. Traoré 50 ' Ndiaye 82 ' Report Spragg 72 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 23,112 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 0 0 10 + 9 9 Knockout stage Germany 0 5 6 − 1 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 Source : FIFA Germany v Costa Rica 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 Costa Rica Arp 21 ' Awuku 89 ' Report Gómez 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Iran v Guinea 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 Iran 3 -- 1 Guinea Sayyad 59 ' Sharifi 70 ' ( pen . ) Karimi 90 ' Report Touré 90 + 1 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Costa Rica v Guinea 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 2 -- 2 Guinea Jarquin 26 ' Gómez 67 ' Report Touré 30 ' I. Soumah 81 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 6,717 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Iran v Germany 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 Iran 4 -- 0 Germany Delfi 6 ' , 42 ' Sayyad 49 ' Namdari 75 ' Report Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,267 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Costa Rica v Iran 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 0 -- 3 Iran Report Ghobeishavi 25 ' ( pen . ) Shariati 29 ' ( pen . ) Sardari 89 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,549 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Guinea v Germany 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Guinea 1 -- 3 Germany I. Soumah 26 ' Report Arp 8 ' Kühn 62 ' Cetin 90 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 9,250 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Group D ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 6 + 5 9 Knockout stage Spain 0 7 + 5 6 Niger 0 6 − 5 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Brazil v Spain 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 1 Spain Lincoln 25 ' Paulinho 45 + 1 ' Report Wesley 5 ' ( o.g. ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 21,362 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) North Korea v Niger 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 1 Niger Report Abdourahmane 59 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 2,754 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) Spain v Niger 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Spain 4 -- 0 Niger A. Ruiz 21 ' , 41 ' César 45 + 1 ' Gómez 82 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 7,926 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) North Korea v Brazil 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 56 ' Paulinho 61 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 15,314 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Spain v North Korea 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Spain 2 -- 0 North Korea Moha 4 ' César 71 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 14,544 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Niger v Brazil 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Niger 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 4 ' Brenner 34 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 15,830 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Group E ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 0 14 + 11 9 Knockout stage Japan 8 + 4 Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 Source : FIFA New Caledonia v France 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 New Caledonia 1 -- 7 France Wadenges 90 ' Report Iwa 5 ' ( o.g. ) Gouiri 19 ' , 33 ' Gomes 30 ' Caqueret 40 ' Wanesse 43 ' ( o.g. ) Isidor 90 + 1 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,640 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Honduras v Japan 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 1 -- 6 Japan Palacios 36 ' Report Nakamura 22 ' , 30 ' , 43 ' Kubo 45 ' Miyashiro 51 ' Suzuki 90 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,285 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Japan 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Japan Gouiri 13 ' , 71 ' Report Miyashiro 73 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 9,575 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Honduras v New Caledonia 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 5 -- 0 New Caledonia Mejía 25 ' , 42 ' Canales 27 ' Palacios 51 ' , 88 ' Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 11,002 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) France v Honduras 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 France 5 -- 1 Honduras Isidor 14 ' Flips 23 ' , 64 ' Gouiri 86 ' Adli 90 + 6 ' Report Mejía 10 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,831 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Japan v New Caledonia 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 Japan 1 -- 1 New Caledonia Nakamura 7 ' Report Jeno 83 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 44,665 Referee : Esther Staubli ( Switzerland ) Group F ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 0 11 + 9 9 Knockout stage Iraq 5 − 1 Mexico 0 − 1 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 Source : FIFA Chile v England 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 Chile 0 -- 4 England Report Hudson - Odoi 5 ' Sancho 51 ' , 60 ' Gomes 81 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 46,154 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Iraq v Mexico 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 1 -- 1 Mexico Dawood 16 ' Report De la Rosa 51 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 55,800 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) England v Mexico 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 England 3 -- 2 Mexico Brewster 39 ' Foden 48 ' Sancho 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Lainez 65 ' , 72 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 48,620 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Iraq v Chile 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 3 -- 0 Chile Dawood 6 ' , 68 ' D. Valencia 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 50,286 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) England v Iraq 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 England 4 -- 0 Iraq Gomes 11 ' Smith - Rowe 57 ' Loader 59 ' , 71 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,372 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Mexico v Chile 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 Mexico 0 -- 0 Chile Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 15,794 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) The four best teams among those ranked third are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; fair play points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 5 + 2 6 Knockout stage Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 Niger 0 6 − 5 Mexico 0 − 1 5 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Source : FIFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : Ranked by disciplinary points ( New Zealand : -- 6 pts ; Guinea : -- 9 pts ) . Combinations of matches in the Round of 16 The specific match - ups involving the third - placed teams depend on which four third - placed teams qualified for the round of 16 : Combination according to the four qualified teams Third - placed teams qualify from groups 1A vs 1B vs 1C vs 1D vs 3C 3D 3A 3B 3C 3A 3B 3E 3C 3A 3B 3F 3D 3A 3B 3E 3D 3A 3B 3F 3E 3A 3B 3F 3C 3D 3A 3E 3C 3D 3A 3F 3C 3A 3F 3E 3D 3A 3F 3E 3C 3D 3B 3E 3C 3D 3B 3F 3E 3C 3B 3F 3E 3D 3B 3F 3C 3D 3F 3E Knockout stage ( edit ) In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , no extra time shall be played and the winner shall be determined by a penalty shoot - out . Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 16 October -- New Delhi Colombia 0 22 October -- Kolkata Germany Germany 18 October -- Cochin Brazil Brazil 25 October -- Kolkata Honduras 0 Brazil 16 October -- New Delhi England Paraguay 0 21 October -- Margao United States 5 United States 17 October -- Kolkata England England ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) 28 October -- Kolkata Japan 0 ( 3 ) England 5 17 October -- Margao Spain Mali 5 21 October -- Guwahati Iraq Mali 18 October -- New Mumbai Ghana Ghana 25 October -- New Mumbai Niger 0 Mali 17 October -- Guwahati Spain Third place play - off France 22 October -- Cochin 28 October -- Kolkata Spain Spain Brazil 17 October -- Margao Iran Mali 0 Iran Mexico Round of 16 ( edit ) Colombia v Germany 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 4 Germany Report Arp 7 ' , 65 ' Bisseck 39 ' Yeboah 49 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 19,477 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Paraguay v United States 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 0 -- 5 United States Report Weah 19 ' , 53 ' , 77 ' Carleton 63 ' Sargent 74 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 34,895 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Iran v Mexico 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 Iran 2 -- 1 Mexico Sharifi 7 ' ( pen . ) Sayyad 11 ' Report De la Rosa 37 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 5,529 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Spain 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 France 1 -- 2 Spain Pintor 34 ' Report Miranda 44 ' A. Ruiz 90 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,316 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) England v Japan 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 England 0 -- 0 Japan Report Penalties Brewster Hudson - Odoi Foden Anderson Kirby 5 -- 3 Sugawara Miyashiro Kida Kozuki Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 53,302 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Mali v Iraq 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 Mali 5 -- 1 Iraq Dramé 25 ' Ndiaye 33 ' , 90 + 4 ' Konaté 73 ' S. Camara 87 ' Report Kareem 85 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 9,240 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v Niger 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 2 -- 0 Niger Ayiah 45 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Danso 90 ' Report DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 21,286 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Brazil v Honduras 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 00 Brazil 3 -- 0 Honduras Brenner 11 ' , 56 ' Marcos Antônio 44 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 20,668 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) Mali v Ghana 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 17 : 00 Mali 2 -- 1 Ghana Dramé 15 ' D. Traoré 61 ' Report Mohammed K. 70 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 3,706 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) United States v England 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 4 England Sargent 72 ' Report Brewster 11 ' , 14 ' , 90 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Gibbs - White 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 16,148 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Spain v Iran 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 17 : 00 Spain 3 -- 1 Iran A. Ruiz 13 ' Gómez 60 ' Ferrán 67 ' Report Karimi 69 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 28,436 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Germany v Brazil 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 20 : 00 Germany 1 -- 2 Brazil Arp 21 ' ( pen . ) Report Weverson 71 ' Paulinho 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,613 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Brazil v England 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 3 England Wesley 21 ' Report Brewster 10 ' , 39 ' , 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 63,881 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Mali v Spain 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 20 : 00 Mali 1 -- 3 Spain N'Diaye 74 ' Report A. Ruiz 19 ' ( pen . ) , 43 ' Ferrán 71 ' DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 37,847 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Third place play - off ( edit ) Brazil v Mali 28 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 0 Mali Alan Souza 55 ' Yuri Alberto 88 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,422 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Final ( edit ) England v Spain 28 October 2017 20 : 00 England 5 -- 2 Spain Brewster 44 ' Gibbs - White 58 ' Foden 69 ' , 88 ' Guehi 84 ' Report S. Gómez 10 ' , 31 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,684 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Awards ( edit ) The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Phil Foden Sergio Gomez Rhian Brewster Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Rhian Brewster Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 8 goals 6 goals 6 goals Golden Glove Gabriel Brazão FIFA Fair Play Award Brazil Final ranking ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rank Team Pld GF GA GD Pts England 7 6 0 23 6 + 17 19 Spain 7 5 0 17 10 + 7 15 Brazil 7 6 0 14 5 + 9 18 Mali 7 0 16 11 + 5 12 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Iran 5 0 13 5 + 8 12 6 Ghana 5 0 8 + 5 9 7 United States 5 0 11 7 + 4 9 8 Germany 5 0 10 8 + 2 9 Eliminated in the Round of 16 9 France 0 15 5 + 10 9 10 Paraguay 0 10 10 0 9 11 Colombia 0 5 7 − 2 6 12 Japan 8 + 4 5 13 Iraq 5 10 − 5 14 Honduras 0 7 14 − 7 15 Niger 0 8 − 7 16 Mexico 0 6 − 2 Eliminated at the group stage 17 Guinea 0 8 − 4 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 19 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 20 Turkey 0 7 − 5 21 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 22 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 23 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 24 India 0 0 9 − 8 0 Goalscorers ( edit ) 8 goals Rhian Brewster 6 goals Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 5 goals Amine Gouiri Jann - Fiete Arp 4 goals Keito Nakamura Sergio Gómez Martín 3 goals Brenner Lincoln Paulinho Juan Peñaloza Phil Foden Jadon Sancho Eric Ayiah Carlos Adonys Mejía Patrick Palacios Allahyar Sayyad Mohammed Dawood Yaseen Hadji Dramé Djemoussa Traoré Josh Sargent Timothy Weah 2 goals Andrés Gómez Morgan Gibbs - White Angel Gomes Danny Loader Alexis Flips Wilson Isidor Richard Danso Ibrahima Soumah Fandje Touré Younes Delfi Saeid Karimi Mohammad Sharifi Taishei Miyashiro Fode Konaté Diego Lainez Roberto de la Rosa Antonio Galeano Alan Francisco Rodríguez Aníbal Vega César Gelabert Ferrán Torres Andrew Carleton 1 goal Alan Souza Yuri Alberto Marcos Antônio Wesley Weverson Déiber Caicedo Juan Vidal Yecxy Jarquin Callum Hudson - Odoi Emile Smith - Rowe Marc Guehi Yacine Adli Claudio Gomes Maxence Caqueret Lenny Pintor Noah Awuku Yann Aurel Bisseck Sahverdi Cetin Nicolas Kühn John Yeboah Sadiq Ibrahim Mohammed Kudus Emmanuel Toku Joshua Canales Jeakson Singh Thounaojam Mohammad Ghobeishavi Vahid Namdari Mohammad Sardari Taha Shariati Ali Kareem Takefusa Kubo Tochi Suzuki Seme Camara Salam Giddou Cameron Wadenges Jekob Jeno Max Mata Charles Spragg Salim Abdourahmane Blas Armoa Giovanni Bogado Fernando David Cardozo Leonardo Sánchez Cohener Juan Miranda Mohamed Moukhliss Keren Kesgin Ahmed Kutucu George Acosta Ayo Akinola Chris Durkin 1 own goal Wesley ( playing against Spain ) Diego Valencia ( playing against Iraq ) Bernard Iwa ( playing against France ) Kiam Wanesse ( playing against France ) 2 own goals Alexis Duarte ( playing against New Zealand ) Source : FIFA Broadcasting ( edit ) FIFA released the media licensing rights for the U-17 World Cup on 21 September 2017 . In India , the official broadcaster is Sony TEN and Sony ESPN . In the United States , the tournament is being broadcast on Fox Sports 2 while the United Kingdom has the tournament broadcast on Eurosport . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The venue of the first semi-final was moved to Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata , following assessment of the pitch conditions of the original venue , Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati , which had been affected by severe rainfall . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England Under - 17s overwhelm Spain to land spectacular World Cup win '' . Guardian . 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England double up by winning U17 World Cup '' . UEFA.com. 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England win U17 World Cup : Young Lions fight back to beat Spain in final '' . BBC Sport. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/fifa-u17-world-cup-india-2017-official-match-ball-krasava-by-adidas-is-a-work-of-art.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bidding process opened for five FIFA competitions in 2016 and 2017 '' . FIFA. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Executive Committee fully backs resolution on the fight against racism and discrimination '' . FIFA. 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : India to host U-17 World Cup in 2017 '' . Goal.com. 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At the FIFA U-17 World Cup , an Indian style of football will finally kick off on the global stage '' . Economic Times . 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Easwar , Nisanth ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` How did the teams fare in their first FIFA U-17 World Cup appearance '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niger Republic U17 3 -- 1 Nigeria U17 : Golden Eaglets crash out of U17 Afcon '' . Goal.com. 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA executive vows to improve governance and boost female participation in football '' . FIFA.com. 25 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 : An interactive look at the facelifts the six stadiums have received '' . FirstPost. 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Infrastructure ready for FIFA U-17 World Cup ' '' . The Hindu . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Emblem launched for FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' . FIFA. 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifa U-17 World Cup 2017 : Carles Puyol kicks off ticket sales , honours Mohun Bagan icon '' . FirstPost. 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for India 2017 now available '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India could shatter Under 17 World Cup attendance record - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 WC in India becomes most attended in event 's history '' . Jump up ^ Vikraman , Deepak . `` India to Host 2017 U-17 FIFA World Cup '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under - 17 World Cup schedule clashes with ISL , FIFA not ready to alter '' . Indian Express . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 2017 continues to take shape '' . FIFA. 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Stats '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` Relive the India 2017 draw with FIFA.com '' . FIFA. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draw procedures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Match Officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup : When is the last date for teams to submit final squads '' . Goal.com. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talented youngsters set for Indian odyssey '' . FIFA.com. 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Match Schedule FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup semi-final match to take place in Kolkata '' . FIFA.com. 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-3-rd-place_29.html Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-final.html Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 Media Rights Licenses '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide : Date , time and where to get your football fix '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Under - 17 World Cup : Fixtures , teams , TV & guide to India 2017 '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup on FIFA website FIFA U-16 World Championship / U-17 World Cup Tournaments China 1985 Canada 1987 Scotland 1989 Italy 1991 Japan 1993 Ecuador 1995 Egypt 1997 New Zealand 1999 Trinidad and Tobago 2001 Finland 2003 Peru 2005 South Korea 2007 Nigeria 2009 Mexico 2011 UAE 2013 Chile 2015 India 2017 TBA 2019 Qualification AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Squads 1985 1991 1995 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Team appearances Records and statistics 2017 -- 18 in Indian football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National teams Men Senior ( 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ) U23 ( U-23 Championship qualification ) U20 ( 2017 SAFF U-19 Championship and U-19 Championship qualification ) U17 ( World Cup and U-16 Championship qualification ) League competitions First division Indian Super League I - League Second division I - League 2nd Division Final Round State leagues Assam Goa Karnataka ( Bengaluru ) Kerala Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Maharashtra ( Mumbai ) Punjab Uttarakhand West Bengal ( Kolkata ) Women Indian Women 's League ( Preliminary round ) Youth I - League U18 Club seasons Indian Super League ATK Bengaluru FC Chennaiyin Delhi Dynamos Goa Jamshedpur FC Kerala Blasters Mumbai City NorthEast United Pune City Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup&oldid=810591185 '' Categories : 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 in youth association football 2017 -- 18 in Indian football FIFA U-17 World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by India October 2017 sports events in Asia Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 06 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the final of u17 world cup	[ "The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the 17th FIFA U-17 World Cup, a biennial international football tournament contested by men's under-17 national teams. Organized by FIFA, the tournament took place in India between 6 and 28 October 2017, after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 5 December 2013. The tournament marked the first time India have hosted a FIFA tournament and the first Asian hosted U-17 World Cup since 2013. The attendance for this World Cup was a record 1,347,133 surpassing China's 1985 edition where it was 1,230,976." ]	[ "India" ]
-1997712558276930258	Sri Lankan Civil War	Sri Lankan civil war - wikipedia Sri Lankan civil war hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies extensively on quotations that were previously collated by an advocacy or lobbying group . Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( March 2013 ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . 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( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sri Lankan Civil War ශ්‍රී ලාංකික සිවිල් යුද්ධය இலங்கை உள்நாட்டுப் போர் The area of Sri Lanka claimed by the LTTE as Tamil Eelam , where the vast majority of the fighting took place Date 23 July 1983 -- 18 May 2009 ( 25 years , 9 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Sri Lanka Result Sri Lankan government victory Rebel group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam militarily defeated Sri Lankan government reestablishes control over entire island Territorial changes Government regains total control of former LTTE - controlled areas in the North and East of the country . Belligerents Sri Lanka Indian Peace Keeping Force ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Commanders and leaders J.R. Jayawardene ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Ranasinghe Premadasa † ( 1989 -- 1993 ) D.B. Wijetunga ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Chandrika Kumaratunga ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Mahinda Rajapaksa ( 2005 -- 2009 ) R. Venkataraman ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Rajiv Gandhi ( 1987 -- 1989 ) † V. Prabhakaran † ( 1983 -- 2009 ) Balraj Karuna Amman ( 1983 -- 2004 ) KP Mahattaya Pottu Amman Shankar † Soosai † Strength Sri Lanka Armed Forces : 95,000 ( 2001 ) 118,000 ( 2002 ) 158,000 ( 2003 ) 151,000 ( 2004 ) 111,000 ( 2005 ) 150,900 ( 2006 ) 210,000 ( 2008 ) Indian Peace Keeping Force : 100,000 ( peak ) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( excluding Auxiliary forces ) : 6,000 ( 2001 ) 7,000 ( 2003 ) 18,000 ( 2004 ) 11,000 ( 2005 ) 8,000 ( 2006 ) 7,000 ( 2007 ) ( including Auxiliary forces ) : 25,000 ( 2006 ) 30,000 ( 2008 ) Casualties and losses 28,708 killed 40,107 wounded 1,200 killed ( Indian Peace Keeping Force ) 27,000 + killed 11,644 captured 100,000 + killed overall ( estimate ) 800,000 displaced at peak in 2001 16 May 2009 : Sri Lankan Government declared a military defeat of LTTE . 17 May 2009 : LTTE admit defeat by Sri Lankan Government . 19 May 2009 : President Mahinda Rajapaksa officially declares end of civil war in parliament . Eelam War I Kokkilai Vadamarachchi Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Poomalai Pawan Trishul Viraat Checkmate Jaffna University Helidrop Eelam War II Kokavil Sea Breeze Thrividha Balaya Balavegaya Sathbala Balavegaya II Welioya Elephant Pass Pooneryn Eelam War III Sooraya and Ranasuru Jaffna ( 1995 ) Riviresa Mullaitivu ( 1996 ) Sath Jaya Edibala Vavunathivu Jayasikurui ( Thandikulam -- Omanthai , Battle of Kanakarayankulam ( 1997 ) ) Rivi bala Kilinochchi ( 1998 ) Rana Gosa Oddusuddan Kinihira A-9 highway 2nd Elephant Pass Rivikirana Bandaranaike Eelam War IV Eastern Theater of Eelam War IV Sampur December 2006 Definite Victory Vakarai Thoppigala Northern Theater of Eelam War IV Jaffna Silavathurai 2008 - 2009 offensive Welioya Vavuniya Kallarawa Madhu Adampan Vidattaltivu Kilinochchi Paranthan Mullaitivu Chalai Puthukkudiyirippu Vellamullivaikkal Other 1st Point Pedro Galle 2nd Point Pedro Palali raid Colombo raids Anuradhapura Delft Coast of Jaffna Sri Lankan Civil War Main topics Eelam War I Indian intervention Eelam War II Eelam War III Eelam War IV Battles and operations Bombings and terrorist attacks Other military attacks Mass graves Chemmani Duraiappa Mirusuvil Sooriyakanda Massacres Black July Kokkilai massacre 1985 Valvettiturai Kumudini Akkaraipattu Prawn farm Eastern University 1990 Batticaloa Massacre of policemen 1991 Kokkadichcholai Air Lanka Flight 512 Jaffna lagoon Aluth Oya massacre Navaly Nagerkovil - Allaipiddy Vankalai Central Bus Station bombing Muttur Kent and Dollar Farm Anuradhapura Aranthalawa Kattankudi mosque Palliyagodella Lionair Flight 602 Kallarawa October 1995 Gonagala Kebithigollewa Jaffna Hospital Central Bank bombing Dehiwala train bombing 1989 Valvettiturai Habarana massacre The Sri Lankan Civil War was an armed conflict fought on the island of Sri Lanka . Beginning on 23 July 1983 , there was an intermittent insurgency against the government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( the LTTE , also known as the Tamil Tigers ) , which fought to create an independent Tamil state called Tamil Eelam in the north and the east of the island . After a 26 - year military campaign , the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009 , bringing the civil war to an end . For over 25 years , the war caused significant hardships for the population , environment and the economy of the country , with an initial estimated 80,000 -- 100,000 people killed during its course . In 2013 , the UN panel estimated additional deaths during the last phase of the war : `` Around 40,000 died while other independent reports estimated the number of civilians dead to exceed 100,000 . '' During the early part of the conflict , the Sri Lankan forces attempted to retake the areas captured by the LTTE . The tactics employed by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam against the actions of Government forces resulted in their listing as a terrorist organisation in 32 countries , including the United States , India , Canada and the member nations of the European Union . The Sri Lankan government forces have also been accused of human rights abuses , systematic impunity for serious human rights violations , lack of respect for habeas corpus in arbitrary detentions , and forced disappearances . After two decades of fighting and four failed tries at peace talks , including the unsuccessful deployment of the Indian Army , the Indian Peace Keeping Force from 1987 to 1990 , a lasting negotiated settlement to the conflict appeared possible when a cease - fire was declared in December 2001 , and a ceasefire agreement signed with international mediation in 2002 . However , limited hostilities renewed in late 2005 and the conflict began to escalate until the government launched a number of major military offensives against the LTTE beginning in July 2006 , driving the LTTE out of the entire Eastern province of the island . The LTTE then declared they would `` resume their freedom struggle to achieve statehood '' . In 2007 , the government shifted its offensive to the north of the country , and formally announced its withdrawal from the ceasefire agreement on 2 January 2008 , alleging that the LTTE violated the agreement over 10,000 times . Since then , aided by the destruction of a number of large arms smuggling vessels that belonged to the LTTE , and an international crackdown on the funding for the Tamil Tigers , the government took control of the entire area previously controlled by the Tamil Tigers , including their de facto capital Kilinochchi , main military base Mullaitivu and the entire A9 highway , leading the LTTE to finally admit defeat on 17 May 2009 . Following the LTTE 's defeat , pro-LTTE Tamil National Alliance dropped its demand for a separate state , in favour of a federal solution . In May 2010 , Mahinda Rajapaksa , the then president of Sri Lanka , appointed the Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission ( LLRC ) to assess the conflict between the time of the ceasefire agreement in 2002 and the defeat of the LTTE in 2009 . Contents 1 Origin and evolution 2 Outbreak of civil war 3 Indian involvement 3.1 Rajiv Gandhi 's assassination 4 Eelam War II ( 1990 -- 1995 ) 5 Eelam War III 5.1 Early peace efforts 6 2002 Peace Process 6.1 Beginning of the cease - fire 6.2 Signing of Memorandum of Understanding 6.3 Political changes in the South 6.4 Split of the LTTE 6.5 Tsunami and aftermath 7 Resumption of hostilities 7.1 Talks and further violence 7.2 Mavil Aru water dispute 7.3 LTTE offensives in Muttur and Jaffna 7.4 Fall of Sampur 7.5 LTTE retaliation and further peace talks 7.6 Government offensive in the East 8 Government offensive in the North 8.1 Abrogation of ceasefire agreement 8.2 Significant military gains by the government 8.3 Fall of Kilinochchi and subsequent events 8.4 Fighting in the ' No - Fire Zone ' 9 End of the war 9.1 16 May : Sri Lanka declares victory 9.2 17 May : Tigers admit defeat 9.3 18 May : First claim of Prabhakaran 's death 9.4 19 May : President addresses the Parliament and Prabhakaran is dead 9.5 Reaction 10 Combat after 18 May 2009 11 Cost of war 11.1 Casualties 11.2 Economic cost 12 Aftermath 12.1 A political solution 12.2 Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission 12.3 Humanitarian Impact 12.4 Detainees 12.5 Land mines 12.6 Protests 12.7 War crimes investigations 13 Alleged war crimes 14 Transitional Justice and steps for non-recurrence 15 Allegations of Genocide 16 See also 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 External links Origin and evolution ( edit ) Main article : Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war The origins of the Sri Lankan Civil War lie in the continuous political rancor between the majority Sinhalese and the minority Tamils . The roots of the modern conflict lie in the British colonial rule when the country was known as Ceylon . There was initially little tension among Sri Lanka 's two largest ethnic groups , the Sinhalese and the Tamils , when Ponnambalam Arunachalam , a Tamil , was appointed representative of the Sinhalese as well the Tamils in the national legislative council . In 1919 major Sinhalese and Tamil political organizations united to form the Ceylon National Congress , under the leadership of Arunachalam , to press the colonial government for more constitutional reforms . However , British Gov. William Manning actively encouraged the concept of `` communal representation '' and created the Colombo town seat in 1920 , which dangled between the Tamils and the Sinhalese . After their election to the State Council in 1936 , the Lanka Sama Samaja Party ( LSSP ) members N.M. Perera and Philip Gunawardena demanded the replacement of English as the official language by Sinhala and Tamil . In November 1936 a motion that `` in the Municipal and Police Courts of the Island the proceedings should be in the vernacular '' and that `` entries in police stations should be recorded in the language in which they are originally stated '' were passed by the State Council and referred to the Legal Secretary . However , in 1944 J.R. Jayawardene moved in the State Council that Sinhala should replace English as the official language . In 1948 , immediately after independence , a controversial law was passed by the Ceylon Parliament called the Ceylon Citizenship Act , which deliberately discriminated against the Indian Tamil ethnic minority by making it virtually impossible for them to obtain citizenship in the country . Approximately over 700,000 Indian Tamils were made stateless . Over the next three decades more than 300,000 Indian Tamils were deported back to India . It was n't until 2003 -- 55 years after independence -- that all Indian Tamils living in Sri Lanka were granted citizenship , but by this time they only made up 5 % of the island 's population . In 1956 Prime Minister S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike passed the `` Sinhala Only Act '' , which replaced English with Sinhala as the only official language of the country . This was seen as a deliberate attempt to discourage the Sri Lankan Tamils from working in the Ceylon Civil Service and other public services . The Tamil - speaking minorities of Ceylon ( Sri Lankan Tamils , Indian Tamils and Sri Lankan Moors ) viewed the Act as linguistic , cultural and economic discrimination against them . Many Tamil - speaking civil servants / public servants were forced to resign because they were n't fluent in Sinhala . This was a prelude to the 1956 Gal Oya riots and the 1958 widespread riots in which thousands of Tamil civilians perished . The civil war was a direct result of the escalation of the confrontational politics that followed . In the late 1960s documents relating to a separate Tamil state of `` Tamil Eelam '' began to circulate . At this time Anton Balasingham , an employee of the British High Commission in Colombo , began to participate in separatist activities . He later migrated to Britain , where he became the chief theoretician of the LTTE . In the late 1960s several Tamil youth , among them Velupillai Prabhakaran , also became involved in these activities . They carried out several hit - and - run operations against pro-government Tamil politicians , Sri Lanka police and the civil administration . During the 1970s the Policy of standardization was initiated . Under the policy , students were admitted to university in proportion to the number of applicants who sat for the examination in their language . Officially the policy was designed to increase the representation of students from rural areas . In practice the policy reduced the numbers of Sri Lankan Tamil students who had previously , based on their examination scores alone , gained admission in a higher proportion than their participation in the examination . They were now required to gain higher marks than Sinhalese students to gain admission to universities . For instance , the qualifying mark for admission to the medical faculties was 250 out of 400 for Tamil students , but only 229 for Sinhalese . The number of Sri Lankan Tamil students entering universities fell dramatically . The policy was abandoned in 1977 . Other forms of official discrimination against the Sri Lankan Tamils included the state - sponsored colonization of traditional Tamil areas by Sinhalese peasants , the banning of the import of Tamil - language media and the preference given by the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka to Buddhism , the main religion followed by the Sinhalese . Prabhakaran -- together with Chetti Thanabalasingam , a well known criminal from Kalviyankadu , Jaffna -- formed the Tamil New Tigers ( TNT ) in 1972 . This was formed around an ideology that looked back to the 1st Millennium Chola Empire -- the Tiger was the emblem of that empire . A further movement , the Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students ( EROS ) , formed in Manchester and London ; it became the backbone of the Eelamist movement in the diaspora , arranging passports and employment for immigrants and levying a heavy tax on them . It became the basis of the Eelamist logistical organization , later taken over entirely by the LTTE . The formation of the Tamil United Liberation Front ( TULF ) with the Vaddukkodei ( Vattukottai ) resolution of 1976 led to a hardening of attitudes . The resolution called for the creation of a secular , socialist state of Tamil Eelam , based on the right of self - determination . The TULF clandestinely supported the armed actions of the young militants who were dubbed `` our boys '' . TULF leader Appapillai Amirthalingam even provided letters of reference to the LTTE and to other Tamil insurgent groups to raise funds . Amirthalingam introduced Prabhakaran to N.S. Krishnan , who later became the first international representative of LTTE . It was Krishnan who introduced Prabhakaran to Anton Balasingham , who later became the chief political strategist and chief negotiator of LTTE . The `` boys '' were the product of the post-war population explosion . Many partially educated , unemployed Tamil youth fell for revolutionary solutions to their problems . The leftist parties had remained `` non-communal '' for a long time , but the Federal Party ( as well as its offshoot , the TULF ) , deeply conservative and dominated by Vellalar casteism , did not attempt to form a national alliance with the leftists in their fight for language rights . Following the sweeping electoral victory of the United National Party ( UNP ) in July 1977 , the TULF became the leading opposition party , with around one - sixth of the total electoral vote winning on a party platform of secession from Sri Lanka . After the 1977 riots the J.R. Jayewardene government made one concession to the Tamil population ; it lifted the policy of standardization for university admission that had driven many Tamil youths into militancy . The concession was regarded by the militants as too little too late , and violent attacks continued . By this time TULF started losing its grip over the militant groups . LTTE ordered civilians to boycott the local government elections of 1983 in which even TULF contested . Voter turnout was as low as 10 % . Thereafter , Tamil political parties were unable to represent the interests of the Tamil community . Outbreak of civil war ( edit ) Main articles : Four Four Bravo and Eelam War I Supported by the ongoing politics of conflict in Sri Lanka , politicised Tamil youth in the north and east started to form militant groups . These groups developed independently of the Colombo Tamil leadership , and in the end rejected and annihilated them . The most prominent of these groups was the TNT , which changed its name to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam , or the LTTE , in 1976 . The LTTE initially carried out a campaign of violence against the state , particularly targeting policemen and also moderate Tamil politicians who attempted a dialogue with the government . Their first major operation was the assassination of the mayor of Jaffna , Alfred Duraiappah , in 1975 by Prabhakaran . In May 1981 the burning of the Jaffna library by politicians from the ruling party using police and paramilitary forces resulted in the destruction of more than 90,000 books , including `` palm leaf scrolls '' of immense historical value . This violent example of ethnic biblioclasm was a major turning point in convincing the Tamil people that the government could not protect them or their cultural heritage and persuaded many of them to back a separate state . The LTTE 's modus operandi of the early war was based on assassinations , whereas the mode of operation for the UNP was through a series of checkpoints set up around the city . The assassination in 1977 of a Tamil Member of Parliament , M. Canagaratnam , was carried out personally by Prabhakaran , the leader of the LTTE . In July 1983 the LTTE launched a deadly ambush on Sri Lanka army patrol Four Four Bravo outside the town of Thirunelveli , killing an officer and 12 soldiers . Using nationalistic sentiments to their advantage , the Jayawardena organized massacres and pogroms in Colombo , the capital , and elsewhere ( see Black July ) . Between 400 -- 3,000 Tamils were estimated to have been killed , and many more fled Sinhalese - majority areas . This is considered the beginning of the civil war . Apart from the LTTE , there initially was a plethora of militant groups ( see list ) . The LTTE 's position , adopted from that of the PLO , was that there should be only one . Initially , the LTTE gained prominence due to devastating attacks such as the Kent and Dollar Farm massacres of 1984 , where hundreds of men , women and children were attacked during the night as they slept and were hacked to death with fatal blows to the head from axes ; and the Anuradhapura massacre of 1985 , where the LTTE indiscriminately opened fire , killing and wounding 146 civilians within Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Buddhist shrine . The Anuradhapura massacre was apparently answered by government forces with the Kumudini boat massacre in which over 23 Tamil civilians died . Over time the LTTE merged with or largely exterminated almost all the other militant Tamil groups . As a result , many Tamil splinter groups ended up working with the Sri Lankan government as paramilitaries or denounced violence and joined mainstream politics ; some legitimate Tamil - oriented political parties remained , all opposed to LTTE 's vision of an independent state . Peace talks between the LTTE and the government began in Thimphu in 1985 , but they soon failed and the war continued . In 1986 many civilians were massacred as part of this conflict . In 1987 government troops pushed LTTE fighters to the northern city of Jaffna . In April 1987 the conflict exploded with ferocity , as both government forces and LTTE fighters engaged in a series of bloody operations . The Sri Lankan military launched an offensive , called `` Operation Liberation '' or Vadamarachchi Operation , during May -- June 1987 to regain control of the territory in the Jaffna peninsula from the LTTE . This marked the Sri Lankan military 's first conventional warfare on Sri Lankan soil since independence . The offensive was successful , and LTTE leader Prabhakaran and Sea Tiger leader Thillaiyampalam Sivanesan alias Soosai narrowly escaped from advancing troops at Valvettithurai . Key military personnel involved in the operation were Lt Col. Vipul Boteju , Lt. Col. Sarath Jayawardane , Col. Vijaya Wimalaratne and Brig. Gen. Denzil Kobbekaduwa . In July 1987 the LTTE carried out their first suicide attack . Captain Miller of the Black Tigers drove a small truck carrying explosives through the wall of a fortified Sri Lankan army camp , reportedly killing 40 soldiers . The LTTE carried out over 378 suicide attacks , one of the largest suicide campaigns in the world , and the suicide attack became a trademark of the LTTE and a characteristic of the civil war . Indian involvement ( edit ) Sri Lanka This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Sri Lanka Constitution ( show ) Previous constitutions : 1931 1947 Law of Sri Lanka Human rights Law enforcement Government ( show ) Executive President ( List ) : Maithripala Sirisena Prime Minister ( List ) : Ranil Wickremesinghe Cabinet : 15th cabinet Ministries Legislature Parliament Speaker Deputy Speaker Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Constitutional Council Supreme Court Chief Justice : Priyasath Dep Court of Appeal High Courts District Courts Magistrate 's Courts Primary Courts Labour Tribunal Elections ( show ) Elections Political parties Last election Next election Administrative geography ( show ) Provinces Districts Municipalities Wards Grama Niladhari divisions Foreign policy ( show ) Foreign relations Related issues ( show ) Civil War Sri Lanka Portal Other countries Atlas See also : Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War and Research and Analysis Wing India became involved in the conflict in the 1980s for a number of reasons , including its leaders ' desire to project India as the regional power in the area and worries about India 's own Tamils seeking independence . Involvement was particularly strong in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu , where ethnic kinship led to strong support for the independence of Sri Lankan Tamils . Throughout the conflict the Indian central and state governments supported both sides in different ways . From August 1983 until May 1987 the Indian government , through its intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) , provided arms , training and monetary support to six Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups including LTTE , Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization ( TELO ) , People 's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam ( PLOTE ) , Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students ( EROS ) Eelam People 's Revolutionary Liberation Front ( EPRLF ) and Tamil Eelam Liberation Army ( TELA ) . LTTE 's rise is widely attributed to the initial backing it received from RAW . It is believed that by supporting different militant groups , the Indian government hoped to keep the Tamil independence movement divided and be able to exert overt control over it . India became more actively involved in the late 1980s , and on 5 June 1987 the Indian Air Force airdropped food parcels to Jaffna while it was under siege by Sri Lankan forces . At a time when the Sri Lankan government stated it was close to defeating the LTTE , India dropped 25 tons of food and medicine by parachute into areas held by the LTTE in a direct move of support to the rebels . Negotiations were held , and the Indo - Sri Lanka Peace Accord was signed on 29 July 1987 by Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President Jayewardene . Under this accord the Sri Lankan government made a number of concessions to Tamil demands , including devolution of power to the provinces , a merger -- subject to later referendum -- of the northern and eastern provinces into a single province , and official status for the Tamil language ( this was enacted as the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka ) . India agreed to establish order in the north and east through the Indian Peace Keeping Force ( IPKF ) and to cease assisting Tamil insurgents . Militant groups including the LTTE , although initially reluctant , agreed to surrender their arms to the IPKF , which initially oversaw a cease - fire and a modest disarmament of the militant groups . The signing of the Indo - Lanka Accord , so soon after J.R. Jayawardene 's declaration that he would fight the Indians to the last bullet , led to unrest in the south . The arrival of the IPKF to take control of most areas in the north of the country enabled the Sri Lanka government to shift its forces to the south ( in Indian aircraft ) to quell the protests . This led to an uprising by the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna in the south , which was put down bloodily over the next two years . While most Tamil militant groups laid down their weapons and agreed to seek a peaceful solution to the conflict , the LTTE refused to disarm its fighters . Keen to ensure the success of the accord , the IPKF then tried to demobilize the LTTE by force and ended up in full - scale conflict with them . The three - year - long conflict was also marked by the IPKF being accused of committing various abuses by many human rights groups as well as some within the Indian media . The IPKF also soon met stiff opposition from the Tamils . Simultaneously , nationalist sentiment led many Sinhalese to oppose the continued Indian presence in Sri Lanka . These led to the Sri Lankan government 's call for India to quit the island , and the government allegedly entered into a secret deal with the LTTE that culminated in a cease - fire . However , the LTTE and IPKF continued to have frequent clashes . In April 1989 the Ranasinghe Premadasa government ordered the Sri Lanka army to clandestinely hand over arms consignments to the LTTE to fight the IPKF and its proxy Tamil National Army ( TNA ) . Although casualties among the IPKF mounted , and calls for the withdrawal of the IPKF from both sides of the Sri Lankan conflict grew , Gandhi refused to remove the IPKF from Sri Lanka . However , following his defeat in Indian parliamentary elections in December 1989 , new Prime Minister V.P. Singh ordered the withdrawal of the IPKF , and their last ship left Sri Lanka on 24 March 1990 . The 32 - month presence of the IPKF in Sri Lanka resulted in the deaths of 1200 Indian soldiers and over 5000 Sri Lankans . The cost for the Indian government was estimated at over ₹ 10.3 billion . Rajiv Gandhi 's assassination ( edit ) Main article : Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi Support for the LTTE in India dropped considerably in 1991 , after the assassination of ex-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi by a female suicide bomber , Thenmozhi Rajaratnam . The Indian press subsequently reported that Prabhakaran decided to eliminate Gandhi , as he considered the ex-Prime Minister to be against the Tamil liberation struggle and feared that he might re-induct the IPKF , which Prabhakaran termed the `` satanic force '' , if he won the 1991 Indian general election . In 1998 a court in India presided over by Special Judge V. Navaneetham found the LTTE and its leader Velupillai Prabhakaran responsible for the assassination . In a 2006 interview , LTTE ideologue Anton Balasingham expressed regret over the assassination , although he stopped short of outright acceptance of responsibility . India remained an outside observer of the conflict after the assassination . Eelam war II ( 1990 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) Improvised armored bulldozer used by the LTTE in the First Battle of Elephant Pass ( 1991 ) , one of the major battles . This bulldozer was destroyed by Cpl . Gamini Kularatne . Today it stands on display as a war memorial . Main article : Eelam War II The violence continued unabated despite the steps taken to appease Tamil sentiments , such as the 13th Amendment ( enacted in November 1987 ) . Meanwhile , the Chief Minister of the then North and East Provincial Council , Vartharaja Perumal , put forward a 19 - point demand to resolve the ethnic crisis . He threatened if these demands were not met that the Provincial Council would go ahead with a unilateral declaration of independence of the northern and eastern provinces , as in the case of Rhodesia . President Premadasa moved to quickly dissolve the Council ( March 1990 ) . At the same time LTTE used terror tactics to scare Sinhalese and Muslim farmers away from the north and east of the island , and swiftly took control of a significant portion of the territory . When the Indian Peace - Keeping Force withdrew in 1989 -- 90 , the LTTE established many government - like functions in the areas under its control . A tentative cease - fire held in 1990 as the LTTE occupied itself with destroying rival Tamil groups while the government cracked down on the JVP uprising . When both major combatants had established their power bases , they turned on each other and the cease - fire broke down. The government launched an offensive to try to retake Jaffna . This phase of the war soon acquired the name Eelam War II , and featured unprecedented brutality . On 11 June 1990 the LTTE massacred 600 policemen in the Eastern Province after they had surrendered on promises of safe - conduct . The government placed an embargo on food and medicine entering the Jaffna peninsula and the air force relentlessly bombed LTTE targets in the area . The LTTE responded by attacking Sinhalese and Muslim villages and massacring civilians . One of the largest civilian massacres of the war occurred when the LTTE massacred 166 Muslim civilians at Palliyagodella . The government trained and armed Home Guard Muslim units , then took revenge on Tamil villages . There was also a significant massacre of Tamil civilians attributed to government forces , especially in the Eastern Province . Notable international jurist Neelan Thiruchelvam , in a speech at the ICES - Colombo , indicated that the appropriate investigations into massacres and disappearances of civilians including many children in the Sathurukondan , Eastern University , Mylanthanai and the mass murder and burial of school children at Sooriyakanda were hampered by the adoption of emergency regulations which contributed to a climate of impunity . Along roadsides in the north and east , burning bodies became a common sight . Throughout the country , government death squads hunted down , kidnapped or killed Sinhalese or Tamil youth suspected of sympathizing with the JVP or the LTTE , respectively . In October 1990 the LTTE expelled all the Muslims residing in Northern province . A total of 72,000 Muslims were forced to leave their homes , taking nothing but the clothes on their backs . The largest battle of the war took place in July 1991 , when 5,000 LTTE fighters surrounded the army 's Elephant Pass base , which controlled access to the Jaffna Peninsula . More than 2,000 died on both sides in the month - long siege , before 10,000 government troops arrived to relieve the base . In February 1992 another series of government offensives failed to capture Jaffna . Lt. Gen. Denzil Kobbekaduwa together with Maj. Gen. Vijaya Wimalaratne and Rear Adm. Mohan Jayamaha , died on 8 August 1992 at Araly ( Aeraella ) point Jaffna due to a land mine blast . Their deaths badly affected military morale . The LTTE , for its part , scored a major victory when one of its suicide bombers killed Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa in May 1993 . In November 1993 the LTTE defeated the army in the Battle of Pooneryn . This attack left 532 Sri Lankan soldiers and 135 sailors either dead or missing in action . Eelam war III ( edit ) Main article : Eelam War III In the 1994 parliamentary elections the UNP was defeated and , amidst great hope , the People 's Alliance , headed by Chandrika Kumaratunga , came to power on a peace platform . During the Presidential election campaign an LTTE bomb attack was carried out during a rally held at Thotalanga , Grandpass , eliminated the entire top brass of UNP leadership , including its presidential candidate , Gamini Dissanayake . Kumaratunga became the president with a 62 % majority . A cease - fire was agreed to in January 1995 , but the ensuing negotiations proved fruitless . The LTTE broke the cease - fire and blew up two gunboats , SLNS Sooraya and SLNS Ranasuru of the Sri Lanka Navy on 19 April , thereby beginning the next phase of the war , dubbed Eelam War III . The new government then pursued a policy of `` war for peace '' . Determined to retake the key rebel stronghold of Jaffna , which was occupied by 2,000 rebels , it poured troops into the peninsula in the successful Operation Riviresa . In one particular incident in August 1995 , Air Force jets bombed St. Peter 's church at Navali ( Naavaella ) , killing at least 65 refugees and wounding 150 others . In another instance in the same year , over 40 people were massacred in Nagerkovil and more civilian massacres followed in subsequent years , such as the Kumarapuram massacre , Tampalakamam massacre , Puthukkudiyiruppu massacre , etc. , all of them carried out by government forces . Government troops initially cut off the peninsula from the rest of the island , and then , after seven weeks of heavy fighting , succeeded in bringing Jaffna under government control for the first time in nearly a decade . In a high - profile ceremony , Sri Lankan Defense Minister Col. Anuruddha Ratwatte raised the national flag inside the Jaffna Fort on 5 December 1995 . The government estimated that approximately 2500 soldiers and rebels were killed in the offensive , and an estimated 7,000 wounded . Many civilians were killed in this conflict , such as the Navaly church bombing in which over 125 civilians died . The LTTE and more than 350,000 civilians , compelled by LTTE pressure to leave Jaffna , fled to the Vanni region in the interior . Most of the refugees returned later the next year . The LTTE responded by launching Operation Unceasing Waves and decisively won the Battle of Mullaitivu on 18 July 1996 , leaving 1,173 army troops dead which included 207 officers and men executed after surrendering to the LTTE . The government launched another offensive in August 1996 . Another 200,000 civilians fled the violence . The town of Kilinochchi was taken on 29 September . On 13 May 1997 , 20,000 government troops tried to open a supply line through the LTTE - controlled Vanni , but failed . As violence continued in the North , LTTE suicide and time bombs were exploded numerous times in populated city areas and public transport in the south of the country , killing hundreds of civilians . In January 1996 the LTTE carried out one of its deadliest suicide bomb attacks at the Central Bank in Colombo , killing 90 and injuring 1,400 . In October 1997 it bombed the Sri Lankan World Trade Centre and , in January 1998 , detonated a truck bomb in Kandy , damaging the Temple of the Tooth , one of the holiest Buddhist shrines in the world . In response to this bombing , the Sri Lankan government outlawed the LTTE and with some success pressed other governments around the world to do the same , significantly interfering with the group 's fund - raising activities . In January 1997 heavy fighting around Paranthan and the Elephant Pass complex took the lives of 223 Army troops . On 27 September 1998 the LTTE launched Operation Unceasing Waves II and , after heavy fighting , captured Kilinochchi , winning the Battle of Kilinochchi . Clashes around the Kilinochchi forward defense line claimed the lives of 1206 soldiers that year . In March 1999 , in Operation Rana Gosa , the government tried invading the Vanni from the south. The army made some gains , taking control of Oddusuddan ( Oththan - thuduva ) and Madhu , but could not dislodge the LTTE from the region . In September 1999 the LTTE massacred 50 Sinhalese civilians at Gonagala . The LTTE returned to the offensive with Operation Unceasing Waves III on 2 November 1999 . Nearly all the Vanni rapidly fell back into LTTE hands . The group launched 17 successful attacks in the region , culminating in the overrunning of the Paranthan ( Puranthaenna ) Chemicals Factory base and the Kurrakkan Kaddukulam ( kurakkan - kaela vaeva ) base . The death toll amounted to 516 soldiers dead and over 4,000 injured . The rebels also advanced north towards Elephant Pass and Jaffna . The LTTE was successful in cutting all land and sea supply lines of the Sri Lankan armed forces to the south , west and north of the town of Kilinochchi . In December 1999 the LTTE attempted to assassinate President Chandrika Kumaratunga in a suicide attack at a pre-election rally . She lost her right - eye , among other injuries , but was able to defeat opposition leader Ranil Wickremesinghe in the Presidential election and was re-elected to her second term in office . On 22 April 2000 the Elephant Pass military complex , which had separated the Jaffna peninsula from the Vanni mainland for 17 years , fell into the hands of the LTTE , leaving 1,008 soldiers dead . The army then launched Operation Agni Kheela to take back the southern Jaffna Peninsula , but sustained losses . Early peace efforts ( edit ) Exhaustion with the war was building as casualties mounted and there appeared to be no end in sight . By mid-2000 human rights groups estimated that more than one million people in Sri Lanka were internally displaced persons , living in camps , homeless and struggling for survival . As a result , a significant peace movement developed in the late 1990s , with many organizations holding peace camps , conferences , trainings and peace meditations , and many other efforts to bridge the two sides at all levels . As early as February 2000 Norway was asked to mediate by both sides , and initial international diplomatic moves began to find a negotiated settlement to the conflict . Hopes for peace gained ground as the LTTE declared a unilateral cease - fire in December 2000 , but they cancelled it on 24 April 2001 and launched another offensive against the government . After securing a vast area formerly controlled by the military , the LTTE further advanced northwards . This advancement posed a serious threat to the Elephant Pass military complex that housed 17,000 Sri Lankan troops . In July 2001 the LTTE carried out a devastating suicide attack on Bandaranaike International Airport , destroying eight of the air force 's planes ( two IAI Kfirs , one Mil - 17 , one Mil - 24 , three K - 8 trainers , one MiG - 27 ) and four Sri Lankan Airlines planes ( two Airbus A330s , one A340 and one A320 ) , dampening the economy and causing tourism -- a vital foreign exchange earner for the government -- to plummet . The impact of the attack was such that that year the Sri Lankan economy recorded a negative growth for the first and only time since its independence . 2002 peace process. ( edit ) Beginning of the cease - fire ( edit ) Towards the end of 2001 however , the LTTE began to declare their willingness to explore measures for a peaceful settlement to the conflict . One reason for this action may have been the fear of international pressure and the direct US support of the Sri Lankan government as part of the `` war on Terror '' . On the other hand , the covert operations of the Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol ( LRRP ) of Sri Lanka army had a profound impact on the Tiger command structure . During this period , Vaithilingam Sornalingam alias Shankar , who had been considered the right - hand man of LTTE leader Prabhakaran , and several other high - profile leaders were hunted down and killed by LRRP units . In the south the government was facing increasing criticism over its `` war for peace '' strategy , with peace nowhere in sight and the economy in tatters . After losing a no - confidence motion , President Kumaratunga was forced to dissolve parliament and call for fresh elections . The elections , held on 5 December 2001 , saw a sweeping victory for the United National Front , led by Ranil Wickremasinghe , who campaigned on a pro-peace platform and pledged to find a negotiated settlement to the conflict . On 19 December , amidst efforts by Norway to bring the government and the Tamil Tigers to the negotiating table , the LTTE announced a 30 - day cease - fire with the Sri Lankan government and pledged to halt all attacks against government forces . The new government welcomed the move , and reciprocated it two days later , announcing a month - long cease - fire and agreeing to lift a long - standing economic embargo on rebel - held territory . The cease - fire was by no means acceptable to everyone . Buddhist monks started burning Norwegian flags and agitated against the cease - fire and eventually went to form a political party , Jathika Hela Urumaya , with extremist views . Signing of Memorandum of Understanding ( edit ) Peace talks between Sri Lankan government and LTTE Session Period Location 16 -- 18 September 2002 Sattahip Naval Base , Phuket , Thailand 31 October 2002 -- 3 November 2002 Rose Garden hotel , Nakhon Pathom , Thailand 2 -- 5 December 2002 Radisson SAS Plaza Hotel , Oslo , Norway 6 -- 9 January 2003 Rose Garden hotel , Nakhon Pathom , Thailand 5 7 -- 8 February 2003 Norwegian Embassy , Berlin , Germany 6 18 -- 21 March 2003 Hakorn Prince Hotel , Kanagawa , Japan The two sides formalized a Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) on 22 February 2002 , and signed a permanent cease - fire agreement ( CFA ) . Norway was named mediator , and it was decided that they , together with the other Nordic countries , monitor the cease - fire through a committee of experts named the Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission . In August the government agreed to lift the ban on the LTTE and paved the way for the resumption of direct negotiations with them . LTTE Sea Tiger boat patrolling during the peace Following the signing of the ceasefire agreement , commercial air flights to Jaffna began and the LTTE opened the key A9 highway , which linked the government - controlled area in the south with Jaffna and ran through LTTE territory , allowing civilian traffic through the Vanni region for the first time in many years ( but only after paying a tax to the LTTE ) . Many foreign countries also offered substantial financial support if peace was achieved and optimism grew that an end to the decades - long conflict was in sight . The much - anticipated peace talks began in Phuket , Thailand , and further rounds followed in Thailand , Norway , Germany and Japan . During the talks both sides agreed to the principle of a federal solution and the Tigers dropped their long - standing demand for a separate state . This was a major compromise on the part of the LTTE , which had always insisted on an independent Tamil state . This also represented a compromise on the part of the government , which had seldom agreed to more than minimal devolution . Both sides also exchanged prisoners of war for the first time . Political changes in the south ( edit ) Following the elections of 2001 , for the first time in Sri Lanka 's history the President and Prime Minister were of two different parties . This co-habitation was uneasy , especially since Prime Minister Wickremasinghe and the UNP favored a federal solution to the conflict , while hard - line elements within President Kumaratunga 's party and other Sinhala nationalist groups allied to her opposed one , as they did not trust the LTTE , which continued to levy taxes , strengthen itself by smuggling in arms and ammunition , recruit child soldiers and engage in killings of members of rival Tamil groups and government intelligence agents following the Millennium City incident . During this time the LTTE also succeeded in setting up a series of vital bases around the Trincomalee Harbour ( i.e. , Manirasakulam camp ) and the Eastern Province . The talks broke down on 21 April 2003 when the Tamil Tigers announced they were suspending any further talks due to their `` displeasure '' at the handling of some `` critical issues '' . Among the reasons the Tigers gave were their exclusion from reconstruction talks in Washington , DC , on 14 April and a more general insinuation that they were not receiving the full economic rewards of peace . They cited the failure , as they saw it , of peace dividends to transfer to security withdrawals on the ground and the disparity , as they saw it , between the relative calm of the government - held northeast and continuing violence in Tiger - held areas . However , the LTTE maintained it was committed to a settlement to the two - decade conflict , but stated that progress had to be made on the ground before the settlement proceeded . On 31 October the LTTE issued its own peace proposal , calling for an Interim Self Governing Authority ( ISGA ) . The ISGA would be fully controlled by the LTTE and would have broad powers in the north and east ( see the full text of the proposals ) This provoked a strong backlash among the hard - line elements in the south , who accused Prime Minister Wickremasinghe of handing the north and east to the LTTE . Under pressure from within her own party to take action , Kumaratunga declared a state of emergency and took three key government ministries , the Ministry of Mass Media , the Interior Ministry and the crucial Defense Ministry . She then formed an alliance with the JVP , called the United People 's Freedom Alliance , opposed to the ISGA and advocating a harder line on the LTTE , and called for fresh elections . The elections , held on 8 April 2004 , resulted in victory for the UPFA with Mahinda Rajapakse appointed as Prime Minister . Split of the LTTE ( edit ) Meanwhile , in March 2004 there had been a major split between the northern and eastern wings of the LTTE . Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan alias Col. Karuna , the Eastern commander of the LTTE and one of Prabhakaran 's trusted lieutenants , pulled 5,000 eastern cadres out of the LTTE , claiming insufficient resources and power were being given to Tamils of the eastern part of the island . It was the biggest expression of dissension in the history of the LTTE and a clash within the LTTE seemed imminent . After the parliamentary elections , brief fighting south of Trincomalee led to a rapid retreat and capitulation of Karuna 's group , their leaders eventually going into hiding including Karuna himself , who was helped to escape by Seyed Ali Zahir Moulana , a politician from the ruling party . However , the `` Karuna faction '' maintained a significant presence in the east and continued to launch attacks against the LTTE . The LTTE accused the army of covertly backing the breakaway group , which subsequently formed a political party named the TamilEela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal ( TMVP ) and hope to contest in future elections . The cease - fire largely held through all this turmoil , with over 3000 infractions by the LTTE and some 300 by the SLA recorded by the Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission ( SLMM ) by 2005 . The situation was further complicated by allegations that both sides were carrying out covert operations against each other . The government claimed that the LTTE was killing political opponents , recruiting children , importing arms and killing government security and intelligence officers . The rebels accused the government of supporting paramilitary groups against them , especially the Karuna group . Tsunami and aftermath ( edit ) On 26 December 2004 , the Indian Ocean tsunami struck Sri Lanka , killing more than 35,000 people and leaving many more homeless . A great deal of aid arrived from around the world , but there was immediate disagreement over how it should be distributed to the Tamil regions under LTTE control . By 24 June the government and LTTE agreed on the Post-Tsunami Operational Management Structure ( P - TOMS ) , but it received sharp criticism from the JVP , who left the government in protest . The legality of P - TOMS was also challenged in the courts . President Kumaratunga eventually had to scrap P - TOMS , which led to widespread criticism that sufficient aid was not reaching the north and east of the country . However , immediately following the tsunami there was a marked decrease in violence in the north . Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar , a Tamil who was highly respected by foreign diplomats and who had been sharply critical of the LTTE , was assassinated at his home on 12 August 2005 , allegedly by an LTTE sniper . His assassination led to the marginalization of the LTTE from the international community , and is generally considered to be the moment when the LTTE lost much of its sympathy in the eyes of foreign nations . Hence the silence of the international community when the Sri Lankan government took military action against the LTTE in 2006 , when the latter closed the Mavil aru sluice . Further political change occurred when the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka declared President Kumaratunga 's second and final term over and ordered her to hold fresh presidential elections . The main candidates for the election , which was held in November , were UNF candidate former Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe , who advocated the reopening of talks with the LTTE , and the UPFA candidate Prime Minister Rajapaksa , who called for a tougher line against the LTTE and a renegotiation of the cease - fire . The LTTE openly called for a boycott of the election by Tamils . Many of them were expected to vote for Wickremasinghe , and the loss of their votes proved fatal to his chances , as Rajapakse achieved a narrow victory . Following the election , LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran stated in his annual address that the Tigers would `` renew their struggle '' in 2006 if the government did not take serious moves toward peace . Resumption of hostilities ( edit ) Red area shows the approximate areas of Sri Lanka controlled by the LTTE and the Government , as of December 2005 . Main article : Eelam War IV Beginning in December 2005 , there was increased guerrilla activity to the northeast , including Claymore mine attacks which killed 150 government troops , clashes between the Sea Tigers and the Sri Lanka navy and the killings of sympathizers on both sides including Taraki Sivaram , a pro-LTTE journalist , and Joseph Pararajasingham , a pro-LTTE MP , both killed allegedly by the government of Sri Lanka . At the beginning of 2006 the focus of the civil war turned to civilian targets , with commuter bus and train bombings carried out in most parts of the country , including a series of attacks against commuters in and around Colombo . Talks and further violence ( edit ) In light of this violence , the co-chairs of the Tokyo Donor conference called on both parties to return to the negotiating table . US State Department officials gave warnings to the Tigers , stating that a return to hostilities would mean that the Tigers would face a `` more capable and more determined '' Sri Lankan military . While the talks were going on there was violence directed towards civilians , such as the killings of five Tamil students on 2 January 2006 . In a last - minute effort to salvage an agreement between the parties , Norwegian special envoy Erik Solheim and LTTE theoretician Anton Balasingham arrived on the island . The parties strongly disagreed on the location of the talks ; however , continued efforts produced a breakthrough when both parties agreed on 7 February 2006 that new talks could be held in Geneva , Switzerland , on 22 and 23 February . During the weeks after the talks there was a significant decrease in violence . However , the LTTE resumed attacks against the military in April . In light of this violence , the LTTE called for a postponement of the Geneva talks until 24 -- 25 April , and the government initially agreed to this . Following negotiations , both the government and the rebels agreed to have a civilian vessel transport regional LTTE leaders with international truce monitors on 16 April , which involved crossing government - controlled territory . However , the climate shifted drastically when the Tigers cancelled the meeting , claiming not to have agreed to a naval escort . According to the SLMM , the Tamil rebels had previously agreed to the escort . On 20 April 2006 the LTTE officially pulled out of peace talks indefinitely . While they stated that transportation issues had prevented them from meeting their regional leaders , some analysts and the international community were strongly skeptical , seeing the transportation issue as a delaying tactic by the LTTE to avoid attending peace talks in Geneva . Violence continued to spiral and on 23 April 2006 , six Sinhalese rice farmers were massacred in their paddy fields by suspected LTTE cadres , and on 13 May 2006 13 Tamil civilians were killed in the islet of Kayts . International condemnation against the LTTE skyrocketed following the attempted assassination of the commander of the Sri Lanka Army , Lt. Gen. Sarath Fonseka , by a female LTTE Black Tiger suicide bomber named Anoja Kugenthirasah , who concealed the explosives by appearing to be pregnant and blew herself up at army headquarters in Colombo . For the first time since the 2001 cease - fire , the Sri Lanka Air Force carried out aerial assaults on rebel positions in the northeastern part of the island in retaliation for the attack . This attack , along with the assassination of Lakshman Kadiragamar a year earlier and an unsuccessful attack against a naval vessel carrying 710 unarmed security force personnel on holiday , marked a turning point , as the European Union decided to proscribe the LTTE as a terrorist organisation on 19 May 2006 . It resulted in the freezing of LTTE assets in its 27 member nations . In a statement , the European Parliament said that the LTTE did not represent all the Tamils and called on it to `` allow for political pluralism and alternate democratic voices in the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka '' . As the north and east of the country continued to be rocked by attacks , new talks were scheduled in Oslo , Norway , between 8 -- 9 June . Delegations from both sides arrived in Oslo , but the talks were cancelled when the LTTE refused to meet directly with the government delegation , claiming its fighters were not allowed safe passage to travel to the talks . Norwegian mediator Erik Solheim told journalists that the LTTE should take direct responsibility for the collapse of the talks . Further violence followed , including the Vankalai massacre . The Sri Lankan army and Tamil Tiger rebels blamed each other for the killings . There was also the Kebithigollewa massacre in which the LTTE attacked a bus , killing at least 64 Sinhalese civilians and prompting more air strikes by the Air Force , and the assassination of Sri Lanka 's third highest - ranking army officer and Deputy Chief of Staff General Parami Kulatunga on 26 June by an LTTE suicide bomber . These events led the SLMM to question whether a cease - fire could still be said to exist . Mavil Aru water dispute ( edit ) A new crisis leading to the first large - scale fighting since signing of the cease - fire occurred when the LTTE closed the sluice gates of the Mavil Aru reservoir on 21 July . Mavil Aru was the waterway that provided water to some regions of eastern Sri Lanka , like Trincomalee . After the cease - fire in 2002 , the conflict over Mavil Aru was one of the biggest military confrontations between the Sri Lanka Armed Forces and the LTTE . Its relevance is for geo - strategic reasons : within the Mavil Aru area , Sinhala , Muslim and Tamil populations live side by side . It is also the entrance to Koddiyar Bay , the inlet for Trincomalee port and naval base , so the LTTE presence in the area seriously threatened the Sri Lankan security forices ' presence and domination . Closure of Mavil Aru affected the water supply to 15,000 families in government - controlled areas . After the initial negotiations and efforts by the SLMM to open the gates failed , the Sri Lanka military initiated an operation to achieve the re-opening of the sluice gates . President Rajapaksa said that the supply of water was a non-negotiable fundamental human right . Additionally , a government spokesman said that `` utilities could not be used as bargaining tools '' by the rebels . The government deployed its army and air force for the offensive , attacking not only the region of Mavil Aru but also the LTTE positions in Batticaloa , and Vavuniya . Air Force planes attacked LTTE positions on 26 July , and ground troops began an operation to open the gate . The sluice gates were eventually reopened on 8 August , with conflicting reports as to who actually opened them . Initially , the SLMM claimed that they managed to persuade the LTTE to lift the waterway blockade conditionally . The LTTE claimed that it opened the sluice gates `` on humanitarian grounds '' , although this was disputed by military correspondents , who stated the water began flowing immediately after security forces carried out a precise bombing of the Mavil Aru anicut . Eventually , following heavy fighting , government troops gained full control of the Mavil Aru reservoir on 15 August . The consequences of the `` Operation Watershed '' were about 150 civilians killed and more than 50,000 refugees from Mutur and the villages nearby . It was the precedent of the Eelam War IV . LTTE offensives in Muttur and Jaffna ( edit ) As fierce fighting was ongoing in the vicinity of Mavil Aru , violence spread to Trincomalee , where the LTTE launched an attack on a crucial Sri Lanka Navy base , and to the strategic government - controlled coastal town of Muttur in early August , resulting in the deaths of at least 30 civilians and displacing 25,000 residents of the area . The clashes erupted on 2 August 2006 when the LTTE launched a heavy artillery attack on Muttur and then moved in , gaining control of some parts of the town . The military retaliated , and re-established full control over the town by 5 August , killing over 150 LTTE fighters in heavy clashes . Soon afterwards , 17 persons working for the International French charity Action Against Hunger ( ACF ) in Muthur , were massacred . They were found lying face down on the floor of their office , shot to death , still wearing their clearly marked T - shirts indicating they were international humanitarian workers . The murders prompted widespread international condemnation . The SLMM claimed that the government was behind the attack , but the government denied the allegation calling it `` pathetic and biased '' , and stated that the SLMM had `` no right to make such a statement because they are not professionals in autopsy or post-mortem . '' Meanwhile , in the north of the country , some of the bloodiest fighting since 2001 took place after the LTTE launched massive attacks on Sri Lanka Army defense lines on the Jaffna peninsula on 11 August . The LTTE used a force of 400 -- 500 fighters in the attacks , which consisted of land and amphibious assaults , and also fired a barrage of artillery at government positions , including the key military airbase at Palaly . The LTTE is estimated to have lost over 200 fighters in the operation , while 90 Sri Lankan soldiers and sailors were also killed . As ground battles were ongoing in the north and the east of the country , the Sri Lanka Air Force carried out an air strike against a facility in the rebel - held Mullaitivu area , killing a number of Tamil girls . Although the LTTE claimed 61 girls were killed , the SLMM stated they were able to count just 19 bodies . The government stated that it was an LTTE training facility and that the children were LTTE child soldiers , although the LTTE claimed the victims were schoolgirls attending a course on first aid at an orphanage . On the same day a convoy carrying the Pakistani High Commissioner to Sri Lanka , Bashir Wali Mohamed , was attacked when a claymore antipersonnel mine concealed within an auto rickshaw blew up as it passed by . The High Commissioner escaped unhurt , but seven people were killed and 17 injured in the blast . The High Commissioner claimed that India was believed to have carried it out , in order to intimidate Pakistan , which is one of the main suppliers of military equipment to the Sri Lankan government . Pakistan had promised one shipload of equipment every 10 days in coming months . Fall of Sampur ( edit ) Since the resumption of violence , concerns were mounting among the military establishment that the strategically crucial Sri Lanka Navy base in Trincomalee was under severe threat from LTTE gun positions located in and around Sampur , which lies across the Koddiyar Bay from Trincomalee . Artillery fired from LTTE bases in the area could potentially cripple the naval base , bringing it to a complete standstill and cutting the only military supply chain to Jaffna . All movements of naval vessels were also under the constant surveillance of the LTTE . These fears were backed up by a US military advisory team which visited the island in 2005 . Following clashes in Mavil Aru and Muttur , the LTTE had intensified attacks targeting the naval base in Trincomalee , and in a speech on 21 August Sri Lankan president Mahinda Rajapakse made clear the government intentions were to neutralize the LTTE threat from Sampur . On 28 August the military launched an assault to retake the LTTE camps in Sampur and the adjoining Kaddaiparichchan and Thoppur areas . This led the LTTE to declare that if the offensive continued , the cease - fire would be officially over . After steady progress , security forces led by Brigade Commander Sarath Wijesinghe recaptured Sampur from the LTTE on 4 September and began to establish military bases there , as the LTTE admitted defeat and stated their fighters `` withdrew '' from the strategically important town . It marked the first significant territorial change of hands since the signing of the cease - fire agreement in 2002 . The Sri Lankan military estimated that 33 of its personnel were killed in the offensive , along with over 200 LTTE fighters . LTTE retaliation and further peace talks ( edit ) The LTTE struck back in October . First , they killed nearly 130 soldiers in a fierce battle at Muhamalai , the crossing - point between government - and LTTE - controlled area in the north of the country . Just days later , a suspected LTTE suicide bomber struck a naval convoy in Habarana , in the center of the country , killing about 100 sailors who were returning home on leave . It was the deadliest suicide attack in the history of the conflict . Two days later LTTE Sea Tiger forces launched an attack against the Dakshina naval base in the southern port city of Galle . It was the farthest south any major LTTE attack had taken place , and involved 15 LTTE fighters who arrived in five suicide boats . The attack was repulsed by the government , and the damage to the naval base was minimal . All 15 LTTE fighters were believed to have died in the attack , along with one Navy sailor . Despite these incidents , both parties agreed to unconditionally attend peace talks in Geneva on 28 -- 29 October . However , the peace talks broke down due to disagreements over the reopening of the key A9 highway , which is the link between Jaffna and government - controlled areas in the south . While the LTTE wanted the highway , which was closed following fierce battles in August , to be reopened , the government refused , stating the LTTE would use it to collect taxes from people passing through and would use it to launch further offensives against government troops . Following the dawn of the new year , suspected LTTE fighters carried out two bus bombings in the south of the country , killing 21 civilians . News reports stated that the attacks bore all the hallmarks of an LTTE attack . The Sri Lankan government condemned the attacks and blamed the LTTE for carrying them out , although the LTTE denied any involvement . Government offensive in the east ( edit ) Main article : Eastern Theater of Eelam War IV See also : Operation Definite Victory In December 2006 Sri Lankan government officials announced their plans to drive the LTTE out of the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka , and then use the full strength of the military to defeat the LTTE in the north of the country . The government stated that LTTE was firing artillery towards civilian settlements in the east and were using 35,000 people as human shields . These claims were later backed up by civilians in the area , who told reporters that they were held by force by the Tamil Tigers . On 7 November 2006 , amidst conflicting claims , over 45 Tamil civilians were killed in what is known as the Vaharai bombing . Subsequently , the army began an offensive against the LTTE on 8 December 2006 , in the Batticoloa district with the objective of taking Vakarai , the principal stronghold of the LTTE in the east ; the operation was temporarily aborted after a week of fighting due to the large number of civilians in the area and the difficulty in conducting combat operations due to the ongoing monsoon rain . Over the next few weeks an estimated 20,000 civilians fled from Vakarai to government - controlled areas , fearing the imminent assault . The army launched a new offensive in mid-January , and Vakarai fell to the advancing troops on 19 January . While the offensive in the East was ongoing , the LTTE and others accused the government of murdering 15 civilians in the Padahuthurai bombing on 2 January , when the air force bombed what they claimed to be an LTTE naval base in Illuppaikadavai in northern Sri Lanka . The loss of Vakarai had been predicted to cut off supply routes of the northern Tigers to their cadres in the east , thus weakening the Tigers ' already diminishing grip on the east . As the military offensive was ongoing , the LTTE continued to carry out attacks against civilians in government - held territory . On 1 April 2007 the military accused the LTTE of killing six Sinhalese tsunami aid workers in the eastern district of Batticaloa . The next day suspected LTTE fighters set off a bomb aboard a civilian bus in Ampara , which killed 17 people , including three children . Troops mostly operating in small groups of Special Forces and Commando units began a new operation in February to clear the last remaining LTTE fighters from the Eastern Province . As part of the operation , troops captured the key LTTE base in Kokkadicholai on 28 March , and the strategic A5 highway on 12 April , bringing the entire highway under government control for the first time in 15 years . This meant the LTTE 's presence in the east was reduced to a 140 - square - kilometer pocket of jungle in the Thoppigala area northwest of Batticaloa . After the three - month - long Battle of Thoppigala , the army captured the Thoppigala peak on 11 July 2007 , ending the LTTE 's military capability in the Eastern Province and concluding Eelam War IV in the Eastern theatre . Government offensive in the north ( edit ) Main article : 2008 -- 2009 SLA Northern offensive Sporadic fighting in the North had been going on for months , but the intensity of the clashes increased after September 2007 . During clashes in the Forward Defence Lines , separating their forces , both sides exchanged heavy artillery fire , after which military incursions followed . By December 2007 , the LTTE defences at Uyilankulama , Parappakandal and Thampanai were lost to advancing troops of the Sri Lanka Army . In an interview with the Sunday Observer the Army Commander Lt. Gen. Sarath Fonseka said that the Army had occupied the LTTE 's Forward Defence Lines and surrounded the Wanni LTTE bases from all directions . He also said that there were around 3,000 Tigers remaining and that the military intended to annihilate them within the first six months of the next year . A day later there were less optimistic statements by Army , Air Force and Navy Commanders . The Army was to face an estimated 5,000 Tiger cadres in the Wanni . The Commander of the Army intended to shift the current battles in the Forward Defence Lines to a decisive phase in August 2008 . In the Commanders ' view , it was quite possible to defeat the LTTE in 2008 . The military of Sri Lanka claimed that the leader of the LTTE , Velupillai Prabhakaran , was seriously injured during air strikes carried out by the Sri Lanka Air Force on a bunker complex in Jayanthinagar on 26 November 2007 . Earlier , on 2 November 2007 , S.P. Thamilselvan , the head of the LTTE political wing , was killed during another government air raid . The Sri Lanka Air Force openly vowed to destroy the entire leadership of the LTTE . On 5 January 2008 , Colonel Charles , Head of LTTE Military Intelligence , was killed in a claymore mine ambush by a Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol ( Sri Lanka ) ( LRRP ) . Abrogation of ceasefire agreement ( edit ) Defense secretary Gotabhaya Rajapaksa urged the government to abandon the ceasefire agreement in December 2007 , and on 2 January 2008 , the Sri Lankan government officially did so . Between February 2002 to May 2007 , Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission had documented 3,830 ceasefire violations by the LTTE versus 351 by the security forces . From May 2007 , the SLMM ceased making determinations on ceasefire violations . Thus the government stated there was no need for a ceasefire any more . Several donor countries expressed their disappointment at the Sri Lankan government 's withdrawal . The LTTE formally responded that since the government had unilaterally withdrawn from the ceasefire agreement without any justification and that they were prepared to continue to honour the agreement , the international community ought to immediately remove the bans it had placed on the LTTE . The government then attempted to open a third front along the Muhamalai Forward Defence Line . After an initial setback on 23 April , the Sri Lankan Army advanced rapidly , capturing the town of Adampan on 9 May , Mannar `` Rice Bowl '' which consists of the island 's most fertile paddy fields on 30 June , Vidattaltivu on 16 July , and Iluppaikkadavai on 20 July . On 21 July 2008 , the LTTE announced that it would be declaring a unilateral ceasefire from 28 July to 4 August , to coincide with the 15th summit of the heads of state of SAARC to be held in Colombo . However , the government of Sri Lanka dismissed the LTTE 's offer as needless and treacherous . Significant military gains by the government ( edit ) On 2 August 2008 , Vellankulam town , the LTTE 's last stronghold in Mannar District , fell to the advancing SLA troops , completing the eight - month effort to recapture the district . The Army followed this up by taking control of Mallavi on 2 September , following weeks of heavy military confrontation . The LTTE countered with a surprise attack on the Vavuniya air base on 9 September , in which both sides claimed victory . From Mannar , the Army had entered Kilinochchi District , the last stronghold of the LTTE , at the end of July , with the intention of taking Kilinochchi before the end of the year . On 3 October 2008 , a UN aid convoy managed to unload all its cargo in Kilinochchi District and described Kilinochchi town as having been nearly abandoned , but the LTTE were able to kill retired Major General Janaka Perera along with 26 other victims in a suicide blast on 6 October . On 17 October 2008 , SLA troops cut off the Mannar - Poonaryn A32 highway north of Nachchikuda , the main remaining Sea Tiger stronghold on the northwestern coast of the island , thus effectively encircling it . They began their assault on 28 October and captured it the next day . After that the Army Task Force 1 continued their advance towards Pooneryn and captured Kiranchchi , Palavi , Veravil , Valaipadu and Devil 's Point . On 15 November 2008 , troops of the Army Task Force 1 entered the strategically important Tiger stronghold of Pooneryn . Simultaneously , the newly created Army Task Force 3 was introduced into the area of Mankulam with the objective of engaging the LTTE cadres in a new battlefront towards the east of the Jaffna -- Kandy A9 highway . SLA troops captured Mankulam and the surrounding area on 17 November 2008 . Meanwhile , the situation of more than 200,000 civilians who had been displaced in the latest round of fighting was turning into a humanitarian disaster ; however , due to a number of reasons including doubts regarding the sincerity of the LTTE 's negotiations , neither Western governments nor India intervened to broker a new ceasefire . Fall of Kilinochchi and subsequent events ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Kilinochchi ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The Sri Lankan Army began the attack on Kilinochchi on 23 November 2008 . Troops were attacking rebels ' defences from three directions . However , the LTTE offered a stiff resistance , and the prolonged attack resulted in heavy casualties on both sides . Civilians being displaced as a result of the Sri Lanka Army 's military offensive . January 2009 . Not until 1 January 2009 were SLA troops able to capture Paranthan , located to the north of Kilinochchi along the A-9 route . This isolated the southern periphery of the Elephant Pass LTTE foothold and also exposed the LTTE 's main fortification at Kilinochchi . This made the capture of Kilinochchi , which the rebels had used for over a decade as their de facto administrative capital , far simpler , and they were able to accomplish this on 2 January . The loss of Killinochchi caused a substantial dent in the LTTE 's image as a capable , ruthless terrorist group , and observers forecast the LTTE was likely to collapse before long under unbearable military pressure on multiple fronts . The Tigers quickly abandoned their positions on the Jaffna peninsula to make a last stand in the jungles of Mullaitivu , their last main base . The entire Jaffna peninsula was captured by the Sri Lanka Army by 14 January 2009 . However , they were unable to hold out for long , and on 25 January , SLA troops captured Mullaitivu . The last Sea Tiger base in Chalai was next to fall on 5 February , reducing the territory under rebel control to less than some 200 km . This stage of the war was marked by increased brutality against civilians and rapidly mounting civilian casualties . On 19 February 2009 , Human Rights Watch issued a report accusing the Sri Lankan army of `` slaughtering '' the civilians during indiscriminate artillery attacks ( including repeated shelling of hospitals ) and calling on the Sri Lankan government to end its policy of `` detaining displaced persons '' in military - controlled internment camps . Human Rights Watch also urged the Tamil Tigers to permit trapped civilians to leave the war zone and to `` stop shooting at those who try to flee '' . The UN was also concerned over the condition of internally displaced persons and estimated that some 200,000 people were being squeezed into a narrow 14 square kilometre patch of land on the coast in Vanni , which the government had declared the ' no - fire zone ' . On 20 February 2009 , two LTTE planes on a suicide mission carried out a kamikaze style air attack on the Sri Lankan capital Colombo , killing 2 and wounding 45 , but both planes were shot down by the Sri Lankan Air Force before they could damage the intended targets which were the Army Headquarters and the main Air Force base . By late March , the Tamil Tigers controlled only one square kilometre outside the no - fire zone , down from about 15,000 km a mere three years ago . Political pressure was placed on President Rajapaksa to find a political solution to the conflict and he called for a meeting with Tamil National Alliance , but they refused until the government resolved the humanitarian crisis faced by civilians trapped in the fighting . The Battle of Aanandapuram , which was described by military analyst / journalist D.B.S. Jeyaraj as the `` defining moment '' of the 3 decade war , was fought on 5 April . This battle saw the demise of most of the battle - hardened ground commanders of the LTTE , including Velayuthapillai Baheerathakumar alias Theepan , the overall commander of the LTTE northern front fighting formations . SLA soldiers numbering more than 50,000 from 5 divisions participated in the battle encircling the LTTE cadres inside a small littoral strip of territory located between the Paranthan - Mullaitivu A35 highway , Nanthikadal and Chalai Lagoons on one side and the Indian Ocean on the other . Rebel casualties amounted to 625 . Fighting in the ' no - fire zone ' ( edit ) SLA troops were able to push the Tamil Tigers into the no - fire zone set up for civilians . The LTTE then built a 3 - kilometre ( 2 mi ) long bund in the no - fire zone , trapping over 30,000 civilians , but the SLA was able to destroy this . On 21 April , Sri Lankan troops launched an assault , targeting LTTE leader , Vellupillai Prabhakaran . At the same time , a mass Tamil exodus from the ' no - fire zone ' was underway . The next day , two senior LTTE members ( LTTE media co-ordinator Velayuthan Thayanithi , alias Daya Master , and a top interpreter Kumar Pancharathnam , alias George ) surrendered to the advancing Sri Lankan army . This came as `` a rude shock '' and a major setback for the rebel leadership . When asked why they had surrendered , both men stressed that rebels were shooting at the civilians and preventing them from escaping from the ' no - fire zone ' to safety in government - controlled areas . They also alleged that the LTTE were still abducting and conscripting children as young as 14 years old , and would fire at anyone who tried to resist . By 25 April , the area under the LTTE was reduced to 10 km . While the Tamil exodus from the ' no - fire zone ' continued , the UN estimated that around 6,500 civilians may have been killed and another 14,000 wounded between January 2009 and April 2009 . The BBC reported that the land recaptured by the army from the rebels was totally depopulated and utterly devastated . As fighting continued , a group of independent United Nations experts called on the Human Rights Council to urgently set up an international inquiry to address the `` critical '' situation in Sri Lanka amid fighting between the Army and Tamil rebels . According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) , over 196,000 people fled the conflict zone , a shrinking pocket of land on the north - east coastline , where clashes continued between government troops and the LTTE , while at least 50,000 people were still trapped there . A UN spokesman in Colombo , Gordon Weiss , said more than 100 children died during the `` large - scale killing of civilians '' and described the situation in northern Sri Lanka as a `` bloodbath '' . UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon said he was appalled at the killing of hundreds of Sri Lankan civilians caught in the middle of hostilities between the army and separatist Tamil rebels over the weekend . He voiced deep concern over the continued use of heavy weapons in the conflict zone , but also stressed that the `` reckless disrespect shown by the LTTE for the safety of civilians has led to thousands of people remaining trapped in the area '' . On 16 May 2009 , Sri Lankan troops broke through LTTE defences and captured the last section of coastline held by Tamil Tiger rebels . The army reported it was set to `` clear '' remaining rebel - held land within days . Later the military claimed , allegedly citing intercepted LTTE communication , that rebels were preparing for a mass suicide after being effectively cut off from escape routes . Some rebels were reported to have blown themselves up . End of the war ( edit ) 16 May : Sri Lanka declares victory ( edit ) Addressing the G11 summit in Jordan , President Mahinda Rajapaksa stated `` my government , with the total commitment of our armed forces , has in an unprecedented humanitarian operation finally defeated the LTTE militarily '' . Sri Lankan Commander of the Army Sarath Fonseka also declared victory over LTTE . Sri Lankan troops raced to clear the last LTTE pockets of resistance . As the last LTTE strongpoints crumbled , Sri Lankan troops killed 70 rebels attempting to escape by boat . The whereabouts of LTTE leader Vellupillai Prabhakaran and other major rebel leaders were not certain . 17 May : Tigers admit defeat ( edit ) The LTTE finally admitted defeat on 17 May 2009 , with the rebels ' chief of international relations , Selvarasa Pathmanathan , stating on the website that `` This battle has reached its bitter end ... We have decided to silence our guns . Our only regrets are for the lives lost and that we could not hold out for longer '' . 18 May : first claim of Prabhakaran 's death ( edit ) The Sri Lankan armed forces claimed that the leader of the LTTE , Velupillai Prabhakaran , was killed in the morning of 18 May 2009 while he was trying to flee the conflict zone in an ambulance . The announcement on state television came shortly after the military said it had surrounded Prabhakaran in a tiny patch of jungle in the north - east . The Daily Telegraph wrote that , according to Sri Lankan TV , Prabhakaran was `` ... killed in a rocket - propelled grenade attack as he tried to escape the war zone in an Ambulance with his closest aides . Colonel Soosai , the leader of his `` Sea Tigers '' navy , and Pottu Amman , his intelligence chief were also killed in the attack . '' The head of the Sri Lankan army , General Sarath Fonseka , said the military had defeated the rebels and `` liberated the entire country '' . Military spokesman Brigadier Udaya Nanayakkara stated 250 Tamil Tigers , who were hiding and fighting from within the no fire zone , were killed overnight . 19 May : President addresses the Parliament and Prabhakaran is dead ( edit ) At 9 : 00 am on 19 May 2009 President Mahinda Rajapaksa delivered a victory address to the Parliament and declared that Sri Lanka is liberated from terrorism . Around 9 : 30 am troops attached to Task Force VIII of Sri Lanka Army , reported to its commander , Colonel G.V. Ravipriya that a body similar to Velupillai Prabhakaran has been found among the mangroves in Nandikadal lagoon . It was identified by the officer . At 12 : 15 pm Army Commander Sarath Fonseka officially announced Prabhakaran 's death , through the State television ITN . At around 1 : 00 pm his body was shown in Swarnavahini for the first time . Prabakaran 's identity was confirmed by Karuna Amman , his former confidant , and through DNA testing against his son 's genetic material who had been killed earlier by the Sri Lanka Military . However , LTTE Chief of international relations , Selvarasa Pathmanathan on the same day claimed that `` Our beloved leader is alive and safe . '' On 24 May 2009 , he admitted the death of Prabhakaran , retracting the previous statement . Reaction ( edit ) Main article : Reactions to the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War The general public of Sri Lanka took to streets to celebrate the end of the decades long war . Streets were filled with joyous scenes of jubilation . Opposition leader Ranil Wickremasinghe , through a telephone call , congratulated President Rajapaksa and the state security forces for their victory over the LTTE . Religious leaders too hailed the end of the bloodshed . International response to the end of the fighting was also positive and welcoming , while some countries expressed concern over the civilian casualties and the humanitarian impact . United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki - moon said , `` I am relieved by the conclusion of the military operation , but I am deeply troubled by the loss of so many civilian lives . The task now facing the people of Sri Lanka is immense and requires all hands . It is most important that every effort be undertaken to begin a process of healing and national reconciliation '' . Time magazine named the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War as one of the top 10 news stories of 2009 . Combat after 18 May 2009 ( edit ) 19 May 2009 -- 3 LTTE cadre killed by the Sri Lankan Army at Kachikudichchiaru , Ampara . 20 May 2009 -- 5 LTTE cadre killed by the Sri Lankan Army near Periyapillumalai area . 21 May 2009 -- 10 LTTE cadre killed by the Sri Lankan Army in the Kadawana jungle area . 27 May 2009 -- 11 LTTE cadre killed by the Sri Lankan Army at Kalavanchchikudi in the Batticaloa area . Five T - 56 assault rifles , twenty claymore mines ( 15 kg each ) , two hand grenades , three anti-personnel mines and medical items were reported recovered by military sources . 5 June 2009 -- Special Task Force ( STF ) personnel while conducting search and clear operation in Darampalawa area in Ampara confronted a group of LTTE cadre and recovered two bodies along with numerous military items . 5 August 2009 -- Selvarasa Pathmanathan , the new leader of LTTE was arrested by a Sri Lankan military intelligence unit , with the collaboration of local authorities , in the Tune Hotel , Downtown Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia and brought back to Sri Lanka . Cost of war ( edit ) Shelter built from tarp and sticks . Pictured are displaced persons from the civil war in Sri Lanka Casualties ( edit ) Main article : Casualties of the Sri Lankan Civil War The Sri Lankan Civil War was very costly , killing more 100,000 civilians and over 50,000 fighters from both sides of the conflict . The `` Tamil Centre for Human Rights '' recorded that from 1983 to 2004 , 47,556 Tamil civilians were murdered by both the Sri Lankan government and IPKF forces . Another organization called NESOHR published that from the beginning of the war to the 2002 ceasefire , 4000 to 5000 Tamil civilians were killed in large scale massacres , with a total civilian death of around 40,000 . Civilian casualties that occurred on 2009 is of major controversy , as there were no organizations to record the events during the final months of the war . The Sri Lankan government revealed that 9,000 people were killed in the final months of the war , but it did not differentiate between LTTE cadres and civilians . The UN , based on credible witness evidence from aid agencies and civilians evacuated from the Safe Zone by sea , estimated that 6,500 civilians were killed and another 14,000 injured between mid-January 2009 , when the Safe Zone was first declared , and mid-April 2009 . There are no official casualty figures after this period but estimates of the death toll for the final four months of the civil war ( mid-January to mid-May ) range from 15,000 to 20,000 . A US State Department report has suggested that the actual casualty figures were probably much higher than the UN 's estimates and that significant numbers of casualties were n't recorded . A former UN official has claimed that up to 40,000 civilians may have been killed in the final stages of the civil war . Most of the details pertaining to the civilian casualties were reported by four doctors who worked in the no - fire zone . In a joint press conference after the war in July 2009 while still in CID custody , they recanted their initial reports , stating that the casualty figures were exaggerated and were handed to them by the LTTE . However , a leaked US diplomatic cable contains dispatches stating that the doctors upon their release in August 2009 are to have stated to US embassy personnel that they were heavily coached for the press conference and that they had not lied when giving their original statements . A US State Department report has suggested that the actual casualty figures were probably much higher than the UN estimates and that significant numbers of casualties were not recorded . Gordon Weiss , a former UN official has claimed that up to 40,000 civilians may have been killed in the final stages of the war . U.N Secretary General 's experts panel report had said that as many as 40,000 Tamil civilians could have been killed in the final phases of the Sri Lankan civil war . On the contrary , Rajiva Wijesinha the permanent secretary to the Sri Lanka 's Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights , in June 2009 said that altogether 3,000 to 5,000 civilians may have been killed during the period . In November 2011 , a Sri Lankan international terrorism expert , Rohan Gunaratna , estimated the number of civilian casualties to be 1,400 ( 1200 killed by army cross-fire and 200 by LTTE ) . His estimate is in part based on information obtained from captured LTTE cadres to which he had been granted access and from coroners working in and around the no - fire zone . In February 2012 , the Sri Lankan government released an official estimate of civilian deaths in Northern Province , concluding that 8,649 people have died due to extraordinary circumstances ( reasons other than ageing , diseases , natural disasters etc . ) , in 2009 . It also listed 2,635 people as untraceable . However the report did not differentiate civilians from the slain LTTE cadres . Several human rights groups have even claimed that the death toll in the last months of the war could be 70,000 . The Sri Lankan government has denied all claims of causing mass casualties against Tamils , arguing that it was `` taking care not to harm civilians '' . Instead , it has blamed the LTTE for the high casualty numbers , stating that they used the civilians as human shields . Both the Sri Lankan government and the LTTE have been accused by the U.N for war crimes during the last phase of the war . While the majority of civilian deaths were that of the Tamil minority , Both Sinhalese and Moor civilians died in the war . The LTTE were estimated to be responsible for 3,700 to 4,100 civilian deaths in over 200 separate attacks . In response to these civilian deaths , LTTE leader Prabhakaran denied allegations of killing civilians , claiming to condemn such acts of violence ; and claimed that LTTE had instead attacked armed home guards who were `` death - squads let loose on Tamil civilians '' and Sinhalese settlers who were `` brought to the Tamil areas to forcibly occupy the land . Around 27,000 + LTTE cadres , 23,790 + Sri Lankan Army personnel , 1000 + Sri Lankan police , 1500 Indian soldiers were said to have died in the conflict . In 2008 , the LTTE revealed that 22,390 fighters have lost their lives in the armed struggle since 27 November 1982 , although it stopped keeping record in 2009 . Minister of Defence Gotabhaya Rajapaksa said on an interview with state television that 23,790 Sri Lankan military personnel were killed since 1981 ( it was not specified if police or other non armed forces personnel were included in this particular figure ) . The Uppsala Conflict Data Program , a university - based data collection program considered to be `` one of the most accurate and well - used data - sources on global armed conflicts '' provides free data to the public and has divided Sri Lanka 's conflicts into groups based on the actors involved . It collectively reported that between 1990 and 2009 between 59,193 - 75,601 people were killed in Sri Lanka during various three types of organized armed conflict : `` State - based '' conflicts , those that involved the Government of Sri Lanka against rebel groups ( LTTE and the JVP ) , `` Non-state '' conflicts , those conflicts that did not involve the government of Sri Lanka ( e.g. LTTE vs. LTTE - Karuna Faction , and LTTE vs. PLOTE ) , as well as `` One - sided '' violence , that involved deliberate attacks against civilians perpetrated by either LTTE or the Government of Sri Lanka . Economic cost ( edit ) The total economic cost of the 26 - year war is estimated at US $200 billion . This is approximately 5 times the GDP of Sri Lanka in 2009 . Sri Lanka had spent US $5.5 billion only on Eelam War IV , which saw the end of LTTE . The government had spent US $2.25 billion to develop the Northern Province under the `` Uthuru Wasanthaya '' program after the end of war . Measuring the opportunity cost of war , a report by Strategic Foresight Group states that Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) remained stagnant during periods of civil war and that net FDI increased during periods of ceasefire . Aftermath ( edit ) A political solution ( edit ) After the complete military defeat of the LTTE , President Mahinda Rajapaksa announced that the government is committed to a political solution , and for this purpose action would be taken based on the 13th Amendment to the Constitution . Pro-LTTE political party Tamil National Alliance ( TNA ) , also the largest political group representing Sri Lankan Tamil community , dropped its demand for a separate state , in favour of a federal solution . There are ongoing bilateral talks between President Rajapaksa 's UPFA government and the TNA , on a viable political solution and devolution of power . However , in an interview to Headlines Today , television channel from India , Gotabaya Rajapaksa , Defence Secretary of Sri Lanka and brother of President Mahinda Rajapaksa binned `` the political solution talk '' , asserting , among other things , that it was `` simply irrelevant '' because `` we have ended this terrorism '' in Sri Lanka . Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission ( edit ) Main article : Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission Following the end of the war in May 2009 , amid mounting international pressure for an inquiry into the final stages of the war , President Rajapaksa appointed the Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission ( LLRC ) to look back at the Sri Lankan Civil War , and to provide recommendations for an era of healing and peace building . The commission concluded that the Sri Lankan military did n't deliberately target civilians in the No Fire Zones . The commission acknowledged that hospitals had been shelled , resulting in `` considerable civilian casualties '' , but it did not say who was responsible for the shelling . The commission blamed Sinhalese and Tamil politicians for causing the civil war : the Sinhalese politicians failed to offer a solution acceptable to the Tamil people and the Tamil politicians fanned militant separatism . However the commission has been heavily criticised by human rights groups and UN Secretary - General 's Panel of Experts on Accountability due its limited mandate , alleged lack of independence and its failure to meet minimum international standards or offer protection to witnesses . Humanitarian Impact ( edit ) Main article : Sri Lankan IDP camps DFID - funded UN IDP camp near Vavuniya : the Menik Farm camp , June 2009 Towards the end of the war , as Sri Lankan government forces advanced deeper into Tamil Tiger controlled areas , international concern grew for the fate of the 350,000 civilians trapped . On 21 January 2009 , the Sri Lankan military declared a 32 square kilometres ( 12.4 mi ) Safe Zone located northwest of Puthukkudiviruppu , between the A35 Highway and the Chalai Lagoon . Sri Lankan Air Force aircraft dropped leaflets urging civilians to relocate to the safe zone and wait until the army could move them into safer locations . The Sri Lankan military promised not to fire into the area . However , only small numbers of civilians actually crossed into the Safe Zone , and the Sri Lankan government , the United Nations , and human rights organisations accused the LTTE of preventing civilians from leaving . The fighting eventually caused civilians to flee the safe zone to a narrow strip of land between Nanthi Kadal and the Indian Ocean . The Sri Lankan military declared a new 10 - square - kilometre ( 3.9 sq mi ) Safe Zone northwest of Mullaitivu on 12 February . Over the next three months , the Sri Lankan military repeatedly attacked the Safe Zone with aircraft and artillery to destroy the last remnants of the Tamil Tigers trapped there . The Sri Lankan government claimed that it was trying to hit Tamil Tiger positions , and claimed that these raids started on 15 February and ended on 19 April , the day before the Army breached Tamil Tiger defences , and civilians started to pour out . However , these attacks caused heavy damage . Thousands of civilians were killed or injured , and the Tamil Tigers reportedly held many as human shields . The final stages of the war created 300,000 internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) who were transferred to camps in Vavuniya District and detained there against their will . The camps were surrounded by barbed wire . This , together with the conditions inside the camps , attracted much criticism from inside and outside Sri Lanka . After the end of the civil war President Rajapaksa gave assurances to foreign diplomats that the bulk of the IDPs would be resettled in accordance with the 180 - day plan . By January 2012 , almost all the IDPs had been resettled , except 6,554 from the Divisional Secretariats of Mullaitivu district , where the de-mining work was yet to be finished . Since 1983 , the civil war caused mass outflow of Tamil civilians from Sri Lanka to South India . After the end of the war , nearly 5,000 of them returned to the country . As of July 2012 , 68,152 Sri Lankans were living in South India as refugees . Detainees ( edit ) The continuous defeats of the LTTE had made its cadres abandon the outfit in large numbers . With the end of the hostilities , 11,664 LTTE members , including over 500 child soldiers surrendered to the Sri Lankan military . Among them were 1,601 females . Government took action to rehabilitate these cadres under a `` National Action Plan for the Re-integration of Ex-combatants '' . They were divided into 3 categories ; hardcore , non-combatants , and those who were forcefully recruited ( including child soldiers ) . 24 rehabilitation centres were set up in Jaffna , Batticaloa and Vavuniya . Among the apprehended cadres , there had been about 700 hardcore members . Some of these cadres were integrated into State Intelligence Services to tackle the internal and external networks of LTTE . By January 2012 , government had released more than 11,000 cadres , and only 4 rehabilitation centres and 550 detainees remained . Land mines ( edit ) The end of the war left past conflict zones of 2,061 sq.km heavily contaminated with approximately 1.6 million land mines . By January 2012 , deminers employed by the Sri Lankan army and 8 foreign funded agencies had cleared 1,934 sq.km leaving about 127sq.km yet to be cleared . Since the end of the war , more than 5,000 Tamil youths have been gathering at selected police stations in Eastern Province to join the police force as the government has called for interviews . The Sri Lankan government had planned to recruit 2,000 new police officers to the department , especially for the services in the northern region of the country . Protests ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Tamil diaspora protests Canadian Tamils block University Avenue , Toronto demonstrating against the Sri Lankan forces . Tamil diaspora communities around the world protested the civilian casualties in Northern Province , Sri Lanka and the war in general . Active protests occurred in the major and / or capital cities of India , United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , Norway , Switzerland , Denmark , Germany and the United States . The collective objective of the protests was to persuade world national leaders to stop the civil war and bring a permanent ceasefire with an internationally coordinated diplomatic strategy . War crimes investigations ( edit ) In March 2014 , the United Nations Human Rights Commission drafted a resolution on `` Promoting reconciliation , accountability and human rights in Sri Lanka '' and requested its High Commissioner Ms. Navi Pillay to undertake a comprehensive investigation into alleged serious violations and human rights abuses that have taken place during the war . Subsequently , the Human Rights Commissioner directed the setting up of OHCHR Investigation in Sri Lanka ( OISL ) . The Sri Lankan state which is accused of perpetuating war crimes , has reportedly refused to cooperate with the inquiry . In August 2014 , the state rejected entry visas for investigating U.N. officials . Two months later , in October , Sri Lankan government banned all foreigners from visiting the former war zone altogether . Alleged war crimes ( edit ) Main article : Alleged war crimes during the Sri Lankan Civil War Allegations of war crimes have been made against the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( Tamil Tigers ) and the Sri Lankan military with much attention given to the final months of the Civil War in 2009 . The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides ; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides ; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them ; acute shortages of food , medicine , and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone ; and child recruitment and attacks on targeting civilian including suicide bombings and attacks on civilian aircraft by the Tamil Tigers . Video footage showing uniformed men speaking Sinhalese and summarily executing eight bound and blindfolded men was broadcast in August 2009 by UK 's Channel 4 in a program called `` Sri Lanka 's Killing Fields '' . This video was subsequently authenticated by the UN . Reports commissioned by the Sri Lankan government claim the UN authentication was biased and the video was fabricated . A panel of experts appointed by UN Secretary - General ( UNSG ) Ban Ki - moon to advise him on the issue of accountability with regard to any alleged violations of international human rights and humanitarian law during the final stages of the conflict in Sri Lanka found `` credible allegations '' which according to them , if proven , indicated that war crimes and crimes against humanity were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the Tamil Tigers . The panel has called on the UNSG to conduct an independent international inquiry into the alleged violations of international law . The Sri Lankan government has denied that its forces committed any war crimes and has strongly opposed any international investigation . It has condemned the UN report as `` fundamentally flawed in many respects '' and `` based on patently biased material which is presented without any verification '' . The Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission , a formal commission of inquiry was appointed by the Sri Lankan President , to review the conflict from 1983 to 2009 and its report was tabled in the parliament . On 27 July 2012 , Sri Lanka brought out a road map fixing time lines for investigating alleged war crimes by its army during the final stages of the war with the LTTE in 2009 . The cabinet has approved the action plan for the implementation of the Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation . The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights said in September 2013 that there had been no comprehensive Sri Lankan effort to properly and independently investigate allegations of war crimes . The High Commissioner said she would recommend the Human Rights Council to set up its own probe if Sri Lanka does not show more `` credible '' progress by March 2014 . On 27 March 2014 the United Nations Human Rights Council voted for a resolution paving the way for an inquiry into rights abuses at the end of Sri Lanka 's civil war . The United States and the United Kingdom were among the countries which sponsored the resolution , which for the first time called for an international probe . The new government of President Maithripala Sirisena has requested the international community for support on a domestic probe into war crimes . As of March 2015 , the UN have expressed their support for this . The Tamil National alliance has asked for an international investigation into the alleged human rights abuses during the Sri Lankan civil war and has refused a domestic probe . A group of the TNA led by Wigneshwaran has asked for an investigation into the alleged genocide claims but the TNA as a whole was divided on the issue and MP Senathirajah said that the action was unauthorized by the party . The Tamil National Alliance has welcomed a domestic investigation with a hybrid court and R. Sampanthan praised several new initiatives from the new government and said `` The government is adopting the correct position , '' and asked the government to honor to there commitments but some members such as Ananthi Sasitharan had a less optimistic view . Transitional justice and steps for non-recurrence ( edit ) In 2015 the Sri Lankan government decided to create a truth commission based on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa to probe allegations during the war . According to Foreign Minister Mangala Samaraweera a new constitution is expected solve issues related to the war and ensure non-recurrence . However the government criticized both Sinhala and Tamil extremists for obstructing transitional justice . Allegations of genocide ( edit ) The first international voice to support the genocide against the Government of Sri Lanka under international law is raised by Human Rights Watch and it has advocated and published the details in December 2009 . Leading American expert in international law , Professor Francis A. Boyle hold an emergency meeting with U.N. Secretary - General Ban Ki - Moon to urge to stop Tamil genocide by providing the evidence of crimes against humanity , genocide against Tamils and the international community 's failure to stop the slaughter of Tamil civilians in Sri Lanka . In January 2010 , the Permanent People 's Tribunal on Sri Lankan held its sessions in Dublin , Ireland . There were four findings : That the Sri Lankan Government and its military are guilty of War Crimes ; That the Sri Lankan Government and its military are guilty of crimes against humanity ; That the charge of genocide requires further investigation ; That the international community , particularly the UK and USA , share responsibility for the breakdown of the peace process. ( 2 ) It also found that member states of the United Nations had not `` complied with their moral obligation to seek justice for the violations of human rights committed during the last period of the war '' . In 22 September 2010 , the UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic , has advocated and litigated on behalf of victims of the armed conflict in Sri Lanka . UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic released a report calling for the establishment of a new international tribunal to prosecute those most responsible for the crimes committed during the conflict . UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic also submitted evidence of human rights violations committed during the armed conflict to the United Nations Panel of Experts on Sri Lanka , which U.N. Secretary - General Ban Ki - Moon appointed in 2010 . In November , 03 2012 , panel of 11 member International Experts , consisting of experts in genocide studies , former UN officials , experts in international law and renowned peace and human rights activists to be convened as Judges appointed by Permanent People 's Tribunal to investigate and examine reports submitted by many specialised working groups on the accusation of the crime of Genocide against the Government of Sri Lanka . In 27 March 2013 , Tamil Nadu State Assembly has passed resolution to called on the Indian Government to stop considering Sri Lanka as a ' friendly country ' and impose economic sanctions , as well as calling for an international inquiry in `` genocide and war crimes '' against Sri Lankan Tamils . In 10 December 2013 , Permanent People 's Tribunal unanimously ruled Sri Lanka guilty of the crime of genocide against the Tamil people , while the US and UK were found to be guilty of complicity to this crime . In January , 2015 , UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic filed a paper on `` The Legal Case of the Tamil Genocide '' based on the evidence , nature and extent of the violence committed by Government Forces against Tamils . In 12 April 2015 , the Northern Provincial Council of Sri Lanka passed a resolution calling the UN to investigate the genocide and direct appropriate measures at the International Court of Justice stating that the Tamils had no faith in the domestic commission . In September 2017 current president Maithripala Sirisena refused to let several human rights groups take Jagath Jayasuriya to court for war crimes . He reportedly said `` I stated very clearly that I will not allow anyone in the world to touch Jagath Jayasuriya or any other military chief or any war hero in this country , '' in reference to the lawsuit . His comments are seen as an attempt to pander to the majority ethnic Sinhalese , most of whom oppose legal action against military personnel accused of crimes during the civil war . See also ( edit ) List of civil wars Post -- World War II air - to - air combat losses Mailapitiya National War Memorial Pakistan 's military assistance to Sri Lanka References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` LTTE defeated ; Sri Lanka liberated from terror '' . Ministry of Defence. 18 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2009 . Retrieved 18 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : International Institute for Strategic Studies , Armed Conflicts Database . Archived 11 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka Army - Troop Strength '' . globalsecurity.org . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Opposition leader rebutts ( sic ) Sri Lankan government claims Archived 26 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : `` Humanitarian Operation -- Factual Analysis , July 2006 -- May 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Defence ( Sri Lanka ) . 1 August 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka Database -- Casualties of Terrorist violence in Sri Lanka '' . channelnewsasia . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Nakkawita , Wijitha ( 3 June 2009 ) . `` LTTE killing spree '' . Daily News . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Eelam War IV : Imminent End . Jump up ^ Tamils mark 25 - years of Tiger sacrifice Tamilnet . Jump up ^ 4073 LTTE cadres killed in ongoing battle . ^ Jump up to : `` Sri Lankan experience proves nothing is impossible '' . The Sunday Observer. 5 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . 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Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Wigneswaran 's belief '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` TNA hits out at LTTE , calls on Govt. to accept OISL report The Sunday Times Sri Lanka '' . www.sundaytimes.lk . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka to set up a South Africa - style truth and reconciliation commission '' . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Constitution most potent weapon for non-recurrence of war : Mangala '' . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law '' . Jump up ^ Francis Anthony Boyle , Professor . The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka : The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law . ISBN 978 - 0932863706 . ^ Jump up to : `` Permanent People 's Tribunal Tribunal on Sri Lanka '' ( 16 January 2010 ) . The Irish School of Ecumenics , Trinity College Dublin The School of Law and Government , Dublin City University . 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Jump up ^ `` NPC passes resolution asking UN to investigate genocide of Tamils by Sri Lanka state '' . Tamil Guardian . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lanka 's Northern Council Passes Damning Resolution on Genocide '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil party in Sri Lanka calls for international war crimes inquiry '' . World Socialist Web Site . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/sri-lanka-leader-shield-general-war-crimes-case-170903193335527.html Bibliography ( edit ) Balasingham , Adele : The Will to Freedom -- An Inside View of Tamil Resistance . Fairmax Publishing Ltd , 2nd ed. 2003 , ISBN 1 - 903679 - 03 - 6 . Deegalle , Mahinda ( ed . ) : Buddhism , Conflict and Violence in Modern Sri Lanka . Routlege , London , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 35920 - 1 . Dissanayaka , T.D.S.A. : War or Peace in Sri Lanka , Volume II . Swastika ( Pvt . ) Ltd. , Colombo 1998 . Dixit , J.N. : Assignment Colombo , ISBN 81 - 220 - 0499 - 7 . ( Dixit was the Indian High Commissioner during the 1980s negotiations that led to the IPKF presence . ) Gamage , S. and Watson , I.B. : Conflict and Community in Contemporary Sri Lanka . Sage , New Delhi 1999 . Gamage , S. : Ethnic Conflict , State Reform and Nation Building in Sri Lanka : Analysis of the Context and Suggestions for a Settlement , in : Neelsen , John P. and Malik , Dipak : `` Crises of State and Nation : South Asian States between Nation Building and Fragmentation '' , Manohar , New Delhi ( forthcoming ) . Hoole , R. , Somasundaram , D. , Sritharan K. , and Thiranagama , R . The Broken Palmyra -- The Tamil Crisis in Sri Lanka : An Inside Account . The Sri Lanka Studies Institute , Claremont 1990 . ( Also available online . ) The Broken Palmyra -- The Tamil Crisis in Sri Lanka : An Inside Account . Johnson , Robert : A Region in Turmoil . Reaktion , New York and London 2005 . ( Covers Sri Lanka and its regional context . ) Narayan Swamy , M.R. : Tigers of Lanka : from Boys to Guerrillas . Konark Publishers ; 3rd ed. 2002 , ISBN 81 - 220 - 0631 - 0 . Rajasinghan , K.T. : Sri Lanka : The Untold Story . 2001 -- 2002 . ( Serialised in Asia Times Online ). Sri Lanka : The Untold Story . War and Peace in Sri Lanka : With a Post-Accord Report From Jaffna . ISBN 955 - 26 - 0001 - 4 / ISBN 978 - 955 - 26 - 0001 - 2 , Institute of Fundamental Studies , Sri Lanka ; 1 edition ( 1 October 1987 ) , By Rohan Gunaratna . Indian intervention in Sri Lanka : The role of India 's intelligence agencies . ISBN 955 - 95199 - 0 - 5 / ISBN 978 - 955 - 95199 - 0 - 4 , South Asian Network on Conflict Research ( 1993 ) , By Rohan Gunaratna . Bansal , Alok , Mayilvaganan . M and Podder , Sukanya , Sri Lanka : Search for Peace . Manas Publications , New Delhi , 2007 . ISBN 81 - 7049 - 340 - 4 Weiss , Gordon . The cage : The fight for Sri Lanka and the last days of the Tamil Tigers . Random House , 2011 . ISBN 1847921396 External links ( edit ) Official websites Ministry of Defence , Sri Lanka Government of Sri Lanka Peace Secretariat Government reports Report by Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission , appointed by Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa to look back at the Sri Lankan Civil War Humanitarian Operation -- Factual Analysis Ministry of Defence report on key military facts Maps Ministry of Defence , Battle Progress Map Final Conflict Zone Maps Interactive Defence Map of Sri Lanka Independent reports , documentaries and texts Pawns of Peace Evaluation of Norwegian peace efforts in Sri Lanka , 1997 -- 2009 by NORAD World Socialist Web Site Sri Lanka Coverage -- Many reports and socialist analysis Peace and Conflict Timeline ( PACT ) -- an interactive timeline of the Sri Lankan conflict Texts of key agreements in past peace processes and an analysis of the process by Conciliation Resources Understanding Sri Lanka 's Defeat of the Tamil Tigers by National Defense University War on the Displaced : Sri Lankan Army and LTTE Abuses against Civilians in the Vanni , Human Rights Watch Sri Lanka 's Killing Fields an investigative documentary by ITN / Channel 4 Visiting Sri Lanka ; 3 years after the civil war by T.E. Narasimhan , Rediff.com Unholy Ground -- Indie documentary on a war - related massacre in one Sri Lankan village Appalling Journalism -- Monitoring coverage of , and reporting on , Sri Lanka in the international media Major armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of Sri Lanka Domestic 1971 JVP Insurrection 1987 -- 89 JVP Insurrection Sri Lankan Civil War Foreign Battle of Vijithapura Pandyan Civil War ( 1169 - 1177 ) Ming -- Kotte War Kotte conquest of the Jaffna Kingdom Sinhalese -- Portuguese War Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom Dutch -- Portuguese War British Expedition to Ceylon Kandyan Wars ( Great Rebellion of 1817 -- 18 ) Matale Rebellion Second Boer War World War I World War II Peacekeeping United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon Related articles Military history Ceylon in World War II Sri Lankan Civil War Origins Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 1956 1958 1977 Sri Lankan riots Burning of Jaffna library Black July Combatants Sri Lanka Army ( LRRP ) Navy Air Force Police Special Task Force Home Guards Attacks on civilians Assassinations LTTE Divisions Air Tigers Sea Tigers Black Tigers Attacks in the 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Assassinations Suicide bombings Other militants ( list ) ENDLF ENLF EPRLF EROS PLOTE TELO India Indian Peace Keeping Force Paramilitary EPDP TMVP Phases Eelam War I Indian intervention Eelam War II III IV Eastern / Northern theaters Major battles Kokkilai Vadamarachchi Poomalai Pawan Jaffna University Helidrop Balavegaya 1st Elephant Pass Pooneryn Riviresa 1st Mullaitivu Sath Jaya Vavunathivu Jayasikurui Thandikulam -- Omanthai 1st Kilinochchi Oddusuddan A-9 highway 2nd Elephant Pass Bandaranaike Airport attack Point Pedro Jaffna Thoppigala Vidattaltivu 2nd Kilinochchi 2nd Mullaitivu Puthukkudiyirippu Major Events Air Lanka Flight 512 Indo - Sri Lanka Accord Expulsions from Northern province Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa Assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali Temple of the Tooth attack Lionair Flight 602 Bandaranaike Airport attack Expulsions from Colombo 2009 suicide air raid on Colombo Leaders Sri Lanka Military Army Tissa Weeratunga Nalin Seneviratne Hamilton Wanasinghe Cecil Waidyaratne G.H. De Silva Rohan Daluwatte C.S. Weerasooriya L.P. Balagalle Shantha Kottegoda Sarath Fonseka Navy Asoka de Silva H.A. Silva Clancy Fernando D.A.M.R. Samarasekara H.C.A.C. Thisera Daya Sandagiri Wasantha Karannagoda Air Force Dick Perera Andibuduge Fernando Makalandage Gunawardena Oliver Ranasinghe Jayalath Weerakkody Donald Perera Roshan Goonetileke Civilian J.R. Jayewardene Ranasinghe Premadasa Dingiri Banda Wijetunga Chandrika Kumaratunga Mahinda Rajapaksa LTTE Militant Velupillai Prabhakaran Pottu Amman Soosai Karuna Amman Political Selvarasa Pathmanathan Anton Balasingham S.P. Thamilselvan India Military Harkirat Singh Ashok K. Mehta Civilian R. Venkataraman Rajiv Gandhi V.P. Singh Aftermath Reactions to end of war ( Tamil diaspora ) Remembrance Day Alleged war crimes Chemical weapons Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission ( LLRC ) UN Panel on Accountability in Sri Lanka NPC resolution on Genocide Related topics Casualties Assassinations Massacres Child soldiers Disappearances Office of Missing Persons Human rights Popular culture Terrorism Non-state incidents PTA State Sixth Amendment Thirteenth Amendment 1988 Maldives coup d'état 1987 -- 89 JVP Insurrection Sri Lankan Civil War at Wiktionary Source texts at Wikisource Textbooks at Wikibooks Images and media at the Commons Quotations at Wikiquote News stories at Wikinews show Sri Lankan Civil War timeline ↓ Four Four Bravo ↓ Black July ↓ Air Lanka Flight 512 ↓ Indo - Sri Lanka Accord ↓ JVP insurrection ↓ Maldives coup d'état ↓ Police massacre ↓ Expulsion of Muslims ↓ Rajiv Gandhi Assassination ↓ Ranasinghe Premadasa Assassination ↓ Central Bank bombing ↓ Dehiwala train bombing ↓ WTC bombing ↓ Temple of the Tooth attack ↓ Lionair Flight 602 ↓ Chandrika Kumaratunga assassination attempt ↓ Bandaranaike Airport attack ↓ Colombo Suicide air raid ↓ Death of Prabhakaran Eelam War I Indian intervention Eelam War II Cease Fire Eelam War III Cease Fire Eelam War IV Sri Lankan President : J.R. Jayewardene Ranasinghe Premadasa Dingiri Banda Wijetunga Chandrika Kumaratunga Mahinda Rajapaksa Army : Tissa Weeratunga Nalin Seneviratne Hamilton Wanasinghe Cecil Waidyaratne G.H. De Silva Rohan Daluwatte C.S. Weerasooriya Lionel Balagalle Shantha Kottegoda Sarath Fonseka LTTE leader : Velupillai Prabhakaran Selvarasa Pathmanathan │ │ 1984 │ 1985 │ 1986 │ │ │ │ │ 1991 │ │ │ │ 1995 │ │ │ 1998 │ 1999 │ 2000 │ │ 2002 │ 2003 │ │ 2005 │ 2006 │ 2007 │ 2008 │ 2009 Sri Lankan Tamil people List of Sri Lankan Tamils History Ancient History of Eastern Tamils Tissamaharama inscription Annaicoddai seal Ketheeswaram temple Koneswaram temple Munneswaram temple Tenavaram temple Jaffna kingdom History Aryacakravarti Jaffna Palace ruins Kotagama inscriptions Portuguese conquest Vannimai Vanniar Demala Hatpattu Colonial American Ceylon Mission Wesleyan Methodist Mission Jaffna Youth Congress Post-colonial Nationalism Colonisation Sinhala Only Act Riots Bandaranaike -- Chelvanayakam Pact Standardisation Militancy Vaddukoddai Resolution Tamil Eelam Burning of Jaffna library Black July Civil War NPC Resolution on Genocide Politics Government Northern Provincial Council Government of the Northern Province Governors Chief Ministers Eastern Provincial Council Governors Chief Ministers Political parties All Ceylon Tamil Congress Federal Party Tamil United Liberation Front Tamil National Alliance Tamil National People 's Front Militant groups ENDLF ENLF EPRLF EORS LTTE PLOTE TELO Diaspora British Tamils Forum Canadian Tamil Congress Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America Global Tamil Forum Tamils Against Genocide Tamil Youth Organisation Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam Society Eelam Genetic studies Karaiyar Koviar Mukkuvar Nalavar Paraiyar Thesavalamai Vellalar Vedar Culture Cinema Literature News Saturday Review Sudar Oli Tamil Guardian TamilNet Tamil Times Thinakaran Thinakkural Uthayan Virakesari Diaspora Australia Canada France Germany Italy India Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan United Kingdom United States Languages and dialects Batticaloa Tamil Jaffna Tamil Negombo Tamil Loanwords Religion Hinduism Naguleswaram temple Nallur Kandaswamy temple Catholicism Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu Village deities Sport Badminton Cricket Football Category Sri Lanka topics Overviews Outline Index Bibliography Timeline Years 2018 History Periods Prehistory Early kingdoms period Anuradhapura period Polonnaruwa period Transitional period Crisis of the Sixteenth Century Kandyan period History of British Ceylon History of Sri Lanka ( 1948 -- present ) Epochs Mahavamsa Vijaya Tambapanni Upatissa Nuwara Anuradhapura Polonnaruwa Jaffna Dambadeniya Gampola Kotte Sitawaka Kandy Portuguese Ceylon Dutch Ceylon British Ceylon Kandyan Wars Uva Rebellion Matale rebellion Independence movement Dominion of Ceylon Civil War Topics Chronicles Ancient capitals Monarchs Demographic Economic Education Military Government Law Constitution Constitutional Council Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Ministries Administrative Service National Security Council Law enforcement Judiciary Supreme Court Court of appeal High Courts District courts Magistrate 's Courts Primary Courts Labour Tribunal Legislature Parliament Prime Minister Office Speaker Deputy speaker and chairman of committees Deputy Chairman of Committees Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Chief Government Whip Chief Opposition Whip Secretaries - 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-8261907418089101711	G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero	G.I. Joe : a Real American Hero - wikipedia G.I. Joe : a Real American Hero For other uses , see G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero Type Action figures Company Hasbro Country United States Availability 1982 -- present Slogan `` A Real American Hero '' Official website G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( also known as Action Force in the UK ) is a military - themed line of action figures and toys in Hasbro 's G.I. Joe franchise . The toyline lasted from 1982 to 1994 , producing well over 500 figures and 250 vehicles and playsets . The line reappeared in 1997 and has continued in one form or another to the present day . It was supported by two animated series as well as a major comic series published by Marvel Comics . The toyline continues to play a large part in Hasbro 's G.I. Joe franchise . This version of G.I. Joe is still much recognized by many people who grew up in the 1980s and 1990s . Contents 1 Origin 2 Toyline 2.1 File card 2.2 Line history 2.2. 1 A Real American Hero ( 1982 -- 1994 ) 2.2. 2 Stars & Stripes Forever -- TRU Exclusives ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 2.2. 3 A Real American Hero Collection ( 2000 -- 2002 ) 2.2. 4 25th Anniversary ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 2.2. 5 30th Anniversary ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 2.2. 6 50th Anniversary ( 2014 -- 2016 ) 3 Animated series 4 Comic books 5 Action Stars Cereal 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Origin ( edit ) `` A Real American Hero '' was brought about as a revival of the original 12 in ( 30 cm ) G.I. Joe brand of the 1960s and 1970s . After the 12 '' figure had been absent from toy shelves for a few years , G.I. Joe was re-introduced in a 3 ⁄ in ( 9.52 cm ) action figure format following the success of the Star Wars and Micronauts 3 ⁄ '' scale toylines . The genesis of the toy line came about from a chance meeting in a men 's room . According to Jim Shooter , then editor - in - chief of Marvel Comics : The President or CEO of Hasbro was at a charity event that Marvel 's President was also at . They ended up in the men 's room , standing next to each other peeing , and I think that 's how they met . They were talking about each other 's respective businesses , and it came up that Hasbro wanted to reactivate the trademark on G.I. Joe , but they were trying to come up with a new approach . ( Marvel 's guy ) was like ' We have the best creative people in the world ! Let me bring in this Editor - in - Chief of mine and we 'll fix it for you ! Prior to G.I. Joe 's relaunch in 1982 , Larry Hama was developing an idea for a new comic book called Fury Force , which he was hoping would be an ongoing series for Marvel Comics . The original premise had the son of S.H.I.E.L.D. director Nick Fury assembling a team of elite commandos to battle neo-Nazi terrorists HYDRA . Shooter approached Hama about the Joe project due to Hama 's military background , and the Fury concept was adapted for the project . Shooter suggested to Hasbro that `` G.I. Joe '' should be the team name and that they should fight terrorists , while Archie Goodwin invented Cobra and the Cobra Commander ; everything else was created by Hama . Hasbro was initially uncertain about making villain toys , believing this would n't sell . Marvel would also suggest the inclusion of female Joes in the toyline , and to include them with the vehicles ( as Hasbro again worried they would n't sell on their own ) . Each G.I. Joe figure included a character biography , called a `` file card '' . Hama was largely responsible for writing these file cards , especially for the first ten years . When developing many of the characters , he drew much from his own experiences in the US military . The overall premise for the toyline revolves around an elite counter-terrorist team code - named G.I. Joe , whose main purpose is to defend human freedom from Cobra , a ruthless terrorist organization determined to rule the world . Every year , Hasbro and Marvel would meet up to discuss the upcoming toys and marketing . Larry Hama was given a free rein by Marvel 's editorial here . Both the toys and the comics would become a great success , the comics being Marvel Comic 's most subscribed title at one point , but Jim Shooter has said sister company Marvel Productions , who handled the cartoon , overspent on production and had `` a critical success but a financial disaster '' with the show . In 1994 , Hasbro transferred control of the G.I. Joe toyline and brand name to the newly acquired Kenner division , who promptly cancelled the A Real American Hero toyline and replaced it with G.I. Joe Extreme . After brief revivals in 1997 and 1998 , the toyline was revived as the `` Real American Hero Collection '' in 2000 to the mass market . In both cases , previous molds were reused and some characters had to be renamed due to copyright issues . Another relaunch was made in 2002 under the theme `` G.I. Joe vs. Cobra '' and new designs and characters were introduced . Hasbro.com officially announced a new line of `` 25th Anniversary '' 4 '' G.I. Joe figures on January 18 , 2007 . The line is primarily based on the characters and designs from the early part of the Real American Hero line . Toyline ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For a detailed listing of the toys , see List of G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero characters , List of G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero vehicles , and List of G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero playsets . The action figures were 3 ⁄ in ( 9.52 cm ) tall , at roughly 1 : 18th scale . Throughout the original toyline production from 1982 through 1994 , figure construction remained relatively the same . The most notable changes were the second series ' addition of `` swivel - arm '' articulation in 1983 which allowed the forearm to rotate above the elbow ( initial figures could only bend at the elbow ) , and the fourth series ' ball joints replacing the former swivel necks , both dramatically increasing a figures poseability . Hasbro also released various vehicles and playsets to be used with the figures . Many of the vehicles and playsets were based on , or influenced by , real or experimental military technologies that were deployed or being developed during the 1980s . Some examples of this amongst the vehicles released were the G.I. Joe Skystriker XP - 14F fighter plane based on the F - 14 Tomcat ; the Cobra Rattler , which has similarities to the A-10 Thunderbolt II ; the Dragonfly attack helicopter which was nearly identical to the Bell AH - 1 Cobra ; the Cobra Night Raven S3P inspired by the Blackbird SR - 71 ; and the M.O.B.A.T. tank which was modeled after the M551 Sheridan . The Mobile Missile System ( M.M.S. ) playset was also strikingly similar to the MIM - 23 Hawk surface - to - air ( SAM ) missile system . However , certain toys were completely original and in - story incorporated technologies that were unavailable at the time such as the H.A.L. laser artillery , and J.U.M.P. jet pack . File card ( edit ) A file card is cardboard packaging with profile information , that accompanies most G.I. Joe or Cobra action figures . The owner of the action figure is encouraged to cut out the file card and save it . Over the years , the file card has evolved , but they generally contain the following information : a picture indication of allegiance code name of the character function File name -- the real name of the character SN , his / her serial number Primary military specialty Secondary military specialty Birthplace Rank grade A paragraph detailing the background of the character such as his / her education , upbringing , training A quote from an unidentified source , usually giving the owner an idea of the character 's personality For the enemy characters , most of the details are dispensed with , usually leaving only the picture , code name , function , descriptive paragraph and the quote . The file cards for the first eight or so years were primarily written by comic book writer Larry Hama . Originally , Hama created `` dossiers '' as a way to keep track of the characters he would be writing . Representatives from Hasbro saw these `` dossiers '' , and figured they would be an additional attraction to the action figures ' blister packs . They were known for giving much needed details about the characters , such as their specialties , education and training . So detailed were the file cards , that they even mention the military schools the G.I. Joe characters attended . The 1982 to 1984 file cards contained information on weapons specialties , but this was removed afterwards with due to concerns that children may be being given knowledge on firearms and the feeling that a character would only be limited to what he knows to use . The file card information would later be reprinted in a G.I. Joe comic book mini-series Order of Battle . The mini-series contained all new art by Herb Trimpe . The first two issues focused on G.I. Joe , the third on Cobra , and the fourth on their vehicles and equipment . The mini-series also corrects some of the grammar and misspellings from the original file cards . The 1987 G.I. Joe toy line saw the release of Cobra hypnotist Crystal Ball , whose file card was supposedly written by bestselling horror novelist Stephen King . By 1988 , the file cards no longer contained details about education , and focused more on the character 's upbringing , or what he or she did prior to joining the G.I. Joe Team . In addition to the regular information , this new design of card also included a listing of which vehicle the character is licensed to operate . This would remain largely unchanged until 1991 . In 1991 , in a major overhaul of the file card format , the paragraphs and the quotes were replaced by a short quote from the character him / herself , followed by a paragraph that hypes up the character 's abilities . This would be the general format for all the file cards that followed . Line history ( edit ) A Real American Hero ( 1982 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) The first eleven characters were introduced in carded packs while four others were bundled with vehicles . The first series of action figures had straight arms with elbow joints . While it is common for many characters to share the same mold for producing a body part , it was much more noticeable in the first year as for the original thirteen G.I. Joe figure , only six head molds were created . Three unique molds were assigned to Stalker , Snake - Eyes and Scarlett , while the other ten characters utilized one of three generic heads . Despite these limitations , the new toyline was a success . 1982 arm compared to post-1982 arm With the success of the first line of toys , Hasbro expanded the line the next year with new characters and more original body part designs . In 1983 , `` swivel - arm battle grip '' articulation and some extra tweaks were added to the new characters and the existing figures in order to make them more poseable . In 1985 , the base of the action figures ' heads were given a ball joint which gave the figures ' heads the ability to look up and down . The years from 1983 to 1985 are considered by many to be the golden years of G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero as many of the most popular characters were introduced around this time . Vehicles and playsets became bigger and seemed to top the design of the previous year , culminating in 1985 's impressive USS Flagg playset , an aircraft carrier that measured 7 1⁄2 feet long . 1982 neck compared to post-1984 neck Like Hasbro 's other main franchise at the time , Transformers , G.I. Joe saw its popularity peak around this time . This year is also notable for the overhauling of toy packaging , which the background artwork being changed from the familiar explosion background to a pixilated pattern of a red , yellow , and white explosion . In toy stores , two of the largest playsets of the entire line were introduced : the G.I. Joe Defiant space shuttle and the Mobile Command Center . Before the end of the year , the G.I. Joe special team Battleforce 2000 was introduced in time for Christmas . The toyline continued to sell well , despite its lack of multimedia support . A new enemy , Destro 's Iron Grenadiers , was introduced . The new Cobra line - up was composed mainly of Viper - type henchmen . Issue # 86 of the comic series celebrated the 25th anniversary of the G.I. Joe toyline in general . Another G.I. Joe sub-group , Tiger Force , a line of classic characters and vehicles re-colored with tiger - striped camouflage patterns , was introduced before the year 's end . Classic character played a factor in 1989 . The relative success of Tiger Force the year before led to the introduction of Slaughter 's Marauders and Cobra 's Python Patrol . The lackluster performance of 1989 convinced Hasbro to scale back on production . They concentrated on the action figure line - up and reduced the number of new vehicles for that year . The logo for the toyline was slightly redesigned as well . Hasbro concentrated on action figures rather than vehicles and came up with new gimmicks for them . Special teams such as Ninja Force , Eco-Warriors and Star Brigade were introduced . In the final two years of the line , characters who were not part of any sub-group were branded as part of the all - encompassing Battle Corps . The background artwork for the cards was replaced by a design featuring laser - like lines . The Star Brigade sub-series was revamped with a more science - fiction storyline involving an extraterrestrial enemy , the Lunartix Empire . The characters from the Street Fighter II video game became part of the G.I. Joe line up in 1993 , as Hasbro bought the toy rights to the characters . Although the line would officially end in 1994 , design elements of the G.I. Joe figures and vehicles would continue in later toylines , such as a line based on the Street Fighter motion picture , as well as another based on the game 's equally popular competitor , Mortal Kombat. 1985 's A.W.E. Striker vehicle was also converted to accommodate larger figures for Hasbro 's Stargate line . Stars & Stripes forever -- tru exclusives ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) In 1997 , G.I. Joe returned in a limited Toys `` R '' Us exclusive line . The Real American Hero Collection , as it is called , included Team Packs of three figures grouped together by a common theme such as Commando and Cobra Command , and Mission Packs , which featured classic figures packaged with a small vehicle like a Cobra Flight Pod or Silver Mirage motorcycle . The `` Stars and Stripes '' boxed set was also released , featuring members of the original thirteen Joes from 1982 . The line continued as a Toys `` R '' Us exclusive in 1998 . One of the rarest G.I. Joe figures , the so - called `` Pimp Daddy Destro '' ( or PDD for short ) , was released in 1997 in the Cobra Command Team pack . It was immediately replaced by a standardized version of the Destro figure . The PDD figure was so named for the fact that it had leopard - print accents on Destro 's legs and his famous open collar . Only a handful were released into the market , with only one verifiable version mint in box and two loose versions known to be in existence . It is believed that the versions of PDD that made it to market were production samples ( as opposed to true variants ) that were changed prior to release and thus and were not meant to be seen by the public . A Real American Hero Collection ( 2000 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) In 2000 , The Real American Hero Collection continued , this time in wide release . Figures were sold in two packs and continued using the original molds as well as ' kit - bashed ' figures made from parts of various molds . The wide release of The Real American Hero Collection continued through 2001 . In 2002 , the line was limited to one wave , which was only available to online retailers . Also in 2002 , a set called the Sound Attack 8 pack was released as an exclusive to BJ 's Wholesale Club and Fred Meyer stores . 25th Anniversary ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero 25th Anniversary Hasbro announced the release of G.I. Joe 25th Anniversary Edition figures , which features figures primarily based on A Real American Hero designs but with updated sculpting . The line continued through 2008 and 2009 . 30th Anniversary ( 2011 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) In 2011 , a new series of figures were released , including characters from the G.I. Joe : Renegades cartoon series , and modernized updates of older characters . 50th Anniversary ( 2014 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) In 2014 , to celebrate the 50th anniversary of G.I. Joe , a new series of figures were released , featuring more updates and modernizations to characters . Animated series ( edit ) G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( 1985 TV series ) -- a 95 - episode animated series , produced by Marvel Productions and Sunbow Productions to follow the success of the toyline by Hasbro . The cartoon had its beginnings with two five - part mini-series , then became a regular series that ran in syndication from 1985 to 1986 . Included a short public service announcement cartoon at the end of every episode , in which a few of the G.I. Joes would instruct children on good behavior or how to be safe . Ended with the catch - phrase : ... And knowing is half the battle ! G.I. Joe : The Movie ( 1987 ) -- Created at the height of the G.I. Joe craze in the 1980s . In the film , it is revealed that Cobra was created by Golobulus , the ruler of an ancient race of part human / part snake / part insectoid people who were the rulers of the Earth before humanity , but their culture was all but wiped out by the ice age , and they fled to the Himalayas as humanity evolved and developed its own technology . Biding his time to retake the Earth , Golobulus sent a Cobra - La citizen , who turns out to be Cobra Commander , to go out and destroy humanity . When Cobra Commander fails , he is de-evolved into a snake in favor of Serpentor ; it is also revealed that Golobulus implanted the inspiration to create Serpentor into Dr. Mindbender 's brain with a small creature called a Psychic Motivator . The other Cobra heads , Destro , the Baroness , Dr. Mindbender and the Dreadnoks agree along with Serpentor to help Golobulous take over the world in exchange for their preserved humanity . Golobulus wants the human race 's Broadcast Energy Transmitter ( or BET ) so that he can accelerate the maturity of his space spores , which will shower the human race upon ripening and turn them into mindless animals , while all those in Cobra - La are protected by the Ice Dome . Only G.I. Joe stands in their way . G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( 1989 TV series ) -- a 44 - episode animated series , produced by DIC Entertainment . The cartoon ran in syndication from 1989 to 1991 . Comic books ( edit ) Main articles : G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( Marvel Comics ) and G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( Devil 's Due ) In 1982 when Hasbro relaunched their G.I. Joe franchise with G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero it was supported by a Marvel Comics series . The comic book history of G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero has seen three separate publishers and four main - title series , all of which have been based on the Hasbro toy line of the same name . The first series was produced by Marvel Comics between 1982 and 1994 , running for 155 issues and spawning several spin - off titles throughout the course of its run . The second and third series , published by Devil 's Due Productions from 2001 to 2008 , totaled 80 issues and included several spin - off titles as well . The G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero series was revived as an ongoing in May 2010 by IDW Publishing , with # 155 1⁄2 and followed by # 156 onwards in July 2010 , picking up from the end of the Marvel Comics series , and written by original G.I. Joe writer Larry Hama . Action Stars cereal ( edit ) Cover of Starduster Mini-Comic # 2 from Action Stars Cereal . In 1985 , a cereal based on G.I. Joe was released called Action Stars Cereal . There were multiple variations of the cereal box , each featuring a different character from the G.I. Joe collection drawn in an action pose . Among the characters pictured were Duke , Gung - Ho , Shipwreck , and Quick Kick . The cereal itself was a collection of oat / grain pieces shaped like hollowed - out stars . The cereal was said to have tasted like Cap'n Crunch . A television commercial for the cereal depicted a boy making his way to a bowl of cereal led by the character Duke . After eating the cereal , the boy flies into the air following another G.I. Joe character named Starduster . Of interesting note to G.I. Joe fans and collectors , this was the only time that the action - figure Starduster appeared in animated form . He was never part of the cartoon television series . Starduster was also featured in three out - of - continuity mini-comics packaged in Action Stars cereal . Legacy ( edit ) In 1989 , the last wish of a West Virginia boy dying from brain cancer was to be a `` G.I. Joe '' for a day . The G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero TV show and toy commercials were parodied in the Community episode `` G.I. Jeff '' . See also ( edit ) Action figure Action Force Cobra Command G.I. Joe Team List of G.I. Joe series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lauerman , Connie ( 1989 - 12 - 17 ) . `` No Ordinary Joe '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Dan ( August 7 , 2009 ) . `` A BRIEF HISTORY OF G.I. Joe '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Larry Hama relaunches his ' 80s ' G.I. Joe ' series '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gittleson , Kim . `` BBC News -- How did GI Joe become the world 's most successful boys ' toy ? '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Irving , Christopher . `` The Swivel - Arm Battle Grip Revolution : Marvel 's G.I. Joe Comic Book '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : jimshooter ( 2011 - 07 - 06 ) . `` The Secret Parts of the Origin of G.I. Joe '' . Jim Shooter . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mania.com ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` G.I. JOE Generalissimo Larry Hama '' . Archived from the original on 10 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ; Herb Trimpe ; Jack Abel ; et al. ( 1987 ) . G.I. Joe : Order of Battle . Marvel Entertainment Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87135 - 288 - 0 . Jump up ^ Santelmo , Vincent ( 1994 ) . The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964 -- 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 301 - 6 . Jump up ^ Santelmo , Vincent ( 1994 ) . The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964 -- 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 107 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 301 - 6 . Jump up ^ Santelmo , Vincent ( 1994 ) . The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964 -- 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 188 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 301 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` G.I. Joe Action Stars Cereal '' . MrBreakfast.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` JMM 's G.I. JOE Comics Home Page -- ISSUE SUMMARIES '' . Myuselessknowledge.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Fermenek Jr. , Ray ( August 25 , 1989 ) . `` Dying lad becomes G.I. Joe '' . The Bulletin . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Community 's Cast and Creators Preview the Big G.I. Joe Animated Episode '' . IGN . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website G.I. Joe at TV.com G.I. Joe at the Internet Movie Database G.I. Joe Characters G.I. Joe Team General Joseph Colton Ace Airborne Airtight Alpine Barbecue Bazooka Beach Head Blowtorch Breaker Chuckles Claymore Clutch Cover Girl Crankcase Crazylegs Cross-Country Cutter Deep Six Dial - Tone Doc Duke Dusty Falcon Flash Flint Footloose Frostbite General Flagg Grand Slam Grunt Gung - Ho Hawk Heavy Duty Heavy Metal Iceberg Jinx Kamakura Billy Kessler Lady Jaye Law & Order Leatherneck Lifeline Lift - Ticket Long Range Low - Light Mainframe Mercer Mutt Outback Psyche - Out Quick Kick Recondo Rip Cord Roadblock Rock ' n Roll Scarlett Sci - Fi Sgt . Slaughter Shipwreck Shockwave Short - Fuze Slip Stream Snake Eyes Snow Job Spirit Stalker Steeler Stone Thunder Torpedo Tripwire Tunnel Rat Wet Suit Wild Bill Zap Sub-Teams Battleforce 2000 Ninja Force Star Brigade Troopers Greenshirts Cobra Command Cobra Commander Destro Serpentor Baroness Copperhead Croc Master Doctor Mindbender Doctor Venom Firefly Fred VII Major Bludd Overkill Scrap - Iron Slice Storm Shadow Tomax and Xamot Wild Weasel Troopers B.A.T.s Cobra Troopers Crimson Guard Night Creepers Python Patrol Dreadnoks Zartan Zandar Zarana Buzzer Gnawgahyde Monkeywrench Ripper Road Pig Thrasher Torch Zanzibar Iron Grenadiers Metal - Head Voltar Oktober Guard Red Star Media Toyline America 's Movable Fighting Man Adventure Team A Real American Hero Hall of Fame Sgt . Savage and his Screaming Eagles Classic Collection Masterpiece Edition Extreme Timeless Collection G.I. Joe vs. Cobra Sigma 6 25th Anniversary Vehicles A.W.E. Striker Defiant Rattler Thunder Machine USS Flagg V.A.M.P. Comics Marvel Comics series G.I. Joe and the Transformers Devil 's Due series G.I. Joe : America 's Elite `` World War III '' IDW Publishing series G.I. Joe : Cobra Infestation Infestation 2 Revolution First Strike Animated series Sunbow series episodes DiC series episodes Extreme episodes Sigma 6 Resolute Renegades characters Films Animated G.I. Joe : The Movie Spy Troops Valor vs. Venom Ninja Battles Live action The Rise of Cobra Retaliation Video games Cobra Strikes A Real American Hero Action Force G.I. Joe NES video game The Atlantis Factor G.I. Joe arcade game The Rise of Cobra Factions G.I. Joe Team Cobra - La Cobra Command Dreadnoks Iron Grenadiers Oktober Guard Red Shadows Lists Characters A -- C D -- G H -- L M -- R S -- Z Cobra Toylines Locations Playsets Real people Vehicles Related articles Action Force Arashikage Brainwave Scanner Built to Rule Cobra Island Larry Hama Synthoid Terror Drome The Pit The Ballad of G.I. Joe `` G.I. Jeff '' ( Community episode ) Book : G.I. Joe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero&oldid=853348134 '' Categories : G.I. Joe 1980s toys 1990s toys 2000s toys Action figures Hasbro products Products introduced in 1982 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 03 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	g.i. joe a real american hero toys	[]	[]
3827509487598509855	The Lion King	The Lion King - wikipedia The Lion King This article is about Disney 's 1994 film . For the upcoming 2019 film of the same name , see The Lion King ( 2019 film ) . For the franchise as a whole , see The Lion King ( franchise ) . For other uses , see The Lion King ( disambiguation ) . The Lion King Theatrical release poster Directed by Roger Allers Rob Minkoff Produced by Don Hahn Screenplay by Irene Mecchi Jonathan Roberts Linda Woolverton Story by Jim Capobianco Lorna Cook Thom Enriquez Andy Gaskill Francis Glebas Ed Gombert Kevin Harkey Barry Johnson Mark T Jorgen Klubien Larry Leker Rick Maki Burny Mattinson Joe Ranft Chris Sanders Tom Sito Gary Trousdale Starring Matthew Broderick James Earl Jones Jeremy Irons Rowan Atkinson Moira Kelly Nathan Lane Ernie Sabella Robert Guillaume Jonathan Taylor Thomas Niketa Calame Whoopi Goldberg Cheech Marin Jim Cummings Madge Sinclair Music by Hans Zimmer Edited by Ivan Bilancio Production company Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date June 15 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 15 ) Running time 88 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $45 million Box office $968.5 million The Lion King is a 1994 American animated epic musical film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the 32nd Disney animated feature film , and the fifth animated film produced during a period known as the Disney Renaissance . The Lion King was directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff , produced by Don Hahn , and has a screenplay credited to Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts , and Linda Woolverton . Its original songs were written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice , with a score by Hans Zimmer . The film features an ensemble voice cast that includes Matthew Broderick , James Earl Jones , Jeremy Irons , Jonathan Taylor Thomas , Moira Kelly , Nathan Lane , Ernie Sabella , Rowan Atkinson , Robert Guillaume , Madge Sinclair , Whoopi Goldberg , Cheech Marin , and Jim Cummings . The story takes place in a kingdom of lions in Africa and was influenced by William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . The Lion King tells the story of Simba , a young lion who is to succeed his father , Mufasa , as King of the Pride Lands ; however , after Simba 's uncle Scar ( Mufasa 's jealous younger brother ) , murders Mufasa , Simba is manipulated into thinking he was responsible and flees into exile . Upon maturation living with two wastrels , Simba is given some valuable perspective from his childhood friend , Nala , and his shaman , Rafiki , before returning to challenge Scar to end his tyranny and take his place in the Circle of Life as the rightful King . Development of The Lion King began in 1988 during a meeting between Jeffrey Katzenberg , Roy E. Disney , and Peter Schneider while promoting Oliver & Company in Europe . Thomas Disch wrote a film treatment , and Woolverton developed the first scripts while George Scribner was signed on as director , being later joined by Allers . Production began in 1991 concurrently with Pocahontas , which wound up attracting most of Disney 's top animators . Some time after the staff traveled to Hell 's Gate National Park in Kenya to research on the film 's setting and animals , Scribner left production disagreeing with the decision to turn the film into a musical and was replaced by Minkoff . When Hahn joined the project , he was dissatisfied with the script and the story was promptly rewritten . Nearly 20 minutes of animation sequences were produced at Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park in Florida . Computer animation was also used in several scenes , most notably in the wildebeest stampede sequence . The Lion King was released on June 15 , 1994 , to a positive reaction from critics , who praised the film for its music , story , and animation . With a worldwide gross of $766 million , it finished its theatrical run as the highest - grossing release of 1994 and the second highest - grossing film of all time . It is also the highest - grossing traditionally animated film of all time . The Lion King garnered two Academy Awards for its achievement in music and the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . The film has led to many derived works , such as a Broadway adaptation ; two direct - to - video follow - ups -- the sequel , The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) , and the prequel / parallel , The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) ; two television series , Timon and Pumbaa and The Lion Guard ; and a 3D re-release , in 2011 . In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . A CGI remake of the film directed by Jon Favreau is scheduled for a July 19 , 2019 release in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Animation 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 Original theatrical run 6.1. 2 Re-releases 6.1. 2.1 IMAX and large - format 6.1. 2.2 3D conversion 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.4 Controversies 7 Legacy 7.1 Sequels and spin - offs 7.2 CGI remake 7.3 Video games 7.4 Stage adaptations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot In the Pride Lands of Kenya , Africa , a pride of lions rule over the animal kingdom from Pride Rock . King Mufasa 's newborn son , Simba , is presented to the assembled animals by Rafiki the baboon ( with the colorful facial marking of a mandrill ) who serves as shaman and advisor . Mufasa shows young Simba the Pride Lands and explains to him the responsibilities of kingship and the `` circle of life '' which connects all living things . Mufasa 's younger brother , Scar , covets the throne and plots to eliminate Mufasa and Simba so he may become king . He tricks Simba and his best friend Nala -- to whom Simba is betrothed -- into exploring a forbidden elephants ' graveyard , where they are attacked by three spotted hyenas who are in league with Scar . Mufasa is alerted to the danger by his majordomo , the hornbill Zazu , and rescues the cubs . Though angry with Simba , Mufasa forgives him and explains that the great kings of the past watch over them from the night sky , from which he will one day watch over Simba . Scar sets a trap for his brother and nephew , luring Simba into a gorge and having the hyenas drive a large herd of wildebeest into a stampede that will trample him . He informs Mufasa of Simba 's peril , knowing the king will rush to save his son . Mufasa saves Simba but ends up hanging perilously from the gorge 's edge . Scar refuses to help Mufasa , instead sending him falling to his death . He then convinces Simba that the tragedy was Simba 's own fault and advises him to flee the kingdom . He orders the hyenas to kill the cub , but Simba escapes . Scar tells the pride that both Mufasa and Simba were killed in the stampede and steps forward as the new king , allowing his three hyena minions and the rest of their large pack to live in the Pride Lands . Simba collapses in a desert and is rescued by Timon and Pumbaa , a meerkat and warthog who are fellow outcasts . Simba grows up in the jungle with his two new friends , living a carefree life under the motto `` hakuna matata '' ( `` no worries '' in Swahili ) . Now a young adult , Simba rescues Timon and Pumbaa from a hungry lioness who turns out to be Nala . She and Simba reunite and fall in love , and she urges him to return home , telling him the Pride Lands have become a drought - stricken wasteland under Scar 's reign . Feeling guilty over his father 's death , Simba refuses and storms off . He encounters Rafiki , who tells him that Mufasa 's spirit lives on in Simba . Simba is visited by the ghost of Mufasa in the night sky , who tells him he must take his rightful place as king . Realizing he can no longer run from his past , Simba decides to return home . Aided by his friends , Simba sneaks past the hyenas at Pride Rock and confronts Scar . Scar taunts him over his role in Mufasa 's death and backs him to the edge of the rock , where he reveals to Simba that he murdered Mufasa . Enraged , Simba pins Scar to the ground and forces him to reveal the truth to the rest of the pride . Timon , Pumbaa , Rafiki , Zazu , and the lionesses fend off the hyenas while Scar , attempting to escape , is cornered by Simba at the top of Pride Rock . Scar begs for mercy and attempts to blame the hyenas for his actions ; Simba spares his life , but orders him to leave the Pride Lands forever . Scar attacks his nephew , but Simba manages to toss him from the top of the rock . Scar survives the fall , but is attacked and killed by the hyenas , who overheard his attempt to betray them . With his enemies gone , Simba takes over the kingship as the rains begin to fall , restoring life to the land . Later , with Pride Rock restored to its former glory , Rafiki presents Simba and Nala 's newborn cub to the assembled animals , continuing the circle of life . Cast Main article : List of characters in The Lion King A promotional image of the characters from the film . From left to right : Shenzi , Scar , Ed , Banzai , Rafiki , Young Simba , Mufasa , Young Nala , Sarabi , Zazu , Sarafina , Timon , and Pumbaa Matthew Broderick as Simba , son of Mufasa and Sarabi , who grows up to become King of the Pride Lands . Rock singer Joseph Williams provided adult Simba 's singing voice . Mark Henn and Ruben A. Aquino respectively served as the supervising animators for young and adult Simba . Jonathan Taylor Thomas voiced young Simba , while Jason Weaver provided the cub 's singing voice . Jeremy Irons as Scar , Mufasa 's younger brother and Simba 's uncle , who takes the throne . Andreas Deja served as the supervising animator for Scar . James Earl Jones as Mufasa , Simba 's father , King of the Pride Lands as the film begins . Tony Fucile served as the supervising animator for Mufasa . Moira Kelly as Nala , Simba 's best friend and later his wife . Sally Dworsky provided her singing voice . Aaron Blaise and Anthony de Rosa respectively served as the supervising animators for young and adult Nala . Niketa Calame provided the voice of young Nala while Laura Williams provided her singing voice . Nathan Lane as Timon , a wise - cracking and self - absorbed yet somewhat loyal meerkat who becomes one of Simba 's best friends and adoptive parents . Michael Surrey served as his supervising animator . Ernie Sabella as Pumbaa , a naïve warthog who suffers from flatulence and is Timon 's best friend and also becomes one of Simba 's best friends and adoptive parents . Tony Bancroft served as his supervising animator . Robert Guillaume as Rafiki , an old baboon ( with mandrill markings ) who serves as shaman of the Pride Lands and presents newborn cubs of the King and Queen to the animals of the Pride Lands . James Baxter served as the supervising animator for Rafiki . Rowan Atkinson as Zazu , a hornbill who serves as the king 's majordomo ( or `` Mufasa 's little stooge '' , as Shenzi calls him ) . Ellen Woodbury served as the supervising animator for Zazu . Madge Sinclair as Sarabi , Mufasa 's mate , Simba 's mother , and the leader of the lioness hunting party . Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Sarabi . The three spotted hyenas who serve Scar were animated by Alex Kupershmidt and David Burgess . Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi , the sassy and short - tempered female leader of the trio . Cheech Marin as Banzai , an aggressive and hot - headed hyena prone to complaining and acting on impulse . Jim Cummings as Ed , a dim - witted hyena who does not talk , only communicating through laughter . Cummings also voiced a mole that talks with Zazu and made a guest appearance as Scar in certain lines of `` Be Prepared '' after Irons blew his voice . Zoe Leader as Sarafina , Nala 's mother , who is shown briefly talking to Simba 's mother , Sarabi . Brian Tochi as Fighting hyena ( uncredited ) Production Development The idea for The Lion King was conceived in late 1988 during a conversation between Jeffrey Katzenberg , Roy E. Disney and Peter Schneider on a plane to Europe to promote Oliver & Company . During the conversation , the topic of a story set in Africa came up , and Katzenberg immediately jumped at the idea . The idea was then developed by Walt Disney Feature Animation 's vice president for creative affairs Charlie Fink . Katzenberg decided to add elements involving coming of age and death , and ideas from personal life experiences , such as some of his trials in his bumpy road in politics , saying about the film , `` It is a little bit about myself . '' In November of that year Thomas Disch ( author of The Brave Little Toaster ) wrote a treatment entitled King of the Kalahari , and afterwards , Linda Woolverton spent a year writing drafts of the script , which was titled King of the Beasts and then King of the Jungle . The original version of the film was very different from the final film . The plot was centered in a battle being between lions and baboons with Scar being the leader of the baboons , Rafiki being a cheetah , and Timon and Pumbaa being Simba 's childhood friends . Simba would also not leave the kingdom but become a `` lazy , slovenly , horrible character '' due to manipulations from Scar , so Simba could be overthrown after coming of age . By 1990 , producer Thomas Schumacher , who had just completed The Rescuers Down Under , decided to attach himself to the project `` because lions are cool '' . Schumacher likened the script for King of the Jungle to `` an animated National Geographic special '' . Oliver & Company director George Scribner was the initial director of the film , being later joined by Roger Allers , who was the lead story man on Beauty and the Beast in October 1991 . Allers brought with him Brenda Chapman , who would become the head of story . Afterwards , several of the lead crew members , including Allers , Scribner , Hahn , Chapman , and production designer Chris Sanders , took a trip to Hell 's Gate National Park in Kenya , in order to study and gain an appreciation of the environment for the film . After six months of story development work Scribner decided to leave the project , as he clashed with Allers and the producers on their decision to turn the film into a musical , as Scribner 's intention was of making a documentary - like film more focused on natural aspects . Rob Minkoff replaced Scribner , and producer Don Hahn joined the production as Schumacher became only an executive producer due to Disney promoting him to Vice President of Development for Feature Animation . Hahn found the script unfocused and lacking a clear theme , and after establishing the main theme as `` leaving childhood and facing up to the realities of the world '' , asked for a final retool . Allers , Minkoff , Chapman and Hahn then rewrote the story across two weeks of meetings with directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale , who had just finished Beauty and the Beast . The script also had its title changed from King of the Jungle to The Lion King , as the setting was not the jungle but the savannah . The Lion King was the first Disney animated feature to be an original story , rather than be based on an already existing work . The filmmakers have said that the story of The Lion King was inspired by the lives of Joseph and Moses , from the Bible , and William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . During the summer of 1992 , the team was joined by screenwriter Irene Mecchi , with a second screenwriter , Jonathan Roberts , joining a few months later . Mecchi and Roberts took charge of the revision process , fixing unresolved emotional issues in the script and adding comic business for Pumbaa , Timon , and the hyenas . Lyricist Tim Rice worked closely with the writing team , flying to California at least once a month because his songs needed to work in the narrative continuity . Rice 's lyrics -- which were reworked up to the production 's end -- were pinned to the storyboards during development . Rewrites were frequent , with animator Andreas Deja saying that completed scenes would be delivered , only for the response to be that parts needed to be reanimated because of dialog changes . Casting The voice actors were chosen for how they fit and could add to the characters -- for instance , James Earl Jones was cast because the directors found his voice `` powerful '' and similar to a lion 's roar . Jones commented that during the years of production , Mufasa `` became more and more of a dopey dad instead of ( a ) grand king '' . Nathan Lane originally auditioned for Zazu , and Ernie Sabella for one of the hyenas . Upon meeting each other at the recording studio , the actors , who at the time both co-starred in Guys and Dolls , were asked to record together as hyenas . The directors laughed at their performance and decided to cast them as Timon and Pumbaa . For the hyenas , the original intention was to reunite Cheech & Chong , but while Cheech Marin accepted to play Banzai , Tommy Chong was unavailable . Thus his role was changed into a female hyena , Shenzi , who was voiced by Whoopi Goldberg . Matthew Broderick was cast as adult Simba early during production , and during the three years of voice acting only recorded with another actor once , and only discovered Moira Kelly voiced Nala at the premiere . English actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell were originally considered for the role of Scar , however , Curry left the role due to Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York , and it was ultimately won by English actor Jeremy Irons . Irons had at first refused the role due to not being comfortable going from the dramatic performance as Claus von Bülow in Reversal of Fortune to a comedic role . But once he came in , Irons ' performance even inspired the writers to incorporate more of his acting as von Bülow -- adding one of that character 's lines , `` You have no idea '' -- and animator Andreas Deja to watch both Reversal of Fortune and Damage to pick up Irons 's facial traits and tics . Animation `` The Lion King was considered a little movie because we were going to take some risks . The pitch for the story was a lion cub gets framed for murder by his uncle set to the music of Elton John . People said , ' What ? Good luck with that . ' But for some reason , the people who ended up on the movie were highly passionate about it and motivated . '' Don Hahn The development of The Lion King coincided with that of Pocahontas , which most of the animators of Walt Disney Feature Animation decided to work on instead , believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two . The story artists also did not have much faith in the project , with Chapman declaring she was reluctant to accept the job `` because the story was n't very good '' , and writer Burny Mattinson saying to co-worker Joe Ranft `` I do n't know who is going to want to watch that one . '' Most of the leading animators either were doing their first major work supervising a character , or had much interest in animating an animal . Thirteen of these supervising animators , both in California and in Florida , were responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone for the film 's main characters . The animation leads for the main characters included Mark Henn on young Simba , Ruben A. Aquino on adult Simba , Andreas Deja on Scar , Aaron Blaise on young Nala , Anthony DeRosa on adult Nala , and Tony Fucile on Mufasa . Nearly 20 minutes of the film , including the `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' sequence , were animated at the Disney - MGM Studios facility . More than 600 artists , animators , and technicians contributed to The Lion King . Weeks before the film was to be released , the 1994 Northridge earthquake shut down the studio and required the animators to finish their work from home . The character animators studied real - life animals for reference , as was done for the 1942 Disney film Bambi . Jim Fowler , renowned wildlife expert , visited the studios on several occasions with an assortment of lions and other savannah inhabitants to discuss behavior and help the animators give their drawings authenticity . The animators also studied animal movements at the Miami MetroZoo under guidance from wildlife expert Ron Magill . The Pride Lands are modeled on the Kenyan national park visited by the crew . Varied focal lengths and lenses were employed to differ from the habitual portrayal of Africa in documentaries -- which employ telephoto lenses to shoot the wildlife from a distance . The epic feel drew inspiration from concept studies by artist Hans Bacher -- which , following Scribner 's request for realism , tried to depict effects such as lens flare -- and the works of painters Charles Marion Russell , Frederic Remington and Maxfield Parrish . Art director Andy Gaskill and the filmmakers sought to give the film a sense of grand sweep and epic scale similar to David Lean 's Lawrence of Arabia . Gaskill explained : `` We wanted audiences to sense the vastness of the savannah and to feel the dust and the breeze swaying through the grass . In other words , to get a real sense of nature and to feel as if they were there . It 's very difficult to capture something as subtle as a sunrise or rain falling on a pond , but those are the kinds of images that we tried to get . '' The filmmakers also watched the films of John Ford and other filmmakers , which also influenced the design of the film . Because the characters were not anthropomorphized , all the animators had to learn to draw four - legged animals , and the story and character development was done through use of longer shots following the characters . Computers helped the filmmakers present their vision in new ways . For the `` wildebeest stampede '' sequence , several distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program , multiplied into hundreds , cel shaded to look like drawn animation , and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real , unpredictable movement of a herd . Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two years creating the two - and - a-half - minute stampede . The CAPS helped simulate camera movements such as tracking shots , and was employed in coloring , lighting , and particle effects . Music Main article : The Lion King ( soundtrack ) Lyricist Tim Rice , who was working with composer Alan Menken on songs for Aladdin , was invited to write the songs , and accepted on the condition of finding a composing partner . As Menken was unavailable , the producers accepted Rice 's suggestion of Elton John , after Rice 's invitation of ABBA fell through due to Benny Andersson being busy with the musical Kristina från Duvemåla . John expressed an interest in writing `` ultra-pop songs that kids would like ; then adults can go and see those movies and get just as much pleasure out of them '' , mentioning a possible influence of The Jungle Book , where he felt the `` music was so funny and appealed to kids and adults '' . John and Rice wrote five original songs for the film ( `` Circle of Life '' , `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' , `` Be Prepared '' , `` Hakuna Matata '' and `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ) , with John 's performance of `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' playing over the end credits . The IMAX and DVD releases added another song , `` The Morning Report '' , based on a song discarded during development that eventually featured in the live musical version of The Lion King . The score was composed by Hans Zimmer , who was hired based on his work in two films in African settings , The Power of One and A World Apart , and supplemented the score with traditional African music and choir elements arranged by Lebo M. Zimmer 's partners Mark Mancina and Jay Rifkin helped with arrangements and song production . The Lion King original motion picture soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on July 13 , 1994 . It was the fourth - best - selling album of the year on the Billboard 200 and the top - selling soundtrack . It is the only soundtrack for an animated film to be certified Diamond ( 10 × platinum ) by the Recording Industry Association of America . Zimmer 's complete instrumental score for the film was never originally given a full release , until the soundtrack 's commemorative 20th anniversary re-release in 2014 . The Lion King also inspired the 1995 release Rhythm of the Pride Lands , with eight songs by Zimmer , Mancina , and Lebo M . The use of the song `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' in a scene with Timon and Pumbaa led to disputes between Disney and the family of South African Solomon Linda , who composed the song ( originally titled `` Mbube '' ) in 1939 . In July 2004 , Linda 's family filed suit , seeking $1.6 million in royalties from Disney . In February 2006 , Linda 's heirs reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music , who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney for an undisclosed amount of money . Release For The Lion King 's first film trailer , Disney opted to feature a single scene , the entire opening sequence with the song `` Circle of Life '' . Buena Vista Pictures Distribution president Dick Cook said the decision was made for such an approach because `` we were all so taken by the beauty and majesty of this piece that we felt like it was probably one of the best four minutes of film that we 've seen '' , and Don Hahn added that `` Circle of Life '' worked as a trailer as it `` came off so strong , and so good , and ended with such a bang '' . The trailer was released in November 1993 , accompanying The Three Musketeers in theaters , as only a third of The Lion King had been completed . Audience reaction was enthusiastic , causing Hahn to have some initial concerns as he became afraid of not living up to the expectations raised by the preview . Prior to the film 's release , Disney did 11 test screenings . Upon release , The Lion King was accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign which included tie - ins with Burger King , Mattel , Kodak , Nestlé and Payless ShoeSource , and various merchandise , accounting 186 licensed products . In 1994 , Disney earned approximately $1 billion with products based on the film , with $214 million for Lion King toys during Christmas 1994 alone . Home media The Lion King was first released on VHS and laserdisc in the United States on March 3 , 1995 , under Disney 's `` Masterpiece Collection '' video series . The VHS tape contained a special preview for Walt Disney Pictures ' then - upcoming animated film Pocahontas , in which the title character ( voiced by Judy Kuhn ) sings the musical number `` Colors of the Wind '' . In addition , Deluxe Editions of both formats were released . The VHS Deluxe Edition included the film , an exclusive lithograph of Rafiki and Simba ( in some editions ) , a commemorative `` Circle of Life '' epigraph , six concept art lithographs , another tape with the half - hour TV show The Making of The Lion King , and a certificate of authenticity . The CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition also contained the film , six concept art lithographs and The Making of The Lion King , and added storyboards , character design artwork , concept art , rough animation , and a directors ' commentary that the VHS edition did not have , on a total of four double sided discs . The VHS tape quickly became the best - selling videotape of all time : 4.5 million tapes were sold on the first day and ultimately sales totaled more than 30 million before these home video versions went into moratorium in 1997 . On October 7 , 2003 , the film was re-released on VHS and released on DVD for the first time , titled The Lion King : Platinum Edition , as part of Disney 's Platinum Edition line of animated classic DVDs . The DVD release featured two versions of the film on the first disc , a remastered version created for the 2002 IMAX release and an edited version of the IMAX release purporting to be the original 1994 theatrical version . A second disc , with bonus features , was also included in the DVD release . The film 's soundtrack was provided both in its original Dolby 5.1 track and in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix , making this one of the first Disney DVDs so equipped . By means of seamless branching , the film could be viewed either with or without a newly created scene -- a short conversation in the film replaced with a complete song ( `` The Morning Report '' ) . A Special Collector 's Gift Set was also released , containing the DVD set , five exclusive lithographed character portraits ( new sketches created and signed by the original character animators ) , and an introductory book entitled The Journey . The Platinum Edition of The Lion King featured changes made to the film during its IMAX re-release , including re-drawn crocodiles in the `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' sequence as well as other alterations . More than two million copies of the Platinum Edition DVD and VHS units were sold on the first day of release . A DVD boxed set of the three The Lion King films ( in two - disc Special Edition formats ) was released on December 6 , 2004 . In January 2005 , the film , along with the sequels , went back into moratorium . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the Diamond Edition of The Lion King on October 4 , 2011 . This marks the time that the film has been released in high - definition Blu - ray and on Blu - ray 3D . The initial release was produced in three different packages : a two - disc version with Blu - ray and DVD ; a four - disc version with Blu - ray , DVD , Blu - ray 3D , and digital copy ; and an eight - disc box set that also includes the sequels The Lion King 2 : Simba 's Pride and The Lion King 11⁄2 . A standalone single - disc DVD release also followed on November 15 , 2011 . The Diamond Edition topped the Blu - ray charts with over 1.5 million copies sold . The film sold 3.83 million Blu - ray units in total , leading to a $101.14 million income . The Lion King was once again released to home media as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection ; first released on Digital HD on August 15 , 2017 and on Blu - ray and DVD on August 29 , 2017 . Reception Box Office The Lion King earned $422,783,777 in North America and an $545,700,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $968,483,777 . It is currently the 35th highest - grossing film of all time , the seventh highest - grossing animated film of all time worldwide and the third highest - grossing film of Walt Disney Animation Studios ( behind Frozen and Zootopia ) . The film was also the highest - grossing motion picture of 1994 worldwide . After its initial run , having earned $763.4 million , it ranked as the second - highest - grossing film of all time worldwide , behind Jurassic Park . It held the record for the highest - grossing animated feature film ( in North America , outside North America , and worldwide ) until it was surpassed by the computer animated Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) , Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) , Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) , and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) prior to the 2011 re-release . With the earnings of the 3D run , The Lion King surpassed all the aforementioned films but Toy Story 3 to rank as the second - highest - grossing animated film worldwide -- later downgraded to eighth after Despicable Me 2 , Frozen ( both 2013 ) , Minions ( 2015 ) , Zootopia , Finding Dory , ( both 2016 ) , and Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) -- and it remains the highest - grossing hand - drawn animated film . It is also the biggest animated movie of the last 50 years in terms of estimated attendance . Original theatrical run The Lion King had a limited release in North America on June 15 , 1994 , playing in only two theaters , El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles and Radio City Music Hall in New York City . It still earned $1,586,753 across the weekend of June 17 -- 19 , standing at the tenth place of the box office ranking . The average of $793,377 per theater stands as the largest ever achieved during a weekend . The wide release followed on June 24 , 1994 , in 2,550 screens . The digital surround sound of the film led many of those theaters to implement Dolby Laboratories ' newest sound systems . The Lion King grossed $40.9 million -- which at the time was the fourth biggest opening weekend earning ever and the highest sum for a Disney film -- to top the weekend box office . It also earned a rare `` A + '' rating from CinemaScore . By the end of its theatrical run , in spring 1995 , it had earned $312,855,561 , being the second - highest - grossing 1994 film in North America behind Forrest Gump . Outside North America , it earned $455.8 million during its initial run , for a worldwide total of $768.6 million . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 74 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Re-releases IMAX and large - format The film was re-issued on December 25 , 2002 for IMAX and large - format theaters . Don Hahn explained that eight years after The Lion King got its original release , `` there was a whole new generation of kids who have n't really seen it , particularly on the big screen . '' Given the film had already been digitally archived during production , the restoration process was easier , while also providing many scenes with enhancements that covered up original deficiencies . An enhanced sound mix was also provided to , as Hahn explained , `` make the audience feel like they 're in the middle of the movie . '' On its first weekend , The Lion King made $2.7 million from 66 locations , a $27,664 per theater average . This run ended with $15,686,215 on May 30 , 2003 . 3D conversion In 2011 , The Lion King was converted to 3D for a two - week limited theatrical re-issue and subsequent 3D Blu - ray release . The film opened at the number one spot on Friday , September 16 , 2011 with $8.9 million and finished the weekend with $30.2 million , ranking number one at the box office . This made The Lion King the first re-issue release to earn the number - one slot at the American weekend box office since the re-issue of Return of the Jedi in March 1997 . The film also achieved the fourth - highest September opening weekend of all time . It held off very well on its second weekend , again earning first place at the box office with a 27 percent decline to $21.9 million . Most box - office observers had expected the film to fall about 50 percent in its second weekend and were also expecting Moneyball to be at first place . After its initial box - office success , many theaters decided to continue to show the film for more than two weeks , even though its 3D Blu - ray release was scheduled for two - and - a-half weeks after its theatrical release . In North America , the 3D re-release ended its run in theaters on January 12 , 2012 with a gross $94,242,001 . Outside North America , it earned $83,400,000 . The successful 3D re-release of The Lion King made Disney and Pixar plan 3D theatrical re-releases of Beauty and the Beast , Finding Nemo , Monsters , Inc. , and The Little Mermaid during 2012 and 2013 . However , none of the re-releases of the first three films achieved the enormous success of The Lion King 3D and theatrical re-release of The Little Mermaid was ultimately cancelled . In 2012 , Ray Subers of Box Office Mojo wrote that the reason why the 3D version of The Lion King succeeded was because , `` the notion of a 3D re-release was still fresh and exciting , and The Lion King ( 3D ) felt timely given the movie 's imminent Blu - ray release . Audiences have been hit with three 3D re-releases in the year since , meaning the novelty value has definitely worn off . '' Critical response The Lion King was released to critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 93 % , based on 122 reviews , with an average rating of 8.4 out of 10 . It also ranked 56th on their `` Top 100 Animation Movies '' . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Emotionally stirring , richly drawn , and beautifully animated , The Lion King stands tall within Disney 's pantheon of classic family films . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 83 out of 100 , based on 14 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Roger Ebert gave it 3 1 / 2 out of 4 - stars and called the film `` a superbly drawn animated feature '' and , in his print review wrote , `` The saga of Simba , which in its deeply buried origins owes something to Greek tragedy and certainly to Hamlet , is a learning experience as well as an entertainment . '' On the television program Siskel & Ebert , the film was praised but received a mixed reaction when compared to previous Disney films . Ebert and his partner Gene Siskel both gave the film a `` Thumbs Up '' but Siskel said that it was not as good as earlier films such as Beauty and the Beast and was `` a good film , not a great one '' . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post called it `` an impressive , almost daunting achievement '' and felt that the film was `` spectacular in a manner that has nearly become commonplace with Disney 's feature - length animations '' , but was less enthusiastic toward the end of his review saying , `` Shakespearean in tone , epic in scope , it seems more appropriate for grown - ups than for kids . If truth be told , even for adults it is downright strange . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly praised the film , writing that it `` has the resonance to stand not just as a terrific cartoon but as an emotionally pungent movie '' . Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film and felt that it was `` a hugely entertaining blend of music , fun and eye - popping thrills , though it does n't lack for heart '' . James Berardinelli from ReelViews praised the film saying , `` With each new animated release , Disney seems to be expanding its already - broad horizons a little more . The Lion King is the most mature ( in more than one sense ) of these films , and there clearly has been a conscious effort to please adults as much as children . Happily , for those of us who generally stay far away from ' cartoons ' , they have succeeded . '' Some reviewers still had problems with the film 's narrative . The staff of TV Guide wrote that while The Lion King was technically proficient and entertaining , it `` offers a less memorable song score than did the previous hits , and a hasty , unsatisfying dramatic resolution . '' The New Yorker 's Terrence Rafferty considered that despite the good animation , the story felt like `` manipulat ( ing ) our responses at will '' , as `` Between traumas , the movie serves up soothingly banal musical numbers and silly , rambunctious comedy '' . Accolades The Lion King received four Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations . The film would go on to win two Golden Globes ; for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Original Score , as well as two Academy Awards , for Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Original Song with `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' by Elton John and Tim Rice . The songs `` Circle of Life '' and `` Hakuna Matata '' were also nominated . `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' also won the Grammy Award for Best Male Vocal Performance . The Lion King also won Annie Awards for Best Animated Feature , Best Achievement in Voice Acting ( for Jeremy Irons ) and Best Individual Achievement for Story Contribution in the Field of Animation . At the Saturn Awards , the film was nominated in two categories , Best Fantasy Film and Best Performance by a Younger Actor although it did not win in either category . The film also received two nominations at the British Academy Film Awards , for Best Sound as well as the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music although it lost in both categories to Speed and Backbeat respectively . The film received two BMI Film & TV Awards for Film Music and Most Performed Song with `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight . '' At the 1995 MTV Movie Awards , the film received nominations for Best Villain and Best Song , though it lost in both categories . The Lion King won the Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Movie at the 1995 Kids ' Choice Awards . In 2008 , The Lion King was ranked as the 319th greatest film ever made by Empire magazine , and in June 2011 , TIME named it one of `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . In June 2008 , the American Film Institute listed The Lion King as the fourth best film in the animation genre in its AFI 's 10 Top 10 list , having previously put `` Hakuna Matata '' as 99th on its AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs ranking . In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Controversies Certain elements of the film were considered to bear a resemblance to a 1960s Japanese anime television series , Jungle Emperor ( known as Kimba the White Lion in the United States ) , with characters having similar analogues , and various individual scenes being similar in composition to the show . Matthew Broderick believed initially that he was , in fact , working on an American version of Kimba since he was familiar with the Japanese original . The Lion King director Roger Allers claimed complete unfamiliarity with the show until the movie was almost completed , and did not remember it being ever mentioned during development . Co-director Rob Minkoff also stated that he was unfamiliar with it . Minkoff also observed that whenever a story is based in Africa , it is `` not unusual to have characters like a baboon , a bird or hyenas . '' Yoshihiro Shimizu , of Tezuka Productions , which created Kimba the White Lion , has refuted rumors that the studio was paid hush money by Disney but explains that they rejected urges from within the industry to sue because , `` we 're a small , weak company . It would n't be worth it anyway ... Disney 's lawyers are among the top twenty in the world ! '' Fred Ladd , who was involved early on with importing Kimba and other Japanese into America for NBC , expressed incredulity that Disney 's people could remain ignorant . Ladd stated there was at least one animator remembered by his colleagues as being an avid Kimba fan and being quite vociferous about Disney 's conduct during production . Animators Tom Sito and Mark Kausler who both have story credits have both admitted to watching Kimba , and assumed many of their colleagues had too , especially if they grew up in the 60s . But Sito insisted there was no conscious effort to derive work from Kimba , and Kausler emphasized Disney 's own Bambi as being their model during development . The alleged `` SEX '' frame . Protests were raised against one scene where it appears as if the word `` SEX '' might have been embedded into the dust flying in the sky when Simba flops down , which conservative activist Donald Wildmon asserted was a subliminal message intended to promote sexual promiscuity . Animator Tom Sito has stated that the letters spell `` SFX '' ( a common abbreviation for `` special effects '' ) , not with an `` E '' instead of the `` F '' , and were intended as an innocent `` signature '' created by the effects animation team . Hyena biologists protested against the animal 's portrayal : one hyena researcher sued Disney studios for defamation of character , and another -- who had organized the animators ' visit to the University of California 's Field Station for Behavioural Research , where they would observe and sketch captive hyenas -- included boycotting The Lion King among the ways it would help preserve hyenas in the wild . The hyenas have also been interpreted to represent an anti-immigrant allegory , where the hyenas would be black and Latino ethnic communities . The film has also been criticised for advancing a fascist narrative in its portrayal of the lion kingdom and the circle of life where `` only the strong and the beautiful triumph , and the powerless survive only by serving the strong . '' Legacy Sequels and spin - offs The first Lion King - related animated projects involved the characters of Timon and Pumbaa . First , the duo starred in the animated short `` Stand by Me '' , featuring Timon singing the eponymous song , which was released in 1995 accompanying the theatrical release of Tom and Huck . The duo then received their own animated series , The Lion King 's Timon and Pumbaa , which ran for three seasons and 85 episodes between 1995 and 1999 . Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa , while Timon was voiced by Quinton Flynn and Kevin Schon in addition to Nathan Lane . Disney released two direct - to - video films related to The Lion King . The first was sequel The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , released in 1998 on VHS . The film centers around Simba and Nala 's daughter , Kiara , who falls in love with Kovu , a male lion who was raised in a pride of Scar 's followers , the Outsiders. 2004 saw the release of another Lion King film on DVD , The Lion King 11⁄2 . It is a prequel in showing how Timon and Pumbaa met each other , and also a parallel in that it also depicts what the characters were retconned to have done during the events of the original movie . In June 2014 , it was announced that a new TV series based on the film would be released called The Lion Guard , featuring Kion , the second - born cub of Simba and Nala . The Lion Guard is a sequel to The Lion King and takes place during the time - gap within The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride . It was first broadcast on Disney Channel as a television film titled The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar in November 2015 before airing as a series on Disney Junior in January 2016 . CGI remake Main article : The Lion King ( 2019 film ) In September 2016 , following the critical and financial success of The Jungle Book , Walt Disney Pictures announced that they were developing a CGI remake of The Lion King by the same name , with Jon Favreau directing . The following month , Jeff Nathanson was hired to write the script for the film . Favreau originally planned shoot it back to back with the sequel to The Jungle Book . However , it was reported in early 2017 that the latter film was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King . In February 2017 , Favreau announced that Donald Glover had been cast as Simba and that James Earl Jones would be reprising the role of Mufasa . The following month , it was reported that Beyoncé was Favreau 's top choice to voice Nala , but she had not accepted the role yet due to a pregnancy . In April 2017 , Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen joined the film as Timon and Pumbaa , respectively . Two months later , John Oliver was cast as Zazu . At the end of July 2017 , Beyoncé had reportedly entered final negotiations to play Nala and contribute the soundtrack as well . The following month , Chiwetel Ejiofor entered talks to play Scar . Later on , Alfre Woodard and John Kani joined the film as Sarabi and Rafiki , respectively . On November 1 , 2017 , Beyoncé and Chiwetel Ejiofor were officially confirmed to voice Nala and Scar with Eric Andre , Florence Kasumba , Keegan - Michael Key , JD McCrary and Shahadi Wright Joseph joining the cast as the voices of Azizi , Shenzi and Kamari , young Simba and young Nala , respectively while Hans Zimmer would return to score the film 's music . On November 28 , 2017 , it was reported that Elton John had signed onto the project to rework his musical compositions from the original film . Production for the film began in May 2017 . It is scheduled for release on July 19 , 2019 . Video Games Main article : The Lion King ( video game ) Along with the film release , three different video games based on The Lion King were released by Virgin Interactive in December 1994 . The main title was developed by Westwood Studios , and published for PC and Amiga computers and the consoles SNES and Sega Mega Drive / Genesis . Dark Technologies created the Game Boy version , while Syrox Developments handled the Master System and Game Gear version . The film and sequel Simba 's Pride later inspired another game , Torus Games ' The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) for the Game Boy Color and PlayStation . Timon and Pumbaa also appeared in Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games , a 1995 PC game collection of puzzle games by 7th Level , later ported to the SNES by Tiertex . The Square Enix series Kingdom Hearts features Simba as a recurring summon , as well as a playable in the Lion King world , known as Pride Lands , in Kingdom Hearts II . There the plotline is loosely related to the later part of the original film , with all of the main characters except Zazu and Sarabi . The Lion King also provides one of the worlds featured in the 2011 action - adventure game Disney Universe , and Simba was featured in the Nintendo DS title Disney Friends ( 2008 ) . Stage adaptations Main article : The Lion King ( musical ) Walt Disney Theatrical produced a musical stage adaptation of the same name , which premiered in Minneapolis , Minnesota in July 1997 , and later opened on Broadway in October 1997 at the New Amsterdam Theatre . The Lion King musical was directed by Julie Taymor and featured songs from both the movie and Rhythm of the Pride Lands , along with three new compositions by Elton John and Tim Rice . Mark Mancina did the musical arrangements and new orchestral tracks . The musical became one of the most successful in Broadway history , winning six Tony Awards including Best Musical , and despite moving to the Minskoff Theatre in 2006 , is still running to this day in New York , becoming the third longest - running show and highest grossing Broadway production in history . The show 's financial success led to adaptations all over the world . The Lion King inspired two attractions retelling the story of the film at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . The first , `` The Legend of the Lion King '' , featured a recreation of the film through life - size puppets of its characters , and ran from 1994 to 2002 at Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World . Another that is still running is the live - action 30 - minute musical revue of the movie , `` Festival of the Lion King '' , which incorporates the musical numbers into gymnastic routines with live actors , along with animatronic puppets of Simba and Pumba and a costumed actor as Timon . The attraction opened in April 1998 at Disney World 's Animal Kingdom , and in September 2005 in Hong Kong Disneyland 's Adventureland . A similar version under the name `` The Legend of the Lion King '' was featured in Disneyland Paris from 2004 to 2009 . See also Cultural depictions of lions References Jump up ^ `` The Lion King ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lion King '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Grasset , Léo ( 2017 ) . How the Zebra Got Its Stripes : Darwinian Stories Told Through Evolutionary Biology . Pegasus Books . p. iii . 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Laserdisc / DVD audio commentary for The Lion King . Walt Disney Home Entertainment ^ Jump up to : `` The Lion King : The Landmark Musical Event '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Company . 2013 . p. 7 . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Steve ( July 8 , 1994 ) . `` Mane Attraction '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Christopher ( 1994 ) . `` Afterword '' . The art of The Lion King . Hyperion . pp. 165 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6028 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Norman , Floyd ( 2010 ) . Ghez , Didier , ed . Walt 's People - , Volume 9 . Xlibris Corporation . pp. 463 -- 464 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4500 - 8746 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : The Lion King : Platinum Edition ( Disc 2 ) , Origins ( DVD ) . Walt Disney Home Entertainment . June 15 , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : The Making of The Lion King ( Laserdisc ) . 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( November 29 , 1993 ) . `` Will ' Lion King ' Be Disney 's Next ' Beast ' ? '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kallay , William ( December 2002 ) . `` The Lion King : The IMAX Experience '' . In 70mm . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hofmeister , Sallie ( July 12 , 1994 ) . `` In the Realm of Marketing , ' The Lion King ' Rules '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyler Eastman , Susan ( 2000 ) . Research in media promotion . Routledge . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 3382 - 9 . Jump up ^ Olson , Scott Robert ( 1999 ) . Hollywood planet : global media and the competitive advantage of narrative transparency . Taylor & Francis . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 3230 - 3 . Jump up ^ Broeske , Pat H. ( June 23 , 1995 ) . `` Playing for Keeps '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bryman , Alan ( 2004 ) . The Disneyization of Society . Sage . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 6765 - 1 . 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Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` The Lion King review '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King review '' . At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2008 . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` The Lion King review '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` The Lion King movie review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2008 . 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Annie Awards . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards go to ' Vampire , ' ' Gump , ' ' Pulp'date = June 27 , 1995 '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 337 ( 43 ) . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 BAFTA Awards '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Film & TV Awards : 1995 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards : 1995 '' . MTV.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards : All Winners '' . Nickelodeon . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Braund , Simon ; Glen Ferris ; Ian Freer ; Nev Pierce ; Chris Hewitt ; Dan Jolin ; Ian Nathan ; Kim Newman ; Helen O'Hara ; Olly Richards ; Owen Willams . `` The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films -- The Lion King '' . TIME . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . 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I worked with George Scribner and Linda Woolverton to develop the story in the early days but then left to help out on Aladdin . If one of them were familiar with Kimba they did n't say . Of course , it 's possible ... Many story ideas developed and changed along the way , always just to make our story stronger . I could certainly understand Kimba 's creators feeling angry if they felt we had stolen ideas from them . If I had been inspired by Kimba I would certainly acknowledge my inspiration . All I can offer is my respect to those artists and say that their creation has its loyal admirers and its assured place in animation history ^ Jump up to : Welkos , Robert W. ( July 13 , 1994 ) . `` A ' Kimba ' Surprise for Disney : Movies : ' The Lion King ' is a hit , but reported similarities to the Japanese - created American cartoon of the ' 60s are raising some questions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . I know for a fact that ( Kimba ) has never been discussed as long as I 've been on the project ... In my experience , if Disney becomes aware of anything like that , they say you will not do it . People are claiming copyright infringement all the time ^ Jump up to : Sunder , Madhavi ( 2012 ) . From Goods to a Good Life : Intellectual Property and Global Justice . Yale University Press . p. 155156 . ISBN 0300183550 . Jump up ^ Kelts , Roland , Japanamerica : How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the US . Reprint edn ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2008 ) . p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Ladd , Fred ; Deneroff , Harvey ( 2008 ) . Astro Boy and Anime Come to the Americas : An Insider 's View of the Birth of a Pop Culture Phenomenon . McFarland . p. 64 . ISBN 9780786452576 . Jump up ^ Patten , Fred ( 2004 ) . Watching Anime , Reading Manga : 25 Years of Essays and Reviews . Stone Bridge Press . p. 171 . 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Jump up ^ Martin - Rodriguez , Manuel ( 2000 ) `` Hyenas in The Pride Lands : Latinos / As and Immigration in Disney 's The Lion King '' . Aztlán : A Journal of Chicano Studies 25 ( 1 ) : 47 - 67 Jump up ^ Gooding ‐ Williams , Robert . `` Disney in Africa and the inner city : On race and space in The Lion King . '' Social identities 1.2 ( 1995 ) : 373 - 379 . Jump up ^ Foster , David . `` The Lion King Falls Prey to Howls of Sexism , Racism . '' Chicago Tribune 26 ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Brunette , Libby , Claudette Mallory , and Shannon Wood . `` Stereotypes & Racism in Children 's Movies . '' Retrieved April 1 ( 1997 ) : 2008 . Jump up ^ Roth , Matt ( March 1996 ) . `` The Lion King : A short history of Disney - fascism '' . Jump Cut : A Review of Contemporary Media ( 40 ) : 15 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Grant , John ( 1998 ) . Encyclopedia of Walt Disney 's animated characters . Hyperion Books . p. 150 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6336 - 6 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( October 23 , 1998 ) . `` VIDEO REVIEW ; A ' Lion King ' With Girls as Stars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrizio , Andy ( February 6 , 2004 ) . `` The Lion King 1 1 / 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brett , Susan ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : Disney 's The Lion Guard creator Ford Riley talks new Lion King sequel '' . TVdaily.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hellmann , Melissa ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Spin - Off of The Lion King Aims to Enchant a New Generation of Viewers '' . Time . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Disney to Revive ' Lion King ' With ' Lion Guard ' TV Series '' . Variety . Variety Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney and Jon Favreau Joining Forces on `` The Lion King '' `` . The Walt Disney Company . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Adam ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Lion King ' hires Jeff Nathanson to pen script '' . Inside the Magic . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Offers Updates on ' The Lion King ' and ' The Jungle Book 2 ' '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jungle Book director Favreau has temporarily put down a sequel for that film to instead focus on a live - action musical version of The Lion King , one that will take the Jungle Book 's photo - realistic technology further , and will fully exploit the Elton John songs from the original Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' Remake Casts Donald Glover as Simba , James Earl Jones as Mufasa '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce Top Choice to Voice Nala in ' Lion King ' Remake ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen Set as The Lion King 's Timon and Pumbaa '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's live - action Lion King adds John Oliver as Zazu '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Will Beyonce Join THE LION KING Remake with A Starring Role AND a Soundtrack ? '' . Broadway World . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Chiwetel Ejiofor in Talks to Voice Scar in Disney 's ' Lion King ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry , BMax ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Alfre Woodard to Play Simba 's Mother in Live - Action Lion King '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ; Verhoeven , Beatrice ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' Rafiki Casting : John Kani , ' Civil War ' Star , to Play Wise Baboon ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chiwetel Ejiofor Will Voice Scar in The Lion King '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Beyoncé joins cast of Disney 's live - action ' Lion King ' '' . cnn.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Criscitiello , Alaxa ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce and More Additional Casting Revealed in New Preview Poster for THE LION KING '' . Broadway World . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lion King 's ' Young Simba Actor Signs With ICM Partners ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shahadi Wright Joseph as Young Nala '' . New York Daily News . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John will make millions with live - action remake of ' The Lion King ' '' . New York Daily News . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lammers , Timothy ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action The Lion King Starts Production in May '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney sets release dates for Frozen 2 , Lion King , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King '' . Moby Games . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Craig ( November 30 , 2000 ) . `` Disney 's The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure Review '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Burch , Anthony ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Games time forgot : Timon and Pumbaa 's Jungle Games '' . Destructoid . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Birlew , Dan ( 2003 ) . Kingdom Hearts Official Strategy Guide . BradyGames . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7440 - 0198 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , Elizabeth ( 2004 ) . Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories Official Strategy Guide . BradyGames Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7440 - 0473 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II Official Strategy Guide . BradyGames Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7440 - 0526 - 4 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Universe Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeVries , Jack ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Disney Friends Review '' . IGN . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://louisvilleky.gov/events/disneys-lion-king Jump up ^ Pacheco , Patrick ( November 3 , 1997 ) . `` Disney 's Great Leap '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nason - Brown , Jennifer ; Playbill Staff ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` Long Runs on Broadway '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Nate ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Vintage Walt Disney World : Legend of the Lion King '' . Disney Parks . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Festival of the Lion King '' . Walt Disney World . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adventureland -- Attractions & Entertainment '' . Hong Kong Disneyland . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2011 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EURO DISNEY S.C.A. : Annual Report 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Euro Disney . pp. 26 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Videopolis Theatre '' . DLPGuide . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lion King Official website The Lion King at AllMovie The Lion King at the American Film Institute Catalog The Lion King at Box Office Mojo The Lion King on IMDb The Lion King at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Lion King at the TCM Movie Database The Lion King at Rotten Tomatoes The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television or short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration The Lion King navigation boxes Films directed by Rob Minkoff The Lion King ( 1994 ) Stuart Little ( 1999 ) Stuart Little 2 ( 2002 ) The Haunted Mansion ( 2003 ) The Forbidden Kingdom ( 2008 ) Flypaper ( 2011 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Elton John Discography Albums Singles Videography Awards Studio albums Empty Sky Elton John Tumbleweed Connection Madman Across the Water Honky Château Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player Goodbye Yellow Brick Road Caribou Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy Rock of the Westies Blue Moves A Single Man Victim of Love 21 at 33 The Fox Jump Up ! Too Low for Zero Breaking Hearts Ice on Fire Leather Jackets Reg Strikes Back Sleeping with the Past The One Duets Made in England The Big Picture Songs from the West Coast Peachtree Road The Captain & the Kid The Union The Diving Board Wonderful Crazy Night Live albums 17 - 11 - 70 Here and There Live in Australia with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Elton John One Night Only -- The Greatest Hits Elton 60 -- Live at Madison Square Garden Soundtrack albums Friends The Lion King The Muse Elton John and Tim Rice 's Aida The Road to El Dorado Gnomeo & Juliet Compilation albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Volume II The Thom Bell Sessions Lady Samantha Greatest Hits Vol. 3 The Complete Thom Bell Sessions To Be Continued The Very Best of Elton John Rare Masters Greatest Hits 1976 -- 1986 The Superior Sound of Elton John Chartbusters Go Pop Classic Elton John Love Songs Prologue Greatest Hits 1970 -- 2002 Elton John 's Christmas Party Rocket Man : The Definitive Hits Diamonds Other albums Two Rooms : Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin Good Morning to the Night Revamp & Restoration Video albums The Afternoon Concert The Night Time Concert Night and Day Concert Live in Australia The Very Best of Elton John Live in Barcelona Love Songs Elton John One Night Only -- The Greatest Hits Dream Ticket Elton 60 -- Live at Madison Square Garden The Red Piano Concert tours 1970 World Tour West of the Rockies Tour Louder Than Concorde Tour 1980 World Tour Jump Up Tour Too Low for Zero Tour European Express Tour Breaking Hearts Tour Ice on Fire Tour Tour De Force Reg Strikes Back Tour Sleeping with the Past Tour The One Tour Face to Face 1994 Face to Face 1995 Made in England Tour Big Picture Tour Face to Face 1998 An Evening with Elton John Medusa Tour Stately Home Tour Face to Face 2001 Songs from the West Coast Tour Face to Face 2002 A Journey Through Time 2003 Tour Face to Face 2003 2004 Tour Peachtree Road Tour 2006 European Tour The Captain and the Kid Tour Rocket Man : Greatest Hits Live Face to Face 2009 Face to Face 2010 2010 European Tour Greatest Hits Tour 40th Anniversary of the Rocket Man The Diving Board Tour Follow the Yellow Brick Road Tour All the Hits Tour The Final Curtain Tour Wonderful Crazy Night Tour Farewell Yellow Brick Road Concert residencies The Red Piano The Million Dollar Piano Miscellaneous performances List of Elton John and Ray Cooper concert tours The Union Tour Musicals The Lion King animated live - action musical Billy Elliot the Musical Aida Lestat The Devil Wears Prada Related articles Bernie Taupin Gus Dudgeon Paul Buckmaster John Reid Dick James David Furnish Kiki Dee Elton John AIDS Foundation Watford F.C. Bluesology Hookfoot Woodside , Old Windsor The Union Elton John : Me , Myself & I Elton John : Tantrums & Tiaras Elton John : The Classic Years Book Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) Ophelia ( 2018 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Hamlet Had an Uncle Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure `` Tales from the Public Domain '' Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Highlander II : The Quickening ( 1991 ) Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) War ( 2002 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) `` The Conscience of the King '' ( 1966 ) `` Born to Be King '' ( 1983 ) `` Terrance and Phillip : Behind the Blow '' ( 2001 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! Awards for The Lion King Annie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) 2000s Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Film portal 1990s portal Africa portal Film in the United States portal GND : 4375987 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King&oldid=846077208 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films 1990s adventure films 1990s American animated films 1994 animated films 1990s musical films 3D re-releases American epic films American musical films Animated films about friendship Animated films about death Animated musical films Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Directorial debut films Disney Renaissance Films scored by Hans Zimmer Films about animals Films about lions Films about outlaws Films about revenge Films about royalty Films based on Hamlet Films directed by Roger Allers Films directed by Rob Minkoff Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Don Hahn Films set in Africa Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Fratricide in fiction Hyenas in popular culture The Lion King Regicide in fiction Screenplays by Joe Ranft Screenplays by Linda Woolverton United States National Film Registry films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2015 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 83 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 04 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the lion king movie come out	[ "The Lion King is a 1994 American animated epic musical film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 32nd Disney animated feature film, and the fifth animated film produced during a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The Lion King was directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff, produced by Don Hahn, and has a screenplay credited to Irene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts, and Linda Woolverton. Its original songs were written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice, with a score by Hans Zimmer. The film features an ensemble voice cast that includes Matthew Broderick, James Earl Jones, Jeremy Irons, Jonathan Taylor Thomas, Moira Kelly, Nathan Lane, Ernie Sabella, Rowan Atkinson, Robert Guillaume, Madge Sinclair, Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin, and Jim Cummings. The story takes place in a kingdom of lions in Africa and was influenced by William Shakespeare's Hamlet." ]	[ "1994" ]
-6142689658923276441	Molly Ephraim	Molly Ephraim - wikipedia Molly Ephraim Molly Ephraim Ephraim in 2012 ( 1986 - 05 - 22 ) May 22 , 1986 ( age 32 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States Alma mater Princeton University Occupation Actress Years active 2002 -- present Molly Ephraim ( born May 22 , 1986 ) is an American actress who has appeared in films , television , and Broadway , off - Broadway , and regional theatre productions . She is best known for her role as Mandy Baxter in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing during its original run ( 2011 -- 2017 ) . Ephraim played Wendy Greenhut in the film College Road Trip ( 2008 ) , as well as Ali in Paranormal Activity 2 ( 2010 ) and Paranormal Activity : The Marked Ones ( 2014 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Theater 2.2 Screen 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Ephraim was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States , the daughter of Nina Zebooker and William Ephraim . She was raised in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . She performed in shows at the Bucks County Playhouse as a child and in professional productions at the Prince Music Theater and Arden Theatre Company in Philadelphia as a teenager . In 2008 , Ephraim graduated from Princeton University with a B.A. in Religious studies . At Princeton she was a member of the Triangle Club and performed in and choreographed various shows for Princeton University Players and Theatre Intime . Ephraim was raised Jewish . Career ( edit ) Theater ( edit ) Ephraim made her Broadway debut as Little Red Riding Hood in the Broadway revival of Into the Woods ( 2002 ) , receiving a Drama League Award nomination . She later played Bielke in a Broadway revival of Fiddler on the Roof ( 2004 ) . Off - Broadway , Ephraim played Rachel Stein in End Days at the Ensemble Studio Theatre in 2009 . She played Olive in The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee at the Barrington Stage Company in 2008 , in a remounting of the production with new direction by Jeremy Dobrish , and at the North Shore Music Theatre . In 2010 , she played Anne Frank in The Diary of Anne Frank at the Westport Country Playhouse . In 2015 , Ephraim appeared as `` Daphna Feygenbaum '' in Joshua Harmon 's Bad Jews at the Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles . Screen ( edit ) Ephraim played Wendy Greenhut in the film College Road Trip ( 2008 ) . She had roles in episodes of the television shows Royal Pains ( 2009 ) , Law & Order ( 2008 ) , the Michael J. Fox - produced pilot Hench at Home ( 2003 ) , and in the HBO pilot The Wonderful Maladys ( 2009 ) . Ephraim played Ali Rey in the film Paranormal Activity 2 ( 2010 ) and the spin - off film Paranormal Activity : The Marked Ones ( 2014 ) . Ephraim appeared as a series regular in the role of Mandy Baxter , one of Tim Allen 's character 's daughters , in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing , which premiered on October 11 , 2011 and originally ended in March 2017 , canceled after six seasons . After the series was revived by Fox in May 2018 , she opted not to return to the show 's seventh season . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 College Road Trip Wendy Greenhut Paranormal Activity 2 Ali Rey 2014 Paranormal Activity : The Marked Ones Ali Rey 2015 Gravy Cricket 2018 The Front Runner Irene Kelly Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Hench at Home Ally Hench Unsold ABC pilot 2008 Law & Order Anne - Marie Liscomb Episode : `` Tango '' 2009 Royal Pains Beth Samuels Episode : `` It 's Like Jamais Vu All Over Again '' The Wonderful Maladys Emo Girl Unsold HBO pilot 2011 -- 2017 Last Man Standing Mandy Baxter Main cast , 130 episodes 2017 -- present Brockmire Bartender 5 episodes 2017 Halt and Catch Fire Alexa Vonn 5 episodes 2018 Casual Jess 3 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Molly Ephraim Biography '' . Tvguide.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Princeton Alumni Weekly ( 2008 - 03 - 05 ) . Rising star , Questions and answers with actress Molly Ephraim ' 08 . princeton.edu , 5 March 2008 . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 19 from https://paw.princeton.edu/article/rising-star . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Lisa ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) . Molly Ephraim -- Bad Jews . starrymag , 9 June 2015 . Retrieved from http://starrymag.com/?p=6221 . Jump up ^ `` Funk , Doyle , Trimm , Hoty , Ephraim and Schwencke Join Roundabout 's ' BYE BYE BIRDIE ' '' . Baltimore.broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ensemble Studio 's END DAYS Makes Off Broadway Premiere 3 / 25 '' . Broadwayworld.com. 2009 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( 2010 - 10 - 08 ) . In the Attic With Anne Frank . New York Times review , 8 October 2010 . Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/nyregion/10theaterct.html . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) . `` ' Bad Jews ' : Theater Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Shake - Up : 2 Major Roles Being Recast Ahead of Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . TVLine . External links ( edit ) Molly Ephraim at the Internet Broadway Database Molly Ephraim on IMDb LCCN : no2014082064 MusicBrainz : 8e177286 - c619 - 44bd - 9801 - 1eadfdd38500 VIAF : 309839999 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molly_Ephraim&oldid=854020903 '' Categories : 1986 births Living people 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Philadelphia American child actresses American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American stage actresses American television actresses People from Bucks County , Pennsylvania Princeton University alumni Jewish American actresses Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Frysk Italiano 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 12 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played kristen baxter on last man standing	[]	[]
-1693013170331305790	Gouda cheese	Gouda cheese - wikipedia Gouda cheese Jump to : navigation , search Gouda Country of origin Netherlands Region South Holland Town Gouda Source of milk Cows Pasteurised Possibly Texture Semi-hard to Hard Aging time 1 -- 36 months Related media on Wikimedia Commons Gouda ( English : / ˈɡaʊdə / ( listen ) or / ˈɡuːdə / ( listen ) , Dutch pronunciation : ( ˈɣʌu̯daː ) ( listen ) ; Dutch : Goudse kaas , meaning `` cheese from Gouda '' ) is a Dutch yellow cheese made from cow 's milk . It is named after the city of Gouda in the Netherlands . It is one of the most popular cheeses worldwide , accounting for 50 to 60 % of the world 's cheese consumption . The name is used today as a general term for a variety of similar cheeses produced in the traditional Dutch manner , as well as the Dutch original . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Process 3 Protection 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Rounds of Gouda at a cheese market in Gouda The first mention of Gouda cheese dates from 1184 , making it one of the oldest recorded cheeses in the world still made today . The cheese is named after the Dutch city of Gouda , not because it is produced in or near the city , but because it has historically been traded there . In the Middle Ages , Dutch cities could obtain certain feudal rights which gave them primacy or a total monopoly on certain goods . Within the County of Holland , Gouda acquired market rights on cheese , the sole right to have a market in which the county 's farmers could sell their cheese . All the cheeses would be taken to the market square in Gouda to be sold . Teams consisting of the guild of cheese - porters , identified by differently colored straw hats , carried the farmers ' cheeses on barrows , which typically weighed about 16 kg . Buyers then sampled the cheeses and negotiated a price using a ritual system called handjeklap in which buyers and sellers clap each other 's hands and shout prices . Once a price was agreed upon , the porters would carry the cheese to the weighing house and complete the sale . To this day , farmers from the surrounding region gather in Gouda every Thursday morning between 10 : 00 am and 12 : 30 pm from June until August to have their cheeses weighed , tasted , and priced . Today , most Dutch Gouda is produced industrially . However , some 300 Dutch farmers still produce boerenkaas ( `` farmers cheese '' ) which is a protected form of Gouda made in the traditional manner , using unpasteurized milk . Cheesemaking traditionally was a woman 's task in Dutch culture , with farmers ' wives passing their cheesemaking skills on to their daughters . Process ( edit ) Smoked Gouda Various sources suggest that the term `` Gouda '' refers more to a general style of cheesemaking rather than to a specific kind of cheese , pointing to the fact that the taste varies greatly based on age . The seven different categories of Gouda are based on age . Young ( and factory - produced ) gouda has been described as having a flavor that is `` lightly fudgy with nuts , but very , very , very mild '' , while the same source describes a more mature farmhouse Gouda as having a `` lovely fruity tang '' with a `` sweet finish '' , that may take on `` an almost butterscotch flavor '' if aged over two years . After cultured milk is curdled , some of the whey is then drained and water is added . This is called `` washing the curd '' , and creates a sweeter cheese , as the washing removes some of the lactose , resulting in a reduction of lactic acid produced . About 10 % of the mixture is curds , which are pressed into circular molds for several hours . These molds are the essential reason behind its traditional , characteristic shape . The cheese is then soaked in a brine solution , which gives the cheese and its rind a distinctive taste . The cheese is dried for a few days before being coated with a yellow coating to prevent it from drying out , then it is aged , during which process the cheese changes from semihard to hard . Dutch cheesemakers generally use six gradations to classify the cheese : Young cheese ( 4 weeks ) Young matured ( 8 -- 10 weeks ) Matured ( 16 -- 18 weeks ) Extra matured ( 7 -- 8 months ) Old cheese ( 10 -- 12 months ) Very old cheese ( 12 months and more ) As it ages , it develops a caramel sweetness and has a slight crunchiness from cheese crystals , especially in older cheeses . Young Gouda cheese is typically used on sandwiches , either cold or melted . In the Netherlands , cubes of Gouda are often eaten as a snack served with Dutch mustard . Older varieties are sometimes topped with sugar or apple syrup . Cubes of old and very old Gouda are eaten alongside strong beers , such as Tripel , Dubbel , or Trappist , or with port wine . Protection ( edit ) The term `` Gouda '' is not restricted to cheese of Dutch origin . However , `` Boerenkaas '' , `` Noord - Hollandse Gouda '' , and `` Gouda Holland '' are registered in the EU as having Protected Geographical Indication status . These cheeses can only be made in the Netherlands and can only use milk produced by Dutch cows . See also ( edit ) Food portal Brined cheese List of cheeses Kalimpong cheese List of Dutch cheeses List of smoked foods References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , Second Edition . 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Gouda a mild cheese of Dutch origin that is similar to Edam , but contains more fat '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Gouda - Cheese.com '' . cheese.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` European commission confirms protection for Gouda Holland '' . DutchNews.NL. 7 October 2010 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geschichte des Käses '' . de : Centrale Marketing - Gesellschaft der deutschen Agrarwirtschaft mbH ( CMA ) . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Alkmaar cheese market - Cheese Bargaining . kaasmarkt.nl ; nl : Vereniging voor Vreemdelingenverkeer ( VVV ) , NL . Jump up ^ `` About Gouda '' . Blyth Farm Cheese . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gouda '' . Cheese.com . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ridgway , Judy ( 2004 ) . The Cheese Companion ( 2nd ed . ) . Running Press . p. 103 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gouda : Making the Cheese '' . New England Cheesemaking Supply Company . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frisian Farms Small Batch Gouda : Our Process '' . Archived from the original on 1 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kwaliteit Goudse kaas brokkelt af '' . Nieuwsblad.be ( in Dutch ) . Brussels . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` COMMISSION REGULATION ( EU ) No 1122 / 2010 of 2 December 2010 - entering a designation in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications ( Gouda Holland ( PGI ) ) '' . Official Journal of the European Union . Jump up ^ `` Noord - Hollandse Gouda '' . Agriculture Quality Policy . European Commission . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Gouda Holland , Edam Holland to get protected status '' . DutchNews.nl. 2010 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch cheeses Edam Holland and Gouda Holland granted protected status Press release '' . Government.nl. 2010 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gouda cheese . Look up gouda in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . ( hide ) Dutch cheeses Beemster Edam Gouda Kanterkaas Leerdammer Leyden Limburger Maaslander Maasdam Mimolette Parrano Roomano Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gouda_cheese&oldid=807101703 '' Categories : Dutch cheeses Cow 's - milk cheeses Gouda , South Holland Brined cheeses Smoked cheeses Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hRecipes Articles with Adr microformats Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing Dutch - language text All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Ripoarisch Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 22 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of milk is gouda cheese made from	[ "Gouda (English: /ˈɡaʊdə/ ( listen) or /ˈɡuːdə/ ( listen), Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣʌu̯daː] ( listen);[1][2] Dutch: Goudse kaas, meaning \"cheese from Gouda\") is a Dutch yellow cheese made from cow's milk. It is named after the city of Gouda in the Netherlands. It is one of the most popular cheeses worldwide, accounting for 50 to 60% of the world's cheese consumption.[3][dubious – discuss] The name is used today as a general term for a variety of similar cheeses produced in the traditional Dutch manner, as well as the Dutch original.[4]" ]	[ "cow's milk" ]
-6790815944552018414	Formula One engines	Formula One engines - wikipedia Formula One engines This is an old revision of this page , as edited by 124.170. 255.242 ( talk ) at 09 : 58 , 28 August 2017 ( → ‎ Short stroke engine ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 09 : 58 , 28 August 2017 by 124.170. 255.242 ( talk ) ( → ‎ Short stroke engine ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Since its inception in 1947 , Formula One has used a variety of engine regulations . `` Formulas '' limiting engine capacity had been used in Grand Prix racing on a regular basis since after World War I . The engine formulae are divided according to era . Formula One Current season ( show ) 2017 Formula One season Related articles ( hide ) History of Formula One Formula One racing Formula One regulations Formula One cars Formula One engines Formula One tyres Lists ( show ) Drivers ( GP winners Polesitters Fastest laps Champions Runners - up Numbers ) Constructors ( GP winners Champions Runners - up ) Seasons Grands Prix Circuits Race Promoters ' Trophy winners Points scoring systems National colours Sponsorship liveries Racing flags Red - flagged races Female drivers TV broadcasters Fatalities Video games Records ( show ) Drivers Constructors Engines Tyres Races Organisations ( show ) FIA FIA World Motor Sport Council Formula One Group Formula One Constructors ' Association Formula One Teams Association Grand Prix Drivers ' Association Contents ( hide ) 1 Operation 2 Short stroke engine 3 History 3.1 1947 -- 1953 3.2 1954 -- 1960 3.3 1961 -- 1965 3.4 1966 -- 1986 3.5 1987 -- 1988 3.6 1989 -- 1994 3.7 1995 -- 2005 3.8 2006 -- 2013 3.9 2014 -- present 3.10 Engine specification progression 4 Records 4.1 World Championship Grand Prix wins by engine manufacturer 4.2 Most wins in a season 4.2. 1 By number 4.2. 2 By percentage 4.3 Most consecutive wins 5 References 6 External links Operation Formula One currently uses 1.6 litre four - stroke turbocharged 90 degree V6 reciprocating engines . The power a Formula One engine produces is generated by operating at a very high rotational speed , up to 15,000 revolutions per minute ( rpm ) . This contrasts with road car engines of a similar size which typically operate at less than 6,000 rpm . The basic configuration of a naturally aspirated Formula One engine had not been greatly modified since the 1967 Cosworth DFV and the mean effective pressure had stayed at around 14 bar MEP . Until the mid-1980s Formula One engines were limited to around 12,000 rpm due to the traditional metal valve springs used to close the valves . The speed required to operate the engine valves at a higher rpm called for ever stiffer springs , which increased the power loss to drive the camshaft and the valves to the point where the loss nearly offset the power gain through the increase in rpm . They were replaced by pneumatic valve springs introduced by Renault , which inherently have a rising rate ( progressive rate ) that allowed them to have extremely high spring rate at larger valve strokes without much increasing the driving power requirements at smaller strokes , thus lowering the overall power loss . Since the 1990s , all Formula One engine manufacturers used pneumatic valve springs with the pressurised air allowing engines to reach speeds of over 20,000 rpm . Short stroke engine Formula One cars use short stroke engines . These engines are common in racing motorcycles and streetbikes . The bore is the diameter of the cylinder in the engine block , and the stroke is the distance the piston travels from top dead - centre ( TDC ) to bottom dead - centre ( BDC ) inside the cylinder . To operate at high engine speeds the stroke must be relatively short to prevent catastrophic failure ; this is usually connecting rod failure as the rod is under very large stresses at these speeds . Having a short stroke means that a relatively large bore is required to make the 1.6 litre engine displacement . This results in a less efficient combustion stroke , especially at lower rpm . The stroke of a Formula One engine is approximately 39.7 mm ( 1.56 in ) , less than half the bore diameter 98.0 mm ( 3.86 in ) , what is known as an over-square configuration . In addition to the use of pneumatic valve springs a Formula One engine 's high rpm output has been made possible due to advances in metallurgy and design allowing lighter pistons and connecting rods to withstand the accelerations necessary to attain such high speeds , also by narrowing the connecting rod ends allowing for narrower main bearings . This allows for higher rpm with less bearing - damaging heat build - up . For each stroke , the piston goes from a null speed , to almost two times the mean speed , ( approximately 40 m / s ) then back to zero . This occurs once for each of the four strokes in the cycle : one Intake ( down ) , one Compression ( up ) , one Power ( ignition - down ) , one Exhaust ( up ) . Maximum piston acceleration occurs at top dead center and is in the region of 95,000 m / s , about 10,000 times standard gravity or 10,000 g . History This Alfa Romeo 159 supercharged straight - 8 engine of 1950s could produce up to 425 bhp . Formula One engines have come through a variety of regulations , manufacturers and configurations through the years . 1947 -- 1953 This era used pre-war voiturette engine regulations , with 4.5 L atmospheric and 1.5 L supercharged engines . The Indianapolis 500 ( which was a round of the World Drivers ' Championship from 1950 onwards ) used pre-war Grand Prix regulations , with 4.5 L atmospheric and 3.0 L supercharged engines . The power range was up to 425 hp ( 317 kW ) , though the BRM Type 15 of 1953 reportedly achieved 600 hp ( 447 kW ) with a 1.5 L supercharged engine . In 1952 and 1953 , the World Drivers ' Championship was run to Formula 2 regulations , but the existing Formula One regulations remained in force and a number of Formula One races were still held in those years . A 2.5 L V8 in the Lancia - Ferrari D50 1954 -- 1960 Engine size was reduced to 2.5 L. for naturally - aspirated and 750 cc supercharged cars were allowed but no constructor built one for the World Championship . The Indianapolis 500 continued to use old pre-war regulations . The power range was up to 290 hp ( 216 kW ) . 1961 -- 1965 Porsche 804 had a cooling fan to cool the air - cooled flat - 8 engine . Introduced in 1961 amidst some criticism , the new reduced engine 1.5 L formula took control of F1 just as every team and manufacturer switched from front to mid-engined cars . Although these were initially underpowered , five years later average power had increased by nearly 50 % and lap times were better than in 1960 . The old 2.5 L formula had been retained for International Formula racing , but this did n't achieve much success until the introduction of the Tasman Series in Australia and New Zealand during the winter season , leaving the 1.5 L cars as the fastest single seaters in Europe during this time . The power range was between 150 hp ( 112 kW ) and 225 hp ( 168 kW ) . A 1968 British Racing Motors H16 , 64 - valve , Formula One engine . 1966 -- 1986 A Cosworth DFV 3 litre V8 Formula One engine . Renault 1.5 litre turbo engine In 1966 , with sports cars capable of outrunning Formula 1 cars thanks to much larger and more powerful engines , the FIA increased engine capacity to 3.0 L atmospheric and 1.5 L compressed engines . Although a few manufacturers had been clamouring for bigger engines , the transition was n't smooth and 1966 was a transitional year , with 2.0 L versions of the BRM and Coventry - Climax V8 engines being used by several entrants . The appearance of the standard - produced Cosworth DFV in 1967 made it possible for small manufacturers to join the series with a chassis designed in - house . Compression devices were allowed for the first time since 1960 , but it was n't until 1977 that a company actually had the finance and interest of building one , when Renault debuted their new Gordini V6 Turbo at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone that year . In 1980 Renault proved that turbocharging was the way to go in order to stay competitive in Formula One ( particularly at high - altitude circuits like Kyalami in South Africa and Interlagos in Brazil ) ; this engine had a considerable power advantage against the Ford - Cosworth DFV , Ferrari and Alfa Romeo naturally aspirated engines . Following this , Ferrari introduced their all - new turbocharged engine in 1981 . Following these developments , Brabham owner Bernie Ecclestone managed to get BMW to make the team turbocharged inline - 4 engines from 1982 onwards . And in 1983 , Alfa Romeo made a turbocharged V8 engine , and in the same year and following years , Honda , Porsche ( badged as TAG ) , Ford - Cosworth and other smaller companies made turbo - charged engines , mostly twin - turbocharged V6 's . By the midpoint of 1985 , every competing team had a turbocharged engine in their car . By 1986 , power figures were reaching unprecedented levels , with all engines reaching over 1,000 hp during qualifying with unrestricted turbo boost pressures ; This was especially seen with the BMW engines of Benetton 's cars , reaching around 1,350 hp at a 5.5 bar boost pressure during qualifying . However , these engines & gearboxes were very unreliable because of the engine 's immense power , and would only last about four laps . For the race , the turbocharger 's boost was restricted to ensure engine reliability ; But , the engines still produced 850 - 1000 hp during the race . The power range from 1966 to 1986 was between 285 hp ( 210 kW ) to 500 hp ( 370 kW ) , turbos 500 hp ( 370 kW ) to 900 hp ( 670 kW ) in race , in qualifying up to 1,350 hp ( 1,010 kW ) . Following their experiences at Indianapolis , in 1971 Lotus made a few unsuccessful experiments with a Pratt & Whitney turbine fitted to chassis which had also 4WD . 1987 -- 1988 Following the turbo domination , forced induction was allowed for two seasons before its eventual ban . The FIA regulations limited boost pressure , to 4 bar in qualifying in 1987 for 1.5 L turbo ; and allowed a bigger 3.5 L formula . These seasons were still dominated by turbocharged engines , the Honda RA167E V6 supplying Nelson Piquet winning the 1987 Formula One season on a Williams also winning the constructors championship , followed by TAG - Porsche P01 V6 in McLaren then Honda again with the previous RA166E for Lotus then Ferrari 's own 033D V6 . A 1988 Honda RA168E turbocharged V6 engine . The rest of the grid was powered by the Ford GBA V6 turbo with Benetton , then the only naturally aspirated engine , the DFV - derived Ford Cosworth DFZ 3.5 L V8 outputting 575 hp ( 429 kW ) in Tyrrell , Lola , AGS , March and Coloni . The BMW M12 / 13 inline four was found in Brabhams BT55 tilted almost horizontally , and in upright position under the Megatron brand in Arrows and Ligier , producing 900 bhp ( 670 kW ) at 3.8 bar in race . Zakspeed was building its own turbo inline four , Alfa Romeo was to power the Ligiers with an inline four but the deal fell through after initial testing had been carried out . Alfa was still represented by its old 890T V8 used by Osella , and Minardi was powered by a Motori Moderni V6 . The 1988 Formula One season was again dominated by turbocharged engines limited to 2.5 bar and Honda with its RA168E turbo V6 producing 640 hp ( 477 kW ) at 12500 rpm in qualifying , this time with McLaren drivers Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost winning all the grands prix except one won by Ferrari with its 033E V6 with about 650 hp ( 485 kW ) at 12800 rpm in qualifying . Just behind , Ford introduced its DFR 3.5 L V8 producing 620 hp ( 462 kW ) at 11000 rpm for Benetton , and the 640 hp ( 477 kW ) Megatron BMW M12 / 13 was still powering Arrows ahead of the Lotus - Honda . Judd introduced its 600 hp ( 447 kW ) CV 3.5 L V8 for March , Williams and Ligier , and the rest of the grid was mainly using previous year 's Ford 590 hp ( 440 kW ) Cosworth DFZ except Zakspeed with their own 640 hp ( 477 kW ) engine and the 700 hp ( 522 kW ) Alfa - Romeo V8 turbo for Osella . 1989 -- 1994 A 1990 Renault RS2 V10 engine . Turbochargers were banned from the 1989 Formula One season , leaving only a naturally aspirated 3.5 L formula . Honda was still dominant with their RA109E 72 ° V10 giving 675 hp ( 503 kW ) at 13000 rpm on McLaren cars , enabling Prost to win the championship in front of his teammate Senna . Behind were the Renault RS01 powered Williams , a 67 ° V10 giving 650 hp ( 485 kW ) at 14300 rpm . Ferrari with its 035 / 5 65 ° V12 giving 660 hp ( 492 kW ) at 13,000 rpm . Behind , the grid was powered mainly by Ford Cosworth DFR V8 giving 620 hp ( 462 kW ) at 10,750 rpm except for a few Judd CV V8 in Lotus , Brabham and EuroBrun cars , and two oddballs : the 620 hp ( 460 kW ) Lamborghini 3512 80 ° V12 powering Lola , and the 560 hp ( 420 kW ) Yamaha OX88 75 ° V8 in Zakspeed cars . Ford started to try its new design , the 75 ° V8 HBA 1 with Benetton . A 1990 W12 3.5 Formula One engine from the Life F1 car The 1990 Formula One season was again dominated by Honda in McLarens with the 690 hp ( 515 kW ) at 13000 rpm RA100E powering Ayrton Senna and Gerhard Berger ahead of the 680 hp ( 507 kW ) at 12750 rpm Ferrari Tipo 036 of Alain Prost and Nigel Mansell . Behind them the Ford HBA4 for Benetton and Renault RS2 for Williams with 660 hp ( 492 kW ) at 12,800 rpm were leading the pack powered by Ford DFR and Judd CV engines . The exceptions were the better Lamborghini 3512 in Lola and Lotus , and the new Judd EV 76 ° V8 giving 640 hp ( 477 kW ) at 12,500 rpm in Leyton House and Brabham cars . The two new contenders were the Life which built for themselves an F35 W12 with three four cylinders banks at 60 ° , and Subaru giving Coloni a 1235 flat 12 from Motori Moderni A 1991 Honda RA121E V12 engine . Honda was still leading the 1991 Formula One season in Senna 's McLaren with a 710 hp ( 529 kW ) at 13,000 rpm 60 ° V12 RA121E , just ahead of the Renault RS3 powered Williams benefiting from 700 hp ( 520 kW ) at 12,500 rpm . Ferrari was behind with its Tipo 037 , a new 65 ° V12 giving 710 hp ( 529 kW ) at 13,800 rpm also powering Minardi , just ahead the Ford HBA4 / 5 / 6 in Benetton and Jordan cars . Behind , Tyrrell was using the previous Honda RA109E , Judd introduced its new GV with Dallara leaving the previous EV to Lotus , Yamaha were giving its 660 hp ( 492 kW ) OX99 70 ° V12 to Brabham , Lamborghini engines were used by Modena and Ligier . Ilmor introduced its LH10 , a 680 hp ( 507 kW ) at 13000 rpm V10 which eventually became the Mercedes with Leyton House and Porsche sourced a little successful 3512 V12 to Footwork Arrows ; the rest of the field was Ford DFR powered . By the end of the 1994 season , Ferrari 's 043 was putting out 820 hp ( 611 kW ) at 15,800 rpm . 1995 -- 2005 This Ferrari 3.0 litre V12 F1 engine ( 1995 ) produced 700 hp ( 522 kW ) at 17,000 rpm A 2004 Ferrari model 054 V10 engine of the Ferrari F2004 This era used a 3.0 L formula , with a power range between 650 hp ( 485 kW ) and 950 hp ( 708 kW ) . Renault was the dominant engine supplier between 1991 and 1997 , winning five world championships with Williams and Benetton . From 1998 to 2000 it was Mercedes power that ruled giving Mika Häkkinen two world championships . Ferrari gradually got better with their engine . For 1996 , they changed from their traditional V12 engine to a smaller and lighter V10 engine . They preferred reliability to power , losing out to Mercedes in terms of outright power initially . At the 1998 Japanese GP , Ferrari 's 047D engine spec was said to produce over 800 bhp ( 600 kW ) . From 2000 they were never short of power or reliability . BMW started supplying their engines to Williams from 2000 . In the first season , the engine was very reliable though slightly short of power compared to Ferrari and Mercedes units . BMW went straight forward with its engine development . The P81 , used during the 2001 season , was able to hit 17,810 rpm . Unfortunately reliability was a big issue with several blowups during the season . The BMW P82 , the engine used by the BMW WilliamsF1 Team in 2002 , had hit a peak speed of 19,050 revolutions a minute in its final evolutionary stage . It was also the first engine in the 3.0 litre V10 - era to break through the 19,000 rpm - wall , during the 2002 Italian Grand Prix 's qualifying . BMW 's P83 engine used in 2003 season managed an impressive 19,200 rpm and cleared the 900 bhp ( 670 kW ) mark and weighs less than 200 lb ( 91 kg ) . In 2005 , the 3.0 L V10 engine was permitted no more than 5 valves per cylinder . Also , the FIA introduced new regulations limiting each car to one engine per two Grand Prix weekends , putting the emphasis on increased reliability and decreased power output . BMW and Mercedes engines had about 930 bhp ( 690 kW ) in this season . Renault , Honda , Toyota and Ferrari had about 900 bhp ( 670 kW ) . 2006 -- 2013 For 2006 , the engines had to be 90 ° V8 of 2.4 litres maximum capacity with a 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) maximum circular bore , which implies a 39.8 mm ( 1.57 in ) stroke at maximum bore . They had to have two circular inlet and exhaust valves per cylinder , be normally aspirated and have a 95 kg ( 209 lb ) minimum weight . The previous year 's engines with a rev - limiter were permitted for 2006 and 2007 for teams who were unable to acquire a V8 engine , with Scuderia Toro Rosso using a Cosworth V10 , after Red Bull 's takeover of the former Minardi team did not include the new engines . Pre-cooling air before it enters the cylinders , injection of any substance other than air and fuel into the cylinders , variable - geometry intake and exhaust systems , and variable valve timing were forbidden . Each cylinder could have only one fuel injector and a single plug spark ignition . Separate starting devices were used to start engines in the pits and on the grid . The crankcase and cylinder block had to be made of cast or wrought aluminium alloys . The crankshaft and camshafts had to be made from an iron alloy , pistons from an aluminium alloy and valves from alloys based on iron , nickel , cobalt or titanium . These restrictions were in place to reduce development costs on the engines . The reduction in capacity was designed to give a power reduction of around 20 % from the three litre engines , to reduce the increasing speeds of Formula One cars . Despite this , in many cases , performance of the car improved . In 2006 Toyota F1 announced an approximate 740 hp ( 552 kW ) output at 18000 rpm for its new RVX - 06 engine , but real figures are of course difficult to obtain . The engine specification was frozen in 2007 to keep development costs down . The engines which were used in the 2006 Japanese Grand Prix were used for the 2007 and 2008 seasons and they were limited to 19,000 rpm . In 2009 the limit was reduced to 18,000 rpm with each driver allowed to use a maximum of 8 engines over the season . Any driver needing an additional engine is penalised 10 places on the starting grid for the first race the engine is used . This increases the importance of reliability , although the effect is only seen towards the end of the season . Certain design changes intended to improve engine reliability may be carried out with permission from the FIA . This has led to some engine manufacturers , notably Ferrari and Mercedes , exploiting this ability by making design changes which not only improve reliability , but also boost engine power output as a side effect . As the Mercedes engine was proven to be the strongest , re-equalisations of engines were allowed by the FIA to allow other manufacturers to match the power . 2009 saw the exit of Honda from Formula 1 . The team was acquired by Ross Brawn , creating Brawn GP and the BGP 001 . With the absence of the Honda engine , Brawn GP retrofitted the Mercedes engine to the BGP 001 chassis . The newly branded team won both the Constructors ' Championship and the Drivers ' Championship from better - known and better - established contenders Ferrari , McLaren - Mercedes , and Renault . Cosworth , absent since the 2006 season , returned in 2010 . New teams Lotus Racing , HRT , and Virgin Racing , along with the established Williams , used this engine . The season also saw the withdrawal of the BMW and Toyota engines , as the car companies withdrew from Formula One due to the recession . In 2009 , constructors were allowed to use kinetic energy recovery systems ( KERS ) , also called regenerative brakes . Energy can either be stored as mechanical energy ( as in a flywheel ) or as electrical energy ( as in a battery or supercapacitor ) , with a maximum power of 81 hp ( 60 kW ; 82 PS ) . Four teams used it at some point in the season : Ferrari , Renault , BMW , and McLaren . Although KERS was still legal in F1 in the 2010 season , all the teams agreed not to use it . KERS returned for the 2011 season , when only three teams elected not to use it . For the 2012 season , only Marussia and HRT raced without KERS , and in 2013 all teams on the grid had KERS . From 2010 to 2013 cars have a regular power of 700 - 800 hp . 2014 -- present The FIA announced the intention to change the 2.4 - litre V8 engines to 1.6 litre V6 turbo engines for the 2014 season . The new regulations include multiple energy recovery systems and fuel flow restrictions , to attract more commercial partners . The new formula reintroduced turbocharged engines , which last appeared in 1988 . These have their efficiency improved by turbo - compounding and introduce more energy recovery systems -- with power to be harvested from the brakes and exhaust gases . The original proposal for four - cylinder turbocharged engines was not welcomed by the racing teams , in particular Ferrari . Adrian Newey stated during the 2011 European Grand Prix that the change to a V6 enables teams to carry the engine as a stressed member , whereas an inline 4 would have required a space frame . A compromise was reached to adopt V6 turbocharged engines instead . The internal combustion engines are limited to 15,000 rpm , but rarely exceed 12,000 rpm during Grand Prix due to the new reliability and fuel flow restrictions . Energy recovery systems were allowed to have a maximum power of 120 kW ( 160 bhp ) and 2 megajoules per lap . KERS was renamed Motor Generator Unit - Kinetic ( MGU - K ) . Heat energy recovery systems were also allowed , under the name Motor Generator Unit - Heat ( MGU - H ) The 2015 season was an improvement on 2014 , adding to most engines about 30 - 50 hp , the Mercedes engine being the most powerful with 870 hp . Of the previous suppliers , only Mercedes , Ferrari and Renault produced engines to the new formula in 2014 , whereas Cosworth stopped supplying engines . Honda returned in 2015 with their own engine , partnering McLaren who used Mercedes power for the 2014 season . Engine specification progression Years Other than 4 Stroke piston engines Engine displacement ( max . ) Revolution limit Cylinders Fuel Naturally aspirated Super - or Turbo - charged Alcohol Gasoline 2014 - present Prohibited 1.6 L 15,000 rpm 90 ° V6 5.75 % Unleaded 2009 -- 2013 2.4 L Prohibited 18,000 rpm 90 ° V8 2008 19,000 rpm 2007 Prohibited 2006 Unrestricted 2000 -- 2005 3.0 L V10 1999 Up to 12 1995 -- 1998 Unleaded 1992 -- 1994 3.5 L 1989 -- 1991 Unrestricted 1988 1.5 L , 2.5 bar Unrestricted 1987 1.5 L , 4 bar 1986 Prohibited 1.5 L 1981 -- 1985 3.0 L 1966 -- 1980 Unspecified 1963 -- 1965 1.5 L ( 1.3 L min . ) Prohibited Pump 1961 -- 1962 Unrestricted 1958 -- 1960 2.5 L 0.75 L 1954 -- 1957 Unrestricted 1947 -- 1953 4.5 L 1.5 L Note : Jump up ^ 2 Stroke , Gas Turbine , Rotary , etc . Jump up ^ Kinetic ( brake ) and heat ( exhaust ) energy recovery systems allowed . Jump up ^ Normally aspirated engines are not prohibited . Boost pressure is not limited , but fuel flow rate ( which was not regulated up to 2013 ) is limited to 100 kg per hour . ( This translates to about 3.5 bar with the specified fuel at the maximum rpm . ) Jump up ^ 5.75 % bio-sourced alcohol content is required in pump - gas . Jump up ^ Kinetic ( braking ) energy recovery system ( KERS ) was allowed from 2010 , and used from 2011 . Jump up ^ For 2006 and 2007 , FIA reserved the right to give special dispensations to teams ( without access to new 2.4 L engine ) to use 2005 spec 3 L engines with a rev - limiter . This dispensation was given to Scuderia Toro Rosso in 2006 . Jump up ^ For 1952 and 1953 , World Championship races were run to Formula Two rules ( 0.75 L with compressor , 2 L without ) , but Formula One regulations remained intact . Records Figures correct as of the 2017 Belgian Grand Prix Bold indicates engine manufacturers competing in Formula One in the 2017 season . World Championship Grand Prix wins by engine manufacturer Rank Engine Wins First win Latest win 1 Ferrari 229 1951 British Grand Prix 2017 Hungarian Grand Prix 2 Ford 176 1967 Dutch Grand Prix 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix 3 Renault 168 1979 French Grand Prix 2014 Belgian Grand Prix 4 Mercedes 157 1954 French Grand Prix 2017 Belgian Grand Prix 5 Honda 72 1965 Mexican Grand Prix 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix 6 Coventry Climax 40 1958 Argentine Grand Prix 1965 German Grand Prix 7 TAG 25 1984 Brazilian Grand Prix 1987 Portuguese Grand Prix 8 BMW 20 1982 Canadian Grand Prix 2008 Canadian Grand Prix 9 BRM 18 1959 Dutch Grand Prix 1972 Monaco Grand Prix 10 Alfa Romeo 12 1950 British Grand Prix 1978 Italian Grand Prix 11 Maserati 11 1953 Italian Grand Prix 1967 South African Grand Prix 11 Offenhauser 11 1950 Indianapolis 500 1960 Indianapolis 500 13 Vanwall 9 1957 British Grand Prix 1958 Morocco Grand Prix 14 Repco 8 1966 French Grand Prix 1967 Canadian Grand Prix 15 Mugen - Honda 4 1996 Monaco Grand Prix 1999 Italian Grand Prix 16 Matra 3 1977 Swedish Grand Prix 1981 Canadian Grand Prix 16 TAG Heuer 3 2016 Spanish Grand Prix 2017 Azerbaijan Grand Prix 18 Porsche 1 1962 French Grand Prix 18 Weslake 1 1967 Belgian Grand Prix ^ * Built by Cosworth United Kingdom ^ * * Between 1997 - 2005 built by Ilmor United Kingdom ^ * * * Built by Porsche West Germany ^ * * * * The Indianapolis 500 was part of the World Drivers ' Championship from 1950 to 1960 . ^ * * * * * Built by Renault France Most wins in a season By number Rank Manufacturer Season Races Wins Percentage Engine ( s ) Winning team ( s ) 1 Mercedes 2016 21 19 90.5 % PU106C Hybrid Mercedes 2 Renault 1995 17 16 94.1 % RS7 Benetton , Williams Mercedes 2014 19 84.2 % PU106A Hybrid Mercedes 2015 PU106B Hybrid Mercedes 5 Ford 1973 15 15 100.0 % DFV Lotus , Tyrrell , McLaren Honda 1988 16 93.8 % RA168E McLaren Ferrari 2002 17 88.2 % Tipo 050 , Tipo 051 Ferrari 2004 18 83.3 % Tipo 053 9 Renault 2013 19 14 73.7 % RS27 - 2013 Lotus , Red Bull 10 Ford 1974 15 12 80.0 % DFV McLaren , Tyrrell , Lotus , Brabham 1977 17 70.6 % Lotus , McLaren , Wolf , Shadow TAG 1984 16 75.0 % TTE PO1 McLaren Renault 1996 16 75.0 % RS8 Williams 2011 19 63.2 % RS27 - 2011 Red Bull By percentage Rank Manufacturer Season Races Wins Percentage Engine ( s ) Winning team ( s ) 1 Ford 1969 11 11 100.0 % DFV Matra , Brabham , Lotus , McLaren 1973 15 15 Lotus , Tyrrell , McLaren 3 Renault 1995 17 16 94.1 % RS7 Benetton , Williams 4 Honda 1988 16 15 93.8 % RA168E McLaren 5 Ford 1968 12 11 91.7 % DFV Lotus , McLaren , Matra 6 Mercedes 2016 21 19 90.5 % PU106C Hybrid Mercedes 7 Ferrari 2002 17 15 88.2 % Tipo 050 , Tipo 051 Ferrari 8 Ferrari * 1952 8 7 87.5 % Tipo 500 , Tipo 375 Ferrari 9 Alfa Romeo * * 1950 7 6 85.2 % Tipo 158 , Tipo 159 Alfa Romeo 10 Mercedes 2014 19 16 84.2 % PU106A Hybrid Mercedes 2015 PU106B Hybrid Mercedes * Only Alberto Ascari raced in the 1952 Indianapolis 500 with Ferrari . * * Alfa Romeo did not race in the 1950 Indianapolis 500 . Most consecutive wins Rank Manufacturer Wins Season ( s ) Races Engine ( s ) Winning team ( s ) 1 Ford 22 1972 , 1973 , 1974 1972 Austrian Grand Prix -- 1974 South African Grand Prix DFV Lotus , Tyrrell , McLaren , Brabham 2 Ford 20 1968 , 1969 , 1970 1968 British Grand Prix -- 1970 Monaco Grand Prix DFV Lotus , Matra , McLaren , Brabham , March 3 Renault 16 1995 , 1996 1995 French Grand Prix -- 1996 San Marino Grand Prix RS7 , RS8 Benetton , Williams 4 Honda 11 1988 1988 Brazilian Grand Prix -- 1988 Belgian Grand Prix RA168E McLaren 5 Ferrari 10 2002 2002 Canadian Grand Prix -- 2002 Japanese Grand Prix Tipo 051 Ferrari Mercedes 2015 , 2016 2015 Japanese Grand Prix -- 2016 Russian Grand Prix PU106B Hybrid , PU106C Hybrid Mercedes Mercedes 2016 2016 Monaco Grand Prix -- 2016 Singapore Grand Prix PU106C Hybrid Mercedes 8 Ford 9 1980 , 1981 1980 Dutch Grand Prix -- 1981 Belgian Grand Prix DFV Brabham , Williams Renault 2013 2013 Belgian Grand Prix -- 2013 Brazilian Grand Prix RS27 - 2013 Red Bull 10 Ford 8 1974 , 1975 1974 Austrian Grand Prix -- 1975 Spanish Grand Prix DFV Brabham , Lotus , McLaren , Tyrrell 1976 , 1977 1976 German Grand Prix -- 1977 Argentine Grand Prix McLaren , Penske , March , Lotus , Wolf TAG 1984 , 1985 1984 British Grand Prix -- 1985 Brazilian Grand Prix TTE PO1 McLaren Honda 1987 1987 Monaco Grand Prix -- 1987 Italian Grand Prix RA166E , RA167E Lotus , Williams Ferrari 2003 , 2004 2003 Italian Grand Prix -- 2004 Spanish Grand Prix Tipo 052 , Tipo 053 Ferrari Mercedes 2014 , 2015 2014 Italian Grand Prix -- 2015 Australian Grand Prix PU106A Hybrid , PU106B Hybrid Mercedes References Jump up ^ Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( 2014 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 2014 FORMULA ONE TECHNICAL REGULATIONS '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Engine / gearbox Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Understanding the Sport , Official Formula 1 Website Jump up ^ F1 Engine Power Secrets , Ian Bamsey , June 2000 RACER magazine Jump up ^ Scarborough , Craig . `` Technically Challenged : Renault Innovations in Formula One '' ( PDF ) . Atlas F1 . ScarbsF1.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 August 2009 . Retrieved 4 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Taulbut , Derek . `` Note 89 -- TurboCharging background '' ( PDF ) . Grand Prix Engine Development 1906 -- 2000 . Grandprixengines.co.uk . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 June 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HwHgEWnpfs Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPdm51QwZEw Jump up ^ `` Why do big diesel engines and race car engines have such different horsepower ratings ? '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leo Breevoort ; Dan Moakes ; Mattijs Diepraam ( 22 February 2007 ) . `` World Championship Grand Prix engine designations and configurations '' . 6th Gear . Jump up ^ `` STATS F1 Engines '' . StatsF1 . Jump up ^ Remi Humbert . `` BMW Turbo F1 Engine '' . Gurneyflap . Jump up ^ `` A Genius Named Todt '' . Atlasf1.autosport.com . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Williams F1 -- BMW P84 / 85 Engine '' . F1network.net . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Roy McNeill , Copyright BMW World 1999 -- 2005 ( 22 September 2003 ) . `` BMW World -- Picture of the Week '' . Usautoparts.net . Jump up ^ 2005 Formula One technical regulations . FIA Jump up ^ Henry , Alan ( ed ) ( 2006 ) . AUTOCOURSE 2006 -- 2007 . Crash Media Group . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 1 - 905334 - 15 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ 2006 Formula One technical regulations Archived 1 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , chapter five , 15 December 2005 Jump up ^ F1 technical , Toyota TF106 Specification , 14 January 2006 Jump up ^ `` F1 News : FIA agrees to engine re-equalisation '' . Autosport.com . Haymarket Publications . 22 September 2009 . Retrieved 22 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Are there enough engines in F1 in 2010 ? '' . Grandprix.com . Inside F1 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIA Formula One World Championship Power Unit Regulations '' . FIA. 29 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , James ( 20 April 2011 ) . `` F1 set for electric only in the pit lane ? '' . JamesallenonF1.com . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Teams are keeping revs under 12000 rpm '' . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Straw , Edd ( 16 May 2013 ) Honda confirms 2015 F1 return as McLaren engine supplier . Autosport.com . Retrieved on 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Formula One 's Amazing New Hybrid Turbo Engine Works '' . 2014 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( 2014 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 2014 FORMULA ONE TECHNICAL REGULATIONS '' ( PDF ) . Article 5.1 on p. 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Fuel '' . formula1 . Formula One World Championship Limited . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Formula One Technical Regulations '' . Jump up ^ `` F1 rules and stats 1960 -- 1969 '' . 2009 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Formula One engine . Formula One Engines In - depth article covering facts , evolution and tech specs of F1 engines 2009 Racecar Engineering F1 Engines Viva F1 Engine Cycle Statistics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formula_One_engines&oldid=797631099 '' Categories : Formula One - related lists Automobile engines Formula One engines Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Български Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Polski Русский Edit links This version of the page has been revised . 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-4061951154898371490	Smoking age	Smoking age - wikipedia Smoking age Jump to : navigation , search The smoking age is the minimum legal age required to purchase or smoke tobacco products . Most countries have laws that restrict those below a minimum age from legally purchasing tobacco products . Contents 1 Smoking age laws by region 1.1 Africa 1.2 Americas 1.3 Asia 1.4 Europe 1.5 Oceania 2 Historical regulations 3 See also 4 References Smoking age laws by region ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Africa as of 2015 : Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Legal age to smoke any tobacco products Legal age to buy any tobacco products Algeria None 19 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 19 years . ( Chapitre IV sur les problèmes de santé l'article 93 : `` la vente de tabac ou produits du tabac aux mineurs est interdite '' . ) Angola None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 . Benin None 18 Botswana None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 . Any person who sells , by retail , any tobacco product , shall display clearly , for the public , a notice to the effect that the sale of any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Burkina Faso None 18 Burundi None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes to anyone under the age of 18 . Other tobacco products are not regulated . Cameroon 15 Cape Verde 15 Central African Republic 14 Chad 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . Minors and pregnant women may not smoke in public . Comoros None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Vendors of tobacco products must visibly and prominently display at their point of sale a notice of prohibition of the sale of tobacco to minors and by minors . Republic of the Congo 18 Democratic Republic of the Congo 18 It is illegal for minors to smoke in public , and for anyone to give or sell tobacco to a minor . ( ARRETE MINISTERIEL Article 1 : L'usage , la vente , l'achat et la consommation du tabac , de ses produits et de ses dérivés sont strictement interdits aux mineurs . ) Djibouti None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor under the age of 16 years . A notice with the sale restrictions has to be placed at point of sale . Egypt 21 The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 21 is prohibited . Equatorial Guinea 18 Eritrea None 18 Ethiopia None 18 `` No person may directly or indirectly give , provide or sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 . '' Gabon None 18 Gambia None Ghana 18 Guinea - Bissau 15 Kenya None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . There is no minimum age to possess tobacco or smoke in public . Lesotho 14 Liberia 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Minors may not consume tobacco at any public place . Libya None 18 It is strictly prohibited to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . Madagascar None 18 Malawi 14 Mali None 18 Mauritius 18 A person must be 18 years old to purchase or to smoke cigarettes including any tobacco products as is indicated in Public Health ( Restrictions on Tobacco Products ) Regulations 1999 , Sec. 2 ( e ) ( i ) ) . Morocco 16 Mozambique None 18 Namibia None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . No minimum age prior to 14 April 2010 . Niger None 18 ( to enter smoking room or facility ) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . Minors may not enter any smoking room or facility where smoking is permitted by law . No minimum age prior to 17 July 2008 . Nigeria None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco products to a minor . Republic of the Congo 14 Rwanda None 18 It is prohibited to involve a person under 18 in , buying , selling and exchanging of tobacco and tobacco products . It is also prohibited for the seller to sell tobacco and tobacco products to a person under 18 . São Tomé and Príncipe None 16 Senegal None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . ( Chapitre III. - Il est interdit de vendre ou d'offrir aux mineurs ou de faire vendre ou de faire offrir par les mineurs du tabac ou tout produit du tabac . ) Seychelles 18 Somalia 15 South Africa 18 It is illegal to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 . South Sudan 15 Swaziland None 18 It is illegal to sell and give tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Sudan None 18 ( to enter smoking room or facility ) 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor . Anyone under the age of 18 may also not handle , store , work or produce with tobacco or within such a facility . Tanzania 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco products to a minor , and to smoke such tobacco products if the individual is younger than 18 years . Togo None 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor . Tunisia None 18 Uganda None 21 It is now illegal for a person below the age of 21 to access cigarettes . Zambia None 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under age 16 . No minimum age for consumption and possession in public . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1993 . Zimbabwe None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 . Minors may not sell tobacco . Americas ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Canada , Greenland , Mexico , and the United States as of January 2018 : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Antigua and Barbuda None Antigua and Barbuda does n't have any restrictions towards selling tobacco to minors or smoking in general . Argentina None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . Bahamas None 18 Belize None Bermuda None 18 No person shall sell or supply any cigarettes , tobacco or tobacco products to a minor . A person selling or supplying any cigarettes , tobacco or tobacco products to a person who appears to be under 25 years of age shall , before selling or supplying them , ensure , by requiring photo identification , that the latter person is not a minor . Bolivia None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Brazil 18 18 It is illegal to `` sell Products whose ingredients can cause physical or psychic dependence , even if only through improper use '' ( ... ) . This also includes tobacco products of any kind . British Virgin Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell or offer to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to purchase , possess or consume tobacco . Canada Regulations by province and territory : Province / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Federal Government None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18 . The minimum age was 16 years of prior to 1994 . Alberta 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18 . Further , minors are not permitted to smoke at any public place . British Columbia None 19 Manitoba None 18 It is illegal to sell , give , buy for , lend or otherwise provide tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Parents can provide tobacco products to their children on private property . Further it is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies . New Brunswick None 19 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . It is also illegal to attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale to , a person under the age of 19 years . Newfoundland and Labrador None 19 It is illegal to sell , give or furnish , directly or indirectly , tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years . Northwest Territories None 18 No person shall sell or supply , or offer to sell or supply , tobacco or a tobacco accessory to a person under the age of 18 . No one under the age of 18 years shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco or a tobacco accessory . Nova Scotia 19 19 No vendor or employee of a vendor shall sell or give tobacco or a tobacco product to a person under the age of nineteen years . No person shall purchase tobacco or a tobacco product on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale or give tobacco or a tobacco product , to a person under the age of nineteen years . No person under the age of nineteen years may possess tobacco . Nunavut None 19 No person shall sell or supply , or offer to sell or supply , tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old . Ontario None 19 No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old . No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who appears to be less than 25 years old unless he or she has required the person to provide identification and is satisfied that the person is at least 19 years old . Prince Edward Island None 19 No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years . No person shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of , or for the purpose of resale to , a person under the age of 19 years . It is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies . Quebec None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not give tobacco to a minor . The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not sell tobacco to an adult , if the operator knows the person is purchasing the tobacco for a minor . Saskatchewan None 18 It is illegal to sell , lend , assign , give or send tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Yukon 18 ( federal law ) The territory Yukon has no legislations which restrict the sale of tobacco products to minors . Federal laws apply . Chile None 18 It is illegal to sell any form of tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Colombia None 18 It is forbidden for any individual or legal entity to directly or indirectly sell tobacco products and its derivatives in any of its presentations to minors under the age of 18 years . In case of question , one must ask each tobacco purchaser to show that he has reached majority age . Costa Rica None 18 Tobacco products may not be sold to minors . Wholesale or retail vendors of products shall have the obligation , at their own expense , to display posters that are visible , clear and prominently placed on the inside of places of sale , stating that the sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Cuba None 18 Minors can not legally buy tobacco , but stores may sell it to those who look 13 or older . Cayman Islands None 18 Tobacco Law , 2007 PART V -- Section 10 : No person shall sell tobacco to a minor . Dominican Republic None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Ecuador None 18 It is illegal to sell or let sell tobacco to or by a minor . El Salvador None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor . Falkland Islands None Guatemala 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Public consumption of tobacco by minors is prohibited . ( El decreto 90 - 97 , Código de Salud , indica en su artículo 50 ) Guyana None 18 No tobacco may be sold or furnished to a minor . Haiti None 18 Honduras None 21 The sale and / or gifting of tobaccoderived products to persons under 21 years of age is prohibited . Jamaica None 18 Mexico None 18 Nicaragua None 18 Panama None 18 The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited . Paraguay None 18 It is unlawful to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Peru 18 The sale of tobacco products to / by minors under the age of 18 is prohibited . Trinidad and Tobago None 18 Tobacco shall not be sold to or by a child under the age of 18 years . United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) The federal law requires states to have a minimum age of 18 years for sale / purchase of tobacco products ( 21 U.S.C. § 387f. ( 3 ) ( a ) ( ii ) ) . State laws may extend this ban and also prohibit supply , possession and consumption to / by person underage , or increase the age beyond 18 . However , most states do not directly ban the consumption of tobacco by a minor . The federal law requiring states to have a minimum purchasing age at 18 is enforced by withholding FEMA disaster and non-disaster grants from states that have purchasing ages under 18 , and currently no state falls under that category . Regulations by state : State / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Alabama 19 ( including Alabama National Guard Bases ) 18 ( on military bases under federal law ) It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . Minors are prohibited from using and possessing tobacco products . The minimum age was introduced in 1896 . Alaska None 19 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years . Possession by minors is prohibited . The minimum age requirement does not apply to a person who is a prisoner at an adult correctional facility . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1978 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 19 in 1988 . American Samoa 18 Arizona None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products or smoking equipment to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for a minor to be in possession of tobacco or smoking equipment , or to receive them . None 21 Cottonwood and Douglas have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Arkansas 18 It is illegal to give or sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco products and to smoke in public . 18 21 Helena -- West Helena has raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . California 18 21 As of 9 June 2016 , it is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age , with an exception for people in active military service who are 18 years old . Before 9 June , the age to purchase tobacco was 18 years of age . Colorado 18 It is illegal to sell , give or distribute tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors under the age of 18 years are prohibited from being in possession of any tobacco product . 18 21 Aspen has raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . Connecticut None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under 18 . It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public . A minimum age of 16 was introduced in 1902 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987 . Delaware None 18 Selling , giving or otherwhise distributing tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years is illegal . Minors under the age of 18 years are not allowed to attempt to purchase tobacco or to be in the possession of tobacco products . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1953 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1992 . Florida None 18 The Florida Statutes make it a criminal offence so sell or supply tobacco to an individual under the age of 18 years . Minors may also not be in possession of tobacco products . Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public . Minors are allowed to possess tobacco products and to consume those , in private home if permission is given by parents or legal guardian . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1987 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1993 . Guam 21 The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 , as of 1 January 2018 . Hawaii 21 It is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age . It is also illegal for a person under 21 years of age to attempt to purchase tobacco . The minimum age of 15 years was introduced on 11 November 1890 . The minimum age was raised from 15 to 18 on 1 January 1988 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 on 1 January 2016 . Idaho 18 Illinois 18 18 21 Fourteen cities in Illinois , including Chicago and Naperville , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Indiana None 18 Giving , selling , providing and distributing tobacco to minors is illegal . Minors may not possess , accept or purchase tobacco . Minors are not allowed to enter a tobacco business , defined in state law as a business whose primary activity is the sale of tobacco products and accessories . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1980 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987 . Iowa 18 It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco , to smoke in public or to purchase tobacco products . It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Kansas None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Minors may not possess or purchase or attempt to possess or purchase tobacco . None 21 Nineteen cities in Kansas , including Overland Park and Olathe , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Kentucky None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase or possess tobacco products . Prior to 1990 Kentucky had no minimum age to purchase tobacco . From 1990 until 1992 the minimum age was 16 years . In 1992 the age was raised from 16 to 18 years of age . Louisiana None 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco , except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian 21 years of age or older . Prior to 1991 there was no minimum age limit in Louisiana . Maine 18 21 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco , except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian 21 years of age or older . Implementation for 21 and older July 2018 . Maryland None 18 Minimum age raised from 16 to 18 in 1989 . Massachusetts None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors . Anyone else than the parents or guardian are prohibited from giving any form of tobacco to a minor . None 21 Over 100 cities in Massachusetts , including Boston , have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 years . Michigan 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Minors are permitted to smoke on private premises . 18 21 Ann Arbor and Genesee County have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Minnesota 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Indian may furnish tobacco to an Indian under the age of 18 years if the tobacco is furnished as part of a traditional Indian spiritual or cultural ceremony . 18 21 Four cities in Minnesota have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 . Mississippi 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . 18 21 Adams County has raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Missouri None 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . It is not illegal to give tobacco to minors on private premises nor is it illegal for minors to smoke in public . Prior to 1992 Missouri did not have a minimum age limit . None 21 Twelve cities in Missouri , including Kansas City , St. Louis and Jefferson City , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Montana None 18 Sale or distribution of tobacco products to persons under 18 years of age is prohibited , whether over the counter , by vending machine , or otherwise . Prior to 1993 there was no minimum age limit . Nebraska 18 It is illegal to sell , give or furnish , in any way tobacco to a minor . Minors may not smoke in public . Nevada None 18 New Hampshire 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . New Jersey None 21 No person shall sell , give or furnish to a person under 21 years of age , any cigarettes made of tobacco . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1904 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 19 in 2005 . The minimum age was raised from 19 to 21 on 1 November 2017 . New Mexico None 18 Prior to 1991 New Mexico had no minimum age . New York None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . None 21 Fourteen cities in New York , including New York City , have raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21 . North Carolina None 18 It is illegal for anyone under age 18 to buy , attempt to buy , to receive , or to use a false or misleading proof of age for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product or cigarette wrapping papers . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1891 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991 . North Dakota 18 Northern Mariana Islands 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . Ohio 18 None 21 Nine cities in Ohio , including Cleveland and Columbus , have raised their tobacco sales age to 21 . Oklahoma None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . The minimum age of 18 years was introduced in 1915 . Oregon None 21 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years since 1 January 2018 . Pennsylvania None 18 It is illegal to sell , furnish , give or otherwise provide tobacco to a minor . Minors may not purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco products . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1972 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990 . Puerto Rico None 18 Rhode Island 18 No person under eighteen years of age shall purchase , nor shall any person sell , give , or deliver to any person under eighteen years of age , any tobacco products . No person under eighteen years of age shall use or possess , tobacco in any public street , place , or resort , any tobacco and / or electronic nicotine delivery system in any form . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1896 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988 . 18 21 Barrington and Central Falls have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 years . South Carolina None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , or attempt to possess a tobacco product , or present or offer proof of age that is false or fraudulent for the purpose of purchasing or possessing a tobacco product . South Dakota None 18 Prior to 1989 South Dakota did n't regulate the sale of cigarettes to minors . Only smokeless tobacco products could not be sold to minors . Tennessee None 18 It is unlawful for a person who has not attained 18 years of age to possess a tobacco product , to purchase or accept receipt of a tobacco product , or to present or offer to any person any purported proof of age which is false , fraudulent , or not actually that person 's own for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product . Texas 18 It is illegal to sell , give , supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors . Minors may not purchase , attempt to purchase , possess , attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Exception : The individual younger than 18 years of age possessed the cigarette or tobacco product in the presence of an adult parent , a guardian , or a spouse of the individual or an employer of the individual , if possession or receipt of the tobacco product is required in the performance of the employee 's duties as an employee . The minimum age to purchase , possess and consume tobacco was 16 years of age from 1899 to 1989 . 18 21 San Antonio has raised its sales age for tobacco products to 21 . United States Virgin Islands None 18 Utah 19 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products or smoking devices to anyone under the age of 19 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 19 years to possess , consume , purchase any tobacco product . Vermont None 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products . The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1888 . The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991 . Virginia 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products . Prior to 1991 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age . Washington None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Washington , D.C. None 21 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Tobacco use is prohibited at organized sporting events . The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1891 . The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990 . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 in 2016 . West Virginia 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess , consume or purchase tobacco products . Wisconsin None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public . Wyoming 18 It is illegal to sell , supply , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess , consume or purchase tobacco products . Prior to 1991 Wyoming had no minimum purchase / sale age for tobacco products . Uruguay None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . A clearly legible notice with the sale ban to under anyone under the age of 18 years has to be placed inside and outside the premises . Venezuela None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor . Asia ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Afghanistan 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to smoke or the use of tobacco in public buildings such as hospitals , schools and restaurants . Bhutan Illegal In 2004 , Bhutan became the first country to ban the sale , cultivation , and production of tobacco . People 18 and over may bring a limited amount of tobacco into Bhutan if they pay import duties . Brunei 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors to possess , buy or consume tobacco products . Bangladesh 16 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 16 years . Any police - officer in uniform or any other person or class of persons duty authorized by the Government has the power to seize and destroy tobacco products of anyone under the age of 16 years whom he finds smoking in public . Cambodia None 18 Any act of selling or distributing all types of tobacco products to persons aged under 18 years or to pregnant women whose pregnancy is obvious or is realized must be punished with six days to one month in prison and a fine of 100,000 riel to 1 million riel . China None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . No one shall smoke on school or education premises . Weakly enforced to not enforced . No age limit prior to 29 December 2006 . Hong Kong 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . India None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to sell tobacco within a radius of one hundred yards of any educational institution . Indonesia None 18 It is illegal to sell an supply tobacco products to pregnant women anyone under the age of 18 years . Iran None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation will result in confiscation of tobacco from the minor and a fine for the salesperson . Iraq 14 Israel None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . No minimum age prior to 12 November 2004 . Jordan None 18 ( consumption of water pipes on premises ) 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor . It is also illegal to provide water pipes in cafes , restaurants and similar places . Japan 20 It is illegal to supply tobacco to persons under 20 years . It is punishable by a ¥ 10,000 fine . Kazakhstan None 18 Kuwait None 21 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years . Kyrgyzstan None 18 No minor shall sell or be sold tobacco products . Lebanon 18 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor . Macau None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for a minor to smoke or to obtain tobacco from a person of the legal age . Malaysia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . Maldives None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . The retailer must ensure that the buyer is at least 18 years of age . Furthermore , a clearly legible notice has to be displayed at point of sale stating that tobacco sales to minors are illegal . Mongolia 21 Nepal None 18 It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco products to minors and pregnant women . North Korea None 17 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor . ( The tobacco law does not define the word `` minor '' , but age of majority is reached at the age of 17 years ) . Oman 18 Pakistan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . A clearly legible notice with the sale restriction has to be placed at point of sale . Palestine 14 Philippines 18 Only people over 18 may buy cigarettes and tobacco due to the `` STOP for Health Act '' . ( Stop Tobacco and Other Products for Health ) Qatar None 18 It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco to a person unter the age of 18 years . Saudi Arabia 18 Singapore 18 Smoking age in Singapore is currently 18 , increasing to 19 by 2019 and 21 by 2021 . It is illegal to sell or give , directly or indirectly any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . No minor is allowed to consume or possess any tobacco product in public . South Korea 19 20 Sri Lanka None 21 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 21 years . Syria None 18 It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Taiwan 18 It is illegal to sell or provide tobacco to persons under the age of 18 years . It is illegal to force , induce or use other means to cause a pregnant woman to smoke . It is illegal for a pregnant women or a minor to smoke . No penalty is provided for pregnant women who smoke . Tajikistan 14 Thailand None 18 Turkmenistan Illegal In January 2016 , President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedow reportedly banned tobacco sales in Turkmenistan . United Arab Emirates 18 Vietnam 18 It is illegal for people less than 18 years of age use , buy , and sell tobacco products . It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco product to people less than 18 years of age . Yemen 14 Europe ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Europe as of 2015 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 Depending on jurisdiction Note : Regulation by canton in Switzerland is below . Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Switzerland by canton as of 2015 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Albania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years . Armenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors may not sell tobacco products . No minimum age prior to 24 December 2004 . Austria 16 The minimum age is regulated by each federal state , but is nationwide 16 years . It is illegal in every state to sell or give tobacco products to a person under the age of 16 years as well as the consumption by a person under the age of 16 years in any public place . Azerbaijan None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . The packaging of tobacco products must contain a warning that sale to minors is prohibited . No minimum age prior to 1 January 2002 . Belarus None 18 ( Decree No. 28 of 2002 `` It is banned to sell tobacco products to citizens ( by citizens ) of the Republic of Belarus , foreign citizens and individuals with no citizenship under 18 years old . '' ) Belgium None 16 ( `` It is forbidden to sell tobacco products to young people under the age of 16 and advertising for tobacco products is forbidden . '' ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 It is illegal to sell and gift tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is illegal for minors under the age of 18 years to gift , sell and consume tobacco products . The minimum age was 15 years prior to 28 September 2004 . No minimum age prior to 9 March 1998 . Bulgaria None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Croatia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors . It is the responsibility of any salesperson to ensure that no tobacco is sold to minors and therefore to request an ID to make sure that the purchaser is at least 18 years of age . Minors may not sell tobacco products . Cyprus None 18 It is illegal to sell or otherwise provide tobacco products to a minor . `` ( ... ) any person who provides a tobacco product to a minor is guilty of offense and in any case of his / her conviction , he / she shall be subject to a penalty not exceeding one thousand pounds or to incarceration not exceeding six months and / or to both penalties . '' Czech Republic None 18 Selling tobacco products to anyone under 18 is prohibited . Sale of tobacco products and tobacco through vending machines is permitted if the tobacco purchase age is not violated . The seller shall place a clearly visible notice displaying the sale restrictions of tobacco to person under the age of 18 . A person selling tobacco must be 18 years or older , unless the minor is preparing for a future career in the hotel or tourism industry , as a cook - waiter or salesman . However , it is very easy to get tobacco products for minors as many sellers do n't check the age . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 2 September 1999 . Denmark None 18 The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 September 2008 . Estonia 18 The minimum age to purchase tobacco products or to smoke in public is set at 18 . Minors may not be in possession of , or handle tobacco products . Finland 18 Prior to October 2010 it was not illegal for minors to smoke in public . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 March 1995 . France None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors under the age of 18 years may not smoke in any school or on school property . Vending machines outside a tobacco shop is prohibited . Prior to 21 July 2009 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age . Georgia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 . Germany 18 The Protection of Young Persons Act states that children and young people under 18 years of age shall not be sold tobacco products nor should they be permitted to smoke in public . This does not apply to married adolescents . Minimum age was 18 from 10 June 1943 until 1 January 1952 . Minimum age was 16 from 1 January 1952 to 1 September 2007 . Gibraltar 18 It is illegal to sell and furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Any police officer may confiscate tobacco from a minor in public . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 7 July 2006 . Greece None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors . Hungary 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 . It is illegal to smoke under the age of 18 . The sale of tobacco is prohibited within 200 m of schools and health care units . Iceland None 18 It is illegal to sell or deliver tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Minors may not handle or sell tobacco products . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1985 . The minimum age was 16 years from 1 January 1985 to 1 October 1996 . Ireland 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal . It is illegal to buy or smoke cigarettes if you are under the age of 18 . The minimum age was 16 years prior to 27 March 2002 . Italy None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation is punished with a fine between € 250.00 and € 1000.00 . If the law is violated more than once the fine is increased to € 500.00 and € 2,000.00 and a revocation of the tobacco license for at least 3 months . Minimum age for electronic cigarettes was 16 prior to 1 May 2013 . Kosovo None Latvia 18 The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 is prohibited . Liechtenstein 16 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 16 to possess or consume tobacco products . Lithuania 18 No minimum age to smoke prior to 1 May 2015 . Luxembourg None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1 January 2006 . Minimum purchase age increased from 16 to 18 on 1 August 2017 . Macedonia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Malta None 18 `` No person shall sell , supply or distribute by way of compensation or otherwise , any cigarettes , cigars , tobacco , tobacco products or smoking requisites to any person who is under the age of 18 years , or in any manner induce such person to smoke . '' Moldova None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years . Montenegro None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . A poster with the sale restrictions must be placed at point of sale . Netherlands None 18 The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal . Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport . As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke - free environment . All forms of tobacco advertising , promotion or sponsorship are prohibited . Smoking remains prevalent in the Netherlands despite these efforts . Tobacco can be bought at every supermarket and at other stores . Norway None 18 No age limit for use of tobacco but no sales of cigarettes or Swedish snus to people under 18 by law . Vending machines are only allowed when they are cited inside an approved store , with a demand of buying a receipt from the cashier first . and imitation tobacco products are not allowed . Cigarette commercials are also strictly forbidden by law . As of June 2004 , smoking is prohibited in all public places , including restaurants , pubs and work places . Poland None 18 Minors are not allowed to buy tobacco products . Portugal 18 It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor as well as the consumption of a tobacco product in any public place by a minor . There is a proposition to ban vending machines in places accessible to people younger than 18 . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 2008 . Romania None 18 There is a ban on sale of tobacco to those younger than 18 . Vending machines selling tobacco are banned . There is no minimum legal age of smoking . Russia None 18 Retail sales of tobacco products to any person under the age of 18 years are an offence . Serbia None 18 The sale to persons under 18 is prohibited . Contrary to that , a lot of salesmen sell cigarettes to minors in Serbia . Acquiring tobacco products is very easy for minors despite the law . Slovakia None 18 Tobacco sales to under 18 year olds are prohibited . Slovenia None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . ID - Card or passport has to be shown if requested . Spain None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product or other smoking substances ( e.g. electronic cigarettes ) to a person under the age of 18 years . Minimum age was 16 in most regions prior to 1 January 2006 . Sweden None 18 It is illegal to sell or commercially distribute tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1 January 1997 . Switzerland Regulations by canton : States / territories Smoking age Purchase age Notes Aargau None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply ( except for Parents ) any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age . Appenzell Ausserrhoden None 16 It is an offence to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age . Appenzell Innerrhoden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Basel - Landschaft None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Basel - Stadt None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Bern None 18 ( to enter smoking facility or premises ) 18 Selling or giving any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Fribourg None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Geneva None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Glarus None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Graubünden None 16 Jura None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor . Luzern None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Neuchâtel None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Nidwalden None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Obwalden None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Schaffhausen None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Schwyz None No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors . Solothurn None 16 Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . St. Gallen None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Thurgau None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Ticino None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Uri None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Valais None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . Currently the cantonal government is planning to raise the minimum age to 18 years . Vaud None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Zug None 18 Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful . Zürich None 16 Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful . If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID . Turkey None 18 Ukraine 14 18 United Kingdom 18 ( purchase de jure ) 16 ( public possession & purchase de facto ) England and Wales : It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 . The minimum age to smoke in public is 16 and authorities have the duty to seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 16 . Minimum age to purchase was 16 from 1908 to 1 October 2007 . No minimum age prior to 1908 . 18 Scotland : A person who sells a tobacco product or cigarette papers to a person under the age of 18 commits an offence . Any person under the age of 18 who buys or attempts to buy a tobacco product or cigarette papers commits an offence as well as an adult who knowlingly buys a tobacco product or cigarette papers on behalf of a person under the age of 18 . Any constable who has reasonable grounds for suspecting that a person in a public place is under the age of 18 , and in possession of a tobacco product or cigarette papers may require the person to surrender the tobacco product . Minimum age was 16 prior to 30 September 2007 . 18 Northern Ireland : A person who sells to a person under the age of 18 any tobacco or cigarette papers , whether for his own use or not , shall be guilty of an offence . A member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland may seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 18 whom he finds smoking in any street or public place . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 September 2008 . ^ Disputed . Oceania ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Country De jure Notes Smoking age Purchase age Australia Regulations by state / territory : Province / territory Smoking age Purchase age Notes Australian Capital Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a person under the age of 18 years . Further it is illegal to buy a tobacco product for a minor . New South Wales None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco or non-tobacco smoking product to a person who is under the age of 18 years . Northern Territory None 18 It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a minor or on behalf of a minors . It is illegal to smoke in a vehicle with a person under the age of 18 years present . Queensland None 18 It is illegal for an adult to supply a tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years ; however , a responsible adult for a child does not commit an offence by supplying a smoking product to the child . South Australia None 18 It is an offence to supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years . Tasmania None 18 It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 1997 . Victoria None 18 It is illegal to supply tobacco to a minor . Smoking in a vehicle with a person under 18 present is an offence . Western Australia None 18 It is illegal to sell , deliver or supply tobacco or smoking implement to a minor . Purchase on behalf of people under 18 prohibited . Fiji None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . Micronesia , Federated States of 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor . New Zealand None 18 It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor under 18 years . No minimum age prior to 1903 . Minimum age of 15 years from 1903 to 1988 . Minimum age of 16 years from 1988 to 1998 . ' Palau None 18 21 ( Only rolling papers and elaus ) It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years . If the purchaser appears to be under the age of 30 years , ID must be checked before sale . It is illegal to employ anyone under the age of 21 handling tobacco products . It is illegal to sell rolling papers and elaus to anyone under the age of 21 years . Papua New Guinea None 18 It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years . Samoa 21 It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years . It is not illegal for a person under the age of 21 years to possess or smoke tobacco in public . Solomon Islands None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tonga None 18 It is illegal to sell , give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor . Tokelau 16 It is illegal for a person under 16 to smoke tobacco . Vanuatu 18 It is illegal to sell tobacco to a persons under 18 . It is illegal for persons under 18 to smoke tobacco . Historical regulations ( edit ) Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the European Union as of 1995 : Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the USA as of 1989 : Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 17 Minimum age is 16 No minimum age See also ( edit ) Age of candidacy Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Alcoholism Amethyst Initiative Choose Responsibility Legal drinking age Legal drinking age controversy Mature minor doctrine National Minimum Drinking Age Act National Youth Rights Association Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) The Century Council Youth Youth rights Youth suffrage References ( edit ) ^ `` Le projet de la loi relative à la santé interdit la vente du tabac et des boissons alcoolisées aux mineurs '' . aps.dz ( in French ) . Algérie Presse Service . 16 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . ^ `` Lei n ° 1 / 07 de 14 de Maio 2007 `` . wipo.int . 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3254991275166605693	Hugo Weaving	Hugo Weaving - Wikipedia Hugo Weaving Jump to : navigation , search Hugo Weaving Weaving at the premiere of The Turning at the 2014 Berlin Film Festival . Hugo Wallace Weaving ( 1960 - 04 - 04 ) 4 April 1960 ( age 58 ) Ibadan , Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria Residence Sydney , New South Wales , Australia Nationality British - Australian Citizenship Australian British Alma mater National Institute of Dramatic Art Occupation Actor voice actor Years active 1981 -- present Partner ( s ) Katrina Greenwood ( 1984 -- present ) Children Relatives Samara Weaving ( niece ) Hugo Wallace Weaving ( born 4 April 1960 ) is an English - Australian film and stage actor . He is best known for playing Agent Smith in The Matrix trilogy ( 1999 -- 2003 ) , Elrond in The Lord of the Rings ( 2001 -- 2003 ) and The Hobbit ( 2012 -- 2014 ) film trilogies , V in V for Vendetta ( 2006 ) , Red Skull in Captain America : The First Avenger and the father in Hacksaw Ridge . Weaving 's first television role was in the 1984 Australian television series Bodyline , where he portrayed English cricket captain Douglas Jardine . In film , he first rose to prominence for his performance as Martin in the Australian drama Proof ( 1991 ) . Weaving played Anthony `` Tick '' Belrose / Mitzi Del Bra in the comedy - drama The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert ( 1994 ) ; and multiple roles in the science fiction film Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) . His roles as a voice actor include Rex in Babe , Noah in Happy Feet and Happy Feet Two , and Megatron in the Transformers film series . Weaving 's awards for acting include a Satellite Award , MTV Movie Award and six Australian Film Institute Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1984 -- 1998 2.2 1999 -- 2010 2.3 2011 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Awards 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Weaving was born at the University of Ibadan Teaching Hospital , in Ibadan , in the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria , to English parents Anne ( née Lennard ) ( born 1932 ) , a tour guide and former teacher , and Wallace Weaving ( born 1929 ) , a seismologist . His maternal grandmother was Belgian . A year after his birth , his family returned to England , living in Bedford and Brighton before moving to Melbourne and Sydney in Australia ; Johannesburg in South Africa ; and then returning to England again . While in England , he attended The Downs School , Wraxall , near Bristol , and Queen Elizabeth 's Hospital . While at the Downs School , in 1973 Weaving played one of his first theatrical roles , taking the part of ' Captain Asquith ' in Robert Bolt 's `` The Thwarting of Baron Bolligrew '' . His family moved back to Australia in 1976 , where he attended Knox Grammar School in Sydney . He graduated from Sydney 's National Institute of Dramatic Art in 1981 . Career ( edit ) 1984 -- 1998 ( edit ) Weaving 's first television role was in the 1984 Australian television series Bodyline , as the English cricket captain Douglas Jardine . Weaving appeared in the Australian miniseries The Dirtwater Dynasty in 1988 and as Geoffrey Chambers in the drama Barlow and Chambers : A Long Way From Home . He starred opposite Nicole Kidman in the 1989 film Bangkok Hilton . In 1991 , Weaving received the Australian Film Institute 's `` Best Actor '' award for his performance in the low - budget Proof . He appeared as Sir John in the 1993 Yahoo Serious comedy Reckless Kelly , a lampoon of Australian outlaw Ned Kelly . In the mid-90s , Weaving portrayed drag queen Anthony `` Tick '' Belrose / Mitzi Del Bra in the 1994 film Priscilla , Queen of the Desert , and provided the voice of Rex the sheepdog in the 1995 family film Babe . In 1998 , he received the `` Best Actor '' award from the Montreal Film Festival for his performance as a suspected serial killer in The Interview . 1999 -- 2010 ( edit ) Weaving played the enigmatic and evil - minded Agent Smith in the 1999 film The Matrix . He later reprised that role in the film 's 2003 sequels , The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions . He was a voice actor in the cartoon film The Magic Pudding . Weaving at The Matrix Revolutions premiere , November 2003 He garnered additional acclaim in the role of half - elven lord Elrond in Peter Jackson 's three - film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings , released between 2001 and 2003 . Weaving was the main actor in Andrew Kotatko 's award - winning film Everything Goes ( 2004 ) . He starred as a heroin - addicted ex-rugby league player in the 2005 Australian indie film Little Fish , opposite Cate Blanchett . Weaving played the title role as V in the 2006 film V for Vendetta , in which he was reunited with the Wachowskis , creators of The Matrix trilogy , who wrote the adapted screenplay . Actor James Purefoy was originally signed to play the role , but was fired six weeks into filming over creative differences . Weaving reshot most of James Purefoy 's scenes as V ( even though his face is never seen ) apart from a couple of minor dialogue - free scenes early in the film . Stuntman David Leitch performed all of V 's stunts . Weaving reprised his role as Elrond for the video game The Lord of the Rings : The Battle for Middle - Earth II . He regularly appears in productions by the Sydney Theatre Company ( STC ) . In 2006 , he worked with Cate Blanchett on a reprise of the STC production of Hedda Gabler in New York City . In a controversial move by director Michael Bay , Weaving was chosen as the Decepticon leader Megatron vocally in the 2007 live - action film Transformers , rather than using the original version of the character 's voice created by the voice actor , Frank Welker . Weaving at The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King premiere , December 2003 Weaving himself was unaware of the controversy and had accepted the role based on Michael Bay 's personal request ; in a November 2008 Sun Herald interview , he said he 'd never seen Transformers . Though Weaving reprised his role in two sequels , he does not have much personal investment in the Transformers films . In February 2010 , Weaving revealed to The Age : `` Director Michael Bay talks to me on the phone . I 've never met him . We were doing the voice for the second one and I still had n't seen the first one . I still did n't really know who the characters were and I did n't know what anything was . It 's a voice job , for sure , and people assume I 've spent my life working on it , but I really know so little about it . '' In 2012 , Weaving said to Collider : `` It was one of the only things I 've ever done where I had no knowledge of it , I did n't care about it , I did n't think about it . They wanted me to do it . In one way , I regret that bit . I do n't regret doing it , but I very rarely do something if it 's meaningless . It was meaningless to me , honestly . I do n't mean that in any nasty way . '' Weaving played a supporting role in Joe Johnston 's 2010 remake of the 1941 film The Wolfman , starring Benicio del Toro . Immediately after Wolfman wrapped in spring 2008 , he returned home to Australia to film a lead role in the film Last Ride , directed by Glendyn Ivin . In early 2009 , Guillermo Del Toro , then director of The Hobbit films , prequels to The Lord of the Rings , confirmed his intent to again cast Weaving as Elrond of Rivendell in a BBC interview . When asked about reprising the role , Weaving replied that he was game , but had not officially been approached . Del Toro eventually left the project ; Peter Jackson decided to direct the films himself but Weaving was not officially confirmed in the cast until May 2011 . Weaving spent the summer of 2009 starring in the Melbourne Theatre Company 's production of God of Carnage , portraying the caustic lawyer Alain Reille . He returned to the stage in November 2010 in Sydney Theatre Company 's Uncle Vanya , co-starring Cate Blanchett and Richard Roxburgh . Weaving filmed a guest role on Roxburgh 's Australian TV series Rake in May 2010 . In May 2009 , Weaving accepted a co-starring role in the docudrama Oranges and Sunshine , about the forced migration of thousands of British children to Australia in the 1950s . Filming began in autumn 2009 in Nottingham , England and Adelaide , South Australia and continued through January 2010 . The film premiered at the Rome International Film Festival on 28 October 2010 and garnered positive reviews . 2010 also saw the release of Legend of the Guardians ( formerly The Guardians of Ga'Hoole ) , in which Weaving has another high - profile voice role , portraying two different owls named Noctus and Grimble in Zack Snyder 's film adaptation of Kathryn Lasky 's popular series of children 's books . On 4 May 2010 , it was officially confirmed by Marvel Studios that Weaving would play the fictional Nazi the Red Skull in the superhero film Captain America : The First Avenger . Weaving completed filming his role on the project in September 2010 and returned to Sydney to prepare for Uncle Vanya . It is unlikely he will sign on for any further installments in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ; in an August 2011 Baltimore Sun interview , the actor confided he 's weary of typecasting and of `` blockbuster '' films in general : `` I think I 've about had enough ... I 'm not sure how many more of them I 'll make . It does n't feel to me as though they 've been the majority of my work , though that 's probably the way it seems to most other people . '' . 2011 -- present ( edit ) Weaving at Sydney Film Festival , 2013 On 13 March 2011 , The Key Man , which Weaving filmed in 2006 , finally debuted at the South By Southwest Festival in Austin , Texas . The child migrant saga Oranges and Sunshine opened in the UK on 1 April , the culmination of months of success on the festival circuit in late 2010 - early 2011 . In March , the Sydney Theatre Company and John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts announced that STC 's 2010 production of Chekhov 's Uncle Vanya would be reprised in Washington , D.C. during the month of August In April , months of speculation finally ended when Weaving appeared on The Hobbit 's New Zealand set , shortly before a production spokesman officially confirmed the actor 's return as Elrond in Peter Jackson 's prequel trilogy to The Lord of the Rings . He was part of the cast of the Wachowskis ' adaptation of David Mitchell 's novel Cloud Atlas . The project , co-starring Tom Hanks , Ben Whishaw , Halle Berry , Jim Broadbent , and Susan Sarandon , began filming in September 2011 and was released in October 2012 . 2012 also found Weaving re-focusing on his theatrical career , with a return to the Sydney Theatre Company to star in a new adaptation of Christopher Hampton 's play Les Liaisons Dangereuses in March . He portrayed the notorious Vicomte de Valmont , a character he first played onstage in 1987 . His frequent stage foil Pamela Rabe costarred . Weaving and Cate Blanchett reprised their roles in STC 's internationally lauded production of Uncle Vanya for a ten - day run at New York 's Lincoln Center in July . The busy actor also joined the cast of three forthcoming Australian films in summer 2012 . The Western - tinged police thriller Mystery Road , written and directed by Ivan Sen , began filming in June 2012 . Weaving is also scheduled to star in the prison drama Healing for director Craig Monahan , with whom he previously made The Interview ( 1998 ) and Peaches ( 2005 ) . He appeared in a segment of the Australian anthology film The Turning , based on Tim Winton 's collection of linked stories , entitled `` The Commission '' , directed by David Wenham . He ended 2013 co-starring with Richard Roxburgh and Philip Quast in Samuel Beckett 's Waiting For Godot , for the Sydney Theatre Company . In the spring of 2013 , Weaving reprised the Agent Smith role for a General Electric television commercial for their `` Brilliant Machines '' innovations in healthcare management technology , which was slated to air during a break from 13 April 's edition of Saturday Night Live , and subsequently continued to receive multiple airings on major cable networks . From 26 July to 27 September 2014 , Weaving played the titular role of Sydney Theatre Company 's production of Macbeth . In an unusual treatment of the Shakespearian tragedy by young Sydney director Kip Williams , Weaving 's performance was described by Peter Gotting of The Guardian as `` the role of his career '' . In October 2015 , Weaving joined the cast of the film adaption of Craig Silvey 's Australian novel , Jasper Jones . Personal life ( edit ) When he was 13 years old , Weaving was diagnosed with epilepsy . He has been with his longtime girlfriend Katrina Greenwood since 1984 ; the two live in Sydney and have two children together , Harry ( b . 1989 ) and Holly ( b . 1993 ) . Harry is an actor who uses the stage name Harry Greenwood . Hugo also has a brother , Simon , and a sister , Anna Jane . His niece , Samara Weaving , portrayed Indigo Walker on the long - running Australian soap , Home and Away , and her younger sister Morgan joined the cast as Lottie Ryan . In 2004 , Weaving became an ambassador for Australian animal rights organisation Voiceless , the animal protection institute . He attends events , promotes Voiceless in interviews , and assists in their judging of annual grants recipients . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1981 Maybe This Time ! ... Maybe This Time Student 2 The City 's Edge Andy White 1986 For Love Alone Jonathan Crow Right Hand Man , The The Right Hand Man Ned Devine Almost ! ... Almost Jake 1991 Proof Martin AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Road to Alice Louis 1993 Frauds Jonathan Wheats Reckless Kelly Sir John Custodian , The The Custodian Det . Church Exile Innes Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert , The The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert Anthony `` Tick '' Belrose / Mitzi Del Bra Nominated -- AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role What 's Going On , Frank ? Strange Packer in Supermarket 1995 Babe Rex the Male Sheepdog Voice role 1997 True Love and Chaos Morris 1998 Babe : Pig in the City Rex the Male Sheepdog Voice role Bedrooms and Hallways Jeremy Interview , The The Interview Eddie Rodney Fleming AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Montreal World Film Festival Award for Best Actor Nominated -- FCCA Award for Best Supporting Actor Kiss , The The Kiss Barry 1999 Strange Planet Steven Little Echo Lost Echo Man Matrix , The The Matrix Agent Smith Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Villain Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor 2000 The Magic Pudding Bill Barnacle 2001 Russian Doll Harvey The Old Man Who Read Love Stories Rubicondo ( Dentist ) Nominated -- AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated -- FCCA Award for Best Supporting Actor Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , The The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Elrond Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2002 Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , The The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2003 Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , The The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast National Board of Review Award for Best Cast Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Matrix Reloaded , The The Matrix Reloaded Agent Smith Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Fight ( shared with Keanu Reeves ) Matrix Revolutions , The The Matrix Revolutions Everything Goes Ray Inside Film Awards : Best Short Film Peaches Alan 2005 Little Fish Lionel Dawson AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role FCCA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Inside Film Award for Best Actor 2006 Happy Feet Noah Voice role V for Vendetta V Nominated -- International Award for Best Actor 2007 Transformers Megatron Voice role Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain In The Company of Actors Himself / Judge Brack 2008 Tender Hook , The The Tender Hook McHeath a.k.a. The Boxer and the Bombshell 2009 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Megatron Voice role Last Ride Kev Nominated -- AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Wolfman , The The Wolfman Detective Francis Abberline Oranges and Sunshine Jack AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole Noctus and Grimble Voice role 2011 Transformers : Dark of the Moon Megatron Voice role Captain America : The First Avenger Johann Schmidt / Red Skull Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Fight ( with Chris Evans ) Nominated -- Scream Award for Best Villain Happy Feet Two Noah Voice role 2012 Cloud Atlas Haskell Moore Tadeusz Kesselring Bill Smoke Nurse Noakes Boardman Mephi Old Georgie Hobbit : There ! The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey Elrond 2013 Mystery Road Johnno The Turning Bob Lang Nominated -- AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role 2014 Healing Matt Perry The Mule Croft Nominated -- AFCA Award for Best Supporting Actor The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Elrond 2015 Strangerland David Rae The Dressmaker Sergeant Farrat AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role AFCA Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Film Critics Circle of Australia for Best Supporting Actor 2016 Hacksaw Ridge Tom Doss AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role 2017 Jasper Jones Mad Jack Lionel Nominated -- AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role 2018 Black 47 Hannah Post-production Mortal Engines Thaddeus Valentine Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 Bodyline Douglas Jardine Melba Charles Armstrong Dirtwater Dynasty , The The Dirtwater Dynasty Richard Eastwick 4 episodes Dadah Is Death Geoffrey Chambers Bangkok Hilton Richard Carlisle 1993 Seven Deadly Sins Lust 1995 Bordertown Kenneth Pearson 10 episodes The Bite Jack Shannon Naked : Stories of Men Martin Furlong 1 episode 1997 Frontier Governor Arthur Halifax f.p. : Is n't It Romantic Det . Sgt . Tom Hurkos 2003 After the Deluge Martin Kirby Rake Prof Graham Murray 1 episode I , Spry Narrator Documentary 2015 New Davincibles Lee Nan Voice only English dub 2017 Seven Types Of Ambiguity Dr Alex Klima 5 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Enter the Matrix Agent Smith Voice Role 2006 The Lord of the Rings : The Battle for Middle - earth II Elrond Voice role 2009 The Lord of the Rings : Conquest Elrond Voice role Awards ( edit ) 1991 -- Australian Film Institute Awards , Best Actor in a Lead Role : Proof 1998 -- Australian Film Institute Awards , Best Actor in a Lead Role : The Interview 2005 -- Australian Film Institute Awards , Best Actor in a Lead Role : Little Fish 2007 -- The Constellation Awards , Best Male Performance in a 2006 Science Fiction Film , TV Movie , or Miniseries : V for Vendetta 2011 -- Sydney Theatre Award , Best Supporting Actor : Sydney Theatre Company 's Uncle Vanya 2012 -- Helen Hayes Award , Best Supporting Performer , Non-Resident Production : Sydney Theatre Company 's Uncle Vanya References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Quiet achiever '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 3 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hugo Weaving Profile : Biography , Filmography & Photos '' . uk.movies.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 24 June 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the listener : Anne Lennard , wartime evacuee -- Life Matters '' . Australia : ABC . 29 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Magic Pudding ( 2000 ) '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` V for Vendetta ' : Reel and real events resonate for star Natalie Portman '' . tribunedigital - mcall . Jump up ^ `` Six actors who were fired from films '' . NewsComAu . Jump up ^ Karly Rayner . `` I Was Fired From The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ... Was I Awful ? '' . moviepilot.com . Jump up ^ `` Depth among the shallows '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia : Fairfax Digital . 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ BBC Jump up ^ Uncle Vanya Archived 24 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine . at the Sydney Theatre Company ^ Jump up to : Jaafar , Ali ( 23 November 2009 ) . `` Emily Watson joins ' Oranges ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Zack Snyder 's Guardians of Ga'Hoole Cast Coming Together Archived 6 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . 20 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` Hugo Weaving confirmed as Red Skull in Captain America '' . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` From ' Captain America ' to ' Uncle Vanya , ' Hugo Weaving stretches his acting chops '' . The Baltimore Sun . 5 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ SXSW Exclusive First Look : ' The Key Man ' Poster Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Film School Rejects ( 10 March 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Oranges and Sunshine : an illuminating true - life drama '' . The Guardian . London . 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Center offers Cate Blanchett , hip - hop , ' The Addams Family ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Kiwi actor steps into Hobbit breach '' . The Dominion Post . 2 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` Hugo Weaving , Ben Whishaw Join ' Cloud Atlas ' ( Cannes Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Curtain 's up on Liaison with wicked wit '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mckinley Jr , James C. ( 18 December 2011 ) . `` A New York Stop for Cate Blanchett , Hugo Weaving and ' Uncle Vanya ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Sen 's Mystery Road begins filming in Qld '' . Inside Film . 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Screen Australia Backs 4 Films , 8 TV Projects '' . Deadline.com. 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Dane takes Aussie film sales to a new level '' . SBS. 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett Lights Up Lincoln Center '' . Gotham Magazine . June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Theatre Company 2013 Season '' . Time Out Sydney . 6 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( 13 April 2013 ) . `` Agent Smith Returns -- A General Electric Commercial Set in the World of the Matrix '' . bleedingcool.com . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Theatre Company - Macbeth '' . Sydney Theatre Company . Jump up ^ Peter Gotting ( 28 July 2014 ) . `` Macbeth review -- Hugo Weaving finds the role of his career '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Incredible cast brought together for the film adaption of the iconic Australian novel , Jasper Jones '' . Film Ink ( Australia ) . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Morris , Linda ( 18 October 2015 ) . `` Hugo Weaving , Toni Collette join all - star cast of Jasper Jones '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Barbara . `` Aussie lord of the stage '' . New York Post . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Mary Carole ( 5 August 2011 ) . `` From ' Captain America ' to ' Uncle Vanya , ' Hugo Weaving stretches his acting chops '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Greenwood shines in first lead TV role in Gallipoli and he 's the spitting image of dad Hugo Weaving '' . News.com.au. 30 January 2015 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Samara Weaving ( as Indigo Walker ) '' . Home and Away Cast Biographies . TV3 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hugo Weaving Voiceless '' . Voiceless . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) The Dictionary of Performing Arts in Australia -- Theatre . Film . Radio . Television -- Volume 1 -- Ann Atkinson , Linsay Knight , Margaret McPhee -- Allen & Unwin Pty. Ltd. , 1996 The Australian Film and Television Companion -- compiled by Tony Harrison -- Simon & Schuster Australia , 1994 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hugo Weaving . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hugo Weaving Hugo Weaving on IMDb Hugo Weaving at the TCM Movie Database Hugo Weaving at AllMovie % 20Number % 3A ; querytype = ; resCount = 10 Hugo Weaving at the National Film and Sound Archive Awards for Hugo Weaving AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Bruce Spence ( 1972 ) Robert McDarra ( 1973 ) Jack Thompson ( 1974 ) Martin Vaughan ( 1975 ) Simon Burke and Nick Tate ( 1976 ) John Meillon ( 1977 ) Bill Hunter ( 1978 ) Mel Gibson ( 1979 ) Jack Thompson ( 1980 ) Mel Gibson ( 1981 ) Ray Barrett ( 1982 ) Norman Kaye ( 1983 ) John Hargreaves ( 1984 ) Chris Haywood ( 1985 ) Colin Friels ( 1986 ) Leo McKern ( 1987 ) John Waters ( 1988 ) Sam Neill ( 1989 ) Max von Sydow ( 1990 ) Hugo Weaving ( 1991 ) Russell Crowe ( 1992 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1993 ) Nicholas Hope ( 1994 ) John Lynch ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 1997 ) Hugo Weaving ( 1998 ) Russell Dykstra ( 1999 ) Eric Bana ( 2000 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2001 ) David Gulpilil ( 2002 ) David Wenham ( 2003 ) Sam Worthington ( 2004 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2005 ) Shane Jacobson ( 2006 ) Eric Bana ( 2007 ) William McInnes ( 2008 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2009 ) Ben Mendelsohn ( 2010 ) Daniel Henshall ( 2011 ) Chris O'Dowd ( 2012 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2013 ) David Gulpilil ( 2014 ) Michael Caton ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2016 ) Sunny Pawar ( 2017 ) AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Barry Humphries ( 1974 ) Reg Lyle ( 1975 ) Drew Forsythe ( 1976 ) John Ewart ( 1977 ) Ray Barrett ( 1978 ) Alwyn Kurts ( 1979 ) Bryan Brown ( 1980 ) Bill Hunter ( 1981 ) Warren Mitchell ( 1982 ) John Hargreaves ( 1983 ) Steve Bisley ( 1984 ) Nique Needles ( 1985 ) John Hargreaves ( 1986 ) Ben Mendelsohn ( 1987 ) Kym Gyngell ( 1988 ) Chris Haywood ( 1989 ) Steve Bisley ( 1990 ) Russell Crowe ( 1991 ) Barry Otto ( 1992 ) David Ngoombujarra ( 1993 ) Max Cullen ( 1994 ) Ray Barrett ( 1995 ) Armin Mueller - Stahl ( 1996 ) Andrew S. Gilbert ( 1997 ) John Polson ( 1998 ) Bryan Brown ( 1999 ) Simon Lyndon ( 2000 ) Vince Colosimo ( 2001 ) Nathaniel Dean ( 2002 ) David Ngoombujarra ( 2003 ) Erik Thomson ( 2004 ) Anthony Hayes ( 2005 ) Anthony Hayes ( 2006 ) Marton Csokas ( 2007 ) Luke Ford ( 2008 ) Oscar Isaac ( 2009 ) Joel Edgerton ( 2010 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2011 ) Antony Starr ( 2012 ) Joel Edgerton ( 2013 ) Yılmaz Erdoğan ( 2014 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2015 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2016 ) Dev Patel ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble 2000s 2001 Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 Hairspray Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken 2008 Milk Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke 2010s The Fighter Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg 2011 The Help Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel 2012 Silver Linings Playbook Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver 2013 American Hustle Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts 2015 Spotlight Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci 2016 Moonlight Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders 2017 Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Abbie Cornish , Peter Dinklage , Woody Harrelson , John Hawkes , Lucas Hedges , Željko Ivanek , Caleb Landry Jones , Frances McDormand , Clarke Peters , Sam Rockwell , Samara Weaving Helpmann Award for Best Male Actor in a Play John Gaden ( 2001 ) John Bell ( 2002 ) Colin Friels ( 2003 ) Darren Gilshenan ( 2004 ) Robert Menzies ( 2005 ) Greg Stone ( 2006 ) Jefferson Mays ( 2007 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 2008 ) Ben Winspear ( 2009 ) Ewen Leslie ( 2010 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2011 ) Paul Capsis ( 2012 ) Colin Friels ( 2013 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 2014 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2015 ) Mark Leonard Winter ( 2016 ) Mark Coles Smith ( 2017 ) `` The template below ( ScreenActorsGuildAward CastMotionPicture 2001 -- 2010 ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2001 Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 No Country for Old Men Javier Bardem , Josh Brolin , Garret Dillahunt , Tess Harper , Woody Harrelson , Tommy Lee Jones , Kelly Macdonald 2008 Slumdog Millionaire Rubina Ali , Tanay Chheda , Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala , Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail , Anil Kapoor , Irrfan Khan , Ayush Mahesh Khedekar , Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar , Madhur Mittal , Dev Patel , Freida Pinto 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke The King 's Speech Anthony Andrews , Helena Bonham Carter , Jennifer Ehle , Colin Firth , Michael Gambon , Derek Jacobi , Guy Pearce , Geoffrey Rush , Timothy Spall Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) VIAF : 56822290 LCCN : no00098811 ISNI : 0000 0001 0904 5676 GND : 1016023618 SUDOC : 113739486 BNF : cb142382156 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 4d37c760 - f6f6 - 4058 - 8563 - 77c207a4c65c NLA : 41397047 NKC : xx0044867 BNE : XX1093147 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Weaving&oldid=836797104 '' Categories : 1960 births Australian male film actors Australian male radio actors Australian male stage actors Australian male television actors Australian male video game actors Australian male voice actors Audiobook narrators Australian people of Belgian descent Australian people of English descent Best Actor AACTA Award winners Best Supporting Actor AACTA Award winners English emigrants to Australia English male film actors English male radio actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male video game actors English male voice actors Living people English people of Belgian descent National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni People educated at Queen Elizabeth 's Hospital , Bristol People educated at Knox Grammar School Male actors from Ibadan Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People with epilepsy 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Nigerian people of British descent Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom 20th - century Australian male actors 21st - century Australian male actors English male Shakespearean actors Helpmann Award winners Military brats Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Webarchive template wayback links Use Australian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with hCards Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Кыргызча Magyar მარგალური Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 22 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays lord elrond in lord of the rings	[ "Hugo Wallace Weaving (born 4 April 1960) is an English-Australian[citation needed] film and stage actor. He is best known for playing Agent Smith in The Matrix trilogy (1999–2003), Elrond in The Lord of the Rings (2001–2003) and The Hobbit (2012–2014) film trilogies, V in V for Vendetta (2006), Red Skull in Captain America: The First Avenger and the father in Hacksaw Ridge. Weaving's first television role was in the 1984 Australian television series Bodyline, where he portrayed English cricket captain Douglas Jardine. In film, he first rose to prominence for his performance as Martin in the Australian drama Proof (1991). Weaving played Anthony \"Tick\" Belrose/Mitzi Del Bra in the comedy-drama The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1994); and multiple roles in the science fiction film Cloud Atlas (2012). His roles as a voice actor include Rex in Babe, Noah in Happy Feet and Happy Feet Two, and Megatron in the Transformers film series." ]	[ "Hugo Wallace Weaving" ]
-5707233812486314213	Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series)	Lark Rise to Candleford ( TV series ) - wikipedia Lark Rise to Candleford ( TV series ) Lark Rise to Candleford Genre Period Drama Created by Bill Gallagher Based on Lark Rise to Candleford trilogy by Flora Thompson Narrated by Sarah Lancashire Composer ( s ) Julian Nott Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 40 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bill Gallagher Susan Hogg Producer ( s ) Grainne Marmion ( Series 1 ) Ann Tricklebank ( Series 2 -- 4 ) Production location ( s ) Box , Corsham and Lockeridge , Wiltshire Running time 60 minutes Release Original network BBC One BBC HD Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 13 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 13 ) -- 13 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 13 ) External links Website Lark Rise to Candleford is a British television costume drama series , adapted by the BBC from Flora Thompson 's trilogy of semi-autobiographical novels about the English countryside , published between 1939 and 1943 . The first episode aired on 13 January 2008 on BBC One and BBC HD in the UK . In the U.S. , the series began airing on select PBS stations in the spring of 2009 . A third series began airing in the UK on 10 January 2010 . The fourth and final series began on 9 January 2011 on BBC One and BBC One HD , and was filmed during August 2010 . It was announced on 22 January 2011 that the show would not be returning for a fifth series . The final series concluded on 13 February 2011 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Casting notes 2.3 Guest stars 3 Filming 4 Episodes 4.1 Series 1 ( 2008 ) 4.2 Series 2 ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 4.3 Series 3 ( 2010 ) 4.4 Series 4 ( 2011 ) 5 Cancellation 6 DVD and Blu - ray releases 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series is set in the small Oxfordshire hamlet of Lark Rise and the wealthier neighbouring market town of Candleford towards the end of the 19th century . The series chronicles the daily lives of farm workers , craftsmen , and gentry , observing the characters in loving , boisterous , and competing communities of families , rivals , friends , and neighbours . The story is seen through the eyes of a teenage girl , Laura Timmins ( Olivia Hallinan ) , as she leaves Lark Rise to start a new life under the wing of her mother 's cousin , the independent and effervescent Dorcas Lane ( Julia Sawalha ) , who is Post Mistress at the local Post Office in Candleford . Through these two characters , viewers experience the force of friendship as Laura and Dorcas see each other through the best and worst of times . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Character Portrayed by Seasons Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Dorcas Lane Julia Sawalha Main Laura Timmins Olivia Hallinan Main Emma Timmins Claudie Blakley Main Robert Timmins Brendan Coyle Main N / A Victoria May ' Queenie ' Warrener Turrill Linda Bassett Main Thomas ' Twister ' Turrill Karl Johnson Main Thomas Brown Mark Heap Main Margaret Ellison Brown Sandy McDade Recurring Main Caroline Arless Dawn French Main N / A Main Alf Arless John Dagleish Main Winifred ' Minnie ' Mude Ruby Bentall N / A Main Zillah Liz Smith Main N / A Prudence ' Pearl ' Pratt Matilda Ziegler Main Ruth ' Ruby ' Pratt Victoria Hamilton Main Sir Timothy Midwinter Ben Miles Main N / A Lady Adelaide Midwinter Olivia Grant Main N / A Guest N / A Phillip White Oliver Jackson - Cohen Main N / A Mr. Paxton Gerard Horan Main N / A Matthew Welby Stephen Marcus Main N / A James Dowland Jason Merrells N / A Main N / A Nan Carter Rebecca Night N / A Main N / A Daniel Parish Ben Aldridge N / A Main Gabriel Cochrane Richard Harrington N / A Main Narrator ( Adult Laura Timmins ) Sarah Lancashire Recurring Edmund Timmins Thomas Rhys Jones Recurring Frank Timmins Fergus Drysdale Recurring Ethel Timmins Martha Murdoch Recurring Sally Arless Sophie Miles Recurring Lizzie Arless Hope Yeomans Recurring Archie Arless Harry Miles Recurring N / A Sydney Dowland Edward Darnell - Hayes ( Oscar Lloyd in 1 episode in Series 2 ) N / A Guest Recurring Fisher Bloom Matthew McNulty N / A Recurring N / A Casting notes ( edit ) From Series 1 to 3 , the cast were credited alphabetically . Series 4 cast members were billed in the order of prominence within each episode . Dawn French is credited as a main cast member in every episode in which she appears ; in series 2 and series 4 she appears in one episode . Although they appear in almost every episode , the actors playing the Timmins ( Edmund , Frank and Ethel ) and Arless ( Lizzie , Archie and Sally ) children as well as Sydney Dowland are not credited as main cast members . Guest stars ( edit ) Lorraine Ashbourne as Lil Spicer ( Series 2 , 1 episode ) Samantha Bond as Celestia Brice - Coulson ( Series 2 , 1 episode ) Rosie Cavaliero as Mrs Mullins ( Series 3 , 1 episode ) Camille Coduri as Patty ( Series 1 , 1 episode ) Tom Conti as Mr. Reppington ( Series 3 , 1 episode ) Ben Daniels as Mr. Rushton ( Series 1 , 1 episode ) Phil Davis as Arthur Ashlow ( Series 1 , 1 episode ) Oliver Dimsdale as George Ellison ( Series 2 , 4 episode ) Michelle Fairley as Elizabeth Patterson ( Series 2 , 10 episode ) Burn Gorman as Benedict Marley ( Series 4 , 1 episode ) Nigel Harman as Samuel Braby ( Series 1 , 1 episode ) Matthew McNulty as Fisher Bloom ( Series 2 , 3 episodes ; Series 3 , 2 episodes ) Stephen Campbell Moore as James Delafield ( Series 1 , 1 episode ) Hattie Morahan as Miss Enid ( Series 3 , 1 episode ) Ronald Pickup as Old Peg Leg ( Series 3 , 1 episode ) Robert Pugh as Walter Arless ( Series 2 , 1 episode ; mentioned throughout Series 1 ) Paul Ritter as Mr Steerforth ( Series 4 , 1 episode ) Claire Skinner as Mrs Macey ( Series 1 , 2 episodes ) Sheridan Smith as Cinderella Doe ( Series 2 , 1 episode ) Maggie Steed as Mrs Herring ( Series 2 , 1 episode ) Peter Vaughan as Reverend Ellison ( Series 1 , 2 episodes ) Danny Webb as Mr Macey ( Series 1 , 1 episode ) Filming ( edit ) Interior scenes were shot in a warehouse on Beeches Industrial Estate , in Yate , South Gloucestershire . The villages of Lark Rise and Candleford were both created from scratch on farms in Box and Neston Park , near Corsham in Wiltshire . According to the BBC planning application , Hatt Farm in Box was used because of its proximity to existing cornfields and farm buildings , and Park Farm in Neston Park was chosen for its unspoilt character and attractive traditional buildings . The outdoor filming at these locations for the first series took 25 days , spread over a 5 - month period . The country scenes , including all the comings and goings of the lord of the manor , were shot at Chavenage House north of Tetbury , Gloucestershire . Episodes ( edit ) Series 1 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) # Episode Writer Director Original air date Viewing figure `` Episode 1 '' Bill Gallagher Charles Palmer 13 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 13 ) 7.27 million Young country girl Laura Timmins leaves her friends and family in the hamlet of Lark Rise to start her first job at the post office in the nearby town of Candleford . Postmistress Dorcas Lane gives Laura a warm welcome , but other residents of Candleford are n't so generous . When Lark Rise residents challenge the post office 's ' eight - mile rule ' that forces them to pay for delivery of telegrams , Laura finds herself torn between communities . By the quiet intervention of Dorcas , a way is found for the hamlet to be included within the limit . The episode ends with the inhabitants celebrating their victory . `` Episode 2 '' Bill Gallagher Charles Palmer 20 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 20 ) 7.01 million Postwoman Mrs Macey receives news that her husband Dan has escaped from prison . Before long the whole town is abuzz with gossip , and Mrs Macey fears that the damage to her reputation will force her to leave Candleford . Meanwhile , her son Freddy has been secretly meeting a mysterious stranger in the woods . The stranger turns out to be Dan , but he is persuaded to turn himself in to the local squire and magistrate . `` Episode 3 '' Bill Gallagher Charles Palmer 27 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 27 ) 6.66 million When local widower Old Amos buys lace gloves for his maid Patty , Dorcas and Laura become suspicious that she may be after just his money . Robert refuses to let his children sing a song in praise of the Tories at the local church concert , which results in their being banned from the concert altogether . Robert 's stubbornness incurs the wrath of his children , family and even the village . `` Episode 4 '' Paul Rutman John Greening 3 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) 6.72 million A strange old man arrives in Candleford looking for his estranged daughters -- who turn out to be Ruby and Pearl Pratt . Horrified to see him out in public , playing scams on the local residents , the girls must decide whether they can forgive him for deserting them when they needed him most . Meanwhile , Caroline is being pursued by a bailiff collecting debts for the brewery . 5 `` Episode 5 '' Bill Gallagher Charles Palmer 10 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 10 ) 6.85 million Dorcas is thrown by the surprise arrival of a new Post Office inspector , Mr Rushton , who starts to unearth anomalies in the way Dorcas runs the Post Office . Robert has been carving a decorative angel on the schoolhouse for which he is not getting paid . 6 `` Episode 6 '' Bill Gallagher John Greening 17 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 17 ) 6.68 million Robert takes pity on a homeless family and brings them to stay at his house for the night . In the morning the family have departed , leaving their little daughter Polly behind . Lady Adelaide meets the girl and falls in love with her , wanting to adopt her , but Sir Tim thinks that adopting Polly would be inappropriate . Tim takes Polly to the Post Office where everyone struggles to think of a solution to the problem . Twister 's delusions grow worse as he sees visions of his dead sister , and Queenie worries about his health . 7 `` Episode 7 '' Carolyn Bonnyman Marc Jobst 24 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 24 ) 6.70 million The residents rally around Susan Braby when they realise her husband Sam has hit her . Meanwhile , Timothy commissions Matthew to make new gates for the manor , Adelaide becomes frustrated with how much time Tim is spending with Dorcas and decides to cancel the order for the gates , and Laura brings Phillip home for tea . 8 `` Episode 8 '' Gaby Chiappe Marc Jobst 2 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 02 ) 6.48 million A violent storm hits Lark Rise and Candleford , and the arrival of a new teacher , Mr Delafield , causes divisions in the two communities . Mr Delafield 's radical views raise plenty of eyebrows in Candleford , while in Lark Rise he endears himself to the residents . When Dorcas delivers some books to Mr Delafield they initially rub each other up the wrong way , but this tension soon turns to chemistry . 9 `` Episode 9 '' Bill Gallagher John Greening 9 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) 6.21 million Queenie finds a beautiful embroidered panel on a grave that has the residents of Lark Rise and Candleford intrigued . Twister starts dreaming of everything he could buy if they sold the panel , while Dorcas and Sir Tim set about getting to the bottom of the mystery of who created it . Alf and Phillip 's rivalry continues . 10 `` Episode 10 '' Bill Gallagher John Greening 23 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) 6.25 million It is Zillah 's birthday and all her friends and locals visit the post office for a party . Tensions mount between Dorcas and Sir Tim as painful truths about the past begin to surface and Dorcas decides to sell the post office . Phillip becomes increasingly possessive of Laura and she expresses doubts about their relationship . Series 2 ( 2008 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) # Episode Writer Director Original air date Viewing figure 11 `` Episode 1 '' ( 75 - minute Christmas special ) Bill Gallagher Alan Grint 21 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 21 ) 6.58 million Lark Rise and Candleford are transformed as the inhabitants prepare for the Christmas festivities . However , loyalties are tested as the arrival of the ghost of a ragged , bare - footed young woman drives residents to speak difficult truths amid the gift giving and carol singing . 12 `` Episode 2 '' Bill Gallagher Alan Grint 4 January 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 04 ) 6.53 million James Dowland is the new man in town who takes the woes of the Lark Rise tenants under his wing . He also takes the heart of Dorcas Lane into his keeping , while putting Candleford on the map with the opening of a new hotel . Robert Timmins is suspicious of Dowland 's motives , and is less than accepting of his financial help . Emma Timmins and the other Lark Rise tenants are , however , more than happy to see the return of a once Lark Rise boy . Meanwhile , Dorcas has her own heart strings pulled with her new maid , Minnie . Minnie can do no right ; she means well , but with her troubled past she struggles to contain her excitement , testing Dorcas and those around her to the end . 13 `` Episode 3 '' Bill Gallagher Alan Grint 11 January 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 11 ) 6.13 million Battling with conflicting emotions towards new arrival James Dowland , Dorcas Lane sets out to defeat the dashing property developer in the parish council elections . Meanwhile , the grind of making ends meet in Lark Rise proves too much for Robert and Emma Timmins , and Robert 's reluctance to change grows stronger . 14 `` Episode 4 '' Carolyn Bonnyman Maurice Phillips 18 January 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 18 ) 6.49 million The death of Miss Ellison 's father unites the communities of Lark Rise and Candleford , but amid the sadness Miss Ellison is confronted by her brother George , whom she blames for her father 's death . Overwhelmed with grief , Miss Ellison is oblivious to Thomas Brown 's affections for her and his desire for her hand in marriage . Eventually Thomas assists in effecting a reconciliation between brother and sister . 15 `` Episode 5 '' Bill Gallagher Julian Holmes 25 January 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 25 ) 6.31 million Time rests heavy on the residents of Lark Rise and Candleford , as baby Annie Timmins stirs up emotions of days gone by and loves yet to be found . And with Emma Timmins feeling the strains of family life , Dorcas Lane offers to lend a helping hand , unaware of the consequences that her generosity will bring . Meanwhile , newcomer Fisher Bloom arrives to build the candleford clock on Mr Dowland 's orders , and stirs up mixed feelings in Laura . 16 `` Episode 6 '' Gaby Chiappe Moira Armstrong 1 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 01 ) 6.54 million Lark Rise and Candleford rally round to show support for Laura 's new role in the post office when Dorcas Lane is taken ill , but Laura feels pressure mounting when anonymous letters begin to arrive . Minnie sees the delivery of one of the letters , and fears that her past is catching up with her . Dorcas and Laura help Minnie to escape the threat presented by her brutal father . 17 `` Episode 7 '' Gaby Chiappe Sue Tully 8 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 08 ) 6.14 million Lark Rise and Candleford anticipate with the inauguration of a clock , paid for by James Dowland . But when Robert Timmins loses his stonemason 's tools , his means to work is lost , and there is a possibility that Fisher Bloom may leave Candleford unless Laura can find a way to stop him . 18 `` Episode 8 '' Kate Gartside Alan Grint 15 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 15 ) 6.20 million The hot summer brings a surprise visitor to Candleford in the form of Celestia Brice Coulson , who stays at the Golden Lion Hotel and becomes acquainted with Dorcas Lane . Dorcas has other things on her mind , however , when she begins ' walking out ' with James Dowland . And in Lark Rise , Emma 's father , Old Edmund , arrives for his birthday . But problems arise when Emma asks him to live with them permanently . 19 `` Episode 9 '' Kate Gartside David Tucker 22 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 22 ) 6.32 million A feud between Lark Rise and the neighbouring village of Fordlow has been simmering for three generations , but it takes young love to bring the two communities together and save the day . In Candleford , the path of true love runs less smoothly for Thomas and Miss Ellison ; will they ever set the date for the wedding ? 20 `` Episode 10 '' Carolyn Bonnyman Patrick Lau 1 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 01 ) 6.34 million Every autumn , Constable Patterson is used to his wife taking to her bed with a mysterious illness . But this year is different , as she gives him permission to seek a new wife . The constable has no intention of doing any such thing , until a Pratt sister in distress sets his heart soaring ; however , the other sister grows jealous and angry , especially when her sister is presented with a very unusual present . 21 `` Episode 11 '' Gaby Chiappe Paul Marcus 8 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) 6.78 million A sudden storm reveals a secret romance , but also makes the address on a letter indecipherable . When Dorcas pursues the identity of the letter 's recipient , she reveals another secret : a child , kept hidden even from his own father . 22 `` Episode 12 '' Bill Gallagher Moira Armstrong 15 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) 6.47 million James Dowland is confined to his hospital bed when his son arrives in Candleford , and Dorcas welcomes the boy into the post office , doing everything she can to make him feel at home . But this causes a great deal of turmoil when James is released from hospital to be reunited with his son . Series 3 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) # Episode Writer Director Original air date Viewing figure 23 `` Episode 1 '' Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 10 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 10 ) 7.49 million A young journalist , Daniel Parish , arrives in Lark Rise with exciting news for the Timmins family : Emma is set to inherit a fortune , enough to move the family to a big house in Candleford . Daniel plans to write their rags to riches story for his newspaper , but Dorcas is suspicious of his motives , and when the article is published , it sends shockwaves through the community . 24 `` Episode 2 '' Bill Gallagher David Tucker 17 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 17 ) 7.07 million The Bishop is coming to consecrate the church font and Thomas can not contain his excitement . But when a Lark Rise tree starts to ' bleed ' , the hamlet becomes rife with talk of witchcraft , and Thomas is horrified . Dorcas loses her composure and makes a blunder with terrible consequences for Pearl and Ruby . Also , Laura is thrown off balance when Daniel returns to try to win back her affections -- but first he has to get around an angry Robert and Emma . 25 `` Episode 3 '' Gaby Chiappe Patrick Lau 24 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) 6.94 million Alf throws a party to celebrate moving into a cottage of his own . He entertains his guests with a new song , and its haunting words have a profound effect on all of them . Edmund rebels against his parents ; Thomas and Margaret have their first marital tiff ; and Dorcas 's plans to prepare Minnie for marriage and motherhood backfire terribly . 26 `` Episode 4 '' Gaby Chiappe Patrick Lau 31 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 31 ) 6.82 million It 's harvest time -- the most important time of the year in Lark Rise , when everyone helps to bring in the wheat that will feed them through winter . So when an epidemic hits , it could n't come at a worse time -- with so many sick , how will they gather the wheat and prevent a winter of starvation ? For Lark Rise , help comes from an unlikely source . But just when it looks as though their problems are solved , they discover the worst is yet to come . 27 `` Episode 5 '' Bill Gallagher Moira Armstrong 7 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 07 ) 6.98 million There 's a mystery in town as Mr. Reppington takes residence in the Golden Lion but remains firmly isolated from the world , and Dorcas Lane is determined to find out why . Emma Timmins fears that the romance has gone out of her marriage and worries over a possible secret admirer , whilst Daniel Parish believes there may be more to Mr. Reppington than meets the eye , not least a story that could make his career . Meanwhile , Ruby Pratt agonizes over whether she should at last leave Candleford to meet her suitor in Pontefract , but can not face telling her sister Pearl . 28 `` Episode 6 '' Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 14 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 14 ) 7.02 million Daniel has opened a newspaper in Candleford and is on the lookout for a big story . So when old Peg Leg , a Crimean War veteran , arrives for his annual visit to the Timmins ' , and Daniel learns he has received no war pension , he starts a newspaper campaign against this injustice . But just as Peg Leg 's plight looks set to become a national cause celebre , Emma learns that he is not all he seems , a discovery that threatens to break hearts and destroy Daniel 's new venture . 29 `` Episode 7 '' Bill Gallagher Paul Seed 21 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 21 ) 6.83 million The locals are rehearsing for their annual production of St. George and the Dragon when they hear rumours that Sir Timothy has returned . They are thrilled at the prospect of performing it for the squire himself , but with the play fast approaching and no sign of Sir Timothy , Dorcas decides to pay him a visit . She finds only Lady Adelaide . As the two women come face to face they are forced to confront their shared history , learning more about each other than they could have imagined . 30 `` Episode 8 '' Rachel Bennette David Innes Edwards 28 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 28 ) 6.88 million Pearl is in a state of panic . She has received a dressmaking commission which could save her ailing business , but without Ruby , there is no way she can do the work in time . So when Enid , a talented seamstress , arrives in Candleford looking for a job , it seems Pearl 's prayers have been answered . Pearl and Enid form an instant bond , based on mutual admiration and respect . But when Pearl discovers the seamstress is not who she says she is , she is forced to choose between their friendship and her deepest prejudices . 31 `` Episode 9 '' Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 7 March 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 07 ) 6.61 million When the Lark Rise school loses its teacher , Emma steps in and discovers a talent she never knew she had . But Margaret also covets the role of schoolteacher , and the two women become rivals for the job . Over in Candleford , Thomas and Dorcas are at odds . The postman is agitating for better working conditions , and Dorcas is n't taking it well . 32 `` Episode 10 '' Bill Gallagher Patrick Lau 14 March 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 14 ) 6.33 million When the local Lark Rise gossip Mrs. Mullins discovers her daughter Emily is pregnant , she leaps to the conclusion that Daniel is the father . Everyone , including Laura , rallies round to defend him . But when Daniel 's behaviour starts to arouse suspicion , and people begin to doubt him , Dorcas is determined to uncover the truth . 33 `` Episode 11 '' Bill Gallagher Patrick Lau 21 March 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 21 ) 6.39 million Mischief Night is approaching and the folks of Lark Rise and Candleford are excitedly planning tricks to play on their neighbours . But Laura is in no mood for silly pranks -- Fisher Bloom has returned , intent on winning her back , and it has thrown her feelings for Daniel into turmoil . 34 `` Episode 12 '' Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 28 March 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 28 ) 6.51 million When the postmaster at Inglestone , with an old score to settle , tries to force Dorcas into selling up , she is faced with the heartbreaking prospect of losing her home and denying Sydney his dream of running the post office one day . Series 4 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) # Episode Writer Director Original air date Viewing figure 35 `` Episode 1 '' Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 9 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 09 ) 7.68 million Gabriel Cochrane , the once - wealthy owner of a large iron foundry arrives in Candleford . The bank has repossessed his home and business , his young wife has died , and Gabriel finds himself looking for a new start . The people of Candleford take him to their hearts , and Dorcas offers him a job and a home . But will their kindness be enough to save him , or will he let his vendetta against the bank , and his grief over his dead wife , prevent him rebuilding his fortunes and finding happiness again ? 36 `` Episode 2 '' Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 16 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) 7.31 million When Daniel announces that his newspaper is launching a poetry competition , it sends the inhabitants of Candleford into a frenzy of creative excitement . Laura has high hopes of taking home the trophy and begins writing feverishly ; Pearl indulges in plagiarism after her own efforts are found wanting ; and even Margaret embarks upon an epic poem based on her husband 's postal rounds . 37 `` Episode 3 '' Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 23 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 23 ) 7.02 million Thomas is euphoric when he lands the job of organising the church bazaar . But his joy soon evaporates when the vicar falls ill , and the controversial and free - thinking curate Reverend Marley takes charge . Thomas is convinced that Marley is evil incarnate , and when he comes across a snake on his postal rounds , he sees it as a sign that the devil is indeed amongst them . 38 `` Episode 4 '' Rachel Bennette Patrick Lau 30 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) 6.90 million The Fair has come to town , and the locals are celebrating - Alf has been crowned King of the Fair , while Queenie has won a whole Berkshire pig ! The Lark Risers start fattening up the pig in preparation for a sumptuous pig feast , but Twister can not resist the temptation of selling off - cuts of the animal to the people of Candleford . At the post office , Gabriel is proving to be a less than perfect house guest ; can Dorcas adapt to having a man under her roof ? And will Twister survive the wrath of Queenie when she discovers he has sold her pig from under her ? 39 `` Episode 5 '' Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 6 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 06 ) 6.96 million Daniel is planning a cricket match against a neighbouring village team , who he is convinced cheated in their last match . He is determined to restore Candleford 's honour , but most of Daniel 's regular players are away , and the men of Lark Rise are cricketing novices . A humiliating defeat looks certain , until Daniel discovers that the finest batsman in the county is right under his nose . The only problem is , his batsman is a batswoman , and the rules state women can not play . 40 `` Episode 6 '' Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 13 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 13 ) 7.01 million Gabriel has finally completed the machine which he hopes will restore his fortunes , and farmers are soon clamouring to buy his ingenious invention . Dorcas is delighted for him , until she realises it could mean his departure from Candleford . Meanwhile , Caroline has returned to Lark Rise , and Minnie assumes it 's only a matter of time before Alf comes to propose , now that his ma is back to look after her children . But will Caroline settle this time , and allow Alf his freedom ? And how will Gabriel react to a surprising admission from Dorcas ? Cancellation ( edit ) It was announced on 22 January 2011 that the show would not be returning for a fifth series . The decision caused viewer complaints , prompting BBC One controller Danny Cohen to say , `` Lark Rise to Candleford has been a truly wonderful part of the BBC One schedule and we are incredibly grateful to writer Bill Gallagher and the team . But we feel the time is right to make room for new dramas which we hope will be taken to the nation 's hearts in the same way . '' Following that announcement , many viewers took to setting up and signing online campaigns to see the show recommissioned . In response , Ben Stephenson of the BBC finally announced the decision was based on the departure of writer and executive producer Bill Gallagher , whose `` creative energy '' was considered essential to the series . DVD and Blu - ray releases ( edit ) DVD release Release date Blu - ray release Release date No of discs No of episodes The Complete First Series 7 April 2008 The Complete First Series 20 April 2009 10 The Complete Second Series 20 April 2009 The Complete Second Series 26 April 2010 12 The Complete Series 1 -- 2 11 January 2010 N / A N / A 22 The Complete Third Series 26 April 2010 The Complete Third Series 26 April 2010 12 The Complete Series 1 -- 3 26 April 2010 N / A N / A 34 The Complete Fourth Series 7 March 2011 The Complete Fourth Series TBA 6 The Complete Series 1 -- 4 7 March 2011 The Complete Series 1 -- 4 TBA 14 40 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC Press Office - Week 2 - Lark Rise To Candleford '' ( Press release ) . BBC Press Office . 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Press Office - Network TV BBC Week 2 : New this week '' ( Press release ) . BBC Press Office . 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Flora Thompson Home Page '' ( Press release ) . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Lark Rise To Candleford axed at the end of current series as bosses decide to ' quit while we 're ahead ' Mail Online , 22 January 2011 Jump up ^ Anon ( 20 December 2008 ) . `` Interview with Julia Sawalha '' . this is bristol.co.uk . Evening Post . Archived from the original on 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Anon ( January 2008 ) . `` Planning application : Neston Park Film sets , Corsham '' ( PDF ) . BBC Television Drama Dept . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hardman , Robert ( 30 January 2008 ) . `` Candleford through the keyhole : the real star of TV 's new drama is the haunted house where it was filmed '' . The Daily Mail . Box , Wiltshire . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Lark Rise TV Locations ' at Gloucestershire On Screen Jump up ^ Weekly Top 30 Programmes . See relevant week Archived 29 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ BBC One boss defends ' Lark Rise ' axe Digital Spy , 31 January 2011 Jump up ^ Lark Rise fans launch campaigns to save show ATV News , 16 February 2011 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) The Bath Chronicle , 28 February 2011 External links ( edit ) Lark Rise to Candleford at BBC Programmes Lark Rise to Candleford on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lark_Rise_to_Candleford_(TV_series)&oldid=850814760 '' Categories : 2000s British drama television series 2010s British drama television series 2008 British television programme debuts 2011 British television programme endings BBC television dramas Costume drama television series Television series set in the 19th century Television shows set in Oxfordshire Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from October 2014 Use British English from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Hrvatski עברית Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 03 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played sidney in lark rise to candleford	[]	[]
-2440880529397853239	America's Got Talent (season 5)	America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Got Talent Season 5 Broadcast from June 1 -- September 15 , 2010 Judges Piers Morgan Sharon Osbourne Howie Mandel Host ( s ) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Website Official Website Winner Michael Grimm Michael Grimm performing in Los Angeles Origin Hancock County , Mississippi Genre ( s ) Soul singer Runner - up Jackie Evancho Chronology ◀ ▶ Runner - up Jackie Evancho , who has sold over 3 million albums since AGT The fifth season of America 's Got Talent , an American television reality show talent competition , premiered in the United States on the NBC network and on Canada 's Global on June 1 , 2010 . Soul singer Michael Grimm was named the winner on September 15 , 2010 , beating 10 - year - old classical crossover singer Jackie Evancho . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne returned as judges . After four seasons on the show , David Hasselhoff left to host a new show and was replaced by Howie Mandel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selection process 2 Preliminary auditions 3 Las Vegas Week 3.1 Group A : Judges ' Favorites 3.1. 1 Advanced 3.1. 2 Rejected 3.2 Group B : Standby Acts 3.2. 1 Advanced 3.2. 2 Rejected 3.3 Group C : Advanced Directly to the Top 48 3.3. 1 Advanced 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Top 48 ( Week 1 ) 4.1. 1 Elimination table , Week 1 4.2 Top 48 ( Week 2 ) 4.2. 1 Elimination table , Week 2 4.3 Top 48 ( Week 3 ) 4.3. 1 Elimination table , Week 3 4.4 Top 48 ( Week 4 ) 4.4. 1 Elimination table , Week 4 4.5 Week 5 : YouTube Special 4.5. 1 Elimination table , Week 5 4.6 Week 6 : Wild Card Show 4.6. 1 Elimination table , Week 6 5 Semifinals 5.1 Round 1 5.1. 1 Round 1 elimination table 5.2 Round 2 5.2. 1 Round 2 elimination table 6 Top 10 7 Finals 7.1 Finals elimination table 8 Top 48 acts 9 Contestants who appeared on other shows 10 Production 11 Ratings 11.1 U.S. ratings 11.2 Canadian ratings 12 References 13 External links Selection process ( edIT ) The season 5 selection process appears to carry over that of the past two seasons , but the Las Vegas Round was changed to that of the second and third seasons , which gave the performers a second chance to showcase their act . Instead of an audition consisting of performers who submitted their acts on Myspace , as has been done in previous seasons , the year contained a quarterfinal made up of twelve acts who submitted their auditions on YouTube ( eleven selected by the judges and one selected by online voters ) . Because of the inclusion of an additional quarterfinal , only four acts were selected to move on each week , instead of five . Additionally , there was also a separate wild card show ( the first since season 1 ) , consisting of acts brought back by the judges to perform after being originally eliminated in either Las Vegas Week or previous quarterfinals . The semifinal consisted of 24 acts this year . Ten of the 24 passed through to the Top 10 round , from which six were eliminated by public voting , leaving four to compete in the finals . Preliminary auditions ( edIT ) The fifth season of America 's Got Talent , premiered on NBC on June 1 , 2010 . This season , auditions were held in six major U.S. cities : Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Universal Orlando Resort , Portland , and Chicago . Host Nick Cannon and judges Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne returned to the show . Howie Mandel joined the show , taking the place of David Hasselhoff as the third judge . The auditions lasted for ten episodes and 88 televised acts advanced . Las Vegas Week ( edIT ) From 70,000 nationwide auditions , the judges advanced the top 108 acts to Las Vegas to compete head to head for a spot in the Top 48 . On their way to Las Vegas , the judges reviewed the audition tapes and divided the contestants into 3 groups . Not all groups that were shown to have passed the preliminary auditions were shown in the Las Vegas Week episodes . Those in Group A were referred to as `` the judges ' favorites , '' and performed on Day 1 of Las Vegas ( Episode 511 ) . Those in Group B , were not seen as favorites by the judges and were declared `` standby acts . '' These acts performed for 11 remaining spots after Group A ( Episode 512 ) . The auditions of the Group C acts were declared by the judges to be the best and these acts moved on to compete in the live shows directly without performing in Las Vegas . Group A : Judges ' Favorites ( edit ) Advanced ( edit ) Alice Tan Ridley , Singer Anna and Patryk , Ballroom Dancers Antonio Restivo , Fire Artist / Illusionist AscenDance , Rock Climbing Acrobats / Dancers Chipps Cooney , Magician / Illusionist CJ Dippa , Rapper Debra Romer , Singer / Musician Eric `` Doogie '' Horner , Standup Comedian Hannibal Means , Opera Singer Harmonica Pierre , Harmonica Musician Lil Chris , Singer Lindsey Stirling , Hip - Hop Violinist Maricar , Burlesque Painter Mary Ellen , Yodeler / Pianist Michael Grimm , Singer / Musician Mona Sampath Dance Company , Bollywood Dance Troupe MURRAY , Magician / Illusionist Prince Poppycock , Opera Singer Rudi Macaggi , Balancing Acrobat Sally Cohn , Hand Whistler Studio One Young Beast Society , Dance Troupe Taylor Mathews , Singer / Musician The Hot Shot Tap Dancers , Tap Dancers The Strong Man , Strongman Twisted Trystan & Krystan , Side Show Performers Wreckless , Dance Troupe Rejected ( edit ) Anthony Lucia , Trick Roper April Lane , Singer Arthur Nakane , One - Man Band Beat Master , Dancer Bert & Frannie Davis and the Muttley Crew , Performing Dogs Bhangra Empire , Indian Folk Dance Group Blake Henderson , Singer Carlos Aponte , Opera Singer Connor Doran , Indoor Kite Flyer Elaine Terranova , Singer Esera Tualo , Singer Frankie Elliston , Magician / Illusionist He Jia - Yi , Harmonica Musician Kent Jenkins , Musician Kruti Dance Academy , Indian Classical Dancers Mark Hayward , Juggler Matt Keen , Singer Michael Grasso , Magician / Illusionist Michael Lipari and Ashleigh Dejon , Aerialists Mrs. Hughes , Standup Comedian Ms. Donna , Samoan Fire Knife act Naishon Jones , Dancer Nate Klinger , Dancer Paul Bunyan Lumberjack Show , Lumberjack Act Phil Trau , Tap Dancer Popping Kyle , Dancer Sky Sirens , Doubles Trapeze Act Style Proz Crew , Dance Crew William Scott Anderson , Magician / Illusionist Unnamed Dancer , Dancer Group B : Standby Acts ( edit ) Advanced ( edit ) Airpocalypse , Air Guitar Band Christina & Ali , Singing Sisters Iron Horse , Rockabilly Band Jeremy VanSchoonhoven , Extreme Cyclist Kung Fu Heroes , Martial Arts Group Luigi Seno , Singer / Musician Nathaniel Kenyon , Singer / Musician NU Covenant , Gospel Group Paul Safy Jr. , Singer RNG , Dance Troupe Ronith , Actor / Impersonator The Strange Familiar , Band Rejected ( edit ) Blue Sky Canopy , Vocal Act Broadway Boys , Vocal Act Cody Joe Tilman , Singer Danger Committee , Knife Performers Eric Koloski , Yoyo Performer Erin Barylski , Artist Gentlemen of NUCO , Band Harmonik , Band Jeff Greer , Singer Jeffrey Vinokur , Dancing Mad Scientist Justin Hopkins , Singer Kevin Colis , Singer Max Winfrey , Knife Thrower New Directions Veterans ' Choir , Choir Nick Pike , Variety Act Northwest Dance & Acro , Dance / Acrobatic Group Rick Smith , Jr. , Card Thrower Unnamed Robot Guy , Robot Guy Group C : advanced directly to the Top 48 ( edIT ) Advanced ( edIT ) ArcAttack , Technological Performance Group Cheer SF , Cheerleading Troupe Da Maniacs , Dance Troupe Fighting Gravity , Blacklight Performers Future Funk , Hip - Hop Dance Duo Haspop , Popping Dancer Kaya and Sadie , Belly Dancing Duo Polina Volchek , Gymnast / Acrobat Strikers All Stars , Tumblers / Dance Troupe The South Philly Vikings , Dance Troupe Footnotes Jump up ^ Twisted Trystan and Krystan originally made the Top 48 , but they were unable to appear in the Quarterfinals . Jump up ^ Nick Pike did not originally make the Top 48 , but he replaced Twisted Trystan and Krystan because they were unable to appear . Quarterfinals ( edIT ) The quarterfinals began on July 13 , 2010 and concluded on Wednesday , August 18 with the Wild Card episode results . Twelve acts performed each week . A two - hour performance episode each Tuesday was followed by a one - hour results show the following day , where four of the twelve acts from the previous night remained in the competition instead of five , due to the inclusion of one more quarterfinal consisting of acts who auditioned on YouTube . Top 48 ( Week 1 ) ( edIT ) The performance episode aired on July 13 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results episode aired July 14 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and included performances by the cast of Rock of Ages ( with Dee Snider making a guest appearance ) . Elimination table , Week 1 ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan Kung Fu Heroes Martial Arts Group Christina & Ali Singing Sisters Airpocalypse Air Band The Hot Shot Tap Dancers Tapping Dance Troupe 5 Paul Safy Jr . Singer 6 Future Funk Hip - Hop Dance Duo 7 Sally Cohn Hand Whistler 8 Nick Pike Fire Artist / Variety Act 9 RNG Dance Troupe 10 Maricar Burlesque Painter 11 Fighting Gravity Blacklight Performers 12 Nathaniel Kenyon Singer / Musician Footnotes Jump up ^ Twisted Trystan and Krystan were originally selected to be in the Top 48 , but they were unable to appear in the Quarterfinal . They were replaced by danger act Nick Pike . Top 48 ( Week 2 ) ( edIT ) The performance episode aired on July 20 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results episode aired on July 21 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and included performances from the cast members of Cirque Du Soleil and Train . Elimination table , Week 2 ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan Cheer SF Cheerleading Troupe Alice Tan Ridley Singer Mona Sampath Dance Company Bollywood Dance Troupe Iron Horse Rockabilly Band 5 The Strong Man Strongman 6 Ronith Actor / Impersonator 7 Hannibal Means Opera Singer 8 Wreckless Dance Crew 9 Lil Chris Singer 10 AscenDance Rock Climbing Acrobats / Dancers 11 Antonio Restivo Fire Artist / Illusionist 12 Michael Grimm Singer / Musician Top 48 ( Week 3 ) ( edIT ) The performance episode aired on July 27 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results episode aired on July 28 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and featured performances by Mike Posner and the JabbaWockeeZ . Elimination table , Week 3 ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan The South Philly Vikings Dance Troupe CJ Dippa Rapper Harmonica Pierre Harmonica Musician Polina Volchek Gymnast / Acrobat 5 The Strange Familiar Band 6 Haspop Popping Dancer 7 Luigi Singer / Musician 8 Chipps Cooney Magician / Comedian / Chippendale Dancer 9 Kaya and Sadie Belly Dancing Duo 10 Jeremy VanSchoonhoven Extreme Cyclist 11 Debra Romer Singer / Musician 12 Studio One Young Beast Society Dance Troupe Footnotes Top 48 ( Week 4 ) ( edIT ) The performance episode aired on August 3 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results show aired on August 4 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and featured performances by Taio Cruz and Bret Michaels . The contestants this week were treated to an advance screening of the movie The Other Guys and a meeting with its co-stars Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg . Elimination table , Week 4 ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan Da Maniacs Dance Troupe NU Covenant Gospel Group Anna and Patryk Ballroom Dancers Lindsey Stirling Hip - Hop Violinist 5 Doogie Horner Standup Comedian 6 Rudi Macaggi Balancing Acrobat 7 Taylor Mathews Singer / Musician 8 Mary Ellen Yodeler / Pianist 9 ArcAttack Technological Performance Group 10 Prince Poppycock Opera Singer 11 MURRAY Magician / Illusionist 12 Strikers All Stars Dance Crew Footnotes Jump up ^ ArcAttack had to perform outside the show 's studio due to safety concerns . The judges did not have buzzers in the outside studio , instead having hand - carried signs with the familiar red `` X '' , although they never used them . Week 5 : YouTube special ( edIT ) The performance episode aired on August 10 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results show aired on August 11 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and featured performances from YouTube sensations Lin Yu Chun and Evolution of Dance , as well as a performance from Season 1 alumni David and Dania : Quick Change . This special quarterfinal featured acts who submitted their auditions via YouTube . Elimination table , Week 5 ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan PLUtonic A Capella Group Dylan Plummer Extreme Jump Roper Pup Accordion - Playing Dog Cam Hodges Singer / Musician 5 Ryan Rodriguez Dancer 6 Austin Anderson Standup Comedian 7 Booker Forté Hip - Hop Dancer 8 Pizza Patt Pizza Dough Juggler 9 Kristina Young Singer 10 Maestro Alexander Bui Pianist 11 Dan Sperry Magician / Illusionist 12 Jackie Evancho Classical Crossover Singer Footnotes Week 6 : Wild Card show ( edIT ) The performance episode aired on August 17 , 2010 . These acts had been eliminated but were called back by the judges for another chance . The episode was the first in the history of Talent that did not feature at least one act that incorporated live singing in their performance . The results show aired on August 18 , 2010 and included performances by singer LeAnn Rimes and magician Criss Angel . Elimination table , Week 6 ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Chosen By Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan Morgan Kruti Dance Academy Indian Classical Dancers Osbourne Rudi Macaggi Balancing Acrobat Mandel CJ Dippa Rapper Osbourne RNG Dance Troupe 5 Morgan Harmonica Pierre Harmonica Musician 6 Osbourne Michael Grasso Magician / Illusionist 7 Mandel The Hot Shot Tap Dancers Tap Dancing Group 8 Morgan Doogie Horner Standup Comedian 9 Mandel Connor Doran Indoor Kite Flyer 10 Morgan Anna and Patryk Ballroom Dancers 11 Osbourne Michael Lipari & Ashleigh Dejon Aerialists 12 Mandel Swing Shift Side Show Sideshow Performers Footnotes Jump up ^ Swing Shift Side Show was passed through to Las Vegas Week during their preliminary auditions , but pulled out of the competition for personal reasons . However , they were selected by Mandel as one of his picks to perform in the Wild Card Episode . Semifinals ( edIT ) The semifinals began on Tuesday , August 24 . Unlike the quarterfinals , five acts are to make it through each round instead of four ; the other seven will be eliminated . The rest of the format is the same as the previous weeks of competition . Round 1 ( edIT ) The first episode of the semifinals was aired on Tuesday , August 24 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results aired on Wednesday , August 25 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and featured performances from Jimmy Fallon , Kylie Minogue , and Season 4 alumni Recycled Percussion . Round 1 elimination table ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the Top Ten . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan Anna & Patryk Ballroom Dancers Christina & Ali Singing Sisters Antonio Restivo Fire Artist / Illusionist Future Funk Hip - Hop Dance Duo 5 Taylor Mathews Singer / Musician 6 Connor Doran Indoor Kite Flyer 7 Dan Sperry Magician / Illusionist 8 Kristina Young Singer 9 ArcAttack Technological Performance Group 10 Michael Grimm Singer / Musician 11 AscenDance Rock Climbing Acrobats / Dancers 12 Prince Poppycock Opera Singer Footnotes Jump up ^ ArcAttack had to perform outside the show 's studio again due to safety concerns . The judges did not have buzzers in the outside studio , instead having hand - carried signs with the familiar red `` X '' , although they never used them , just like in the quarterfinals . Round 2 ( edIT ) The second episode of the semifinals aired on Tuesday , August 31 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results aired on Wednesday , September 1 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and featured performances from the cast members of Le Rêve and Jason Derülo . The host of the America 's Got Talent Live Tour Jerry Springer also made an appearance . Round 2 elimination table ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the Top Ten . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan Alice Tan Ridley Singer haspop Popping Dancer Maestro Alexander Bui Pianist Michael Lipari & Ashleigh Dejon Aerialists 5 Michael Grasso Magician / Illusionist 6 Debra Romer Singer 7 Studio One Young Beast Society Dance Troupe 8 Jeremy VanSchoonhoven Extreme Cyclist 9 Nathaniel Kenyon Singer 10 MURRAY Magician / Illusionist 11 Jackie Evancho Classical Crossover Singer 12 Fighting Gravity Blacklight Performers Footnotes Jump up ^ Because both Sharon Osbourne and Piers Morgan voted for Studio One Young Beast Society for the last spot in the Top Ten , Mandel 's voting intention was not revealed . Top 10 ( edIT ) For the Top 10 , there was no Judge 's Choice . The Top 10 performance episode aired on Tuesday , September 7 , 2010 , for 2 hours and featured a performance from Enrique Iglesias . Prior to the episode , the contestants got to meet with and have a dinner and drinks with the judges , who offered advice to the contestants . The results show aired on Wednesday , September 8 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and featured performances from Sarah McLachlan and the cast of American Idiot , determining who made the top four spots in the finals . Singing sensation Susan Boyle , who was a contestant on the third series of Got Talent 's sister show Britain 's Got Talent , was scheduled to perform at the results show but was not able to . The producers of the show had not been given the rights to the song from Lou Reed , and Boyle was pulled from the episode at the last minute . This was the season 's only live show without any buzzes . Top Ten Order Contestant Performance Description Result Studio One Young Beast Society Dance Troupe , performed a high - energy dance routine to `` Outta Space Love '' by Group 1 Crew . Eliminated Christina and Ali Singing Sisters , sang `` Love You I Do '' from the film Dreamgirls . Eliminated Jeremy VanSchoonhoven Extreme Cyclist , performed to Jason Derülo 's `` Ridin ' Solo '' . Eliminated Taylor Mathews Singer / Musician , sang `` What a Wonderful World '' by Bob Thiele and George David Weiss . Eliminated 5 Anna & Patryk Ballroom Dancers , danced in quickstep to Louis Prima 's `` Sing , Sing , Sing ( With a Swing ) '' . Eliminated 6 Fighting Gravity Blacklight Performers , performed to `` Genesis '' by Justice Advanced ( 3rd ) 7 Michael Grimm Singer , sang `` Let 's Stay Together '' by Al Green . Advanced ( 1st ) 8 Michael Grasso Magician / Illusionist , performed a trick where he enclosed an assistant into a clear box . He then disappears under a curtain , and the trapped assistant reappears , freed from the box . Michael is later revealed to have switched places with another of the masked assistants . Eliminated 9 Prince Poppycock Opera Singer , sang a medley of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , `` The Yankee Doodle Boy '' , and `` Stars and Stripes Forever '' . Advanced ( 4th ) 10 Jackie Evancho Classical Crossover Singer , performed Andrew Lloyd Webber 's `` Pie Jesu '' . Advanced ( 2nd ) Finals ( edIT ) The Finals aired on Tuesday , September 14 , 2010 , 1 hour . The season finale aired on Wednesday , September 15 , 2010 , 2 hours and featured performances from Usher , the Goo Goo Dolls , the cast members of Cirque du Soleil , David Copperfield , and a surprise performance from T - Pain . Finalists performed with their favorite singers : Prince Poppycock sang a duet with Donna Summer , Michael Grimm with Jewel , Jackie Evancho with Sarah Brightman and Fighting Gravity performed with Lionel Richie joining in singing . The show 's two part finale , overall , averaged 15.3 million viewers . The performance show averaged 14.6 million viewers , and the season finale averaged 16.4 million viewers , making it the most - watched episode in the history of Talent to date . Finals elimination table ( edIT ) Key Winner Runner - up 3rd Place 4th Place Finals , September 14 -- 15 , 2010 Order Contestant Performance Description Mandel Osbourne Morgan Result Prince Poppycock Opera Singer ; performed `` Nessun Dorma '' from the opera Turandot . Fourth Place Michael Grimm Singer / Musician ; sang Percy Sledge 's `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' . Winner Jackie Evancho Classical Crossover Singer , sang `` Ave Maria '' . Runner - Up Fighting Gravity Blacklight Performers ; performed an act depicting an intense struggle between `` good and evil '' to the music of Glitch Mob 's `` Beyond Monday '' , Kraddy 's `` Android Porn '' , and edIT 's `` More Lazers '' . Third Place Top 48 acts ( edIT ) The following is the list of the 48 official quarterfinalists . It also includes the 12 contestants that were picked from the YouTube auditions and the five acts that were originally eliminated in Las Vegas , but were brought back to compete in the Wild Card Episode . Italic indicates the act was picked from a YouTube audition and was not featured in the preliminary auditions or Las Vegas Week , therefore , the quarterfinals were their debut to the competition . Key Winner Runner - up Finalist Top Ten finalist Semifinalist Wild Card Name / Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Qtr . Final ( Week ) Semi Final ( Week ) Position Reached Michael Grimm 30 Singing Singer / Musician Hancock County , Mississippi Winner Jackie Evancho 10 Singing Classical Crossover Singer Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 5 Runner - Up Fighting Gravity 19 - 22 Performing Blacklight Performers Blacksburg , Virginia Third Place Prince Poppycock 32 Singing Opera Singer Los Angeles , California Fourth Place Anna and Patryk 12 Dancing Ballroom Dancers New Hyde Park & Maspeth , New York 4 , 6 Eliminated Christina & Ali 13 & 20 Singing Singing Sisters Idaho Falls , Idaho Eliminated Jeremy VanSchoonhoven 27 Performing Stunt Bike Rider Talent , Oregon Eliminated Studio One Young Beast Society 10 - 21 Dancing Dance Troupe Orlando , Florida Eliminated Michael Grasso 36 Magic Magician / Illusionist Cape May , New Jersey 6 Eliminated Taylor Mathews 18 Singing Singer / Musician Alexandria , Louisiana Eliminated Alice Tan Ridley 57 Singing Singer New York , New York Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Antonio Restivo 39 Performing Fire Artist Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated ArcAttack 25 - 37 Musical Electric Light Show Band Austin , Texas Eliminated AscenDance 29 Performing Rock Climbing Acrobats / Dancers Berkeley , California Eliminated Connor Doran 17 Performing Indoor Kite Flyer Bend , Oregon 6 Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Dan Sperry 25 Magic Illusionist / Magician Las Vegas , Nevada 5 Eliminated Debra Romer 21 Singing Singer / Musician Kalamazoo , Michigan Eliminated Future Funk 5 - 10 Dancing Dancing Duo Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Haspop 32 Dancing Dancer Los Angeles , CA Eliminated Kristina Young 22 Singing Singer Little Rock , Arkansas 5 Eliminated Maestro Alexander Bui 16 Musical Pianist Egg Harbor Township , New Jersey 5 Eliminated Michael Lipari and Ashleigh Dejon 29 - 30 Performing Aerialists Los Angeles , California 6 Eliminated MURRAY 30 Magic Magician Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Nathaniel Kenyon 19 Singing Singer Baxley , Georgia Eliminated CJ Dippa 12 Musical Rapper Denton , Texas 3 , 6 N / A Eliminated Doogie Horner 30 Comedy Stand - Up Comedian Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 4 , 6 N / A Eliminated Harmonica Pierre 74 Musical Harmonica Musician Tucson , Arizona 3 , 6 N / A Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Kruti Dance Academy 15 - 33 Dancing Indian Classical Dancers Atlanta , Georgia 6 N / A Eliminated RNG 11 - 13 Dancing Dance Troupe Seattle , Washington 1 , 6 N / A Eliminated Rudi Macaggi 43 Performing Acrobat Las Vegas , Nevada 4 , 6 N / A Eliminated Swing Shift Side Show 30 - 31 Performing Sideshow Performers Las Vegas , Nevada 6 N / A Eliminated The Hot Shot Tap Dancers 19 - 25 Dancing Tap Dancers Portland , Oregon 1 , 6 N / A Eliminated Airpocalypse 22 - 40 Performing Air band Seattle , Washington N / A Eliminated Austin Anderson 31 Comedy Stand - up comedian Omaha , Nebraska 5 N / A Eliminated Booker Forte 21 Dancing Hip - Hop Dancer Richmond , Virginia 5 N / A Eliminated Cam Hodges 22 Singing Singer Seattle , Washington 5 N / A Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Cheer SF 19 - 52 Dancing Cheerleaders San Francisco , California N / A Eliminated Chipps Cooney 61 Comedy Magician / Comedian Edgewater , New Jersey N / A Eliminated Da Maniacs 25 - 56 Dancing Overweighted Dance Troupe Dallas , Texas N / A Eliminated Dylan Plummer 12 Performing Jump Rope Artist Cincinnati , Ohio 5 N / A Eliminated Hannibal Means 59 Singing Opera Singer Vienna , Austria N / A Eliminated Iron Horse 22 - 27 Musical Rockabilly Band Crete , Illinois N / A Eliminated Kaya & Sadie 32 - 36 Dancing Bellydancers Denver , Colorado N / A Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Kung Fu Heroes 23 - 31 Performing Martial Arts Group Costa Mesa , California N / A Eliminated Lil Chris 12 Singing Singer Sarasota , Florida N / A Eliminated Lindsey Stirling 23 Musical Violinist Provo , Utah N / A Eliminated Luigi 20 Singing Singer Highland , California N / A Eliminated Maricar 38 Performing Burlesque Painter Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Mary Ellen 74 Singing Yodeler / Singer Manheim , Pennsylvania N / A Eliminated Mona Sampath Dance Company 9 - 31 Dancing Bollywood Dance Troupe Sunnyvale , California N / A Eliminated Nick Pike 30 Performing Daredevil Myrtle Beach , South Carolina N / A Eliminated NU Covenant 21 - 27 Singing Gospel Group Cleveland , Ohio N / A Eliminated Paul Safy Jr . 26 Singing Singer New York , New York N / A Eliminated Pizza Patt 27 Performing Pizza Dough Juggler Columbus , Ohio 5 N / A Eliminated Pup 58 & ? Musical Accordion Playing Dog Redwood City , California 5 N / A Eliminated PLUtonic 19 - 28 Singing A cappella Group Tacoma , Washington 5 N / A Eliminated Polina Volchek 24 Performing Gymnast Las Vegas , Nevada N / A Eliminated Ronith 59 Performing Impersonator Seattle , Washington N / A Eliminated Ryan Rodriguez 29 Dancing Dancer Santa Cruz , California 5 N / A Eliminated Sally Cohn 75 Musical Hand Whistler Portland Oregon N / A Eliminated Strikers All Stars 22 - 26 Dancing Dance Crew Hollywood , California N / A Eliminated The South Philly Vikings 16 - 56 Dancing Dance Troupe Philadelphia , Pennsylvania N / A Eliminated The Strange Familiar 27 Musical Band Woodland Hills , California N / A Eliminated The Strong Man 43 Performing Strongman Pesotum , Illinois N / A Eliminated Wreckless 17 - 26 Dancing Dance Crew Ft . Lauderdale , Florida N / A Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Footnotes ^ Jump up to : The contestants were selected for the Wild Card episode , but during Las Vegas Week , were either originally eliminated by the judges or was not seen . Contestants who appeared on other shows ( edIT ) Justin Hopkins appeared on the second season of NBC 's The Voice . He made it to the Battle Rounds but lost to Tony Vincent . Production ( edIT ) Howie Mandel replaced David Hasslehoff as a judge for season 5 This is the first season with Deal or No Deal game show host and comedian Howie Mandel judging on the show , replacing former judge David Hasselhoff . The show is once again hosted by Nick Cannon with Sharon Osbourne and Piers Morgan as judges . Piers Morgan announced on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 that he signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . Ratings ( edit ) U.S. ratings ( edit ) Order Episode ( s ) Airdate Rating Share Rating / Share ( 18 - 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( Timeslot ) Rank ( Night ) Rank ( Week ) `` Los Angeles Auditions '' June 1 , 2010 7.4 13 3.6 / 11 12.35 # 1 # 1 # 4 `` Dallas Auditions '' June 2 , 2010 6.1 10 2.9 / 9 10.35 # 1 # 1 # 9 `` New York City Auditions '' June 8 , 2010 7.4 12 3.7 / 10 13.09 # 2 # 2 # 4 `` New York Auditions ( Part 2 ) '' June 15 , 2010 6.2 10 3.0 / 8 10.55 # 2 # 2 # 4 5 `` Orlando Auditions '' June 16 , 2010 6.7 11 3.1 / 9 11.65 # 1 # 1 # 3 6 7 `` Orlando Auditions ( Part 2 ) '' `` Portland Auditions '' June 22 , 2010 6.8 12 3.4 / 10 11.65 # 1 # 1 # 2 8 `` Portland Auditions ( Part 2 ) '' June 23 , 2010 7.2 12 3.5 / 10 12.37 # 1 # 1 # 1 9 `` Chicago Auditions '' June 29 , 2010 6.0 10 2.9 / 9 10.23 # 1 # 1 # 2 10 `` Final Auditions '' June 30 , 2010 7.5 13 3.5 / 11 12.94 # 1 # 1 # 1 11 `` Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' July 6 , 2010 7.0 12 3.4 / 10 11.82 # 1 # 1 # 2 12 `` Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' July 7 , 2010 6.7 12 3.4 / 10 11.95 # 1 # 1 # 1 13 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 '' July 13 , 2010 6.8 11 3.3 / 10 11.63 # 1 # 2 # 2 14 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 Results '' July 14 , 2010 6.5 11 3.0 / 10 11.17 # 1 # 2 # 3 15 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 '' July 20 , 2010 6.2 11 3.0 / 9 10.48 # 1 # 1 # 1 16 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 Results '' July 21 , 2010 5.9 10 2.6 / 8 10.02 # 1 # 1 # 3 17 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 '' July 27 , 2010 5.6 10 2.6 / 8 9.69 # 1 # 1 # 1 18 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 Results '' July 28 , 2010 5.7 10 2.6 / 8 9.76 # 1 # 1 # 2 19 `` Quarterfinals , Group 4 '' August 3 , 2010 6.0 10 2.9 / 8 10.37 # 1 # 1 # 4 20 `` Quarterfinals , Group 4 Results '' August 4 , 2010 5.9 10 2.8 / 8 10.06 # 1 # 1 # 5 21 `` Quarterfinals , Group 5 : YouTube '' August 10 , 2010 6.2 11 2.9 / 9 10.48 # 1 # 1 # 2 22 `` Quarterfinals , Group 5 : YouTube , Results '' August 11 , 2010 6.2 11 2.8 / 8 10.67 # 1 # 1 # 1 23 `` Quarterfinals , Group 6 : Wild Card '' August 17 , 2010 6.1 10 2.9 / 8 10.19 # 1 # 1 # 3 24 `` Quarterfinals , Group 6 : Wild Card , Results '' August 18 , 2010 6.0 10 2.6 / 8 10.30 # 1 # 1 # 2 25 `` Semifinals , Group 1 '' August 24 , 2010 6.5 11 3.1 / 9 10.80 # 1 # 1 # 2 26 `` Semifinals , Group 1 Results '' August 25 , 2010 6.1 10 2.7 / 8 10.52 # 1 # 1 # 3 27 `` Semifinals , Group 2 '' August 31 , 2010 6.7 11 3.0 / 9 11.50 # 1 # 1 # 1 28 `` Semifinals , Group 2 Results '' September 1 , 2010 6.2 10 2.5 / 8 10.47 # 1 # 1 # 2 29 `` Top Ten , Performances '' September 7 , 2010 7.3 12 3.3 / 9 12.35 # 1 # 1 # 8 30 `` Top Ten , Results '' September 8 , 2010 7.3 12 2.8 / 8 12.14 # 1 # 1 # 9 31 `` Finals , Performances '' September 14 , 2010 8.7 14 3.9 / 11 14.60 # 1 # 1 # 4 32 `` Finale '' September 15 , 2010 9.5 16 3.9 / 11 16.41 # 1 # 1 # 3 Canadian ratings ( edit ) Order Episode Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Weekly rank `` Los Angeles Auditions '' June 1 , 2010 1.282 # 9 `` Dallas Auditions '' June 2 , 2010 0.955 # 18 `` New York City Auditions '' June 8 , 2010 1.347 # 8 `` New York Auditions ( Part 2 ) '' June 15 , 2010 1.587 # 1 5 `` Orlando Auditions '' June 16 , 2010 1.240 # 9 6 7 `` Orlando Auditions ( Part 2 ) Portland Auditions '' June 22 , 2010 1.378 # 9 8 `` Portland Auditions ( Part 2 ) '' June 23 , 2010 1.346 # 12 9 `` Chicago Auditions '' June 29 , 2010 1.370 # 5 10 `` Final Auditions '' June 30 , 2010 1.440 # 3 11 `` Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' July 6 , 2010 1.482 # 10 12 `` Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' July 7 , 2010 1.259 # 14 13 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 '' July 13 , 2010 1.582 # 6 14 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 Results '' July 14 , 2010 1.326 # 12 15 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 '' July 20 , 2010 1.340 # 8 16 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 Results '' July 21 , 2010 1.217 # 13 17 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 '' July 26 , 2010 1.274 # 11 18 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 Results '' July 27 , 2010 1.082 # 18 19 `` Quarterfinals , Group 4 '' August 3 , 2010 1.566 # 5 20 `` Quarterfinals , Group 4 Results '' August 4 , 2010 1.120 # 18 21 `` Quarterfinals , Group 5 : YouTube '' August 10 , 2010 1.295 # 11 22 `` Quarterfinals , Group 5 : YouTube Results '' August 11 , 2010 1.191 # 14 23 `` Quarterfinals , Group 6 : Wild Card '' August 17 , 2010 1.177 # 13 24 `` Quarterfinals , Group 6 : Wild Card Results '' August 18 , 2010 1.291 # 9 25 `` Semifinals , Group 1 '' August 24 , 2010 1.363 # 8 26 `` Semifinals , Group 1 Results '' August 25 , 2010 1.340 # 9 27 `` Semifinals , Group 2 '' August 31 , 2010 1.356 # 11 28 `` Semifinals , Group 2 Results '' September 1 , 2010 1.301 # 12 29 `` Top Ten , Performances '' September 7 , 2010 1.548 # 6 30 `` Top Ten , Results '' September 8 , 2010 1.439 # 9 31 `` Finals , Performances '' September 14 , 2010 1.773 # 6 32 `` Finale '' September 15 , 2010 1.794 # 5 References ( edIT ) Jump up ^ America 's Got Talent on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Luigi Seno '' . Luigi Seno . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 1 performances '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 5 . Episode 13 . 2010 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 13 '' . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 1 results '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 5 . Episode 14 . 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 14 '' . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 2 performances '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 5 . Episode 15 . 2010 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 15 '' . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 3 performances '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 5 . Episode 17 . 2010 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 17 '' . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Evancho '' . Classical-crossover.co.uk. 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Dramatic Developments Drive UPN '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Listings - AMERICA 'S GOT TALENT on NBC '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Susan Boyle upset on America 's Got Talent , additional text . Jump up ^ `` Survivor - reality TV - Big Brother - Apprentice - Amazing Race - American Idol - Television Entertainment '' . Reality News Online . Archived from the original on 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean . `` Jackie Evancho Performs with Sarah Brightman '' Archived 2011 - 12 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , AGTNews.com , September 15 , 2010 , accessed March 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Survivor - reality TV - Big Brother - Apprentice - Amazing Race - American Idol - Television Entertainment '' . Reality News Online . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` '' David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent `` , January 6 , 2010 '' . TV Guide . 2010 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Piers Morgan mum on whether he 's succeeding Larry King Show Tracker Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2010 - 07 - 28 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Top 25 : NBA Finals & Everybody Else , Glee Leads Scripted 18 - 49 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Top 25 : NBA Finals Top Ratings Ranks , Glee Finale Leads Scripted - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Broadcast Final Ratings : NBA Finals Average Almost 18 Million - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 2010 - 06 - 16 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Top 25 : NBA Finals On Top , Lie To Me Sole Scripted Original - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Top 25 : America 's Got Talent , Wipeout , Hell 's Kitchen Crowd The Top Of Week 's Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Top 25 : America 's Got Talent , Bachelorette , Wipeout , Hell 's Kitchen Top The Rankings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Top 25 : America 's Got Talent , Hell 's Kitchen , Wipeout , Bachelorette Lead Week 's Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Top 25 : All - Star Game , America 's Got Talent Lead Week 's Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Wednesday : America 's Got Talent , Think You Can Dance Fall ; Big Brother Up vs. Last Year '' . Tvbythenumbers.com. 2010 - 07 - 15 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Top 25 : The Bachelorette , Hell 's Kitchen , America 's Got Talent & NCIS Lead Week 's Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Top 25 : Hell 's Kitchen , The Bachelorette , MasterChef , America 's Got Talent & NCIS Lead Week 's Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on 6 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Top 25 : The Bachelorette Finale & NFL Preseason Lead Week 's Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com. 2010 - 08 - 08 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2010 . 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Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Golum , Rob . `` NBC Dominates U.S. Broadcast Television Ratings With Football , Talent Show '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Survivor ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' Top Final Week of Broadcast ' Summer ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . May 31 -- June 6 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . June 7 -- 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . June 14 -- 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . June 21 -- 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . June 28 -- July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . July 5 -- 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . July 12 -- 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . July 19 -- 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . July 26 -- August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . August 2 -- 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . August 9 -- 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . August 16 -- 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . August 23 -- 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . August 30 -- September 5 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . BBM . September 6 -- 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 24 . External links ( edIT ) Official NBC America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 4 ( 2009 ) America 's Got Talent Season 5 ( 2010 ) Succeeded by Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( hide ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_5)&oldid=832573903 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons America 's Got Talent seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 20 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won season 5 of america's got talent	[ "The fifth season of America's Got Talent, an American television reality show talent competition, premiered in the United States on the NBC network and on Canada's Global on June 1, 2010. Soul singer Michael Grimm was named the winner on September 15, 2010, beating 10-year-old classical crossover singer Jackie Evancho. Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne returned as judges. After four seasons on the show, David Hasselhoff left to host a new show and was replaced by Howie Mandel." ]	[ "Michael Grimm" ]
-4871436163319567819	Better Off Alone	Better Off Alone - wikipedia Better Off Alone `` Better Off Alone '' Orbit Records German cover Single by Alice Deejay from the album Who Needs Guitars Anyway ? Released 1998 Format 12 '' CD Cassette Recorded Studio Violent Studios ( Studio 4045 ) , Hilversum , Netherlands Genre Eurodance trance Length 3 : 34 Label Violent Music B.V. / Violent Records Songwriter ( s ) Sebastiaan Moljin Eelke Kahlberg Producer ( s ) Jürgen Rijkers Sebastiaan Moljin Eelke Kahlberg Alice Deejay singles chronology `` Better Off Alone '' ( 1998 ) `` Back in My Life '' ( 1999 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( 1998 ) `` Back in My Life '' ( 1999 ) Music video `` Better Off Alone '' on YouTube DJ Jurgen version Violent Records DJ Jurgen single Audio sample 21 second excerpt where the song 's primary line is featured . file help `` Better Off Alone '' is a song by Alice Deejay , the trance music project of Dutch producer Jürgen Rijkers ( DJ Jurgen ) in collaboration with Sebastiaan Moljin and Eelke Kahlberg ( Pronti & Kalmani ) . In 1998 , the song was released as an instrumental by DJ Jurgen on Violent Records . Later releases of the track included vocals by Judith Pronk , who would later become a seminal part of the Alice Deejay project . The song was later included on Alice Deejay 's debut album Who Needs Guitars Anyway ? ( 2000 ) . The song is known for playing a key role in the development of the commercial trance sound , and has since been considered an electronic / trance music classic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Composition 3 Release 3.1 Single 3.2 Music videos 4 Response 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Cover versions and samples 5 Track listing 5.1 DJ Jurgen singles 5.2 Alice Deejay singles 5.3 Laidback Luke remixes 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) The song was initially an instrumental track composed in 1997 by Jürgen `` DJ Jurgen '' Rijkers , Sebastiaan `` Pronti '' Moljin , and Eelke `` Kalmani '' Kahlberg at the Violent Studios 4045 complex in Hilversum , Netherlands . Violent Music and Violent Studios owners Dennis `` Danski '' Van Der Driesschen and Wessel `` Delmundo '' van Diepen had previously offered studio space for Pronti and Kalmani next to their 4045 complex . Before the production of `` Better Off Alone '' , Pronti and Kalmani had worked on composing music for the label 's other project the Vengaboys . In post-production of the instrumental , Sebastiaan Molijn stated he invented the lyric `` Do you think you 're better off alone ? '' after his romantic partner had left him . Molijn stated that `` I started humming the vocal melody while the track was playing and we decided to add vocals . It made the emotion of the song as real as it gets . '' Judith Pronk later served as singer for the Alice Deejay compositions of the song . Pronti and Kalmani 's official biography once stated that DJ Jurgen , `` wanted to stay the underground DJ that he was , so the group Alice Deejay was formed . '' In 1999 , the `` Radio Edit '' was produced . Later in 1999 , Sebastiaan Moljin and Eelke Kahlberg produced several remixes of the song which included the `` Vocal Clubmix '' , `` Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix '' , and the `` Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub '' . Composition ( edit ) `` Better Off Alone '' is written in the key of B major , but recorded in E Lydian as E is the root bass note . B is not played as a bass note . Fourth scale degree in E Major is equal to E Lydian as it shares the same notes as B Major . The song is set in common time with a fast tempo of 137 beats per minute . The song follows a chord progression of E -- D ♯ m -- G ♯ m -- F ♯ , and the vocals span from B to G ♯ . With the turn of the century , `` Better Off Alone '' has been described as a turning point in the development of a commercialized trance sound . This sound shared by related compositions such as `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' by Eiffel 65 that surfaced around the same time . Co-founder of Dash Berlin Jeffrey Sutorious stated , `` It became such a huge chart hit around the world that many people categorised it as Euro Dance , when in fact it started out as vocal trance '' . Eelke Kalberg and Sebastiaan Molijn are Dash Berlin 's other co-founders . Entertainment Weekly described the song as `` techno - pop '' while Spin described it as a `` trance - fueled Eurodance '' . Release ( edit ) Single ( edit ) The single was initially released as an instrumental single by DJ Jurgen in 1998 on Violent Music B.V. 's label Violent Records . Upon its release , there were only 500 vinyls pressed . After the single established credibility under DJ Jurgen 's name , the vocal versions got re-released as `` DJ Jurgen Presents Alice Deejay '' as well as `` Alice Deejay Featuring DJ Jurgen '' in some countries . The vocal single later came to be of just Alice Deejay . The track was released to dance clubs and became an international hit in clubs reaching number 2 on the Billboard club charts and a top ten club chart worldwide . The song then became a hit reaching number 2 in Canada , number 27 in the U.S. and number 2 in the UK . It went on to sell over 600,000 copies in the UK and become one of the country 's best - selling singles of 1999 , despite the radio edit not being on the commercial CD release . The song was in the top 100 best - selling singles in Australia for 2000 as compiled by the Australian Recording Industry Association . Music videos ( edit ) `` Better Off Alone '' is notable for having two versions of its music video . The original music video was released in 1999 , directed by Olaf van Gerwen through the studio Blood Simple -- who at the time directed videos for Sebastian Molijn and Eelke Kalberg 's other music project the Vengaboys . In the first version of the video , a man travels in a Jeep through the desert . His car stalls and is forced to walk on foot . In parallel , a woman is sitting on a couch in a living room singing the lyrics to the song . The man gets lost in the desert and eventually dies and gets covered in sand . The second version was directed by `` Cousin Mike '' from the 1711 Production Group . The second video was shot in Miami for Republic and Universal . The second version is interspersed with desert scenes from the original , but with added scenes where Judith Pronk , Mila Levesque and Angelique Versnel are dancing in a room with oriental decor . Sometimes just Pronk alone , wearing a blue dress with a veil . Response ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The song was initially received with passiveness by some critics . Entertainment Weekly gave the song a B rating , describing the song as having `` catchy , throwaway results '' with `` barely there lyrics '' . In retrospect the song garnered acclaim . Vibe magazine considering the song `` a timeless track '' in their 30 Dance Tracks from The ' 90s That Changed the Game . Complex magazine stated the song , `` perfectly embodies the 1990s Eurodance / euro trance sound that took over clubs , and today we 're hearing the big room house scene build upon what was started here '' in their 10 Essential Eurodance Classics . Complex also stated that Sebastiaan Moljin and Eelke Kahlberg 's production of trance music project Dash Berlin , is directly reflective of the song 's influence on the modern day electronic music scene . Dash Berlin honorarily included the song in their top 5 greatest trance classics . Critic George McCarthy has described the song as being ' full of life : displaying an extensive range of raw emotional vulnerabilities that are unmatched by any other modern dance track , is a banger ' . Meagan Garvey of MTV referenced the song as an example of `` Eurodance Nostalgia '' and that the cult status of the song is `` mostly retroactive '' . Garvey stated that songs such as `` Better Off Alone '' , `` left you with an aching sensation , as if something had been left unsaid . The undercurrent of melancholy seemed more akin to mid - ' 90s tracks like La Bouche 's `` Where Do You Go '' or Haddaway 's `` What Is Love , '' dance tracks built around unanswerable questions . '' Cover versions and Samples ( edit ) In 2007 , New Jersey rock group Paulson released a rock cover of the song on their Calling on You EP . In 2008 , the main melody of the song was sampled by producer Johnny Juliano in `` Say Yeah '' by Wiz Khalifa , which added the Roland - 808 as well as drum machine claps to the existing melody . Hip hop and trap producer AraabMuzik stated that sampling the song was initially what led him to sampling `` trance and really upbeat dance music '' . The song was sampled by him in `` South Beach '' by 40 Cal featuring Duke Da God . In 2011 , Dutch DJ and producer Laidback Luke introduced an electro house remix of the song in the compilation Cream Ibiza : Super You & Me , marketed as a 2011 `` Summer anthem '' . French producer David Guetta was authorized to use the main melody or `` hook '' of the song . The main melody of the song was sampled in David Guetta 's 2013 song `` Play Hard '' featuring Ne - Yo and Akon . The recording was later included in the reboot album Nothing but the Beat 2.0 . Some sources have described this `` heavy '' sampling as an example of the `` gray area in the world of music plagiarism '' . Despite the authorized use of the melody , some sources have stated that this poses the question of `` How much sampling is too much sampling ? '' . Track listing ( edit ) DJ Jurgen singles ( edit ) Netherlands 12 '' vinyl ( Violent Records ) VIO 1116 A : Better Off Alone ( Vocal Mix ) B : Better Off Alone ( Club Dub ) Netherlands CD single ( Violent Records ) VIO 1117 Better Off Alone ( Hitradio Mix ) ( 3 : 36 ) Better Off Alone ( Clubmix ) ( 6 : 50 ) Netherlands 12 '' vinyl ( Violent Records ) VIO 1118 A1 : Better Off Alone ( Signum Rmx ) ( 7 : 46 ) A2 : Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix ) ( 7 : 04 ) B1 : Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Club - Dub ) ( 6 : 46 ) B2 : Better Off Alone ( Mark Van Dale with Enrico Rmx ) ( 9 : 27 ) Netherlands CD maxi - single ( Violent Records ) VIO 1118 Better Off Alone ( Radio Edit ) ( 3 : 38 ) Better Off Alone ( Vocal Clubmix ) ( 6 : 53 ) Better Off Alone ( Signum RMX ) ( 7 : 49 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Vocal RMX ) ( 7 : 07 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub ) ( 6 : 52 ) Better Off Alone ( Mark Van Dale with Enrico RMX ) ( 9 : 28 ) Alice Deejay singles ( edit ) UK Promo CD single ( Positiva ) CDTIVDJ - 113 Better Off Alone ( Radio Edit ) ( 3 : 38 ) Better Off Alone ( UK Short Cut ) ( 2 : 54 ) UK 12 - inch vinyl ( Positiva ) 12TIV - 113 A1 : Better Off Alone ( Vocal Club Mix ) ( 6 : 36 ) A2 : Better Off Alone ( Signum Remix ) ( 6 : 21 ) B1 : Better Off Alone ( DJ Jam X And De Leon 's DuMonde Mix ) ( 6 : 42 ) UK 12 - inch promo vinyl ( Positiva ) 12TIVDJ113 A1 : Better Off Alone ( Vocal Club Mix ) A2 : Better Off Alone ( Mark Van Dale With Enrico Remix ) UK cassette single ( Positiva ) TCTIV - 113 A1 : Better Off Alone ( UK Short Cut ) ( 2 : 53 ) A2 : Better Off Alone ( Vocal Club Mix ) ( 6 : 36 ) A3 : Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix ) ( 7 : 04 ) B1 : Better Off Alone ( UK Short Cut ) ( 2 : 53 ) B2 : Better Off Alone ( Vocal Club Mix ) ( 6 : 36 ) B3 : Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix ) ( 7 : 04 ) Scandinavia CD single ( Jive ) 0580292 Better Off Alone ( Radio Edit ) ( 3 : 36 ) Better Off Alone ( Vocal Clubmix ) ( 6 : 36 ) Scandinavia CD Maxi - single ( Jive ) 0523562 Better Off Alone ( Radio Edit ) ( 3 : 36 ) Better Off Alone ( Vocal Clubmix ) ( 6 : 36 ) Better Off Alone ( Signum Rmx ) ( 7 : 46 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti + Kalmani Vocal Rmx ) ( 7 : 04 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti + Kalmani Club Dub ) ( 6 : 46 ) Better Off Alone ( Mark Van Dale With Enrico Rmx ) ( 9 : 27 ) Australia & New Zealand CD single ( X-Over ) XOVER017 Better Off Alone ( Radio Edit ) ( 3 : 36 ) Better Off Alone ( Vocal Club Mix ) ( 6 : 53 ) Better Off Alone ( Signum RMX ) ( 7 : 46 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix ) ( 7 : 04 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub ) ( 6 : 46 ) Better Off Alone ( Mark Van Dale With Enrico Remix ) ( 9 : 27 ) France CD single ( Hot Tracks ) SHT 3468 - 1 Better Off Alone ( Radio Edit ) ( 3 : 36 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix ) ( 7 : 06 ) Italy CD Maxi - single ( Time Records ) TIME 151 Better Off Alone ( Radio Edit ) ( 3 : 36 ) Better Off Alone ( Vocal Club Mix ) ( 6 : 36 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix ) ( 7 : 04 ) Better Off Alone ( Mark Van Dale with Enrico Remix ) ( 9 : 27 ) Italy 12 - inch vinyl ( Time Records ) TIME 151 A1 : Better Off Alone ( Radio Edit ) ( 3 : 36 ) A2 : Better Off Alone ( Vocal Club Mix ) ( 6 : 36 ) B1 : Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix ) ( 7 : 04 ) B2 : Better Off Alone ( Marc Van Dale With Enrico Remix ) ( 9 : 27 ) Spain 12 - inch vinyl ( Vale Music ) VLMX 0295 A1 : Better Off Alone ( Vocal Club Mix ) ( 6 : 51 ) A2 : Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Rmx ) ( 7 : 04 ) B1 : Better Off Alone ( Marc Van Dale with Enrico Rmx ) ( 9 : 26 ) B2 : Better Off Alone ( Signum Rmx ) ( 7 : 46 ) Spain CD Maxi - single ( Vale Music ) VCDX 295 Better Off Alone ( Radio Edit ) ( 3 : 35 ) Better Off Alone ( Vocal Club Mix ) ( 6 : 51 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix ) ( 7 : 04 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub ) ( 6 : 50 ) Better Off Alone ( Signum Remix ) ( 7 : 46 ) Better Off Alone ( Mark Van Dale with Enrico Remix ) ( 9 : 27 ) Netherlands CD Maxi - single ( Violent Music BV ) 0523562 Better Off Alone ( Radio Edit ) ( 3 : 36 ) Better Off Alone ( Vocal Club Mix ) ( 6 : 36 ) Better Off Alone ( Signum Remix ) ( 7 : 46 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Vocal Remix ) ( 7 : 04 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub ) ( 6 : 46 ) Better Off Alone ( Mark Van Dale with Enrico Remix ) ( 9 : 27 ) Canada CD Maxi - single ( ISBA ) ISB - SI - 7021 Better Off Alone ( Radio Edit ) ( 3 : 38 ) Better Off Alone ( Vocal Clubmix ) ( 6 : 53 ) Better Off Alone ( Signum RMX ) ( 7 : 49 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Vocal RMX ) ( 7 : 07 ) Better Off Alone ( Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub ) ( 6 : 52 ) Better Off Alone ( Mark Van Dale with Enrico RMX ) ( 9 : 28 ) Germany 12 - inch promo ( Remixes ) ( Orbit Records ) B927118 - 01 A1 : Better Off Alone ( DJ Jam X & De Leon 's DuMonde Remix ) ( 6 : 42 ) B1 : Better Off Alone ( Signum Remix ) ( 6 : 21 ) iTunes single ( Violent Music BV ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Radio Edit ) -- ( 3 : 36 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Vocal Club Mix ) -- ( 6 : 53 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Signum Remix ) -- ( 7 : 46 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( DJ Jam X & De Leon Dumonde RMX ) -- ( 6 : 44 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Pronti & Kalmani Vocal RMX ) -- ( 7 : 04 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Pronti & Kalmani Club Dub ) -- ( 6 : 46 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Mark Van Dale with Enrico RMX ) -- ( 9 : 27 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Instrumental Mix ) -- ( 6 : 36 ) Laidback Luke remixes ( edit ) `` Better Off Alone ( Laidback Luke Remix ) '' Single by Laidback Luke remixing and remastering Alice Deejay from the album Cream Ibiza : Super You&Me Released 20 June 2011 Format List of formats ( show ) 192 kbps MP3 320 kbps MP3 WAV FLAC ALAC AIFF CD maxi - single Genre Electro house , trance Label Violent Music B.V. / Violent Records Songwriter ( s ) Sebastiaan Moljin , and Eelke Kahlberg Producer ( s ) Laidback Luke remixing and remastering Jürgen Rijkers , Sebastiaan Moljin , and Eelke Kahlberg Laidback Luke singles chronology `` Turbulence '' ( 2011 ) `` Better Off Alone ( Laidback Luke Remix ) '' ( 2011 ) `` Natural Disaster '' ( 2011 ) `` Turbulence '' ( 2011 ) `` Better Off Alone ( Laidback Luke Remix ) '' ( 2011 ) `` Natural Disaster '' ( 2011 ) Digital Netherlands single , multi-format ( Violent Music ) VIO2011 `` Better Off Alone '' ( Laidback Luke Hit Radio Remix ) -- ( 2 : 46 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Laidback Luke Dance Radio Remix ) -- ( 3 : 15 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Laidback Luke Full Length Remix ) -- ( 5 : 03 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( 1999 Original Radio Edit Remastered ) -- ( 3 : 35 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( 1999 Original Mix Remastered ) -- ( 6 : 51 ) CD maxi - single ( Violent Music ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Laidback Luke Remix ) - Hitradio -- ( 2 : 48 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Laidback Luke Remix ) - Dance Radio -- ( 3 : 16 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Laidback Luke Remix ) - Full Length -- ( 5 : 04 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( 1999 Original Hit Radio ) -- ( 3 : 38 ) Digital Australian single , multi-format ( Central Station Australia ) DN 0182 `` Better Off Alone '' ( Laidback Luke Hitradio Remix ) -- ( 2 : 48 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Laidback Luke Dance Radio Remix ) -- ( 3 : 16 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Laidback Luke Full Length Remix ) -- ( 5 : 04 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Remastered 1999 Original Hit Radio Mix ) -- ( 3 : 35 ) `` Better Off Alone '' ( Remastered 1999 Original Mix ) -- ( 6 : 51 ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 57 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 32 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 17 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 27 US Billboard Pop Songs 20 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Chart ( 2000 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 88 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pronti & Kalmani '' . August 9 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( URL masked index page ) on August 9 , 2004 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 ... Jump up ^ `` Better Off Alone - Alice Deejay , DJ Alice , DJ Jurgen '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Jarvis ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Dash Berlin 's top five trance classics '' . ^ Jump up to : Alice Deejay ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( Compact disc ) . Scandinavia : Jive Records ; Violent Records . 0523562 . ^ Jump up to : DJ Ron Slomowicz . `` Pronti & Kalmani Interview '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ALICE DEEJAY - `` BETTER OFF ALONE '' SPIN Animal Collective Centipedia `` . SPIN. 2012 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Better Off Alone '' . www.musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Trance '' . Ministry of Sound Australia . February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Beth ( June 23 , 2000 ) . `` Better Off Alone '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Better Off Alone '' . Violent Records . 2001 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2001 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Deejay '' . Hypergirl Entertainment Magazine . May 1 , 2001 . Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p398650/charts-awards/billboard-singles Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Deejay '' . Orbit Records . 2001 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2001 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Deejay Video '' . Orbit Records . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2000 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Music Videos '' . 1711 Production Group . Jump up ^ `` Before EDM : 30 Dance Tracks From The ' 90s That Changed The Game '' . Vibe . July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Essential Eurodance Classics '' . Complex . July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Meagan ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` BETTER OFF ALONE : MINING THE DEPTHS OF EURODANCE NOSTALGIA '' . MTV.com . MTV . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Store '' . Phobos.apple.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Well - Known Techno Samples in Rap Tracks '' . Complex. 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AraabMuzik Pitchfork '' . Pitchfork.com . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cream Ibiza 2011 - Laidback Luke - Super You&Me - Win Cds '' . Ibiza-Voice.com. 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alice DJ '' . Alice DJ . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sprankles , Julie ( 2016 ) . `` 31 songs you did n't know were ( allegedly ) plagiarized '' . SheKnows . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D.J. Jurgen ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( 12 '' vinyl record ) . Netherlands : Violent Records . VIO 1116 . Jump up ^ DJ Jurgen ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( Compact disc ) . Netherlands : Violent Records . VIO 1117 . Jump up ^ DJ Jurgen ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( 12 '' vinyl record ) . Netherlands : Violent Records . VIO 1118 . Jump up ^ DJ Jurgen ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( Compact disc ) . Netherlands : Violent Records . VIO 1118 . Jump up ^ Alice Deejay ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( Compact disc ) . DJ Jurgen . United Kingdom : Positiva Records . CDTIVDJ - 113 . Jump up ^ DJ Jurgen Presents Alice Deejay ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( 12 '' vinyl record ) . United Kingdom : Positiva Records . 12TIV - 113 . Jump up ^ DJ Jürgen Presents Alice Deejay ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( 12 '' vinyl record ) . United Kingdom : Positiva Records . 12TIVDJ113 . Jump up ^ DJ Jurgen Presents Alice Deejay ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( Cassette ) . United Kingdom : Positiva Records . TCTIV - 113 . Jump up ^ Alice Deejay ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( Compact disc ) . Scandinavia : Jive Records ; Violent Records . 0580292 . Jump up ^ Alice Deejay ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( Compact disc ) . Australia ; New Zealand : X-Over Recordings . XOVER017 . Jump up ^ Alice Deejay feat . DJ Jurgen ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( Cassette ) . France : Hot Tracks ; Violent Records . SHT 3468 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alice Deejay ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( Compact disc ) . Italy : Time Records . TIME 151 . Jump up ^ Alice Deejay ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( 12 '' vinyl record ) . Italy : Time Records . TIME 151 . Jump up ^ Alice Deejay ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( 12 '' vinyl record ) . Spain : Vale Music . VLMX 0295 . Jump up ^ Alice Deejay ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( CD maxi - single ) . Spain : Vale Music . VLMX 295 . ^ Jump up to : Alice Deejay ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( CD maxi - single ) . Netherlands : Violent Music . 0523562 . Jump up ^ Alice Deejay ( 1999 ) . Better Off Alone ( 12 '' vinyl pressing ) . Germany : Orbit Records . B927118 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Better Off Alone ( Single ) '' . iTunes. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` BETTER OFF ALONE - LAIDBACK LUKE REMIX '' . Beatport . Violent Records . 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alice Deejay , remixed by Laidback Luke ( 2011 ) . Better Off Alone ( Laidback Luke Remix ) ( CD maxi - single ) . Netherlands : Violent Music . Jump up ^ `` Better Off Alone ( Laidback Luke remixes ) '' . Juno Download . Central Station Australia . August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Alice Deejay -- Better Off Alone '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie Wilson . `` Alice Deejay - Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Alice Deejay : Better Off Alone '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Alice Deejay -- Better Off Alone '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Alice Deejay Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Back In My Life by Alice Deejay Chart performance in Ireland '' . Irishcharts . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.ca . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- DJ Jurgen presents Alice Deejay '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- DJ Jurgen presents Alice Deejay -- Better Off Alone '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Alice Deejay -- Better Off Alone '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Alice Deejay -- Better Off Alone '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Alice Deejay -- Better Off Alone '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Alice Deejay -- Better Off Alone '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Better Off Alone by Alice Deejay Chart performance in America '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Best Selling Singles '' ( PDF ) . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Alice DeeJay -- Better Off Alone '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Better Off Alone in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Alice Deejay Ilona DJ Jurgen Sebastiaan Molijn Eelke Kalberg Marc Lee - Smith Wessel van Diepen Dennis van den Driesschen Judith Pronk Mila Levesque Angelique Versnel Studio albums Who Needs Guitars Anyway ? Singles `` Better Off Alone '' `` Back in My Life '' `` Will I Ever '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Better_Off_Alone&oldid=844458146 '' Categories : 1998 songs 1998 singles Alice DeeJay songs Debut singles Songs about loneliness Universal Records singles Number - one singles in Scotland Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	do you think you're better off alone- alice dj	[]	[]
2348940174783051211	Chief of Naval Staff (Nigeria)	Chief of Naval Staff ( Nigeria ) - Wikipedia Chief of Naval Staff ( Nigeria ) The Chief of Naval Staff is the highest ranking military officer of the Nigerian Navy . The position is often occupied by the most senior commissioned officer appointed by the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of Nigeria. The Chief of Naval Staff reports to the Chief of Defence Staff , who also reports to the Defence Minister . The Statutory duty of the Officer is to formulate and execute policies towards the highest attainment of National Security and operational competence of the Nigerian Navy . The current Chief of Naval Staff is Ibok Ekwe Ibas who was appointed on July 13 , 2015 by President Muhammadu Buhari to succeeded Usman Oyibe Jibrin . Chiefs of Naval Staff ( edit ) Table below is a chronological list of officers holding the position of Chief of Naval Staff ( CNS ) . Officer Title Period Served Remarks Captain F.W. Skutil CNS 1956 -- 1958 Commodore A.R. Kennedy CNS 1958 -- 1964 Vice Commodore J.E.A. Wey OFR FSS CNS 1964 -- 1973 Vice Admiral N.B. Soroh MFR FSS IDC CNS 1973 -- 1975 Vice Admiral M.A Adelanwa GCON FSS rcds CNS 1975 -- 1980 Vice Admiral A.A. Aduwo CFR FSS FBIM CNS 1980 - 1983 Rear Admiral A.A. Aikhomu FSS psc mni CNS 1984 - 1986 Vice Admiral Patrick Koshoni FSS psc mni CNS 1986 - 1990 Vice Admiral Murtala Nyako FSS psc mni CNS 1990 - 1992 Vice Admiral D.P.E Omotsola FSS DSO psc rcds CNS 1992 - 1993 Rear Admiral Suleiman Saidu FSS LSS MSS DSS rcds CNS September 1993 - November 1993 Rear Admiral A.A. Madueke FSS DSS MRNI mni CNS 1993 - 1994 Rear Admiral O.M Akhigbe FSS DSS psc mni CNS 1994 - 1998 Vice Admiral J. Ayinla DSS psc Usnwc fwc GCON CNS 1998 - 1999 Vice Admiral V.K. Ombu CFR mni CNS 1999 - 2001 Vice Admiral S.O. Afolayan DSS psc fwc CNS 2001 - 2005 Vice Admiral G.T.A. Adekeye DSS psc mirss mni CNS 2005 - 2008 Vice Admiral I.I. Ibrahim CFR DSS psc fwc CNS 2008 - 2010 Vice Admiral O.S. Ibrahim DSS psc rcds fwc LLB ( Hons ) MA CNS 2010 - 2012 Vice Admiral D.J. Ezeoba GSS fwc Msc MRIN FCIS CNS 2012 - 2013 Vice Admiral U.O. Jibrin GSS AM psc+ mni LLB PGCPA CNS 2013 - 2015 Rear Admiral Ibok - Ete Ekwe Ibas CNS July 2015 -- References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Minimah , Jibrin , Amosu Appointed Service Chiefs , Articles - THISDAY LIVE '' . thisdaylive.com . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari appoints new Service Chiefs '' . DailyPost Nigeria . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` President Buhari Appoints New Service Chiefs And NSA - Channels Television '' . Channels Television . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cross River governor lauds buhari over new naval chief '' . Premium Times Nigeria . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Command '' . Nigerian Navy . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Military , law enforcement and intelligence agencies of Nigeria Military Nigerian Armed Forces Nigerian Army Chief of Army Staff Nigerian Navy Chief of Naval Staff Nigerian Air Force Chief of Air Staff Ministry of Defence Defence Minister Chief of the Defence Staff Law enforcement Nigeria Police Force National Drug Law Enforcement Agency Nigerian Mobile Police Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Intelligence State Security Service National Intelligence Agency Defence Intelligence Agency Chief of Defence Intelligence Federal Investigation and Intelligence Bureau This Nigeria - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Nigeria)&oldid=841861696 '' Categories : Nigerian Navy admirals Navy chiefs of staff Nigerian military appointments Nigeria stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 15 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the current chief of naval staff in nigeria	[ "The Chief of Naval Staff is the highest ranking military officer of the Nigerian Navy.[1]\nThe position is often occupied by the most senior commissioned officer appointed by the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Nigeria.The Chief of Naval Staff reports to the Chief of Defence Staff, who also reports to the Defence Minister.[2]\nThe Statutory duty of the Officer is to formulate and execute policies towards the highest attainment of National Security and operational competence of the Nigerian Navy.[3]\nThe current Chief of Naval Staff is Ibok Ekwe Ibas who was appointed on July 13, 2015 by President Muhammadu Buhari to succeeded Usman Oyibe Jibrin.[4]\n" ]	[ "Ibok Ekwe Ibas" ]
-8422433422566937075	Works Progress Administration	Works Progress Administration - wikipedia Works Progress Administration Jump to : navigation , search Works Progress Administration Agency overview Formed May 6 , 1935 ( 1935 - 05 - 06 ) Preceding Federal Emergency Relief Administration Dissolved June 30 , 1943 Employees 8.5 million 1935 -- 1943 3.3 million in November 1938 ( peak ) Annual budget $1.3 billion ( 1935 ) Key document Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration ) was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency , employing millions of people ( mostly unskilled men ) to carry out public works projects , including the construction of public buildings and roads . In a much smaller project , Federal Project Number One , the WPA employed musicians , artists , writers , actors and directors in large arts , drama , media , and literacy projects . Almost every community in the United States had a new park , bridge or school constructed by the agency . The WPA 's initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion ( about 6.7 percent of the 1935 GDP ) . Headed by Harry Hopkins , the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States . At its peak in 1938 , it provided paid jobs for three million unemployed men and women , as well as youth in a separate division , the National Youth Administration . Between 1935 and 1943 , when the agency was disbanded , the WPA employed 8.5 million people . Most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity . Hourly wages were typically set to the prevailing wages in each area . Full employment , which was reached in 1942 and emerged as a long - term national goal around 1944 , was not the goal of the WPA ; rather , it tried to provide one paid job for all families in which the breadwinner suffered long - term unemployment . `` The stated goal of public building programs was to end the depression or , at least , alleviate its worst effects , '' sociologist Robert D. Leighninger asserted . `` Millions of people needed subsistence incomes . Work relief was preferred over public assistance ( the dole ) because it maintained self - respect , reinforced the work ethic , and kept skills sharp . '' The WPA was a national program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments , which provided 10 -- 30 % of the costs . Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies , with the WPA responsible for wages ( and for the salaries of supervisors , who were not on relief ) . WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs . It was liquidated on June 30 , 1943 , as a result of low unemployment due to the worker shortage of World War II . The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Establishment 2 Employment 3 Projects 3.1 Federal Project Number One 3.1. 1 Federal Art Project 3.1. 2 Federal Music Project 3.1. 3 Federal Theatre Project 3.1. 4 Federal Writers ' Project 3.1. 5 Historical Records Survey 4 Relief for African Americans 5 Women 6 Criticism 7 Evolution 8 Termination 9 Legacy 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Establishment ( edit ) FDR prepares to speak about the establishment of the work relief program and Social Security at his fireside chat of April 28 , 1935 . FERA administrator and WPA head Harry Hopkins speaking to reporters ( November 1935 ) A joint resolution introduced January 21 , 1935 , the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 8 , 1935 . On May 6 , 1935 , FDR issued Executive Order 7034 , establishing the Works Progress Administration . The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration , which was dissolved . Direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program -- a major public works program directed by the WPA . The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins , supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and close adviser to Roosevelt . Both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA . Hallie Flanagan , national director of the Federal Theatre Project , wrote that `` for the first time in the relief experiments of this country the preservation of the skill of the worker , and hence the preservation of his self - respect , became important . '' The WPA was organized into the following divisions : The Division of Engineering and Construction , which planned and supervised construction projects including airports , dams , highways and sanitation systems . The Division of Professional and Service Projects ( called the Division of Women 's and Professional Projects in 1937 ) , which was responsible for white - collar projects including education programs , recreation programs , and the arts projects . It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division . The Division of Finance . The Division of Information . The Division of Investigation , which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud , misappropriation of funds and disloyalty . The Division of Statistics , also known as the Division of Social Research . The Project Control Division , which processed project applications . Other divisions including the Employment , Management , Safety , Supply , and Training and Reemployment . Employment ( edit ) WPA road development project These ordinary men and women proved to be extraordinary beyond all expectation . They were golden threads woven in the national fabric . In this , they shamed the political philosophy that discounted their value and rewarded the one that placed its faith in them , thus fulfilling the founding vision of a government by and for its people . All its people . -- Nick Taylor , American - Made : The Enduring Legacy of the WPA The goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered . Harry Hopkins testified to Congress in January 1935 why he set the number at 3.5 million , using Federal Emergency Relief Administration data . Estimating costs at $1,200 per worker per year ( $21 thousand in present - day terms ) , he asked for and received $4 billion ( $69.9 billion in present - day terms ) . Many women were employed , but they were few compared to men . In 1935 there were 20 million people on relief in the United States . Of these , 8.3 million were children under 16 years of age ; 3.8 million were persons between the ages of 16 and 65 who were not working or seeking work . These included housewives , students in school , and incapacitated persons . Another 750,000 were person age 65 or over . Thus , of the total of 20 million persons then receiving relief , 13 million were not considered eligible for employment . This left a total of 7 million presumably employable persons between the ages of 16 and 65 inclusive . Of these , however , 1.65 million were said to be farm operators or persons who had some non-relief employment , while another 350,000 were , despite the fact that they were already employed or seeking work , considered incapacitated . Deducting this 2 million from the total of 7.15 million , there remained 5.15 million persons age 16 to 65 , unemployed , looking for work , and able to work . FDR and Hopkins ( September 1938 ) Because of the assumption that only one worker per family would be permitted to work under the proposed program , this total of 5.15 million was further reduced by 1.6 million -- the estimated number of workers who were members of families which included two or more employable persons . Thus , there remained a net total of 3.55 million workers in as many households for whom jobs were to be provided . The WPA reached its peak employment of 3,334,594 people in November 1938 . In order to be eligible for WPA employment , an individual had to be an American citizen who was 18 or older , able - bodied , unemployed , and certified as in need by a local public relief agency approved by the WPA . The WPA Division of Employment selected the worker 's placement to WPA projects based on previous experience or training . Worker pay was based on three factors : the region of the country , the degree of urbanization , and the individual 's skill . It varied from $19 per month to $94 per month , with the average wage being about $52.50 -- $893.00 in present - day terms . The goal was to pay the local prevailing wage , but limit the hours of work to 8 hours a day or 40 hours a week ; the stated minimum being 30 hours a week , or 120 hours a month . Projects ( edit ) Typical plaque on a WPA project Griffith Observatory Timberline Lodge WPA projects were administered by the Division of Engineering and Construction and the Division of Professional and Service Projects . Most projects were initiated , planned and sponsored by states , counties or cities . Nationwide projects were sponsored until 1939 . The WPA built traditional infrastructure of the New Deal such as roads , bridges , schools , courthouses , hospitals , sidewalks , waterworks , and post-offices , but also constructed museums , swimming pools , parks , community centers , playgrounds , coliseums , markets , fairgrounds , tennis courts , zoos , botanical gardens , auditoriums , waterfronts , city halls , gyms , and university unions . Most of these are still in use today . The amount of infrastructure projects of the WPA included 40,000 new and 85,000 improved buildings . These new buildings included 5,900 new schools ; 9,300 new auditoriums , gyms , and recreational buildings ; 1,000 new libraries ; 7,000 new dormitories ; and 900 new armories . In addition , infrastructure projects included 2,302 stadiums , grandstands , and bleachers ; 52 fairgrounds and rodeo grounds ; 1,686 parks covering 75,152 acres ; 3,185 playgrounds ; 3,026 athletic fields ; 805 swimming pools ; 1,817 handball courts ; 10,070 tennis courts ; 2,261 horseshoe pits ; 1,101 ice - skating areas ; 138 outdoor theatres ; 254 golf courses ; and 65 ski jumps . Total expenditures on WPA projects through June 1941 totaled approximately $11.4 billion -- the equivalent of $186 billion today . Over $4 billion was spent on highway , road , and street projects ; more than $1 billion on public buildings , including the iconic Dock Street Theatre in Charleston , the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles , and Timberline Lodge in Oregon 's Mount Hood National Forest . More than $1 billion -- $16.3 billion today -- was spent on publicly owned or operated utilities ; and another $1 billion on welfare projects , including sewing projects for women , the distribution of surplus commodities , and school lunch projects . One construction project was the Merritt Parkway in Connecticut , the bridges of which were each designed as architecturally unique . In its eight - year run , the WPA built 325 firehouses and renovated 2,384 of them across the United States . The 20,000 miles of water mains , installed by their hand as well , contributed to increased fire protection across the country . The direct focus of the WPA projects changed with need . In 1935 priority projects were to improve infrastructure ; roads , extension of electricity to rural areas , water conservation , sanitation and flood control . In 1936 , as outlined in that year 's Emergency Relief Appropriations Act , public facilities became a focus ; parks and associated facilities , public buildings , utilities , airports , and transportation projects were funded . The following year , saw the introduction of agricultural improvements , such as the production of marl fertilizer and the eradication of fungus pests . As the Second World War approached , and then eventually began , WPA projects became increasingly defense related . One project of the WPA was funding state - level library service demonstration projects , to create new areas of library service to underserved populations and to extend rural service . Another project was the Household Service Demonstration Project , which trained 30,000 women for domestic employment . South Carolina had one of the larger statewide library service demonstration projects . At the end of the project in 1943 , South Carolina had twelve publicly funded county libraries , one regional library , and a funded state library agency . Federal Project number one ( edit ) A significant aspect of the Works Progress Administration was the Federal Project Number One , which had five different parts : the Federal Art Project , the Federal Music Project , the Federal Theatre Project , the Federal Writers Project , and the Historical Records Survey . The government wanted to provide new federal cultural support instead of just providing direct grants to private institutions . After only one year , over 40,000 artists and other talented workers had been employed through this project in the United States . Cedric Larson stated that `` The impact made by the five major cultural projects of the WPA upon the national consciousness is probably greater in toto than anyone readily realizes . As channels of communication between the administration and the country at large , both directly and indirectly , the importance of these projects can not be overestimated , for they all carry a tremendous appeal to the eye , the ear , or the intellect -- or all three . '' Federal Art Project ( edit ) Main article : Federal Art Project This project was directed by Holger Cahill and in 1936 , the peak for employment in this federal project , the Federal Art Project employed over 5,300 artists . The Arts Service Division created illustrations and posters for the WPA writers , musicians , and theaters . The Exhibition Division had public exhibitions of artwork from the WPA , and artists from the Art Teaching Division were employed in settlement houses and community centers to give classes to an estimated 50,000 children and adults . They set up over 100 art centers around the country that served an estimated eight million individuals . Federal music Project ( edit ) Noon - hour WPA band concert in Lafayette Square , New Orleans ( 1940 ) Main article : Federal Music Project Directed by Nikolai Sokoloff , former principal conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra , the Federal Music Project employed over 16,000 musicians at its peak . Its purpose was to establish different ensembles such as chamber groups , orchestras , choral units , opera units , concert bands , military bands , dance bands , and theater orchestras that gave an estimated 131,000 performances and programs to 92 million people each week . The Federal Music Project performed plays and dances , as well as radio dramas . In addition , the Federal Music Project gave music classes to an estimated 132,000 children and adults every week , recorded folk music , served as copyists , arrangers , and librarians to expand the availability of music , and experimented in music therapy . Sokoloff stated , `` Music can serve no useful purpose unless it is heard , but these totals on the listeners ' side are more eloquent than statistics as they show that in this country there is a great hunger and eagerness for music . '' Federal Theatre Project ( edit ) Main article : Federal Theatre Project This project was directed by Iowan Hallie Flanagan , and employed 12,700 performers at its peak . These performers presented more than 1,000 performances each month to almost one million people , produced 1,200 plays in the four years it was established , and introduced 100 new playwrights . Many performers later became successful in Hollywood including Orson Welles , John Houseman , Burt Lancaster , Joseph Cotten , Canada Lee , Will Geer , Joseph Losey , Virgil Thompson , Nicholas Ray , E.G. Marshall and Sidney Lumet . The Federal Theatre Project was the first project to end in June 1939 after four years from an end of funding from the federal government . Federal writers ' Project ( edit ) Main article : Federal Writers ' Project This project was directed by Henry Alsberg and employed 6,686 writers at its peak in 1936 . By January 1939 , more than 275 major books and booklets had been published by the FWP . Most famously , the FWP created the American Guide Series , which produced thorough guidebooks for every state that include descriptions of towns , waterways , historic sites , oral histories , photographs , and artwork . An association or group that put up the cost of publication sponsored each book , the cost was anywhere from $5,000 to $10,000 . In almost all cases , the book sales were able to reimburse their sponsors . Additionally , another important part of this project was to record oral histories to create archives such as the Slave Narratives and collections of folklore . These writers also participated in research and editorial services to other government agencies . Historical Records Survey ( edit ) Main article : Historical Records Survey This project was the smallest of Federal Project Number One and served to identify , collect , and conserve United States ' historical records . It is one of the biggest bibliographical efforts and was directed by Dr. Luther H. Evans . At its peak , this project employed more than 4,400 workers . 1940 WPA poster using Little Miss Muffet to promote reading among children . WPA health education poster about cancer , c. 1936 -- 1938 Poster for the WPA shows various items that can be purchased at the 5 & 10 ¢ store WPA poster advertising art classes for children WPA poster promoting the zoo as a place to visit , showing an elephant 1936 WPA Poster for Federal Theatre Project presentation WPA poster encouraging laborers to work for America Relief for African Americans ( edit ) The share of Federal Emergency Relief Administration and WPA benefits for African Americans exceeded their proportion of the general population . The FERA 's first relief census reported that more than two million African Americans were on relief during early 1933 , a proportion of the African - American population ( 17.8 % ) that was nearly double the proportion of whites on relief ( 9.5 % ) . This was during the period of Jim Crow and racial segregation in the South , when blacks were largely disenfranchised . By 1935 , there were 3,500,000 African Americans ( men , women and children ) on relief , almost 35 percent of the African - American population ; plus another 250,000 African - American adults were working on WPA projects . Altogether during 1938 , about 45 percent of the nation 's African - American families were either on relief or were employed by the WPA . Civil rights leaders initially objected that African Americans were proportionally underrepresented . African American leaders made such a claim with respect to WPA hires in New Jersey , stating , `` In spite of the fact that Blacks indubitably constitute more than 20 percent of the State 's unemployed , they composed 15.9 % of those assigned to W.P.A. jobs during 1937 . '' Nationwide in 1940 , 9.8 % of the population were African American . However , by 1941 , the perception of discrimination against African Americans had changed to the point that the NAACP magazine Opportunity hailed the WPA : It is to the eternal credit of the administrative officers of the WPA that discrimination on various projects because of race has been kept to a minimum and that in almost every community Negroes have been given a chance to participate in the work program . In the South , as might have been expected , this participation has been limited , and differential wages on the basis of race have been more or less effectively established ; but in the northern communities , particularly in the urban centers , the Negro has been afforded his first real opportunity for employment in white - collar occupations . The WPA mostly operated segregated units , as did its youth affiliate , the National Youth Administration . Blacks were hired by the WPA as supervisors in the North ; however of 10,000 WPA supervisors in the South , only 11 were black . Historian Anthony Badger argues , `` New Deal programs in the South routinely discriminated against blacks and perpetuated segregation . '' Women ( edit ) Hispanic women in Costilla , New Mexico , weaving rag rugs in 1939 . About 15 % of the household heads on relief were women , and youth programs were operated separately by the National Youth Administration . The average worker was about 40 years old ( about the same as the average family head on relief ) . WPA policies were consistent with the strong belief of the time that husbands and wives should not both be working ( because the second person working would take one job away from some other breadwinner ) . A study of 2,000 female workers in Philadelphia showed that 90 % were married , but wives were reported as living with their husbands in only 18 percent of the cases . Only 2 percent of the husbands had private employment . Of the 2,000 women , all were responsible for one to five additional people in the household . In rural Missouri , 60 % of the WPA - employed women were without husbands ( 12 % were single ; 25 % widowed ; and 23 % divorced , separated or deserted ) . Thus , only 40 % were married and living with their husbands , but 59 % of the husbands were permanently disabled , 17 % were temporarily disabled , 13 % were too old to work , and remaining 10 % were either unemployed or handicapped . Most of the women worked with sewing projects , where they were taught to use sewing machines and made clothing and bedding , as well as supplies for hospitals , orphanages , and adoption centers . One WPA - funded project , the Pack Horse Library Project , mainly employed women to deliver books to rural areas in eastern Kentucky . Many of the women employed by the project were the sole breadwinners for their families . Criticism ( edit ) Poster representing the WPA defending itself from attacks The WPA had numerous critics , especially from conservatives . The strongest attacks were that it was the prelude for a national political machine on behalf of Roosevelt . Reformers secured the Hatch Act of 1939 that largely depoliticized the WPA . Others complained that far left elements played a major role , especially in the New York City unit . Representative J. Parnell Thomas of the House Committee on Un-American Activities claimed in 1938 that divisions of the WPA were a `` hotbed of Communists '' and `` one more link in the vast and unparalleled New Deal propaganda network . '' Much of the criticism of the distribution of projects and funding allotment is a result of the view that the decisions were politically motivated . The South , as the poorest region of the United States , received 75 percent less in federal relief and public works funds per capita than the West . Critics would point to the fact that Roosevelt 's Democrats could be sure of voting support from the South , whereas the West was less of a sure thing ; swing states took priority over the other states . There was a perception that WPA employees were not diligent workers , and that they had little incentive to give up their busy work in favor of productive jobs . Some employers said that the WPA instilled poor work habits and encouraged inefficiency . Some job applicants found that a WPA work history was viewed negatively by employers , who said they had formed poor work habits . A Senate committee reported that , `` To some extent the complaint that WPA workers do poor work is not without foundation. ... Poor work habits and incorrect techniques are not remedied . Occasionally a supervisor or a foreman demands good work . '' The WPA and its workers were ridiculed as being lazy . The organization 's initials were said to stand for `` We Poke Along '' or `` We Putter Along '' or `` We piddle around '' or `` Whistle , Piss and Argue . '' These were sarcastic references to WPA projects that sometimes slowed down deliberately because foremen had an incentive to keep going , rather than finish a project . The WPA 's Division of Investigation proved so effective in preventing political corruption `` that a later congressional investigation could n't find a single serious irregularity it had overlooked , '' wrote economist Paul Krugman . `` This dedication to honest government was n't a sign of Roosevelt 's personal virtue ; rather , it reflected a political imperative . FDR 's mission in office was to show that government activism works . To maintain that mission 's credibility he needed to keep his administration 's record clean . And he did . '' Evolution ( edit ) Francis C. Harrington , WPA national administrator 1938 -- 40 On December 23 , 1938 , after leading the WPA for 3.5 years , Harry Hopkins resigned and became the Secretary of Commerce . To succeed him Roosevelt appointed Francis C. Harrington , a colonel in the Army Corps of Engineers and the WPA 's chief engineer , who had been leading the Division of Engineering and Construction . Following the passage of the Reorganization Act of 1939 in April 1939 , the WPA was grouped with the Bureau of Public Roads , Public Buildings Branch of the Procurement Division , Branch of Buildings Management of the National Park Service , United States Housing Authority and the Public Works Administration under the newly created Federal Works Agency . Created at the same time , the Federal Security Agency assumed the WPA 's responsibility for the National Youth Administration . `` The name of the Works Progress Administration has been changed to Work Projects Administration in order to make its title more descriptive of its major purpose , '' President Roosevelt wrote when announcing the reorganization . As WPA projects became more subject to the state , local sponsors were called on to provide 25 % of project costs . As the number of public works projects slowly diminished , more projects were dedicated to preparing for war . Having languished since the end of World War I , the American military services were depopulated and served by crumbling facilities ; when Germany occupied Czechoslovakia in 1938 , the U.S. Army numbered only 176,000 soldiers . WPA researchers and map makers prepare the air raid warning map for New Orleans within days of the attack on Pearl Harbor ( December 11 , 1941 ) On May 26 , 1940 , FDR delivered a fireside chat to the American people about `` the approaching storm '' , and on June 6 Harrington reprioritized WPA projects , anticipating a major expansion of the U.S. military . `` Types of WPA work to be expedited in every possible way to include , in addition to airports and military airfields , construction of housing and other facilities for enlarged military garrisons , camp and cantonment construction , and various improvements in navy yards , '' Harrington said . He observed that the WPA had already made substantial contributions to national defense over its five years of existence , by building 85 percent of the new airports in the U.S. and making $420 million in improvements to military facilities . He predicted there would be 500,000 WPA workers on defense - related projects over the next 12 months , at a cost of $250 million . The estimated number of WPA workers needed for defense projects was soon revised to between 600,000 and 700,000 . Vocational training for war industries was also begun by the WPA , with 50,000 trainees in the program by October 1940 . `` Only the WPA , having employed millions of relief workers for more than five years , had a comprehensive awareness of the skills that would be available in a full - scale national emergency , '' wrote journalist Nick Taylor . `` As the country began its preparedness buildup , the WPA was uniquely positioned to become a major defense agency . '' Harrington died suddenly , aged 53 , on September 30 , 1940 . Notably apolitical -- he boasted that he had never voted -- he had deflected Congressional criticism of the WPA by bringing attention to its building accomplishments and its role as an employer . Harrington 's successor , Howard O. Hunter , served as head of the WPA until May 1 , 1942 . Termination ( edit ) Unemployment ended with war production for World War II , as millions of men joined the services , and cost - plus contracts made it attractive for companies to hire unemployed men and train them . Concluding that a national relief program was no longer needed , Roosevelt directed the Federal Works Administrator to end the WPA in a letter December 4 , 1942 . `` Seven years ago I was convinced that providing useful work is superior to any and every kind of dole . Experience had amply justified this policy , '' FDR wrote : By building airports , schools , highways , and parks ; by making huge quantities of clothing for the unfortunate ; by serving millions of lunches to school children ; by almost immeasurable kinds and quantities of service the Work Projects Administration has reached a creative hand into every county in this Nation . It has added to the national wealth , has repaired the wastage of depression , and has strengthened the country to bear the burden of war . By employing eight millions of Americans , with thirty millions of dependents , it has brought to these people renewed hope and courage . It has maintained and increased their working skills ; and it has enabled them once more to take their rightful places in public or in private employment . Roosevelt ordered a prompt end to WPA activities to conserve funds that had been appropriated . Operations in most states ended February 1 , 1943 . With no funds budgeted for the next fiscal year , the WPA ceased to exist after June 30 , 1943 . Legacy ( edit ) `` The agencies of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration had an enormous and largely unrecognized role in defining the public space we now use '' , wrote sociologist Robert D. Leighninger . `` In a short period of ten years , the Public Works Administration , the Works Progress Administration , and the Civilian Conservation Corps built facilities in practically every community in the country . Most are still providing service half a century later . It is time we recognized this legacy and attempted to comprehend its relationship to our contemporary situation . '' Alabama National Guard Armory , Guntersville , Alabama ( 1936 ) Prairie County Courthouse , DeValls Bluff , Arkansas ( 1939 ) Griffith Observatory , Los Angeles , California ( 1933 ) Santa Ana City Hall , Santa Ana , California ( 1935 ) Leon High School , Tallahassee , Florida ( 1936 -- 37 ) Government House , St. Augustine , Florida ( 1937 ) Fort Hawkins , Macon , Georgia ( 1936 -- 38 ) Boise High School Gymnasium , Boise , Idaho ( 1936 ) Midway International Airport , Chicago , Illinois ( 1935 -- 39 ) Gregg Park Bandshell , Vincennes , Indiana ( 1939 ) Canoe house , University of Iowa ( 1937 ) Jenkins Culvert , Gove County , Kansas ( 1938 ) Louisville Fire Department Headquarters , Louisville , Kentucky ( 1936 ) Alvar Street Branch , New Orleans Public Library ( 1940 ) WPA Field House and Pump Station , Scituate , Massachusetts ( 1938 ) Detroit Naval Armory , Detroit , Michigan ( 1936 -- 39 ) Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall , Brandon , Minnesota ( 1936 ) Milaca Municipal Hall , Milaca , Minnesota ( 1936 ) Upland Auditorium , Upland , Nebraska ( 1936 ) Jackie Robinson Play Center , Harlem , New York ( 1936 ) LaGuardia Airport , Queens , New York ( 1937 -- 39 ) U.S. Post Office , Rhinebeck , New York ( 1940 ) Robeson County Agricultural Building , Lumberton , North Carolina ( 1937 ) Emmons County Courthouse , Linton , North Dakota ( 1934 ) Rubber Bowl Stadium , Akron , Ohio ( 1940 ) Timberline Lodge , Mt . Hood National Forest , Oregon ( 1936 -- 38 ) Oregon State Library , Salem , Oregon ( 1939 ) Schenley Park , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 1938 -- 39 ) McCoy Stadium , Pawtucket , Rhode Island ( 1942 ) Dock Street Theatre , Charleston , South Carolina ( 1937 ) Liberty Colored High School , Liberty , South Carolina ( 1937 ) Dinosaur Park , Rapid City , South Dakota ( 1936 ) Bristol Municipal Stadium , Bristol , Tennessee ( 1934 ) Dealey Plaza , Dallas , Texas ( 1940 ) Schoolhouse , Lometa , Texas ( 1938 -- 40 ) River Walk , San Antonio , Texas ( 1939 ) City Library , Monroe , Utah ( 1934 ) Bremerton Public Library , Bremerton , Washington ( 1938 ) White Center Fieldhouse , White Center , Washington ( 1938 -- 40 ) Raleigh County Courthouse , Beckley , West Virginia ( 1936 -- 37 ) Carson Park Baseball Stadium , Eau Claire , Wisconsin ( 1937 ) Mondeaux Lodge House , Westboro , Wisconsin ( 1936 -- 38 ) Natrona County High School , Casper , Wyoming ( 1941 ) See also ( edit ) American Guide Series Federal Art Project Federal Project Number One Hatch Act of 1939 List of Federal Art Project artists Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt Public Works of Art Project Section of Painting and Sculpture , in Treasury department References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Arnesen , Eric ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working - Class History . 1 . New York : Routledge . p. 1540 . ISBN 9780415968263 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jason Scott ( 2006 ) . Building New Deal Liberalism : The Political Economy of Public Works , 1933 -- 1956 . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 87 . ISBN 9780521828055 . Jump up ^ `` WPA Pays Up and Quits '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 1943 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Works Progress Administration ( 1936 ) . `` WPA Workers ' Handbook '' . New Deal Network . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Bradford A. ( Spring 1982 ) . `` The New Deal Reconsidered '' . The Wilson Quarterly . 6 ( 2 ) : 62 -- 76 . JSTOR 40256265 . ^ Jump up to : Leighninger , Robert D. ( 2007 ) . Long - Range Public Investment : The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal . Columbia , S.C. : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 9781570036637 . ^ Jump up to : Leighninger , Robert D. ( May 1996 ) . `` Cultural Infrastructure : The Legacy of New Deal Public Space '' . Journal of Architectural Education . 49 ( 4 ) : 226 -- 236 . JSTOR 1425295 . Jump up ^ `` Text of Relief Bill Offered in House '' . The New York Times . January 22 , 1935 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Key Events , Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Work Projects Administration and Its Predecessors '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( May 6 , 1935 ) . `` Executive Order 7034 - Creating Machinery for the Works Progress Administration '' . The American Presidency Project . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deeben , John P. ( Fall 2012 ) . `` Family Experiences and New Deal Relief : The Correspondence Files of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration , 1933 -- 1936 '' . Prologue Magazine . Vol. 44 no . 2 . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Hallie ( 1965 ) . Arena : The History of the Federal Theatre . New York : Benjamin Blom , reprint edition ( 1940 ) . OCLC 855945294 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Engineering and Construction '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Professional and Service Projects '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Finance '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Information '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Investigation '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Statistics '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Project Control Divisions '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of Other WPA Divisions '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Nick ( 2008 ) . American - Made : The Enduring Legacy of the WPA , When FDR Put the Nation to Work . New York : Bantam Books . ISBN 9780553802351 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Donald S. ( 1973 ) ( 1943 ) . The WPA and Federal Relief Policy . New York : Da Capo Press . OCLC 255072517 . Jump up ^ `` WPA Employment . '' Gjenvick Archives : The Future of Our Past , Social and Cultural History . ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Records of WPA Projects '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. ( 1999 ) . Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195038347 . Jump up ^ `` Website on Merritt Parkway Bridges '' . Past-inc.org . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` WPA and Rural Libraries '' . Newdeal.feri.org . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Blazing the Way : The WPA Library Service Demonstration Project in South Carolina by Robert M. Gorman '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Don ; Goldbard , Arlene ( 1995 ) . `` New Deal Cultural Programs : Experiments in Cultural Democracy '' . Webster 's World of Cultural Democracy . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Cedric ( July 1939 ) . `` The Cultural Projects of the WPA '' . Public Opinion Quarterly . 3 ( 3 ) : 491 -- 496 . JSTOR 2744973 . ^ Jump up to : John Salmond , `` The New Deal and the Negro '' in John Braeman et al. , eds . The New Deal : The National Level ( 1975 ) . pp 188 -- 89 Jump up ^ Charles L. Lumpkins ( 2008 ) . American Pogrom : The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics . Ohio University Press . p. 179 . Jump up ^ Cheryl Lynn Greenberg ( 2009 ) . To Ask for an Equal Chance : African Americans in the Great Depression . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Anthony J. Badger ( 2011 ) . New Deal / New South : An Anthony J. Badger Reader . U. of Arkansas Press . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Bethany ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Episode 32 Tapestries '' . A History of Central Florida . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Pack Horse Librarians of Eastern Kentucky '' . Horse Canada . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Donald C. ( 2007 ) . `` The Book Women of Kentucky : The WPA Pack Horse Library Project , 1936 - 1943 '' . Libraries & the Cultural Record . 42 ( 2 ) : 120 -- via Project MUSE . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Alexander Keyssar , The right to vote : the contested history of democracy in the United States ( 2000 ) p 193 Jump up ^ Gina Misiroglu , ed. ( 2015 ) . American Countercultures : An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists , Alternative Lifestyles , and Radical Ideas in U.S. History . Routledge . p. 334 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ginzberg , Eli ( 2004 ) ( 1943 ) . The Unemployed . New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers . p. 447 . ISBN 9780765805744 . Jump up ^ Wood , Margaret Mary ( 1953 ) . Paths of Loneliness : The Individual Isolated in Modern Society . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 61 . OCLC 620533 . Jump up ^ Report of investigation of public relief in the District of Columbia ( U.S. Senate ) , ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ David A. Taylor , Soul of a people : the WPA Writer 's Project uncovers Depression America ( 2009 ) p 12 Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 2007 ) . The Conscience of a Liberal . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 62 . ISBN 9780393060690 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( April 15 , 1939 ) . `` Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act '' . The American Presidency Project . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. `` Fireside Chat 15 : On National Defense ( May 26 , 1940 ) '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( October 1 , 1940 ) . `` WPA Head Dies in Connecticut '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( December 4 , 1942 ) . `` Letter to the Federal Works Administrator Discontinuing the W.P.A. '' . The American Presidency Project . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Further reading ( edit ) Adams , Don ; Goldbard , Arlene . `` New Deal Cultural Programs : Experiments in Cultural Democracy . '' Webster 's World of Cultural Democracy 1995 . Halfmann , Drew , and Edwin Amenta . `` Who voted with Hopkins ? Institutional politics and the WPA . '' Journal of Policy History 13 # 2 ( 2001 ) : 251 - 287 . online Hopkins , June . `` The Road Not Taken : Harry Hopkins and New Deal Work Relief '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 29 # 2 ( 1999 ) : 306 - 16 online Howard , Donald S. WPA and federal relief policy ( 1943 ) , 880pp ; highly detailed report by the independent Russell Sage Foundation . Kelly , Andrew , Kentucky by Design : The Decorative Arts , American Culture and the Arts Programs of the WPA . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . 2015 . Larson , Cedric . `` The Cultural Projects of the WPA . '' The Public Opinion Quarterly 3 # 3 ( 1939 ) : 491 -- 196 . Accessed in JSTOR Leighninger , Robert D. `` Cultural Infrastructure : The Legacy of New Deal Public Space . '' Journal of Architectural Education 49 , no . 4 ( 1996 ) : 226 -- 236 . Leighninger , Robert D. , Jr . Long - Range Public Investment : the Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal . Columbia , S.C. : University of South Carolina Press ( 2007 ) . Lindley , Betty Grimes & Lindley , Ernest K. A New Deal for Youth : the Story of the National Youth Administration ( 1938 ) McJimsey George T. Harry Hopkins : Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy ( 1987 ) Meriam ; Lewis . Relief and Social Security . 900 pp. Washington , DC : The Brookings Institution , 1946 . Millett ; John D. & Gladys Ogden . Administration of Federal Work Relief 1941 . Musher , Sharon Ann . Democratic Art : The New Deal 's Influence on American Culture . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2015 . Rose , Nancy . The WPA and Public Employment in the Great Depression ( 2009 ) Sargent , James E. `` Woodrum 's Economy Bloc : The Attack on Roosevelt 's WPA , 1937 - 1939 . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 1985 ) : 175 - 207 . in JSTOR Sheppard , Si . Buying of the Presidency ? , The : Franklin D. Roosevelt , the New Deal , and the Election of 1936 ( ABC - CLIO , 2014 ) . Singleton , Jeff . The American Dole : Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression ( 2000 ) Smith , Jason Scott . Building New Deal Liberalism : the Political Economy of Public Works , 1933 -- 1956 ( 2005 ) Taylor , David A. Soul of a People : The WPA Writers ' Project Uncovers Depression America . ( 2009 ) Taylor , Nick . American - Made : The Enduring Legacy of the WPA : When FDR Put the Nation to Work ( 2008 ) United States Senate . `` Report of investigation of public relief in the District of Columbia '' . Washington D.C. : 1938 Williams , Edward Ainsworth . Federal aid for relief ( 1939 ) Young , William H. , & Nancy K . The Great Depression in America : a Cultural Encyclopedia . 2 vols . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 2007 ISBN 0 - 313 - 33520 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Works Progress Administration . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Executive Order 7034 John C. Kennedy Papers. 1912 - 1938 . 5 '' linear ( circa 80 items ) . Footage of the Federal Theatre Project 's 1936 `` Voodoo Macbeth '' -- with informative annotations . The Great Depression in Washington State Project , including an illustrated map of major WPA projects and a multimedia history of the Federal Theater Project in the State . The Index of American Design at the National Gallery of Art Works by Work Projects Administration at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Works Progress Administration at Internet Archive Works by Works Progress Administration at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Guide to the WPA Oregon Federal Art Project collection at the University of Oregon WPA inspired Gulf Coast Civic Works Project An Introduction to the Employer of Last Resort Proposal from Dollars & Sense . Includes several images from the original WPA . Living New Deal Project -- The Living New Deal Project documents the living legacy of New Deal agencies , including the WPA . The Living New Deal website includes an extensive digital map featuring detailed information about specific WPA projects by location . New Deal Agencies : The Works Progress Administration Soul of a People documentary on Smithsonian Networks Works Progress Administration Tampa Office Records at the University of South Florida Arizona Archives Online Finding Aid -- The Arizona State Museum Library & Archives holds the records of the WPA Statewide Archaeological Project ( 1938 -- 1940 ) and are found on AAO . WPA Art Inventory Project at the Connecticut State Library WPA Omaha , Nebraska City Guide Project by the University of Nebraska Omaha Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library . WPA publications from Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , North Carolina , and Tennessee housed at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections Research Center Tapestries at A History of Central Florida Podcast WPA digital collection at the New York Public Library WPA posters : Posters from the WPA at the Library of Congress Libraries and the WPA : The WPA Library Project in South Carolina South Carolina Public Library History , 1930 -- 1945 WPA Children 's Books ( 1935 -- 1943 ) Broward County Library 's Bienes Museum of the Modern Book WPA murals : Database of WPA murals WPA - FAP Mural Division in NYC , and restoration of murals at the Williamsburg Houses and Hospital for Chronic Diseases on Welfare Island WPA mural projects by noted muralist Sr. Lucia Wiley WPA Artist Louis Schanker WPA Artist Robert Tabor Works Progress Administration Federal Project Number One Federal Art Project Federal Music Project Federal Theatre Project Federal Writers ' Project Pack Horse Library Project Historical Records Survey New Deal Causes and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass -- Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board ( Act ) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Individuals Franklin D. Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau , Jr . Huey Long Herbert Hoover Robert F. Wagner Commons Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Adams_1995 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Leighninger_Long_Range was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Smith was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Taylor was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&oldid=801290170 '' Categories : Works Progress Administration New Deal agencies Defunct agencies of the United States government History of the United States government Former United States Federal assistance programs 1935 establishments in Washington , D.C. Government agencies established in 1935 Government agencies disestablished in 1943 1943 disestablishments in Washington , D.C. Great Depression in the United States Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2016 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本語 Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 20 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the most effective wpa program was which of the following	[]	[]
-1805980896239515247	WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal	WrestleMania women 's Battle Royal - wikipedia WrestleMania women 's Battle Royal Jump to : navigation , search The WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal is a professional wrestling battle royal held at WrestleMania by American professional wrestling promotion WWE . The inaugural battle royal was held during the WrestleMania 34 pre-show . The winner of the match receives the WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal Trophy . The match was originally named The Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal in honor of The Fabulous Moolah -- a WWE Hall of Famer billed as a pioneer of women 's wrestling . However , her name was removed from the match after backlash from fans due to the controversy surrounding Moolah 's past . This is the female counterpart to the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal , which was introduced at WrestleMania XXX . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Winners 3 Name controversy 4 References History ( edit ) On the March 12 , 2018 , episode of Raw , WWE established The Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal in honor of Moolah , and that the first match would take place at WrestleMania 34 on April 8 , with the winner receiving The Fabulous Moolah Memorial Trophy ( made in the likeness of Moolah ) . After a controversy over their decision to honor Moolah , WWE changed the name to the `` WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal '' . The trophy was subsequently renamed , and redesigned as a simple golden cup with tassels atop the trophy 's base . The inaugural match was won by Naomi , after she last eliminated Bayley . Winners ( edit ) Winner Date Location WrestleMania Last eliminated Naomi 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2018 New Orleans , Louisiana 34 Bayley Name controversy ( edit ) Main article : The Fabulous Moolah § Allegations of exploitation The Fabulous Moolah , c. 2003 The decision to hold a battle royal in honor of The Fabulous Moolah drew fan rage . Tufayel Ahmed of Newsweek wrote that Moolah `` is n't quite the bastion of female empowerment she is proclaimed to be '' , with `` years of allegations '' that she had `` monopolized women 's wrestling in North America '' , taken a large percentage of other wrestlers ' pay , and `` sexually exploited women under her mentorship '' . Jason Powell , from Pro Wrestling Dot Net , criticized the tribute as it does not `` exactly mesh with what WWE wants their women 's division push to represent '' . David Bixenspan of Deadspin pointed out that given Moolah 's alleged abuses , fans were particularly turned off by WWE personnel describing Moolah as a `` trailblazer for women 's equality '' . WWE also promoted Moolah as having `` challenged the gender norms of a once male - dominated sport '' , but Bixenspan described that Moolah , by wrestling and teaching her students an `` in - ring style low on athleticism and heavy on hair - pulling '' , relegated women 's wrestling to `` much more of a sideshow '' instead of a `` legitimate headline attraction '' in the previous era . Mad Maxine , a wrestler trained by Moolah , commented that Moolah was the most `` monstrous '' person she had ever met , and that wrestling is `` about generating heat . And you ca n't draw more heat than naming a match for The Fabulous Moolah . '' On March 12 , a Change.org petition appeared online demanding WWE change the name of its upcoming Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal , nearing its 10,000 signature goal . Initially , WWE reacted by disabling the comments section of their YouTube video that announced the Moolah battle royal . Later , Snickers , the primary sponsor of WrestleMania 34 , called the decision to honor Moolah `` unacceptable '' and said they were `` engaging with the WWE to express our disappointment . '' On March 14 , WWE renamed the match `` WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal '' , removing Moolah 's name from the event . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Currier , Joseph ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` WWE changes name of Fabulous Moolah battle royal '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . United States : Wrestling Observer Newsletter , Inc . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raw results : Bryan occupies Raw and Triple H says ' YES ! ' ... with a twist '' . WWE.com . Stamford , Connecticut : WWE . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casey , Connor ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Announces Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal for WrestleMania 34 '' . Pop Culture . Brentwood , Tennessee : Pop Culture Media . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pappolla , Ryan ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` The first - ever Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal to take place at WrestleMania '' . WWE.com . Stamford , Connecticut : WWE . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 4 / 2 : Final WrestleMania 34 hype including Triple H & Stephanie in ring with Angle & Ronda Rousey , last chance for Undertaker to response , Reigns - Lesnar hype '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stride , Sam ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` WWE face fans backlash after they announce the ' Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal ' '' . Daily Mirror . London : Trinity Mirror . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stonehouse , Gary ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` NOT SO FAB WWE forced into Fabulous Moolah Memorial WrestleMania Battle Royal U-turn after allegations of pimping against legend '' . The Sun . London : News UK . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` WWE announces Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal , but the wrestler has a troubling legacy '' . Newsweek . New York City : IBT Media / Newsweek Media Group . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Raw Hit List : John Cena challenges Undertaker to a WrestleMania match , no Brock Lesnar , Vince McMahon suspends Roman Reigns , tag team battle royal , Fabulous Moolah battle royal '' . ProWrestling.net . Saint Paul , Minnesota : Last RowMedia , LLC . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bixenspan , David ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Fans Are Revolting Against WWE Honoring Fabulous Moolah , With Good Reason '' . Deadspin . United States : Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Satin , Ryan ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Fabulous Moolah Trainee Speaks Out Against WWE Tribute , Claims Hall Of Famer `` Pimped Women '' `` . Pro Wrestling Sheet . Los Angeles : Ryan Satin , LLC . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fabulous Moolah Battle Royal ' : Petition for WWE to Change Match Name Approaches Signature Goal '' . TheWrap . Los Angeles : The Wrap News Inc . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Announces Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal Name Change '' . Pro Wrestling Sheet . Los Angeles : Ryan Satin , LLC . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fiorvanti , Tim . `` WWE changes name of WrestleMania 's women 's Battle Royal '' . ESPN.com . United States : ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen , Jack ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Amid controversy , WWE changes name of first WrestleMania women 's battle royal '' . CBS Sports . New York City : CBS Broadcasting Inc . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Professional wrestling portal ( hide ) Women in WWE Championships Current Raw Reigns SmackDown Reigns NXT Reigns Former Women 's Reigns Tag Team Reigns Divas Reigns Tournaments and accomplishments Diva Search Mae Young Classic Money in the Bank WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal Shows Total Divas Episodes Season 1 6 7 Total Bellas Miz & Mrs . WWE History Capitol Wrestling Corporation 1980s boom Black Saturday WrestleMania The Kliq Monday Night Wars Montreal Screwjob Attitude Era The Undertaker vs. Mankind The Invasion Chris Benoit double - murder and suicide The New Monday Night Wars TNA Entertainment , LLC sues WWE Raw 1000 Raw 25 Years Programming Main shows Raw history SmackDown history NXT Weekly 205 Live Main Event Experience Bottom Line Afterburn Vintage Wal3ooha Seasonal Miz & Mrs . 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WWE Magazine WWE Music Group Discography WWE Studios WWE Home Video WWE Network ( Canada ) WWE Performance Center Tapout Defunct businesses World Bodybuilding Federation The World WWE Classics on Demand WWE Niagara Falls XFL Investments Marvel Experience Tout Cloud9 Drone Racing League Notable acquisitions World Championship Wrestling history Extreme Championship Wrestling WWE revival American Wrestling Association World Class Championship Wrestling Smoky Mountain Wrestling Global Wrestling Federation Georgia Championship Wrestling Partnerships Current Evolve Insane Championship Wrestling Progress Wrestling Former Deep South Wrestling Florida Championship Wrestling Heartland Wrestling Association International Wrestling Association Memphis Championship Wrestling Ohio Valley Wrestling Power Pro Wrestling Ultimate Pro Wrestling World Wrestling Alliance Accomplishments Current champions Former championships Money in the Bank WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal Diva Search Cruiserweight Classic Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Mae Young Classic Mixed Match Challenge Slammy Award NXT Year - End Award Triple Crown Grand Slam WWE tournaments Brand extension Brands Raw SmackDown NXT ECW Draft 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2016 2017 2018 Miscellaneous List of WWE attendance records The Streak Women in WWE WrestleMania Axxess Current championships in WWE Championships Raw Universal reigns Intercontinental reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns Cruiserweight reigns SmackDown WWE reigns United States reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns NXT NXT reigns North American reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns United Kingdom reigns Accomplishments André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Triple Crown Grand Slam King of the Ring Money in the Bank Royal Rumble Greatest Royal Rumble Championship Slammy Award WWE tournaments Former championships Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WrestleMania_Women%27s_Battle_Royal&oldid=839343230 '' Categories : WrestleMania Professional wrestling controversies Professional wrestling awards Women in WWE Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 20 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the womens battle royal wrestlemania 34	[ "On the March 12, 2018, episode of Raw, WWE established The Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal in honor of Moolah, and that the first match would take place at WrestleMania 34 on April 8, with the winner receiving The Fabulous Moolah Memorial Trophy (made in the likeness of Moolah).[3][4] After a controversy over their decision to honor Moolah, WWE changed the name to the \"WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal\".[1] The trophy was subsequently renamed, and redesigned as a simple golden cup with tassels atop the trophy's base.[5] The inaugural match was won by Naomi, after she last eliminated Bayley." ]	[ "Naomi" ]
-5302548112346763450	Nepanagar	Nepanagar - Wikipedia Nepanagar Jump to : navigation , search Nepanagar Town Nepanagar Location in Madhya Pradesh , India Coordinates : 21 ° 27 ′ 21 '' N 76 ° 26 ′ 58 '' E / 21.45583 ° N 76.44944 ° E / 21.45583 ; 76.44944 Coordinates : 21 ° 27 ′ 21 '' N 76 ° 26 ′ 58 '' E / 21.45583 ° N 76.44944 ° E / 21.45583 ; 76.44944 Country India State Madhya Pradesh District Burhanpur Population ( 2011 ) Total 29,682 Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) Nepanagar is an industrial township in Burhanpur district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh . Nepanagar is famous for its newsprint paper mill , Nepa Mills Limited ( earlier known as The National News Print Ltd ) . The word `` NEPA '' is coined from National Environment Protection Authority , hence the name . This small township falls between Burhanpur and Khandwa and is surrounded by many small villages . This place is accessible by main line railway that runs between Bhusawal Junction and Itarsi Junction . Nepanagar is also accessible by Road from the route going to Burhanpur . At Asirgarh the road bifucates into an ill maintained road that goes to Nepanagar . The total distance is 14 km . There is no airport at this little town . The Nepa mill area is covered in 107 acres of land and township 1762 acres totalling 1869 acres of land . There is a well - developed township in Nepa , which is equipped with all the facilities . The Company has 2164 residential quarters in the township . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Demographics 3 Educational institutes 4 Scenario 5 Historical places 5.1 Asirgarh Fort 6 Mythology 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) NEPA pioneered manufacturing of newsprint in the country . It was founded in 1948 and start its commenced production from April , 1956 with an installed capacity of 30,000 TPA . the main raw materials were Salai wood and Bamboo which were available in abundance in the forests around Nepanagar . The mill embarked upon major expansion programmes in 1967 and subsequently in 1978 and 1989 to increase its installed capacity to 88,000 TPA . Presently , the Company has switched to Waste paper as basic raw material from original forest based and has thus been able to reduce cost of production . The in - house modifications / alterations to the pulping plants have also helped in processing various quality of waste paper to manufacture Newsprint . Mills is meeting its 100 % requirement from Captive Power generation . Originally NEPA was a single product Company producing standard Newsprint . The Company has produced for the first time in India , 42 GSM newsprint meeting practically all international parameters of strength , opacity , surface smoothness , brightness etc . Thus , NEPA is now able to meet the demand across all categories of Newsprint customers . NEPA has also recently initiated the manufacture of Economy newsprint by using old newspaper and overissue newspaper to cater to the requirement of the lowest segments of the market at minimal of cost , yet maintaining all other parameters of quality though in lower brightness. The factor that is responsible for this paper industry is river Tapti . Demographics ( edit ) As of 2011 India census , Nepanagar had a population of 29,682 . Educational institutes ( edit ) This town has a number of schools & colleges providing education to students of town and surrounding villages . Prominent among these are Kendriya Vidyalaya , Nepa Higher Secondary School , Citizen Higher Secondary School , St. A.G. Convent School , PJN Government College , ITI college & Government School Scenario ( edit ) Nepamill was floated by M / s Nair Press Syndicate Limited , a private entrepreneur , on 25 January 1947 , the first Newsprint Mill in the country . The company is serving the nation for the last 50 years . After 50 years of existence and remaining for the first 35 years as the only newsprint - manufacturing mill in the country conserving the then scarce foreign exchange , Nepa Limited is one of the oldest Public Sector Undertakings . Nepa Ltd is centrally located in the ranges of Satpura , 525 km North East of Mumbai at Nepanagar . The Company was taken over by the Government of Central Province and Berar at present Madhya Pradesh in October 1949 . The commercial production commenced on 26 April 1956 . Subsequently , the Government of India took over controlling interest in 1958 . Till 16 August 1996 , NEPA was using wood pulp for paper - making . The mill has successfully switched over operations with only waste paper recycling route . Historical places ( edit ) Asirgarh fort ( edit ) The Asirgarh Fort , at a distance about 17 km by road , has its importance in history and was known as ' Gateway to South ( Dakshin ka Dwaar ) ' . It was so because whoever wants to win south had to win and pass through it . A victory over this fortress meant the kingdom of Khandesh , which in turn meant a smooth road to Deccan . It was considered as an impregnable fortress during Mugal Period . The ownership of the fort between 14th - 16th Century was in hands of Adil Shah Farouqui . After him the fort passed on to his successor Bahadur Shah Faroqui who was not considered as a farsighted king . As soon as Akbar came to know of this he dispatched an army to conquer Asirgarh Fort . Bahadur Shah got the wind of Akbar 's plans and he too proceeded swiftly and fortified his fortress . Consequently , the armies of the Mughal emperor were stuck here laying siege to the fort for almost 10 years . It is evidence of how well - stocked the fortress was during that time that people and army inside had enough provision for food and water . Every attempt to take the fort was repulsed by the soldiers of the Shah . Finally sick of the battle , Akbar one day called Bahadur Shah to his camp for a meeting and there had him summarily dispatched to happy hunting grounds above . When the dying king accused Akbar of treachery , the emperor replied with that age - old lesson , `` Everything is fair in Politics and government . '' Later Akbar showered gold and silver on Bahadur Shah 's generals and won his way through to the fort . Finally on 17 January 1609 Akbar became the lord of the Asirgarh fort . Since then the fort remained in the hands of the Mughals . The fortress is home to a tenth - century temple of Shiva . Asha mandir of Hindu Goddess Asha - devi is located on the hills of this village.In the vicinity of Asirgarh , there is a tomb of Shah Nomani Asiri , a saint , a believer of Sufism . Moti Mahal , the burial place of Moti Begam , beloved of Shah Jahan is to the left of the fort and situated at the bank of Pandhar River . Mythology ( edit ) ' Sita - Nahaani ' in the nearby village ' Bid ' has its relations with ' Ramaayan ' . It is said that Lord Shri Ram while in ' Vanvaas ' once stayed at this place where Sitaji took bath . The source of sweet water here is said to be made by the arrow of Lord Shri Ram . The Shiv Temple at Asirgarh Fort is known by the people as the place where ' Ashwaththama ' ( Son of Dronacharaya , Mahabharat epic ) use to visit regularly ( even today ) to worship Lord Shiv . In 1970 Shri Veerabhadreshwar Swamy temple has been established by Veershaiva Lingayata community . Temple is inaugurated ( pranpratishtha ) by Sri 1008 Jagadguru doctor Chandrashekhar Shivacharya Mahaswamiji , pithadhipati ( director ) of Sri Jagadguru Vishvaradhya Gyanasimhasana Jangamavadi math , Varanasi , India . This is the one and only Shri Veerabhadrashwar Swamy temple in the heart of country , Madhya Pradesh . Statue of Shri Veerabhadra Swamy is made up of black stone and in Pattern of historical temples in southern India . In this 35 years old temple . Other temples in temple premises are Shiv Linga and `` mata sati devi '' . Current priest of the temple is Shri . Manik Kanhere . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Census of India Search details '' . censusindia.gov.in . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2001 : Data from the 2001 Census , including cities , villages and towns ( Provisional ) '' . Census Commission of India . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Nepamills ( hide ) Cities and towns in Indore division Alirajpur district Alirajpur Bhavra Jobat Barwani district Anjad Barwani Bawangaja Khetia Pati Pansemal Rajpur Sendhwa Thikri Warla Burhanpur district Burhanpur Nepanagar Dhar district Badnawar Bagh Bandheri Dhamnod Dhar Dharampuri Ghatabillod Khalghat Kukshi Manawar Mandav Mandu Pithampur Rajgarh Sardarpur Indore district Betma Depalpur Hatod Indore Manglaya Sadak Mhow Mhowgaon Palda Rau Runji Gautampura Sawer Sinhasa Jhabua district Jhabua Meghnagar Petlawad Ranapur Thandla Khandwa district Harsud Khandwa Mundi Omkareshwar Pandhana Shahpur Khargone district Barwaha Bhagwanpura Bhikangaon Kasrawad Khargone Maheshwar Mandleshwar Sanawad Related topics Madhya Bharat Malwa Nimar Mahishmati Cities and towns in other Divisions Bhopal Chambal Gwalior Jabalpur Narmadapuram Rewa Sagar Shahdol Ujjain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepanagar&oldid=795116131 '' Categories : Cities and towns in Burhanpur district Company towns in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2015 Use Indian English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा ଓଡ଼ିଆ Português اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 03 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the news print paper is obtained from which state in india	[ "Nepanagar is an industrial township in Burhanpur district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Nepanagar is famous for its newsprint paper mill, Nepa Mills Limited (earlier known as The National News Print Ltd)." ]	[ "Madhya Pradesh" ]
4176113066587248812	Henry Mills (Once Upon a Time)	Henry Mills ( Once Upon a Time ) - wikipedia Henry Mills ( Once Upon a Time ) Jump to : navigation , search Henry Daniel Mills Once Upon a Time character Promotional photograph of Andrew J. West as Henry Mills . First appearance `` Pilot '' Created by Adam Horowitz Eddy Kitsis Portrayed by Jared S. Gilmore ( young ) Andrew J. West ( adult ) Information Occupation Writer Driver Pawnshop apprentice ( formerly ) Prince ( alternate reality ) Knight ( alternate reality ) Title The Author The Truest Believer ( Season 3 ) Sir Henry ( alternate reality ) Family Baelfire / Neal Cassidy ( birth father , deceased ) Emma Swan ( birth mother ) Regina Mills ( adoptive mother ) Killian Jones ( stepfather ) Baby Swan - Jones ( sibling ) Spouse ( s ) Cinderella / Jacinda ( wife ) Significant other ( s ) Violet ( formerly ) Children Lucy ( daughter , with Cinderella ) Relatives Paternal relatives Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold ( grandfather ) Milah ( grandmother , deceased ) Belle Gold ( step - grandmother , deceased ) Malcolm / Peter Pan ( great - grandfather , deceased ) Fiona / The Black Fairy ( great - grandmother , deceased ) Gideon ( uncle ) Maternal relatives David Nolan ( `` Prince Charming '' ) ( grandfather ) Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard ( grandmother ) Prince Neal Nolan ( uncle ) Maternal relatives on David 's side Robert ( great - grandfather , deceased ) Ruth ( great - grandmother , deceased ) Prince James ( great - uncle , deceased ) King George / Albert Spencer ( adoptive great - grandfather ) Maternal relatives on Snow 's side King Leopold ( great - grandfather , deceased ) Queen Eva ( great - grandmother , deceased ) Evil Queen / Regina Mills ( step - great - grandmother ; adoptive mother ) Adoptive Maternal relatives on Regina 's side Prince Henry ( grandfather , deceased ) Cora Mills ( grandmother , deceased ) Zelena ( `` The Wicked Witch of the West '' ) ( aunt ) Robin ( cousin ) Relatives by marriage Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey ( stepmother - in - law ) Drizella / Ivy Belfrey ( stepsister - in - law ) Anastasia ( stepsister - in - law ) Nationality United States of America 15 August 2001 Phoenix , Arizona Abilities Standard powers of the Author Type Land Without Magic character Centric episodes Season Three `` Going Home '' `` Save Henry '' Season Four `` Operation Mongoose '' Season Five `` Dreamcatcher '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season Six `` The Final Battle '' Season Seven '' Hyperion Heights '' Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC 's television series Once Upon a Time . Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption ; Regina Mills adopted him . Henry was first portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore , who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Leading Young Actor in 2012 . Starting with the seventh season , Andrew J. West took over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a ten - year - old girl named Lucy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character Background 1.1 Seasons 1 -- 2 1.2 Seasons 3 -- 4 1.3 Season 5 1.4 Season 6 1.5 Season 7 2 Character Development and Reception 3 References 4 External links Character background ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 2 ( edit ) Henry Mills is Emma Swan and Neal Cassidy 's son , whom she gave up for adoption after giving birth following her release from a federal correctional facility in Phoenix , Arizona in 2001 . He is also Snow White , Prince Charming and Rumplestiltskin 's grandson , and the great - grandson of the latter 's father 's alias Peter Pan and latter 's mother 's alias the Black Fairy . He is adopted by Regina Mills ( the Evil Queen ) , after Mr. Gold ( Rumplestiltskin ) procures him , naming him after her late father . At first Regina had a little difficulty raising Henry but grew to love him , thus preventing Henry from being taken by the Darling Brothers , who wanted to take Henry to Neverland on orders from Peter Pan . As Henry gets older , his relationship with Regina became strained , and she sends him to regular therapy sessions . When he is ten , he receives his cherished book of fairy tales from his teacher Mary Margaret Blanchard ( Snow White ) , discovering that the residents of Storybrooke are characters from it after noticing he is the only one in town who ages . Henry finds his biological mother Emma Swan in Boston and brings her to Storybrooke . He eventually convinces her of the truth by consuming a sleeping curse intended for her by Regina , nearly resulting in him dying . However , he is awoken with true love 's kiss by Emma , which also breaks the curse . Emma and Mary Margaret are then dragged into a portal , leaving David ( Prince Charming ) to look after him . Following the death of Regina 's mother Cora , and her vowing to avenge Mary Margaret , Henry seeks to remove magic from Storybrooke . When Emma and Regina stop the trigger enacted by Greg Mendell and Tamara from destroying the town , he is kidnapped by the pair and taken to Neverland , where it is revealed that Peter Pan ( Henry 's great - grandfather ) wants possession of him as he owns `` the heart of the truest believer '' . Seasons 3 -- 4 ( edit ) Pan eventually persuades Henry to give him his heart , telling him it will save magic . Regina reclaims the heart and resurrects Henry . However , Pan inhabits Henry 's body in Storybrooke , enacting Regina 's original curse once more . Mr. Gold returns Henry to his body , and Emma and Henry escape to New York City whilst the remaining residents return to the Enchanted Forest . A year later , Hook restores Emma 's memories , leading her to return to Storybrooke with Henry to save their family from another curse . Henry is confused about Emma 's decision to relocate , until his past memories are restored with his book . Once his memories are restored , Regina gives him true love 's kiss breaking the curse . Henry then moves back to Storybrooke where he splits his time living with Regina and the Charmings . Henry later helps Regina to search for his storybook 's author , Isaac . Upon discovering the writer 's manipulative actions , Henry being the only one born in the Land Without Magic is left behind in Storybrooke and goes to find Isaac and enters his new storybook `` Heroes and Viilains '' to fix reality and after saving Emma who remembers everything they both try to help Regina get her happy ending to fix reality but fail . Then Henry takes the pen and becomes the next author and using Regina 's blood to write a new ending to fix reality . With Henry being the new author and he breaks the pen deeming it too powerful for anyone to use . Henry then watches Emma sacrificing herself to save Regina and Storybrooke by becoming the new Dark One . Season 5 ( edit ) With his family and a few of the other residents , Henry transports to the Enchanted Forest to find Emma and to take her to Camelot in order to find Merlin and remove her darkness . However , six weeks later , they return to Storybrooke with missing memories as to how they all failed to get the darkness out of Emma except Henry . Revealed in a flashback , Henry has fallen in love with a girl named Violet ; due to needing a tear from the pain of losing a first love to help free Merlin , Emma tearfully manipulates Violet into breaking Henry 's heart . Due to Emma 's curse , Henry gets another chance with Violet , as neither remembered each other from before . After Emma restored his memory , Henry helps Emma rescue Hook after he is sent to the Underworld for sacrificing himself to save everyone . When he arrived with his family , he comes up with a new plan called `` Operation Firebird , '' this after learning that they have a chance to save the souls and help them move forward . However , when he comes across Cruella De Vil , he is offered a chance to help her return to the living as he is the Author , this after telling him that despite having broken the quill in two he still has the ability to use the quill and magically write her a new life while he was in the underworld and at the same time restore Emma 's soul as forgiveness , but this would put Henry in a situation that would force him to break his vow not to tamper with his family history . He then learns that he has the ability to bring others back from the dead when he came across the Apprentice , whose soul ca n't move on until Henry makes the right choice , which is to record the events in the book . Henry plans to re-write Hades ' story that was missing in the Underworld version of the `` Once Upon a Time '' book . He also starts experiencing visions that allows him to illustrate stories but can not explain why they 're coming to him . Before he returned to Storybrooke , he finished the unfinished businesses in the book , only to have Cruella hide it in Hades ' lair . Upon returning to Storybrooke , Henry began to experience a roguish streak as he believed magic is destroying his family in the wake of Robin Hood 's death . This prompts him and Violet to obtain the Olympian Crystal and flee to New York City where magic can be destroyed . However , his actions also resulted in leaving Snow , David , Zelena , and Hook in the Land of Untold Stories when he used a holy grail to destroy it . Having regret what he did , Henry turned to a fountain and made a wish that he would reunite his family , and with the help of Emma , Regina , Violet , and Gold , along the New Yorkers who see him make this plea , the fountain succeeds in bringing Snow , David , Zelena , and Hook to New York and with that restored magic . Upon returning to Storybrooke , Henry learned that Violet , although born in Camelot , was actually from Connecticut , due to her father having slipped into an unknown portal . They then shared a kiss , implying that they are now a couple , as he has found his happy ending . Season 6 ( edit ) After Henry and Regina meet with Mr. Hyde who has arrived in Storybrooke with his friends from the Land of Untold Stories , he and his family devised a plan to imprison Hyde which succeeds and later welcomes the new residents with food and shelter at Granny 's . The next day Henry and Regina arrive at Granny 's with a new plan called `` Operation Cobra Part 2 '' , and as Henry begins to write the names of the people of the Land of Untold Stories , a mysterious man leaves a note beside him for Snow and David revealing his name as Edmond Dantès also known as the `` Count of Monte Cristo '' . Regina then reveals she hired him to kill them back in the Enchanted Forest and after he refuses to back down from trying to kill them Regina and Henry discover a girl named Charlotte who was Snow and David 's handmaiden and who also resembled Edmond 's dead fiance . The Evil Queen then reveals herself to both Henry and Regina and reveals that she has been controlling Edmond the whole time . As soon as he is about to kill Snow and David , Regina steps in to save them and after Henry 's phone is frozen with magic Regina is forced to kill Edmond . Henry then realizes that this new operation will be harder as Part 1 was about giving people back their happy endings and now in Part 2 these people ran away from their stories , Afterwards , Henry has written down all the names of the new residents and he , Emma , and Hook find out Ashley 's ( Cinderella ) step - sister Clorinda is now in town and they believe she wants to hurt but really wants to help her . After Emma 's magic fails because of her hand trembling , the Evil Queen shows up and after Henry tells her to leave his mom alone she points out that she is his mother too and poofs the three of them onto a road somewhere in town to stop them from helping Ashley but they save her and her step - sister as well . After Henry and Violet start school together with Snow returning as a teacher . When Henry and his family learn about Emma 's secret they are shocked and hurt by it and for Emma not telling them and Henry then starts to blame himself for bringing her to Storybrooke for her to become the savior but she tells him that what he did gave her a better life despite that she might die . After they find Aladdin who reveals he use the `` Shears of Destiny '' to cut off his destiny as a savior , Emma wants to throw them away because she being the savior is what makes her special and she will not use them but Hook secretly keeps them and this causes the Evil Queen to try and cause a shift between Hook 's and Henry 's relationship but it fails when they both agree all they wanted to do is to protect and save Emma . When the Evil Queen teams up with Mr. Gold and threatens the town with water from the River of Lost Souls , Henry along with everyone is forced to watch the Queen rip out Snow White and David 's shared heart and put a twisted sleeping curse on it . After revealing that when one of them is awake and the other will be asleep , Henry agrees to lure the Evil Queen out for Emma and Regina to try to trap her and as a distraction from being nervous about taking Violet to the school dance believing she does n't like him anymore but really is having a hard time adjusting to school and after the Evil Queen fails to darken Henry 's heart by smashing the mirror instead of the Dragon 's heart to save Emma and Regina . Season 7 ( edit ) Season 7 begins with Henry as an adult living in Seattle , Washington . He is approached by a girl named Lucy who claims to be his daughter . Character development and reception ( edit ) Gilmore , who had previously starred in Mad Men as the third Bobby Draper from 2009 to 2011 , was cast in Once Upon a Time as Henry Mills , the `` biological son of Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison 's character ) and Neal / Baelfire . He is the only resident of Storybrooke who is not under the spell of the Evil Queen ( Lana Parrilla ) . '' Series creators Adam Horowitz and Eddy Kitsis stated of the role , `` One of our emotional centers was an 11 - year - old boy who had to be precocious and vulnerable at the same time . '' Kitsis believed that Gilmore `` naturally brought ( these characteristics ) out ... We just knew he had to be our Henry ! '' Gilmore commented , `` I relate to Henry because I 'm 11 and also have a very good imagination . I enjoy making up and playing games in worlds with alternate realities myself . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henry Mills is ten when he first meets Emma Swan on her 28th birthday , 22 October 2011 ( `` Pilot '' ) . Regina Mills accesses the psychiatric ward using the password `` 815 '' ( `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' ) . According to Henry , Regina uses his birthday for all of her passwords , including the one for the entrance to the psychiatric ward ( `` The Dark Swan '' ) . Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/once-a-time-season-7-reboot-explained-1003456 Jump up ^ Busis , Hilary ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : It Takes Two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Of Motherhood and Apple Turnovers '' by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( May 6 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Little Boy Lost '' from Entertainment Weekly ( May 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Season 3 premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Mad Men ' recasting Bobby Draper for new season '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lane ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Mad Men Replaces Bobby Draper , Again '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison Set As The Lead In ABC Pilot ' Once Upon A Time ' , 3 Others Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marechal , AJ ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Jared Gilmore : ' Mad Men ' moppet finds ' Time ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Gilmore as Henry -- Once Upon a Time Characters & Cast Bios '' ( Press release ) . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Henry Mills on IMDb ( hide ) Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Mr. Gold Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Mills_(Once_Upon_a_Time)&oldid=807463661 '' Categories : Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Fictional characters from Arizona Fictional characters introduced in 2011 Fictional characters who use magic Fictional characters with precognition Fictional princes Fictional writers Fictional victims of kidnapping Fictional adoptees Child characters in television Teenage characters in television Fictional drivers Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 03 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays henry on once upon a time season 7	[ "Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC's television series Once Upon a Time. Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption; Regina Mills adopted him. Henry was first portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore, who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series – Leading Young Actor in 2012. Starting with the seventh season, Andrew J. West took over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a ten-year-old girl named Lucy.[2]" ]	[ "Andrew J. West" ]
5736313144411923989	East India Company	East India company - wikipedia East India company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . `` HEIC '' redirects here . For other uses , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade Fate Dissolved Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England ( Great Britain ) Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , which was formed to pursue trade with the `` East Indies '' ( in present - day terms , Maritime Southeast Asia ) , but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent . Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Indian powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , ruling the whole Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and Conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links Founding ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . Permission was granted , and on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . One of them , Edward Bonaventure , then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594 . In 1596 , three more ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . Three years later , on 22 September 1599 , another group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , on 24 September , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue , bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again a year later . This time they succeeded , and on 31 December 1600 , the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603 . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . Competition arose in 1635 when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir William Courteen , which permitted the rival Courteen association to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence . In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609 , and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company . The restoration of monarchy in England further enhanced the EIC 's status . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . William Hedges was sent in 1682 to Shaista Khan , the Mughal governor of Bengal , to obtain a firman , an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire . However , the company 's governor in London , Sir Josiah Child , interfered with Hedges 's mission , causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops , and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , the company closed its factory in 1623 . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English patna pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . In response , a combined bounty of £ 1,000 was offered for Every 's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company , leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War East India Company silver coin issued during William IV 's reign , Indian Museum Coins issued by East India Company during reign of Shah Alam II , Indian Museum Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . East India company army and navy ( edit ) Main article : Presidency armies Main article : Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3,000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian sub-continent . As it increased in size the army was broken into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own integral infantry , cavalry , artillery and horse artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . First recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , the Bengal Army especially eventually became composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army , British officers who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long their service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the company 's Affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . Financial troubles ( edit ) Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) File : India 1835 2 Mohurs. jpg 1835 gold Double Mohur ( reverse ) , valued at 30 Rupees The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . View of the Calcutta port in 1848 English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , Leadenhall Street , London , as reconstructed in 1796 -- 1800 . A drawing by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd of c. 1817 . The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) The East India Company had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripe 's being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The arms was as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of Companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the period of the Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and Ocean , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East India Company ( EIC ) 's ships were well built , with the result that the Royal Navy bought several Company ships to convert to warships and transports . The Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . Jump up ^ `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition . '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 9780804728645 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` First EIC Voyage '' . thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . < / ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ Riddick , John F. ( 2006 ) . The history of British India : a chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32280 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R. ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 9789054876182 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Delhi , the Capital of India '' . Asian Educational Services . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713753 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : as of 30 December 1600 , the official name : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0141005548 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks -- The Premier Stamps of Asia '' , excerpted by M.J. Shah from Manik Jain and S.B. Kothari , The Silver Key to The Golden Treasure of Indian Philately . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25760 - 3 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40316 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 877 - 3 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21716 - 4 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02166 - 5 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 9 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 07386 - 3 . Misra , B.B. . The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) online O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . online Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 6 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) online , focus on its impact on ordinary people in India Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77138 - 5 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) online Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC . Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British East Africa Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese List ( pt ) Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company ( pt ) Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Nyassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company ( pt ) Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Scandinavian Det Afrikanske Kompagni ( da ) Asiatisk Kompagni ( da ) Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Royal Greenland Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company Swedish West India Company Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co . Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai VIAF : 239176400 LCCN : n79118917 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 GND : 2052078 - 5 SUDOC : 027501884 BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&oldid=807817739 '' Categories : British East India Company British colonisation of Asia British Ceylon British Malaya British rule in Singapore British Indian history Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Defunct companies of England Former monopolies Trading companies Trade monopolies History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of Maharashtra History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan History of foreign trade in China Mysore invasion of Kerala Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Companies established in 1600 Companies disestablished in 1857 1600 establishments in England 1600s establishments in British India 1600s establishments in India 1600 establishments in Asia 1874 disestablishments in the British Empire 1874 disestablishments in British India 1870s disestablishments in India 1874 disestablishments in Asia Age of Sail Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Interlanguage link template link number Interlanguage link template existing link Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 08 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did english merchants form the east india company	[ "\nEast India Company (EIC)\n\n\nCompany flag (1801)\n\n\n\n\nCoat of arms (1698)\n\n\n\n\nFormer type\n\nPublic\n\n\nIndustry\nInternational trade\n\n\nFate\nDissolved\n\n\nFounded\n31 December 1600\n\n\nFounders\nJohn Watts, George White\n\n\nDefunct\n1 June 1874 (1874-06-01)\n\n\nHeadquarters\nLondon, England (Great Britain)\n\n" ]	[ "31 December 1600" ]
4811632709795056241	Erie Canal	Erie Canal - wikipedia Erie Canal Jump to : navigation , search Erie Canal Current Route of the Erie Canal Specifications Length 363 miles ( 584 km ) Locks 36 Maximum height above sea level 571 ft ( 174 m ) Status open Navigation authority New York State Canal Corporation History Original owner New York State Principal engineer Benjamin Wright Other engineer ( s ) Canvass White , Amos Eaton Construction began July 4 , 1817 ( at Rome , New York ) Date of first use May 17 , 1821 Date completed October 26 , 1825 Date restored September 3 , 1999 Geography Start point Hudson River near Albany , New York ( 42 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 73 ° 40 ′ 36 '' W / 42.7834 ° N 73.6767 ° W / 42.7834 ; - 73.6767 ) End point Niagara River near Buffalo , New York ( 43 ° 01 ′ 25 '' N 78 ° 53 ′ 24 '' W / 43.0237 ° N 78.8901 ° W / 43.0237 ; - 78.8901 ) Branch ( es ) Oswego Canal , Cayuga -- Seneca Canal Branch of New York State Canal System Connects to Champlain Canal , Welland Canal ( hide ) Erie Canal Legend Hudson River * Troy Federal Lock * Champlain Canal * Lock E2 ( Waterford ) Lock E3 ( Waterford ) Lock E4 ( Waterford ) Lock E5 ( Waterford ) Lock E6 ( Crescent ) Guard Gate 1 ( Waterford ) Guard Gate 2 ( Waterford ) Lock E7 ( Vischer Ferry ) Lock E8 ( Scotia ) Lock E9 ( Rotterdam ) Lock E10 ( Cranesville ) Lock E11 ( Amsterdam ) Lock E12 ( Tribes Hill ) Lock E13 ( Yosts ) Lock E14 ( Canajoharie ) Lock E15 ( Fort Plain ) Lock E16 ( St. Johnsville ) Guard Gate 3 ( Indian Castle ) Lock E17 ( Little Falls ) Guard Gate 4 ( Little Falls ) Lock E18 ( Jacksonburg ) Guard Gate 5 ( Herkimer ) Lock E19 ( Frankfort ) Lock E20 ( Whitesboro ) Guard Gate 6 ( Rome ) Guard Gate 7 ( Rome ) Lock E21 ( New London ) Lock E22 ( New London ) Oneida Lake Lock E23 ( Brewerton ) Oswego Canal * Lock E24 ( Baldwinsville ) Cayuga - Seneca Canal * Lock E25 ( May 's Point ) Lock E26 ( Clyde ) Lock E27 ( Lyons ) Lock E28A ( Lyons ) Lock E28B ( Newark ) Lock E29 ( Palmyra ) Lock E30 ( Macedon ) Guard Gate 9 ( Bushnell 's Basin ) Guard Gate 10 ( Cartersville ) Lock E32 ( Pittsford ) Lock E33 ( Rochester ) East Guard Lock Genesee River West Guard Lock Guard Gate 11 ( Spencerport ) Guard Gate 12 ( Brockport ) Guard Gate 13 ( Holley ) Guard Gate 14 ( Albion ) Guard Gate 15 ( Medina ) Guard Gate 16 ( Middleport ) Guard Gate 17 ( Gasport ) Lock E34 ( Lockport ) Lock E35 ( Lockport ) Guard Gate 18 ( Pendleton ) Niagara River Black Rock Lock * Lake Erie The Erie Canal is a canal in New York , United States that is part of the east -- west , cross-state route of the New York State Canal System ( formerly known as the New York State Barge Canal ) . Originally , it ran 363 miles ( 584 km ) from where Albany meets the Hudson River to where Buffalo meets Lake Erie . It was built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes . When completed in 1825 , it was the second longest canal in the world ( after the Grand Canal in China ) and greatly affected the development and economy of New York , New York City , and the United States . The canal was first proposed in the 1780s , then re-proposed in 1807 . A survey was authorized , funded , and executed in 1808 . Proponents of the project gradually wore down opponents ; its construction began in 1817 . The canal has 34 numbered locks starting with Black Rock Lock and ending downstream with the Troy Federal Lock . Both are owned by the federal government . It has an elevation difference of about 565 feet ( 172 m ) . It opened on October 26 , 1825 . In a time when bulk goods were limited to pack animals ( a 250 - pound ( 113 kg ) maximum ) , and there were no railways , water was the most cost - effective way to ship bulk goods . The canal was denigrated by its political opponents as `` Clinton 's Folly '' or `` Clinton 's Big Ditch '' . It was the first transportation system between the Eastern Seaboard and the western interior of the United States that did not require portage . It was faster than carts pulled by draft animals and cut transport costs by about 95 % . The canal gave New York City 's port an incomparable advantage over all other U.S. port cities and ushered in the state 's 19th century political and cultural ascendancy . The canal fostered a population surge in western New York and opened regions farther west to settlement . It was enlarged between 1834 and 1862 . The canal 's peak year was 1855 , when 33,000 commercial shipments took place . In 1918 , the western part of the canal was enlarged to become part of the New York State Barge Canal , which also extended to the Hudson River running parallel to the eastern half of the Erie Canal . In 2000 , the United States Congress designated the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor to recognize the national significance of the canal system as the most successful and influential human - built waterway and one of the most important works of civil engineering and construction in North America . The canal has been mainly used by recreational watercraft since the retirement of the last large commercial ship , Day Peckinpaugh , in 1994 . The canal saw a recovery in commercial traffic in 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Proposals and logistics 2.1 Proposals 2.2 Engineering requirements 2.3 Operation 3 Construction 4 Route 5 Enlargements and improvements 6 Competition 7 Impact 8 Sunday closing debate 9 20th century 9.1 New York State Canal System 10 21st century 11 Old Erie Canal 11.1 Parks and museums 11.2 Erie Canalway Trail 12 Locks 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Background ( edit ) Erie Canal map c. 1840 From the first days of the expansion of the British colonies from the coast of North America into the heartland of the continent , a recurring problem was that of transportation between the coastal ports and the interior . This was not unique to the Americas , and the problem still exists in those parts of the world where muscle power provides a primary means of transportation within a region . An equally ancient solution was implemented in many cultures -- things in the water weighed far less and took less effort to move since friction became negligible . Close to the seacoast , rivers often provided adequate waterways , but the Appalachian Mountains , 400 miles ( 640 km ) inland , running over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) long as a barrier range with just five places where mule trains or wagon roads could be routed , presented a great challenge . Passengers and freight had to travel overland , a journey made more difficult by the rough condition of the roads . In 1800 , it typically took 2 - 1 / 2 weeks to travel overland from New York to Cleveland , Ohio ( 460 miles ( 740 km ) ) ; 4 weeks to Detroit ( 612 miles ( 985 km ) ) . The principal exportable product of the Ohio Valley was grain , which was a high - volume , low - priced commodity , bolstered by supplies from the coast . Frequently it was not worth the cost of transporting it to far - away population centers . This was a factor leading to farmers in the west turning their grains into whiskey for easier transport and higher sales , and later the Whiskey Rebellion . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , it became clear to coastal residents that the city or state that succeeded in developing a cheap , reliable route to the West would enjoy economic success , and the port at the seaward end of such a route would see business increase greatly . In time , projects were devised in Virginia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and relatively deep into the coastal states . Proposals and logistics ( edit ) Proposals ( edit ) The Mohawk Valley , running east and west , cuts a natural pathway ( water gap ) between the Catskill Mountains to the south and the Adirondack Mountains to the north Aqueduct over the Mohawk River at Rexford , one of 32 navigable aqueducts on the Erie Canal The successes of the Canal du Midi in France ( 1681 ) , Bridgewater Canal in Britain ( 1769 ) , and Eider Canal in Denmark ( 1784 ) spurred on what was called in Britain `` canal mania '' . The idea of a canal to tie the East Coast to the new western settlements was discussed as early as 1724 : New York provincial official Cadwallader Colden made a passing reference ( in a report on fur trading ) to improving the natural waterways of western New York . Gouverneur Morris and Elkanah Watson were early proponents of a canal along the Mohawk River . Their efforts led to the creation of the `` Western and Northern Inland Lock Navigation Companies '' in 1792 , which took the first steps to improve navigation on the Mohawk and construct a canal between the Mohawk and Lake Ontario , but it was soon discovered that private financing was insufficient . Christopher Colles ( who was familiar with the Bridgewater Canal ) surveyed the Mohawk Valley , and made a presentation to the New York state legislature in 1784 , proposing a shorter canal from Lake Ontario . The proposal drew attention and some action but was never implemented . Jesse Hawley had envisioned encouraging the growing of large quantities of grain on the western New York plains ( then largely unsettled ) for sale on the Eastern seaboard . However , he went bankrupt trying to ship grain to the coast . While in Canandaigua debtors ' prison , Hawley began pressing for the construction of a canal along the 90 - mile ( 140 km ) - long Mohawk River valley with support from Joseph Ellicott ( agent for the Holland Land Company in Batavia ) . Ellicott realized that a canal would add value to the land he was selling in the western part of the state . He later became the first canal commissioner . Engineering requirements ( edit ) The Mohawk River ( a tributary of the Hudson ) rises near Lake Ontario and runs in a glacial meltwater channel just north of the Catskill range of the Appalachian Mountains , separating them from the geologically distinct Adirondacks to the north . The Mohawk and Hudson valleys form the only cut across the Appalachians north of Alabama , allowing an almost complete water route from New York City in the south to Lake Ontario and Lake Erie in the west . Along its course and from these lakes , other Great Lakes , and to a lesser degree , related rivers , a large part of the continent 's interior ( and many settlements ) would be made well connected to the Eastern seaboard . The problem was that the land rises about 600 feet ( 180 m ) from the Hudson to Lake Erie . Locks at the time could handle up to 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) of lift , so even with the heftiest cuttings and viaducts , fifty locks would be required along the 360 - mile ( 580 km ) canal . Such a canal would be expensive to build even with modern technology ; in 1800 , the expense was barely imaginable . President Thomas Jefferson called it `` a little short of madness '' and rejected it ; however , Hawley interested New York Governor DeWitt Clinton in the project . There was much opposition , and the project was ridiculed as `` Clinton 's folly '' and `` Clinton 's ditch . '' In 1817 , though , Clinton received approval from the legislature for $7 million for construction . The original canal was 363 miles ( 584 km ) long , from Albany on the Hudson to Buffalo on Lake Erie . The channel was cut 40 feet ( 12 m ) wide and 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) deep , with removed soil piled on the downhill side to form a walkway known as a towpath . Its construction , through limestone and mountains , proved a daunting task . In 1823 construction reached the Niagara Escarpment , necessitating the building of five locks along a 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) corridor to carry the canal over the escarpment . To move earth , animals pulled a `` slip scraper '' ( similar to a bulldozer ) . The sides of the canal were lined with stone set in clay , and the bottom was also lined with clay . The stonework required hundreds of German masons , who later built many of New York 's buildings . All labor on the canal depended upon human ( and animal ) power or the force of water . Engineering techniques developed during its construction included the building of aqueducts to redirect water ; one aqueduct was 950 feet ( 290 m ) long to span 800 feet ( 240 m ) of river . As the canal progressed , the crews and engineers working on the project developed expertise and became a skilled labor force . Profile of the original canal Operation ( edit ) Operations at Lockport , New York in 1839 Canal boats up to 3.5 feet ( 1.1 m ) in draft were pulled by horses and mules on the towpath . The canal had one towpath , generally on the north side . When canal boats met , the boat with the right of way remained on the towpath side of the canal . The other boat steered toward the berm ( or heelpath ) side of the canal . The driver ( or `` hoggee '' , pronounced HO - gee ) of the privileged boat kept his towpath team by the canalside edge of the towpath , while the hoggee of the other boat moved to the outside of the towpath and stopped his team . His towline would be unhitched from the horses , go slack , fall into the water and sink to the bottom , while his boat decelerated on with its remaining momentum . The privileged boat 's team would step over the other boat 's towline , with their horses pulling the boat over the sunken towline without stopping . Once clear , the other boat 's team would continue on its way . Pulled by teams of horses , canal boats still moved slowly , but methodically , shrinking time and distance . Efficiently , the nonstop smooth method of transportation cut the travel time between Albany and Buffalo nearly in half , moving by day and by night . Venturing west , men and women boarded packets to visit relatives , or solely for a relaxing excursion . Emigrants took passage on freight boats , camping on deck , or on top of crates . Packet boats , serving passengers exclusively , reached speeds of up to five miles an hour , and ran at much more frequent intervals than the cramped , bumpy stages . Packet boats , measuring up to seventy - eight feet in length and fourteen and a half feet across , made ingenious use of space , in order to accommodate up to forty passengers at night and up to three times as many in the daytime . The best examples , furnished with carpeted floors , stuffed chairs , and mahogany tables stocked with current newspapers and books , served as sitting rooms during the days . At mealtimes , crews transformed the cabin into dining rooms . Drawing a curtain across the width of the room divided the cabin into ladies ' and gentlemen 's sleeping quarters in the evening hours . Pull - down tiered beds folded from the walls , and additional cots could be hung from hooks in the ceiling . Some captains hired musicians and held dances . The canal had brought civilization into the wilderness . Construction ( edit ) Stonework of lock abandoned because of route change , at Durhamville , New York An original five - step lock structure crossing the Niagara Escarpment at Lockport , now without gates and used as a cascade for excess water Erie Canal lock in Lockport , New York The men who planned and oversaw construction were novices as surveyors and as engineers . There were no civil engineers in the United States . James Geddes and Benjamin Wright , who laid out the route , were judges whose experience in surveying was in settling boundary disputes . Geddes had only used a surveying instrument for a few hours before his work on the Canal . Canvass White was a 27 - year - old amateur engineer who persuaded Clinton to let him go to Britain at his own expense to study the canal system there . Nathan Roberts was a mathematics teacher and land speculator . Yet these men `` carried the Erie Canal up the Niagara escarpment at Lockport , maneuvered it onto a towering embankment to cross over Irondequoit Creek , spanned the Genesee River on an awesome aqueduct , and carved a route for it out of the solid rock between Little Falls and Schenectady -- and all of those venturesome designs worked precisely as planned '' . ( Bernstein , p. 381 ) Construction began July 4 , 1817 , at Rome , New York . The first 15 miles ( 24 km ) , from Rome to Utica , opened in 1819 . At that rate , the canal would not be finished for 30 years . The main delays were caused by felling trees to clear a path through virgin forest and moving excavated soil , which took longer than expected , but the builders devised ways to solve these problems . To fell a tree , they threw rope over the top branches and winched it down . They pulled out the stumps with an innovative stump puller . A pair of huge wheels were mounted loose on an axle . A large wheel , barely smaller than the others , was fixed to the center of the axle . A chain was wrapped around the axle and hooked to the stump . A rope was wrapped around the center wheel and hooked to a team of oxen . The mechanical advantage ( torque ) obtained ripped the stumps out of the soil . Soil to be moved was shoveled into large wheelbarrows that were dumped into mule - pulled carts . Using a scraper and a plow , a three - man team with oxen , horses , and mules could build a mile in a year . The remaining problem was finding labor ; increased immigration helped fill the need . Many of the laborers working on the canal were Irish , who had recently come to the United States as a group of about 5,000 from Ireland , most of whom were Roman Catholic , a religion that raised much suspicion in early America due to its hierarchic structure , and many laborers on the canal suffered violent assault as the result of misjudgment and xenophobia . Construction continued at an increased rate as new workers arrived . When the canal reached Montezuma Marsh ( at the outlet of Cayuga Lake west of Syracuse ) , it was rumored over 1,000 workers died of `` swamp fever '' ( malaria ) , and construction was temporarily stopped . However , recent research has revealed the death toll was likely much lower , as no contemporary reports mention significant worker mortality , and mass graves from the period have never been found in the area . Work continued on the downhill side towards the Hudson , and when the marsh froze in winter , the crews worked to complete the section across the swamps . The middle section from Utica to Salina ( Syracuse ) was completed in 1820 , and traffic on that section started up immediately . Expansion to the east and west proceeded , and the whole eastern section , 250 miles ( 400 km ) from Brockport to Albany , opened on September 10 , 1823 to great fanfare . The Champlain Canal , a separate but interconnected 64 - mile ( 103 km ) north - south route from Watervliet on the Hudson to Lake Champlain , opened on the same date . In 1824 , before the canal was completed , a detailed Pocket Guide for the Tourist and Traveler , Along the Line of the Canals , and the Interior Commerce of the State of New York , was published for the benefit of travelers and land speculators . After Montezuma Marsh , the next difficulties were crossing Irondequoit Creek and the Genesee River near Rochester . The first ultimately required building the 1,320 - foot ( 400 m ) long `` Great Embankment , '' which carried the canal at a height of 76 feet ( 23 m ) above the level of the creek , which was carried through a 245 - foot ( 75 m ) culvert underneath . The river was crossed on a stone aqueduct 802 feet ( 244 m ) long and 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) wide , with 11 arches . After the Genesee , the next obstacle was crossing the Niagara Escarpment , an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) wall of hard dolomitic limestone , to rise to the level of Lake Erie . The route followed the channel of a creek that had cut a ravine steeply down the escarpment , with two sets of five locks in a series , soon giving rise to the community of Lockport . The 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) lift - locks had a total lift of 60 feet ( 18 m ) , exiting into a deeply cut channel . The final leg had to be cut 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) through another limestone layer , the Onondaga ridge . Much of that section was blasted with black powder , and the inexperience of the crews often led to accidents , and sometimes rocks falling on nearby homes . Two villages competed to be the terminus : Black Rock , on the Niagara River , and Buffalo , at the eastern tip of Lake Erie . Buffalo expended great energy to widen and deepen Buffalo Creek to make it navigable and to create a harbor at its mouth . Buffalo won over Black Rock , and grew into a large city , eventually encompassing its former competitor . The entire canal was officially completed on October 26 , 1825 . The event was marked by a statewide `` Grand Celebration , '' culminating in successive cannon shots along the length of the canal and the Hudson , a 90 - minute cannonade from Buffalo to New York City . A flotilla of boats , led by Governor Dewitt Clinton aboard Seneca Chief , sailed from Buffalo to New York City in ten days . Clinton then ceremonially poured Lake Erie water into New York Harbor to mark the `` Wedding of the Waters '' . On its return trip , Seneca Chief brought a keg of Atlantic Ocean water back to Buffalo to be poured into Lake Erie by Buffalo 's Judge Samuel Wilkeson , who would later become mayor . The Erie Canal was thus completed in eight years at a cost of $7,143,000 ( equivalent to $109,000,000 in 2017 ) . It was acclaimed as an engineering marvel that united the country and helped New York City become a financial capital . Route ( edit ) 1853 Map of New York canals emboldened , center : the Erie Canal , other lines : railroads , rivers and county borders Lithograph of the Erie Canal at Lockport , New York c. 1855 . Published for Herrman J. Meyer , 164 William Street , New York City . The canal began on the west side of the Hudson River at Albany , and ran north to Watervliet , where the Champlain Canal branched off . At Cohoes , it climbed the escarpment on the west side of the Hudson River and then turned west along the south shore of the Mohawk River , crossing to the north side at Crescent and again to the south at Rexford . The canal continued west near the south shore of the Mohawk River all the way to Rome , where the Mohawk turns north . At Rome , the canal continued west parallel to Wood Creek , which flows westward into Oneida Lake , and turned southwest and west cross-country to avoid the lake . From Canastota west , it ran roughly along the north ( lower ) edge of the Onondaga Escarpment , passing through Syracuse , Onondaga Lake , and Rochester . Before reaching Rochester , the canal uses a series of natural ridges to cross the deep valley of Irondequoit Creek . At Lockport the canal turned southwest to rise to the top of the Niagara Escarpment , using the ravine of Eighteen Mile Creek . The canal continued south - southwest to Pendleton , where it turned west and southwest , mainly using the channel of Tonawanda Creek . From the Tonawanda south toward Buffalo , it ran just east of the Niagara River , where it reached its `` Western Terminus '' at Little Buffalo Creek ( later it became the Commercial Slip ) , which discharged into the Buffalo River just above its confluence with Lake Erie . With Buffalo 's re-excavation of the Commercial Slip , completed in 2008 , the Canal 's original terminus is now re-watered and again accessible by boats . With several miles of the Canal inland of this location still lying under 20th - century fill and urban construction , the effective western navigable terminus of the Erie Canal is found at Tonawanda . The Erie made use of the favorable conditions of New York 's unique topography , which provided that area with the only break in the Appalachians south of the Saint Lawrence River . The Hudson is tidal to Troy , and Albany is west of the Appalachians . It allowed for east -- west navigation from the coast to the Great Lakes within US territory . The canal system thus gave New York a competitive advantage , helped New York City develop as an international trade center , and allowed Buffalo to grow from just 200 settlers in 1820 to more than 18,000 people by 1840 . The port of New York became essentially the Atlantic home port for all of the Midwest -- because of this vital connection and others to follow , such as the railroads , New York would become known as the `` Empire State '' or `` the great Empire State '' . Enlargements and improvements ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Derelict aqueduct over Nine Mile Creek north of Camillus , New York built in 1841 and abandoned c. 1918 ; one of 32 navigable aqueducts on the Erie Canal , it has since been restored . Problems developed but were quickly solved . Leaks developed along the entire length of the canal , but these were sealed using cement that hardened underwater ( hydraulic cement ) . Erosion on the clay bottom proved to be a problem and the speed was limited to 4 mph ( 6.4 km / h ) . The original design planned for an annual tonnage of 1.5 million tons ( 1.36 million metric tons ) , but this was exceeded immediately . An ambitious program to improve the canal began in 1834 . During this massive series of construction projects , known as the First Enlargement , the canal was widened from 40 to 70 feet ( 12 to 21 m ) and deepened from 4 to 7 feet ( 1.2 to 2.1 m ) . Locks were widened and / or rebuilt in new locations , and many new navigable aqueducts were constructed . The canal was straightened and slightly re-routed in some stretches , resulting in the abandonment of short segments of the original 1825 canal . The First Enlargement was completed in 1862 , with further minor enlargements in later decades . Today , the reconfiguration of the canal created during the First Enlargement is commonly referred to as the `` Improved Erie Canal '' or the `` Old Erie Canal '' , to distinguish it from the canal 's modern - day course . Existing remains of the 1825 canal abandoned during the Enlargement are sometimes referred to today as `` Clinton 's Ditch '' ( which was also the popular nickname for the entire Erie Canal project during its original 1817 -- 1825 construction ) . Upstream view of the downstream lock at Lock 32 , Pittsford , New York . Additional feeder canals soon extended the Erie Canal into a system . These included the Cayuga - Seneca Canal south to the Finger Lakes , the Oswego Canal from Three Rivers north to Lake Ontario at Oswego , and the Champlain Canal from Troy north to Lake Champlain . From 1833 to 1877 , the short Crooked Lake Canal connected Keuka Lake and Seneca Lake . The Chemung Canal connected the south end of Seneca Lake to Elmira in 1833 , and was an important route for Pennsylvania coal and timber into the canal system . The Chenango Canal in 1836 connected the Erie Canal at Utica to Binghamton and caused a business boom in the Chenango River valley . The Chenango and Chemung canals linked the Erie with the Susquehanna River system . The Black River Canal connected the Black River to the Erie Canal at Rome and remained in operation until the 1920s . The Genesee Valley Canal was run along the Genesee River to connect with the Allegheny River at Olean , but the Allegheny section , which would have connected to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers , was never built . The Genesee Valley Canal was later abandoned and became the route of the Genesee Valley Canal Railroad . In 1903 the New York State legislature authorized construction of the New York State Barge Canal as the `` Improvement of the Erie , the Oswego , the Champlain , and the Cayuga and Seneca Canals '' . In 1905 , construction of the Barge Canal began , which was completed in 1918 , at a cost of $96.7 million . Freight traffic reached a total of 5.2 million short tons ( 4.7 million metric tons ) by 1951 , before declining in the face of combined rail and truck competition . Competition ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of the `` Water Level Routes '' of the New York Central Railroad ( purple ) , West Shore Railroad ( red ) and Erie Canal ( blue ) . As the canal brought travelers to New York City , it took business away from other ports such as Philadelphia and Baltimore . Those cities and their states started projects to compete with the Erie Canal . In Pennsylvania , the Main Line of Public Works was a combined canal and railroad running west from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh on the Ohio River , opened in 1834 . In Maryland , the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ran west to Wheeling , West Virginia , also on the Ohio River , and was completed in 1853 . Other competition was more direct . The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad opened in 1837 , providing a bypass to the slowest part of the canal between Albany and Schenectady . Other railroads were soon chartered and built to continue the line west to Buffalo , and in 1842 a continuous line ( which later became the New York Central Railroad and its Auburn Road in 1853 ) was open the whole way to Buffalo . As the railroad served the same general route as the canal , but provided for faster travel , passengers soon switched to it . However , as late as 1852 , the canal carried thirteen times more freight tonnage than all the railroads in New York State combined ; it continued to compete well with the railroads through 1902 , when tolls were abolished . The New York , West Shore and Buffalo Railway was completed in 1884 , as a route running closely parallel to both the canal and the New York Central Railroad . However , it went bankrupt and was acquired the next year by the New York Central . Impact ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rochester , NY aqueduct circa 1890 The Erie Canal greatly lowered the cost of shipping between the Midwest and the Northeast , bringing much lower food costs to Eastern cities and allowing the East to economically ship machinery and manufactured goods to the Midwest . The canal also made an immense contribution to the wealth and importance of New York City , Buffalo , and New York State . Its impact went much further , increasing trade throughout the nation by opening eastern and overseas markets to Midwestern farm products and by enabling migration to the West . The Erie Canal was an immediate success . Tolls collected on freight had already exceeded the state 's construction debt in its first year of official operation . By 1828 , import duties collected at the New York Customs House supported federal government operations and provided funds for all the expenses in Washington except the interest on the national debt . Additionally , New York state 's initial loan for the original canal had been paid by 1837 . Although it had been envisioned as primarily a commercial channel for freight boats , passengers also traveled on the canal 's packet boats . In 1825 more than forty thousand passengers took advantage of the convenience and beauty of canal travel . The canal 's steady flow of tourists , businessmen and settlers lent it to uses never imagined by its initial sponsors . Evangelical preachers made their circuits of the upstate region and the canal served as the last leg of the underground railroad ferrying runaway slaves to Buffalo near the Canada -- US border . Aspiring merchants found that tourists proved to double as reliable customers . Vendors moved from boat to boat peddling items such as books , watches and fruit while less scrupulous `` confidence men '' sold remedies for foot corns or passed off counterfeit bills . Tourists were carried along the `` northern tour '' , which ultimately led to the popular honeymoon destination Niagara Falls , just north of Buffalo . Consisting of a massive stone aqueduct which carried boats over incredible cascades , Little Falls was one of the most popular stops for American and foreign tourists -- as depicted in Scene 4 of William Dunlap 's play A Trip to Niagara , where he depicts the general preference of tourists to travel by canal so that they could see a combination of artificial and natural sites . Canal travel was , for many , an opportunity to take in the sublime and commune with nature . The play also reflects the less enthusiastic view of some seeing movement on the canal as tedious . New ethnic Irish communities formed in some towns along its route after completion , as Irish immigrants were a large portion of the construction labor force . Earth extracted from the canal was transported to the New York city area and used as landfill in New York and New Jersey . A plaque honoring the canal 's construction is located in Battery Park in southern Manhattan . Because so many immigrants traveled on the canal , many genealogists have sought copies of canal passenger lists . Apart from the years 1827 -- 1829 , canal boat operators were not required to record or report passenger names to the government , which , in this case , was the state of New York . Those passenger lists that were recorded survive today in the New York State Archives , and other sources of traveler information are sometimes available . The Canal also helped bind the still - new nation closer to Britain and Europe . British repeal of the Corn Law resulted in a huge increase in exports of Midwestern wheat to Britain . Trade between the United States and Canada also increased as a result of the Corn Law and a reciprocity ( free - trade ) agreement signed in 1854 ; much of this trade flowed along the Erie . Its success also prompted imitation : a rash of canal - building followed . Also , the many technical hurdles that had to be overcome made heroes of those whose innovations made the canal possible . This led to an increased public esteem for practical education . Chicago , among other Great Lakes cities , recognized the commercial importance of the canal to its economy , and two West Loop streets are named `` Canal '' and `` Clinton '' ( for canal proponent DeWitt Clinton ) . Concern that erosion caused by logging in the Adirondacks could silt up the canal contributed to the creation of another New York National Historic Landmark , the Adirondack Park , in 1885 . Two `` low '' lift bridges in Lockport , New York July 2010 . Many notable authors wrote about the canal , including Herman Melville , Frances Trollope , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Harriet Beecher Stowe , Mark Twain , Samuel Hopkins Adams and the Marquis de Lafayette , and many tales and songs were written about life on the canal . The popular song `` Low Bridge '' by Thomas S. Allen was written in 1905 to memorialize the canal 's early heyday , when barges were pulled by mules rather than engines . Sunday closing debate ( edit ) The New York State Legislature debated closing the locks of the Erie Canal on Sundays , when they convened in 1858 . However , George Jeremiah and Dwight Bacheller , two of the bill 's opponents , argued that the state had no right to stop canal traffic on the grounds that the Erie Canal and its tributaries had ceased to be wards of the state . The canal at its inception had been imagined as an extension of nature , an artificial river where there had been none . The canal succeeded by sharing more in common with lakes and seas than it had with public roads . Jeremiah and Bacheller argued , successfully , that just as it was unthinkable to halt oceangoing navigation on Sunday , it was so with the canal . 20th century ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The modern Erie Canal has 34 locks , which are painted with the blue and gold colors of the New York State Canal System . In 1918 , the Canal was replaced by the larger New York State Barge Canal . This new canal replaced much of the original route , leaving many abandoned sections ( most notably between Syracuse and Rome ) . New digging and flood control technologies allowed engineers to canalize rivers that the original canal had sought to avoid , such as the Mohawk , Seneca , and Clyde rivers , and Oneida Lake . In sections that did not consist of canalized rivers ( particularly between Rochester and Buffalo ) , the original Erie Canal channel was enlarged to 120 feet ( 37 m ) wide and 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) deep . The expansion allowed barges up to 2,000 short tons ( 1,800 t ) to use the Canal . This expensive project was politically unpopular in parts of the state not served by the canal , and failed to save it from becoming obsolete for commercial shipping . The new alignment began on the Hudson River at the border between Cohoes and Waterford , where it ran northwest with five locks ( the so - called `` Waterford Flight '' ) , running into the Mohawk River east of Crescent . The Waterford Flight is claimed to be one of the steepest series of locks in the world . This photo shows the Gateway Harbor in North Tonawanda , NY about 1000 feet from the present day western terminus of the Erie Canal where it connects to the Niagara River . While the old Canal ran next to the Mohawk all the way to Rome , the new canal ran through the river , which was straightened or widened where necessary . At Ilion , the new canal left the river for good , but continued to run on a new alignment parallel to both the river and the old canal to Rome . From Rome , the new route continued almost due west , merging with Fish Creek just east of its entry into Oneida Lake . From Oneida Lake , the new canal ran west along the Oneida River , with cutoffs to shorten the route . At Three Rivers the Oneida River turns northwest , and was deepened for the Oswego Canal to Lake Ontario . The new Erie Canal turned south there along the Seneca River , which turns west near Syracuse and continues west to a point in the Montezuma Marsh ( 43 ° 00 ′ 11 '' N 76 ° 43 ′ 52 '' W / 43.00296 ° N 76.73115 ° W / 43.00296 ; - 76.73115 ) . There the Cayuga and Seneca Canal continued south with the Seneca River , and the new Erie Canal again ran parallel to the old canal along the bottom of the Niagara Escarpment , in some places running along the Clyde River , and in some places replacing the old canal . At Pittsford , southeast of Rochester , the canal turned west to run around the south side of Rochester , rather than through downtown . The canal crosses the Genesee River at the Genesee Valley Park ( 43 ° 07 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 38 ′ 33 '' W / 43.1215 ° N 77.6425 ° W / 43.1215 ; - 77.6425 ) , then rejoins the old path near North Gates . From there it was again roughly an upgrade to the original canal , running west to Lockport . This reach of 64.2 miles from Henrietta to Lockport is called `` the 60 ‐ mile level '' since there are no locks and the water level rises only two feet over the entire segment . Diversions from and to adjacent natural streams along the way are used to maintain the canal 's level . It runs southwest to Tonawanda , where the new alignment discharges into the Niagara River , which is navigable upstream to the New York Barge Canal 's Black Rock Lock and thence to the Canal 's original `` Western Terminus '' at Buffalo 's Inner Harbor . The growth of railroads and highways across the state , and the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway , caused commercial traffic on the canal to decline dramatically during the second half of the 20th century . New York State Canal system ( edit ) In 1992 , the New York State Barge Canal was renamed the New York State Canal System ( including the Erie , Cayuga - Seneca , Oswego , and Champlain canals ) and placed under the newly created New York State Canal Corporation , a subsidiary of the New York State Thruway Authority . While part of the Thruway , the canal system was operated using money generated by Thruway tolls . 21st century ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since the 1990s , the canal system has been used primarily by recreational traffic , although a small but growing amount of cargo traffic still uses it . Today , the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor covers 524 miles ( 843 km ) of navigable water from Lake Champlain to the Capital Region and west to Buffalo . The area has a population of 2.7 million : about 75 % of Central and Western New York 's population lives within 25 miles ( 40 km ) of the Erie Canal . The Erie Canal is open to small craft and some larger vessels from May through November each year . During winter , water is drained from parts of the canal for maintenance . The Champlain Canal , Lake Champlain , and the Chambly Canal , and Richelieu River in Canada form the Lakes to Locks Passage , making a tourist attraction of the former waterway linking eastern Canada to the Erie Canal . In 2006 recreational boating fees were eliminated to attract more visitors . Travel on the canal 's middle section ( particularly in the Mohawk Valley ) was severely hampered by flooding in late June and early July 2006 . Flood damage to the canal and its facilities was estimated as at least $15 million . There were some 42 commercial shipments on the canal in 2008 , compared to 15 such shipments in 2007 and more than 33,000 shipments in 1855 , the canal 's peak year . The new growth in commercial traffic is due to the rising cost of diesel fuel . Canal barges can carry a short ton of cargo 514 miles ( 827 km ) on one gallon of diesel fuel , while a gallon allows a train to haul the same amount of cargo 202 miles ( 325 km ) and a truck 59 miles ( 95 km ) . Canal barges can carry loads up to 3,000 short tons ( 2,700 long tons ) , and are used to transport objects that would be too large for road or rail shipment . Today , the system is served by several commercial towing companies . In 2012 , the New York State Canal System ( which consists of the Erie Canal and a few smaller canals ) was used to ship 42,000 tons of cargo . Erie Canal Aqueduct crossing the Genesee River in Rochester , New York . Broad Street now runs atop it . A proposed rewatering project of the Erie Canal Aqueduct to connect to a round lock on the Genesee River is under review . This revitalization project will also facilitate boating . On the Erie Canal Aqueduct looking north below Broad Street , downtown Rochester The Aqueduct is divided by the concrete support for the Broad Street Bridge above , in the former bed runs the former Rochester Subway A commercial tour boat locks through Baldwinsville 's Lock 24 . Aside from transportation , the canal 's waters are still utilized for other purposes such as irrigation for farmland , hydroelectricity , research , industry , and even drinking by numerous businesses , farms , factories and communities alongside its banks . Users of the canal system have an estimated total economic impact of $6.2 billion annually . In 2017 , the New York State Canal Corporation was transferred from the New York State Thruway to the New York Power Authority . Old Erie Canal ( edit ) The Old Erie Canal and its towpath at Kirkville , New York , within Old Erie Canal State Historic Park Sections of the old Erie Canal not used after 1918 are owned by New York State , or have been ceded to or purchased by counties or municipalities . Many stretches of the old canal have been filled in to create roads such as Erie Boulevard in Syracuse and Schenectady , and Broad Street and the Rochester Subway in Rochester . A 36 ‐ mile ( 58 km ) stretch of the old canal from the town of DeWitt , New York , east of Syracuse , to just outside Rome , New York , is preserved as the Old Erie Canal State Historic Park . In 1960 the Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site , a section of the canal in Montgomery County , was one of the first sites recognized as a National Historic Landmark . Some municipalities have preserved sections as town or county canal parks , or have plans to do so . Camillus Erie Canal Park preserves a 7 - mile ( 11 km ) stretch and has restored Nine Mile Creek Aqueduct , built in 1841 as part of the First Enlargement of the canal . In some communities , the old canal has refilled with overgrowth and debris . Proposals have been made to rehydrate the old canal through downtown Rochester or Syracuse as a tourist attraction . In Syracuse , the location of the old canal is represented by a reflecting pool in downtown 's Clinton Square and the downtown hosts a canal barge and weigh lock structure , now dry . Buffalo 's Commercial Slip is the restored and re-watered segment of the canal which formed its `` Western Terminus '' . The Erie Canal is a destination for tourists from all over the world , and has inspired guidebooks dedicated to exploration of the waterway . An Erie Canal Cruise company , based in Herkimer , operates from mid-May until mid-October with daily cruises . The cruise goes through the history of the canal and also takes passengers through Lock 18 . In 2004 , the administration of New York Governor George Pataki was criticized when officials of New York State Canal Corporation attempted to sell private development rights to large stretches of the Old Erie Canal to a single developer for $30,000 , far less than the land was worth on the open market . After an investigation by the Syracuse Post-Standard newspaper , the Pataki administration nullified the deal . Buffalo 's Erie Canal Commercial Slip in Spring 2008 . Records of the planning , design , construction , and administration of the Erie Canal are vast and can be found in the New York State Archives . Except for two years ( 1827 -- 1829 ) , the State of New York did not require canal boat operators to maintain or submit passenger lists . Parks and museums ( edit ) Parks and museums related to the old Erie Canal include ( listed from East to West ) : Day Peckinpaugh ship ; restoration and conversion to a floating museum was planned for completion in 2012 by the New York State Museum Watervliet Side Cut Locks , located at Watervliet and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 Enlarged Erie Canal Historic District ( Discontiguous ) , a national historic district located at Cohoes , New York listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 Enlarged Double Lock No. 23 , Old Erie Canal , Rotterdam Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site at Fort Hunter Old Erie Canal State Historic Park , DeWitt , NY Old Erie Canal State Historic Park , 36 - mile linear park from Rome to DeWitt Erie Canal Village , near Rome Canastota Canal Town Museum , Canastota Chittenango Landing Canal Boat Museum , near Chittenango Erie Canal Museum in downtown Syracuse Camillus Erie Canal Park in Camillus Jordan Canal Park in Jordan , town of Elbridge Enlarged Double Lock No. 33 Old Erie Canal , St. Johnsville Erie Canal Lock 52 Complex , a national historic district located at Port Byron and Mentz in Cayuga County ; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 Seneca River Crossing Canals Historic District , a national historic district located at Montezuma and Tyre in Cayuga County ; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 Centerport Aqueduct Park near Weedsport ; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 Lock Berlin Park near Clyde Macedon Aqueduct Park near Palmyra Old Erie Canal Lock 60 Park in Macedon Perinton Park in Perinton near Fairport Genesee Valley Park in the city of Rochester Spencerport Depot & Canal Museum , Spencerport Niagara Escarpment `` Flight of Five '' locks at Lockport Erie Canal Discovery Center , 24 Church Street , Lockport ( Locks 34 and 35 ) Canalside Buffalo at the Canal 's `` Western Terminus '' Erie Canalway Trail ( edit ) Further information : New York State Canalway Trail Locks ( edit ) The modern single lock at the Niagara Escarpment The following list of locks is provided for the current canal , from east to west . There are a total of 36 ( 35 numbered ) locks on the Erie Canal . All locks on the New York State Canal System are single - chamber ; the dimensions are 328 feet ( 100 m ) long and 45 feet ( 14 m ) wide with a minimum 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) depth of water over the miter sills at the upstream gates upon lift . They can accommodate a vessel up to 300 feet ( 91 m ) long and 43.5 feet ( 13.3 m ) wide . Overall sidewall height will vary by lock , ranging between 28 and 61 feet ( 8.5 and 18.6 m ) depending on the lift and navigable stages . Lock E17 at Little Falls has the tallest sidewall height at 80 feet ( 24 m ) . Distance is based on position markers from an interactive canal map provided online by the New York State Canal Corporation and may not exactly match specifications on signs posted along the canal . Mean surface elevations are comprised from a combination of older canal profiles and history books as well as specifications on signs posted along the canal . The margin of error should normally be within 6 inches ( 15 cm ) . The Waterford Flight series of locks ( comprising Locks E2 through E6 ) is one of the steepest in the world , lifting boats 169 feet ( 52 m ) in less than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) . All surface elevations are approximate . Lock # Location Elevation ( upstream / west ) Elevation ( downstream / east ) Lift or Drop Distance to Next Lock ( upstream / west ) Troy Federal Lock * Troy 15.3 ft ( 4.7 m ) 1.3 ft ( 0.40 m ) 14.0 ft ( 4.3 m ) E2 , 2.66 mi ( 4.28 km ) E2 Waterford 48.9 ft ( 14.9 m ) 15.3 ft ( 4.7 m ) 33.6 ft ( 10.2 m ) E3 , 0.46 mi ( 0.74 km ) E3 Waterford 83.5 ft ( 25.5 m ) 48.9 ft ( 14.9 m ) 34.6 ft ( 10.5 m ) E4 , 0.51 mi ( 0.82 km ) E4 Waterford 118.1 ft ( 36.0 m ) 83.5 ft ( 25.5 m ) 34.6 ft ( 10.5 m ) E5 , 0.27 mi ( 0.43 km ) E5 Waterford 151.4 ft ( 46.1 m ) 118.1 ft ( 36.0 m ) 33.3 ft ( 10.1 m ) E6 , 0.28 mi ( 0.45 km ) E6 Crescent 184.4 ft ( 56.2 m ) 151.4 ft ( 46.1 m ) 33.0 ft ( 10.1 m ) E7 , 10.92 mi ( 17.57 km ) E7 Vischer Ferry 211.4 ft ( 64.4 m ) 184.4 ft ( 56.2 m ) 27.0 ft ( 8.2 m ) E8 , 10.97 mi ( 17.65 km ) E8 Scotia 225.4 ft ( 68.7 m ) 211.4 ft ( 64.4 m ) 14.0 ft ( 4.3 m ) E9 , 5.03 mi ( 8.10 km ) E9 Rotterdam 240.4 ft ( 73.3 m ) 225.4 ft ( 68.7 m ) 15.0 ft ( 4.6 m ) E10 , 5.95 mi ( 9.58 km ) E10 Cranesville 255.4 ft ( 77.8 m ) 240.4 ft ( 73.3 m ) 15.0 ft ( 4.6 m ) E11 , 4.27 mi ( 6.87 km ) E11 Amsterdam 267.4 ft ( 81.5 m ) 255.4 ft ( 77.8 m ) 12.0 ft ( 3.7 m ) E12 , 4.23 mi ( 6.81 km ) E12 Tribes Hill 278.4 ft ( 84.9 m ) 267.4 ft ( 81.5 m ) 11.0 ft ( 3.4 m ) E13 , 9.60 mi ( 15.45 km ) E13 Yosts 286.4 ft ( 87.3 m ) 278.4 ft ( 84.9 m ) 8.0 ft ( 2.4 m ) E14 , 7.83 mi ( 12.60 km ) E14 Canajoharie 294.4 ft ( 89.7 m ) 286.4 ft ( 87.3 m ) 8.0 ft ( 2.4 m ) E15 , 3.35 mi ( 5.39 km ) E15 Fort Plain 302.4 ft ( 92.2 m ) 294.4 ft ( 89.7 m ) 8.0 ft ( 2.4 m ) E16 , 6.72 mi ( 10.81 km ) E16 St. Johnsville 322.9 ft ( 98.4 m ) 302.4 ft ( 92.2 m ) 20.5 ft ( 6.2 m ) E17 , 7.97 mi ( 12.83 km ) E17 Little Falls 363.4 ft ( 110.8 m ) 322.9 ft ( 98.4 m ) 40.5 ft ( 12.3 m ) E18 , 4.20 mi ( 6.76 km ) E18 Jacksonburg 383.4 ft ( 116.9 m ) 363.4 ft ( 110.8 m ) 20.0 ft ( 6.1 m ) E19 , 11.85 mi ( 19.07 km ) E19 Frankfort 404.4 ft ( 123.3 m ) 383.4 ft ( 116.9 m ) 21.0 ft ( 6.4 m ) E20 , 10.28 mi ( 16.54 km ) E20 Whitesboro 420.4 ft ( 128.1 m ) 404.4 ft ( 123.3 m ) 16.0 ft ( 4.9 m ) E21 , 18.10 mi ( 29.13 km ) E21 New London 395.4 ft ( 120.5 m ) 420.4 ft ( 128.1 m ) − 25.0 ft ( − 7.6 m ) E22 , 1.32 mi ( 2.12 km ) E22 New London 370.1 ft ( 112.8 m ) 395.4 ft ( 120.5 m ) − 25.3 ft ( − 7.7 m ) E23 , 28.91 mi ( 46.53 km ) E23 Brewerton 363.0 ft ( 110.6 m ) 370.1 ft ( 112.8 m ) − 7.1 ft ( − 2.2 m ) E24 , 18.77 mi ( 30.21 km ) E24 Baldwinsville 374.0 ft ( 114.0 m ) 363.0 ft ( 110.6 m ) 11.0 ft ( 3.4 m ) E25 , 30.69 mi ( 49.39 km ) E25 Mays Point 380.0 ft ( 115.8 m ) 374.0 ft ( 114.0 m ) 6.0 ft ( 1.8 m ) E26 , 5.83 mi ( 9.38 km ) E26 Clyde 386.0 ft ( 117.7 m ) 380.0 ft ( 115.8 m ) 6.0 ft ( 1.8 m ) E27 , 12.05 mi ( 19.39 km ) E27 Lyons 398.5 ft ( 121.5 m ) 386.0 ft ( 117.7 m ) 12.5 ft ( 3.8 m ) E28A , 1.28 mi ( 2.06 km ) E28A Lyons 418.0 ft ( 127.4 m ) 398.5 ft ( 121.5 m ) 19.5 ft ( 5.9 m ) E28B , 3.98 mi ( 6.41 km ) E28B Newark 430.0 ft ( 131.1 m ) 418.0 ft ( 127.4 m ) 12.0 ft ( 3.7 m ) E29 , 9.79 mi ( 15.76 km ) E29 Palmyra 446.0 ft ( 135.9 m ) 430.0 ft ( 131.1 m ) 16.0 ft ( 4.9 m ) E30 , 2.98 mi ( 4.80 km ) E30 Macedon 462.4 ft ( 140.9 m ) 446.0 ft ( 135.9 m ) 16.4 ft ( 5.0 m ) E32 , 16.12 mi ( 25.94 km ) E32 Pittsford 487.5 ft ( 148.6 m ) 462.4 ft ( 140.9 m ) 25.1 ft ( 7.7 m ) E33 , 1.26 mi ( 2.03 km ) E33 Rochester 512.9 ft ( 156.3 m ) 487.5 ft ( 148.6 m ) 25.4 ft ( 7.7 m ) E34 / 35 , 64.28 mi ( 103.45 km ) E34 Lockport 539.5 ft ( 164.4 m ) 514.9 ft ( 156.9 m ) 24.6 ft ( 7.5 m ) E35 , adjacent to Lock E34 . E35 Lockport 564.0 ft ( 171.9 m ) 539.5 ft ( 164.4 m ) 24.5 ft ( 7.5 m ) Black Rock Lock in Niagara River , 26.39 mi ( 42.47 km ) Black Rock Lock * Buffalo 570.6 ft ( 173.9 m ) 565.6 ft ( 172.4 m ) 5.0 ft ( 1.5 m ) Commercial Slip at Buffalo River , 3.89 mi ( 6.26 km ) * Denotes Federal managed locks . There is roughly a 2 - foot ( 0.61 m ) natural rise between locks E33 and E34 as well as a 1.5 - foot ( 0.46 m ) natural rise between Lock E35 and the Niagara River . There is no Lock E1 or Lock E31 on the Erie Canal . The place of `` Lock E1 '' on the passage from the lower Hudson River to Lake Erie is taken by the Troy Federal Lock , located just north of Troy , New York , and is not part of the Erie Canal System proper . It is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The Erie Canal officially begins at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers at Waterford , New York . Although the original alignment of the Erie Canal through Buffalo has been filled in , travel by water is still possible from Buffalo via the Black Rock Lock in the Niagara River to the canal 's modern western terminus in Tonawanda , and eastward to Albany . The Black Rock Lock is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . Oneida Lake lies between locks E22 and E23 , and has a mean surface elevation of 370 feet ( 110 m ) . Lake Erie has a mean surface elevation of 571 feet ( 174 m ) . See also ( edit ) `` Low Bridge '' , a song written by Thomas S. Allen , also known as `` The Erie Canal Song '' Welland Canal , opened in 1829 , bypasses the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Ohio and Erie Canal , connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio River List of canals in New York List of canals in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Locks on the Erie Canal '' . The Erie Canal . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Sam ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` 200 Years Ago , Erie Canal Got Its Start as Just a ' Ditch ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Roy G. ( 1925 ) . `` The Story of the New York State Canals '' ( PDF ) . New York State Engineer and Surveyor ( republished by New York State Canal Corporation ) . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Works of Man '' , Ronald W. Clark , ISBN 0 - 670 - 80483 - 5 ( 1985 ) , Viking Penguin , New York quotation page 87 : `` There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts , while a packhorse would ( i.e. , ' could only ' ) carry only an eighth of a ton ( ( 1,250 long tons ( 1,270 t ) ) . On a soft road , a horse might be able to draw 5 / 8ths of a ton ( ( 0.6250 long tons ( 0.6350 t ) ) or 5 × ) . But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway , then up to 30 tons ( ( 30 long tons ( 30 t ) or 60,000 pounds ( 27,000 kg ) ) or 240 × ) could be drawn by the same horse . '' Jump up ^ The New York State Canal System , The Erie Canal Association . Jump up ^ Erie Canal Opens , This Day in History : October 26 , American HistoryChannel.com Jump up ^ Frank E. Sadowski Jr. , `` Clinton 's Big Ditch '' , The Erie Canal Association . Jump up ^ Using Clark 's Works of Man figures , a mule can draw 60,000 lbs but carry only 250 lbs , which need men to load and unload daily , have a need to carry grain as well ( parasitic weight ) , and for same tonnages , required far more men as a labor force , drastically increasing running costs . A 95 % reduction is probably conservative , 250 lb / 30 t is 0.4 % the expenses , so reduction to 5 % costs still indicates someone is taking a lot of profits . ^ Jump up to : `` Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Maag ( November 2 , 2008 ) . `` Hints of Comeback for Nation 's First Superhighway '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ The five east -- west crossings of the Appalachians are : Plains of Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi ( around the bottom ) , the Cumberland Gap pass connecting North Carolina / Southern Virginia with Kentucky / Tennessee , the Cumberland Narrows pass connecting Cumberland , Maryland ( in Western Maryland ) and Northern Virginia with West Virginia and Western Pennsylvania via Brownsville , Pennsylvania and the Monongahela River or the Youghiogheny River valley ( both of the Ohio & Mississippi river system ) , the gaps of the Allegheny connecting the Susquehanna River Valley in central Pennsylvania with the Allegheny River valley ( and again the Ohio Country ) , and lastly , the Mohawk River water gap and valley tributary of the Hudson River , creating what later advertising would call the level water route westwards . Jump up ^ `` Railroad Travel Rates , 1800 -- 1930 '' . Jump up ^ Joel Achenbach , `` America 's River ; From Washington and Jefferson to the Army Corps of Engineers , everyone had grandiose plans to tame the Potomac . Fortunately for us , they all failed '' . The Washington Post , May 5 , 2002 ; p . W. 12 . Jump up ^ Calhoun , Daniel Hovey . The American civil engineer : Origins and conflict . Technology Press , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 1960 . ^ Jump up to : Sheriff , Carol ( 1996 ) . The Artificial River : The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress 1817 -- 1862 . Hill & Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 2753 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Wedding of the Waters : The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation , Peter L. Bernstein Jump up ^ Hunter , Louis C. ; Bryant , Lynwood ( 1991 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 -- 1930 , Vol. 3 : The Transmission of Power . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 08198 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gerard Koeppel ( 2009 ) . Bond of Union : Building the Erie Canal and the American Empire . Da Capo Press , . pp. 212 -- 13 . ISBN 9780786745449 . Jump up ^ Andrew Kitzmann ( 2009 ) . Postcard History Series : Erie Canal . Arcadia Publishing . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Farley , Doug ( September 18 , 2007 ) . `` ERIE CANAL DISCOVERY : The great embankment '' . Lockport Union - Sun & Journal . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Genesee River Aqueduct '' . The Erie Canal . Monroe County Library System . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ransom , Roger ( May 1964 ) . `` Canals and Development : A Discussion of the Issues '' . American Economic Review . 54 ( 3 ) : 375 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Whiteford , Noble E. ( 1922 ) . History of the Barge Canal of New York State . J.B. Lyon Company . Retrieved February 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 -- 1860 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87332 - 101 - 3 . Jump up ^ North , Douglas C. ( 1966 ) . The Economic Growth of the United States 1790 -- 1860 . New York , London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00346 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Thomas ( 2016 ) . Fordham : A history of the Jesuit university of New York : 841 -- 2003 . New York : Fordham University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 9780823271511 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dedication of the Flight of Five Locks as a Civil Engineering Landmark ( 9 / 9 / 2012 ) '' . ASCE Rennselaer . American Society of Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) , RPI Chapter . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Deborah ( 2009 ) . Erie Canal : exploring New York 's great canals : a complete guide ( 1st ed . ) . Woodstock , Vt. : Countryman Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58157 - 080 - 9 . Jump up ^ Commercial Shipping on the New York State Canal System Archived May 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : New York State Canal Corporation , Report on Economic Benefits of Non ‐ Tourism Use of the NYS Canal System Jump up ^ `` N.Y. Power Authority to Assume Ownwership of Canal Corporation on New Year 's Day '' . www.nypa.gov . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ National Park Service , National Historic Landmarks Survey , New York Archived September 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved May 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Camillus Erie Canal Park , Nine Mile Creek Aqueduct , retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cycling the Erie Canal : A Guide to 400 Miles of Adventure and History Along the Erie Canalway Trail ( Revised ed . ) . Parks & Trails New York . 2015 . ISBN 9780974827735 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canal Records '' . New York State Archives . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : New York State Canal Corporation -- Canal Map , New York State Canals , Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ New York State Canal Corporation -- Frequently Asked Questions , Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Erie Canal -- Locks , Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Erie Canal , History of the Barge Canal of New York State by Noble E. Whitford , 1921 , Chapter 23 , Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilfred H. Schoff , The New York State Barge Canal , 1915 , American Geographical Society , Vol. 47 , No. 7 , p. 498 , Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Erie Canal -- Canal Profiles , Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( November 2016 ) Bangs , Jeremy D . The Travels of Elkanah Watson ( McFarland & Company , 2015 ) Bernstein , Peter L. ( 2005 ) . Wedding of the waters : the Erie Canal and the making of a great nation ( 1st ed . ) . New York ( u.a. ) : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05233 - 8 . Finch , Roy G. ( 1925 ) . The Story of the New York State Canals : Historical and Commercial Information ( PDF ) . New York State Canal Corporation . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Hecht , Roger W. ( 2003 ) . The Erie canal reader , 1790 -- 1950 ( 1st ed . ) . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 9780815607595 . Keene , Michael ( 2016 ) . The psychic highway : how the Erie Canal changed America . Fredericksburg , Virginia : Willow Manor Publishing . ISBN 9781939688323 . Kelly , Jack ( 2016 ) . Heaven 's Ditch : God , Gold , and Murder on the Erie Canal . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 9781137280091 . Koeppel , Gerard . Bond of Union : Building the Erie Canal and the American Empire , Cambridge , Mass. : Da Capo Press , 2009 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81827 - 2 online review McGreevy , Patrick . Stairway to Empire : Lockport , the Erie Canal , and the Shaping of America ( Albany , New York : SUNY Press , 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 2527 - 6 online review Museum , Erie Canal ; Morganstein , Martin ; Cregg , Joan H. ( 2001 ) . Erie Canal . Charleston , South Carolina : Arcadia Pub. Co . ISBN 0738508691 . Panagopoulos , Janie Lynn ( 1995 ) . Erie Trail West : a dream - quest adventure . Spring Lake , Michigan : River Road Publications . ISBN 0 - 938682 - 35 - 0 . Papp , John P . The Erie Canal Albany to Buffalo . Schenectady , New York : Historical Publications ( 1977 ) . Reisem , Richard O. ( 2000 ) . Erie Canal legacy : architectural treasures of the Empire State . Rochester , New York : Landmark Society of Western New York . ISBN 0964170663 . Shaw , Ronald E. Erie water west : a history of the Erie Canal , 1792 -- 1854 ( 1990 ) online edition Sheriff , Carol . The Artificial River : The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress , 1817 -- 1862 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 8090 - 2753 - 4 . Stack , Debbie Daino ; Cuomo , Captain Ronald S. Marquisee ; with a foreword by Andrew ( 2001 ) . The Erie Canal : Cruising America 's waterways . Manlius , New York : Media Artists Inc . ISBN 0970888600 . Williams , Deborah ( 2009 ) . Erie Canal : exploring New York 's great canals : a complete guide ( 1st ed . ) . Woodstock , Vermont : Countryman Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58157 - 080 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erie Canal . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Erie Canal . Erie Canal case study in Transition Times Information and Boater 's Guide to the Erie Canal Canalway Trail Information Historical information ( with photos ) of the Erie Canal New York State Canal Corporation Site The Opening of the Erie Canal -- An Online Exhibition by CUNY The Canal Society of New York State Digging Clinton 's Ditch : The Impact of the Erie Canal on America 1807 -- 1860 Multimedia A Glimpse at Clinton 's Ditch , 1819 -- 1820 by Richard F. Palmer Guide to Canal Records in the New York State Archives The Erie Canal Mapping Project New York Heritage -- Working on the Erie Canal Photographs of the Erie Canal Relating to Fort Hunter , N.Y. Ca . 1910 ( finding aid ) at the New York State Library , accessed May 18 , 2016 . William Jaeger 's photography of the Canal remains Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . NY - 231 , `` Erie Canal Viaduct , Moyer Creek Crossing '' HABS No . NY - 6040 , `` Erie Canal Locks '' Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 6 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Schoharie Creek Aqueduct '' HAER No . NY - 11 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Lock Number 18 '' HAER No . NY - 12 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Upper Mohawk River Aqueduct '' HAER No . NY - 16 , `` Erie Canal , Yankee Hill Lock Number 28 '' HAER No . NY - 17 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Empire Lock Number 29 '' HAER No . NY - 152 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Oothout Culvert & Waste Weir '' HAER No . NY - 157 , `` Eagle 's Nest Creek Culvert '' HAER No . NY - 337 , `` Erie Canal ( Original ) , Locks 37 & 38 '' HAER No . 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118531062059813391	Aging of wine	Aging of wine - wikipedia Aging of wine Jump to : navigation , search Bottles of wine aging in an underground cellar The aging of wine ( American spelling ) or ageing of wine ( British spelling ) is potentially able to improve the quality of wine . This distinguishes wine from most other consumable goods . While wine is perishable and capable of deteriorating , complex chemical reactions involving a wine 's sugars , acids and phenolic compounds ( such as tannins ) can alter the aroma , color , mouthfeel and taste of the wine in a way that may be more pleasing to the taster . The ability of a wine to age is influenced by many factors including grape variety , vintage , viticultural practices , wine region and winemaking style . The condition that the wine is kept in after bottling can also influence how well a wine ages and may require significant time and financial investment . The quality of an aged wine varies significantly bottle - by - bottle , depending on the conditions under which it was stored , and the condition of the bottle and cork , and thus it is said that rather than good old vintages , there are good old bottles . There is a significant mystique around the aging of wine , as its chemistry was not understood for a long time , and old wines are often sold for extraordinary prices . However , the vast majority of wine is not aged , and even wine that is aged is rarely aged for long ; it is estimated that 90 % of wine is meant to be consumed within a year of production , and 99 % of wine within 5 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Aging potential 2.1 Little to no aging potential 2.2 Good aging potential 3 Factors and influences 3.1 Wine constituents 3.2 Storage factors 3.3 Bottling factors 3.3. 1 Bottle shock 3.3. 2 Cork taint 3.4 Dumb phase 4 Effects on wine 5 Coates Law of Maturity 5.1 Example 6 Artificial aging 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The development of glass bottles with cork closure made it possible to more consistently age wine . The Ancient Greeks and Romans were aware of the potential of aged wines . In Greece , early examples of dried `` straw wines '' were noted for their ability to age due to their high sugar contents . These wines were stored in sealed earthenware amphorae and kept for many years . In Rome , the most sought after wines -- Falernian and Surrentine -- were prized for their ability to age for decades . In the Book of Luke , it is noted that `` old wine '' was valued over `` new wine '' ( Luke 5 : 39 ) . The Greek physician Galen wrote that the `` taste '' of aged wine was desirable and that this could be accomplished by heating or smoking the wine , though , in Galen 's opinion , these artificially aged wines were not as healthy to consume as naturally aged wines . Following the Fall of the Roman Empire , appreciation for aged wine was virtually non-existent . Most of the wines produced in northern Europe were light bodied , pale in color and with low alcohol . These wines did not have much aging potential and barely lasted a few months before they rapidly deteriorated into vinegar . The older a wine got the cheaper its price became as merchants eagerly sought to rid themselves of aging wine . By the 16th century , sweeter and more alcoholic wines ( like Malmsey and Sack ) were being made in the Mediterranean and gaining attention for their aging ability . Similarly , Riesling from Germany with its combination of acidity and sugar were also demonstrating their ability to age . In the 17th century , two innovations occurred that radically changed the wine industry 's view on aging . One was the development of the cork and bottle which allowed producers to package and store wine in a virtually air - tight environment . The second was the growing popularity of fortifying wines such as Port , Madeira and Sherries . The added alcohol was found to act as a preservative , allowing wines to survive long sea voyages to England , The Americas and the East Indies . The English , in particular , were growing in their appreciation of aged wines like Port and Claret from Bordeaux . Demand for matured wines had a pronounced effect on the wine trade . For producers , the cost and space of storing barrels or bottles of wine was prohibitive so a merchant class evolved with warehouses and the finances to facilitate aging wines for a longer period of time . In regions like Bordeaux , Oporto and Burgundy , this situation dramatically increased the balance of power towards the merchant classes . Aging potential ( edit ) The Italian wine Tignanello is a blend of Sangiovese , Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet franc -- varieties which usually have aging potential . There is a widespread misconception that wine always improves with age , or that wine improves with extended aging , or that aging potential is an indicator of good wine . Some authorities state that more wine is consumed too old than too young . Aging changes wine , but does not categorically improve it or worsen it . Fruitness deteriorates rapidly , decreasing markedly after only 6 months in the bottle . Due to the cost of storage , it is not economical to age cheap wines , but many varieties of wine do not benefit from aging , regardless of the quality . Experts vary on precise numbers , but typically state that only 5 -- 10 % of wine improves after 1 year , and only 1 % improves after 5 -- 10 years . In general , wines with a low pH ( such as Pinot Noir and Sangiovese ) have a greater capability of aging . With red wines , a high level of flavor compounds , such as phenolics ( most notably tannins ) , will increase the likelihood that a wine will be able to age . Wines with high levels of phenols include Cabernet Sauvignon , Nebbiolo and Syrah . The white wines with the longest aging potential tend to be those with a high amount of extract and acidity . The acidity in white wines , acting as a preservative , has a role similar to that of tannins in red wines . The process of making white wines , which includes little to no skin contact , means that white wines have a significantly lower amount of phenolic compounds , though barrel fermentation and oak aging can impart some phenols . Similarly , the minimal skin contact with rosé wine limits their aging potential . After aging at the winery most wood - aged Ports , Sherries , Vins doux naturels , Vins de liqueur , basic level Ice wines and sparkling wines are bottled when the producer feels that they are ready to be consumed . These wines are ready to drink upon release and will not benefit much from aging . Vintage Ports and other bottled - aged Ports & Sherries will benefit from some additional aging . Champagne and other sparkling wines are infrequently aged , and frequently have no vintage year ( no vintage , NV ) , but vintage champagne may be aged . Aged champagne has traditionally been a peculiarly British affectation , and thus has been referred to as le goût anglais `` the English taste '' , though this term also refers to a level of champagne sweetness . In principle champagne has aging potential , due to the acidity , and aged champagne has increased in popularity in the United States since the 1996 vintage . A few French winemakers have advocated aging champagne , most notably René Collard ( 1921 -- 2009 ) . In 2009 , a 184 - year - old bottle of Perrier - Jouët was opened and tasted , still drinkable , with notes of `` truffles and caramel '' , according to the experts . Little to no aging potential ( edit ) A guideline provided by Master of Wine Jancis Robinson German QBAs Asti and Moscato Spumante Rosé and blush wines like White Zinfandel Branded wines like Yellow Tail , Mouton Cadet , etc . European table wine American jug & box wine Inexpensive varietals ( with the possible exception of Cabernet Sauvignon ) The majority of Vin de pays All Nouveau wines Vermouth Basic Sherry Tawny Ports Kit wines made from mostly concentrated grape juice Good aging potential ( edit ) A guideline provided by Master of Wine Jancis Robinson . Note that vintage , wine region and winemaking style can influence a wine 's aging potential so Robinson 's suggestion of years are very rough estimates of the most common examples of these wines . Botrytized wines ( 5 -- 25 yrs ) Chardonnay ( 2 -- 6 yrs ) Riesling ( 2 -- 30 yrs ) Hungarian Furmint ( 3 -- 25 yrs ) Loire Valley Chenin blanc ( 4 -- 30 yrs ) Hunter Valley Semillon ( 6 -- 15 yrs ) Cabernet Sauvignon ( 4 -- 20 yrs ) Merlot ( 2 -- 10 yrs ) Nebbiolo ( 4 -- 20 yrs ) Pinot noir ( 2 -- 8 yrs ) Sangiovese ( 2 -- 8 yrs ) Syrah ( 4 -- 16 yrs ) Zinfandel ( 2 -- 6 yrs ) Classified Bordeaux ( 8 -- 25 yrs ) Grand Cru Burgundy ( 8 -- 25 yrs ) Aglianico from Taurasi ( 4 -- 15 yrs ) Baga from Bairrada ( 4 -- 8 yrs ) Hungarian Kadarka ( 3 -- 7 yrs ) Bulgarian Melnik ( 3 -- 7 yrs ) Croatian Plavac Mali ( 4 -- 8 yrs ) Georgian Saperavi ( 3 -- 10 yrs ) Madiran Tannat ( 4 -- 12 yrs ) Spanish Tempranillo ( 2 -- 8 yrs ) Greek Xynomavro ( 4 -- 10 yrs ) Vintage Ports ( 20 -- 50yrs ) Factors and influences ( edit ) Wine constituents ( edit ) The ratio of sugars , acids and phenolics to water is a key determination of how well a wine can age . The less water in the grapes prior to harvest , the more likely the resulting wine will have some aging potential . Grape variety , climate , vintage and viticultural practice come into play here . Grape varieties with thicker skins , from a dry growing season where little irrigation was used and yields were kept low will have less water and a higher ratio of sugar , acids and phenolics . The process of making Eisweins , where water is removed from the grape during pressing as frozen ice crystals , has a similar effect of decreasing the amount of water and increasing aging potential . In winemaking , the duration of maceration or skin contact will influence how much phenolic compounds are leached from skins into the wine . Pigmented tannins , anthocyanins , colloids , tannin - polysaccharides and tannin - proteins not only influence a wine 's resulting color but also act as preservatives . During fermentation adjustment to a wine 's acid levels can be made with wines with lower pH having more aging potential . Exposure to oak either during fermentation or after ( during barrel aging ) will introduce more phenolic compounds to the wines . Prior to bottling , excessive fining or filtering of the wine could strip the wine of some phenolic solids and may lessen a wine 's ability to age . Storage conditions can influence a wine 's aging ability . Storage factors ( edit ) Main article : Storage of wine The storage condition of the bottled wine will influence a wine 's aging . Vibrations and heat fluctuations can hasten a wine 's deterioration and cause adverse effect on the wines . In general , a wine has a greater potential to develop complexity and more aromatic bouquet if it is allowed to age slowly in a relatively cool environment . The lower the temperature , the more slowly a wine develops . On average , the rate of chemical reactions in wine double with each 18 ° F ( 8 ° C ) increase in temperature . Wine expert Karen MacNeil recommends keeping wine intended for aging in a cool area with a constant temperature around 55 ° F ( 13 ° C ) . Wine can be stored at temperatures as high as 69 ° F ( 20 ° C ) without long term negative effect . Professor Cornelius Ough of the University of California , Davis believes that wine could be exposed to temperatures as high as 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) for a few hours and not be damaged . However , most experts believe that extreme temperature fluctuations ( such as repeated transferring a wine from a warm room to a cool refrigerator ) would be detrimental to the wine . The ultra-violet rays of direct sunlight should also be avoided because of the free radicals that can develop in the wine and result in premature oxidation . Wines packaged in large format bottles , such as magnums and 3 liter Jeroboams , seem to age more slowly than wines packaged in regular 750 ml bottles or half bottles . This may be because of the greater proportion of oxygen exposed to the wine during the bottle process . The advent of alternative wine closures to cork , such as screw caps and synthetic corks have opened up recent discussions on the aging potential of wines sealed with these alternative closures . Currently there are no conclusive results and the topic is the subject of ongoing research . Bottling factors ( edit ) Bottle shock ( edit ) Main article : Bottle - shock One of the short - term aging needs of wine is a period where the wine is considered `` sick '' due to the trauma and volatility of the bottling experience . During bottling the wine is exposed to some oxygen which causes a domino effect of chemical reactions with various components of the wine . The time it takes for the wine to settle down and have the oxygen fully dissolve and integrate with the wine is considered its period of `` bottle shock '' . During this time the wine could taste drastically different from how it did prior to bottling or how it will taste after the wine has settled . While many modern bottling lines try to treat the wine as gently as possible and utilize inert gases to minimize the amount of oxygen exposure , all wine goes through some period of bottle shock . The length of this period will vary with each individual wine . Cork taint ( edit ) Main article : Cork taint The transfer of off - flavours in the cork used to bottle a wine during prolonged aging can be detrimental to the quality of the bottle . The formation of cork taint is a complex process which may result from a wide range of factors ranging from the growing conditions of the cork oak , the processing of the cork into stoppers , or the molds growing on the cork itself . Dumb phase ( edit ) During the course of aging , a wine may slip into a `` dumb phase '' where its aromas and flavors are very muted . In Bordeaux this phase is called the age ingrat or `` difficult age '' and is likened to a teenager going through adolescence . The cause or length of time that this `` dumb phase '' will last is not yet fully understood and seems to vary from bottle to bottle . Effects on wine ( edit ) As vintage Port matures , sediments develop in the wine that are often left in the bottle when the wine is decanted . As red wine ages , the harsh tannins of its youth gradually give way to a softer mouthfeel . An inky dark color will eventually lose its depth of color and begin to appear orange at the edges , and then later eventually turning brown . These changes occur due to the complex chemical reactions of the phenolic compounds of the wine . In processes that begin during fermentation and continue after bottling , these compounds bind together and aggregate . Eventually these particles reach a certain size where they are too large to stay suspended in the solution and precipitate out . The presence of visible sediment in a bottle will usually indicate a mature wine . The resulting wine , with this loss of tannins and pigment , will have a paler color and taste softer , less astringent . The sediment , while harmless , can have an unpleasant taste and is often separated from the wine by decanting . During the aging process , the perception of a wine 's acidity may change even though the total measurable amount of acidity is more or less constant throughout a wine 's life . This is due to the esterification of the acids , combining with alcohols in complex array to form esters . In addition to making a wine taste less acidic , these esters introduce a range of possible aromas . Eventually the wine may age to a point where other components of the wine ( such as a tannins and fruit ) are less noticeable themselves , which will then bring back a heightened perception of wine acidity . Other chemical processes that occur during aging include the hydrolysis of flavor precursors which detach themselves from glucose molecules and introduce new flavor notes in the older wine and aldehydes become oxidized . The interaction of certain phenolics develop what is known as tertiary aromas which are different from the primary aromas that are derived from the grape and during fermentation . An aged Malmsey Madeira shows the color change that white wines go through as they age . As a wine starts to mature , its bouquet will become more developed and multi-layered . While a taster may be able to pick out a few fruit notes in a young wine , a more complex wine will have several distinct fruit , floral , earthy , mineral and oak derived notes . The lingering finish of a wine will lengthen . Eventually the wine will reach a point of maturity , when it is said to be at its `` peak '' . This is the point when the wine has the maximum amount of complexity , most pleasing mouthfeel and softening of tannins and has not yet started to decay . When this point will occur is not yet predictable and can vary from bottle to bottle . If a wine is aged for too long , it will start to descend into decrepitude where the fruit tastes hollow and weak while the wine 's acidity becomes dominant . The natural esterification that takes place in wines and other alcoholic beverages during the aging process is an example of acid - catalysed esterification . Over time , the acidity of the acetic acid and tannins in an aging wine will catalytically protonate other organic acids ( including acetic acid itself ) , encouraging ethanol to react as a nucleophile . As a result , ethyl acetate -- the ester of ethanol and acetic acid -- is the most abundant ester in wines . Other combinations of organic alcohols ( such as phenol - containing compounds ) and organic acids lead to a variety of different esters in wines , contributing to their different flavours , smells and tastes . Of course , when compared to sulfuric acid conditions , the acid conditions in a wine are mild , so yield is low ( often in tenths or hundredths of a percentage point by volume ) and take years for ester to accumulate . Coates Law of Maturity ( edit ) Coates Law of Maturity is a principle used in wine tasting relating to the aging ability of wine . Developed by the British Master of Wine , Clive Coates , the principle states that a wine will remain at its peak ( or optimal ) drinking quality for a duration of time that is equal to the time of maturation required to reach its optimal quality . During the evolution ( aging ) of a wine certain flavors , aromas and textures appear and fade . Rather than developing and fading in unison , these traits each operate on a unique evolutionary path and time line . The principle allows for the subjectivity of individual tastes because it follows the logic that positive traits that appeal to one particular wine taster will continue to persist along the principle 's guideline while for another taster these traits might not be positive and therefore not applicable to the guideline . Wine expert Tom Stevenson has noted that there is logic in Coates ' principle and that he has yet to encounter an anomaly or wine that debunks it . Example ( edit ) An example of the principle in practice would be a wine that someone acquires when it is 9 years of age , but finds it dull . A year later the drinker finds this wine very pleasing in texture , aroma and mouthfeel . Under the Coates Law of Maturity the wine will continue to be drunk at an optimal maturation for that drinker until it has reached 20 years of age at which time those positive traits that the drinker perceives will start to fade . Artificial aging ( edit ) There is a long history of using artificial means to try to accelerate the natural aging process . In Ancient Rome a smoke chamber known as a fumarium was used to enhance the flavor of wine through artificial aging . Amphorae were placed in the chamber , which was built on top of a heated hearth , in order to impart a smoky flavor in the wine that also seemed to sharpen the acidity . The wine would sometimes come out of the fumarium with a paler color just like aged wine . Modern winemaking techniques like micro-oxygenation can have the side effect of artificially aging the wine . In the production of Madeira and rancio wines , the wines are deliberately exposed to excessive temperatures to accelerate the maturation of the wine . Other techniques used to artificially age wine ( with inconclusive results on their effectiveness ) include shaking the wine , exposing it to radiation , magnetism or ultra-sonic waves . More recently , experiments with artificial aging through high - voltage electricity have produced results above the remaining techniques , as assessed by a panel of wine tasters . Other artificial wine - aging gadgets include the `` Clef du Vin '' , which is a metallic object that is dipped into wine and purportedly ages the wine one year for every second of dipping . The product has received mixed reviews from wine commentators . See also ( edit ) Ullage ( wine ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : R. Jackson `` Wine Science : Principles and Applications '' Third Edition pgs 431 - 489 , 643 - 671 Academic Press 2008 ISBN 9780123736468 ^ Jump up to : R. Boulton , V. Singleton , L. Bisson , R. Kunkee Principles and Practices of Winemaking pgs 382 - 424 Springer 1996 New York ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 5190 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Windows on the World Wine School : Frequently Asked Questions , Kevin Zraly : Q. Are all wines meant to be aged ? KZ : No . It 's a common misconception that all wines improve with age . In fact , more than 90 percent of all the wines made in the world are meant to be consumed within one year , and less than 1 percent of the world 's wines are meant to be aged for more than 5 years . ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson ( ed . ) . The Oxford Companion to Wine , Third Edition , pg. 5 -- 7 . Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson Jancis Robinson 's Wine Course Third Edition pg 39 -- 41 Abbeville Press 2003 ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0883 - 0 Jump up ^ Vintage Champagne , Giles Fallowfield , Square Meal Magazine Spring 2006 Jump up ^ McInerney , Jay ( October 1 , 2011 ) . `` The 1996 Champagnes : Great , but Just How Great ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Old Champagne '' . rarewineco.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Julian Joyce ( 20 March 2009 ) . `` World 's oldest champagne opened '' . BBC News Online . Jump up ^ `` Deciphering the differences between kits '' . 2009 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Parker , Robert ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` Parker 's Wine Buyer 's Guide '' ( 7 ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7199 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 79 -- 82 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 - 56305 - 434 - 5 ^ Jump up to : T. Stevenson `` The Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia '' pg 631 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1324 - 8 Jump up ^ Hugh Johnson , Vintage : The Story of Wine pg 72 . Simon and Schuster 1989 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Pain ( 17 December 2008 ) . `` How to make cheap wine taste like a fine vintage '' . New Scientist ( 2687 ) . Jump up ^ `` Clef du Vin : Best Wine Gadget Ever , Or Just Another Expensive One ? '' . mattura.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . References ( edit ) Suriano , Matthew , `` A Fresh Reading for ' Aged Wine ' in the Samaria Ostraca , '' Palestine Exploration Quarterly , 139 , 1 ( 2007 ) , 27 - 33 . External links ( edit ) Felicien Breton ( 2008 ) . `` Storage conditions for keeping wine '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Alexander J. Pandell , Ph . D ( 1996 ) . `` How storage temperature affects the aging of wines '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . `` Deciphering the differences between kits '' . 2009 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Winemaking Harvest Late harvest wine Noble rot Vintage Pressing Deacidification Destemming Chaptalization Pigeage Wine press Fermentation Carbonic maceration Maceration Malolactic fermentation Sparkling wine production Sugars in wine Süssreserve Traditional method Yeast assimilable nitrogen Yeast in winemaking Aging Oak Solera Storage of wine Bottling Alternative wine closure Bung Clarification and stabilization of wine Cork Muselet Screw cap Ullage Wine bottle History Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Bordeaux Champagne Chianti French Middle East Oldest prehistoric winery Phoenicians Portuguese Rioja Sherry South African Wine press See also Glossary of viticulture terms Glossary of wine terms Glossary of winemaking terms Oenology Viticulture Wine Wine chemistry Wine glass Wines and winemaking General Acids in wine Aging of wine Annual growth cycle of grapevines Aroma of wine Alternative wine closure Cork History Oak Oenology Screw cap Terroir Vineyard Viticulture Wine and food matching Wine fault Wine personalities Wine tasting Wine tasting descriptors Styles and methods of production Red Rosé White Orange Sparkling Dessert Ice Straw Kosher Organic Biodynamic Table Fortified Aromatized Grape varieties International White Chardonnay Chenin blanc Gewürztraminer Muscat Riesling Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Red Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Pinot noir Syrah / Shiraz Regional White Agh Shani Albariño Aligoté Arneis Assyrtiko Chinuri Furmint Garganega Glera Grüner Veltliner Kerner Khikhvi Krakhuna Krstač Manata Marsanne Mtsvani Müller - Thurgau Pinot blanc Pinot gris / Pinot grigio Ribolla Gialla Rkatsiteli Roussanne Shesh i Bardhë Silvaner Smederevka Tamjanika Tetra Torrontés Ugni blanc / Trebbiano Tsitska Tsolikouri Verdejo Verdicchio Vermentino Viognier Red Aglianico Aladasturi Aleksandrouli Alicante Bouschet Asuretuli Barbera Blaufränkisch Bobal Cabernet Franc Carignan Carménère Cinsaut Corvina Dolcetto Dzvelshava Frappato Gamay Gibrita Grenache / Garnacha Izabella Kadarka Lagrein Madrasa Malbec Mencía / Jaen Mujuretuli Mourvèdre / Monastrell / Mataro Nebbiolo Negroamaro Nero d'Avola Ojaleshi Petit Verdot Petite sirah / Durif Pinot Meunier Pinotage Plavac Mali Poulsard Prokupac Sagrantino Sangiovese Saperavi Shesh i Zi Tannat Tavkveri Tempranillo Touriga Nacional Trollinger Usakhelauri Vranac Zinfandel / Primitivo Zweigelt Wine - producing countries and regions Australia New South Wales South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Nova Scotia Ontario Quebec Chile Aconcagua Atacama Central Valley Coquimbo Southern Chile Croatia Coastal wine region Continental wine region France Alsace Beaujolais Bordeaux Burgundy Champagne Jura Languedoc - Roussillon Loire Provence Rhône South West Georgia Abkhazia Imereti Kakheti Kartli Racha Germany Baden Franconia Mittelrhein Mosel Nahe Pfalz Rheingau Rheinhessen Hungary Balaton Duna Eger ~ Egri Bikavér Észak - Dunántúl Pannon Sopron Tokaj ~ Tokaji Italy Abruzzo Friuli - Venezia Giulia Lombardia Piemonte Toscana Veneto ~ Marsala Portugal Dão Douro Bairrada Port Vinho Verde ~ Madeira Romania Cotnari ~ Grasă de Cotnari Dealu Mare Huși ~ Busuioacă de Bohotin Jidvei Murfatlar Panciu Odobeşti Cotești Recaș Târnave Spain Catalonia Galicia Penedès ~ Sherry Priorat Ribera del Duero Rioja United States California Idaho New York Oregon Pennsylvania Virginia Washington Other Albania Argentina Austria Brazil Bulgaria China Crimea Cyprus Czech Republic Greece Israel Japan Jordan Lebanon Macedonia Moldova New Zealand Poland Russia Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Glossary Outline Drink portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aging_of_wine&oldid=807509625 '' Categories : Wine Wine chemistry Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 12 : 35 . 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-2435280663235271981	Enlargement of the European Union	Enlargement of the European Union - wikipedia Enlargement of the European Union Jump to : navigation , search The territories of the member states of the European Union ( European Communities pre-1993 ) , animated in order of accession . Territories outside Europe and its immediate surroundings are not shown . The European Union ( EU ) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union . To join the EU , a state needs to fulfil economic and political conditions called the Copenhagen criteria ( after the Copenhagen summit in June 1993 ) , which require a stable democratic government that respects the rule of law , and its corresponding freedoms and institutions . According to the Maastricht Treaty , each current member state and the European Parliament must agree to any enlargement . The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration . This term is also used to refer to the intensification of co-operation between EU member states as national governments allow for the gradual harmonisation of national laws . The EU 's predecessor , the European Economic Community , was founded with the Inner Six member states in 1958 , when the Treaty of Rome came into force . Since then , the EU 's membership has grown to twenty - eight , with the latest member state being Croatia , which joined in July 2013 . The most recent territorial enlargement of the EU was the incorporation of Mayotte in 2014 . The most notable territorial reductions of the EU , and its predecessors , were the exit of Algeria upon independence in 1962 and the exit of Greenland in 1985 . As of 2018 , accession negotiations are under way with Serbia ( since 2014 ) , Montenegro ( since 2012 ) and Turkey ( since 2005 ) . Serbia and Montenegro have been described by President of the European Commission Jean - Claude Juncker and Enlargement commissioner Johannes Hahn as the front - runner candidates , and projected that they would join by 2025 , during the next mandate of the European Commission . Negotiations with Turkey have also been ongoing at a slower pace , particularly since the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt due to objections from the EU to the Turkish government 's response . Additionally , the United Kingdom is negotiating its withdrawal from the EU , following a referendum in which a majority voted in favor of leaving the EU . Contents ( hide ) 1 Criteria 2 Process 2.1 Example 3 Success and fatigue 4 Historical enlargements 4.1 Founding members 4.2 First enlargement 4.3 Mediterranean enlargements 4.4 Post -- Cold War 4.5 Eastern enlargement 4.6 Western Balkans enlargements 4.7 Detail 4.8 Timeline 5 Current enlargement agenda 6 Cancelled enlargements 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Criteria ( edit ) Further information : Copenhagen criteria European Union This article is part of a series on the politics and government of European Union Executive ( show ) Juncker Commission President Juncker ( EPP ) Vice Presidents College Civil Service Secretary - General Selmayr Legislature ( show ) European Parliament President Tajani ( EPP ) Largest groups EPP ( Manfred Weber ) S&D ( Gianni Pittella ) 8th session ( 2014 -- 19 ) 751 MEPs Bureau Vice Presidents Quaestor Conference Legislative procedure Council of the EU Presidency Configurations General Foreign Justice and Home Economic Euro Legislative procedure Voting Secretariat Secretary - General Uwe Corsepius Directorates - general COREPER Judiciary ( show ) Court of Justice Members Rulings General Court Central Bank ( show ) President Draghi ESCB Euro EMU Eurozone Court of Auditors ( show ) Budget OLAF Other bodies ( show ) Agencies Investment Bank CoR EESC Ombudsman National parliaments Policies and issues ( show ) Foreign relations High Representative Federica Mogherini Ext . Action Service Foreign Policy Defence Policy Customs Union Enlargement Budget Four Freedoms Economic Area Area of FS&J Schengen Area Policies Agricultural Energy Fisheries Regional Citizenship Identity Pro-Europeanism Euroscepticism Integration Supranationalism Federalism United States of Europe Multi-speed Opt - outs Enhanced co-op Withdrawal Elections ( show ) 1979 , 1984 , 1989 1994 , 1999 , 2004 , 2009 2014 ( last election ) Political parties Constituencies Referendums Law ( show ) Treaty on European Union Acquis Primacy Subsidiarity Treaties Rome Single European Act Maastricht Amsterdam Nice Lisbon Article 50 Fundamental Rights Membership Treaties of Accession 1972 , 1979 , 1985 , 1994 , 2003 , 2005 , 2011 European Council ( show ) President Tusk ( EPP ) Parties List of meetings Other countries Atlas According to the EU treaties , membership of the European Union is open to `` any European State which respects the values referred to in Article 2 and is committed to promoting them '' ( TEU Article 49 ) . Those Article 2 values are `` respect for human dignity , freedom , democracy , equality , the rule of law and respect for human rights , including the rights of persons belonging to minorities . '' This is based on the 1993 `` Copenhagen criteria '' agreed as it became clear many former Eastern Bloc countries would apply to join ; `` Membership requires that candidate country has achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy , the rule of law , human rights , respect for and protection of minorities , the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union . Membership presupposes the candidate 's ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political , economic and monetary union . '' -- Excerpt from the Copenhagen Presidency conclusions In December 1995 , the Madrid European Council revised the membership criteria to include conditions for member country integration through the appropriate adjustment of its administrative structures : since it is important that European Community legislation be reflected in national legislation , it is critical that the revised national legislation be implemented effectively through appropriate administrative and judicial structures . Finally , and technically outside the Copenhagen criteria , comes the further requirement that all prospective members must enact legislation to bring their laws into line with the body of European law built up over the history of the Union , known as the acquis communautaire . Process ( edit ) Today the accession process follows a series of formal steps , from a pre-accession agreement to the ratification of the final accession treaty . These steps are primarily presided over by the European Commission ( Enlargement Commissioner and DG Enlargement ) , but the actual negotiations are technically conducted between the Union 's Member States and the candidate country . Before a country applies for membership it typically signs an association agreement to help prepare the country for candidacy and eventual membership . Most countries do not meet the criteria to even begin negotiations before they apply , so they need many years to prepare for the process . An association agreement helps prepare for this first step . In the case of the Western Balkans , a special process , the Stabilisation and Association Process exists to deal with the special circumstances there . When a country formally applies for membership , the Council asks the Commission to prepare an opinion on the country 's readiness to begin negotiations . The Council can then either accept or reject the Commission 's opinion ( The Council has only once rejected the Commission 's opinion when the latter advised against opening negotiations with Greece ) . If the Council agrees to open negotiations the screening process then begins . The Commission and candidate country examine its laws and those of the EU and determine what differences exist . The Council then recommends opening negotiations on `` chapters '' of law that it feels there is sufficient common ground to have constructive negotiations . Negotiations are typically a matter of the candidate country convincing the EU that its laws and administrative capacity are sufficient to execute European law , which can be implemented as seen fit by the member states . Often this will involve time - lines before the Acquis Communautaire ( European regulations , directives & standards ) has to be fully implemented . Population and GDP per capita of individual EU member states compared with those of non-member states in Europe . A chapter is said to be closed when both sides have agreed it has been implemented sufficiently , however it can still be re-opened if the Commission feels that the candidate has fallen out of compliance . To assess progress achieved by countries in preparing for accession to the European Union , the European Commission submits regular reports ( yearly ) to the European Council . These serve as a basis for the Council to make decisions on negotiations or their extension to other candidates . Once the negotiations are complete a treaty of accession will be signed , which must then be ratified by all of the member states of the Union , as well as the institutions of the Union , and the candidate country . Once this has been completed it will join the Union on the date specified in the treaty . The entire process , from application for membership to membership has typically taken about a decade , although some countries , notably Sweden , Finland , and Austria have been faster , taking only a few years . The process from application for association agreement through accession has taken far longer , as much as several decades ( Turkey for example first applied for association in the 1950s and has yet to conclude accession negotiations ) . Example ( edit ) The following is an example of an accession process -- Estonia 's path to membership from the 2004 enlargement . Ease of accession depends on the state : how integrated it is with the EU before hand , the state of its economy and public institutions , any outstanding political issues with the EU and ( historically ) how much law to date the EU has built up that the acceding state must adopt . This outline also includes integration steps taken by the accession country after it attains membership . Estonia EU membership timeline Year Date Event Notes 1991 20 August Restoration of independence from USSR Recognition from EU in same month . 1994 18 July Free trade agreement concluded 1995 1 January Free trade agreement in force 12 June Europe Agreement concluded 24 November Applied for Membership 1998 1 January Europe Agreement comes into force Aiding pre-integration March Membership negotiations open 6 chapters opened 1999 17 chapters opened 2000 6 chapters opened 2002 December All chapters closed and negotiations concluded Final chapter ( No. 30 ) was opened and closed at the same time . 2003 8 April Draft accession treaty approved by Estonian government 16 April Treaty of Accession signed 14 September Referendum on membership approved 66.84 % in favour , turnout : 64.02 % 1 May Acceded to EU 28 June Joined ERM Requires 2 years in ERM before euro adoption 2007 21 December Entered the Schengen area 2011 1 January Adoption of the euro 1 May Right to limit migration from 2004 countries expired Only Austria and Germany applied this , the rest of EU countries abolished restrictions before 2011 Success and fatigue ( edit ) Enlargement has been one of the EU 's most successful foreign policies , yet has equally suffered from considerable opposition from the start . French President Charles de Gaulle opposed British membership . A later French President François Mitterrand opposed Greek , Spanish and Portuguese membership fearing that the former dictatorships were not ready and it would reduce the union to a free - trade area . The reasons for the first member states to apply , and for them to be accepted , were primarily economic while the second enlargement was more political . The southern Mediterranean countries had just emerged from dictatorships and wanted to secure their democratic systems through the EEC , while the EEC wanted to ensure the same thing and that their southern neighbours were stable and aligned to NATO . These two principal forces , economic gain and political security , have been behind enlargements since . However , with the recent large enlargements in 2004 , public opinion in Europe has turned against further expansion . It has also been acknowledged that enlargement has its limits ; the EU can not expand endlessly . Former Commission President Romano Prodi favoured granting `` everything but institutions '' to the EU 's neighbour states ; allowing them to co-operate deeply while not adding strain on the EU 's institutional framework . This has in particular been pushed by France and Germany as a privileged partnership for Turkey , membership for which has faced considerable opposition on cultural and logistical grounds . Historical enlargements ( edit ) Interactive map of the enlargement of the European Union , excluding Greenland and Algeria Applications for accession to the European Union * Applicant Issued Accession / failure rationale Albania 2009 - 04 - 28 Official candidate Austria 1989 - 07 - 17 1995 - 01 - 01 Belgium N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2016 - 02 - 15 Potential candidate Bulgaria 1995 - 12 - 14 2007 - 01 - 01 Croatia 2003 - 02 - 21 2013 - 07 - 01 Cyprus 1990 - 07 - 03 2004 - 05 - 01 Czech Republic 1996 - 01 - 17 2004 - 05 - 01 Denmark 1961 - 08 - 10 Withdrawn due to veto of UK application 1967 - 05 - 11 1973 - 01 - 01 Estonia 1995 - 11 - 24 2004 - 05 - 01 Finland 1992 - 03 - 18 1995 - 01 - 01 France N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 West Germany N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Greece 1975 - 06 - 12 1981 - 01 - 01 Hungary 1994 - 03 - 31 2004 - 05 - 01 Iceland 2009 - 07 - 17 Frozen due to election of new government Ireland 1961 - 07 - 31 Withdrawn due to veto of UK application 1967 - 05 - 11 1973 - 01 - 01 Italy N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Kosovo * -- Potential candidate Latvia 1995 - 09 - 13 2004 - 05 - 01 Lithuania 1995 - 12 - 08 2004 - 05 - 01 Luxembourg N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Macedonia 2004 - 03 - 22 Official candidate Malta 1990 - 07 - 16 Frozen due to election of new government in October 1996 . Resumed following another election of a new government in September 1998 . 2004 - 05 - 01 Montenegro 2008 - 12 - 15 Negotiating Morocco 1987 - 07 - 20 Rejected by the European Council Netherlands N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Norway 1962 - 04 - 30 Withdrawn due to veto of UK application 1967 - 07 - 21 Rejected by Norway in referendum 1992 - 11 - 25 Rejected by Norway in referendum Poland 1994 - 04 - 05 2004 - 05 - 01 Portugal 1977 - 03 - 28 1986 - 01 - 01 Romania 1995 - 06 - 22 2007 - 01 - 01 Slovakia 1995 - 06 - 27 2004 - 05 - 01 Slovenia 1996 - 06 - 10 2004 - 05 - 01 Spain 1962 - 02 - 09 Rejected by the European Council 1977 - 06 - 28 1986 - 01 - 01 Serbia 2009 - 12 - 22 Negotiating Sweden 1991 - 07 - 01 1995 - 01 - 01 Switzerland 1992 - 05 - 25 Withdrawn due to public opinion Turkey 1987 - 04 - 14 Negotiating United Kingdom 1961 - 08 - 10 Vetoed by France 1967 - 05 - 10 1973 - 01 - 01 * Applications to the European Coal and Steel Community , European Communities and European Union depending on date . See also : History of the European Union and Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union Founding members ( edit ) The European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) was proposed by Robert Schuman in his declaration on 9 May 1950 and involved the pooling of the coal and steel industries of France and West Germany . Half of the project states , Belgium , Luxembourg , and the Netherlands , had already achieved a great degree of integration amongst themselves with the organs of Benelux and earlier bilateral agreements . These five countries were joined by Italy and they all signed the Treaty of Paris on 23 July 1952 . These six members , dubbed the ' inner six ' ( as opposed to the ' outer seven ' who formed the European Free Trade Association who were suspicious of such plans for integration ) went on to sign the Treaties of Rome establishing two further communities , together known as the European Communities when they merged their executives in 1967 . In 1962 , Spain , ruled by the military dictator Francisco Franco , issued its first attempt to join the European Communities . Spanish Foreign Affairs minister Fernando María Castiella sent the request form to French Prime Minister Maurice Couve de Murville . This request was rejected by all the member countries in 1964 ; Spain was not a democracy at the time , and thus unable to enter the EEC . The Community did see some loss of territory due to the decolonialisation occurring in their era . Algeria , which was an integral part of France , had a special relationship with the Community . Algeria gained independence on 5 July 1962 and hence left the Community . There was no enlargement until the 1970s . First enlargement ( edit ) Main article : 1973 enlargement of the European Communities The United Kingdom , which had refused to join as a founding member , changed its policy following the Suez crisis and applied to be a member of the Communities . Other EEC members were also inclined to British membership on those grounds . French President Charles de Gaulle vetoed British membership . Once de Gaulle had left office , the door to enlargement was once again opened . The EEC economy had also slowed down and British membership was seen as a way to revitalise the community . Only after a 12 - hour talk between British Prime Minister Edward Heath and French President Georges Pompidou took place did Britain 's third application succeed . After Britain was accepted Prime Minister Edward Heath said : `` For my part , I have no doubt at all that the discussions which we have had will prove of real and lasting benefit , not only to Britain and France , but to Europe as a whole . '' As part of the deal for British entry , France agreed to allow the EEC its own monetary resources . However France made that concession only as Britain 's small agriculture sector would ensure that Britain would be a net contributor to the Common Agricultural Policy dominated EEC budget . Applying together with the UK , as on the previous occasions , were Denmark , Ireland , and Norway . These countries were so economically linked to the UK that they considered it necessary to join the EEC if the UK did . However the Norwegian government lost a national referendum on membership and hence did not accede with the others on 1 January 1973 . Gibraltar joined the Community with the United Kingdom at this point , as can be seen in the long title of the UK European Communities Act 1972 . Mediterranean enlargements ( edit ) Further information : 1981 enlargement of the European Communities and 1986 enlargement of the European Communities The next enlargement would occur for different reasons . The 1970s also saw Greece , Spain , and Portugal emerge from dictatorship . These countries desired to consolidate their new democratic systems by binding themselves into the EEC . Equally , the EEC was unsure about which way these countries were heading and wanted to ensure stability along its southern borders . However François Mitterrand initially opposed their membership fearing they were not ready and it would water the community down to a free trade area . Greece joined the EU in 1981 followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986 . The year 1985 , however , saw the first time a territory voted to leave the Community , when Greenland was granted home rule by Denmark and the territory used its new powers and voted to withdraw from the Community ( See member state territories ) . Morocco and Turkey applied for membership in 1987 . Morocco 's application was turned down as it was not considered European , while Turkey 's application was considered eligible on the basis of the 1963 Ankara Association Agreement , but the opinion of the Commission on the possible candidate status was by then negative . Turkey received candidate status only in 1999 and began official membership negotiations in 2005 , which are still in progress as of 2018 . Post -- Cold War ( edit ) Main article : 1995 enlargement of the European Union The Iron Curtain 's fall enabled eastward enlargement . ( Berlin Wall ) After the 1970s , Europe experienced a downturn which led to leaders launching of the Single European Act which set to create a single market by 1992 . The effect of this was that EFTA states found it harder to export to the EEC and businesses ( including large EFTA corporations such as Volvo ) wished to relocate within the new single market making the downturn worse for EFTA . EFTA states began to discuss closer links with the EEC despite its domestic unpopularity . Austria , Finland and Sweden were neutral in the Cold War so membership of an organisation developing a common foreign and security policy would be incompatible with that . With the end of the Cold War in 1989 , that obstacle was removed , and the desire to pursue membership grew stronger . On 3 October 1990 , the reunification of East and West Germany brought East Germany into the Community without increasing the number of member states . The Community later became the European Union in 1993 by virtue of the Maastricht Treaty , and established standards for new entrants so their suitability could be judged . These Copenhagen criteria stated in 1993 that a country must be a democracy , operate a free market , and be willing to adopt the entire body of EU law already agreed upon . Also in 1993 the European Economic Area was established with the EFTA states except Switzerland . Most of the new EEA states pursued full EU membership as the EEA did not sufficiently satisfy the needs of their export based corporations . The EU has also preferred these states to integrate via the EEA rather than full membership as the EEC wished to pursue monetary integration and did not wish for another round of enlargement to occupy their attention . However , with the EEA 's credibility dented following rejection by businesses and Switzerland , the EU agreed with full membership . This was more readily accepted with the prospect of poorer countries wishing to join ; contributions from richer countries would help balance the EU budget . On 1 January 1995 Austria , Finland , and Sweden acceded to the EU marking its fourth enlargement . The Norwegian government lost a second national referendum on membership . Eastern enlargement ( edit ) Further information : 2004 enlargement of the European Union and 2007 enlargement of the European Union EU 's enlargements in the 2000s and the 2010s : European Union 1 Jan. 1995 -- 30 April 2004 Joined the EU on 1 May 2004 Joined the EU on 1 Jan. 2007 Joined the EU on 1 July 2013 As with the Mediterranean countries in the 1980s , the countries in Central and Eastern Europe had emerged from dictatorships and wanted to consolidate their democracies . They also wanted to join the project of European integration and ensure they did not fall back into the Russian sphere of influence . The EU and NATO offered a guarantee of this , and the EU was also seen as vital to ensuring the economic success of those countries . However , the EU 's desire to accept these countries ' membership applications was less than rapid . The collapse of communism came quickly and was not anticipated . The EU struggled to deal with the sudden reunification of Germany with the addition of its poorer 17 million people and , while keeping its monetary union project on track , it was still at that early stage pointing the EFTA countries in the direction of the EEA rather than full membership . States in Central and Eastern Europe persisted and eventually the above - mentioned issues were cleared . The US also pressured the EU to offer membership as a temporary guarantee ; it feared expanding NATO too rapidly for fear of frightening Russia . Although eventually trying to limit the number of members , and after encouragement from the US , the EU pursued talks with ten countries and a change of mind by Cyprus and Malta helped to offset slightly the influx of large poorer member states from Central and Eastern Europe . In the end , eight Central and Eastern European countries ( the Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , Slovakia , and Slovenia ) , plus two Mediterranean countries ( Malta and Cyprus ) were able to join on 1 May 2004 . This was the largest single enlargement in terms of people , and number of countries , though not in terms of GDP . The less developed nature of these countries was of concern to some of the older member states . Some countries , such as the UK , immediately opened their job market to the accession states , whereas most others placed temporary restrictions on the rights of work of the citizens of these states to their countries . The movement westward of some of the labour force of the newly acceded countries that occurred in the aftermath of the enlargement initially spawned clichés among the public opinion and media of some western countries ( such as the `` Polish plumber '' ) , despite the generally conceded benefit to the economies concerned . The official EU media ( the speeches of the European Commission ) frequently referred to the enlargement to the CEE region as `` an historical opportunity '' and `` morally imperative '' , which reflected the desire of the EU to admit these countries as members , even though they were less developed than the Western European countries . Following this Romania and Bulgaria , though were deemed initially as not fully ready by the Commission to join in 2004 , acceded nevertheless on 1 January 2007 . These , like the countries joining in 2004 , faced a series of restrictions as to their citizens not fully enjoying working rights on the territory of some of the older EU members . Bulgaria and Romania are not yet members of the Schengen area , however their citizens can travel visa - free to the other EU countries . The socio - economic research on the attitudes towards the integration from both hosting and visiting countries has revealed divergent views. The analysis shows , there are a number of possible factors of the rationalization and understanding of the practices on what the enlargement has been and should be like . Attitudes of even skeptical citizens , do not discard the possibility on future sustainable enlargements . The years subsequent to the EU accession will lead to extensive dialogues between policy - makers , governments , and European citizens about the path for a constructive development . Western Balkans enlargements ( edit ) Further information : 2013 enlargement of the European Union The 2003 European Council summit in Thessaloniki set integration of the Western Balkans as a priority of EU expansion . The EU 's relations with the Western Balkans states were moved from the `` External Relations '' to the `` Enlargement '' policy segment in 2005 . Those states which have not been recognised as candidate countries are considered `` potential candidate countries '' . The move to Enlargement directorate was a consequence of the advancement of the Stabilisation and Association process . Croatia joined on 1 July 2013 , following ratification of the 2011 Accession Treaty by all other EU countries . Albania and the several successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have all adopted EU integration as an aim of foreign policy . Detail ( edit ) # Official name Date Community countries and OMR Associated territories Excluded territories ECSC Foundation 1952 - 07 - 23 Belgium , Netherlands , Luxembourg , France , Saarland , Italy , West Germany , West Berlin Until the unification of Germany in 1990 the de jure status of West Berlin was that of French , UK and US occupied zones with West German civilian administration . The treaties applied fully during 1952 -- 1990 over the West German and French responsibilities , and during 1973 -- 1990 over the UK responsibilities . From 3 October 1990 West Berlin was fully integrated in the Federal Republic of Germany along with East Germany . Cambodia , Laos , Vietnam , Tunis , Morocco , Guinea , French Cameroon , Togo , Mali , Senegal , Madagascar , DR Congo , Italian Somaliland , Benin , Niger , Upper Volta , Ivory Coast , Chad , Central African Republic , Congo , Gabon , Mauritania , Burundi , Rwanda , Netherlands New Guinea , Algeria , Comoros , Suriname , French Somaliland , French - administration of Vanuatu , West Berlin , Réunion , French Guiana , Martinique , Guadeloupe , Mayotte , St. Pierre and Miquelon , Wallis and Futuna , French Polynesia , New Caledonia , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean , Netherlands Antilles 1953 -- 1957 the above , Saarland joined West Germany the above without the newly independent : Cambodia , Laos , Vietnam , Tunis , Morocco EEC and EURATOM Foundation 1958 - 01 - 01 the above , Algeria , Réunion , French Guiana , Martinique , Guadeloupe Guinea , French Cameroon , Togo , Mali , Senegal , Madagascar , DR Congo , Italian Somaliland , Benin , Niger , Upper Volta , Ivory Coast , Chad , Central African Republic , Congo , Gabon , Mauritania , Burundi , Rwanda , Netherlands New Guinea , Comoros , French Somaliland , French - administration of Vanuatu , Mayotte , St. Pierre and Miquelon , Wallis and Futuna , French Polynesia , New Caledonia , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean the above , Suriname , Netherlands Antilles , West Berlin , without Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean 1958 -- 1962 the above the above , without the newly independent : Guinea , French Cameroon , Togo , Mali , Senegal , Madagascar , DR Congo , Italian Somaliland , Benin , Niger , Upper Volta , Ivory Coast , Chad , Central African Republic , Congo , Gabon , Mauritania , Burundi , Rwanda , Netherlands New Guinea the above 1962 - 07 - 03 the above , without the newly independent : Algeria the above the above 1962 - 09 - 01 the above the above , with Suriname the above , without Suriname Netherlands Antilles Association Convention 1964 - 10 - 1 the above the above , with the Netherlands Antilles the above , without the Netherlands Antilles First Enlargement 1973 - 01 - 01 the above , Ireland , United Kingdom , Gibraltar , Denmark , Greenland the above , Bahamas , Grenada , Seychelles , Solomon Islands , Tuvalu , Dominica , St. Lucia , Kiribati , St. Vincent and the Grenadines , Vanuatu , Belize , Antigua and Barbuda , St. Kitts and Nevis , Brunei , St. Helena , the Pitcairn Islands , the Falkland Islands , the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands , the British Antarctic Territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory , Anguilla , Montserrat , the British Virgin Islands , the Turks and Caicos Islands , the Cayman Islands , Bermuda the above , the Faroe Islands , Akrotiri and Dhekelia , the Isle of Man , Jersey , Guernsey , Zimbabwe , Hong Kong 1973 -- 1980 the above the above without the newly independent Bahamas , Grenada , Seychelles , the Solomon Islands , Suriname , Tuvalu , Dominica , St. Lucia , Kiribati , St. Vincent and the Grenadines , Vanuatu , Comoros and French Somaliland the above without the newly independent Zimbabwe Second Enlargement 1981 - 01 - 01 the above , Greece the above the above 1981 -- 1984 the above the above without the newly independent Belize , Antigua and Barbuda , St. Kitts and Nevis and Brunei the above 1985 - 01 - 01 the above without Greenland the above , Greenland the above 5 Third Enlargement 1986 - 01 - 01 the above , Spain , Portugal , Azores , Madeira , Plazas de soberanía the above , with Aruba , formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles the above , Macau , East Timor 1990 - 10 - 03 the above , East Germany and West Berlin join to form Germany the above the above without West Berlin 6 Fourth Enlargement 1995 - 01 - 01 the above , Austria , Sweden , Finland the above the above 1997 - 07 - 01 the above the above the above , without Hong Kong ( transferred to China ) 7 1999 - 05 - 01 the above , Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean the above , without Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean the above 1999 - 12 - 20 the above the above the above , without Macau ( transferred to China ) 2002 - 05 - 20 the above the above the above , without the newly independent East Timor 8 Fifth Enlargement 2004 - 05 - 01 the above , Malta , Cyprus , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , Hungary , Akrotiri and Dhekelia the above the above without Akrotiri and Dhekelia 9 Sixth Enlargement 2007 - 01 - 01 the above , Bulgaria , Romania the above the above 10 2007 - 02 - 22 the above , Clipperton , without Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean the above , Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean , without Clipperton the above 2010 - 10 - 10 the above the above , without the now - dissolved Netherlands Antilles , with Curaçao , Sint Maarten , Bonaire , Sint Eustatius , Saba the above 2012 - 01 - 01 the above , with Saint Martin , without Saint Barthélemy the above , Saint Barthélemy the above 11 Seventh Enlargement 2013 - 07 - 01 the above , Croatia the above the above 12 2014 - 01 - 01 the above , Mayotte the above , without Mayotte the above Timeline ( edit ) Current enlargement agenda ( edit ) Main article : Future enlargement of the European Union Candidates by the order of EU integration progress : Member states Candidates negotiating membership Candidates Potential candidates which have submitted a membership application Potential candidates which have not submitted a membership application Article 49 of the Maastricht Treaty ( as amended ) says that any European state that respects the `` principles of liberty , democracy , respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms , and the rule of law '' , may apply to join the Union . The Copenhagen European Council set out the conditions for EU membership in June 1993 in the so - called Copenhagen criteria ( see Criteria and process above for details ) . The Western Balkan states had to sign Stabilisation and Association Agreements ( SAAs ) before applying for membership . Turkey applied for membership in 1987 . The Western Balkans have been prioritised for membership since emerging from war during the breakup of Yugoslavia . Albania , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Turkey are all recognized as official candidates , and the latter three are undergoing membership talks . Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo * are recognized as potential candidates for membership by the EU . Bosnia has submitted an application for EU membership , while Bosnia and Kosovo have an SAA with the EU . In July 2014 , President of the European Commission Jean - Claude Juncker announced that the EU has no plans to expand in the next five years . Junker has described Serbia and Montenegro as front - runner candidates , and projected that they would join by 2025 . Cancelled enlargements ( edit ) Not all enlargement negotiations have ended with the accession of a new member state . Norway completed membership negotiations twice , in 1972 and 1994 , but both times membership was rejected in a referendum . Switzerland applied for membership in May 1992 but subsequently froze its application , and formally withdrew it in 2016 . Iceland lodged its application following an economic collapse in 2008 , but froze accession negotiations in 2013 . In 2017 however , Iceland 's newly elected government announced that it may seek to begin talks with the EU on possible future membership once again . See also ( edit ) Eastern Europe Eastern Partnership Enlargement of the eurozone Enlargement of NATO Euronest Parliamentary Assembly European integration Future enlargement of the European Union Treaty of Accession 2003 Treaty of Accession 2005 Treaty of Accession 2011 Union for the Mediterranean Withdrawal from the European Union European Free Trade Association European Economic Area Schengen Area Switzerland -- European Union relations Enlargement of Switzerland European Union portal Europe portal ( hide ) Enlargement and partners of the European Union Previous enlargements 1973 1981 1986 1995 2007 2013 Statistics Negotiating Montenegro ( status ) Serbia ( status ) Turkey ( status ) Candidate status Albania ( status ) Macedonia ( status ) Potential candidates Bosnia and Herzegovina ( status ) Kosovo * ( under the Belgrade -- Pristina agreement ; status ) Partnerships Free trade agreements Iceland ( relations ) Liechtenstein ( relations ) Norway ( relations ) Switzerland ( relations ) Eastern Partnership Armenia ( relations ) Azerbaijan ( relations ) Belarus ( relations ) Georgia ( relations ) ( accession ) Moldova ( relations ) Ukraine ( relations ) Northern Dimension Russia ( relations ) Union for the Mediterranean Algeria Egypt Israel ( relations ) Jordan ( relations ) Lebanon ( relations ) Mauritania Monaco Morocco ( relations ) Palestine ( relations ) Syria Tunisia Current membership Criteria Withdrawal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Current Article 1 of the Treaty on European Union reads : `` The Union shall be founded on the present Treaty and on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . Those two Treaties shall have the same legal value . The Union shall replace and succeed the European Community '' . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union : ROADMAP FOR A MORE UNITED , STRONGER AND MORE DEMOCRATIC UNION 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Juncker in the 2017 State of the EU : We must maintain a credible enlargement perspective for the Western Balkans '' . europa.rs . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia on course for EU by 2025 , top EU official says '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ' They 've pulled up the draw bridge ' Juncker RULES OUT Turkey joining the EU '' . Express UK . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` PRESIDENCY CONCLUSIONS : Copenhagen European Council - 21 - 22 June 1993 '' ( PDF ) . Europarl.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Article : A success for Konstantinos Karamanli on CVCE.eu ^ Jump up to : `` European Commission - Enlargement : Archives Country Profiles '' . Ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Timetable for accession negotiations by chapter and by country ( 1998 -- 2004 ) CVCE.eu ^ Jump up to : Piket , Vincent EU Enlargement and Neighbourhood Policy , Institute for Strategic Studies ^ Jump up to : Beyond Enlargement Fatigue ? The Dutch debate on Turkish accession , European Security Initiative 2006 ^ Jump up to : Bache , Ian and Stephen George ( 2006 ) Politics in the European Union , Oxford University Press . p540 -- 542 Jump up ^ Kardas , Saban ( 13 May 2009 ) Merkel and Sarkozy Call for Privileged Partnership Angers Turkey , Jamestown Foundation Jump up ^ Schauble , Wolfgang ( 2004 ) Talking Turkey , Foreign Affairs Jump up ^ `` EU candidate status for Albania '' . European Commission . 2014 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bosnia and Herzegovina applied for EU membership today '' . The Netherlands EU Presidency 2016 . 15 February 2016 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/index_en.htm Jump up ^ On 3 October 1990 , East Germany joined West Germany through the process of German reunification ; since then , the reunited Germany has been a single member state . Jump up ^ RÚV , Application not formally withdrawn Jump up ^ `` Iceland withdraws EU accession bid '' . Deutsche Welle. 2015 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Iceland 's Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 2013 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Minister Sveinsson meets with Stefan Füle '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Referred to as `` Kosovo * '' by the EU Jump up ^ `` European Commission - Enlargement - Kosovo * '' . European Commission . 28 June 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Referred to as `` the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' by the EU Jump up ^ `` Chronology '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 2006 - 03 - 22 ) . `` EU Mulls Deeper Policy Cooperation with Morocco '' . Defense News . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2005 - 11 - 10 ) . `` 1972 '' . The History of the European Union . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2005 - 11 - 10 ) . `` 1994 '' . The History of the European Union . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ The European Offensive . - Government of Castile and Leon . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EU membership application not to be withdrawn '' . swissinfo. 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ British Embassy , Bern ( 2006 - 07 - 04 ) . `` EU and Switzerland '' . The UK & Switzerland . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Retirer la demande d'adhésion à l'UE et dire les choses telles qu'elles sont '' . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retrait de la demande d'adhesion de la Suisse a l'UE '' ( PDF ) . Swiss Federal Council . 2016 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` The Schuman Declaration -- 9 May 1950 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ ARTEHISTORIA . `` La ofensiva europea '' . ARTEHISTORIA . Archived from the original on 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Spain towards the European Integration , Heidy Cristina Senante Berendes , page 456 - University of Alicante ( Spanish ) Jump up ^ European Economic Community Treaty , Art `` 7 ^ Jump up to : `` 1971 Year in Review Archived 12 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , UPI.com '' Jump up ^ For more on Ireland 's attempts at membership see Michael J. Geary , An Inconvenient Wait : Ireland 's Quest for Membership of the EEC , 1957 -- 73 ( Institute of Public Administration , 2009 ) ( ISBN 9781904541837 ) Jump up ^ `` Turkey Secretariat General for EU affairs -- Current situation in accession negotiations '' . Abgs.gov.tr . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bache , Ian and Stephen George ( 2006 ) Politics in the European Union , Oxford University Press . p543 -- 547 ^ Jump up to : Bache , Ian and Stephen George ( 2006 ) Politics in the European Union , Oxford University Press . p549 -- 550 Jump up ^ Giuseppe D'Amato , Viaggio nell'Hansa baltica . L'Unione europea e l'allargamento ad Est Travel to the Baltic Hansa . Greco&Greco , Milano , 2004 ISBN 88 - 7980 - 355 - 7 Jump up ^ Giuseppe D'Amato , L'EuroSogno ed i nuovi Muri ad Est . L'Unione europea e la dimensione orientale The EuroDream and the New Walls to the East . Greco&Greco , Milano , 2008 ISBN 978 - 88 - 7980 - 456 - 1 Jump up ^ THE NEXT ENLARGEMENT : CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESSPEECH BY SIR LEON BRITTAN QC TO EUROPAPOLITISCHER KONGRESS ORGANISED BYTHE CDU / CSU GROUP IN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT -- BERLIN 11 September 1995 and Günter Verheugen Member of the Commission responsible for Enlargement `` Enlargement is irreversible '' Debate on Enlargement in the European Parliament Strasbourg , 3 October 2000 Jump up ^ Schimmelfennig , F. , Börzel , T.A. , Kortenska , E. , Langbein , J. , & Toshkov , D. Enlargement and the Integration Capacity of the EU Interim Scientific Results . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 October 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community ( Paris , 18 April 1951 ) - CVCE Website '' . Cvce.eu. 1951 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` EUR - Lex - 11972B / AFI / DCL / 06 - EN - EUR - Lex '' . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Vanuatu was a condominium between the United Kingdom and France until its independence in 1980 , and was generally considered to be an overseas territory of both countries Jump up ^ `` The provisions of Part Four of the Treaty were applied to Surinam , by virtue of a Supplementary Act of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to complete its instrument of ratification , from 1 September 1962 to 16 July 1976 . '' , in : eur-lex.europa.eu -- Treaty establishing the European Community ( consolidated version ) -- Text of the Treaty Jump up ^ `` CONVENTION portant révision du traité instituant la Communauté économique européenne en vue de rendre applicable aux Antilles néerlandaises le régime spécial d ' association défini dans la quatrième partie de se traité '' . Euro-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Although Aruba was only added to the OCT list with the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999 , it was considered an OCT by the European Communities since leaving the Netherlands Antilles : `` De eilandgebieden zullen dus de rechten en plichten van de LGO - status van het Land de Nederlandse Antillen overnemen , wanneer dat opgeheven wordt . Hetzelfde gebeurde in 1986 toen Aruba van eilandgebied van de Nederlandse Antillen een apart Land binnen het Koninkrijk werd . Hoewel de LGO - bijlage pas in 1999 aan deze situatie werd aangepast , heeft de Europese Gemeenschap Aruba van het begin af aan als LGO behandeld . '' in : Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs -- Grondwettelijke aspecten : Territoriale werking / Antillen ^ Jump up to : The Netherlands Antilles dissolved on 10 October 2010 and contained the islands of Aruba ( which left the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 ) , Bonaire , Curacao , Sint Maarten , Saba and Sint Eustatius . Aruba , Curacao and Sint Maarten are autonomous countries in the Kingdom of Netherlands , and remain overseas territories of the European Union . Bonaire , St Eustatius and Saba , also known as the BES islands , are special municipalities of the Netherlands , and will remain legally overseas territories until at least 2015 . Jump up ^ Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean are listed in the OCT Annex as Madagascar dependencies 1958 -- 1999 . After Madagascar independence in 1960 they are transferred to Réunion administration until 2005 , when they are transferred to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands , which they joined in 2007 Jump up ^ `` 361 - An evaluation of the EU 's Fifth Enlargement With special focus on Bulgaria and Romania - Fritz Breuss - Fritz Breuss , Research Institute for European Affairs ( Europainstitut ) and Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration - European Commission '' . Ec.europa.eu. 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROTOCOL No 1 : ON AMENDMENTS TO THE STATUTE OF THE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK '' ( DOC ) . Europarl.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Due to reorganisation in the French overseas territories Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin leave Guadeloupe ( with France retaing EU law application in the new territories ) and Clipperton is moved from French Polynesia administration to direct Government of France administration Jump up ^ `` EUROPEAN COUNCIL DECISION of 29 October 2010 amending the status with regard to the European Union of the island of Saint - Barthélemy '' ( PDF ) . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Oami.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RECENT ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EU CANDIDATE COUNTRIES '' ( PDF ) . Ecb.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` EU welcomes Croatia 's ' historic moment ' on eve of entry '' . Eubusiness.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` EUROPEAN COUNCIL DECISION of 11 July 2012 amending the status of Mayotte with regard to the European Union '' ( PDF ) . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enlargement - Check current status '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008 , but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory . The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013 , as part of the Brussels Agreement . Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 113 out of 193 United Nations member states . Jump up ^ `` Better Together accused in Juncker row '' . Herald Scotland . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union : ROADMAP FOR A MORE UNITED , STRONGER AND MORE DEMOCRATIC UNION 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Juncker in the 2017 State of the EU : We must maintain a credible enlargement perspective for the Western Balkans '' . europa.rs . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` EU membership application not to be withdrawn '' . swissinfo. 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ British Embassy , Bern ( 4 July 2006 ) . `` EU and Switzerland '' . The UK & Switzerland . Archived from the original on 28 April 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Retirer la demande d'adhésion à l'UE et dire les choses telles qu'elles sont '' . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retrait de la demande d'adhesion de la Suisse a l'UE '' ( PDF ) . Swiss Federal Council . 2016 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Iceland gets new govt , could restart talks on entering EU '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enlargement of the European Union . 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4088357841045348461	The Heroes of Olympus	The Heroes of Olympus - wikipedia The Heroes of Olympus Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book series written by Rick Riordan . For the game published by Task Force Games , see Heroes of Olympus ( role - playing game ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Heroes of Olympus The logo for The Heroes of Olympus series The Lost Hero ( 2010 ) The Son of Neptune ( 2011 ) The Mark of Athena ( 2012 ) The House of Hades ( 2013 ) The Blood of Olympus ( 2014 ) Author Rick Riordan Cover artist John Rocco Country United States Language English Genre Fantasy , young adult fiction , mystery , adventure , Greek and Roman mythological fiction Publisher Disney Hyperion Published 2010 -- 2014 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book No. of books 5 Preceded by Percy Jackson & the Olympians Followed by The Trials of Apollo The Heroes of Olympus is a pentalogy of adventure , mythological fiction and fantasy novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel series to the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series . This series details a conflict between Greek and Roman demigods and Gaea , the earth goddess . Riordan introduces Roman mythology into his sequel series as well as several new characters . The first book of the series , The Lost Hero , was published on October 12 , 2010 . The final entry in the series , The Blood of Olympus , was published on October 7 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Books 2.1 The Lost Hero 2.2 The Son of Neptune 2.3 The Mark of Athena 2.4 The House of Hades 2.5 The Blood of Olympus 3 Supplementary works 3.1 The Demigod Diaries 4 Main characters 4.1 Greeks 4.2 Romans 5 Follow - up series 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The plot of the Heroes of Olympus is centered around a prophecy , introduced in The Last Olympian , that predicted seven demigods would unite to protect the earth from Gaea . Demigods from both the Greek camp , Camp Half - Blood , and a newfound Roman camp , Camp Jupiter , work together to save the world from being destroyed by Gaea . The prophecy reads : Seven half - bloods shall answer the call , To storm or fire , the world must fall . An oath to keep with a final breath , And foes bear arms to the Doors of Death . Books ( edit ) The Lost Hero ( edit ) Main article : The Lost Hero The Lost Hero , the first book in the Heroes of Olympus series , was released on October 12 , 2010 as a hardcover , audiobook , and ebook . The initial publishing run consisted of 2.5 million copies . The book 's official publication was preceded by several `` sneak - peek '' releases by Disney - Hyperion . A graphic novel version , adapted and illustrated by Orpheus Collar , was released October 7 , 2014 . The novel begins by introducing Jason Grace , Piper McLean , and Leo Valdez , three newly - discovered demigods who travel to Camp Half - Blood . In response to a prophecy , they set off on a quest to prevent the rebirth of the giant king Porphyrion and rescue Piper 's father , who has been kidnapped by another giant , Enceladus . Jason , who has amnesia , also begins to remember pieces of his past throughout the book - most importantly , that he comes from a Roman camp for demigods called Camp Jupiter . Camp Half - Blood resolves to seek out this other camp both to gain allies in the fight against Gaea , the giants ' mother and commander , and to locate the missing Percy Jackson . The novel was a number one bestseller on the lists of The New York Times , USA Today , The Wall Street Journal , and Publishers Weekly. . Many critics praised the novel as a good follow - up to Riordan 's previous series . A review by The Epoch Times commented , `` If anyone was afraid that Riordan could n't top his Percy Jackson series -- they can quit worrying . This new series , even though in the same genre as the Percy Jackson group , has fresh ideas , more mystery and magic and keeps the reader engrossed from start to finish . '' Despite this praise , some reviews were more mixed . Vicky Smith of Kirkus Reviews wrote , `` ( there are ) far too many pages of stretched - out action , telling not showing and awkward dialogue ... Unless Riordan tightens things up considerably by number five , ( readers ) may find themselves hoping that it does not end with a third Great Prophecy '' . The Lost Hero won the Barnes & Noble Best Book of 2010 award and was a Massachusetts Children 's Book Award Honor book for 2014 , among other honors . Rick Riordan was named `` Author of the Year '' for the novel at the 2011 Children 's Choice Awards . The book was also recommended by the ALA Best Fiction for Young Adults list of 2012 . The son of Neptune ( edit ) Main article : The Son of Neptune The Son of Neptune , the second book in the Heroes of Olympus series , was released on October 4 , 2011 . The novel opens with Percy Jackson ( stricken with amnesia ) discovering Camp Jupiter and meeting several Roman demigods . After a prophecy from Mars , he , Frank Zhang , and Hazel Levesque travel to Alaska to stop the rise of the giant Alcyoneus and free the god Thanatos , whom the giant has captured . After successfully completing their mission , the group returns to Camp Jupiter to defend it from yet another giant , Polybotes , and his army . After repelling this invasion , the demigods from Camp Jupiter go to meet the delegation from Camp Half - Blood arriving in the flying ship known as the Argo II . The Mark of Athena ( edit ) Main article : The Mark of Athena The Mark of Athena , the third book , was released on October 2 , 2012 . After the Argo II unintentionally fires on Camp Jupiter , the seven demigods of the `` Prophecy of Seven '' - Percy Jackson , Annabeth Chase , Hazel Levesque , Frank Zhang , Jason Grace , Piper McLean , and Leo Valdez - rush to escape the angered Roman campers . They travel to Rome following the Mark of Athena , a magical talisman designed to lead children of Athena ( like Annabeth ) to the missing Athena Parthenos . During their journey , they hear that Nico di Angelo has been captured by the Aloadae , and go to rescue him . Although they successfully free the son of Hades and locate the statue , Annabeth and Percy are pulled into Tartarus and the rest of the group resolves to find some way to save them . The House of Hades ( edit ) Main article : The House of Hades The House of Hades , the fourth book , was released on October 8 , 2013 . In Tartarus , Percy Jackson and Annabeth Chase travel towards the `` Doors of Death '' ( the only exit to the mortal world ) with help from Bob the Titan , hoping to escape and simultaneously stop more monsters from getting through . In the mortal world , the remaining demigods search for the mortal side of the Doors to help open them . They also meet with Reyna Avila Ramírez - Arellano , a Roman demigod ; she , Nico di Angelo , and Coach Hedge leave with the Athena Parthenos for Camp Half - Blood . Once reunited , the original seven sail for Greece , where they expect Gaea 's main force will gather . The Blood of Olympus ( edit ) Main article : The Blood of Olympus The Blood of Olympus , the fifth and final book in the series , was released on October 7 , 2014 . While Reyna Ramírez - Arellano , Nico di Angelo , and Gleeson Hedge travel towards Camp Half - Blood ( where the Romans are preparing to attack the Greeks ) , the seven of the quest travel to Athens . With help from the gods , the demigods defeat the giants in Athens . They then return to the fight on Long Island and Leo Valdez sacrifices himself to defeat Gaea and restore peace . In the final pages , Leo is resurrected by his bronze dragon Festus and goes to find his girlfriend Calypso . Unaware that he is alive , Camp Half - Blood and Camp Jupiter mourn his loss , determining to become allies and prevent such a deadly war from happening again . Supplementary works ( edit ) The demigod Diaries ( edit ) Main article : The Demigod Diaries Released August 14 , 2012 , The Demigod Diaries is a collection of short stories . Similar to The Demigod Files , it contains some new stories with character interviews , illustrations , puzzles , and a quiz . The four stories include : `` The Diary of Luke Castellan '' : Thalia Grace and Luke Castellan meet Halycon Green , Luke receives his knife , and the pair encounters Annabeth Chase . The events of the story take place roughly five years before The Lightning Thief , the first book of Percy Jackson & the Olympians . `` Percy Jackson and the Staff of Hermes '' : Percy Jackson and Annabeth are sent by Hermes to retrieve his caduceus from the fire - breathing giant Cacus . The story takes place between The Last Olympian and The Lost Hero . `` Leo Valdez and the Quest for Buford '' : Jason Grace , Leo Valdez , and Piper McLean confront a group of Maenads while searching for Buford the table , who has run off with an important piece of the unfinished Argo II . The story takes place at Camp Half - Blood between The Lost Hero and The Son of Neptune . `` Son of Magic '' : Alabaster Torrington , a demigod son of Hecate who fought on Kronos 's side , finds himself in a fight to the death with Lamia . He is alone after being banished from Camp Half - Blood following Kronos 's defeat in The Last Olympian and asks the mortal Howard Claymore for help . This story was written by Rick Riordan 's son Haley Riordan . Main characters ( edit ) Main article : List of characters in mythology novels by Rick Riordan § Camp Half - Blood chronicles Greeks ( edit ) Perseus `` Percy '' Jackson : The 17 - year - old son of Poseidon from Camp Half - Blood , Percy was the narrator and main protagonist of the preceding series . He suffers from amnesia in The Son of Neptune . He is the boyfriend of Annabeth Chase . Annabeth Chase : A 17 - year - old daughter of Athena . Annabeth is highly intelligent and a gifted architect . Piper McLean : A 15 - year - old daughter of Aphrodite . She can `` charmspeak '' ( magically convince people to do what she says ) and is very beautiful . She carries a knife called Katropris ( purportedly owned by Helen of Troy ) that shows her visions of the future . She begins dating Jason Grace during the series . Leo Valdez : A 15 - year - old son of Hephaestus who can control fire ( a very rare ability ) . He builds the Argo II . Leo begins dating Calypso in The Blood of Olympus after being stranded on Ogygia earlier in the series . Nico di Angelo : A 14 - year - old Greek demigod , he is the only known son of Hades and also the only demigod who knew about both Camps before the war . He has power over the dead . Gleeson Hedge : An old satyr , formerly a coach at the Wilderness School . Hedge 's first child is born during the final book of the series . Thalia Grace : Thalia is Jason 's biological sister , but a daughter of Zeus rather than Jupiter . Tyson : Tyson is a cyclops , the half - brother of Percy Rachel Elizabeth Dare : Camp Half - Blood 's oracle . Rachel is not a demigod or a legacy ; she is a regular mortal human who was born with the gift to see through the Mist . Grover Underwood : Percy 's best friend , a satyr ; he and Percy have an empathy link that allows them to sense on another . Romans ( edit ) Jason Grace : A 16 - year - old Roman son of Jupiter who can fly , control winds and lightning , and create storms . He is a natural leader and was praetor before Hera took his memory and sent him to Camp Half - Blood . Hazel Levesque : A 13 - year - old daughter of Pluto . She originally lived in the 1940s before dying to stop the rise of Alcyoneus and later being revived by her half - brother Nico di Angelo . She can control precious metals and stones , navigate underground , and manipulate the Mist . Frank Zhang : A 16 - year - old son of Mars and a descendant of Poseidon on his mother 's side . Frank can shapeshift . Reyna Avila Ramírez - Arellano : A 16 - year - old daughter of the Roman goddess of war , Bellona . Reyna can lend her useful abilities ( like her courage , strength , and leadership ability ) to other demigods . Octavian : An 18 - year - old Roman descendant of Apollo , he serves as the camp 's augur . Octavian is power - hungry and takes control of Camp Jupiter after Reyna goes looking for the Athena Parthenos . He is largely responsible for the Roman Camp attacking the Greeks ' . He dies in the final book . Follow - up series ( edit ) A sequel pentalogy series titled The Trials of Apollo is currently in - development , with the first installment , The Hidden Oracle released on May 3 , 2016 . The second installment , The Dark Prophecy , was released on May 2 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heroes of Olympus '' . Rick Riordan . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Link , The Lost Hero . The Lost Hero . Rick Riordan books . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Blood of Olympus ' by Rick Riordan hits shelves today ! '' . Hypable . Jump up ^ Seller , John A. ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Announces Print Run , Plans for ' Percy Jackson ' Spinoff '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kirch , Claire ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Riordan Debuts New Series in Austin '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Hero Sneek Peek '' . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rought , Karen ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Rick Riordan updates fans on current projects , begins Norse series '' . Hypable . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Orpheus Collar '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( 2010 ) . The Lost Hero . New York City : Disney - Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 1339 - 3 . Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer . `` New York Times Best Sellers : Children 's Chapter Books '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USA Today bestseller list '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Hero -- Heroes of Olympus : The Online World of Rick Riordan '' . rickriordan.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Publishers Weekly Children 's bestseller list '' . Publishers Weekly . Publishers Weekly . Jump up ^ Chasteen , Patricia ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` The Epoch Times Book Review '' . Book Review : The Lost Hero . The Epoch Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vicky Smith ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Rick Riordan 's The Lost Hero '' . Kirkus Reviews . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2010 -- Kids ' Books '' . barnesandnoble.com . barnesandnoble.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lost Hero by Rick Riordan '' . LibraryThing . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yinn , Maryann ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Rick Riordan Wins Author of the Year Award at 2011 Children 's Choice Book Awards '' . Publishing : Awards . GalleyCat . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roback , Diane ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Riordan , Wiesner Named Author , Illustrator of Year at CBC Gala '' . Industry News . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Hero : Heroes of Olympus , Book 1 '' . American Library Association . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( 2011 ) . The Son of Neptune . New York City : Disney - Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 4059 - 7 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( 2012 ) . The Mark of Athena . New York City : Disney - Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 4060 - 3 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( 2013 ) . The House of Hades . New York City : Disney - Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 4672 - 8 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( 2014 ) . The Blood of Olympus . Los Angeles : Disney - Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 4673 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Heroes of Olympus : The Demigod Diaries ' to be Released This August '' . Geekynews . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Riordan , Rick ( 2011 ) . The Demigod Diaries . New York City : Disney - Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 6300 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Heroes Of Olympus : The Demigod Diaries '' To Be Released This August `` . LeakyNews. 2012 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rought , Karen ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Trials of Apollo ' book 2 info revealed on heels of ' Hidden Oracle ' release '' . Hypable . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Heroes of Olympus series site from publisher Disney ( readriordan.com ) Rick Riordan Myth Master at publisher Penguin Books ( UK ) Rick Riordan at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database ( hide ) The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles Percy Jackson & the Olympians Novels The Lightning Thief The Sea of Monsters The Titan 's Curse The Battle of the Labyrinth The Last Olympian The Demigod Files Films Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Film cast members The Heroes of Olympus Novels The Lost Hero The Son of Neptune The Mark of Athena The House of Hades The Blood of Olympus The Demigod Diaries The Trials of Apollo Novels The Hidden Oracle The Dark Prophecy The Burning Maze Other Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes The Son of Sobek The Staff of Serapis The Crown of Ptolemy Characters Percy Jackson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Heroes_of_Olympus&oldid=808107719 '' Categories : The Heroes of Olympus Young adult novel series Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 22 : 42 . 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7665561802000552819	Pig (zodiac)	Pig ( zodiac ) - wikipedia Pig ( zodiac ) Jump to : navigation , search Chinese paper cutting The Pig ( 豬 ) is the twelfth and the last sign of the Earthly Branches ( 亥 ) . In the continuous Sexagenary cycle , every twelfth year corresponds to Hai , and is commonly called `` the Year of the Pig '' ( 豬年 ) . There are five types of Pigs , named after the Chinese elements . In order , they are : Metal , Water , Wood , Fire , and Earth . In the Japanese zodiac and Tibetan zodiac , the Pig is replaced by the boar . In the Dai zodiac , the Pig is replaced by the elephant . In the Gurung zodiac , the Pig is replaced by the deer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pig in the Chinese Zodiac Legend 2 Years and the Five Elements 2.1 The Pig and the Elements 2.2 The Years of the Pig 3 The month and hour of the Pig 3.1 Month of the Pig 3.2 Hour of the Pig 4 Relationship with other zodiacs 5 Chinese Zodiac Pig 6 Basic astrology elements 7 Cultural notes 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Pig in the Chinese zodiac legend ( edit ) According to the myths , the Pig was the last to arrive when the Jade Emperor called for the great meeting . Other sources said that Buddha called for a great meeting when he was about to leave the earth . The Pig came in last . Legend has it that just as the emperor was about to call it a day , an oink and squeal was heard from a little Pig . The term `` lazy Pig '' is due here as the Pig got hungry during the race , promptly stopped for a feast then fell asleep . After the nap , the Pig continued the race and was named the 12th and last animal of the zodiac cycle . Other sources say that given his very stout form , he was just too slow a swimmer , and thus he could not do anything against the other animals . Years and the five elements ( edit ) The view of the Pig along the coastal city of Gyeongju , North Gyeongsang province , South Korea . The Pig and the elements ( edit ) The natural element of the Pig is water . Thus it is commonly associated with emotions and intuitions . Yet , given that along with the elements ( also called the Celestial stem ) , the animal zodiac ( called the earthly stem ) also follows a cycle , each of the elements affect the characteristic of the same earthly stem . However , the Pig is yin , and thus only the negative aspects of the elements can be attached to them , thus only 5 kinds of Pigs are found in the zodiac . They are the following : 乙亥 ( yǐhài ) - The Wooden Pig 丁亥 ( dīnghài ) - The Fire Pig 己亥 ( jǐhài ) - The Earthen Pig 辛亥 ( xīnhài ) - The Metal Pig 癸亥 ( guǐhài ) - The Water Pig The years of the Pig ( edit ) People born within these date ranges can be said to have been born in the `` Year of the Pig '' , while also bearing the following elemental sign : It should be noted that since the Chinese zodiac follows the Lunar calendar , it does not coincide with the Gregorian years or months . Thus , a person born on 9 February 1899 still belongs to the preceding zodiac ( i.e. the Dog ) while those born on 31 January 1900 already belongs to the following zodiac ( i.e. the Rat ) . Start date End date Heavenly Branch 4 February 1935 23 January 1936 Wood Pig 22 January 1947 9 February 1948 Fire Pig 8 February 1959 27 January 1960 Earth Pig 27 January 1971 14 February 1972 Metal Pig 13 February 1983 1 February 1984 Water Pig 31 January 1995 18 February 1996 Wood Pig 18 February 2007 6 February 2008 Fire Pig 5 February 2019 24 January 2020 Earth Pig 23 January 2031 10 February 2032 Metal Pig 10 February 2043 29 January 2044 Water Pig The month and hour of the Pig ( edit ) Month of the Pig ( edit ) Aside from being assigned a year , the Pig is also assigned to govern a month in the Lunar Calendar . As the Lunar month begins on Spring , the Pig is assigned to the 10th month , usually the time when winter begins . This lunar month corresponds to the Gregorian calendar as beginning from 7 November and ending at 6 December . The first half of the month is called 立冬 ( or in pinyin : Lìdōng ) . Literally , it means the `` start of winter '' . It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 225 ° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 240 ° . It more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 225 ° . In the Gregorian calendar , it usually begins around 7 November and ends around 22 November . The second half of the month is called 小雪 ( or in pinyin : Xiǎoxuě ) . Literally , the time of the `` Little Snow '' . It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 240 ° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 255 ° . It more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 240 ° . In the Gregorian calendar , it usually begins around 22 November and ends around 7 December . A person born in any year is said to inherit some attributes of the Pig if they are born during these months . And thus , in order to complete the astrological reading , it is important to know this month as well . Hour of the Pig ( edit ) Given that the day is composed of 24 hours , each sign is given to the different signs of the zodiac . The Pig was assigned to govern the time between 21hrs00 to 22hrs59 . According to tradition , this is the time when the Pig is doing what it does best ( sleeping and enjoying the sweet life ) . In terms of astrology , the hours in which the person is born ( technically termed as the Ascendant ) is the second most important facet of his astrology . Thus , this alters greatly the characteristics of a person . Even if a person was born in a year governed by another animal ( for example someone born on 20 December 2000 , i.e. Year of the Dragon ) will display strong characteristics of the Pig as well . Thus he may be fierce and strong like the Dragon but at the same time emotional and intuitive like the Pig . Relationship with other zodiacs ( edit ) The Pig belongs to the 4th Trine of the Chinese zodiac , along with the Rabbit and the Goat . It is said that the relationship between these three archetypes work best as they strive for aestheticism , beauty , and a more philosophical , and intellectual approach in life . Their calm nature gives them great leadership abilities . They are artistic , refined , intuitive , intelligent , and well - mannered . These souls love the preliminaries in love , and are fine artists in their lovemaking . The Rabbit , Goat and Pig have been bestowed with calmer natures than the other 9 signs . These three are compassionately aware , yet detached and resigned to their condition . They seek beauty and a sensitive love . They are caring , unique , self - sacrificing , obliging , sensible , creative , empathetic , tactful , and prudent . They can also be naive , pedantic , insecure , cunning , indecisive , and pessimistic . The Snake is said to be the most incompatible with the Pig as the jovial character of the Pig is very opposite from that of the reserved and contemplative Snake . Chinese Zodiac Pig ( edit ) Sign Best Match Average No Match Pig Pig , Rabbit , Goat Dog , Tiger , Horse , Dragon , Monkey , Rat , Rooster , Ox Snake Basic astrology elements ( edit ) Earthly Branch of Birth Year : Hai The Four Elements : Water ( Shui ) The Four Planets : Mercury Yin Yang : Yin Lunar Month : Tenth Lucky Numbers : 2 , 5 , 6 , 8 ; Avoid : 3 , 4 , 9 Lucky Flowers : Lily of each and every species Lucky Colors : yellow ; Avoid : red and blue Season : Winter Cultural notes ( edit ) Some Chinese Muslims will say that they were born in the year of the hai 亥 to avoid saying Pig . See also ( edit ) Chinese zodiac Pig Burmese zodiac References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ricardobaddouh ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Tibetan Astrology -- Table of Year - Animal - Element '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Zodiac '' . Warrior Tours . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tamu ( Gurung ) Losar Festival '' . ECS Nepal. 2010 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Audrey Lim ( 2003 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Legend of the Chinese Zodiac '' . ThingsAsian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hesse , Annie . `` Chinese Astrology : Introduction '' . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Zodiac - Pig ( Boar ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Maris Boyd ( 2002 ) . Between Mecca And Beijing . Stanford : Stanford University Press . p 124 . Google Book Search . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pig ( zodiac ) . Further reading ( edit ) Neil Somerville ( 2006 ) . Your Chinese Horoscope 2007 : What the Year of the Pig Holds for You . HarperCollins . p. 384 . ISBN 9780007211326 . Neil Somerville ( 2012 ) . The Pig in 2013 : Your Chinese Horoscope . HarperCollins . p. 80 . ISBN 9780007478651 . Neil Somerville ( 2013 ) . The Pig in 2014 : Your Chinese Horoscope . HarperCollins . p. 320 . ISBN 9780007537044 . Neil Somerville ( 2015 ) . The Pig in 2016 : Your Chinese Horoscope . HarperCollins . p. 320 . ISBN 9780008138189 . Neil Somerville ( 2016 ) . The Pig in 2017 : Your Chinese Horoscope . HarperCollins . p. 52 . ISBN 9780008205515 . ( hide ) Chinese zodiac Rat Ox Tiger Rabbit Dragon Snake Horse Goat Monkey Rooster Dog Pig Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pig_(zodiac)&oldid=800645002 '' Categories : Astrological signs Chinese astrology Vietnamese astrology Mythological pigs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 20 : 40 . About Wikipedia	what does the pig mean in chinese zodiac	[]	[]
-8651120381457272918	Georgia Southern Eagles football	Georgia Southern Eagles football - wikipedia Georgia Southern Eagles football Jump to : navigation , search Georgia Southern Eagles football 2017 Georgia Southern Eagles football team First season 1924 2014 ( FBS ) Athletic director Tom Kleinlein Head coach Chad Lunsford 1st season , 2 -- 4 (. 333 ) Stadium Paulson Stadium ( Capacity : 25,000 ) Field surface Artificial turf Location Statesboro , Georgia Conference Sun Belt Conference Division FBS All - time record 390 -- 197 -- 9 (. 662 ) Bowl record 1 -- 0 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) Claimed nat'l titles Div . I FCS : 6 ( 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1999 , 2000 ) College Football Playoff FBS : 0 Conference titles 11 ( 10 Southern , 1 Sun Belt ) Consensus All - Americans 65 Colors Blue and White Fight song Eagle Fanfare Georgia Southern Fight Song Mascot Freedom ( live ) ; GUS ( costume ) Marching band Southern Pride Marching Band Outfitter Adidas Rivals Appalachian State Mountaineers Georgia State Panthers Website GSEagles.com The Georgia Southern Eagles football program represents Georgia Southern University in football as part of the Sun Belt Conference under head coach Chad Lunsford . The Eagles have won six FCS ( I - AA ) national championships and have produced two Walter Payton Award winners . The Eagles first continuously fielded a football team in 1924 ; however , play was suspended for World War II and revived in 1981 . The Eagles competed as an FCS independent from 1984 until 1992 as the Eagles ' main conference at the time , the Trans America Athletic Conference ( now known as the Atlantic Sun Conference ) , did not sponsor football , and as a member of the Southern Conference from 1993 until 2013 , winning 10 SoCon championships . Georgia Southern joined the Sun Belt Conference upon transitioning to the FBS level in 2014 . The Eagles won the Sun Belt Conference championship outright in its first year as an FBS member . Georgia Southern 's main Sun Belt rival is Appalachian State . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years : 1924 -- 1941 1.2 Erk Russell era : 1981 -- 1989 1.3 Tim Stowers era : 1990 -- 1996 1.4 Paul Johnson era : 1997 -- 2001 1.5 Post-Johnson era : 2002 -- 2009 1.6 Jeff Monken era and final years in the FCS : 2010 -- 2013 1.7 Willie Fritz era and the start of FBS play : 2014 -- 2015 1.8 Post-Fritz era : 2016 -- present 2 Bowl games 3 Division I - AA / FCS Playoffs results 4 Head coaches 5 Stadium 6 All - time record vs. Sun Belt teams 7 Awards 7.1 National championships 7.2 National runners - up 7.3 Conference championships 7.4 Walter Payton Award 7.5 Eddie Robinson / AFCA Kodak Coach of the Year Award 8 Traditions 8.1 Nickname 8.2 Beautiful Eagle Creek 8.3 The Hugo Bowl 8.4 Plain uniforms 8.5 Yellow school buses 8.6 Black flag 9 Future non-conference opponents 10 Notable alumni 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of Georgia Southern Eagles football seasons Early years : 1924 -- 1941 ( edit ) As First District A&M , the school began organizing football teams as early as 1909 . However , the college first continuously fielded a team in 1924 . In 1929 , B.L. `` Crook '' Smith , a sports standout from Mercer University , was hired as football coach and athletics director and would lead the football team for 13 seasons . Football was suspended in 1941 at the outset of World War II and would not return for 41 years . Erk Russell era : 1981 -- 1989 ( edit ) In 1978 , President Dale Lick decided that football should be revived at Georgia Southern College . Despite a faculty senate vote against renewing the sport , Lick worked to generate support for the endeavor . In 1982 , the school hired Erk Russell , the popular and charismatic defensive coordinator at the University of Georgia , to coach the new football team . On the hire , humorist Lewis Grizzard said , `` When they landed Erk Russell , they got themselves a franchise . '' The Eagles fielded a club team in 1982 and 1983 and began official NCAA Division I - AA play in 1984 . The next year , the Eagles would win their first Division I - AA national championship in Tacoma , Washington , defeating Furman University , in only the team 's fourth year in existence , second as a varsity team . The Eagles would return to Tacoma the next year and win the championship vs. Arkansas State . In 1989 , the Eagles became the first college team to go 15 -- 0 in the 20th century , winning the national championship on their home field vs. Stephen F. Austin . Soon after the game , Russell retired . Tim Stowers era : 1990 -- 1996 ( edit ) Tim Stowers was hired to succeed Russell after Georgia Southern 's 1989 ( 15 -- 0 ) national title . Stowers was the 1989 offensive coordinator , one of only two coordinators since 1900 to direct an offense of a team with a 15 -- 0 record . However , Stowers was never able to live up to the expectations set by Russell and was fired in 1995 after a 9 -- 4 record , ranked as one of top 8 teams in 1995 ( lost at Montana the eventual I - AA / FCS National Champion and beat No. 1 - ranked Troy State 11 -- 0 on the road ) , by new athletics director Sam Baker , who never saw Stowers coach a game . Stowers had an overall record of 51 -- 23 (. 689 ) vs. FCS / I - AA opponents . FBS / D - IA losses - Miami Hurricanes twice , Georgia Bulldogs , Auburn Tigers , and Bobby Bowden and Florida State Seminoles . Stowers had a 6 -- 2 playoff record and a 51 -- 18 (. 739 ) overall record vs. I - AA / FCS opponents and lower . Stowers won the 1990 I - AA national championship ( 12 -- 3 ) and was named AFCA Kodak National Coach of the Year . He also won Georgia Southern 's first Southern Conference Title in 1993 ( first year in the league ) and was named 1993 Southern Conference Coach of the Year . He was succeeded by interim coach Frank Ellwood for one year . The 1996 season was the first losing season in the modern era as the Eagles fell to 4 -- 7 . Paul Johnson era : 1997 -- 2001 ( edit ) The next coach for the Eagles was Paul Johnson . Johnson found instant success , taking the Eagles to the playoffs in his first season . He , along with Eagle legend Adrian N. Peterson , reached the 1998 national championship . However , the Eagles lost the game to the University of Massachusetts 55 -- 43 in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The Eagles rebounded under Johnson and won back - to - back national championships in 1999 ( vs. Youngstown State ) and 2000 ( vs. Montana ) . Both games were played in Chattanooga , Tenn . After the 2001 season , Johnson resigned to become the head coach of Navy . Post-johnson era : 2002 -- 2009 ( edit ) Johnson was succeeded by Mike Sewak . Despite winning the Southern Conference championship twice in his tenure , his lack of postseason success as well as a falling out with former head coach Erk Russell led to his firing after the 2005 season . Brian VanGorder , a former defensive coordinator at the University of Georgia , was hired to succeed Sewak . In the first of many controversial moves , VanGorder scrapped Georgia Southern 's famed triple - option offense and did away with certain traditions , such as the team 's arrival at home games on yellow school buses . Erk Russell had also died unexpectedly of a stroke on the eve the first game of the 2006 season after addressing the team on the night before . VanGorder led the team to a 3 -- 8 record , the worst record at the time in the modern era of Georgia Southern football . After his unsatisfactory one year as coach , VanGorder left to take a position with the Atlanta Falcons . Chris Hatcher , formerly the head coach at Valdosta State University , which he led to the 2004 NCAA Division II Football Championship , was named the new head coach on January 19 , 2007 . Hatcher led the Eagles back to a winning record with a 7 -- 4 finish , barely missing the playoffs . However , Hatcher could not replicate the success of his first season , going 11 -- 11 in the following two seasons . He was dismissed after the conclusion of the 2009 season , the team 's third modern era season with a losing record at 5 -- 6 , and the second within four years . Jeff Monken era and final years in the FCS : 2010 -- 2013 ( edit ) On November 29 , 2009 , school officials announced that Jeff Monken , a longtime assistant coach under Paul Johnson , would become the next head coach of the Eagles . Monken 's hiring signaled the return of the triple - option offense which brought success to the program in years past . In Monken 's first year , the Eagles finished the regular season with a 7 -- 4 record and made their first playoff appearance since 2005 , advancing to the semifinals , where the Eagles fell to the Delaware Blue Hens . During the 2011 season , Georgia Southern was ranked No. 1 in the FCS for the first time since the 2001 season . Additionally , Georgia Southern clinched the Southern Conference Football Championship for the first time since 2004 and first time outright since 2002 . The Eagles finished the 2011 regular season with a 9 -- 2 record ; however , they were ousted in the semifinals for a second straight year by the eventual FCS champion North Dakota State Bison . In the 2012 season , the Eagles finished the regular season with an 8 -- 3 record with a share of the Southern Conference Championship ; however , the Eagles fell for a third straight time in what was ultimately the team 's final FCS playoff game in the FCS semifinals , losing a rematch of the previous year 's semifinal game against North Dakota State . In the team 's final FCS season , the Eagles compiled a 7 -- 4 record . In the final game of that season , the Eagles earned an upset win over the Florida Gators 26 -- 20 , the team 's first win over an FBS opponent in 21 tries . On December 24 , 2013 , Monken resigned to become the next head coach of the Army Black Knights . Willie Fritz era and the start of FBS play : 2014 -- 2015 ( edit ) After years of rumors and fan speculation , Georgia Southern announced its intentions to move to the Football Bowl Subdivision level in April 2012 . The university plans to raise $36.6 million over eight years to accommodate the move . Paulson Stadium will be expanded to FBS - standards by constructing a 57,000 square feet ( 5,295 m ) football operations center in the eastern end of the stadium and adding 6,300 seats on the north stands . Additionally , students voted in favor of raising student athletic fees by $100 to accommodate the move. $25 of the fee increase will be used for the stadium expansion project while the remaining $75 is implemented as the `` FBS Fee '' . On July 27 , 2012 , then - Athletics Director Sam Baker resigned . Baker was an ardent supporter of remaining in the FCS despite university president Brooks Keel 's proclamation , mainly due to the financial ramifications of moving to a higher level . On November 12 , 2012 , President Keel named Tom Kleinlein as athletics director . On March 27 , 2013 , Georgia Southern announced its move to the Sun Belt Conference on July 1 , 2014 , becoming bowl - eligible in 2015 . In the 2013 season , Georgia Southern 's football schedule remained the same , but it was ineligible for the Southern Conference title as well as the FCS playoffs . The university paid the Southern Conference $600,000 in exit fees . On January 10 , 2014 , Willie Fritz , formerly the head coach of the Sam Houston State Bearkats , was named as the Eagles ' ninth modern era head coach and first of the FBS era . In the Eagles ' first FBS season , the team finished the season 9 -- 3 overall and was undefeated in Sun Belt Conference play at 8 -- 0 , winning the outright conference championship . The Eagles became only the third team ever to win a conference title in its first FBS season , after Nevada in 1992 ( Big West Conference ) and Marshall in 1997 ( Mid-American Conference ) . They were also the first team ever to go unbeaten in conference play in their first FBS season . Since the Eagles were under transitional status , the university filed for a postseason waiver to allow the Eagles to play in a bowl game ; however , the NCAA denied Georgia Southern 's waiver request and a subsequent appeal since enough `` full member '' FBS teams became bowl - eligible during the season . In the 2015 season , Fritz led the Eagles to a 8 - 4 record , receiving their first bowl bid to the GoDaddy Bowl on December 23 , 2015 against Bowling Green . On December 11 , 2015 , Fritz resigned as the Eagles head coach to accept the head coaching position at Tulane University . Assistant head coach and running backs coach Dell McGee was appointed as interim head coach for the GoDaddy Bowl game , where Georgia Southern defeated Bowling Green 58 -- 27 . Post-fritz era : 2016 -- present ( edit ) Tyson Summers was hired on December 21 , 2015 to succeed Fritz . In addition to serving as safeties coach for Georgia Southern during the 2006 season under Brian VanGorder , Summers had previously served as defensive coordinator and safeties coach at Colorado State in 2015 . During Summers ' first season in 2016 , Georgia Southern suffered its first losing season in the FBS era , and fourth overall in the modern era . Summers was fired on October 22 , 2017 after starting the 2017 season 0 -- 6 . Assistant head coach Chad Lunsford was initially appointed as interim head coach for the remainder of the season and was officially named head coach on November 27 , 2017 . Lunsford finished his first half - season 2 -- 4 , giving the Eagles an overall record of 2 -- 10 , the worst record since football was started in 1924 . Bowl games ( edit ) The Eagles have participated in one bowl game with a record of 1 -- 0 . Season Coach Bowl Opponent Result 2015 Dell McGee GoDaddy Bowl Bowling Green W 58 -- 27 Division I - AA / FCS playoffs results ( edit ) The Eagles have appeared in the I - AA / FCS playoffs 19 times with an overall record of 45 -- 13 . They are six time National Champions ( 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1999 , 2000 ) and two time National runner - up ( 1988 , 1998 ) . Season Coach Playoff Opponent Result 1985 Erk Russell First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game Jackson State Middle Tennessee State Northern Iowa Furman W 27 -- 0 W 28 -- 21 W 40 -- 33 W 44 -- 42 1986 Erk Russell First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game North Carolina A&T Nicholls State Nevada Arkansas State W 52 -- 21 W 55 -- 31 W 48 -- 38 W 48 -- 21 Erk Russell First Round Quarterfinals Maine Appalachian State W 31 -- 28 L 0 -- 19 1988 Erk Russell First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game The Citadel Stephen F. Austin Eastern Kentucky Furman W 38 -- 20 W 27 -- 6 W 21 -- 17 L 12 -- 17 1989 Erk Russell First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game Villanova Middle Tennessee State Montana Stephen F. Austin W 52 -- 36 W 45 -- 3 W 45 -- 15 W 37 -- 34 1990 Tim Stowers First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game The Citadel Idaho Central Florida Nevada W 31 -- 0 W 28 -- 27 W 44 -- 7 W 36 -- 13 1993 Tim Stowers First Round Quarterfinals Eastern Kentucky Youngstown State W 14 -- 12 L 14 -- 34 1995 Tim Stowers First Round Quarterfinals Troy State Montana W 24 -- 21 L 0 -- 45 1997 Paul Johnson First Round Quarterfinals Florida A&M Delaware W 52 -- 37 L 7 -- 16 1998 Paul Johnson First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game Colgate Connecticut Western Illinois Massachusetts W 49 -- 28 W 52 -- 30 W 42 -- 14 L 43 -- 55 1999 Paul Johnson First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game Northern Arizona Massachusetts Illinois State Youngstown State W 72 -- 29 W 38 -- 21 W 31 -- 17 W 59 -- 24 2000 Paul Johnson First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game McNeese State Hofstra Delaware Montana W 42 -- 17 W 48 -- 20 W 27 -- 18 W 27 -- 25 2001 Paul Johnson First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Florida A&M Appalachian State Furman W 60 -- 35 W 38 -- 24 L 17 -- 34 2002 Mike Sewak First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Bethune - Cookman Maine WKU W 34 -- 0 W 31 -- 7 L 28 -- 31 Mike Sewak First Round New Hampshire L 23 -- 27 2005 Mike Sewak First Round Texas State L 35 -- 50 Jeff Monken First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals South Carolina State William & Mary Wofford Delaware W 41 -- 16 W 31 -- 15 W 23 -- 20 L 10 -- 27 2011 Jeff Monken Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Old Dominion Maine North Dakota State W 55 -- 48 W 35 -- 23 L 7 -- 35 2012 Jeff Monken Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Central Arkansas Old Dominion North Dakota State W 24 -- 16 W 49 -- 35 L 20 -- 23 Head coaches ( edit ) Coach ( Alma Mater ) Seasons Years Games Pct . E.G. Cromartie ( Mercer ) 1924 -- 1926 13 7 5 . 583 H.A. Woodle 1927 -- 1928 18 11 6 . 647 B.L. Smith ( Mercer ) 13 1929 -- 1941 117 44 66 7 . 415 Erk Russell ( Auburn ) 8 1982 -- 1989 106 83 22 . 790 Tim Stowers ( Auburn ) 6 1990 -- 1995 74 51 23 0 . 689 Frank Ellwood ( Ohio State ) 11 7 0 . 364 Paul Johnson ( Western Carolina ) 5 1997 -- 2001 72 62 10 0 . 861 Mike Sewak ( Virginia ) 2002 -- 2005 49 35 14 0 . 714 Brian VanGorder ( Wayne State ) 2006 11 8 0 . 273 Chris Hatcher ( Valdosta State ) 2007 -- 2009 33 18 15 0 . 545 Jeff Monken ( Millikin ) 2010 -- 2013 54 38 16 0 . 704 Willie Fritz ( Pittsburg State ) 2014 -- 2015 24 17 7 0 . 708 Tyson Summers ( Presbyterian ) 2016 -- 2017 18 5 13 0 . 278 Chad Lunsford ( Georgia College & State ) 2017 -- present 6 0 . 333 Stadium ( edit ) Georgia Southern home football games are played at Allen E. Paulson Stadium . Paulson Stadium was dedicated on September 29 , 1984 , and has an official seating capacity of 25,000 . The record attendance was on September 17 , 2016 in the Georgia Southern - University Louisiana Monroe game. The Eagles beat UL Monroe 23 - 21 and set a new attendance record of 25,735 . Prior to the Eagles ' first FBS season , Paulson Stadium underwent a major expansion project that includes the addition of a new football operations center and an addition of more than 6,000 new seats . All - time record vs. Sun Belt teams ( edit ) Official record ( including any NCAA imposed vacates and forfeits ) against all current Sun Belt opponents : Opponent Won Lost Tied Percentage Streak First Last Appalachian State 12 18 . 403 Lost 3 1934 2017 Arkansas State 0 . 333 Lost 1 1986 2017 Coastal Carolina 0 . 750 Lost 1 2006 2017 Georgia State 0 . 250 Lost 3 2014 2017 Louisiana -- Lafayette 0 . 500 Won 1 2016 2017 Louisiana -- Monroe 5 0 . 714 Won 3 2016 South Alabama 0 0 1.000 Won 4 2014 2017 Texas State 0 . 667 Won 2 2005 2015 Troy 6 11 0 . 353 Lost 1 1934 2017 Awards ( edit ) The Eagles have won six NCAA FCS National Championships , the most by any team in the nation . National championships ( edit ) 1985 -- Coach Erk Russell and the Eagles won their first national championship vs. Furman University in the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma , Washington . Quarterback Tracy Ham threw for 419 yards and rushed for another 90 to overcome a 28 -- 6 deficit . 1986 -- The Eagles returned to Tacoma to defeat the Arkansas State Indians . Tracy Ham earned 486 rushing and passing yards and three touchdowns . 1989 -- In Erk Russell 's final game , the Eagles defeated Stephen F. Austin in Statesboro , Georgia , in front of 25,725 fans to complete a perfect 15 -- 0 season . Quarterback Raymond Gross engineered 17 fourth - quarter points , including a game - winning field goal with 1 : 41 remaining in the game . 1990 -- Tim Stowers ' Eagles win their fourth national championship vs. Nevada 1999 -- Paul Johnson won his first national championship in Chattanooga , Tennessee , vs. Youngstown State in Jim Tressel 's last national championship game as a Penguin ( Jim Tressel 's last game as a Penguin was against the Richmond Spiders in the playoffs in 2000 ) . Adrian Peterson ran for a championship game record 247 yards on 25 carries and scored three touchdowns . 2000 -- The Eagles defeated the Montana Grizzlies to win their sixth and final FCS championship . National runners - up ( edit ) 1988 -- The Eagles lost to Furman University in Pocatello , Idaho . 1998 -- In Paul Johnson 's first national championship game , the Eagles lost to UMass . Conference championships ( edit ) Year Conference Coach Overall record Conference record 1993 Southern Conference Tim Stowers 10 -- 3 7 -- 1 1997 Southern Conference Paul Johnson 10 -- 3 7 -- 1 1998 Southern Conference Paul Johnson 14 -- 1 8 -- 0 1999 † Southern Conference Paul Johnson 13 -- 2 7 -- 1 2000 Southern Conference Paul Johnson 13 -- 2 7 -- 1 2001 † Southern Conference Paul Johnson 12 -- 2 7 -- 1 2002 Southern Conference Mike Sewak 11 -- 3 7 -- 1 2004 † Southern Conference Mike Sewak 10 -- 3 6 -- 1 2011 Southern Conference Jeff Monken 11 -- 3 7 -- 1 2012 † Southern Conference Jeff Monken 10 -- 4 6 -- 2 2014 Sun Belt Conference Willie Fritz 9 -- 3 8 -- 0 † indicates shared title . Walter Payton Award ( edit ) Georgia Southern is one of five schools to have multiple Walter Payton Award winners honoring the top offensive player in the Football Championships Subdivision . Running Back Adrian Peterson won the award in 1999 and quarterback Jayson Foster won it in 2007 . Eddie Robinson / AFCA Kodak coach of the year Award ( edit ) Two Georgia Southern coaches have won the Eddie Robinson Award winners honoring the top coach in Division I - FCS . Erk Russell won it in 1989 and Paul Johnson in 1998 . Tim Stowers also won the 1990 AFCA Kodak Coach of the Year Award voted on by his peers . Same award with a name change , with all three of the aforementioned voted on by the ( AFCA ) American Football Coaches Association membership . Traditions ( edit ) Nickname ( edit ) The athletics teams of Georgia Southern University are referred to as the Eagles . However , the school has gone by a number of different nicknames . From as early as 1907 the teams of the then First District A&M school were referred to as the Culture to reflect the agricultural background of the school . From 1924 to 1941 , the nickname was the Blue Tide . After World War II , athletic teams were referred to as the Professors reflecting the school 's status as a teacher - training college . However , in 1959 when the school was renamed Georgia Southern College , a student vote was held to determine the new mascot ; among the 104 entries , voters chose Eagles over Colonels by a narrow margin . In 1997 , a contest was held to select the official name of the mascot , incoming freshman Imen Edmond and Heidi Barber won with the name GUS . Beautiful Eagle Creek ( edit ) Beautiful Eagle Creek When Georgia Southern resurrected football in 1981 , it lacked tradition . A drainage ditch that the team had to cross several times a day during football practice came to be called Beautiful Eagle Creek by Coach Erk Russell . When the Eagles traveled to Northern Iowa during the 1985 playoffs , Russell took along a jug of this Eagle Creek water to sprinkle on the field . The Hugo bowl ( edit ) In 1989 ESPN was to broadcast a Thursday Night Football game between Georgia Southern and the Middle Tennessee State Blue Raiders . However , Hurricane Hugo , a category 4 storm , was headed straight toward the coast of Georgia . Hugo ranked as the 11th most intense hurricane at time of landfall to strike the United States this century , with the highest ever recorded storm surge on the East Coast . Nevertheless , the decision was made to continue with the game . For safety purposes , an open line was kept between the press box at Paulson Stadium and the National Hurricane Center in Florida . The Eagles went on to defeat MTSU by a score of 26 -- 0 in a classic that will forever be known in Eagle history as the Hugo Bowl . This was the first night game played at Paulson Stadium . Temporary lighting was used for the game because the stadium was not outfitted with permanent lighting until the 1994 season . Many feared that the booms used to hoist the stadium lights would tip over due to the heavy wind . While it was expected initially to be a sellout crowd , due to the approaching storm the actual attendance was in the neighborhood of only 3,000 . Plain uniforms ( edit ) The uniforms consist of plain white pants , blue helmets with a white stripe down the middle and the player 's number on the sides , and blue jerseys . This minimalist look was adopted more or less out of necessity . When the program was revived in 1982 , the school did not have a large budget . Indeed , the equipment budget was so limited that only plain white practice pants could be purchased . Hence , the practice pants doubled as game pants . Russell bought solid blue helmets and had the players put a piece of tape down the middle . With the subsequent success of the Eagles , the basic design has remained the same , with the only real changes in recent years being a white stripe down the middle of the helmets and the addition of names to the backs of the jerseys . Sports Illustrated has ranked the uniforms as being the third best in college football . Yellow school buses ( edit ) When the football program was restarted in 1981 , money was tight . In fact , there was n't enough money to furnish transportation to home games . The Bulloch County school system sold two buses for a dollar each to the team . The buses have been used by the team ever since as transportation to Allen E. Paulson Stadium . This tradition continued even when the Eagles rose to powerhouse status . This briefly ended with the arrival of Brian VanGorder , following his scrapping of the Eagles ' triple - option rushing attack . The tradition was revived after VanGorder 's departure . Black flag ( edit ) In 2011 , Coach Jeff Monken 's team took the field leading with a solid black flag . The flag symbolized their motto `` No quarter given , no quarter taken . '' During the game it was placed behind the bench . The flag was carried by safety Derek Heyden , who suffered a career ending neck injury early in the season . Future non-conference opponents ( edit ) Announced schedules as of May 11 , 2015 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 at Auburn vs Presbyterian at LSU at Ole Miss at Houston at UAB vs UAB vs New Hampshire vs Massachusetts vs Maine vs Florida Atlantic at Arkansas vs Ball State at Ball State at Indiana at Clemson at Minnesota vs Houston at Florida Atlantic at Massachusetts at New Mexico State vs New Mexico State Notable alumni ( edit ) See also : Georgia Southern Eagles football statistical leaders Name Class year Notability Reference ( s ) Adrian N. Peterson 2002 Running Back , played for Chicago Bears of the NFL , 2002 -- 2009 ; 6,559 rushing yards at the collegiate level ; 1999 Walter Payton Award Winner Tracy Ham member of the College Football Hall of Fame , 1995 CFL Most Outstanding Player Rob Bironas NFL kicker and Pro-Bowler , holds record most field goals in a game ( 8 ) Fred Stokes Former NFL Player , Super Bowl Champion Kiwaukee Thomas NFL player Earthwind Moreland NFL Player J.J. Wilcox 2013 Safety for the Pittsburgh Steelers Jayson Foster 2008 2007 Walter Payton Award Winner Darius Eubanks 2013 Former NFL Linebacker Jerick McKinnon 2014 NFL Running Back for the Minnesota Vikings Edwin Jackson ( American football ) 2015 NFL Linebacker for the Indianapolis Colts Antwione Williams 2016 NFL Linebacker for the Minnesota Vikings Ukeme Eligwe 2017 NFL Linebacker for the Kansas City Chiefs Matt Breida 2017 NFL Running Back for the San Francisco 49ers See also ( edit ) List of winningest college football teams References ( edit ) Jump up ^ GSU Identification Standards Guide ( PDF ) . April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Delma Eugene Presley , The Southern Century . Statesboro : Georgia Southern University , 2006 . 47 . Jump up ^ Delma Eugene Presley , The Southern Century . Statesboro : Georgia Southern University , 2006 . 227 Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern football returns to No. 1 '' . The Sports Network . Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Football Roundup : November 12 , 2011 '' . SoCon Sports . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Andy . `` Georgia Southern 's Monken heading to Army '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on 25 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Monken Named Army Football Coach '' . Army Black Knights . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern announces steps for FBS move '' . Fox News . 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorla , Lauren . `` GSU students vote in favor of proposed student fees '' . George - Anne . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Kleinlein Georgia Southern 's New Athletic Director '' . Savannah Morning News . 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Heath , Donald . `` Eagles to make Sun Belt home '' . Savannah Morning News . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern Introduces Willie Fritz as New Football Coach '' . Georgia Southern Athletics . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern Claims Outright Sun Belt Title -- Sun Belt Winners Score Big on Saturday '' ( Press release ) . Sun Belt Conference . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern Begins Search for New Football Coach '' . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern football : Eagles hire Tyson Summers as head coach '' . National Collegiate Athletic Association . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Ca n't Overcome Early Deficit , Falls 30 - 24 to State '' . The Official Website of Georgia Southern Athletics . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summers Relieved Of Georgia Southern Coaching Duties '' . Georgia Southern . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chad Lunsford Officially Named Head Coach of Georgia Southern Football '' . Georgia Southern . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Delma Eugene Presley , The Southern Century . Statesboro : Georgia Southern University , 2006 . 40 . Jump up ^ Georgia Southern Football Media Guide , 2004 . 188 Jump up ^ Delma Eugene Presley , The Southern Century . Statesboro : Georgia Southern University , 2006 . 230 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern Eagles Football Schedules and Future Schedules '' . fbschedules.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Official website Georgia Southern Eagles football Venues Womack Stadium ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Paulson Stadium ( 1984 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Appalachian State Georgia State 2015 GoDaddy Bowl Culture & lore Traditions Freedom GUS `` Georgia Southern Fight Song '' Southern Pride Marching Band People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 -- 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Georgia Southern University Located in : Statesboro , Georgia Academics Graduate Studies Military Science Public Health Facilities Eagle Field Georgia Southern Botanical Garden Hanner Fieldhouse J.I. Clements Stadium Paulson Stadium U.S. National Tick Collection Athletics Baseball ‎ Men 's basketball ‎ Women 's basketball Equestrian Team Football Women 's volleyball Georgia Southern -- Georgia State rivalry Media The George - Anne A Scholar Under Siege People Alumni Founded : 1906 Students : 20,673 Endowment : 46.2 million Sun Belt Conference football Current teams Appalachian State Mountaineers Arkansas State Red Wolves Coastal Carolina Chanticleers Georgia Southern Eagles Georgia State Panthers Idaho Vandals ( leaving in 2018 ) Louisiana Ragin ' Cajuns Louisiana -- Monroe Warhawks New Mexico State Aggies ( leaving in 2018 ) South Alabama Jaguars Texas State Bobcats Troy Trojans Championships & awards Sun Belt Conference Football Championship Game List of Sun Belt Conference football champions All - time standings Seasons 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Southern_Eagles_football&oldid=819409452 '' Categories : Georgia Southern Eagles football Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 06 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the football coach at georgia southern	[ "\n\nCoach (Alma Mater)\nSeasons\nYears\nGames\nW\nL\nT\nPct.\n\n\nE.G. Cromartie (Mercer)\n3\n1924–1926\n13\n7\n5\n1\n.583\n\n\nH.A. Woodle\n2\n1927–1928\n18\n11\n6\n1\n.647\n\n\nB.L. Smith (Mercer)\n13\n1929–1941\n117\n44\n66\n7\n.415\n\n\nErk Russell (Auburn)\n8\n1982–1989\n106\n83\n22\n1\n.790\n\n\nTim Stowers (Auburn)\n6\n1990–1995\n74\n51\n23\n0\n.689\n\n\nFrank Ellwood (Ohio State)\n1\n1996\n11\n4\n7\n0\n.364\n\n\nPaul Johnson (Western Carolina)\n5\n1997–2001\n72\n62\n10\n0\n.861\n\n\nMike Sewak (Virginia)\n4\n2002–2005\n49\n35\n14\n0\n.714\n\n\nBrian VanGorder (Wayne State)\n1\n2006\n11\n3\n8\n0\n.273\n\n\nChris Hatcher (Valdosta State)\n3\n2007–2009\n33\n18\n15\n0\n.545\n\n\nJeff Monken (Millikin)\n4\n2010–2013\n54\n38\n16\n0\n.704\n\n\nWillie Fritz (Pittsburg State)\n2\n2014–2015\n24\n17\n7\n0\n.708\n\n\nTyson Summers (Presbyterian)\n2\n2016–2017\n18\n5\n13\n0\n.278\n\n\nChad Lunsford (Georgia College & State)\n1\n2017–present\n6\n2\n4\n0\n.333\n\n" ]	[ "Chad Lunsford" ]
-4820038923418123510	The Revenant (2015 film)	The Revenant ( 2015 film ) - wikipedia The Revenant ( 2015 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Revenant Theatrical release poster Directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu Produced by Arnon Milchan Steve Golin Alejandro G. Iñárritu Mary Parent Keith Redmon James W. Skotchdopole Screenplay by Mark L. Smith Alejandro G. Iñárritu Based on The Revenant by Michael Punke Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Tom Hardy Domhnall Gleeson Will Poulter Music by Ryuichi Sakamoto Alva Noto Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki Edited by Stephen Mirrione Production companies Regency Enterprises RatPac Entertainment Anonymous Content M Productions Appian Way Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) December 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 156 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $135 million Box office $533 million The Revenant is a 2015 American semi-biographical western film directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu . The screenplay by Mark L. Smith and Iñárritu is based in part on Michael Punke 's 2002 novel of the same name , describing frontiersman Hugh Glass 's experiences in 1823 . It stars Leonardo DiCaprio , Tom Hardy , Domhnall Gleeson and Will Poulter . Development began in August 2001 when producer Akiva Goldsman purchased Punke 's manuscript . Iñárritu signed on to direct in August 2011 and in April 2014 , after several delays due to other projects , Iñárritu confirmed that he was beginning work on The Revenant and that DiCaprio would play the lead role . Principal photography began in October 2014 . Location and crew concerns delayed the film from May to August 2015 . The film premiered at the TCL Chinese Theatre on December 16 , 2015 and had a limited release on December 25 , expanding on January 8 , 2016 . It received positive reviews from critics , with the performances , direction and cinematography receiving praise . The Revenant won three Golden Globe Awards , five BAFTA Awards and at the 88th Academy Awards , Iñárritu , DiCaprio and Emmanuel Lubezki won the awards for Best Director , Best Actor and Best Cinematography , respectively . DiCaprio also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role , Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor and BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and financing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects 3.4 Music 3.5 Documentary 4 Themes 5 Historical accuracy 6 Release 6.1 Home media 6.2 Piracy 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1823 , Hugh Glass guides Andrew Henry 's trappers through unorganized territory . While he and his half - Pawnee son , Hawk , are hunting , the company 's camp is attacked by an Arikara war party . Guided by Glass , the survivors travel on foot to Fort Kiowa , as traveling downriver will make them vulnerable . After docking , the crew stashes the pelts near the shore . Glass is badly mauled by a grizzly bear and left close to death . Trapper John Fitzgerald , fearful of another Arikara attack , argues that the group must mercy - kill Glass and keep moving . Henry agrees , but is unable to pull the trigger ; instead , he offers money for someone to stay with Glass . When the only volunteers are Hawk and the young Jim Bridger , Fitzgerald agrees to stay for money , to recoup his losses from the abandoned pelts . After the others leave , Fitzgerald attempts to smother Glass but is discovered by Hawk . Fitzgerald stabs him to death as Glass watches helplessly . The next morning , Fitzgerald convinces Bridger that the Arikara are approaching and they must abandon Glass . After they depart , Fitzgerald admits he lied . When Fitzgerald and Bridger meet Henry at the fort , Fitzgerald tells him that Glass died and Hawk vanished . Glass begins an arduous journey through the wilderness . He performs crude self - surgery and eludes the pursuing Arikara who are looking for the Chief 's kidnapped daughter , Powaqa . Glass encounters Pawnee refugee Hikuc , who says that `` revenge is in the Creator 's hands . '' The men share bison meat and travel together . After a hallucinogenic experience , Glass discovers Hikuc hanged by French hunters . He infiltrates their camp and sees the leader raping Powaqa . He frees her , kills two hunters , and steals Hikuc 's horse , leaving his canteen behind . The next morning , Glass is ambushed by the Arikara and driven over a cliff on his horse . He survives the stormy night by eviscerating the horse and sheltering inside its carcass . A French survivor staggers into Fort Kiowa and Bridger recognizes his canteen as Glass 's . Believing it stolen , Henry organizes a search party . Fitzgerald , realizing Glass is alive , empties the outpost 's safe and flees . The search party finds the exhausted Glass . Enraged , Henry orders Bridger arrested , but Glass vouches that Bridger was deceived and reveals that Fitzgerald murdered Hawk . Glass and Henry set out in pursuit of Fitzgerald . After the two split up , Fitzgerald ambushes and kills Henry . Glass uses Henry 's corpse on his horse as a decoy and shoots Fitzgerald in the arm . He pursues Fitzgerald to a riverbank where they engage in a brutal fight . Glass is about to kill Fitzgerald , but spots a band of Arikara downstream . He remembers Hikuc 's words and pushes Fitzgerald downstream into the hands of the Arikara . The chief kills and scalps Fitzgerald and the Arikara spare Glass . Heavily wounded , Glass retreats into the mountains where he is visited by the spirit of his wife . Cast ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio as Hugh Glass Tom Hardy as John Fitzgerald Domhnall Gleeson as Andrew Henry Will Poulter as Jim Bridger Forrest Goodluck as Hawk Paul Anderson as Anderson Kristoffer Joner as Murphy Joshua Burge as Stubby Bill Duane Howard as Elk Dog Melaw Nakehk'o as Powaqa Fabrice Adde as Toussaint Arthur Redcloud as Hikuc Lukas Haas as Jones Brendan Fletcher as Fryman Tyson Wood as Weston Grace Dove as Hugh Glass 's wife Isaiah Tootoosis as Boy Hawk Production ( edit ) Development and financing ( edit ) Development of The Revenant began in August 2001 , with producer Akiva Goldsman acquiring the rights to Michael Punke 's then - unpublished manuscript . David Rabe had written the film 's script . The production was picked up by Park Chan - wook , with Samuel L. Jackson in mind to star . Park later left the project . The development stalled until 2010 , when Mark L. Smith wrote a new adaptation of the novel for Steve Golin 's Anonymous Content . In May 2010 , Smith revealed that John Hillcoat was attached to direct the film and that Christian Bale was in negotiation to star the movie . Hillcoat left the project in October 2010 . Jean - François Richet was considered to replace him , but Alejandro G. Iñárritu signed on to direct in August 2011 . Goldsman was also confirmed to be producing with Weed Road Pictures . In November , New Regency Productions joined to produce with Anonymous Content , and 20th Century Fox was confirmed to be distributing the film . Days later , Iñárritu stated that he was seeking Leonardo DiCaprio and Sean Penn for the two lead roles . Director Alejandro G. Iñárritu Once Iñárritu agreed to direct , he began working with Smith on script rewrites . In an interview with Creative Screenwriting , Smith admitted during this process he was unsure if Iñárritu would even be able to film some of the sequences they wrote . He recalled , `` He would have some ideas and I would say , ' Alejandro , we ca n't pull this off . It 's not going to work , ' and he would say , ' Mark , trust me , we can do this . ' In the end , he was right . '' The film was put on hold in March 2012 , as New Regency hired Iñárritu to direct an adaptation of Flim - Flam Man , Jennifer Vogel 's non-fiction book about her criminal father . Penn was also under consideration for the lead role in that film . In December 2012 , Iñárritu announced that his next film would be Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) , a comedy - drama about an actor who once played a famous superhero . For his work , Iñárritu won the Oscar for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay , and the film won Best Picture . Filming took place in March 2013 . Iñárritu was scheduled to begin production on The Revenant after Birdman wrapped . The film was granted a production budget of $60 million , with $30 million funded by New Regency . Brett Ratner 's RatPac - Dune Entertainment , a joint venture between Ratner 's RatPac Entertainment and 20th Century Fox 's former financing partner , Dune Entertainment , also funded the film . Worldview Entertainment , who also co-financed Birdman , was originally set to fund the film but backed out in July 2014 due to the departure of its CEO , Christopher Woodrow . New Regency approached 20th Century Fox for additional funding , but the company declined , citing the pay - or - play contracts made for both DiCaprio and Tom Hardy , which would require that the actors be paid regardless of whether the film is completed . Annapurna Pictures ' Megan Ellison entered negotiations to finance the film shortly after . The Chinese company Guangdong Alpha Animation and Culture Company partially financed the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for The Revenant began in October 2014 . A planned two - week break from filming in December was extended to six weeks which forced Tom Hardy to drop out of Suicide Squad . In February 2015 , Iñárritu , who shot the film using natural lighting , stated that production would last `` until the end of April or May '' , as the crew is `` shooting in such remote far - away locations that , by the time we arrive and have to return , we have already spent 40 % of the day '' . Brad Weston , president and CEO of New Regency Pictures , stated that principal photography had been challenging due to the ambitious nature of the film . Ultimately , principal photography wrapped in August 2015 . The film was shot in twelve locations in three countries : Canada , the United States , and Argentina . In Canada , filming took place in Calgary and Fortress Mountain in Alberta , in Kananaskis Country west of Calgary , the Badlands near Drumheller , and at Squamish and Mammoth Studios , Burnaby , in British Columbia . The scenes in the waterfall were filmed at the Kootenai Falls near Libby , Montana . While the initial plan was to film entirely in Canada , the weather was ultimately too warm , leading the filmmakers to locations near the Rio Olivia at the tip of Argentina with snow on the ground , to shoot the film 's ending . Crew members often complained about difficult shoots , with many quitting or being fired . Mary Parent was then brought in as a producer . Iñárritu stated that some of the crew members had left the film , explaining that `` as a director , if I identify a violin that is out of tune , I have to take that from the orchestra . '' On his experience filming , DiCaprio stated : `` I can name 30 or 40 sequences that were some of the most difficult things I 've ever had to do . Whether it 's going in and out of frozen rivers , or sleeping in animal carcasses , or what I ate on set . ( I was ) enduring freezing cold and possible hypothermia constantly . '' Iñárritu had stated that he originally wanted to shoot the film chronologically , a process that would have added $7 million to the film 's production budget . Iñárritu later confirmed that the film was shot in sequence , despite Hardy 's statement that the film could not be shot chronologically , due to weather conditions . In July 2015 , it was reported that the film 's budget had ballooned from the original $60 million to $95 million , and by the time production wrapped it had reached $135 million . Visual effects ( edit ) The visual effects for The Revenant were produced primarily by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) . Other companies , such as Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) and Cinesite , also created visual effects for the film . Music ( edit ) Main article : The Revenant ( soundtrack ) The musical score for The Revenant was composed by Japanese musician Ryuichi Sakamoto who had previously scored the Square Enix 's Dawn of Mana , The Last Emperor ( directed by Bernardo Bertolucci ) , Poppoya ( directed by Yasuo Furuhata ) , Tony Takitani ( directed by Jun Ichikawa the director of the Mitsui ReHouse commercial from 1997 to 1999 starring Chizuru Ikewaki and Mao Inoue ) , and German electronic musician Alva Noto with additional music composed by Bryce Dessner . The main body of the score was recorded at the Seattlemusic Scoring Stage in the Bastyr Chapel in greater Seattle , Washington by musicians of the Northwest Sinfonia . Sakamoto conducted these sessions . Bryce Dessner 's portion of the score was performed by the 25 - piece Berlin - based orchestra known as `` stargaz e '' under conductor André de Ridder . Additional licensed music includes `` Become Ocean '' , the Pulitzer Prize and Grammy Award - winning work of John Luther Adams as recorded by the Seattle Symphony with conductor Ludovic Morlot and an excerpt of `` Jetsun Mila '' from French musician and composer Eliane Radigue . A soundtrack album was released digitally on December 25 , 2015 , and on CD on January 8 , 2016 . Milan Records will release a vinyl pressing of the soundtrack in April 2016 . The score by Sakamoto and Noto was ruled ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 2016 Oscars as it was deemed that it was `` assembled from the music of more than one composer '' . Documentary ( edit ) The film was accompanied by a 44 - minute documentary , named A World Unseen , highlighting the process of making the production . A World Unseen was released on January 21 , 2016 , on YouTube ; both the date and medium of the documentary 's release made it ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Documentary ( Short Subject ) in the same year as the film nomination . Themes ( edit ) In the Los Angeles Review of Books , film critic Wai Chee Dimock compared The Revenant 's themes to those addressed in the literary works of James Fenimore Cooper , particularly The Last of the Mohicans . Dimock argues that the film re-interprets the concept of `` half - breeds '' from a derogatory idea that Cooper despised to an aesthetic way in which to see the world . She compared both works ' protagonists -- Glass and Hawk - eye -- as literary foils , with Glass living an inversion of the latter 's biography and perspective . In the documentary of the film titled A World Unseen , Iñárritu has stated that for the main themes of the film he revisits the issues and concerns of intense parental and filial relations , which audiences of his previous films readily recognize as a recurrent theme in his previous work . Regarding the theme of revenge seen throughout The Revenant , Iñárritu has stated that the approach of vengeance seen in the film needs to be significantly tempered by anyone who would want to see vengeance as either an effective or useful moral to be applied in life . In the end , Iñárritu states , there can only be disappointment and lack of fulfillment for anyone who looks to revenge as providing a higher purpose for living or a life defining purpose . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in South Dakota . Glass ' survival journey did not take place in the cold season , nor did it involve tall mountain ranges . The Guardian reported , `` The backstory about Glass 's love for a Pawnee woman is fiction . It has been suggested the real Glass had such a relationship , but there 's no firm evidence -- and no evidence that he had any children ... As for the ending , it has been changed in one significant way : in real life , nobody got killed . '' American Rifleman reported , `` There was no Pawnee wife or children to motivate him , no real cause for revenge , either , as he understood that Jim Bridger and John Fitzgerald honestly thought he was as good as dead . He might have done the same thing if their roles were reversed . The one constant in every telling of the tale until `` The Revenant '' opened was Hugh Glass wanted his gun back . '' The reporting about this story indicates that Glass did track down Fitzgerald and demand the rifle 's return , which Fitzgerald sullenly complied with . In one scene , a Pawnee character is accompanied by a voiceover in Inupiak , which is spoken in Arctic Alaska , thousands of kilometers away and a different language family from Pawnee . The voiceover was taken from a John Luther Adams recording ; the words originally came from an Inuit woman named Uvavnuk , an angakkuq ( shaman ) and oral poet . Canadian actor Roy Dupuis was strongly critical of the movie for portraying French - Canadian voyageurs as murderous rapists . Dupuis was originally offered a role as a voyageur , but he rejected it due to perceptions of anti-French bias and historical inaccuracies . According to Allan Greer , the Canada Research Chair in Colonial North America , `` generally the American traders had a worse reputation than the Canadians . '' Iñárritu has made a special point of emphasizing the importance of historical issues of ethnicity approached in the film and reflected in the mixed ethnic background of Hugh Glass 's son portrayed in the film ( portrayed as half Pawnee by Glass 's wife ) as relating to his own life and his identification with ethnic concerns . Iñárritu has referred to having encountered constant xenophobia and stated that : `` These constant and relentless xenophobic ( comments ) have been widely spread by the media without shame , embraced and cheered by leaders and communities around the U.S. The foundation of all this is so outrageous that it can easily be minimized as an SNL sketch , a mere entertainment , a joke ... I debated with myself , if I should bring up this uncomfortable subject tonight but in light of the constant and relentless xenophobic comments that have been expressed recently against my Mexican fellows , it is inevitable . '' The massive pile of bison skulls depicted in the film ( based upon a real life photograph from the mid-1870s ) is also an anachronism . The slaughter of bison on that scale was not yet underway in the early 1820s . Similarly for the assertion that the `` Anglos '' had taken the Indians ' land , which was not to occur in that part of the country for another 20 years . Trapper John Fitzgerald refers to the area of modern - day Texas as if it is a part of the Union or an aligned territory . However , in 1823 Texas was a sparsely populated ( in 1825 , Texas had about 3,500 people , with most of Mexican descent ) province of Mexico . Release ( edit ) The Revenant had a limited release in the United States on December 25 , 2015 , including Los Angeles -- making it eligible for the 88th Academy Awards -- before being released nationwide on January 8 , 2016 . The film opened in Australia on January 7 , 2016 and in the UK on January 15 , 2016 . In the Philippines , the film 's release date was originally set for January 27 , 2016 , but it was eventually delayed a week to February 3 , 2016 . Although studios initially chose not to pursue a theatrical release in China , following the film 's three wins at the 88th Academy Awards on February 28 , 2016 , the film was granted a release in China but with several cuts . It was released on March 18 , 2016 . Home Media ( edit ) The DVD , Blu - ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray were released on April 19 , 2016 in the US . Opening sales of the DVD along with on - line streaming orders placed The Revenant as number one in sales at Amazon . Distribution to major rental outlets in the US was done on May 17 , 2016 . Piracy ( edit ) On December 20 , 2015 , less than a week before its release , screener copies of The Revenant and numerous Oscar contenders , including The Hateful Eight , Creed and Straight Outta Compton , were uploaded to many websites . The FBI linked the case to co-CEO Andrew Kosove of Alcon Entertainment . Kosove claimed that he had `` never seen this DVD ( s ) '' , and that `` it never touched his hands . '' In October 2016 , a former 20th Century Fox employee was fined $1.12 million in a separate case for uploading both The Revenant and The Peanuts Movie online . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Revenant grossed $183.6 million in the United States and Canada and $349.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $533 million , against a production budget of $135 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $61.6 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues . In North America , The Revenant opened in limited release on December 25 , 2015 , and over the weekend grossed $474,560 from four theaters in New York City and Los Angeles ( $118,640 per screen ) , finishing twenty - third at the box office . It was the second - biggest theater average of 2015 behind the $130,000 four - screen debut of Steve Jobs . The film earned a total of $1.6 million from its two - week limited run before expanding wide on January 8 , 2016 , across 3,371 theaters . It made $2.3 million from its early Thursday preview showings from 2,510 theaters . On its opening day , the film earned $14.4 million , ranking first at the box office . The film grossed $39.8 million in its opening weekend from 3,375 theaters , exceeding initial projections by 70 % , and finishing second at the box office behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $42.4 million ) , which was on its fourth weekend of play . It was the director 's biggest opening of all - time , and the fourth - biggest for DiCaprio and supporting actor Tom Hardy . Critics noted that The Force Awakens had an advantage , considering that it was playing at 781 more theaters , that Sunday matinees are family - friendly , and since it had the benefit of playing in all North American IMAX theaters . Nevertheless , The Revenant played very balanced across the U.S. and overperformed in all states except the Northeast region . Its wide release weekend is among the top openings in the month of January . It finally topped the box office in its fifth weekend overall and third weekend in wide release after competing with Ride Along 2 in its second weekend . It added a $16 million in its third weekend , which was down 49.7 % but topped the box office , despite a blizzard blanketing most of the East Coast which reportedly hurt many films ' box office performance . The following weekend it was overtaken by Fox 's own animated movie Kung Fu Panda 3 thereby topping the box office for just one weekend . Following the announcement of the Oscar nominees on January 14 , The Revenant witnessed the biggest boost among the Best Picture category , jumping from $54.1 million to $170.5 million , an increase of + 215 % up to the Oscar ceremony in the weekend ending February 28 . Outside North America , the film secured a release in 78 countries . It made $20.5 million from 2,407 screens in just 18 markets , placing behind The Force Awakens at the international box office chart and first among newly released films . The following weekend , it added $32.3 million from 25 markets on 4,849 screens . The film topped the international box office in its third weekend -- the same weekend when it topped the U.S. box office -- overtaking The Force Awakens with $33.7 million from 48 markets . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it took the No. 1 spot with $7.87 million or £ 5.2 million ( $7.4 million ) from 589 theaters and remained there for a second weekend declining only by 24 % with £ 3.86 million ( $5.5 million ) , as well as for a third weekend . Similarly , in Russia , it passed The Force Awakens to take the top spot with $7.5 million from 1,063 screens . In France , it has the biggest opening day in Paris and the third biggest opening weekend of 2016 ( so far ) with $8.2 million . It also opened at No. 1 in Mexico ( $5.1 million ) , Spain ( $4 million ) , Holland ( $1.3 million ) , Belgium ( $1.1 million ) , Argentina ( $955,000 ) , Sweden ( $914,000 ) , South Korea , Denmark , Norway , Israel , Egypt and Portugal among other markets . In Germany ( $4.6 million ) and Australia ( $2.9 million ) , it debuted at No. 2 both behind The Force Awakens and in Brazil ( $2.17 million ) behind The Ten Commandments . It had one of the top ten openings of all time for a Fox film , not accounting for inflation in South Korea with $5.7 million and went on to top the box office there for a second weekend with $3.22 million despite cold weather affecting theater attendance resulting in low box office performance . In Russia , despite not opening at No. 1 , it topped the box office in its second weekend with $4.4 million -- more than The Force Awakens -- and went on to top for a third weekend with $3.6 million . In China it had an opening day of around $11 million from more than 11,000 screens , including $250,000 in midnight previews , and $23 million in two days . In its opening weekend , it grossed $31 million , coming in second place behind the animated Zootopia . IMAX comprised $2.3 million on 278 screens . In terms of total earnings , its largest markets outside of the U.S. and Canada are China ( $58.6 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $32.8 million ) , Germany ( $28.7 million ) and France ( $28.2 million ) . The film opened in Japan on March 23 . Critical response ( edit ) The Revenant received positive reviews from critics , with DiCaprio and Hardy 's performances , Iñárritu 's directing and Lubezki 's cinematography all being praised . However , the film 's runtime was criticized . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 81 % , based on 327 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` As starkly beautiful as it is harshly uncompromising , The Revenant uses Leonardo DiCaprio 's committed performance as fuel for an absorbing drama that offers punishing challenges -- and rich rewards . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Tom Hardy received strong praise for his performance as John Fitzgerald . Reviewers cited in a CBS News survey of critics highly praised DiCaprio 's performance , referring to it as an `` astonishing testament to his commitment to a role '' and as an `` anchoring performance of ferocious 200 percent commitment . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called DiCaprio 's acting `` a virtuoso performance , thrilling in its brute force and silent eloquence . '' Writing for NY Magazine / Vulture , David Edelstein called the film a `` tour de force '' and `` ( b ) leak as hell but considerably more beautiful , '' but noted the film had `` traditional masculinity instead of a search for what illuminates man 's inhumanity to man . '' Justin Chang of Variety wrote Iñárritu `` increasingly succumbs to the air of grim overdetermination that has marred much of ( his ) past work '' and it was `` an imposing vision ... but also an inflated and emotionally stunted one . '' Stephanie Zacharek , writing for TIME magazine , gave a positive review to the film stating : `` Inarritu may have fashioned The Revenant as the ultimate endurance test , but as Glass , DiCaprio simply endures . He gives the movie a beating heart , offering it up , figuratively speaking , alive and bloody on a platter . It -- he -- is the most visceral effect in the movie : revenge served warm . Bon Appetite . '' Richard Brody of The New Yorker was critical of the film , and said that Emmanuel Lubezki 's images were mere `` pictorial ornament ( s ) to ( Alejandro González Iñárritu 's ) bland theatrical stagings . '' Slant Magazine 's writer Ed Gonzalez suggested that the Slant staff in large part disliked the film : `` Our contempt for The Revenant knows no limits . '' Gonzalez unfavorably compared Iñárritu 's work to Terrence Malick 's 2005 film The New World . In the official review , Slant writer Jaime N. Christley wrote : `` The Revenant ( is ) a misery-fest that plants its narrative flags as carelessly as a Roland Emmerich blockbuster , guaranteeing us a viewing experience almost as arduous as the trials depicted on screen , before reaching a conclusion that 's sealed the moment audiences first meet the key players . After an obligatory false calm , The Revenant 's proper opening scene is a show - stopping massacre at a fur - trapper 's campsite . It 's the kind of thing Howard Hawks would have handled -- and did , in The Big Sky -- in under 90 seconds , with mostly off - camera particulars and minimal effects , but González Iñárritu forces it to resemble the Normandy Beach sequence in Saving Private Ryan as much as history or sense will allow , and then some . '' The Revenant was ranked 22nd on Metacritic 's and 79th on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of best films of 2015 . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Revenant ( 2015 film ) Leonardo DiCaprio 's performance was widely praised and ultimately won him an Academy Award , the first of his career after five previous nominations . The Revenant has received numerous award nominations and wins , particularly for DiCaprio 's performance , Iñárritu 's direction and Lubezki 's cinematography . At the 88th Annual Academy Awards , Iñárritu won the Best Director award for the second time in a row , Emmanuel Lubezki won for the third time in a row the award for Best Cinematography and DiCaprio won his first award for Best Actor . Hardy lost his category to Mark Rylance for Bridge of Spies , and the film itself lost Best Picture to Spotlight . At the 73rd Golden Globe Awards it won three awards : Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director , and Best Actor -- Drama . It also had a nomination for Best Original Score . On January 14 , 2016 , the film received 12 Academy Award nominations ( more than any other film at the ceremony ) , including Best Picture and Best Director for Iñárritu , as well as Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor , for DiCaprio and Hardy , respectively . On February 14 , 2016 , the film received the most awards at 69th British Academy Film Awards out of eight - nominations , with five , including Best Film , Best Director , Best Cinematography , Best Sound , and Best Leading Actor . It received nine Critics ' Choice Awards nominations , winning two -- for DiCaprio as Best Actor and Best Cinematography for Lubezki . Tom Hardy won the Best British Actor award at the London Film Critics ' Circle and was runner - up for Best Supporting Actor at Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association . DiCaprio was awarded Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role award at 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards , while Iñárritu received Outstanding Directing -- Feature Film award at 68th Directors Guild of America Awards . It received five Satellite Awards nominations , winning the award of Best Actor for DiCaprio . On May 2 , 2016 , Time magazine included both DiCaprio and Iñárritu in its issue of the 100 Most Influential People of 2015 , with a cover photograph of DiCaprio on the magazine . John Kerry , the U.S. Secretary of State , wrote a short testimonial to DiCaprio for this issue of Time stating that DiCaprio 's dedication drives him to succeed and `` that 's how he takes himself back 200 years to create an Oscar - winning , bear - brawling , powerhouse performance in The Revenant . '' See also ( edit ) Survival film Man in the Wilderness , a 1971 Western film loosely based on the Hugh Glass story Lord Grizzly , a 1954 biographical novel by Frederick Manfred , about the Hugh Glass story References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Revenant '' . London : British Board of Film Classification . December 28 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenant ( 2015 ) '' . LUMIERE . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Waxman , Sharon ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Revenant ' Budget Soars to $135 Million As New Regency Foots the Bill ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Revenant ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Revenant ' rules over Oscar nominations list ( Roundup ) '' . Business Insider . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cauthron , Randy M. ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Randy 's Review : ' The Revenant ' '' . The Spencer Daily Reporter . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Regency Staff ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` The Revenant '' . Regency Enterprises . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RTE Staff ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Gleeson joins DiCaprio in The Revenant teaser '' . RTÉ . Jump up ^ `` Rovi '' ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Revenant ( 2015 ) Cast and Crew '' . Fandango.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim `` Stax '' ( August 9 , 2001 ) . `` Akiva Goldsman Mauled by Grizzly ! '' . IGN.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio , Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu Team Up for ' Revenant ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Tom Hardy in Talks for Alejandro González Iñárritu 's ' The Revenant ' '' . / Film . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , Garth ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` '' Revenant , '' `` Orphanage '' Dropouts `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Vacancy ' Writer Pens ' Martyrs ' , Latest John Hillcoat Thriller ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weinstein , Joshua L. ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu Attached to Direct Warner 's ' The Revenant ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio 's Survival Drama ' The Revenant ' Attracts Megan Ellison 's Annapurna '' . Variety . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Rachel ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` New Regency boarding ' The Revenant ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio , Sean Penn Wanted Men For New Regency 's ' The Revenant ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McKittrick , Christopher ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` '' I think he wanted to toss me off the cliff . '' Mark L. Smith on The Revenant and Martyrs `` . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` New Regency backing Inarritu pic '' . Variety . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` How Leonardo DiCaprio Flirted With a Bear But Committed to a Wolf '' . New York . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` A Departure For Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu : He 'll Next Direct A Comedy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kay , Jeremy ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio to star in Alejandro González Iñárritu 's The Revenant '' . Screen International . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ; Siegel , Tatiana ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Megan Ellison in Talks to Rescue Leonardo DiCaprio 's ' The Revenant ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Brzeski ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` China Clears ' The Revenant ' for Release , Cuts Expected '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` How Leonardo DiCaprio 's ' The Revenant ' Shoot Became ' A Living Hell ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu On The Universal Themes Of ' Birdman ' And His Next High Wire Act , ' The Revenant ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Alejandro González Iñárritu Explains Why The Revenant Is Taking 9 Months to Shoot '' . Collider . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` First Look at Leonardo DiCaprio in The Revenant '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Through April , Leonardo DiCaprio will be shooting in the wilds of Calgary amid the Canadian Rockies playing a fur trapper hunting the men who left him for dead in The Revenant ... Jump up ^ DailyMail.com Reporter ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` New Regency Slams Leonardo DiCaprio ' Fleas in Beard ' Rumors Amid The Revenant Filming '' . Daily Mail ( online ) . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Humphreys , David ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio To Film ' The Revenant ' In British Columbia '' . Entertainment Tonight Canada . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/galleries/the-revenant-filming-locations-canada/revenant17/ Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio on Fighting a Bear in ' The Revenant ' and Film vs. TV '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie . `` Leonardo DiCaprio Could Have Starred Opposite Jennifer Lawrence in Joy '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Revenant , Starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy , Gets Christmas 2015 Release Date ; Iñárritu Hoping to Shoot in Sequence '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Revenant ' Producers , Alejandro G. Inarritu Defend Budget , Sequential Shoot at Produced By : NY 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Hardy Talks Mad Max : Fury Road , The Revenant and Splinter Cell '' . Collider . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.studiodaily.com/2016/02/vfx-supervisor-richard-mcbride-on-the-revenant/ Jump up ^ Henry , Dusty ; Geslani , Michelle ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` The National 's Bryce Dessner composing soundtrack for Leonardo DiCaprio 's The Revenant '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jeremy ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` The National 's Bryce Dessner and Alva Noto Joined Ryuichi Sakamoto on The Revenant Score '' . Pitchfork Media . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Minsker , Evan ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` The National 's Bryce Dessner Shares `` Imagining Buffalo '' From The Revenant Soundtrack `` . Pitchfork Media . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenant ( 2015 ) - Soundtrack.Net '' . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' The Revenant ' Was Not Eligible to Compete for the Oscar for Original Score '' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Revenant : `` A World Unseen '' Documentary `` . YouTube.com . 20th Century FOX . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gelbart , Bryn ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : Experience the Death - Defying ' Revenant ' Shoot For Yourself in 44 - Minute Documentary '' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wai Chee Dimock ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Half - and - Half : Iñárritu remixes James Fenimore Cooper '' . Los Angeles Review of Books . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How historically accurate is The Revenant ? '' . The Guardian . January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Truth About The Revenant , Hugh Glass and His Rifle '' . American Rifleman . February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gajanan , Mahita ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Woman whose voice was used in The Revenant got no screen credit or money '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tristin Hopper ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Actor says The Revenant is ' stupid ' for portraying French - Canadians as murderous rapists '' . National Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Roy Dupuis slams ' The Revenant ' for portrayal of French - Canadians '' . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Dupuis s'en prend au film The Revenant '' . Le Journal de Montréal . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Revenant `` , un film anti-canadien - français selon Roy Dupuis '' . Le Huffington Post . January 23 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Revenant ' Director Alejandro González Iñárritu Says `` Xenophobic '' Rhetoric Is No Joke `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p75 . Jump up ^ CS Staff ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Revenant Trailer : Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy in the Christmas Release '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elavksy , Cindy ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Celebrity Extra '' . Fort Myers Weekly . King Features . Jump up ^ Johnson , Neala ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` British actor Tom Hardy says filming The Revenant was an education in endurance '' . News.com.au . News Limited . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosser , Michael ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Revenant ' sets UK release date '' . ScreenDaily.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ philstar.com ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` WATCH : Leonardo DiCaprio in ' The Revenant ' '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DiCaprio 's film Revenant stays fierce '' . The Philippine Star . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Julie Makinen ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` In China , no ' Revenant , ' but mad Oscar buzz for Leonardo DiCaprio '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenant ( 2015 ) Release Dates '' . Movie Insider . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenant ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon . 20th Century Fox . April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DVDs Coming Soon Get Upcoming Movies on DVD & Blu - Ray TM at Redbox '' . redbox.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ricker , Thomas ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood 's Christmas is being ruined by unprecedented leaks '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/the-revenant-pirate-hit-with-112-million-fine-133256584.html Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` No. 19 ' The Revenant ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Busch , Anita ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Daddy ' , ' Joy ' & ' Hateful Eight ' Reap Fortune As ' Star Wars ' Halo Effect Impacts B.O ... Can ' Force Awakens ' Hit $1 Billion In U.S. ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' In The Heart Of The Sea ' Is A Whale Of A Fail , ' Big Short ' Strikes It Rich '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Revenant ' & ' The Forest ' Begin B.O. Journey On Thursday ; ' Force Awakens ' To Cross $800 M This Weekend -- Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Revenant ' Will Bear Through Box Office Weekend Dominated By ' Force Awakens ' -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Falls To 2nd Place On Friday , Still Topping $800 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Force Awakens ' Crosses $800 M & Holds No. 1 , ' Revenant ' Takes No. 2 With $38 M -- Final Sunday '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH ( JANUARY ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Revenant ' Weathers Snow Storm While Weekend 's Newcomers Perform as Expected '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Winter Storm Jonas Forces New York City , East Coast Theater Closures '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Superstorm 2016 -- Box Office Iced Out Of About 8 % To 10 % In Receipts '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Devan Coggan ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Box office preview : Kung Fu Panda 3 eyes $40 + million opening '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Kung Fu Panda 3 ' No. 1 With $41 M ; ' Finest Hours , ' ' Fifty Shades of Black ' Sink '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spotlight 's Surprise Best Picture Win At The Oscars : What Does This Mean For Its Box Office ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione , Anita Busch ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Force Awakens ' $100 M In China ; Oscar Fave ' The Revenant ' Opens Big In UK , Korea -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Revenant ' Rides To $20.5 M Overseas , ' Hateful 8 ' Takes $17 M , ' Star Wars ' Eyes $1 B -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Revenant ' Tops Offshore Weekend With $33.8 M And Over $223 M Global ; ' The Force Awakens ' At # 2 -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` The Revenant attacks Star Wars in rise to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Revenant mauls UK box office but Sandra Bullock 's brand may be in crisis '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kung Fu Panda 3 ' Kicks Off With $75.7 M ; ' Ten Commandments ' Eyes Brazil Record -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Dirty Grandpa cleans up at UK box office as The Revenant still clings to top spot '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' At $609 M Global ; ' Gods Of Egypt ' Bows To $24 M , ' Zootopia ' Lands $33 M 3rd Frame -- Int'l B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Revenant ' , ' Martian ' Land New Global Milestones ; ' Kung Fu Panda 3 ' Tops $100 M In China -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyo - won ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` South Korea Box Office : ' The Revenant ' Among Top Fox Openings of All Time '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyo - won ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` South Korea Box Office : ' The Revenant ' Top for Second Week Despite Bitterly Cold Weather '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` German Box Office : ' The Revenant ' Stays on Top in Third Weekend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Revenant ' Soars , ' Eddie the Eagle ' Crashes on China Opening Day '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Can Leonardo DiCaprio Conquer China Again With ' Revenant ' ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Revenant ' Traps Big China Bow ; $30 M+ Opening Weekend In Sights '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' A Flash Away From $600 M WW ; China Welcomes ' The Revenant ' With $31 M Bow -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Scores $85.3 M In 2nd Offshore Frame ; Nears $500 M Global -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Nears $700 M Global , Crosses $200 M In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters . `` DiCaprio brings ' The Revenant ' to Japan . March 23 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Stephanie Zacharek , TIME magazine , January 18 , 2016 , p54 . ^ Jump up to : Moraski , Lauren ( December 25 , 2015 ) . `` '' The Revenant '' Reviews : What Critics Are Saying About Leonardo DiCaprio 's Latest Film `` . CBS News . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Anthony . `` Wilder West `` The Hateful Eight '' and `` The Revenant . '' `` . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barber , Nicholas . `` Film Review : How good is The Revenant ? '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenant '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenant Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' Force Awakens ' Crosses $800 M On Saturday & Holds No. 1 , ' Revenant ' Taking No. 2 With $38 M '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Page 2 of ' The Revenant ' Movie Review - Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` oscar - 2016 - winner - predictions - cinematography '' . Slant . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Revenant '' . Slant . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 : Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies of 2015 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steve Greene ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Critics Pick the Best Films and Performances of 2015 in Indiewire 's Annual Poll '' . Indiewire . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations : The Complete List '' . THR . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations : The Complete List '' . THR . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baftas 2016 : the nominations '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Guy . `` ' Carol , ' ' 45 Years ' Come Out On Top In London Critics ' Award Nods '' . Variety . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . dfwcritics.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film for 2015 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Satellite Award Nominees announced '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John Kerry . `` Leonardo DiCaprio : Earth 's Leading Man '' . TIME magazine , May 2 , 2016 , p 130 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Revenant ( 2015 film ) Official website The Revenant on IMDb The Revenant at Rotten Tomatoes The Revenant at Metacritic The Revenant at AllMovie The Revenant at the TCM Movie Database The Revenant at History vs. Hollywood The Revenant at the Movie Review Query Engine Alejandro González Iñárritu filmography Feature films Amores perros ( 2000 ) 21 Grams ( 2003 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Biutiful ( 2010 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Short films Powder Keg ( 2001 ) Mexico ( 2002 ) Anna ( 2007 ) Naran Ja ( 2012 ) Flesh and Sand ( 2017 ) Television series The One Percent ( TBA ) BAFTA Award for Best Film Best Film from Any Source 1947 -- 1967 The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? 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Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Revenant_(2015_film)&oldid=804559421 '' Categories : 2015 films English - 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806883182362199725	College admissions in the United States	College admissions in the United States - wikipedia College admissions in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) College admissions in the United States refers to the process of applying for entrance to institutions of higher education for undergraduate study at one of the nation 's 2,675 schools . Generally , the college search begins in the student 's eleventh grade of high school with most activity taking place during the twelfth grade , although students at top high schools often begin the process during their tenth grade or earlier . In addition , there are considerable numbers of students who transfer from one college to another , as well as adults older than high school age who apply to college . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Participants 2.1 Students 2.2 Parents 2.3 High school counselors 2.4 Consultants 2.5 College admissions staff 2.6 Information sources 2.7 Test preparation firms 3 Planning 3.1 Timing 4 Selection of colleges 4.1 Rankings 4.2 Choosing schools by selectivity 4.3 Return on investment 4.4 Better fit or prestige 4.5 Costs 4.5. 1 Sticker versus net price 4.5. 2 Net price calculators 4.5. 3 Types of financial aid 4.5. 4 Applying for financial aid 4.6 Selecting colleges by type 4.7 Visiting colleges 5 Applications considerations 5.1 Extracurricular activities 5.2 Number of applications 5.3 Online identity 5.4 Choosing how to apply 5.4. 1 Applying in the fall 5.4. 1.1 Early decision 5.4. 1.2 Early action 5.4. 2 Regular admission 5.4. 3 Rolling admissions 5.5 Testing options 5.5. 1 Test preparation courses 5.5. 2 Standardized admissions tests 5.5. 3 SAT subject tests 5.5. 4 Advanced placement tests 5.6 Common vs. college 's application 5.7 Interviews 5.8 Essays 5.9 Teacher recommendations 5.10 Other considerations 5.11 International applications 6 How colleges evaluate applicants 6.1 Overview 6.2 Academic evaluation 6.2. 1 Admissions results 2012 6.2. 2 Statistical analysis 6.2. 3 Analysis of grades 6.2. 4 ACT and SAT scores 6.2. 5 Rigor of high school courses 6.3 Personal evaluation 6.3. 1 Athletic ability 6.3. 2 Particular skills 6.3. 3 Personal initiative 6.3. 4 Demonstrated interest 6.3. 5 Active participation 6.3. 6 Weeding out problem people 6.3. 7 Analysis of essays 6.4 Other factors 6.4. 1 Ability to pay 6.4. 2 Geographic diversity 6.4. 3 Race and ethnicity 6.4. 4 Legacy applicants 6.4. 5 Family wealth 6.4. 6 Personal connections 6.5 Other considerations 7 Acceptances and rejections 7.1 Notifications 7.2 Wait list considerations 8 Transfer admissions 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Overview ( edit ) Millions of high school students apply to college each year . While the number of graduates from high school peaked temporarily at 3.3 million in 2008 , then to 3.4 million in 2014 , numbers have been forecast to decline through 2015 and then rebound thereafter . Still , the number of students enrolled in college is expected to increase through 2020 when there will be approximately 23 million students in college . About a quarter of twelfth graders apply to seven or more schools , paying an average of $40 per application . Fewer than half of all students entering college graduate in four years and slightly over half graduate from college during their lifetimes . The application process takes considerable time and planning since it involves multiple steps , with choices to be made and deadlines to be met . Students file separate applications to each school , although the Common Application expedites the process in many instances . Most undergraduate institutions admit students to the entire college and not to a particular department or major , unlike many European universities and American graduate schools , although some undergraduate programs such as architecture or engineering may require a separate application at some universities . As a general rule , applying to two - year county and community colleges is much easier than to a four - year school , often requiring only a high school transcript or minimum test score . New developments in college admissions include increased numbers of applications , increased interest by students in foreign countries in applying to American universities , more students applying by an early method , applications submitted by Internet - based methods including the Common Application , increased use of consultants , guidebooks , and rankings , and increased use by colleges of waitlists . One estimate was that 80 percent of applications were submitted online in 2009 . Participants ( edit ) High school art students in Minnesota . Students ( edit ) Applying to colleges can be stressful . The outcome of the admission process may affect a student 's future career trajectory considerably . Entrance into top colleges is increasingly competitive , and many students feel pressure during their high school years . Private and affluent public primary education , test - prep courses , ' enrichment ' programmes , volunteer service projects , international travel , music lessons , sports activities -- all the high - cost building blocks of the perfect college application -- put crushing pressure on the upper middle class and their offspring . -- Yale professor William Deresiewicz , quoted in the BBC about his article in The New Republic , 2014 Parents ( edit ) The college applications process can be stressful for parents of teenagers , according to journalist Andrew Ferguson , since it exposes `` our vanities , our social ambitions and class insecurities , and most profoundly our love and hopes for our children '' . High school counselors ( edit ) High school advisors can help parents understand aspects of the college admissions process . Some high schools have one or more teachers experienced in offering counseling to college - bound eleventh and twelfth graders . They usually work in conjunction with the guidance department who assist students in planning their high school academic path . Counselors handle many students and schools and generally do not have a role of overseeing or managing a student 's college applications . Advisors recommend that students get to know their school counselor . Counselors do not complete interviews , write essays , or arrange college visits . Parents often meet with the school counselor during the eleventh grade . Most counselors have responsibility for helping many students and , as a result , it is difficult for them to provide individual help to a particular student ; one estimate was that the average ratio for all high schools of students to counselors was 460 to 1 . Only about a quarter of public high schools have a counselor devoted to college counseling issues full - time , while almost three quarters of private schools have a dedicated college counselor . A report suggested that private school counselors have substantially more contact with university admissions staff than public school counselors . Consultants ( edit ) Fee - based consultants , some available entirely online , can be hired to help a student gain admission to the so - called right schools , although there are some free programs to help underprivileged youth learn how to fill out applications , write essays , get ready for tests , and work on interviews . Consultants can help a student select schools to apply to , counsel them on test taking strategies , review scores , help with essay preparation ( but not writing ) , review applications , conduct mock interviews , provide logistical planning , and collaborate with others such as athletic coaches . Consultants try to keep a low profile ; however , one admissions dean explained that she can `` sniff out when there has been some adult involved in the process '' . Assistance by consultants or other adults can go to extremes , particularly with hard - to - check variables such as the college essays ; according to one view , plagiarism on admissions essays has been a `` serious problem '' , particularly on applications to private universities and colleges . There is the possibility that hiring a professional admissions consultant can make an application appear artificial ; for example , admissions personnel may suspect adult coaching when one part of an application is polished , while other parts are n't , such as varying quality regarding writing samples . Another risk in hiring a consultant , which can happen if parents become too involved in the process , is what Mamlet and VanDeVelde term overpackaging : the applicant appears so smooth and perfect that admissions officers suspect the person is not real but a marketing creation . Generally , when hiring a college admissions counselor , parents and students try to understand the counselor 's philosophy , learn what services are provided , and whether any help will be offered regarding advice about financial aid or scholarships . Mamlet and VanDeVelde suggest that it is improper for an admissions counselor to tamper with a student 's `` authentic self '' . According to their view , ideal counselors have experience with college admissions , meet regularly with college admissions officers , visit campuses regularly , and belong to professional affiliations . College admissions staff ( edit ) Elite and other universities send admissions officers to high schools and college fairs to encourage high school students to apply . While the chance of admission to highly selective colleges is typically under 10 % , increased numbers of applications helps maintain and improve colleges ' rankings . A typical admission staff at a college includes a dean or vice president for admission or enrollment management , middle - level managers or assistant directors , admission officers , and administrative support staff . The chief enrollment management officer is sometimes the highest - paid position in the department , earning $121,000 on average in 2010 , while admissions officers average only $35,000 , according to one estimate . Admissions officers tend to be in the 30 - to - 40 age demographic . They are chosen for their experience in admissions , aptitude for statistics and data analysis , experience in administration and marketing and public relations . They serve dual roles as counselors and recruiters , and do not see themselves as marketers or salespeople , according to one view . They are evaluated on how well they `` represent their college , manage their office , recruit staff members , and work with other administrators '' . Michele Hernandez suggested there were basically two types of officers : a first group of personable , sharp , people - oriented go - getter types who were often recent college grads ; a second group was somewhat out - of - touch `` lifers '' who often did not graduate from a highly selective college . Officers are generally paid an annual salary , although there have been reports of some recruiters paid on the basis of how many students they bring to a college , such as recruiters working abroad to recruit foreign students to U.S. universities . Many colleges and universities work hard to market themselves , trying to attract the best students and maintain a reputation for academic quality . Colleges spent an average of $585 to recruit each applicant during the 2010 year . There are efforts to make increased use of social media sites such as Facebook to promote their colleges . Marketing brochures and other promotional mailings often arrive daily in the hope of persuading high school students to apply to a college . According to Joanne Levy - Prewitt , colleges send `` view books '' not because they intend to admit them , but `` because they want multitudes of students to apply '' to improve the college 's selectivity ranking and to make sure that they have as many well - qualified applicants as possible from whom to choose the strongest class . Colleges get access to names and addresses after students give permission to them after taking the PSAT or SAT exams . Information sources ( edit ) US News compiles a directory of colleges and universities and has made a ranking of them , although the rankings are controversial , some colleges refuse to cooperate , and high school guidance counselors sometimes have major problems with the rankings . Other sources rank colleges according to various measures , sell guidebooks , and use their rankings as an entry into college admissions consulting services . College Board launched a website called BigFuture in 2012 with tools to help the admissions process . There are services to help expedite the college admissions process , including a web - based service that sells copies of applications that gained the applicant admission to Ivy League colleges . Test preparation firms ( edit ) Companies such as the College Board have offered services to help students prepare for their tests and provide other services , usually web - based , to help students compare schools . Some firms work with schools to provide test preparation advisors who teach students how to take the SAT and ACT entrance exams . Planning ( edit ) Timing ( edit ) Timeline Ninth / tenth grade Grades count towards GPA Good study habits Course selection Read , read , read Extracurricular activities Eleventh grade Fall : PSAT test Meet guidance counselor Build lists of colleges Begin meeting college reps College fairs Research , visit schools Tests : SAT / ACT , SAT Subject Tests , AP / IB exams Summer : write essays Twelfth grade Know admissions deadlines Teacher recommendations Apply to schools Ask high school to send transcripts Winter : FAFSA / CSS forms Check if colleges received materials April : acceptances and rejections Revisit accepting schools May : deposit is due The admissions process usually begins during a student 's eleventh grade when a student meets with a guidance counselor , selects some colleges , and perhaps visits a few campuses . The summer before twelfth grade is a time when many students finalize application plans and perhaps begin writing essays . Further , they decide whether to apply by early or regular decision . International students may need to take tests showing English - language proficiency such as the TOEFL , IELTS , or PTE Academic . The twelfth grade is when applications are submitted . The CSS can be submitted by October first of the student 's twelfth grade , while the FAFSA becomes available on the web after January first . Selection of colleges ( edit ) Rankings ( edit ) Main article : Rankings of universities in the United States The US News ranking has generated much controversy ; this map shows locations of its assessment of the top 40 universities in the US in 2007 , with many located in the Northeast . There are several college and university rankings guides published , and they include the U.S. News and World Report , Business Insider , Money Magazine , The Washington Monthly 's `` College Rankings '' issue , and Forbes `` America 's Top Colleges '' ranking , as well as a variety of other groups and organizations that publish rankings based on different factors and using different methodology . For a more comprehensive and detailed look at U.S. university rankings , with top - ranked schools identified , see Rankings of universities in the United States . Rankings have been the subject of much criticism . Since much of the data is provided by colleges themselves , there are opportunities for schools to manipulate the rankings to enhance prestige . There have been instances in which school officials deliberately misreported statistics , such as an admissions dean at Claremont McKenna who falsified average SAT statistics , and a report that Emory University falsely reported student data for `` more than a decade , '' as well as reports of false data from the United States Naval Academy and Baylor University . Writer Andrew Ferguson noted considerable hypocrisy surrounding rankings : some colleges pretend to loathe the guidebooks that rank them , yet if they get a good write - up , they `` wave it around like a bride 's garter belt . '' Lynn O'Shaughnessy criticized the `` mindless pursuit of better numbers '' by colleges to boost their college rankings as destructive and wrote that families place too much emphasis on the rankings as a way to select colleges . Further , she criticized the US News rankings for failing to take a college 's affordability into account or factor in the average student indebtedness after college as well as failing to measure how well colleges actually educated their students . She noted how the US News algorithm `` favors schools that spurn more students . '' College admissions counselors criticized rankings as misleading , and criticized the rankings inputs of peer assessments , student selectivity and alumni giving as being poor predictors of a college 's overall quality . The rankings title `` America 's Best Colleges '' , prompted counselors to ask `` best for whom '' ? In 2007 , members of the Annapolis Group discussed a letter to college presidents asking them not to participate in the US News `` reputation survey '' . A majority of the approximately 80 presidents at the meeting agreed not to participate , although the statements were not binding . Members pledged to develop alternative web - based information formats in conjunction with several collegiate associations . US News responded that their peer assessment survey helps them measure a college 's `` intangibles '' such as the ability of a college 's reputation to help a graduate win a first job or entrance into graduate school . An article by Nicholas Thompson in Washington Monthly criticized the U.S. News rankings as `` confirming the prejudices of the meritocracy '' by tuning their statistical algorithms to entrench the reputations of a handful of schools , while failing to measure how much students learn . Thompson described the algorithms as being `` opaque enough that no one outside the magazine can figure out exactly how they work , yet clear enough to imply legitimacy . '' Further information : Criticism of college and university rankings ( 2007 United States ) Choosing schools by selectivity ( edit ) rA Naviance scattergram for a hypothetical student , John Doe , applying to a particular hypothetical university . Grades and test scores can be compared with those of past applicants to that university from that high school . The method helps students see whether a school is a reach , possible , probable or solid school . Advisors typically ask students to begin to see potential colleges in terms of four types : Reach schools provide a slim chance of acceptance , such as a 5 % or slimmer chance . Possibles ( or high matches ) have greater chance of rejection than acceptance . Probables ( or low matches ) have greater chance of acceptance than rejection . Solid or safety schools seldom reject candidates with similar academic credentials . High school counselors recommend that a safety school be one that a student would like to attend if rejected everywhere else . Mark Kantrowitz advised having at least one financial aid safety school that is affordable even without financial aid . Another classification is `` unlikelies '' ( 5 % chance of acceptance ) , `` reach schools '' ( 25 % chance ) , `` possibles '' ( 50 % chance ) , and `` likelies '' ( 80 % chance ) . Typically counselors will suggest an applicant apply to a mix of the different types of schools , usually having at least one safety school , but the numbers of the others are up to students and families . Andover 's counseling director recommends that a student apply to a minimum of two `` solid '' schools and two `` probable '' schools . Many high schools subscribe to an online service called Naviance , which , among other things , can help a student gauge the likelihood of admission to a particular college . It is based on a student 's grades and test scores in comparison to the admissions results from students from previous years applying to that particular college ( see diagram ) . Naviance uses a scattergram to graphically illustrate the chances for a student from a particular high school being admitted into a particular college or university . In addition , counselors can help a student consider different types of colleges , such as liberal arts colleges , research universities , and specialty schools . A report in Time magazine in 2013 suggested that it was almost impossible for poor students to gain admission to elite universities , and that the percentage of students at 28 elite colleges coming from less affluent households was relatively constant at around 10 % from 2001 to 2009 , based on a study that included all eight Ivy League schools . The difficulty of admissions to elite universities has sometimes prompted accusations : The admissions system of the so - called best schools is rigged against you . If you are a middle - class youth or minority from poor circumstances , you have little chance of getting in to one of those schools . Indeed , the system exists not to provide social mobility but to prevent it and to perpetuate the prevailing social order . -- Essayist Neal Gabler in the Boston Globe , 2010 Return on investment ( edit ) Return on investment Top colleges 2013 College ROI rank Harvey Mudd Caltech MIT Stanford Princeton 5 Harvard 6 Dartmouth 7 Duke 8 U. Penn 9 Notre Dame 10 Former US Education Secretary William Bennett suggested college should be seen as a long - term purchase with the return on investment ( ROI ) being the future earnings potential of a graduate . Schools have been compared financially by examining average costs , student debt , and lifelong earnings , to yield an effective average ROI . Bennett suggested that only 150 out of the nation 's 3500 colleges provided positive returns . Better fit or prestige ( edit ) Prestige of colleges correlates with age , such that the oldest east - coast schools tend to have accumulated the most prestige by virtue of their longevity . There is widespread consensus that the fit between a student and a school is an important factor . Several reports suggest that `` fit should trump prestige every single time , '' and that it is better for a school to match a student in terms of social , cultural , and academic qualities and not be chosen simply because of a school 's prestige . Others see college admissions as essentially a choice between `` price and prestige '' . Elite colleges have been compared to designer labels , a valuable credential in the job market , and an entryway into top graduate schools . Some advisors specialize in helping students find a good fit -- a suitable list of colleges -- which helps students in the long run . They help students to explore their values and needs , and provide counseling to help both students and parents find a college or university program that helps students meet long - term goals . Questions include thinking about life goals , which activities a person likes best , and what style of learning works best for the student . Evaluating personal preferences is important and can take time . One advisor suggests it is important for a student to think through what is best , and choose on this basis , and `` do not listen to your friends '' since they have different needs and wants . `` One of the worst ways to make a decision about where to go to college is to follow a friend because he or she is having a good time at that school , '' wrote one advisor . Since `` barely half '' of students entering college as first - year students ever graduate from college later in their lives , getting the right fit is important for parents and students to avoid wasting money . What is a good fit : The college that fits you best is one that will : ( 1 ) Offer a program of study to match your interests and needs ( 2 ) Provide a style of instruction to match the way you like to learn ( 3 ) Provide a level of academic rigor to match your aptitude and preparation ( 4 ) Offer a community that feels like home to you and ( 5 ) Value you for what you do well . -- report in US News Colleges with 4 or more professors chosen for teaching excellence University affiliation # of Great Courses teachers U. Texas - Austin 7 U. Virginia 6 U. Pennsylvania 6 UCLA 5 Emory 5 Georgetown 5 UNC - Chapel Hill Vanderbilt U. Toronto William & Mary SMU A private admissions counselor elaborates : A school has to fit -- academically , socially , and economically ... Ask whether a college feels right ... rather than is it best ... -- Michael Szarek , 2011 One admissions dean likens `` fit '' to a friendship : I draw the analogy of friends to explain why fit is so important in considering a college . You like your good friends for some reason . It may not be an objective reason . It 's often subjective . There 's some sense of compatibility , a kind of intuition , a match , a common sense of values , what you like to do , how you think -- those are the things that really bind people together . It 's similar with college . You do n't want to spend four years with a college who is n't really your friend . -- Jennifer Rickard , admissions dean at Bryn Mawr In addition , counselors can help less academically astute students find good colleges to help them pursue careers , and can point out colleges that are `` gems '' but relatively unknown . In some cases , choosing a college in a different part of the country can improve chances for admission , particularly if the college is seeking `` geographical diversity . '' One study suggests that the overall prestige of a person 's college is less important , overall , in predicting how they would fare in later life , and that personal characteristics , such as aptitude , are more important . Costs ( edit ) Sticker versus net price ( edit ) Priciest colleges 2012 -- 2013 tuition , room , board , books Source : Business Insider School Cost Princeton U . $62,919 New York U . $61,977 Harvey Mudd $61,760 Bard $61,446 Rensselaer $60,779 Sarah Lawrence $60,656 Wesleyan $60,214 Dartmouth $60,201 U. Chicago $60,039 Bard - Simon 's Rk $60,003 Trinity $59,860 The general pattern is that most colleges and universities , particularly private ones , have an artificially high and unreliable sticker price while charging most students , by awarding grant and scholarship money , a `` discounted price '' that varies considerably . Writer Lynn O'Shaughnessy in US News compared college prices with `` airline tickets '' since `` everybody pays a different fare '' . Another report agreed : Sticker price is the full price colleges list in their brochures and on their websites . Net price is the price students actually pay . Net price accounts for the fact that many students receive grants or scholarships . So it can be considerably lower than sticker price . -- Jacob Goldstein , NPR , 2012 Discounting began in the 1970s and was dramatically expanded in the 1990s , according to one report . Discrepancy between sticker and average net prices can vary substantially . Estimates vary , but show a consistent pattern of sticker prices being much greater than real costs , sometimes more than double , sometimes only one and a half times as high . Estimates are that 88 % or 67 % get some form of discount . One estimate in 2015 was that at private nonprofit four - year colleges , the average first - year student pays 48 % less than the sticker price . Generally , the sticker - to - net price discrepancy is greater at private colleges than public universities . For example , in 2011 -- 2012 , the average sticker price for tuition , fees and living expenses at private colleges , was $38,590 while the average actual cost was $23,060 ; at public colleges , the average sticker price was $17,130 and the average actual cost was $11,380 . Another estimate was that the average full - time undergraduate gets $6,500 in grant aid along with $1,000 in tax - based aid to offset tuition and fees . There is widespread consensus that the most cost - effective college option is community colleges , which charge on average only $3,000 for full - time tuition . College Access Index Commitment to economic diversity of student body -- top 25 schools ( 2017 ) -- source : NY Times College Index UC - Irvine 1.90 UC - SantaBar 1.61 UC - Davis 1.60 UC - SanDiego 1.58 UCLA 1.52 U. Florida 1.46 Amherst 1.44 Pomona 1.43 UC - Berkeley 1.38 Harvard 1.36 Vassar 1.36 Williams 1.35 Princeton 1.34 Wellesley 1.32 Stanford 1.31 Knox 1.30 UNC - Chapel 1.30 Columbia 1.26 Barnard 1.25 Yale 1.22 Westminster 1.21 Wesleyan 1.21 Davidson 1.20 MIT 1.20 Texas A&M 1.19 Colleges use high sticker prices because it allows them wide latitude in how to use funds to attract the best students , as well as entice students with special skills or increase its overall racial or ethnic diversity . The most sought - after students can be enticed by high discounts while marginal students can be charged full freight . Further , the high sticker price is a marketing tool to suggest the overall worth of a college education , along the lines of encouraging people to think that `` schools that cost more must provide a better education . '' A report by the Pew Research Center found that while there was growing concern about escalating college prices , most Americans believed that their personal investment in higher education was sound . But discounting adds complexity to decision - making , deterring some students from applying in some instances based on a false sense of unaffordability . In recent years , there has been attention to the problem of bright students from low - income backgrounds not applying to top colleges , and attending less challenging colleges instead or skipping college entirely ; this phenomenon has been called undermatching in the sense that these students are not properly paired or `` matched '' with academically challenging colleges ; there have been efforts at some colleges such as Williams to actively seek out bright low - income students . According to NBC reporter Nona Willis - Aronowitz , the financial makeup of the student body at elite colleges tends to be mostly affluent students , with some low - income students if the college actively seeks out bright low - income applicants , but few students from middle - class backgrounds . As a result , middle - class applicants are increasingly faced with a tough choice : to either attend an elite school , paying close to the sticker price , and graduate with substantial debt , or to attend a publicly supported state school with less debt ; Aronowitz described this as the `` middle class squeeze '' . In 2015 , however , there were several instances of private colleges reducing their tuition by more than 40 % . Further information : College tuition in the United States Net price calculators ( edit ) In the fall of 2011 , colleges were required by federal law to post a net price calculator on their websites to give prospective students and families a rough estimate of likely college costs for their particular institution , and to `` demystify pricing . '' A student or family could go online , find the calculator at a college 's website , and enter the required financial and academic information , and the calculator should tell them an estimate of the likely cost of attending that college . The first online calculators were started by Williams College . The online calculators look at financial need and academic merit to try to estimate the likely discounted price offered to a particular student from a particular college , using information including details from tax returns , household income , grade point averages and test scores . Schools vary in terms of their pricing formulas ; some consider home equity as a factor while others disregard it . Lynn O'Shaughnessy recommends that families shopping for colleges go to a college 's website and use the net price calculator to get a personalized estimate of cost . Sticker versus net price Family income $48 K - $75 K Total annual cost Selected colleges 2012 Source : CNN / Money Click triangles to sort School Sticker price Net price ( avg ) Lafayette 53020 19800 Cornell 55501 27400 New York University 57858 40300 SUNY - Binghamton 20026 19400 U. Chicago 56716 28500 Reed 54800 29400 Berkeley 29027 24300 Swarthmore 54400 20000 Georgetown 55110 26400 Harvard 52652 10600 There are numerous potential problems with the calculators . Some are difficult to find on a college 's website ; others require specific financial numbers , possibly leading to errors by parents or students ; some are difficult to understand and use ; some may be manipulated by schools to increase applications or to make it seem as if a college is `` more affordable '' than it is . Accuracy of calculator estimates may vary considerably from college to college . Ultimately aid decisions will not be made by calculators , but by humans in the admissions offices . Types of financial aid ( edit ) Need - based aid is offered according to the financial need of a student . Generally colleges at the `` top of the pecking order '' dispense aid solely in terms of need using `` fairly predictable formulas '' , according to one source . The Chronicle of Higher Education reported that elite colleges had made little progress in helping poor students get need - based aid , and that less than 15 % of undergraduates at the nation 's 50 wealthiest colleges received Pell Grants in 2008 -- 2009 , which are offered on the basis of need to promising yet less affluent students . According to one source , about 30 elite universities have `` coffers deep enough to meet all student need '' and consequently only offer need - based aid . Merit - based aid is scholarships and grants awarded to top academic performers or others with special talents . One report suggested that academic scholarships tended to be few , and were usually awarded by the admissions office and are `` highly competitive '' . Another report suggested that most colleges use merit scholarships , based on high scores or grades or other accomplishments , to lure students away from a competing college . One view is that most colleges award aid using a mix of both . Further , student loans can lessen the immediate difficulty of large tuition bills but can saddle a student with debt after graduation ; in contrast , grants and scholarships do not have to be paid back . According to Lynn O'Shaughnessy , schools trying to climb the prestige ladder use merit - based scholarships to attract top students to boost their rankings in the US News guidebook . She elaborated that as a school 's `` stock '' rises , high - performing students start attending in greater numbers , and consequently the college can `` ratchet back on the merit aid to wealthy students '' and shift funds towards `` need - based financial aid '' . Elite schools such as the Ivies do n't give merit scholarships , according to two reports . Another tool is to use the College Board 's expected family contribution calculator that can give families an idea of how much college will cost , but not for any particular college . According to US News , 62 out of 1,137 colleges , which responded to a survey , claimed to meet 100 % of the demonstrated financial need of students . `` Demonstrated financial need '' is the gap between the `` expected family contribution '' ( based on tax information , family size and assets ) and the cost of attendance ( tuition and fees , dormitory , food expenses , and so forth . ) Elite colleges with highest % of lower income students Source : NY Times 2017 College Students UCLA 19 % Emory 16 % Barnard 15 % NYU 14 % Vassar 14 % Bryn Mawr 14 % MIT 14 % U. Miami 14 % Brandeis 13 % Wellesley 13 % Further information : Student financial aid in the United States Applying for financial aid ( edit ) The FAFSA website is www.fafsa.ed.gov and is free . Other websites look like the official FAFSA website , but are deliberately misleading . There are many reports that many applicants fail to apply for financial aid when they are qualified for it ; one estimate was that 1.8 million students in 2006 who would have qualified for aid did not apply for it . Applying for financial aid is recommended by almost all college admissions advisers , even for middle - and upper - class families applying to private colleges . Each college has its own criteria for determining financial need and loans . One advisor counseled against letting the sticker price of a college dissuade a student from applying , since many of the top colleges have strong endowments allowing them to subsidize expenses , such that the colleges are less expensive than so - called `` second tier '' or state colleges . College advisers suggest that parents keep financial records , including tax forms , business records , to use when applying for financial aid , and complete the FAFSA online , using income and tax estimates ( usually based on previous years ) , early in January of their college - bound student 's twelfth grade . Admissions officers can see the names of up to nine other colleges a student has applied to . According to several reports , some colleges may deny admission or reduce aid based on their interpretation of the order of colleges on the FAFSA ; accordingly , several sources recommend that colleges be listed alphabetically on the FAFSA to obscure any preferences . The earliest that the FAFSA form can be filled out is January first of twelfth grade ; in contrast , the CSS Profile can be filled out earlier during the preceding fall . There are reports that many parents make mistakes when filling out the FAFSA information , and mistakes include failing to hit the `` submit '' button , visiting an incorrect FAFSA website , such as the deceptively - named fafsa.com , leaving some fields blank instead of properly entering a zero , spelling names or entering social security numbers or estimating tax data incorrectly . Since FAFSA formulas assume 20 % of a student 's assets can be used for college expenses as opposed to 6 % of a parent 's assets , advisors recommend moving funds from student to parent accounts before filing the FAFSA , including moving funds to a parent - controlled 529 plan tax - advantaged account . Filing taxes early is recommended , but using estimates for FAFSA from previous years is possible provided the numbers are updated later after taxes are filed . There are no fees for applying on the FAFSA site . According to one source , the best time to begin searching for scholarships is before the twelfth grade , to guarantee meeting deadlines . Several reports confirm that it is important to file aid forms such as the CSS Profile early in the school year . In addition to cost factors , increasingly colleges are being compared on the basis of the average student debt of their graduates , and US News has developed rankings based on average student indebtedness . A report in the Utne Reader chronicled substantial student indebtedness , and suggested that 37 million Americans in 2009 held student debt , and that nine in ten students used an average of 4.6 credit cards to pay for some educational expenses . The report chronicled an increase in average indebtedness from an average of $2,000 in 1980 -- 81 to over $25,000 in 2009 , as well as substantial decreases in Federal aid and Pell grants during that time period . US News and others suggest another factor overlooked in terms of financing college , which is the length of time it takes to earn a degree . Finishing a year early ( in three years ) lops off a substantial portion of the overall bill , while taking five years compounds the expense and delays entry into the workforce . Jacques Steinberg suggested that many college - bound students calculate how much debt they were likely to incur each year , and he suggested that debt for all four years of college should total less than the graduate 's expected first year 's salary after college , and preferably under $40,000 . A handful of schools have `` free tuition '' policies for low income students , so that they graduate loan - free . Selecting colleges by type ( edit ) Different types of schools offer different educations : including engineering - oriented colleges such as the Rochester Institute of Technology , which emphasizes teaching , internships , and technical education . Two - year county or community colleges , such as Union County College in New Jersey , are geared for students who live at home and commute to school , and can be a highly affordable alternative to many private colleges as well as public universities . Some colleges focus on one particular area , such as the Juilliard School in New York City , which is highly selective , and specializes in preparing students for careers in dance , music , theater , and the arts . Most educational institutions in the U.S. are non-profit ; for - profit colleges and universities are usually more expensive and academically inferior , with many cases of scams . Colleges and universities in the U.S. vary in terms of goals : some may emphasize a vocational , business , engineering or technical curriculum while others may emphasize a liberal arts curriculum . Many combine some or all of the above . Another consideration is the male - female ratio ; overall , 56 % of enrolled college students are women , but the male - female ratio varies by college and year and program . Admissions guidance counselors can offer views about whether a public or private school is best , and give a sense of the tradeoffs . Two - year colleges are often county - or community - oriented schools funded by state or local governments , and typically offer the Associates degree ( A.A. ) . They are generally inexpensive , particularly for in - state residents , and are focused on teaching , and accept most applicants meeting minimum grade and SAT score levels . Students commute to school and rarely live in dorms on campus . These schools often have articulation arrangements with four - year state public schools to permit students to transfer . Consultants suggest that community colleges are reasonably priced , and after two years with solid grades and academic performance , many colleges are willing to accept transfers . Four - year colleges offer Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) or Bachelor of Science ( B.S. ) degrees . These are primarily undergraduate institutions , although some might have limited programs at the graduate level . Graduates of the tuition - free United States service academies receive both a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission . Universities have both undergraduate and graduate students . Graduate programs grant a variety of Master 's degrees including M.B.A.s or M.F.A.s . The highest academic degree is the Doctor of Philosophy or Ph. D. Medical schools award either the M.D. or D.O. degrees while law schools award the J.D. degree . Public and private universities are generally research - oriented institutions that teach both an undergraduate and graduate students . Liberal arts colleges are four - year institutions that emphasize interactive instruction , although research is still a component of these institutions . They are usually residential colleges with most students living on campus in dorms . They tend to have smaller enrollments , class sizes , and lower student - teacher ratios than universities , and encourage teacher - student interaction with classes taught by full - time faculty members rather than graduate students known as teaching assistants . There are further distinctions within the category of liberal arts colleges : some are coeducational , women 's colleges , or men 's colleges . There are historically black colleges ; in addition , while most schools are secular , some stress a particular religious orientation . Most are private colleges but there are some public ones . State colleges and universities . Since they are usually subsidized with state funds , tuitions tend to be lower than private schools . They tend to be large , sometimes with student bodies numbering in the tens of thousands , and offer a variety of programs . They are generally less selective in terms of admissions than elite competitive private schools , and are usually less expensive , sometimes half or a third as much as a private institution for in - state residents ; the affordability may be leading more students in recent years to choose public or state - subsidized or community colleges . There are reports that in budget shortfalls in the past few years , many state schools are selectively trying to attract higher - paying out - of - state residents . In the past few years , competition for spots in public institutions has become more intense , with some state schools such as the State University of New York reporting record numbers of students saying `` yes '' to their offers of admission , unlike years previously . There are reports that tuitions at state universities are rising faster than private universities . Flagship state universities are usually the most prominent public schools in a state , and are often the oldest , have the most funding , and are often the least expensive public college . Specialty colleges such as the United States service academies have particular admissions requirements ; applicants must be nominated by their congressperson . Physically being on a college campus , talking with students , reading in the library , and dining at an on - campus cafeteria can help a prospective student determine if the school feels right . Photo : inside Wilson Commons at the University of Rochester . Students learning massage therapy at the New York College of Health Professions in New York State . Engineering or technical schools specialize in technical and scientific subjects . Some programs can be more competitive and applicants are often evaluated on the basis of grades in subjects such as mathematics ( particularly calculus ) , physics , chemistry , mathematics , and science courses . Visiting colleges ( edit ) The consensus view among guidance advisors is that it is a good idea to visit colleges , preferably when college is in session and not during a summer break , with a chance to meet an actual student in the form of a tour guide , and taking notes for reference later when applying . Sometimes a college will waive the application fee based on the college visit . A benefit is seeing a school as it really is -- not just glossy pictures from a brochure or a promotional video from a website . Another suggested that students should ask themselves , when visiting a particular college : `` can I see myself here '' ? Reporter Jenna Johnson in the Washington Post suggested that students contact a professor in an area of interest at the college before visiting , and try to meet with them briefly or sit in on one of their classes . Reporter Brennan Barnard in the New York Times recommended that student visitors should ask good questions ( by avoiding factual questions better answered by the college 's website ) , and ask for complimentary passes for dining or free food . Barnard recommends going beyond the usual tour to ask random strangers about life on campus and reading the student newspaper . He recommends arranging to speak with a professor in the department of interest as well as athletic coaches and music directors , possibly by emailing them in advance of the visit , to try to meet them even briefly . A follow - up `` thank you '' note to the host is a good idea ( avoid texting abbreviations . ) Counselor Michael Szarek commented on the importance of campus visits in dispelling false impressions : Half of all college classes are not outdoors . Half of all college classes are not gathered around an electron microscope . Sometimes the leaves are brown , or even fall to the ground . So , use the viewbook to get a sense of the institution and what the college thinks are its strengths . But always rely on the campus visit . -- Michael Szarek , 2011 However , one account suggested colleges structured the campus visit with the same boring format , which rarely includes a faculty member : First there is an `` informational session , '' conducted by an admissions officer . This is followed by an hour - long campus tour , which is led by a student with a talent for walking backwards ... On the campus tour , we are always shown a dorm room and a dining hall . We are always taken to a library and told how many volumes it contains . We are informed how many students study abroad ( a lot ) , how many student clubs there are ( ditto ) , and how small the classes are ( very small . ) -- Carl Elliott in The Chronicle of Higher Education , 2012 Applications considerations ( edit ) Extracurricular activities ( edit ) There are conflicting views about student participation in extracurricular activities . A predominant position is that colleges were after `` well - rounded bodies of individual specialists '' , suggesting that it is better for a student to be deeply involved in one or two activities rather than nine or ten superficially , such as a `` violin - playing quarterback '' or a `` math - medalist poet , '' and that students should not `` overdo it '' and that parents should not become overconcerned about their child 's extracurricular activities . Applicants who achieve a leadership position in an extracurricular activity are regarded more highly than applicants who merely participate in a bunch of activities . Advisors recommend that a student should choose which extracurricular activities they genuinely care about , pursue them with `` gusto '' and `` joyful commitment '' that demonstrates integrity and commitment . And , consistent with this view , is that too many extracurricular activities may look suspect to admissions officers , particularly if it seems unreasonable that any person could be as active and succeed scholastically at the same time . Jobs are generally viewed favorably by admissions committees , including even part - time service jobs such as flipping hamburgers , since it suggests that a student has learned to handle time management , to accept responsibility , and develop people skills . A less dominant position was that it is helpful to be involved in a `` variety of activities '' , including jobs , internships , and community service . Some universities , such as the University of California , have formal programs for spot - checking applications for accuracy , such as sending a follow - up letter to the student asking for proof about an extracurricular activity or summer job . Advisors recommend that extracurricular activities should never interfere with a student 's overall academic performance . A student with many extracurricular activities in twelfth grade , but few in preceding years , particularly when the essays focus on the extracurricular activities , is suspect ; this suggests an applicant is being coached , and may reflect negatively on an application . Advisors warn against `` overscheduling '' students with too many activities or courses . Number of applications ( edit ) There are differing views on how many schools a student should apply to . Several reports suggest that applying to too many schools caused unnecessary stress and expense , and hampers a student from targeting applications to a few select schools . But other advisors suggest that applying to more schools increases overall chances for acceptance . Mamlet and VanDeVelde suggest applying to eight to ten schools is best , and that applying to too many schools is counterproductive . There are reports that the average number of schools that students are applying to has been increasing , perhaps because of greater use of the Common Application . In 2008 , applications to Harvard University had increased to a record number at 27,278 , a 19 % increase from the year before . One effect of these numerous applications is to lower the average yield of colleges , which dropped from 46 % to 38 % in 2001 according to one account . Online identity ( edit ) There are reports that some college admissions departments scrutinize applicants ' personalities online , such as Facebook or MySpace profiles , and as a result , they urge students to remove `` sarcastic jokes , bad pictures , or political cartoons , '' and be wary about what their friends post on their pages as well . A concurring report suggested that some offices have people tasked with `` checking out applicants ' Facebook pages '' , although there is a contrasting report from one college recruiter who said that their policy is not to examine Facebook profiles and that `` Facebook is reserved for students on a recreational basis . '' The same caution applies to email addresses ; one advisor cautions against having jazzed - up email addresses such as `` [email protected] '' , but rather that users should stick with their name , if possible , since it can help colleges find a student 's records . Choosing how to apply ( edit ) Acceptances at selective schools : early vs regular admission ( 2009 ) School Overall Early Regular Brown 14 % 23 % 13 % Columbia 11 % 24 % 9 % Cornell 21 % 37 % 20 % Dartmouth 15 % 21 % 6 % Harvard 9 % 21 % 6 % Pennsylvania 9 % 26 % 7 % Princeton 6 % 17 % 5 % Yale 10 % 20 % 12 % Stanford 10 % 16 % 9 % MIT 12 % 11 % 13 % Total 14 % 26 % 12 % Applying in the fall ( edit ) Many schools have implemented a system through which students can apply at a time other than the most common usual deadline of January first of the twelfth grade , to lighten the load on students and admissions officers . Several reports suggest an increase in early admissions . Many open slots for students at many private universities begin to fill up early in the last year of school . In 2001 it was estimated that a third of slots for next year 's first - year class were filled by December , which was an increase from one - fifth a decade earlier . Estimates made around 2011 suggested that 45 % of positions were taken by December . There are reports for specific schools filling up by December 2011 for the 2012 -- 2013 first - year class . For example , American University filled 31 % of its class ; Columbia 45 % , Davidson 40 % , Emory 32 % , Hamilton 38 % , Kenyon 29 % , Middlebury 45 % , Sarah Lawrence 21 % , Smith 20 % , and others . Numerous reports suggest that more students are applying using early decision or early action approaches . Schools such as Duke University , Haverford College , and the University of Chicago reported increases in early applications in 2011 . While early applications had been used by many students in elite prep schools and top high schools primarily in the northeastern United States , they are being used by a more diverse group of students including foreigners and minority applicants to apply to more colleges . A downside of applying early is an inability to compare competing aid packages from different schools , but to an extent this can be mitigated if parents and students ask the college for a fairly firm estimate of expected costs before applying by an early method . Several sources suggested that early admissions programs favor students from wealthier families since there was no need to compare financial aid offers . Adviser Michele Hernandez suggested that the early decision and early action candidate pools were `` much more homogeneous '' with most applicants being affluent white students . High - end academic applicants tended to want to have a choice , while minority applicants needed to compare scholarship offers from different colleges ; accordingly , these latter two groups tended to avoid early applications . According to Hernandez , Ivy League financial aid packages were similar whether one applied early admission or regular admission , since the Ivies are 100 % need blind meaning that they do not take into account an applicant 's ability to pay . Early applicants are urged to submit applications in September and October , and not wait until November , so staff more time to consider the application . There has been controversy surrounding early admissions programs , since there have been reports that most of those accepted in early admissions tended to be white , from good high schools and having upscale family incomes . A report in US News suggested that early admissions approaches were not advised for students who were obviously under or over qualified , dependent on financial aid , undecided , behind in their college search plans , or late bloomers . Early decision ( edit ) Binding commitment . Early decision is a binding decision , meaning that students must withdraw applications to other schools if accepted . It is not legally binding , but there is a commitment involved with penalties for withdrawing for spurious reasons . Advisers suggest that this method is only for students who are absolutely certain about wanting to attend a specific school . If financial aid is a concern or if a family is `` shopping for the best deal '' , then it is usually advised to apply early action or regular decision instead . The one stipulated situation under which a student may back out of the agreement is if the financial aid offer is insufficient . A student who backs out for other reasons may be `` blacklisted '' by the early decision college , which may contact the student 's high school guidance office , and prevent it from sending transcripts to other colleges , and high schools generally comply with such requests . In addition , the jilted college may contact other colleges about the withdrawal , and the other colleges would likely break off their offers of acceptance as well . And by the time that an early decision aid package is offered it may be March or April of twelfth grade , and then if a student backs out at that point for financial reasons , valuable time may be lost . November application . It is made early in the academic year , typically the first week in November , although deadlines vary somewhat , so a student who applies for early decision and is accepted , typically by mid-December , must attend that college . One report maintains that some colleges defer decisions on some early applicants until the next year , past their own deadlines for notifying early applicants . Benefits for universities . Admitting early decision applicants benefits schools because there is an almost certain probability that the admitted applicants will attend and , as a result , colleges can increase their yield by admitting them , and this can help a college improve its ranking . In addition , it helps admissions departments spread the work of sifting through applications throughout more of the school year . Generally counselors suggest this option is only for students who know with certainty that one particular college is their first choice . Greater chance of acceptance . There is strong consensus that applying early decision brings a greater statistical chance of being accepted , possibly doubling or tripling the chances of an acceptance letter . In 2009 , the average early acceptance rate according to one estimate was 15 percentage points greater than regular decision applicants . There is less agreement , however , whether it will help a borderline student win acceptance to a competitive college . There are numerous reports that early decision candidates tend to have stronger educational credentials than regular decision candidates , and as a result , these candidates would have been admitted whether they applied by early or regular methods , and therefore the greater statistical likelihood of acceptance may have been explained by membership in the stronger applicant pool . But a more widely held view is that early decision method boosts the chances of a borderline student ; as Robert J. Massa of Lafayette College explained , `` colleges really want qualified students who want them '' and are more likely to offer acceptances to students ready to make a full commitment . There was a report that the `` acceptance rate gap '' between early and regular decision -- currently an average of 57 % accepted if applied early decision versus 50 % if applied regular decision -- has been narrowing in recent years . Early decision has been criticized for unfairly advantaging students from affluent families . Other benefits . Twelfth graders can know sooner where they will attend and can get the hassle and uncertainty of the applications process over sooner . There is less work and expense applying to other colleges . How early decision affects financial aid . There are conflicting reports about how early decision affects aid offers . The more widely held view is that a student 's bargaining position is weaker because the student can not compare offers from different colleges . Since the applicant is declaring an intention to attend if accepted , then the school can `` pinpoint the smallest amount of financial aid it will take for the student to attend . '' There have been reports of problems with early Decision aid offers falling below levels that had been expected prior to applying . A report in the Chicago Tribune suggested that applying early decision could cost `` thousands more than necessary . '' A report in US News pointed to a research study concluding that regular decision applicants get more financial aid than early ones . Lynn O'Shaughnessy described early decision as `` essentially applying blind '' because a student has agreed to attend before seeing the financial aid package ; and this practice `` favors rich students . '' Several reports confirm that early decision applicants tend to come from wealthier families . However , a contrasting view is that students who apply early have an advantage getting aid because they are applying earlier in the year when that aid is being doled out , and the early decision kids have `` first crack at the money , '' particularly at competitive schools without extra-large endowments . Two reports suggested that while a student 's bargaining position is somewhat weaker , it is not totally diminished , and that if a college thinks an early decision admittee may withdraw because of financial concerns , the college `` may pull out all the stops '' to prevent this , and that the possibility of backing out for financial reasons gives an applicant some form of negotiating leverage . Ivy League universities and other universities with large endowments may be somewhat different , in the sense that all aid offers are likely to be based solely on financial need , and that whether an applicant applied by early or regular methods would have no impact on the resulting financial aid package , according to one report . Early action ( edit ) College admissions consultant Michael Szarek advises against applying early decision unless a student is totally certain of the choice and parents have sufficient resources to pay the bill ; he often recommends the non-binding alternative , early action , as an alternative . Generally early action is similar to early decision except the decision is not binding , so a student could apply to multiple colleges . The time frame is similar : apply by early November , get a decision by mid-December , although specific deadlines vary by school . It allows a student to compare competing offers . The exception is that there are four colleges -- Harvard , Princeton , Stanford , and Yale -- which have a single - choice early action program , meaning that an applicant can only apply early action to one school . Early action can be the best choice for students who know they prefer one particular school and have done everything possible to secure admission since a student will know the result of the application sooner , and to varying extents allows a student to compare aid offers from different schools . One report suggested that non-binding early action programs continued to be highly popular , and noticed that three schools -- -- Harvard , Princeton , and the University of Virginia -- which had abandoned early admissions programs in 2006 , reestablished them in 2011 after other colleges failed to follow their lead . Generally fewer schools offer the early action program but ones that do include Georgetown University , MIT , and Boston College . One account suggested that early action did not give as much of an `` admissions edge '' as early decision because it was non-binding . Regular admission ( edit ) Regular admission is a good choice for students who are unsure where they would like to go . One advantage is that it can help students who have improved their grades substantially in the fall of twelfth grade , since decisions are not made until March of that year . In addition , it offers students more time to make their decision about a college under somewhat less pressure than an early method . The fairly dominant view is that regular admission is more likely to result in higher offers of financial aid , particularly if students are admitted to several institutions that present different aid offers . Accordingly , one offer can be used as leverage to try to get a better offer at another institution , particularly if there are competing multiple acceptances . Several reports suggested that a `` growing number of colleges '' including Harvard , Cornell , and Carnegie - Mellon have stated publicly that they will consider matching offers from competing colleges . Kim Clark explained : If you want to go to Cornell ... and you do n't think your family can afford the full sticker prices ... you are likely to get bigger scholarships if you also apply -- and get in -- to wealthy and more competitive schools ... Cornell will now adopt Harvard 's definition of `` need , '' which , in many cases , will mean bigger scholarships . -- report in US News , 2010 However , a dissenting view in the New York Times suggested that only one to two percent of colleges adjust aid packages based on offers from competing colleges , and that most colleges do not get into bidding wars over specific students . Rolling admissions ( edit ) Some colleges offer this type of admission , typically used by schools with large numbers of applicants , which means that colleges are continually receiving applications and making decisions , typically within four to six weeks after application . It allows prospective students to apply at any time between the fall and spring and to receive their result a few weeks later . One benefit is that if a student is accepted early in the school year , there is less anxiety about acceptance for the rest of the year . Rolling admission schools are also beneficial to students who are rejected from all the schools they applied regularly to , yet still wish to enroll without taking a gap year . Guidance counselors suggest that rolling admissions should not be used late in twelfth grade since financial aid money may have already been distributed , and few slots may be left for September . One advisor suggests that if a college offers rolling admissions and is on a student 's list , then it should be applied to as soon as rolling admissions becomes available for that year . Another report suggested that rolling admissions was more characteristic of noncompetitive colleges . Testing Options ( edit ) Test preparation courses ( edit ) There are conflicting reports about the usefulness of test preparation courses . Mamlet and VanDeVelde suggest that `` most students do n't need a coach or a class '' and that the single largest factor was `` familiarity with the test '' . Another report agreed that SAT / ACT prep courses were a waste of money and that taking a few practice exams , and understanding how each test works , was all that was needed . According to NBC News , the multibillion - dollar private test prep industry , including coaching and tutoring as well as software and clinics , is a source of `` inequality and injustice '' in higher education since it enables the offspring of well - to - do families to improve their test scores by means of learning `` tips and tricks '' ; there is a report in March 2014 that the College Board is planning to redesign the SAT to make it less susceptible to gaming . Test prep courses can cost $1,000 per course ; tutors can cost $15,000 per year , according to one estimate . Standardized admissions tests ( edit ) A sample so - called `` grid - in '' question from a standardized test . In 2003 , according to one estimate , 1.4 million students took the SAT and 1.4 million also took the ACT test , paying about $50 per test . Generally counselors suggest that students should plan on taking the SAT or ACT test twice , so that a low score can possibly be improved . One advisor suggested that students with weak SAT or ACT scores could consider applying to colleges where these measures were optional . One suggested retaking the tests if there are `` subpar test scores '' in September and October ( if applying early admission ) or November and December ( if applying regular admission . ) Generally over half of eleventh graders retaking the SAT or ACT tests during the twelfth grade saw improvements in their scores . Colleges vary in terms of how much emphasis they place on these scores . A consensus view is that most colleges accept either the SAT or ACT , and have formulas for converting scores into admissions criteria , and can convert SAT scores into ACT scores and vice versa relatively easily . The ACT is reportedly more popular in the midwest and south while the SAT is more popular on the east and west coasts . Apparently there have been instances of persons taking admissions tests in place of the real student as paid SAT test - takers , which is illegal , but the existence of such services has been called `` an open secret in competitive circles '' ; for example , in 2011 , an Emory University second - year student was arrested for taking the test for another person on a fee basis . One report suggested the College Board was considering requiring that test - takers submit a photograph of themselves on the test day as a precaution against impersonation . The photos would be stored in a password - protected database , but would not be shared with college admissions departments . Michele Hernandez recommended taking the SAT or ACT test only once or twice otherwise an applicant may appear `` score obsessed . '' One report suggested that a benefit of the ACT test was that it allowed the test - taker to have greater freedom to choose which scores to send to which colleges . Counselors suggest that students practice taking the test under actual testing conditions . Counselors advise students taking tests should become familiar with directions beforehand so there will be more time to focus on problems during the actual test . And the use of tests by colleges has been criticized as being ineffective at predicting ultimate life success ; one study suggested that SAT results `` do n't mean much long term '' . ACT test SAT test Content - based test Tests reasoning ability Emphasizes higher math Emphasizes vocabulary Longer questions Trickier questions More popular in south & midwest More popular in east & west Science reasoning section Vocabulary section No penalty for wrong answers No penalty for wrong answers Greater choice in selecting which scores to send to colleges Fewer options Difficult questions randomly interspersed Difficulty progresses within each section Regarding whether to choose the SAT or ACT , the consensus view is that both tests are roughly equivalent and tend to bring similar results , and that each test is equally accepted by colleges . Reporter Jacques Steinberg in the New York Times suggested that admissions deans repeatedly inform him that colleges view the ACT and SAT tests equally and do not have a preference . At the same time , small differences between the tests may translate into a slight benefit for the test - taker . One report suggested that the SAT favors `` white male students '' from upper income backgrounds . Another report suggests that the ACT has more questions geared to higher levels of high school mathematics , suggesting that students who do well in math may perform better , but that the SAT is a better choice for students with an excellent vocabulary . According to one view , the SAT is more focused on testing reasoning ability while the ACT is more of a content - based test of achievement . In addition , according to this view , some SAT questions can be trickier and harder to decipher while some ACT questions may be longer ; question difficulty progresses within each SAT section while difficult questions are randomly interspersed in the ACT ; the SAT has a separate vocabulary section while the ACT has a separate science reasoning section . In 2016 the SAT was updated to remove the penalty for random guessing ; the College Board advises that test - takers will benefit by guessing . SAT subject tests ( edit ) Several sources suggested that the SAT subject tests were becoming more important in evaluating applicants . One described them as `` true equalizers '' in admissions , suggesting how strong a high school is , and elaborated that some admissions officers considered them to be a better indicator of academic ability than high school grades . Another suggested that selective colleges like to get results from SAT subject tests in addition to other ones , while public universities placed less emphasis on them . Advanced placement tests ( edit ) There was a report that scores on Advanced Placement exams could be helpful in the evaluations process . One report suggested there was a limit on the number of AP tests that should be taken , such that taking 12 AP tests was not as helpful as taking five and doing well on those five . Common vs. college 's application ( edit ) The Common Application . The advantage of the Common Application is that it is the same for numerous colleges , and can save time and trouble for a student . It is accepted at 488 colleges out of several thousand , but only a third of the 488 use it exclusively , meaning that two - thirds allow an applicant to submit either the Common Application or the school 's specific application form . According to Hernandez , many admissions officers complain that the Common Application stifles creativity and encourages `` dull responses '' , and she recommends that students use the college 's particular application when there is a choice . Interviews ( edit ) Main article : College interview Internet videoconferencing using Skype with face - on - face technology allows a coach to prepare an applicant for a college interview despite the geographic distance . Admissions office of the University of South Carolina in Columbia , South Carolina . There are differing recommendations about the importance of interviews , with the consensus view that interviews were overall less important than college admissions essays , but should be done if they were offered . One advisor suggested that visits by college admissions personnel to the high schools were a waste of time for colleges , since there was not enough time to get to know specific applicants . In addition , she felt that personal interviews were generally overrated , though she noted that many Ivies have alumni interviews , which can help in borderline situations . One counselor suggested that if an interview was offered by a college admissions program , then it was not really optional but it should be seen as a requirement , that is , not going to such an interview could be detrimental to a student 's chances for admission . Another suggested that a student should try to get an interview , even if it was not required , since it might help `` exhibit character strengths '' that might not show up via grades on high school transcripts . Several reports noted that most Ivy League schools have abandoned the interview requirement , but that if there is an opportunity for an interview , even with an alumnus of the college , then it is a good idea to do it since not doing it signals a lack of interest in the school . Knowing a college can be helpful during an interview , so that an applicant can say something specific about the school , or a professor who teaches there , or a subject or internship opportunities , since it shows sincere interest . Interviews ( if offered ) may be more of a factor at small liberal arts colleges : Our advice is that if offered an interview , a student should take it ... And they should dress as if they are going to dinner with their grandparents . The biggest faux pax comes in inappropriate dress for both sexes . Spaghetti straps , buttons that pop open . For boys a rumpled T - shirt ... If you look in the mirror and you think you look good , change your clothes . This is not a date . -- Mamlet and VanDeVelde One suggested that a goal of interview preparation should be to present oneself as `` comfortable with spontaneous conversation '' and be able to talk about interests without sounding like the answers were prepared in advance , and suggested it was important to show intellectual passion and a love of learning with a deep excitement , and show `` social maturity '' with sensitivity , empathy for others unlike oneself , and concern for issues larger than personal career ambitions . An applicant should have an attitude that was not be what can the college offer but what can the student offer the college , and he or she should avoid asking questions about facts better answered elsewhere , and show an openness to new ideas , an ability to work cooperatively with others , ambition , and caring about others . Interviewees should be ready for sometimes provocative questions to test social sensitivity ; if an interviewer asks a `` baiting or leading question '' , an applicant should respond by laughing while politely disagreeing with the perspective , and to keep trying to enjoy the conversation with the interviewer . Another advisor suggested that students must be prepared to answer the question What is your biggest failure in an interview . Applicants should avoid sounding snide , annoyed , contemptuous , and avoid describing oneself as humiliated , bored , depressed , angry , shy , inhibited , anxious , frightened , and frustrated , and should be upbeat but avoid going for the hard sell . Another report suggested that shy or timid applicants were at a disadvantage . Another advisor suggested that a student try to find a common bond with the interviewer , and send a brief follow - up letter afterwards . Essays ( edit ) There are differing opinions about the importance of the college essay . The consensus view is that the essay is less important than grades and test scores , but that an essay can make a difference in some instances , often at highly selective colleges where they can `` make or break your application . '' There was one report that essays were becoming more important as a way to judge a student 's potential , and that essays have supplanted personal interviews as a primary way to evaluate a student 's character . Generally counselors recommend that the essay should not be too long , such as over 500 words . The Common Application suggests 250 to 500 words in length . One advisor suggested that an essay longer than 700 words risked `` straining their patience '' , but the 500 - word suggested maximum length is not a hard - and - fast rule , and what 's important is honing and rewriting : Writing is easy ; rewriting is hard . And essays deserve to be rewritten several times . Lots of kids think the objective is to write about something that will impress the admission office . In part that is true , but what impresses an admission officer is an essay that conveys something positive about the applicant ; that allows the committee to get to know the kid just a bit from those few pieces of paper . The essay is an opportunity to provide a different perspective about the applicant , a reason to accept a kid . It is an opportunity not to be wasted . Advisors suggest that the essay should be concise , honest ( with no embellishments ) , coherent , not boring , accurate , evoking vivid images , revealing a likeable and smart individual , with cautious use of humor , and possibly touching on controversial topics but in a balanced way . Other tips include avoiding jargon or abbreviations , overly emotional appeals , profanity or texttalk ( example : Schools H8 2 C texttalk ) , or artiness ( e.g. poetry in an application ) or being cocky . Former guidance counselor for students at Andover and college admissions authority , Donald Dunbar , suggested that essays must emphasize personal character and demonstrate intellectual curiosity , maturity , social conscience , concern for the community , tolerance , and inclusiveness . He advises do n't just `` be yourself '' , but show your `` best self '' , and that demonstrating class participation suggests a `` willingness to go beyond selfishness '' and shows enthusiasm for learning . Alan Gelb suggests that the only no - no is `` shameless self - promotion '' . Topics to avoid include babysitting experiences , pets , encounters with illegal drugs or alcohol or criminal activity , excuses to explain a low grade , stories about a former home or big brother or sister , simply listing achievements , expressing thanks for being chosen as a leader , talking about a `` wilderness leadership course '' , general complaining or whining , racism or sexism or disrespect for groups of people , bad taste or profanity or vulgarity or bathroom humor , early love or sex experiences , criticism or disrespect for parents , telling only jokes , excessive bragging or too many instances of the `` I '' pronoun , divulging personal health information about yourself or a friend or a family member , copy - and - pasting a term paper in the essay form such as about global warming or the European debt crisis , and experiences involving lawbreaking or illegal activity . Applicants should not express opinions too strongly as if no possible counterviews were possible . The topic should be something the applicant cares about , and should show leadership in the sense of `` asserting yourself to help others have more success . '' According to Dunbar , leadership is not necessarily about being in charge such as being the team captain or school president . Applicants should present a broad perspective and avoid simplistic words such as never , always , only , or nobody , which suggest narrow thinking . Dunbar advised against the standard `` tell ' em what you 've told ' em '' essay formula but doing something different , interesting , and exciting . Former admissions director Michele Hernandez agreed , and suggested that the best essay topics were a slice - of - life story , with poignant details , in which the writer shows and does not tell . She suggested that a student show their essay to a literate friend and ask if would they admit this person to the college . She recommended that applicants not try to come across as a `` preppy well - off kid '' but downplay parental status . Advisors Mamlet and VanDeVelde suggest that students proactively try to explain an unusual grade , such as a low grade in a core course . There are online databases available to help students write cogent essays . Teacher recommendations ( edit ) Some colleges ask for teacher recommendation letters , typically from 11th or 12th grade teachers of core courses , and preferably who know the student well . One report suggested that having more than four recommendations was a mistake , and that a `` thick file '' indicated a `` thick student '' to admissions personnel . One report , however , was that teacher recommendations were becoming less important as a rating measure , according to one report . There is a report that some colleges are asking for recommendation letters from parents to describe their child : You might think they do nothing but brag ... But parents really nail their kids . They really get to the essence of what their daughter is about in a way we ca n't get anywhere else . -- Deb Shaver , director of admissions at Smith College Other considerations ( edit ) Dickinson College in Carlisle , Pennsylvania . Advisors counsel that applicants should meet deadlines , spend time researching colleges , be open - minded , have fun , communicate what `` resonates '' to the applicant about a particular school , not fall in love with one or two colleges , follow directions precisely and make sure to click the `` submit '' button . Rudeness towards staff members , feigning enthusiasm , and being pretentious are other turnoffs reported by admissions officers . There is strong consensus among counselors and advisors that starting the college search early is vital . One recommends starting early in the twelfth grade ; another suggests that even this is too late , and that the process should begin during the eleventh grade and summer before twelfth grade . And sources suggest that students who begin the process earlier tend to earn more acceptance letters . Another advantage of beginning early is so that applications can be proofread for mistakes . Advisors suggest that emails should be sent to specific persons in the admissions office , not to a generalized inbox . Advisors suggest that applicants sending in paper applications should take care that handwriting is legible , particularly email addresses . Advisors counsel that mistakes or changes should be explained somewhere in the application ; for example , an adviser at Grinnell College suggested that a record need not be perfect but there must be an `` explanation for any significant blip . '' Advisors suggest that applicants should `` own up to any bad behavior '' such as suspensions since schools are `` dutybound to report them '' , and suggest that a person should `` accept responsibility and show contrition for `` lessons learned , '' according to one view . Disciplinary actions are usually reported to the colleges by the high school as a matter of course . Advisors suggest that the application should help a student position themselves to create a unique picture . It helps , according to one advisor , if a person knows himself or herself , because that enables an applicant to communicate effectively with a prospective school . A report in the New York Times in 2016 suggested that some universities were considering changing their admissions guidelines to be more inclusive of less affluent applicants , to put less emphasis on standardized test and AP scores , and to put more emphasis on determining `` which students ' community - service projects are heartfelt and which are merely window dressing '' ; the report suggested that college admissions policies were often `` cited as a culprit in sleep deprivation , anxiety and depression among students . '' International applications ( edit ) Foreign ( non-US citizen ) students applying from another country form a large and growing percentage of applicants ( including accepted applicants ) to American universities . According to Andover counseling director Sean Logan , applications to American universities from foreign students have increased dramatically in the past decade . International applications are typically similar to domestic ones but with additional complications . Most international applicants do not receive a GPA score or transcript from their school . Most will not normally take SAT or ACT exams , so these must be arranged . Most American universities are happy to accept international and foreign qualifications such as the International Baccalaureate or IB , or British A Levels , although it is often up to the applicant to elaborate on the meaning of these qualifications . Non-native English speakers may be asked to provide English language qualifications . If a university requires or offers an interview , these can normally be conducted over the phone or with alumni residing in the applicant 's country , according to Uni in the USA , a guide book catering to the growing number of British students seeking to study in the United States . International applicants often must cope with higher tuition fees and less available financial aid , although this varies significantly by college . Further , international applicants also have to apply for a student visa , which can be a complex and time - consuming process . International students contributed an estimated $35 billion to the United States economy . How colleges evaluate applicants ( edit ) Factors having considerable importance Factor % Agree Grades in college prep courses 83 % Strength of curriculum 66 % Admission test scores 59 % Grades in all courses 46 % Essay or writing sample 27 % Student 's demonstrated interest 23 % Class rank 22 % Counselor recommendation 19 % Teacher recommendation 19 % Subject test scores 10 % Interview 9 % Extracurricular activities 7 % Portfolio 6 % SAT II scores 5 % State graduation exam 4 % Source : 2010 survey by NACAC Overview ( edit ) Colleges use a variety of methods to evaluate applicants . One source noted that four of every five colleges accept more than half of all applicants , and three - fourths of students who apply to colleges are accepted by their first choice college . Depending on the size and values of the school , admissions criteria can vary from being almost entirely formulaic to involving significant subjective judgment regarding the student 's `` fit '' for the institution . Criteria vary considerably by school , and one view is that the `` great deal of inconsistency across institutions '' sometimes gave an incorrect impression that `` student selection is arbitrary . '' Criteria include standardized test scores ( generally ACT and / or SAT ) , class rank , grades ( as shown in the high school transcript ) , degree of extracurricular involvement , and leadership potential . One report suggested that the most important criteria , in order of importance , were Grades in college preparatory courses Strength of curriculum Grades in all courses Class rank Many colleges also rely on personal essay ( s ) written by the applicant and letters of recommendation written by the applicant 's teachers and guidance counselor ; one benefit of the essay is to help colleges such as Pitzer College , which claims that half of its applicants have `` perfect or near - perfect grades and test scores , '' further differentiate students . Institutions place different weight on these criteria : for example , some schools do not require or even accept the SATs for admission . It should be noted that some factors are beyond a student 's control , such as a college 's need in a given year for diversity , legacy applicants , or athletic recruiting . It is a complicated task for admissions staff at selective colleges to analyze and process thousands of applications with a `` huge mail deluge '' since there are often six pieces of mail for each applicant , including transcripts , letters of recommendation , and the application itself . College admissions personnel spend less time on average reading each particular application ; in 2009 , the average admissions officer was responsible for analyzing 514 applications , and the trend was in the direction of officers having to read more and more applications . A typical college application receives only about 25 minutes of reading time , including three to five minutes for the personal essay if it is read . Advisors suggest that understanding some of the criteria can help an applicant apply to colleges with greater success . Some colleges extract information from the federal FAFSA financial aid form , including names of other schools the applicant is applying to . Counselors urge students and parents to understand what types of things colleges tend to look for in applications , and plan accordingly . A key attribute admissions evaluators look for , according to Mamlet and Vandevelde , is authenticity -- a real person who comes through the application , not a packaged artificial entity or distortion crafted to impress an admissions officer . An admissions officer at Vanderbilt University wrote about how their office evaluates applicants : `` It 's really about , ' What did I take advantage of in the environment I was given . ' '' Several reports suggested that colleges were not looking for the `` well - rounded kid '' but rather a `` well - rounded class '' : Colleges are looking for ... the well - rounded class . Colleges put together their entering class as a mosaic : a few great scholars for each academic department ; a handful of athletes ; some musicians , dancers , and theater stars ; a few for racial and economic diversity ; some potential club leaders , etc . Colleges want a kid who is devoted to -- and excels at -- something . The word they most often use is passion . -- Steve Cohen in the Washington Post , 2011 Colleges want students who have demonstrated through their actions an ability to see and connect with a world that is larger than they are . -- Robin Mamlet and Christine Vandevelde , 2011 Academic evaluation ( edit ) Admissions results 2012 ( edit ) 2012 Admission Decisions for selected colleges Source : The New York Times Based on self - reported data from colleges -- - Click triangles to sort columns -- - University St Ap - plied # Over - all rate Early rate Regu - lar rate Amherst MA 5511 12 % 10 % Babson MA 5511 29 % 53 % 21 % Barnard NY 5440 21 % 45 % 18 % SUNY - Bing . NY 28174 42 % 56 % 36 % Boston Coll MA 34000 29 % 40 % 26 % Boston U MA 43979 45 % 47 % 44 % Bowdoin ME 6716 16 % 25 % 14 % Brown RI 28742 10 % 19 % Caltech CA 5225 17 % 19 % Carleton MN 5850 26 % 41 % 26 % Carnegie - Mel PA 17300 27 % 26 % 27 % Claremont Mc CA 5056 12 % 29 % 10 % Colby ME 5241 29 % 50 % 29 % Colgate NY 7795 29 % 51 % 27 % Columbia NY 31851 7 % 20 % Cooper Union NY 3556 6 % 9 % 6 % Cornell NY 37812 16 % 33 % Dartmouth NH 23110 9 % 26 % 8 % Dickinson PA 5843 40 % 53 % 28 % Duke NC 31600 12 % 25 % 11 % Elon NC 10195 51 % 86 % 29 % Emory GA 17502 26 % 38 % 25 % G Washington DC 21759 33 % 38 % Grinnell IA 4554 30 % 58 % 28 % Hamilton NY 5107 27 % 44 % Hanover IN 3546 62 % 62 % Harvard MA 34302 6 % 18 % 4 % Harvey Mudd CA 3591 17 % 20 % 17 % Johns Hopkins MD 20496 18 % 38 % 16 % Juilliard NY 2319 7 % 7 % Lafayette PA 6654 34 % 56 % 32 % Lehigh PA 11527 32 % 63 % 30 % Lewis&Clark OR 6506 64 % 85 % 58 % Macalester MN 6031 35 % Middlebury VT 8849 18 % 32 % 16 % MIT MA 11632 9 % 11 % Northwestern IL 32066 15 % 33 % 15 % Ohio State OH 26100 63 % Olin MA 785 18 % 18 % Pitzer CA 4227 16 % Pomona CA 7457 13 % 38 % 16 % Princeton NJ 26664 8 % 21 % Rensselaer NY 15203 43 % 43 % 35 % Reed OR 3131 34 % Rice TX 12393 21 % 31 % Rutgers NJ 28126 59 % Scripps CA 2373 30 % 39 % 30 % St. Lawrence NY 4033 46 % 87 % 43 % Stanford CA 36631 7 % 13 % 7 % SUNY StonyB NY 27305 38 % 38 % TCNJ NJ 9956 47 % 55 % Texas A&M TX 31478 59 % 59 % Trinity CT 7716 33 % UC Berkeley CA 61702 21 % UC Davis CA 49416 46 % UC Irvine CA 54532 36 % UCLA CA 72657 21 % UC Merced CA 13148 75 % UC Riverside CA 29888 61 % UC San Diego CA 60838 38 % UC Santa Bar CA 54831 42 % UC Santa Cr . CA 32954 60 % U Chicago IL 25277 13 % 18 % U Delaware DE 26534 53 % 53 % U Florida FL 29220 41 % 41 % UNC Chapel H NC 28491 27 % 38 % 16 % U. Penn . PA 31217 12 % 25 % 10 % U Puget Sou . WA 6772 53 % 88 % 53 % U Rochester NY 17428 36 % USC CA 46030 18 % 18 % U. Virginia VA 27200 29 % 29 % 23 % U. Wisc - Mad . WI 29008 54 % 54 % Vanderbilt TN 28335 13 % 25 % 12 % Vassar NY 7908 22 % 43 % 21 % Wake Forest NC 11366 32 % 43 % 31 % Wash & Lee VA 5970 18 % 40 % 15 % Washington U MO 28826 15 % 31 % 17 % Wesleyan CT 10503 20 % 45 % 18 % William & M . VA 13651 31 % 48 % 29 % Williams MA 7067 17 % Yale CT 28974 7 % 16 % 5 % Results for admissions decisions for selected colleges are posted in the adjacent table . Statistical analysis ( edit ) There are numerous reports that colleges use proprietary mathematical algorithms as part of their process for evaluating applications . Some colleges hire statistical experts known as `` enrollment consultants '' to help them predict enrollment by developing computer models to select applicants in such a way as to maximize yield and acceptance rates . Some of these models take into account factors such as an applicant 's `` zip code , religion , first - choice major and extracurricular interests , as well as academic performance '' . Colleges have been reported to have mathematical algorithms that recalculate an applicant 's high school grade point average by weighing different course grades by factors such as perceived course difficulty and strength of high school curriculum This helps the college come up with a revised GPA number for a student to compare against applicants from other schools . Furthermore , many colleges track how well other students from the same high school have done -- that is , applicants from the same high school who attended or are attending the college -- by comparing their high school grades against their college grades , and admissions officers use this data to try to estimate the likely college grade performance of a given applicant . Generally admissions departments do not reveal the particulars of such mathematical analyses . According to Michele Hernandez , Ivy League admissions departments compile an academic index based on three main factors : Highest SAT Reasoning Math / Critical Reading score Average of three highest SAT Subject tests Converted rank score based on grades , class rank , and high school difficulty In her view , two - thirds of this evaluation is based on tests , while only one third is based on grades , leading her to conclude at one point that grades were less important overall as a factor than test scores , while in a different chapter she also suggested that the high school transcript information described roughly 60 % of the college 's perception of a student 's academic performance . Next , the composite academic index score was combined with an analysis of personal factors such as extracurricular activity or the essay , such that the academic factor was weighted 70 % to 85 % while the personal evaluation was weighted only 30 % to 15 % . Generally the particulars of the mathematical formulas are not revealed to the public , and different colleges have different formulas . Part of the purpose of algorithms is to expedite the handling of thousands of applications in a short amount of time . For example , at Dartmouth College , data goes into a master card for each application , which leads to a ready sheet , where readers summarize applications ; then , an initial screening is done : top applications go directly to the director of admissions for approval while lackluster ones go to another director . Dartmouth uses `` A '' for accept , `` R '' for reject , `` P '' for possible , with `` P + '' and `` P - '' being variants . A committee might spend a week with the `` P '' ones , of which they only accept about a sixth , according to Hernandez . Analysis of grades ( edit ) The consensus view is that high school grades are probably the single most important factor in winning admission . Maintaining high grades is particularly important for the fall semester of twelfth grade , as well as winter grades if applying by regular admission , and there is a report that colleges are paying greater attention to a student 's grades throughout twelfth grade . Particularly important is academic performance in core courses , and having a high grade point average based on good grades in AP - level or honors courses . Colleges evaluate applicants often by examining how a student has successfully exploited what a high school has had to offer . High school guidance counselor Erin Day of Summit High School in New Jersey suggested that of the top five criteria for getting into college , having good grades were first , second , and third most important overall ( test scores were fourth , extracurricular activities and essay were fifth ) . An ideal academic record is one of increasingly better grades in courses of progressive difficulty . Hernandez wrote that colleges looked for patterns with both grades and test scores ; high grades with low test scores suggested a hard - working student , but high test scores with low grades suggested a picture of a lazy student . Ninth grade grades generally do not count much , but trends are important -- an upward trend in grades was a positive factor , a decline a negative one . Public universities are more likely to evaluate applicants based on grades and test scores alone , while private universities tend to be more `` holistic '' and consider other measures , according to one view . ACT and SAT scores ( edit ) The consensus view is that these are important , although Mamlet and VanDeVelde feel the scores `` do n't count as much as people think they do . '' There are many reports that admissions departments consider only the highest test results in different test subsections , sometimes called superscore results or superscoring , so if a student takes a standardized test during multiple sittings , for example , admissions officers consider the highest math and verbal scores , regardless of test date . Two sources in the Washington Post suggested that colleges routinely superscore the SAT test but rarely the ACT , possibly because of difficulty processing five separate rounded numbers . Rigor of high school courses ( edit ) Analysis of high school applicants A consensus view is that taking rigorous high school courses is a plus . Guidance counselors report that admissions personnel take a student 's course of study into serious consideration when evaluating applications . Admissions officers construct a high school profile and take into account such data as curriculum offerings , demographics , and grade distributions at the high school . One adviser suggested taking the hardest courses that there were , and that the worst thing , in terms of evaluations , was to drop a hard course . Personal evaluation ( edit ) Athletic ability ( edit ) Athletes in popular sports such as football are recruited by colleges hoping to improve their athletic programs . A survey of admissions officers revealed that 28 % agreed that their school had accepted athletes despite having lower grades and test scores than others . A survey by the Atlanta Journal - Constitution found that schools with strong athletics departments tended to have athletes with lower SAT scores than non-athletic students . Athletes get better treatment even at elite colleges , according to one academic study . A report suggested that some applications by athletes go first to a special committee for review by coaches , who may then , in turn , advocate for particular players . Recruited athletes who play in - demand or `` revenue '' sports ( i.e. generate ticket sales ) such as football or basketball can have a `` significantly greater advantage in admissions '' than others . Some Ivy League coaches , seeking to improve the average academic performance of their teams , would admit mediocre athletes with top academic skills as a means to balance out the stellar athletes with below - average academic ability . To fix this `` average score '' arrangement in which there had been a temptation to admit an extremely poor student with great athletic ability , many schools went to a banding arrangement . For example , coaches would consider all wrestling applicants within a specified range or band of academic performance , and coaches could admit more wrestler - applicants who showed greater scholastic promise . Howard and Matthew Greene report that coaches do not make admissions decisions , but they can advocate for a particular applicant . And they report that committed athletes should explain in their applications how much time they have used towards perfecting their athletic ability : We often talk with highly involved athletes who have little time for other activities outside of their sports . In many cases their grades suffer . Most student - athletes are not `` recruited '' to colleges , but colleges will respect their commitment and drive . -- Howard and Matthew Greene , 2003 Particular skills ( edit ) Some colleges are more likely to admit students with in - demand skills , such as writing , debating , theater management , science competitions , organizational skills , musical skills , and so forth . Personal initiative ( edit ) Admissions personnel look favorably on applications where it is clear that the student , himself or herself , appears to be firmly in control over the whole application process ; the appearance of pushy parents or coaching can have a dampening effect . Ideally it is best if the student , himself or herself , is in charge of organizing the college search and decision - making process ; the `` student must be in the driver 's seat '' . One admissions dean explained : And admissions officers are turned off by `` micromanaging parents '' . Students who really manage the show on their own , fill out the application on their own , make their own appointments for interviews , correspond with you on their own email account -- these students get extra points because they 're managing their lives . -- Jennifer Delahunty , Admissions Dean at Kenyon Demonstrated interest ( edit ) This can be an important factor in some situations , sometimes a `` driving factor '' , since a college may be more likely to say yes to a student likely to matriculate . Accordingly , it has been advised to become knowledgeable about schools being applied to , and `` tailor each application accordingly . '' College visits ( including overnight ones ) , interviews , attending College Fair days , comments in the essay , contacting college faculty members , answering and opening emails , place position of the college on the FAFSA form or its FAFSA position , and other indications of interest can be a factor for many colleges concerned about their yield -- the percent of students who accept an offer of enrollment . According to Andover 's college counseling director Sean Logan , it is important to have numerous contact points with colleges to show demonstrated interest : visiting , phone contact , emailing , visits to websites ( including number of clicks as well as length of time on the website ) , whether a college visit included a tour and interview , and whether a college - recommended off - campus personal interview was done . Schools such as Connecticut College and Emory University have been credited as `` popularizing the yield game '' by refusing well - qualified students who failed to show much real interest in attending , as a way to boost their yield scores . One top high school student was waitlisted at a `` likely '' college for showing lack of interest : We assumed they were n't coming , because we did n't have much contact from them . We know they 're probably using us as a back - up and they have n't done much to show any sincere interest , so we decided to waitlist them . -- Andover college counseling director Sean Logan , remembering a comment from a college admissions director . Active participation ( edit ) Students with special skills such as wrestling may be given preferential treatment . One report suggested that colleges seek students who will be actively involved on campus and not spend every day studying alone . As a result , they look for high school teacher recommendations that suggest active classroom participation , students who speak up in class , who ask questions . Weeding out problem people ( edit ) Admissions tries to screen out difficult people . According to Dunbar , many colleges are `` afraid of aggression . '' He recommends avoiding `` harsh humor '' or signs of severe emotion , anger , or aggression . Admissions evaluators look for signals that might indicate a difficult person , such as nonconstructive or disrespectful criticisms of others , or evidence of substance abuse . Colleges try to weed out dependent people who either follow their parents too closely , or do only what the `` cool kids '' do . Dunbar advised that `` parental control of any kind , if detected , can be very damaging , '' and advised that students should not appear to be controlled by parental whims . Analysis of essays ( edit ) Dartmouth College admissions , according to Michele Hernandez , spends a week examining the possibles or Ps , and after much deliberation , accepts perhaps a sixth of them . Michele Hernandez suggested that almost all admissions essays were weak , cliche - ridden , and `` not worth reading '' . The staff gets thousands of essays and have to wade through most of them . When she worked as an admissions director at Dartmouth , she noticed that most essays were only read for three minutes . Some too - common essay types were the `` outward bound '' essay about how a person discovered their inner grit while hiking tough mountains , or the `` community service '' essay about how a student discovered , while working among disadvantaged peoples , that `` all persons were the same '' . Admissions officers seek to learn how a person thinks , what kind of person they are , and their level of intellectual promise . Essays are generally important only in borderline cases . Other factors ( edit ) One report was that at Ivy League universities , 40 % of students were so - called `` special cases '' including student - athletes , minorities , low - income , legacies , and development cases , and that admissions standards were typically lowered for these groups . Ability to pay ( edit ) While there is general agreement that chances for admission are higher for students who are prepared to pay the full price , there are indications that this has been even more prevalent in the past few years given economic uncertainty and rising college costs , particularly at schools without large endowments . Half of admissions officers at both public universities and a third of officers at four - year colleges were actively seeking students who could `` pay full price '' and did not need financial aid , according to one survey of 462 admissions directors and managers in 2011 . The report suggested that full - pay students tended to have lower high school grades and test scores than other students , compared to other applicants , on average . Two other reports confirmed that public university admissions officers were actively seeking out - of - state and international students since they paid higher rates for tuition . Another report found that one in ten admissions officers had said that their college admitted full - pay students despite their having lower average grades and test scores . Reports vary about whether the financial neediness of applicants impacts admissions chances ; one suggested that applicants with strong academic credentials or talents are more likely to get financial aid , but that depending on the college , `` borderline admits '' needing money were most vulnerable ; a second report was that `` colleges like rich students '' . George Washington University , despite claiming to have need blind admissions , was more likely to waitlist financially needy applicants , according to one report . One view was that financial aid depends on how a specific student compares with other students : What this means is that your financial aid package from a reach college may not be as attractive as the package from one of your target , or well matched , colleges . If you are looking for generous scholarship aid , you need to look at colleges and universities where your academic profile is strong compared to that of the average admitted student . -- Hannah Serota , college counselor By contrast , other schools practice need - blind admission , such as Ivy League Universities , but there are exceptions . A report in the New York Times suggested that Trump advisor and son - in - law Jared Kushner gained admission to Harvard after his father promised a $2.5 million gift . Geographic diversity ( edit ) One view was that state schools strive to admit students from `` all parts of a state , '' which suggests that applicants who live farther away from a given school had a better chance of admission . But a contrary view was that geographic location of the applicant matters perhaps only slightly , if at all ; Hernandez looked at acceptance ratios to Dartmouth for different geographic locations , and found that geographic distance was not a factor influencing admittances . Race and ethnicity ( edit ) Students at the Commons at Green River Community College in Washington . See also : Grutter v. Bollinger A survey of admissions personnel suggested that two - fifths had said yes to applicants from minorities despite having lower grades and test scores than other applicants , on average . At the same time , rulings by the Supreme Court have prevented race from becoming an `` overriding factor '' in college admissions . A report suggested minority students have a better chance overall at selective colleges . In the case of multiracial students , they have a choice of which box to check since it may be perceived either as `` gamesmanship '' or reflecting one 's racial makeup . Some Asian - Americans have felt loathe to describe themselves as Asian , or to reveal information about their ethnic background , on the supposition that college admissions departments discriminate against them because of their ethnicity and consider them incorrectly to be `` boring academic robots '' , according to several reports . Typically , Asian applicants require a SAT score 140 points above that of a comparable white student , and considerably higher than that of a non-Asian minority , to have a similar chance of admission . Asians get a `` raw deal '' in Ivy admissions , according to Hernandez , and have to be much better students than the typical white applicant to be admitted . She wrote that it benefits an applicant to be African American , Latino , or Native American , since colleges can advertise their diversity as a result . The admissions practices of Harvard and Princeton were investigated for possible discrimination against Asian - American applicants by the Department of Education 's Office for Civil Rights . Legacy applicants ( edit ) Main article : Legacy preferences There are differing views about how important it is to have a family member or relative who also attended a college . It is clear that it is a factor ; one report suggested that having a family member who is an alumnus gives `` a leg up '' for applicants . One report suggested that siblings do not count as legacies . In some cases , a parent 's attendance at a related graduate school counts as a legacy , but most colleges do not count this . Many selective private colleges have a higher admit rate for alumni children as a way to `` keep the larger set of alumni happy and giving '' , and being a legacy applicant can mean as much as `` 100 or 200 points on the SAT '' . Legacy admissions have had a history of controversy ; economist Peter Sacks criticized the practice of legacy admissions as a `` social reproduction process '' in which `` elite institutions have an implicit bargain with their alumni ... ' You give us money , and we will move your kid to the front of the line . ' '' Another agreed that legacies perpetuated a `` hereditary aristocracy '' . But an opposing view is that all colleges , to varying extents , make choices as part of the admissions process , including state schools that charge in - state residents ( with taxpaying parents ) a lower rate than out - of - state residents , and it was argued that there was not really much difference between taxpaying parents contributing to a state school as well as generous alumni contributing to a private school -- both with the possibility that it will help their offspring get into college . Consultant Donald Dunbar suggested that admitting legacies encourages future donations , and in turn these incoming money flows help the school subsidize the education of more minority students ; another source suggested that alumni gifts was important in helping a college pay for need - blind programs . Legacy admissions was criticized by Daniel Golden in his book The Price of Admission in which elite schools gave `` heavy preferences to the wealthy '' , according to essayist Neal Gabler in the Boston Globe . Family wealth ( edit ) Main article : Development case In certain cases , family wealth of applicants is considered , based on potential to make a substantial donation to the school ( above and beyond paying tuition , and separate from considerations such as ability or fame ) . Such candidates are known as development cases , and are intended to bolster the finances of the university , especially to its further mission . The practice is not widely discussed by universities that use it , but is reported to be used by a number of top - ranked schools , Ivy League and otherwise , and has been associated with Duke University ( which acknowledges its use ) and Brown University ( which does not comment ) , especially since the 1980s . Personal connections ( edit ) Counselors and admissions directors tend to agree that in a few selected cases , connections were important . A report based on a survey of admissions directors suggested that `` whom you know does matter '' , since higher - level administrators and prominent alumni and trustees can exert pressure on the admissions departments to admit certain applicants . Other considerations ( edit ) There was a report that more colleges are resorting to computerized fact - checking software , as well as anti-plagiarism tools such as Turnitin , which checks documents for unoriginal content on the web , possibly as a response to well - publicized scandals in which a student won admission to Harvard University by fraudulent means . Supplementary materials generally carry `` no weight '' in college admissions , according to one view . A report in Time Magazine suggested that many elite colleges used a vaguer measure of institutional fit to decide who is admitted , which is based on nonacademic qualities and may favor `` underrepresented minorities and students who demonstrate exceptional talent . '' Students who take a `` gap year '' between high school and college can benefit if the year was enriching and developing and helped the student mature . Acceptances and Rejections ( edit ) Colleges use waitlists to hedge their bets , uncertain about how many accepted students will say yes , and to draw applicants from the waitlist when vacancies open . In addition , waitlists allow colleges to target acceptance letters to students likely to attend to maintain the college 's selectivity ranking and yield . Notifications ( edit ) Students are usually notified of a college 's decision in April , sometimes in the last two weeks of March , unless they had applied using an early approach , and are usually notified by email , although some colleges still send `` fat '' envelopes ( usually an acceptance ) or `` thin '' envelopes ( usually a rejection ) . A trend appears to be declining percentages of acceptances to leading schools . There are indications that the percentage of students who say `` yes '' to an offer of admission ( the yield ) has been declining , from 49 percent in 2001 to 43 percent in 2009 . Admitted students may also be awarded financial aid . There are two kinds of financial aid : need - based aid , awarded entirely on the financial specifics of the student 's family , and merit - based aid , given to students judged to show exceptional academic promise . Several reports confirm that accepted students who are dissatisfied with an aid offer should contact the college to see if the offer can be improved . International students who have been accepted should complete an I - 20 form . A disappointing aid package may be appealed with a polite call to the school 's financial aid office , while being thankful for any funds that have already been offered . In some cases , it is possible to bargain with a school for a more generous aid package , particularly if there is a more generous offer from a second school that the first school sees as a competitor . One report suggested that even by May 2012 , 375 colleges still had space for first - year or transfer applicants for the fall of 2012 . Twelfth graders accepted to college are expected to maintain good grades during the spring ; for example , one hundred high school applicants accepted to Texas Christian University , whose grades plummeted in the spring of their twelfth grade as a symptom of senioritis , received so - called `` fear of God '' letters from an admissions dean asking them to explain themselves , and threatening to rescind offers of admission . Wait list considerations ( edit ) About half of colleges use a wait list , particularly those that accept fewer than half of all applications . Since students on average tend to be sending out more applications , colleges have been having a tougher time knowing for certain whether the students to whom they have offered admission will , in fact , attend in the fall . Some of the uncertainty is related to the phenomenon of students applying to more and more schools , sometimes 15 or more , to increase their chances in a statistical sense , but this adds a new layer of guesswork for colleges trying to predict how many accepted students will say yes , and puts waitlisted students in `` limbo '' or the `` basic equivalent of purgatory , '' according to US News . In addition , many colleges lose some students due to a phenomenon sometimes called summer melt , meaning that some students , even ones who have sent in a deposit , will not show up in the fall , and melt away , and this `` melt percentage '' can be as high as 5 % to 10 % of persons who have paid a deposit . The admission process is a complicated dance of supply and demand for colleges . And this spring , many institutions have accepted fewer applicants , and placed more on waiting lists , until it becomes clear over the next few weeks how many spots remain . -- Jacques Steinberg in The New York Times , April 2010 As a result , colleges use wait lists as a hedge to make sure they have enough students in the fall . Some schools `` under - invite '' applicants in the regular admissions season to appear highly selective and then about - face and accept them from their wait lists later . One report is that Vanderbilt gets a tenth of their first - year class from the wait list . But it varies from college to college and from year to year . For example , in 2010 Stanford and Yale wait - listed 1,000 students while Duke wait - listed 3,000 students . Overall , one survey suggested that 30 % of wait - listed students are eventually accepted , but this is an average figure for all wait - listed students , and the percentage is dramatically lower at elite or prestigious schools . There is a report suggesting that in recent years , the lists are more fluid than in previous years , in the sense that there is more wait list activity -- which have become more of a safety net for colleges rather than students . Estimates vary about how many college applicants find themselves on a wait list ; one report was that 10 % of applicants were wait - listed . Average yields and wait list acceptances for selected schools 2009 -- 2010 Sources and notes : College Yield Wait list acceptances Harvard 75 % 70 Princeton 69 % Stanford 71 % 76 U. Pennsylvania 63 % SUNY New Paltz 21 % Cornell 49 % Amherst 35 Lafayette 26 % U. North Carolina 54 % U. Iowa 33 % Connecticut College 30 % 44 Colorado College 35 % One adviser suggested that students who are wait - listed `` work the wait list '' by staying in touch with the admissions office to make sure they know the student will attend if accepted , and possibly take steps such as forwarding new grades and making a subsequent college visit , or send a one - page letter or 60 - second video describing a strong desire to attend and the reasons . A former dean of admissions at Franklin and Marshall College suggests that students not view the wait list letter as a `` polite denial '' but rather as a possible opportunity . A second report in 2011 confirmed this , and it suggested that private colleges without `` billion - dollar endowments or 40,000 applicants '' were finding that the period from May to the start of classes in fall was a time of uncertainty , with many institutions seeking new applicants , and unsure how many of the applicants that had promised to attend would , in fact , show up in the fall . What can happen is that institutions at the top of the `` food chain '' accept students from their wait lists , and these students in turn sacrifice their deposit to schools lower down the chain , generating vacancies and uncertainty . A downside to wait lists is that by the time a student is accepted , there may be much less money available for scholarships or grants . There was a report in The Wall Street Journal of a few colleges , such as Franklin & Marshall , that deliberately waitlisted overqualified students on the assumption that , even if accepted , they would almost certainly not enroll . The alleged purpose was to boost the admissions yield rate -- -- the percentage of students who accept a college 's admissions offer -- -- as a means to improve the college 's overall performance on the influential US News college rankings . Duke University in 2010 had 27,000 first - year applicants , accepted 4,000 and placed 856 on its waiting list in April , since it was uncertain how many of those accepted would choose to attend ; in this sense , the wait list is a form of hedge for the university to guard against uncertainty . Duke does not rank students on the wait list , but chooses based on other characteristics . Transfer admissions ( edit ) Main article : Transfer admissions in the United States While most college admissions involves high school students applying to colleges , transfer admissions are important as well . Estimates of the percentage of college students who transfer vary from 20 % to 33 % to 60 % , with the consensus position being around a third of college students transfer , and there are many indications that transfer activity is increasing . One report suggested that nearly half of all undergraduates in the nation were attending community colleges . Media coverage of student transfers is generally less than coverage of the high school to college transition . A common transfer path is students moving from two - year community colleges to four - year institutions , although there is considerable movement between four - year institutions . Reasons for transferring include unhappiness with campus life , cost , and course and degree selection . There are no consistent national rules for transfers , and requirements vary by college . Many community colleges have articulation agreements with four - year schools , particularly flagship state universities , so that matters such as the transfers of credits are handled appropriately . There are indications that many private colleges are more actively seeking transfer applicants . Still , transferring can be difficult ; transfer students have been described in the past as `` academic nomads '' . See also ( edit ) Admissions essay American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers College application College Entrance Exam Advisors and Educators College tour Common Application Cooling Out Early action Early decision FAFSA FAFSA position Hidden Ivies NACAC Need - blind admission Open - door academic policy Rolling admission Senioritis Student financial aid in the United States The Early Admissions Game Transfer admissions in the United States University and college admissions Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ This source cited statistics from the U.S. Dept. of Education ; this count reflects four - year nonprofit colleges and universities . Jump up ^ Robin Mamlet and Christine VanDeVelde , College Admission : From Application to Acceptance , Step by Step , Three Rivers Press , 2011 , Retrieved January 6 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Mamlet 2011 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` COLLEGE ADMISSION TRENDS INCLUDE INCREASED RELIANCE ON EARLY DECISION AND WAIT LISTS , ACCEPTANCE RATES ON PAR PREVIOUS YEAR '' . States News Service via Highbeam Research . October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn O'Shaughnessy ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Latest Trends in College Admissions : 15 Things You Should Know '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Van Buskirk ( 2010 ) . `` Finding a Good College Fit '' . US News . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graeme Paton ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` British university ' malaise ' forcing bright students to US : Growing numbers of bright teenagers are rejecting British universities in favour of those in the United States amid claims they no longer represent value for money , a leading headmaster has warned '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 ... the proportion of students taking the US college entrance exam in Britain increased by a third last year compared ... ^ Jump up to : Valerie Strauss ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Some 2012 college admissions rates hit new lows '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Cohen ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Top 10 myths of college admissions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew J. Rotherham ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Five Biggest Myths About College Admissions '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Zurcher , July 25 , 2014 , BBC News , Ivy League miseducation , Accessed July 26 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : DWIGHT GARNER ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Application Adventure : A Dad 's College Essay '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mamlet 2011 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Marc Silver ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` Rocketing Past the College Admissions Blunders : Deans and college counselors have seen it all , from the sublime to the ridiculous '' . US News . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Kathleen Kingsbury ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Dirty Secrets of College Admissions '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ MICHAEL WINERIP ( November 20 , 2011 ) . `` Learning to Play the Game to Get Into College '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez 2009 , pp. 157 -- 158 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , pp. 34 -- 35 . ^ Jump up to : Mamlet 2011 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ quoting Jennifer Delahunty , dean of Admissions and Financial Aid at Kenyon College ^ Jump up to : Eyder Peralta ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Survey : Universities Increasingly Admitting Students Based On Wealth '' . NPR . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Mamlet 2011 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Melissa E. Clinedinst ; Sarah F. Hurley ; David A. Hawkins ( 2011 ) . `` 2011 State of College Admissions '' . National Association for College Admission Counseling ( NACAC ) . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Previous admission experience ... statistics / data analysis ... higher education administration ... marketing / public relations ... ^ Jump up to : Eric Hoover ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` On ' Finite ' Recruitment '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 ... They are counselors , but also recruiters . They use marketing techniques , but many do n't like to use the `` m word . '' ... Jump up ^ Kelly Truong ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Admission Officials ' Tweets Fall on Deaf Ears '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 ... but college admissions officers typically fall into the 30 - to - 40 age demographic ... Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Eric Hoover ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` A ' Sea Change ' in Admissions '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 ... rising costs ... impact of the web ... social media such as Facebook or YouTube that admissions offices need to master . ^ Jump up to : JOANNE LEVY - PREWITT ( December 30 , 2006 ) . `` Juniors should be wary of slick college admission come - ons '' . The Record ( Bergen County , NJ ) via Highbeam Research . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 ... If you are a junior in high school , this winter or spring you are very likely to be inundated with glossy view books and slick brochures ... Jump up ^ JACQUES STEINBERG ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Best Colleges ' ? Counselors Beg to Differ With U.S. News '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tanya Caldwell ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Start of BigFuture , a New College Planning Web Site '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eric Hoover ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` For Sale : Successful Ivy League Applications -- Only $19.99 '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 ... the Application Project Inc. , which sells copies of successful applications to Ivy League colleges . Want to browse applications submitted by 21 members of Brown University 's 2009 -- 10 freshman class ? You can buy access to them for $19.99 ... ^ Jump up to : TANYA CALDWELL ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` For International Students , a College Admissions Checklist for April '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about Finding a College '' . diycollegerankings.com. 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US News & World Report rankings '' . US News & World Report . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Colleges in America '' . Jump up ^ `` MONEY 's Best Colleges '' . Time . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monthly 's College Rankings '' . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes America 's Top Colleges Ranking '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TANYA CALDWELL ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` Rankings Did Not Motivate College Official Who Falsified SAT Scores , Report Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ JUSTIN POPE ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` Emory University Sent False Data To Rankings Groups For More Than A Decade : Report '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 ... Prestigious Emory University intentionally misreported student data to rankings magazines for more than a decade ... ^ Jump up to : Lynn O'Shaughnessy ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` How U.S. News ' College Rankings Can Hurt You '' . The College Solution . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . One of the perverse aspects about the rankings is that turning out thoughtful , articulate young men and women , who can write cogently and think critically wo n't budge a school 's ranking up even one spot . ^ Jump up to : Lynn O'Shaughnessy ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` The Realities of Merit Scholarships '' . The College Solution . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynn O'Shaughnessy ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Real Cost of Attending an Expensive East Coast University '' . The College Solution . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Rankings Perversion -- ... US News & World Report 's college rankings does n't ... bestow demerits for being unaffordable ... ^ Jump up to : `` '' BEST FOR WHOM ? `` : COLLEGE ADMISSION COUNSELORS CHALLENGE KEY ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT COLLEGE RANKINGS '' . States News Service ( via Highbeam Research ) . May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 ... The annual rankings of undergraduate colleges and universities by U.S. News and World Report generate negative opinions among professionals who work most closely with students and families ... Jump up ^ Note : this `` reputation survey '' makes up 25 % of the ranking . Jump up ^ Jaschik , Scott ( June 20 , 2007 ) . `` More Momentum Against ' U.S. News ' '' . Inside Higher Ed . ^ Jump up to : `` ANNAPOLIS GROUP STATEMENT ON RANKINGS AND RATINGS '' . Annapolis Group . June 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Note : associations include the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities and the Council of Independent Colleges . Jump up ^ Morse , Robert ( June 22 , 2007 ) . `` About the Annapolis Group 's Statement '' . U.S. News and World Report . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Thompson ( September 2000 ) . `` Playing With Numbers : How U.S. News mismeasures higher education and what we can do about it '' . Washington Monthly . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 ... U.S. News rankings do n't measure how much students learn ; ... ^ Jump up to : Mamlet 2011 , pp. 133 -- 134 . ^ Jump up to : MARK KANTROWITZ ( April 11 , 2009 ) . `` Guidance Office : Answers About Financial Aid , Part 6 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sally Holm ( interviewer ) Sean Logan ( interviewee ) ( Winter 2013 ) . `` Inside College Counseling with Director Sean Logan '' ( PDF ) . Andover Magazine . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mamlet 2011 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , pp. 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Time magazine , Noliwe M. Rooks , February 27 , 2013 , The Biggest Barrier to Elite Education Is n't Affordability . It 's Accessibility , Retrieved August 27 , 2014 , `` ... accessibility of these schools to students who are poor , minority ... the weight that Ivy League and other highly selective schools ... unfortunate set of circumstances ... gifted minority , poor and working class students can benefit most from the educational opportunities ... '' Jump up ^ August 26 , 2014 , Boston Globe ( via NY Times ) , A Generation Later , Poor are Still Rare at Elite Colleges , Retrieved August 30 , 2014 , `` more elite group of 28 private colleges and universities , including all eight Ivy League members , ... from 2001 to 2009 , ... enrollment of students from the bottom 40 percent of family incomes increased from just 10 percent to 11 percent ... '' ^ Jump up to : Neal Gabler ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` The college admissions scam '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lauren Lyster , Yahoo Finance . Only 150 of 3500 U.S. Colleges Are Worth the Investment : Former Secretary of Education , Accessed May 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ Note : for the complete list see external links under `` ROI '' ^ Jump up to : Carolyn Butler ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Follow 7 Strategies to Get Into College : To stand out in the admissions game , prepare early and use common sense '' . US News . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Carolyn Butler , Arlene Weintraub , Justin Snider , Margaret Loftus , Rett Fisher , Kimberly S. Wetzel ( others ) ( 2012 ) . `` Best Colleges : Choose the Right School For You '' . US News & World Report . 2012 edition ; various authors and rankings ; pages 19 , 20 , 30 , 62 , 63 , 68 -- 70 , 78 , 84 , 86 , 88 , others CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ TANYA CALDWELL ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` 6 Tips About College Admissions Results '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Howard and Matthew Greene ( October 22 , 2003 ) . `` PBS : ' Ten Steps to College ' ( transcript ) '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Valerie Strauss ( interviewer ) Angel B. Perez ( interviewee ) ( March 7 , 2010 ) . `` College admissions strategies : Do n't listen to friends , and more '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Diana Hanson ; Esther Walling ; Craig Meister ; Kristen Tabun ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Which College Admissions Deadline Should You Choose ? '' . US News . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lectures -- Professors '' . The Teaching Company . July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Note : in some instances , professors may have changed university affiliations since the year of publication of their respective Teaching Company courses ^ Jump up to : Michael Szarek ( 2011 ) . `` 17 Things to Remember '' . College Counseling for the Rest of Us . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : THEO EMERY ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` College Options ( And Strategies ) for the ' B ' and Even ' C ' Student '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelley Holland , CNBC , Business Insider , July 11 , 2013 , The most expensive colleges in America -- really , Accessed July 11 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Daniel de Vise ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` College Web sites to post cost calculators for prospective students '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Marklein ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' Best value ' colleges : Some have high price tags '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn O'Shaughnessy ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't Believe a College Sticker Price '' . US News . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jacob Goldstein ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` The Price Of College Tuition , In 1 Graphic '' . NPR . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Fain ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Why Deep Tuition Discounts May Not Spell Financial Doom : They can be a useful tool as long as tuition revenue is solid '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 ... Discounting in higher education began in the 1970s , as college admissions officers copied the pricing systems used by airlines and other businesses . The approach of charging as much as people would pay was novel in the academy ... Jump up ^ `` The Real Price Of College '' . NPR . May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : JUDITH SCOTT - CLAYTON ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` College Is Cheaper Than You Think '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jacob Goldstein ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Average Sticker Price For Private College : $36,993 A Year '' . NPR . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kim Clark ( October 29 , 2011 ) . `` College costs climb , yet again '' . CNN Money Magazine . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . While community college tuition posted a sharp 8.7 % gain , it 's still a bargain : only about $3,000 a year for full - time tuition . ^ Jump up to : REBECCA R. RUIZ ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Only One in Three Full - Time Students Pays Full Tuition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : NBC News , These Two Colleges Plan ' Tuition Reset ' With 40 Percent Cut , Retrieved October 12 , 2015 , `` ... two small private liberal arts colleges are actually cutting tuition next year -- by more than 40 percent . Utica College in New York and Rosemont College in Pennsylvania ... '' Jump up ^ New York Times , Top Colleges Doing the Most for the American Dream , Retrieved May 26 , 2017 Jump up ^ Chana Joffe - Walt ; Jacob Goldstein ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` How Colleges Fight For Top Students '' . NPR . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jay Conley ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` New Online Tools Expected to Lift Veil on College Sticker Prices : With federal mandate , all schools must offer net price calculators online by October 29 '' . US News . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Burnsed ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Americans Split on Value of a College Degree : A Pew study indicates many are skeptical , but college graduates remain confident in their choices '' . US News . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : NONA WILLIS ARONOWITZ , October 3 , 2014 , NBC News , Middle - Class Squeeze : Is an Elite Education Worth $170,000 in Debt ? , Retrieved October 3 , 2014 , `` ... recruiting high - achieving , low - income kids to apply ... 18 percent of Williams students now pay no tuition ... To offset the cost , these schools often aggressively recruit students whose families can pay the full cost ... '' ^ Jump up to : JACQUES STEINBERG ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` The Choice on ' Today ' : Tips on Fafsa , and Net - Price Calculators '' . The New York Times and The Today Show . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn O'Shaughnessy ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Will Your Home Equity Hurt Financial Aid Chances ? A Case Study '' . The College Solution . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Money college cost calculator '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beckie Supiano ; Andrea Fuller ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Elite Colleges Fail to Gain More Students on Pell Grants '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 ... Just under 15 percent of the undergraduates at the country 's 50 wealthiest colleges received Pell Grants in 2008 - 9 , ... ^ Jump up to : Kim Clark ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` College Cash 101 : `` Financial Aid eBay '' Winners Set Off Scholarship Bidding Wars `` . US News . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Grace Wong ( December 12 , 2005 ) . `` Early decision action plan : Your child has been accepted to the college of their dreams -- but are you sure you can afford it ? '' . CNN / Money . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynn O'Shaughnessy ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Do You Really Expect Me to Pay That Much for College ? '' . The College Solution . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Susannah Snider September 15 , 2014 , US News , Colleges and Universities That Claim to Meet Full Financial Need , Retrieved October 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ The New York Times , January 18 , 2017 , Some Colleges Have More Students From the Top 1 Percent Than the Bottom 60 . Find Yours. , Retrieved September 15 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Valerie Strauss ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` A new college admissions bible '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Ry Rivard , October 28 , 2013 , Inside Higher Ed , Using FAFSA Against Students , Accessed December 12 , 2013 , `` ... Now , some colleges use this FAFSA position when considering students ' applications for admission , which may affect decisions about admission or placement on the wait list , said David Hawkins ... '' ^ Jump up to : CBS News , Lynn O'Shaughnessy , October 30 , 2013 , Be careful what you share on the FAFSA , Accessed December 12 , 2013 , `` ... The order , however , could also be hurting students who list their favorite school as No. 1 . If a teenager shows too much interest in a school , the admission office may decide to offer the applicant a lower award because it is assumed that the child will enroll anyway ... '' ^ Jump up to : Liz Weston , Reuters , November 11 , 2013 , Daily Finance , Colleges May Penalize Students Over Preference on Financial Aid Applications , Accessed December 12 , 2013 , `` ... Students can list up to 10 schools to receive their financial aid information , and the ones they list first strongly predict which enrollment offers they 're likely to accept , college consultants say ... '' Jump up ^ Lynn O'Shaughnessy , October 30 , 2013 , The College Solution , A Dirty Little FAFSA Secret , Accessed December 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ Rachel Fishman , October 28 , 2013 , Access to Higher Education , Higher Ed Watch , The Dark Side of Enrollment Management Archived December 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Accessed December 13 , 2013 , `` ... The FAFSA should either not allow institutions to see where students have applied or it should list the institutions in alphabetical order ... '' ^ Jump up to : Lynn O'Shaughnessy ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Take First Step to Apply for College Financial Aid '' . US News . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Note : there are impostor websites similar to the official government website , sometimes asking for fees ; the official FAFSA website is free ; see FAFSA for further information ^ Jump up to : Victor Luckerson ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Tips for Getting the Most Out of College Financial Aid '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Student Debt , by the numbers , Utne Reader , July -- August 2012 , page 39 Jump up ^ JACQUES STEINBERG ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` Transferring to a State University , and Saving Tens of Thousands of Dollars in the Bargain '' . The New York Times : Education . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No Loans for Low Income Students '' . Smart Student Guide . May 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Number and percentage distribution of Title IV institutions , by control of institution , level of institution , and region : United States and other jurisdictions , academic year 2009 -- 10 '' . National Center for Educational Statistics , U.S. Department of Education . 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : LISA W. FODERARO ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` Well - Regarded Public Colleges Get a Surge of Bargain Hunters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrew J. Rotherham ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` The Latest Wrinkle in College Admissions : State schools are increasingly recruiting out - of - state students who pay higher fees . But is this fair ? '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan Barnard ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` How to Make the Most of a College Visit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 ... there is still no match for the gut feeling one gets when stepping on a college campus ... ^ Jump up to : Allen Millett ; Leslie Goldberg ( 1999 ) . `` E-Campus Discussion Lounge '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Carl Elliott ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Lawn Boy : the College Years '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Never have I seen such careful attention to landscaping ... ^ Jump up to : Jenna Johnson ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Tips for maximizing your college admissions visits '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Source : presentation by Michael Szarek , April 2012 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Jay Mathews ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` 5 wrong ideas about college admission '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 67 - 70 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 74 . ^ Jump up to : Stacey Kostell ; Michele Hernandez ; Steve Loflin ; Katherine Cohen ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` How Can High School Seniors Improve Odds of College Admissions ? '' . US News . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ KAREN W. ARENSON ( January 17 , 2008 ) . `` Applications to Colleges Are Breaking Records '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : DANIEL GOLDEN ( May 29 , 2001 ) . `` Glass Floor : Colleges Reject Top Applicants , Accepting Only the Students Likely to Enroll '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Meislahn ; Don Fraser Jr. ; Jolyn Brand ; George Mills ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` What Are Some Mistakes to Avoid in the College Admissions Process ? '' . US News . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 35 . ^ Jump up to : RICHARD PÉREZ - PEÑA ; JENNY ANDERSON ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` As a Broader Group Seeks Early Admission , Rejections Rise in the East '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : JACQUES STEINBERG ; REBECCA R. RUIZ ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` Early Line on Early Admissions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez 2009 , pp. 36 . Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Kim Clark ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` 8 Big Changes to College Admissions in 2010 and 2011 '' . US News . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Jaschik ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Elite universities surrender to early admissions '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kim Clark ( December 27 , 2010 ) . `` 6 Kinds of Students Should n't Apply to College Early : Late bloomers and those who need financial aid benefit from regular applications '' . US News . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ask the Experts : Early Decision and Early Application '' . Peterson 's College Search . July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Early Decision -- Financial Aid '' . The Princeton Review . July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ROBERT J. MASSA ( December 13 , 2010 ) . `` The Case for Early Decision '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ANNAMARIA ANDRIOTIS ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Do Early Decision Students Get More Aid ? '' . SmartMoney . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn O'Shaughnessy ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Early Decision : 10 Things You Need To Know About Applying '' . CBS News . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez 2009 , pp. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Kim Clark ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Early Applicants More Likely to Gain College Admission : Higher admission rate of early college applicants fuels controversy '' . US News . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Van Buskirk ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` The College Admissions Insider : Decide if an Early Decision College Application is the Right Choice '' . US News . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Aid and Early Decision '' . College Confidential . July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christopher Avery ; Andrew Fairbanks , Richard Zeckhauser ( 2004 ) . The Early Admissions Game : Joining the Elite . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01620 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Margaret Loftus ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Know if Applying to College Early is Right for You : Getting in could be easier , but a search for financial aid might suffer '' . US News . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Winkler ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` How Early Decision Affects Financial Aid '' . HowStuffWorks.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Frank Bruni , December 21 , 2016 , The New York Times , The Plague of ' Early Decision ' , Retrieved December 21 , 2016 , `` ... It significantly disadvantages students from low - income and middle - income families , who are ... '' Jump up ^ `` The Financial Aid Effect on Early Decision and Early Application '' . Peterson 's College Search . July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Early Decision Can Affect Financial Aid '' . CollegeMadeSimple.com . July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gail MarksJarvis ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Applying to college ? ' Early decision ' could cost more '' . Chicago Tribune : Business . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nona Willis Aronowitz , March 6 , 2014 , NBC News , Does the New SAT Spell Doom for the Test Prep Industry ? , Accessed March 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Note : answer = 14 ; for further explanation , click on the picture and read the description . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Jeffrey G. ; Samter , Wendy ( July 1 , 2000 ) . `` A college admission test protocol to mitigate the effects of false negative SAT scores '' . Journal of College Admission via Highbeam Research . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . According to Gandara and Lopez ( 1998 ) , SAT scores will be weighted anywhere from `` almost not at all '' to `` heavily '' in the admission decision , depending upon the college or university . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez 2009 , pp. 57 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACT vs SAT : Key differences between the ACT and SAT '' . Studypoint.com. 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SUSAN DOMINUS ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` Studying , Testing or Paying Their Way In '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tanya Caldwell ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` SAT 's Student Photo Database Draws Comparisons to Facebook Profiles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Mamlet 2011 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Jay Mathews ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Your SAT score has little to do with your life '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Renee Dudley , September 21 , 2016 , Reuters , Despite warnings , College Board redesigned SAT in way that may hurt neediest students , Retrieved October 12 , 2016 , `` ... no penalty for guessing wrong , ... encourages students to answer every question ... simply earn points for the questions you answer correctly ... '' Jump up ^ Note : SAT updated in 2016 Jump up ^ JACQUES STEINBERG ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` Q. & A. COLLEGE ADMISSIONS ; ACT vs. SAT : Deciding Which Exam to Take '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarah Gonzalez ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` SAT Tests Favor White , Male Students , Book Argues '' . NPR Florida . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 59 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 97 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez 2009 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ `` All Members '' . The Common Application . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez 2009 , pp. 153 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , pp. 29 , 36 , 38 , 83 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. 62 , 66 , 67 . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Sanjay Solomon , January 30 , 2015 , The Boston Globe , Can a Failure Resume Help You Succeed ? , Retrieved January 30 , 2016 , `` ... `` Asking ' what is your biggest failure ? ' is an opportunity ( for an interviewer ) to get a reality check and to put a little pressure on this person '' ... '' ^ Jump up to : Dunbar 2007 , pp. 110 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Hanley , Thomas A. , Jr . ( January 1 , 2005 ) . `` Shyness and the College Admission Process : Who is Being Left Out ? '' . Journal of College Admission . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 ... If two applicants appeared academically equivalent on paper and both were interviewing at a top tier school , the gregarious , self - confident candidate would most likely be perceived more favorably than the timid and self - conscious one ... CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` College Application Essay as Haiku ? For Some , 500 Words Are n't Enough '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jeremy S. Hyman ; Lynn F. Jacobs ; Jonathan Reider ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` 10 Tips for Writing the College Application Essay '' . US News . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , pp. 11 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Gelb , Alan ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` The College Admissions Essay : Finding a Topic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . For your college admissions essay , you will be asked to write 500 flawless words ... As far as I 'm concerned , the only taboo is shameless self - promotion . ^ Jump up to : Mamlet 2011 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ For example : `` I did this , I did that , then I did this '' and on and on ... Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. 136 + . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. 147 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez 2009 , pp. 130 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 6 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Anders , George ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` What Essays Thrill Elite Schools ? These Teens Will Show You '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bonnie Rochman ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Latest Trend in College Admissions : Parents Write Letters of Recommendation : Some colleges are starting to ask Mom and Dad to put in a written plug for their progeny in the college admissions process '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 153 . Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 137 . Jump up ^ Frank Bruni , January 19 , 2016 , The New York Times , Rethinking College Admissions , Accessed January 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ Lisa Heffernan and Jennifer Wallace , January 20 , 2016 , The Washington Post , To get into college , Harvard report advocates for kindness instead of overachieving , Retrieved January 20 , 2016 , `` ... Parents , educators and college administrators have long wrestled with the unintended negative side effects ... intense focus on personal achievement and the unfair advantages of more affluent students ... '' Jump up ^ `` International Student Enrollments Increase in 2010 / 11 '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apply to uni in the USA -- The Student Room -- The Student Room '' . The Student Room . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halls , Andrew ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` The American dream : How to apply to a US university '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` US Admissions Criteria -- Undergraduate Study in the USA -- US - UK Fulbright Commission '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Study Abroad Grants -- Study Abroad Funding -- University In The USA '' . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallis , Janette ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Why study in the US could be a bright idea '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hess , Abigail ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) . `` Why students are choosing to go to college in Canada instead of the United States '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ NACAC ( 2010 ) . `` Survey '' . Summit High School . ( from a handout by the SHS guidance department ) ; note : percent is those colleges agreeing that each factor exerted `` considerable importance '' in their decision to admit students Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Kayla Webley ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` How Colleges Really Make Admissions Decisions '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 104 . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ JENNY ANDERSON ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` For a Standout College Essay , Applicants Fill Their Summers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ TANYA CALDWELL ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` A First Draft of 2012 Admissions Decisions at Dozens of Universities '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . 2012 Admission Decisions : Updated June 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ JACQUES STEINBERG ; REBECCA R. RUIZ ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` A First Draft of 2012 Admissions Decisions at Dozens of Universities '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Early Admission : 2012 : Updated December 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Source : Caltech Common Data Set Note : 2011 -- 2012 year Jump up ^ Source : The Harvard Crimson Harvard Accepts Record Low of 5.9 Percent to the Class of 2016 Jump up ^ Source : The Tech 1,620 students admitted to Class of 2016 Jump up ^ Source : Ohio State Common Data Set 2011 year Jump up ^ Source : Rice Common Data Set 2010 -- 2011 year Jump up ^ Source : TCNJ Common Data Set Archived July 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Note : 2010 -- 2011 year Jump up ^ Source : University of Rochester Admissions ^ Jump up to : Hernandez 2009 , pp. 66 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez 2009 , pp. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez 2009 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Note : quoting William Fitzsimmons , Dean of Admissions and Financial Aid at Harvard University . Jump up ^ Note : from a speech given in October 2011 Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Mamlet 2011 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Peter Van Buskirk ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` 9 Testing Tips for College Applicants '' . US News . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 ... Keep the `` superscore '' in mind : At most colleges , admissions officers look at the best combination of scores . Jump up ^ Devon Keefe ( August 17 , 2009 ) . `` Develop a Testing Strategy. ( Kaplan ) ( presenting SAT Reasoning Test scores for college application ) '' . Newsweek via Highbeam Research . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Even many schools that have `` opted out '' of Score Choice have suggested that they will continue to `` super score '' students ' test scores ( i.e. , take the highest sectional score from each test and combine them ) . Jump up ^ Valerie Strauss ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Do colleges superscore ACT and SAT equally ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 ... most schools superscore both the ACT and the SAT . While many schools do , many more do so for the SAT than the ACT . Jump up ^ Daniel de Vise ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` College , Inc '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Not many superscore the ACT , because they 'd have to work with five separate numbers , including a composite that often has been rounded up or rounded down ... Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 139 . Jump up ^ THE ASSOCIATED PRESS ( December 31 , 2009 ) . `` Athletes get break on college admission standards '' . Charleston Daily Mail . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 ... A review of admissions data submitted to the NCAA by most of the 120 schools in college footballs top tier shows that athletes enjoy strikingly better odds of having admission requirements bent on their behalf ... ^ Jump up to : REBECCA R. RUIZ ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Debating Legacy Preferences in Admissions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dunbar 2007 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Steve Cohen ; Anne Dwane ; Paulo de Oliveira ; Michael Muska ( 2011 ) . `` Getting In ! The Zinch Guide to College Admissions '' . Wiley Publishing . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ( see page 197 ) ^ Jump up to : Mamlet 2011 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Mamlet 2011 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Note : colleges can tell whether emails are opened or not by a prospective student . Jump up ^ Note : admissions officers can see all colleges applied to that are listed on the FAFSA form , and there are reports that some colleges interpret being first or second on the FAFSA list as a sign of demonstrated interest Jump up ^ Note : `` likely '' meant there was an estimated 80 % chance of acceptance by the college Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. 56 , 57 . ^ Jump up to : Dunbar 2007 , pp. 69 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , pp. 97 -- 109 . Jump up ^ An admissions staffer at Gettysburg College ( who requested to remain anonymous ) agreed most application essays were boring . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez 2009 , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ KATE ZERNIKE ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Paying in Full as the Ticket Into Colleges '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : TAMAR LEWIN ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Universities Seeking Out Students of Means '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stacey Kostell ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` Does Financial Need Impact College Admissions Chances ? '' . US News . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Diamond , Sarah Ferris , October 21 , 2013 , The GW Hatchet , GW misrepresented admissions and financial aid policy for years , Accessed December 13 , 2013 , `` ... Administrators now say the admissions process has always factored in financial need . But that contradicts messaging from the admissions and financial aid offices that , as recently as Saturday , have regularly attested that the University remained need - blind ... '' Jump up ^ The New York Times , November 20 , 2016 , The In - law in the Trump Inner Circle : Jared Kushner 's steadying hand , Retrieved November 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 209 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Claudio Sanchez ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Case Renews Focus On Race In College Admissions '' . NPR . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Valerie Strauss ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` College admissions : How diversity factors in '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pete Williams and Erin McClam , NBC News , June 24 , 2013 , Supreme Court raises bar for affirmative action in college admissions , Accessed December 31 , 2013 , `` ... it amounts to a warning to colleges nationwide that the courts will treat race - conscious admissions policies with a high degree of skepticism ... '' Jump up ^ Susan Saulny ; Jacques Steinberg ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Mixed - Race Students Wonder How Many Boxes to Check '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Some Asians ' college strategy : Do n't check ' Asian ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press . December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : DANIEL E. SLOTNIK ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Do Asian - Americans Face Bias in Admissions at Elite Colleges ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kara Miller ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Do colleges redline Asian - Americans ? '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrew Lam , January 30 , 2017 , The New York Times , White Students ' Unfair Advantage in Admissions , Retrieved January 31 , 2017 , `` ... There 's ample evidence that Asian - Americans are at a disadvantage in college admissions ... '' Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 201 . Jump up ^ Hernandez 2009 , pp. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez 2009 , pp. 121 -- 122 . ^ Jump up to : NEAL CONAN ( January 15 , 2004 ) . `` Analysis : College admissions and legacies '' . NPR Talk of the Nation ( via Highbeam Research ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 ... it can mean as much as 100 or 200 points on the SATs , ... Jump up ^ Dunbar 2007 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Golden , Daniel ( September 9 , 2006 ) . `` How Lowering the Bar Helps Colleges Prosper '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ JACQUES STEINBERG ; KATIE ZEZIMA ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Campuses Ensnared by ' Life of Deception ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blake Ellis ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` Harvard , Princeton post record low acceptance rates '' . CNN Money . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tanya Caldwell ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Many Colleges Are Still Taking Applications for the Fall '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ TANYA CALDWELL ( June 18 , 2012 ) . `` University Sends ' Fear of God ' Letter to Students With Senioritis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . College - bound seniors beware : ... failing grades ... your university may soon threaten to rescind your admission ... Jump up ^ Note : figure for Fall 2010 admission cycle was 48 % of colleges using wait lists . ^ Jump up to : JACQUES STEINBERG ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` For Students , a Waiting List Is Scant Hope '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn O'Shaughnessy ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Getting Off a College Wait List : 5 Things to Do Now '' . CBS News . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Zach Miners ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` You 've Been Put on the Wait List for College . Now What ? '' . US News . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott Jaschik ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` The Other ' Summer Melt ' in Admissions '' . Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ JACQUES STEINBERG ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` The Early Line on Admission Yields ( and Wait - List Offers ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Daily News Staff ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Stanford yield rate may be highest ever '' . The Stanford Daily . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tracy Jan ( April 18 , 2009 ) . `` Students hope to beat college waiting list '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Note : the yield is the percent of students offered admission by April who commit to enroll by May ; wait list acceptances are the number of students initially put on the wait list , who were eventually offered admission and who accepted this offer . ^ Jump up to : Scott Jaschik ; Kevin Kiley ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Private colleges try to round out fall 's enrollment into summer '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David Moltz ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` More private colleges court community college transfers '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynn O'Shaughnessy ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Transfer Students : 8 Things You Need to Know '' . US News . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Schackner ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Transfers a hot commodity for colleges '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roman , Marcia A. ( January 1 , 2007 ) . `` Community College Admission and Student Retention '' . Journal of College Admission ( via Highbeam Research ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Community colleges enroll nearly half the undergraduates in the U.S. ^ Jump up to : Kim Clark ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's Lessons for Transfer Students : His former roommate talks about what he and Obama learned about switching between colleges '' . US News . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tim Barker ( February 5 , 2012 ) . `` Meet the transfers -- they are academic nomads : Schools , government seek to streamline system to help more students make switch to four - year colleges , keep credit hours they have earned '' . St. Louis Today . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . References ( edit ) Dunbar , Donald ( 2007 ) . What You Do n't Know Can Keep You Out of College . Gotham Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 302 - 8 . Hernandez , Michele A. ( 2009 ) . A is for Admission : The Insider 's Guide to Getting into the Ivy League and Other Top Colleges . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 54067 - 4 . Mamlet , Robin ; Vandevelde , Christine ( 2011 ) . College Admission : From Application to Acceptance , Step by Step . New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 59032 - 9 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) General information How To Choose a College That 's Right For You -- NPR Uni in the USA , a guide to studying in America aimed at British students Financial tools CNN Money tool for estimating college 's average net price based on income CSS / Financial Aid PROFILE College Board 's Expected Family Contribution Calculator A tool to get a rough idea of cost but not for any specific college 2013 College Education Return on Investment ( ROI ) Rankings 100 colleges meeting 94 % to 100 % of demonstrated financial need College Abacus free tool to compare college costs My Intuition a college cost estimator for selected colleges College search engines College Board BigFuture College Navigator College Data Do It Yourself College Rankings Resources Workshop on college interviews Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_admissions_in_the_United_States&oldid=830187189 '' Categories : University and college admissions Consulting occupations School counseling Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2017 All articles needing style editing All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2016 Wikipedia external links cleanup from May 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 08 : 45 . 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1671684013513043295	Medicare (United States)	Medicare ( United States ) - wikipedia Medicare ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Medicaid . A sample Medicare card . There are separate lines for basic Part A and Part B 's supplementary medical coverage , each with its own date . There are no lines for Part C or D , for which additional supplemental policies are issued with a separate card . In the United States , Medicare is a single - payer , national social insurance program administered by the U.S. federal government since 1966 , currently using about 30 -- 50 private insurance companies across the United States under contract for administration . United States Medicare is funded by a payroll tax , premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries , and general revenue . It provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system through the payroll tax . It also provides health insurance to younger people with some disability status as determined by the Social Security Administration , as well as people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . In 2015 , Medicare provided health insurance for over 55 million -- 46 million people age 65 and older and 9 million younger people . On average , Medicare covers about half of the health care charges for those enrolled . The enrollees must then cover their remaining costs either with supplemental insurance , separate insurance , or out - of - pocket . Out - of - pocket costs can vary depending on the amount of health care a Medicare enrollee needs . They might include the costs of uncovered services -- such as for long - term , dental , hearing , and vision care -- and supplemental insurance premiums . Medicare and Medicaid are the two government sponsored medical insurance schemes in the United States . Medicare is further divided into parts A and B - Medicare Part A covers hospital and hospice services ; Part B covers outpatient services . Part D covers self - administered prescription drugs . Part C is an alternative to the other parts intended to allow experimentation with differently structured plans in an effort to reduce costs to the government and allow patients to choose plans with more benefits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Program history 2 Administration 3 Financing 4 Eligibility 5 Benefits and parts 5.1 Part A : Hospital / hospice insurance 5.2 Part B : Medical insurance 5.3 Part C : Medicare Advantage plans 5.4 Part D: Prescription drug plans 6 Out - of - pocket costs 6.1 Premiums 6.2 Deductible and coinsurance 6.3 Medicare supplement ( Medigap ) policies 7 Payment for services 7.1 Reimbursement for Part A services 7.2 Reimbursement for Part B services 7.2. 1 Provider participation 7.2. 2 Office medication reimbursement 7.2. 3 Medicare 10 percent incentive payments 8 Comparison with private insurance 9 Costs and funding challenges 9.1 Indicators 9.2 Total Medicare spending as a share of GDP 9.3 The solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund 9.4 Medicare per - capita spending growth relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth 9.5 General fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending 9.6 Unfunded obligation 9.7 Public opinion 9.8 Fraud and waste 10 Criticism 10.1 Unearned entitlement 10.2 Politicized payment 10.3 Quality of beneficiary services 10.4 Hospital accreditation 10.5 Graduate medical education 11 Legislation and reform 11.1 Effects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 11.2 Proposals for reforming Medicare 12 Legislative oversight 13 See also 14 References 15 External links 15.1 Governmental links -- current 15.2 Governmental links -- historical 15.3 Non-governmental links Program history ( edit ) President Johnson signing the Medicare amendment . Former President Harry S. Truman ( seated ) and his wife , Bess , are on the far right `` Medicare '' was the name originally given to a program providing medical care for families of individuals serving in the military as part of the Dependents ' Medical Care Act passed in 1956 . President Eisenhower held the first White House Conference on Aging in January 1961 , in which the creation of a program of health care for social security beneficiaries was proposed . In July 1965 , under the leadership of President Lyndon Johnson , Congress enacted Medicare under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance to people age 65 and older , regardless of income or medical history . Johnson signed the bill into law on July 30 , 1965 at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence , Missouri . Former President Truman and his wife , former First Lady Bess Truman became the first recipients of the program . Before Medicare 's creation , approximately 60 % of those over 65 had health insurance , with coverage often unavailable or unaffordable to many others , because older adults paid more than three times as much for health insurance as younger people . Many of this latter group ( about 20 % of the total in 2015 ) became `` dual eligible '' for both Medicare and Medicaid with the passage of the law . In 1966 , Medicare spurred the racial integration of thousands of waiting rooms , hospital floors , and physician practices by making payments to health care providers conditional on desegregation . Medicare has been in operation for a half century and , during that time , has undergone several changes . Since 1965 , the provisions of Medicare have expanded to include benefits for speech , physical , and chiropractic therapy in 1972 . Medicare added the option of payments to health maintenance organizations in the 1980s . Over the years , Congress expanded Medicare eligibility to younger people who have permanent disabilities and receive Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) payments and those who have end - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) . The association with HMOs begun in the 1980s was formalized under President Clinton in 1997 as Medicare Part C. In 2003 , under President George W. Bush , a Medicare program for covering almost all drugs was passed ( and went into effect in 2006 ) as Medicare Part D . The government added hospice benefits to aid the elderly on a temporary basis in 1982 , and made this permanent in 1984 . Congress further expanded Medicare in 2001 to cover younger people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS , or Lou Gehrig 's disease ) . Administration ( edit ) Health care in the United States Government Health Programs Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Indian Health Service Medicaid / State Health Insurance Assistance Program ( SHIP ) Medicare Prescription Assistance ( SPAP ) Military Health System / TRICARE State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) Program of All - Inclusive Care for the Elderly ( PACE ) Veterans Health Administration Private health coverage Consumer - driven health care Flexible spending account ( FSA ) Health Reimbursement Account Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA ) Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS ) Health insurance in the United States Managed care ( CCP ) Exclusive provider organization ( EPO ) Health maintenance organization ( HMO ) Preferred provider organization ( PPO ) Medical underwriting Health care reform law Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( 1986 ) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( 1996 ) Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act ( 2003 ) Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act ( 2005 ) Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( 2009 ) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( 2010 ) State level reform Dirigo Health ( Maine ) Massachusetts health care reform Oregon Health Plan SustiNet ( Connecticut ) Vermont health care reform Municipal health coverage Fair Share Health Care Act ( Maryland ) Healthy Howard ( Howard Co. , Maryland ) Healthy San Francisco Healthy Way LA My Health LA This box : view talk edit The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) , a component of the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , administers Medicare , Medicaid , the Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) , the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments ( CLIA ) and parts of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) . Along with the Departments of Labor and Treasury , CMS also implements the insurance reform provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ( HIPAA ) and most aspects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA ) of 2010 as amended . The Social Security Administration is responsible for determining Medicare eligibility , eligibility for and payment of Extra Help / Low Income Subsidy payments related to Part D Medicare , and collecting some premium payments for the Medicare program . The Chief Actuary of CMS is responsible for providing accounting information and cost - projections to the Medicare Board of Trustees to assist them in assessing the financial health of the program . The Board is required by law to issue annual reports on the financial status of the Medicare Trust Funds , and those reports are required to contain a statement of actuarial opinion by the Chief Actuary . Since the beginning of the Medicare program , CMS ( that was not always the name of the responsible bureaucracy ) has contracted with private insurance companies to operate as intermediaries between the government and medical providers to administer Part A and Part B benefits . Contracted processes include claims and payment processing , call center services , clinician enrollment , and fraud investigation . Beginning in 1997 and 2005 respectively , these and other insurance companies also began administering Part C and Part D plans . The Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee ( or Relative Value Update Committee ; RUC ) , composed of physicians associated with the American Medical Association , advises the government about pay standards for Medicare patient procedures performed by doctors and other professionals under Medicare Part B. A similar but different CMS system determines the rates paid acute care and other hospitals -- including skilled nursing facilities -- under Medicare Part A . Financing ( edit ) Medicare has several sources of financing . Part A 's inpatient admitted hospital and skilled nursing coverage is largely funded by revenue from a 2.9 % payroll tax levied on employers and workers ( each pay 1.45 % ) . Until December 31 , 1993 , the law provided a maximum amount of compensation on which the Medicare tax could be imposed each year , in the same way that the Social Security tax works in the United States . Beginning January 1 , 1994 , the compensation limit was removed . Self - employed individuals must pay the entire 2.9 % tax on self - employed net earnings ( because they are both employee and employer ) , but may deduct half of the tax from the income in calculating income tax . Beginning in 2013 , the rate of Part A tax on earned income exceeding US $200,000 for individuals ( US $250,000 for married couples filing jointly ) rose to 3.8 % , in order to pay part of the cost of the subsidies mandated by the PPACA . Parts B and D are partially funded by premiums paid by Medicare enrollees and general fund revenue . In 2006 a surtax was added to Part B premium for higher - income seniors to partially fund Part D. In the PPACA legislation of 2010 , a surtax was added to the Part D premium for higher income seniors to partially fund PPACA and the number of Part B beneficiaries subject to the 2006 surtax was doubled , also partially to fund PPACA . Parts A and B / D use separate trust funds to receive and disburse the funds mentioned above . Part C uses these two trust funds as well in a proportion determined by CMS that reflect the fact that Part C beneficiaries are fully on Parts A and B of Medicare but that their medical needs are paid for per capita rather than `` fee for service '' ( FFS ) . In 2015 , Medicare spending accounted for about 15 % of total United States Federal spending . This share is projected to exceed 17 % by 2020 . Retirement of the Baby Boom generation -- which by 2030 is projected to increase enrollment to more than 80 million as the number of workers per enrollee declines from 3.7 to 2.4 -- and rising overall health care costs pose substantial financial challenges to the program . Medicare spending is projected to increase from $523 billion in 2010 to just over $1 trillion by 2022 . Baby - boomers ' health is also an important factor : 20 % have five or more chronic conditions , which will add to the future cost of health care ( www.cms.gov , 2012 ) . In response to these financial challenges , Congress made substantial cuts to future payouts to providers as part of PPACA in 2010 and the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 ( MACRA ) and policymakers have offered a number of additional competing proposals to reduce Medicare costs further . Nearly one in three dollars spent on Medicare flows through one of several cost - reduction programs . Cost reduction is influenced by factors including reduction in inappropriate and unnecessary care by evaluating evidence - based practices as well as reducing the amount of unnecessary , duplicative , and inappropriate care . Cost reduction may also be effected by reducing medical errors , investment in healthcare information technology , improving transparency of cost and quality data , increasing administrative efficiency , and by developing both clinical and non-clinical guidelines and quality standards . Eligibility ( edit ) In general , all persons 65 years of age or older who have been legal residents of the United States for at least five years are eligible for Medicare . People with disabilities under 65 may also be eligible if they receive Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) benefits . Specific medical conditions may also help people become eligible to enroll in Medicare . People qualify for Medicare coverage , and Medicare Part A premiums are entirely waived , if the following circumstances apply : They are 65 years or older and US citizens or have been permanent legal residents for five continuous years , and they or their spouse ( or qualifying ex-spouse ) has paid Medicare taxes for at least 10 years . or They are under 65 , disabled , and have been receiving either Social Security SSDI benefits or Railroad Retirement Board disability benefits ; they must receive one of these benefits for at least 24 months from date of entitlement ( eligibility for first disability payment ) before becoming eligible to enroll in Medicare . or They get continuing dialysis for end stage renal disease or need a kidney transplant . Those who are 65 and older who choose to enroll in Part A Medicare must pay a monthly premium to remain enrolled in Medicare Part A if they or their spouse have not paid the qualifying Medicare payroll taxes . People with disabilities who receive SSDI are eligible for Medicare while they continue to receive SSDI payments ; they lose eligibility for Medicare based on disability if they stop receiving SSDI . The 24 - month exclusion means that people who become disabled must wait two years before receiving government medical insurance , unless they have one of the listed diseases . The 24 - month period is measured from the date that an individual is determined to be eligible for SSDI payments , not necessarily when the first payment is actually received . Many new SSDI recipients receive `` back '' disability pay , covering a period that usually begins six months from the start of disability and ending with the first monthly SSDI payment . Some beneficiaries are dual - eligible . This means they qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid . In some states for those making below a certain income , Medicaid will pay the beneficiaries ' Part B premium for them ( most beneficiaries have worked long enough and have no Part A premium ) , as well as some of their out of pocket medical and hospital expenses . Benefits and Parts ( edit ) US Medicare logo ( 2008 ) Medicare has four parts : Part A is Hospital Insurance . Part B is Medical Insurance . Medicare Part D covers many prescription drugs , though some are covered by Part B. In general , the distinction is based on whether or not the drugs are self - administered . Part C health plans , the most popular of which are branded Medicare Advantage , are another way for Original Medicare ( Part A and B) beneficiaries to receive their Part A , B and D benefits ( basically Part C is a public supplement option that can be compared with group private supplemental Medicare coverage from a former employer or individually purchased private so - called Medigap insurance ) . All Medicare benefits are subject to medical necessity . The original program included Parts A and B. Part - C - like plans have existed as demonstration projects in Medicare since the early 1980s but the Part was formalized by 1997 legislation . ( Simplistically , Part C is a voucher program similar to the insurance reform included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 as amended ) . Part D was introduced January 1 , 2006 . Part a : hospital / hospice insurance ( edit ) Part A covers inpatient hospital stays , including semi-private room , food , and tests . As of January 1 , 2016 , Medicare Part A has an inpatient hospital deductible of $1288 , coinsurance per day as $322 after 61 days confinement within one `` spell of illness '' , coinsurance for `` lifetime reserve days '' ( essentially , days 91 - 150 ) of $644 per day , and coinsurance in an Skilled Nursing Family ( following a medically necessary hospital confinement ) for days 21 - 100 of $161 per day . The maximum length of stay that Medicare Part A covers in a hospital inpatient stay or series of stays is typically 90 days . The first 60 days would be paid by Medicare in full , except one copay ( also and more commonly referred to as a `` deductible '' ) at the beginning of the 60 days of $1,288 as of 2016 . Days 61 -- 90 require a co-payment of $322 per day as of 2016 . The beneficiary is also allocated `` lifetime reserve days '' that can be used after 90 days . These lifetime reserve days require a copayment of $644 per day as of 2016 , and the beneficiary can only use a total of 60 of these days throughout their lifetime . A new pool of 90 hospital days , with new copays of $1288 in 2016 and $302 per day for days 61 -- 90 , starts only after the beneficiary has 60 days continuously with no payment from Medicare for hospital or nursing home confinement . Some `` hospital services '' can be done as inpatient services , which would be reimbursed under Part A ; or as outpatient services , which would be reimbursed , not under Part A , but under Part B instead . The `` Two - Midnight Rule '' decides which is which . In August 2013 , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced a final rule concerning eligibility for hospital inpatient services effective October 1 , 2013 . Under the new rule , if a physician admits a Medicare beneficiary as an inpatient with an expectation that the patient will require hospital care that `` crosses two midnights , '' Medicare Part A payment is `` generally appropriate . '' However , if it is anticipated that the patient will require hospital care for less than two midnights , Medicare Part A payment is generally not appropriate ; payment such as is approved will be paid under Part B . The time a patient spends in the hospital before an inpatient admission is formally ordered is considered outpatient time . But , hospitals and physicians can take into consideration the pre-inpatient admission time when determining if a patient 's care will reasonably be expected to cross two midnights to be covered under Part A . In addition to deciding which trust fund is used to pay for these various outpatient vs. inpatient charges , the number of days for which a person is formally considered an admitted patient affects eligibility for Part A skilled nursing services . Medicare penalizes hospitals for readmissions . After making initial payments for hospital stays , Medicare will take back from the hospital these payments , plus a penalty of 4 to 18 times the initial payment , if an above - average number of patients from the hospital are readmitted within 30 days . These readmission penalties apply after some of the most common treatments : pneumonia , heart failure , heart attack , COPD , knee replacement , hip replacement . A study of 18 states conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( AHRQ ) found that 1.8 million Medicare patients aged 65 and older were readmitted within 30 days of an initial hospital stay in 2011 ; the conditions with the highest readmission rates were congestive heart failure , septicemia , pneumonia , and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis . The highest penalties on hospitals are charged after knee or hip replacements , $265,000 per excess readmission . The goals are to encourage better post-hospital care and more referrals to hospice and end - of - life care in lieu of treatment , while the effect is also to reduce coverage in hospitals that treat poor and frail patients . The total penalties for above - average readmissions in 2013 are $280 million , for 7,000 excess readmissions , or $40,000 for each readmission above the US average rate . Part A fully covers brief stays for rehabilitation or convalescence in a skilled nursing facility and up to 100 days per medical necessity with a co-pay if certain criteria are met : A preceding hospital stay must be at least three days as an inpatient , three midnights , not counting the discharge date . The nursing home stay must be for something diagnosed during the hospital stay or for the main cause of hospital stay . If the patient is not receiving rehabilitation but has some other ailment that requires skilled nursing supervision then the nursing home stay would be covered . The care being rendered by the nursing home must be skilled . Medicare part A does not pay stays that only provide custodial , non-skilled , or long - term care activities , including activities of daily living ( ADL ) such as personal hygiene , cooking , cleaning , etc . The care must be medically necessary and progress against some set plan must be made on some schedule determined by a doctor . The first 20 days would be paid for in full by Medicare with the remaining 80 days requiring a co-payment of $161 per day as of 2016 . Many insurance group retiree , Medigap and Part C insurance plans have a provision for additional coverage of skilled nursing care in the policies they sell . If a beneficiary uses some portion of their Part A benefit and then goes at least 60 days without receiving facility - based skilled services , the 90 - day hospital clock and 100 - day nursing home clock are reset and the person qualifies for new benefit periods . Hospice benefits are also provided under Part A of Medicare for terminally ill persons with less than six months to live , as determined by the patient 's physician . The terminally ill person must sign a statement that hospice care has been chosen over other Medicare - covered benefits , ( e.g. assisted living or hospital care ) . Treatment provided includes pharmaceutical products for symptom control and pain relief as well as other services not otherwise covered by Medicare such as grief counseling . Hospice is covered 100 % with no co-pay or deductible by Medicare Part A except that patients are responsible for a copay for outpatient drugs and respite care , if needed . Part B : medical insurance ( edit ) Part B medical insurance helps pay for some services and products not covered by Part A , generally on an outpatient basis ( but also when on an unadmitted observation status in a hospital ) . Part B is optional and may be deferred if the beneficiary or his / her spouse is still working and has group health coverage through that employer . There is a lifetime penalty ( 10 % per year on the premium ) imposed for not enrolling in Part B unless actively working and receiving group health coverage from that employer , or covered by programs of the Veterans Health Administration . Part B coverage begins once a patient meets his or her deductible ( $183 for 2017 ) , then typically Medicare covers 80 % of the RUC - set rate for approved services , while the remaining 20 % is paid by the patient , either directly or indirectly by private group retiree or Medigap insurance . Part B coverage includes chiropractic care , out patient physician services , visiting nurse , and other services such as x-rays , laboratory and diagnostic tests , influenza and pneumonia vaccinations , blood transfusions , renal dialysis , outpatient hospital procedures , limited ambulance transportation , immunosuppressive drugs for organ transplant recipients , chemotherapy , hormonal treatments such as Lupron , and other outpatient medical treatments administered in a doctor 's office . Medication administration is covered under Part B if it is administered by the physician during an office visit . Part B also helps with durable medical equipment ( DME ) , including canes , walkers , lift chairs , wheelchairs , and mobility scooters for those with mobility impairments . Prosthetic devices such as artificial limbs and breast prosthesis following mastectomy , as well as one pair of eyeglasses following cataract surgery , and oxygen for home use is also covered . Complex rules control Part B benefits , and periodically issued advisories describe coverage criteria . On the national level these advisories are issued by CMS , and are known as National Coverage Determinations ( NCD ) . Local Coverage Determinations ( LCD ) apply within the multi-state area managed by a specific regional Medicare Part B contractor , and Local Medical Review Policies ( LMRP ) were superseded by LCDs in 2003 . Coverage information is also located in the CMS Internet - Only Manuals ( IOM ) , the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) , the Social Security Act , and the Federal Register . The Monthly Premium for Part B for 2016 is $121.80 per month but anyone on Social Security in 2015 is `` held harmless '' ( from the fact that Social Security did not rise in 2016 ) and pays only the $104.90 premium withheld monthly in 2015 , with income - weighted additional surtaxes for those with incomes more than $85,000 per annum . Part C : Medicare Advantage plans ( edit ) Main article : Medicare Advantage With the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 , Medicare beneficiaries were formally given the option to receive their Original Medicare benefits through capitated health insurance Part C plans , instead of through the Original fee for service Medicare payment system . Many had previously had that option via a series of demonstration projects that dated back to the early 1980s . These Part C plans were initially known as `` Medicare + Choice '' . As of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 , most `` Medicare + Choice '' plans were re-branded as `` Medicare Advantage '' ( MA ) plans ( though MA is a government term and might not be visible to the Part C health plan beneficiary ) . Other plan types , such as 1876 Cost plans , are also available in limited areas of the country . Cost plans are not Medicare Advantage plans and are not capitated . Instead , beneficiaries keep their Original Medicare benefits while their insurance company administers their Part A and Part B benefits . The insurance company is then reimbursed for Part B services by Medicare . Public Part C Medicare Advantage and other Part C health plans are required to offer coverage that meets or exceeds the standards set by Original Medicare but they do not have to cover every benefit in the same way . After approval by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services , if a Part C plan chooses to pay less than Original Medicare for some benefits , such as Skilled Nursing Facility care , the savings may be passed along to consumers by offering even lower co-payments for doctor visits . Original `` fee - for - service '' Medicare Parts A and B have a standard benefit package that covers medically necessary care as described in the sections above that members can receive from nearly any hospital or doctor in the country ( if that doctor or hospital accepts Medicare ) . Original Medicare beneficiaries who choose to enroll in a Part C Medicare Advantage health plan instead give up none of their rights as an Original Medicare beneficiary , receive the same standard benefits -- as a minimum -- as provided in Original Medicare , and get an annual out of pocket ( OOP ) upper spending limit not included in Original Medicare . However they must typically use only a select network of providers except in emergencies , typically restricted to the area surrounding their legal residence ( which can vary from tens to over 100 miles depending on county ) . Most Part C plans are traditional health maintenance organizations ( HMOs ) that require the patient to have a primary care physician , though a few are preferred provider organizations ( which typically means the provider restrictions are not as confining as with an HMO ) . Public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan members typically usually also pay a monthly premium in addition to the Medicare Part B premium to cover items not covered by traditional Medicare ( Parts A & B ) , such as the OOP limit , prescription drugs , dental care , vision care , annual physicals , coverage outside the United States , and even gym or health club memberships as well as -- and probably most importantly -- reduce the 20 % co-pays and high deductibles associated with Original Medicare . But in some situations the benefits are more limited ( but they can never be more limited than Original Medicare and must always include an OOP limit ) and there is no premium . In some cases , the insurer even rebates part or all of the Part B premium , though these types of Part C plans are becoming rare . The 2003 - law payment formulas purposely overcompensated some Part C plans by 12 percent or more on average compared to what Original Medicare beneficiaries received in the same county on average , in order to increase the availability of Part C plans in rural and inner - city geographies . Before 2003 Part C plans tended to be suburban HMOs tied to major nearby teaching hospitals that cost the government the same as or even 5 % less on average than it cost to cover the medical needs of a comparable beneficiary on Original Medicare . The 2003 payment formulas succeeded in increasing the percentage of rural and inner city poor that could take advantage of the OOP limit and lower co-pays and deductibles -- as well as the coordinated medical care -- associated with Part C plans . In practice however , one set of Medicare beneficiaries received more benefits than others . The differences caused by the 2003 - law payment formulas were almost completely eliminated by PPACA and have been almost totally phased out according to the 2013 MedPAC annual report , March 2013 . One remaining special - payment - formula program -- designed primarily for unions wishing to offer a Part C plan -- is being phased out beginning in 2017 . In 2015 , on average a Part C beneficiary cost the Medicare Trust Funds 5 % less than a beneficiary on traditional fee for service Medicare , completely reversing the situation in 2006 right after implementation of the 2003 law and restoring the capitated fee vs fee for service funding balance to its original intended level . Enrollment in public Part C health plans , including Medicare Advantage plans , grew from 5.4 million in 2005 to over 17 million in 2015 . This represents almost 32 % of Medicare beneficiaries . Almost all Medicare beneficiaries have access to at least two Medicare Advantage plans ; most have access to three or more . Part d: Prescription drug plans ( edit ) Main articles : Medicare Part D and Medicare Part D coverage gap Medicare Part D went into effect on January 1 , 2006 . Anyone with Part A or B is eligible for Part D , which covers mostly self - administered drugs . It was made possible by the passage of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 . To receive this benefit , a person with Medicare must enroll in a stand - alone Prescription Drug Plan ( PDP ) or Medicare Advantage plan with integrated prescription drug coverage ( MA - PD ) . These plans are approved and regulated by the Medicare program , but are actually designed and administered by private health insurance companies and pharmacy benefit managers . Unlike Original Medicare ( Part A and B ) , Part D coverage is not standardized ( though it is highly regulated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ) . Plans choose which drugs they wish to cover ( but must cover at least two drugs in 148 different categories and cover all or `` substantially all '' drugs in the following protected classes of drugs : anti-cancer ; anti-psychotic ; anti-convulsant , anti-depressants , immuno - suppressant , and HIV and AIDS drugs ) . The plans can also specify with CMS approval at what level ( or tier ) they wish to cover it , and are encouraged to use step therapy . Some drugs are excluded from coverage altogether and Part D plans that cover excluded drugs are not allowed to pass those costs on to Medicare , and plans are required to repay CMS if they are found to have billed Medicare in these cases . Under the 2003 law that created Medicare Part D , the Social Security Administration provides extensive extra help to lower - income seniors such that they have almost no drug costs ; in addition approximately 25 states offer additional assistance on top of Part D. It should be noted again for beneficiaries who are dual - eligible ( Medicare and Medicaid eligible ) Medicaid may pay for drugs not covered by Part D of Medicare . Most of this aid to lower - income seniors was available to them through other programs before Part D was implemented . Out - of - pocket costs ( edit ) No part of Medicare pays for all of a beneficiary 's covered medical costs and many costs and services are not covered at all . The program contains premiums , deductibles and coinsurance , which the covered individual must pay out - of - pocket . A study published by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2008 found the Fee - for - Service Medicare benefit package was less generous than either the typical large employer Preferred provider organization plan or the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Standard Option . Some people may qualify to have other governmental programs ( such as Medicaid ) pay premiums and some or all of the costs associated with Medicare . Premiums ( edit ) Most Medicare enrollees do not pay a monthly Part A premium , because they ( or a spouse ) have had 40 or more 3 - month quarters in which they paid Federal Insurance Contributions Act taxes. The benefit is the same no matter how much or how little the beneficiary paid as long as the minimum number of quarters is reached . Medicare - eligible persons who do not have 40 or more quarters of Medicare - covered employment may buy into Part A for an annual adjusted monthly premium of : $248.00 per month ( as of 2012 ) for those with 30 -- 39 quarters of Medicare - covered employment , or $451.00 per month ( as of 2012 ) for those with fewer than 30 quarters of Medicare - covered employment and who are not otherwise eligible for premium - free Part A coverage . Most Medicare Part B enrollees pay an insurance premium for this coverage ; the standard Part B premium for 2013 through 2015 was $104.90 -- $335.70 per month . The premium increased to over $120 a month in 2016 but only for those not on Social Security in 2015 . A new income - based premium surtax schema has been in effect since 2007 , wherein Part B premiums are higher for beneficiaries with incomes exceeding $85,000 for individuals or $170,000 for married couples . Depending on the extent to which beneficiary earnings exceed the base income , these higher Part B premiums are $139.90 , $199.80 , $259.70 , or $319.70 for 2012 , with the highest premium paid by individuals earning more than $214,000 , or married couples earning more than $428,000 . Medicare Part B premiums are commonly deducted automatically from beneficiaries ' monthly Social Security checks . They can also be paid quarterly via bill sent directly to beneficiaries . This alternative is becoming more common because whereas the eligibility age for Medicare has remained at 65 per the 1965 legislation , the so - called Full Retirement Age for Social Security has been increased to 66 and will go even higher over time . Therefore , many people delay collecting Social Security and have to pay their Part B premium directly . Part C plans may or may not charge premiums ( almost all do ) , depending on the plans ' designs as approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Part D premiums vary widely based on the benefit level . Deductible and coinsurance ( edit ) Part A -- For each benefit period , a beneficiary pays an annually adjusted : A Part A deductible of $1,288 in 2016 and $1,316 in 2017 for a hospital stay of 1 -- 60 days . A $322 per day co-pay in 2016 and $329 co-pay in 2017 for days 61 -- 90 of a hospital stay . A $644 per day co-pay in 2016 and $658 co-pay in 2017 for days 91 -- 150 of a hospital stay. , as part of their limited Lifetime Reserve Days . All costs for each day beyond 150 days Coinsurance for a Skilled Nursing Facility is $161 per day in 2016 and $164.50 in 2017 for days 21 through 100 for each benefit period ( no co-pay for the first 20 days ) . A blood deductible of the first 3 pints of blood needed in a calendar year , unless replaced . There is a 3 - pint blood deductible for both Part A and Part B , and these separate deductibles do not overlap . Part B -- After beneficiaries meet the yearly deductible of $183.00 for 2017 , they will be required to pay a co-insurance of 20 % of the Medicare - approved amount for all services covered by Part B with the exception of most lab services , which are covered at 100 % -- and outpatient mental health , which is currently ( 2010 -- 2011 ) covered at 55 % ( 45 % copay ) . The copay for outpatient mental health , which started at 50 % , is gradually decreasing over several years until it matches the 20 % required for other services . They are also required to pay an excess charge of 15 % for services rendered by physicians who do not accept assignment . The deductibles , co-pays , and coinsurance charges for Part C and D plans vary from plan to plan . All Part C plans include an annual out of pocket ( OOP ) upper spend limit . Original Medicare does not include an OOP limit . Medicare supplement ( Medigap ) policies ( edit ) Main article : Medigap Of the Medicare beneficiaries who are not dual eligible for both Medicare ( around 20 % ) and Medicaid or that do not receive supplemental insurance via a former employer ( 40 % ) or a public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan ( about 30 % ) , almost all elect to purchase a type of private supplemental insurance coverage , called a Medigap plan ( 20 % ) , to help fill in the financial holes in Original Medicare ( Part A and B) . Note that the percentages add up to over 100 % because many beneficiaries have more than one type of supplement . These Medigap insurance policies are standardized by CMS , but are sold and administered by private companies . Some Medigap policies sold before 2006 may include coverage for prescription drugs . Medigap policies sold after the introduction of Medicare Part D on January 1 , 2006 are prohibited from covering drugs . Medicare regulations prohibit a Medicare beneficiary from being sold both a public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan and a private Medigap Policy . As with public Part C health plans , private Medigap policies are only available to beneficiaries who are already signed up for benefits from Original Medicare Part A and Part B. These policies are regulated by state insurance departments rather than the federal government though CMS outlines what the various Medigap plans must cover at a minimum . Therefore , the types and prices of Medigap policies vary widely from state to state and the degree of underwriting , open enrollment and guaranteed issue also varies widely from state to state . As of 2016 , 11 policies are currently sold -- though few are available in all states , and some are not available at all in Massachusetts , Minnesota and Wisconsin . These are Plan A , Plan B , Plan C , Plan D , Plan F , High Deductible Plan F , Plan G , Plan K , Plan L , Plan M , and Plan N. Cost is usually the only difference between Medigap policies with the same letter sold by different insurance companies . Unlike Medicare Advantage Plans , Medicare Supplement Plans have no networks , and any provider who accepts Medicare must also accept the Medicare Supplement Plan . All insurance companies that sell Medigap policies are required to make Plan A available , and if they offer any other policies , they must also make either Plan C or Plan F available as well , though Plan F is scheduled to sunset in the year 2020 . Anyone who currently has a Plan F may keep it . Payment for services ( edit ) Medicare contracts with regional insurance companies to process over one billion fee - for - service claims per year . In 2008 , Medicare accounted for 13 % ( $386 billion ) of the federal budget . In 2016 it is projected to account for close to 15 % ( $683 billion ) of the total expenditures . For the decade 2010 -- 2019 Medicare is projected to cost 6.4 trillion dollars . Reimbursement for Part a services ( edit ) For institutional care , such as hospital and nursing home care , Medicare uses prospective payment systems . In a prospective payment system , the health care institution receives a set amount of money for each episode of care provided to a patient , regardless of the actual amount of care . The actual allotment of funds is based on a list of diagnosis - related groups ( DRG ) . The actual amount depends on the primary diagnosis that is actually made at the hospital . There are some issues surrounding Medicare 's use of DRGs because if the patient uses less care , the hospital gets to keep the remainder . This , in theory , should balance the costs for the hospital . However , if the patient uses more care , then the hospital has to cover its own losses . This results in the issue of `` upcoding , '' when a physician makes a more severe diagnosis to hedge against accidental costs . Reimbursement for Part B services ( edit ) Payment for physician services under Medicare has evolved since the program was created in 1965 . Initially , Medicare compensated physicians based on the physician 's charges , and allowed physicians to bill Medicare beneficiaries the amount in excess of Medicare 's reimbursement . In 1975 , annual increases in physician fees were limited by the Medicare Economic Index ( MEI ) . The MEI was designed to measure changes in costs of physician 's time and operating expenses , adjusted for changes in physician productivity . From 1984 to 1991 , the yearly change in fees was determined by legislation . This was done because physician fees were rising faster than projected . The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 made several changes to physician payments under Medicare . Firstly , it introduced the Medicare Fee Schedule , which took effect in 1992 . Secondly , it limited the amount Medicare non-providers could balance bill Medicare beneficiaries . Thirdly , it introduced the Medicare Volume Performance Standards ( MVPS ) as a way to control costs . On January 1 , 1992 , Medicare introduced the Medicare Fee Schedule ( MFS ) , a list of about 7,000 services that can be billed for . Each service is priced within the Resource - Based Relative Value Scale ( RBRVS ) with three Relative Value Units ( RVUs ) values largely determining the price . The three RVUs for a procedure are each geographically weighted and the weighted RVU value is multiplied by a global Conversion Factor ( CF ) , yielding a price in dollars . The RVUs themselves are largely decided by a private group of 29 ( mostly specialist ) physicians -- the American Medical Association 's Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee ( RUC ) . From 1992 to 1997 , adjustments to physician payments were adjusted using the MEI and the MVPS , which essentially tried to compensate for the increasing volume of services provided by physicians by decreasing their reimbursement per service . In 1998 , Congress replaced the VPS with the Sustainable Growth Rate ( SGR ) . This was done because of highly variable payment rates under the MVPS . The SGR attempts to control spending by setting yearly and cumulative spending targets . If actual spending for a given year exceeds the spending target for that year , reimbursement rates are adjusted downward by decreasing the Conversion Factor ( CF ) for RBRVS RVUs . In 2002 , payment rates were cut by 4.8 % . In 2003 , payment rates were scheduled to be reduced by 4.4 % . However , Congress boosted the cumulative SGR target in the Consolidated Appropriation Resolution of 2003 ( P.L. 108 - 7 ) , allowing payments for physician services to rise 1.6 % . In 2004 and 2005 , payment rates were again scheduled to be reduced . The Medicare Modernization Act ( P.L. 108 - 173 ) increased payments 1.5 % for those two years . In 2006 , the SGR mechanism was scheduled to decrease physician payments by 4.4 % . ( This number results from a 7 % decrease in physician payments times a 2.8 % inflation adjustment increase . ) Congress overrode this decrease in the Deficit Reduction Act ( P.L. 109 - 362 ) , and held physician payments in 2006 at their 2005 levels . Similarly , another congressional act held 2007 payments at their 2006 levels , and HR 6331 held 2008 physician payments to their 2007 levels , and provided for a 1.1 % increase in physician payments in 2009 . Without further continuing congressional intervention , the SGR is expected to decrease physician payments from 25 % to 35 % over the next several years . MFS has been criticized for not paying doctors enough because of the low conversion factor . By adjustments to the MFS conversion factor , it is possible to make global adjustments in payments to all doctors . The SGR was the subject of possible reform legislation again in 2014 . On March 14 , 2014 , the United States House of Representatives passed the SGR Repeal and Medicare Provider Payment Modernization Act of 2014 ( H.R. 4015 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would have replaced the ( SGR ) formula with new systems for establishing those payment rates . However , the bill would pay for these changes by delaying the Affordable Care Act 's individual mandate requirement , a proposal that was very unpopular with Democrats . The SGR was expected to cause Medicare reimbursement cuts of 24 percent on April 1 , 2014 , if a solution to reform or delay the SGR was not found . This led to another bill , the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 ( H.R. 4302 ; 113th Congress ) , which would delay those cuts until March 2015 . This bill was also controversial . The American Medical Association and other medical groups opposed it , asking Congress to provide a permanent solution instead of just another delay . The SGR process was replaced by new rules as of the passage of MACRA in 2015 . Provider participation ( edit ) There are two ways for providers to be reimbursed in Medicare . `` Participating '' providers accept `` assignment , '' which means that they accept Medicare 's approved rate for their services as payment ( typically 80 % from Medicare and 20 % from the beneficiary ) . Some non participating doctors do not take assignment , but they also treat Medicare enrollees and are authorized to balance bill no more than a small fixed amount above Medicare 's approved rate . A minority of doctors are `` private contractors , '' which means they opt out of Medicare and refuse to accept Medicare payments altogether . These doctors are required to inform patients that they will be liable for the full cost of their services out - of - pocket in advance of treatment . While the majority of providers accept Medicare assignments , ( 97 percent for some specialties ) , and most physicians still accept at least some new Medicare patients , that number is in decline . While 80 % of physicians in the Texas Medical Association accepted new Medicare patients in 2000 , only 60 % were doing so by 2012 . A study published in 2012 concluded that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) relies on the recommendations of an American Medical Association advisory panel . The study led by Dr. Miriam J. Laugesen , of Columbia Mailman School of Public Health , and colleagues at UCLA and the University of Illinois , shows that for services provided between 1994 and 2010 , CMS agreed with 87.4 % of the recommendations of the committee , known as RUC or the Relative Value Update Committee . Office medication reimbursement ( edit ) Chemotherapy and other medications dispensed in a physician 's office are reimbursed according to the Average Sales Price , a number computed by taking the total dollar sales of a drug as the numerator and the number of units sold nationwide as the denominator . The current reimbursement formula is known as `` ASP + 6 '' since it reimburses physicians at 106 % of the ASP of drugs . Pharmaceutical company discounts and rebates are included in the calculation of ASP , and tend to reduce it . In addition , Medicare pays 80 % of ASP + 6 , which is the equivalent of 84.8 % of the actual average cost of the drug . Some patients have supplemental insurance or can afford the co-pay . Large numbers do not . This leaves the payment to physicians for most of the drugs in an `` underwater '' state . ASP + 6 superseded Average Wholesale Price in 2005 , after a 2003 front - page New York Times article drew attention to the inaccuracies of Average Wholesale Price calculations . This procedure is scheduled to change dramatically in 2017 under a CMS proposal that will likely be finalized in October 2016 . Medicare 10 percent incentive payments ( edit ) `` Physicians in geographic Health Professional Shortage Areas ( HPSAs ) and Physician Scarcity Areas ( PSAs ) can receive incentive payments from Medicare . Payments are made on a quarterly basis , rather than claim - by - claim , and are handled by each area 's Medicare carrier . '' Enrollment Generally , if you already receive Social Security payments , at age 65 you are automatically enrolled in Medicare Part A ( Hospital Insurance ) . In addition , you are generally also automatically enrolled in Medicare Part B ( Medical Insurance ) . If you choose to accept Part B you must pay a monthly premium to keep it . However , you may delay enrollment with no penalty under some circumstances , or with penalty under other circumstances . Part A & B Part A Late Enrollment Penalty If you are not eligible for premium - free Part A , and you do n't buy a premium - based Part A when you 're first eligible , your monthly premium may go up 10 % . You must pay the higher premium for twice the number of years you could have had Part A , but did n't sign - up . For example , if you were eligible for Part A for 2 years but did n't sign - up , you must pay the higher premium for 4 years . Usually , you do n't have to pay a penalty if you meet certain conditions that allow you to sign up for Part A during a Special Enrollment Period . Part B Late Enrollment Penalty If you do n't sign up for Part B when you 're first eligible , you may have to pay a late enrollment penalty for as long as you have Medicare . Your monthly premium for Part B may go up 10 % for each full 12 - month period that you could have had Part B , but did n't sign up for it . Usually , you do n't pay a late enrollment penalty if you meet certain conditions that allow you to sign up for Part B during a special enrollment period . Comparison with private insurance ( edit ) Medicare differs from private insurance available to working Americans in that it is a social insurance program . Social insurance programs provide statutorily guaranteed benefits to the entire population ( under certain circumstances , such as old age or unemployment ) . These benefits are financed in significant part through universal taxes . In effect , Medicare is a mechanism by which the state takes a portion of its citizens ' resources to guarantee health and financial security to its citizens in old age or in case of disability , helping them cope with the enormous , unpredictable cost of health care . In its universality , Medicare differs substantially from private insurers , which must decide whom to cover and what benefits to offer to manage their risk pools and guarantee their costs do n't exceed premiums . Because the federal government is legally obligated to provide Medicare benefits to older and disabled Americans , it can not cut costs by restricting eligibility or benefits , except by going through a difficult legislative process , or by revising its interpretation of medical necessity . By statute , Medicare may only pay for items and services that are `` reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member '' , unless there is another statutory authorization for payment . Cutting costs by cutting benefits is difficult , but the program can also achieve substantial economies of scale in terms of the prices it pays for health care and administrative expenses -- and , as a result , private insurers ' costs have grown almost 60 % more than Medicare 's since 1970 . Medicare 's cost growth is now the same as GDP growth and expected to stay well below private insurance 's for the next decade . Because Medicare offers statutorily determined benefits , its coverage policies and payment rates are publicly known , and all enrollees are entitled to the same coverage . In the private insurance market , plans can be tailored to offer different benefits to different customers , enabling individuals to reduce coverage costs while assuming risks for care that is not covered . Insurers , however , have far fewer disclosure requirements than Medicare , and studies show that customers in the private sector can find it difficult to know what their policy covers . and at what cost . Moreover , since Medicare collects data about utilization and costs for its enrollees -- data that private insurers treat as trade secrets -- it gives researchers key information about health care system performance . Medicare also has an important role driving changes in the entire health care system . Because Medicare pays for a huge share of health care in every region of the country , it has a great deal of power to set delivery and payment policies . For example , Medicare promoted the adaptation of prospective payments based on DRG 's , which prevents unscrupulous providers from setting their own exorbitant prices . Meanwhile , the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has given Medicare the mandate to promote cost - containment throughout the health care system , for example , by promoting the creation of accountable care organizations or by replacing fee - for - service payments with bundled payments . Costs and funding challenges ( edit ) Medicare and Medicaid Spending as % GDP ( 2013 ) The Medicare Trustees reduced their forecast for Medicare costs as % GDP , mainly due to a lower rate of healthcare cost increases . Over the long - term , Medicare faces significant financial challenges because of rising overall health care costs , increasing enrollment as the population ages , and a decreasing ratio of workers to enrollees . Total Medicare spending is projected to increase from $523 billion in 2010 to around $900 billion by 2020 . From 2010 to 2030 , Medicare enrollment is projected to increase from 47 million to 79 million , and the ratio of workers to enrollees is expected to decrease from 3.7 to 2.4 . However , the ratio of workers to retirees has declined steadily for decades , and social insurance systems have remained sustainable due to rising worker productivity . There is some evidence that productivity gains will continue to offset demographic trends in the near future . The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) wrote in 2008 that `` future growth in spending per beneficiary for Medicare and Medicaid -- the federal government 's major health care programs -- will be the most important determinant of long - term trends in federal spending . Changing those programs in ways that reduce the growth of costs -- which will be difficult , in part because of the complexity of health policy choices -- is ultimately the nation 's central long - term challenge in setting federal fiscal policy . '' Overall health care costs were projected in 2011 to increase by 5.8 percent annually from 2010 to 2020 , in part because of increased utilization of medical services , higher prices for services , and new technologies . Health care costs are rising across the board , but the cost of insurance has risen dramatically for families and employers as well as the federal government . In fact , since 1970 the per - capita cost of private coverage has grown roughly one percentage point faster each year than the per - capita cost of Medicare . Since the late 1990s , Medicare has performed especially well relative to private insurers . Over the next decade , Medicare 's per capita spending is projected to grow at a rate of 2.5 percent each year , compared to private insurance 's 4.8 percent . Nonetheless , most experts and policymakers agree containing health care costs is essential to the nation 's fiscal outlook . Much of the debate over the future of Medicare revolves around whether per capita costs should be reduced by limiting payments to providers or by shifting more costs to Medicare enrollees . Indicators ( edit ) Several measures serve as indicators of the long - term financial status of Medicare . These include total Medicare spending as a share of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund , Medicare per - capita spending growth relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth ; general fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending ; and actuarial estimates of unfunded liability over the 75 - year timeframe and the infinite horizon ( netting expected premium / tax revenue against expected costs ) . The major issue in all these indicators is comparing any future projections against current law vs. what the actuaries expect to happen . For example , current law specifies that Part A payments to hospitals and skilled nursing facilities will be cut substantially after 2028 and that doctors will get no raises after 2025 . The actuaries expect that the law will change to keep these events from happening . Total Medicare spending as a share of GDP ( edit ) Medicare Cost and Non-Interest Income by Source as a Percentage of GDP This measure , which examines Medicare spending in the context of the US economy as a whole , is expected to increase from 3.6 percent in 2010 to 6.2 percent by 2090 under current law and over 9 percent under what the actuaries really expect will happen ( called an `` illustrative example '' in recent - year Trustees Reports ) . The solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund ( edit ) This measure involves only Part A . The trust fund is considered insolvent when available revenue plus any existing balances will not cover 100 percent of annual projected costs . According to the latest estimate by the Medicare trustees ( 2016 ) , the trust fund is expected to become insolvent in 11 years ( 2028 ) , at which time available revenue will cover 87 percent of annual projected costs . Since Medicare began , this solvency projection has ranged from two to 28 years , with an average of 11.3 years . Medicare per - capita spending growth Relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth ( edit ) The Independent Payment Advisory Board ( IPAB ) , which the Affordable Care Act or `` ACA '' created , will use this measure to determine whether it must recommend to Congress proposals to reduce Medicare costs . Under the ACA , Congress established maximum targets , or thresholds , for per - capita Medicare spending growth . For the five - year periods ending in 2015 through 2019 , these targets are based on the average of CPI - U and CPI - M. For the five - year periods ending in 2020 and subsequent years , these targets are based on per - capita GDP growth plus one percentage point . Each year , the CMS Office of the Actuary must compare those two values , and if the spending measure is larger than the economic measure , IPAB must propose cost - savings recommendations for consideration in Congress on an expedited basis . The Congressional Budget Office projects that Medicare per - capita spending growth will not exceed the economic target at any time between 2015 and 2021 . Through 2016 , these trigger points have never been reached and IPAB has not even been formed . However , in the 2016 Medicare Trustees Report , the actuaries estimate that the trigger points will be reached in 2016 or 2017 and that IPAB will affect Medicare spending for the first time in 2019 ( meaning it will need to be formed and recommend its cuts in 2017 ) . General fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending ( edit ) This measure , established under the Medicare Modernization Act ( MMA ) , examines Medicare spending in the context of the federal budget . Each year , MMA requires the Medicare trustees to make a determination about whether general fund revenue is projected to exceed 45 percent of total program spending within a seven - year period . If the Medicare trustees make this determination in two consecutive years , a `` funding warning '' is issued . In response , the president must submit cost - saving legislation to Congress , which must consider this legislation on an expedited basis . This threshold was reached and a warning issued every year between 2006 and 2013 but it has not been reached since that time and is not expected to be reached in the 2016 - 2022 `` window . '' This is a reflection of the reduced spending growth mandated by the ACA according to the Trustees . Unfunded obligation ( edit ) Medicare 's unfunded obligation is the total amount of money that would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the gap between projected revenues ( mostly Part B premiums and Part A payroll taxes to be paid over the timeframe under current law ) and spending over a given timeframe . By law the timeframe used is 75 years though the Medicare actuaries also give an infinite - horizon estimate because life expectancy consistently increases and other economic factors underlying the estimates change . As of January 1 , 2016 , Medicare 's unfunded obligation over the 75 year timeframe is $3.8 trillion for the Part A Trust Fund and $28.6 trillion for Part B. Over an infinite timeframe the combined unfunded liability for both programs combined is over $50 trillion , with the difference primarily in the Part B estimate . These estimates assume that CMS will pay full benefits as currently specified over those periods though that would be contrary to current United States law . In addition , as discussed throughout each annual Trustees ' report , `` the Medicare projections shown could be substantially understated as a result of other potentially unsustainable elements of current law . '' For example , current law effectively provides no raises for doctors after 2025 ; that is unlikely to happen . It is impossible for actuaries to estimate unfunded liability other than assuming current law is followed ( except relative to benefits as noted ) , the Trustees state `` that actual long - range present values for ( Part A ) expenditures and ( Part B / D ) expenditures and revenues could exceed the amounts estimated by a substantial margin . '' Public opinion ( edit ) Popular opinion surveys show that the public views Medicare 's problems as serious , but not as urgent as other concerns . In January 2006 , the Pew Research Center found 62 percent of the public said addressing Medicare 's financial problems should be a high priority for the government , but that still put it behind other priorities . Surveys suggest that there 's no public consensus behind any specific strategy to keep the program solvent . Fraud and waste ( edit ) Main article : Medicare fraud The Government Accountability Office lists Medicare as a `` high - risk '' government program in need of reform , in part because of its vulnerability to fraud and partly because of its long - term financial problems . Fewer than 5 % of Medicare claims are audited . Criticism ( edit ) Unearned entitlement ( edit ) Yaron Brook of the Ayn Rand Institute has argued that the birth of Medicare represented a shift away from personal responsibility and towards a view that health care is an unearned `` entitlement '' to be provided at others ' expense . Robert M. Ball , a former commissioner of Social Security under President Kennedy in 1961 ( and later under Johnson , and Nixon ) defined the major obstacle to financing health insurance for the elderly : the high cost of care for the aged combined with the generally low incomes of retired people . Because retired older people use much more medical care than younger employed people , an insurance premium related to the risk for older people needed to be high , but if the high premium had to be paid after retirement , when incomes are low , it was an almost impossible burden for the average person . The only feasible approach , he said , was to finance health insurance in the same way as cash benefits for retirement , by contributions paid while at work , when the payments are least burdensome , with the protection furnished in retirement without further payment . In the early 1960s relatively few of the elderly had health insurance , and what they had was usually inadequate . Insurers such as Blue Cross , which had originally applied the principle of community rating , faced competition from other commercial insurers that did not community rate , and so were forced to raise their rates for the elderly . Medicare is not generally an unearned entitlement . Entitlement is most commonly based on a record of contributions to the Medicare fund . As such it is a form of social insurance making it feasible for people to pay for insurance for sickness in old age when they are young and able to work and be assured of getting back benefits when they are older and no longer working . Some people will pay in more than they receive back and others will receive more benefits than they paid in . Unlike private insurance where some amount must be paid to attain coverage , all eligible persons can receive coverage regardless of how much or if they had ever paid in . Politicized payment ( edit ) Bruce Vladeck , director of the Health Care Financing Administration in the Clinton administration , has argued that lobbyists have changed the Medicare program `` from one that provides a legal entitlement to beneficiaries to one that provides a de facto political entitlement to providers . '' Quality of beneficiary services ( edit ) A 2001 study by the Government Accountability Office evaluated the quality of responses given by Medicare contractor customer service representatives to provider ( physician ) questions . The evaluators assembled a list of questions , which they asked during a random sampling of calls to Medicare contractors . The rate of complete , accurate information provided by Medicare customer service representatives was 15 % . Since then , steps have been taken to improve the quality of customer service given by Medicare contractors , specifically the 1 - 800 - MEDICARE contractor . As a result , 1 - 800 - MEDICARE customer service representatives ( CSR ) have seen an increase in training , quality assurance monitoring has significantly increased , and a customer satisfaction survey is offered to random callers . Hospital Accreditation ( edit ) In most states the Joint Commission , a private , non-profit organization for accrediting hospitals , decides whether or not a hospital is able to participate in Medicare , as currently there are no competitor organizations recognized by CMS . Other organizations can also accredit hospitals for Medicare . These include the Community Health Accreditation Program , the Accreditation Commission for Health Care , the Compliance Team and the Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation . Accreditation is voluntary and an organization may choose to be evaluated by their State Survey Agency or by CMS directly . Graduate medical Education ( edit ) Medicare funds the vast majority of residency training in the US . This tax - based financing covers resident salaries and benefits through payments called Direct Medical Education payments . Medicare also uses taxes for Indirect Medical Education , a subsidy paid to teaching hospitals in exchange for training resident physicians . For the 2008 fiscal year these payments were $2.7 and $5.7 billion respectively . Overall funding levels have remained at the same level over the last 10 years , so that the same number or fewer residents have been trained under this program . Meanwhile , the US population continues to grow older , which has led to greater demand for physicians . At the same time the cost of medical services continue rising rapidly and many geographic areas face physician shortages , both trends suggesting the supply of physicians remains too low . Medicare finds itself in the odd position of having assumed control of graduate medical education , currently facing major budget constraints , and as a result , freezing funding for graduate medical education , as well as for physician reimbursement rates . This halt in funding in turn exacerbates the exact problem Medicare sought to solve in the first place : improving the availability of medical care . However , some healthcare administration experts believe that the shortage of physicians may be an opportunity for providers to reorganize their delivery systems to become less costly and more efficient . Physicians ' assistants and Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners may begin assuming more responsibilities that traditionally fell to doctors , but do not necessarily require the advanced training and skill of a physician . Of the 35,476 total active applicants who participated in The National Resident Matching Program in 2016 , 75.6 % ( 26,836 ) were able to find PGY - 1 ( R - 1 ) matches . Out of the total active applicants , 51.27 % ( 18,187 ) were graduates of conventional US medical schools ; 93.8 % ( 17,057 ) were able to find a match . In comparison , match rates were 80.3 % of osteopathic graduates , 53.9 % of US citizen international medical school graduates , and 50.5 % of non-US citizen international medical schools graduates . Legislation and reform ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : with separate more detailed descriptions of legislation and reforms . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) 1960 -- PL 86 - 778 Social Security Amendments of 1960 ( Kerr - Mills aid ) 1965 -- PL 89 - 97 Social Security Act of 1965 , Establishing Medicare Benefits 1980 -- Medicare Secondary Payer Act of 1980 , prescription drugs coverage added 1988 -- PL 100 - 360 Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 1989 -- Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Repeal Act of 1989 1997 -- PL 105 - 33 Balanced Budget Act of 1997 2003 -- PL 108 - 173 Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act 2010 -- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 2013 -- Sequestration effects on Medicare due to Budget Control Act of 2011 2015 -- Extensive changes to Medicare , primarily to the SGR provisions of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 as part of the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act ( MACRA ) 2016 -- Changes to the Social Security `` hold harmless '' laws as they affect Part B premiums based on the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 In 1977 , the Health Care Financing Administration ( HCFA ) was established as a federal agency responsible for the administration of Medicare and Medicaid . This would be renamed to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) in 2001 . By 1983 , the diagnosis - related group ( DRG ) replaced pay for service reimbursements to hospitals for Medicare patients . President Bill Clinton attempted an overhaul of Medicare through his health care reform plan in 1993 -- 1994 but was unable to get the legislation passed by Congress . In 2003 Congress passed the Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act , which President George W. Bush signed into law on December 8 , 2003 . Part of this legislation included filling gaps in prescription - drug coverage left by the Medicare Secondary Payer Act that was enacted in 1980 . The 2003 bill strengthened the Workers ' Compensation Medicare Set - Aside Program ( WCMSA ) that is monitored and administered by CMS . On August 1 , 2007 , the US House United States Congress voted to reduce payments to Medicare Advantage providers in order to pay for expanded coverage of children 's health under the SCHIP program . As of 2008 , Medicare Advantage plans cost , on average , 13 percent more per person insured for like beneficiaries than direct payment plans . Many health economists have concluded that payments to Medicare Advantage providers have been excessive . The Senate , after heavy lobbying from the insurance industry , declined to agree to the cuts in Medicare Advantage proposed by the House . President Bush subsequently vetoed the SCHIP extension . Effects of the patient Protection and Affordable care Act ( edit ) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( `` PPACA '' ) of 2010 made a number of changes to the Medicare program . Several provisions of the law were designed to reduce the cost of Medicare . The most substantial provisions slowed the growth rate of payments to hospitals and skilled nursing facilities under Parts A of Medicare , through a variety of methods ( e.g. , arbitrary percentage cuts , penalties for readmissions ) . Congress also attempted to reduce payments to public Part C Medicare health plans by aligning the rules that establish Part C plans ' capitated fees more closely with the FFS paid for comparable care to `` similar beneficiaries '' under Parts A and B of Medicare . Primarily these reductions involved much discretion on the part of CMS and examples of what CMS did included effectively ending a Part C program Congress had previously initiated to increase the use of Part C in rural areas ( the so - called Part C PFFS plan ) and reducing over time a program that encouraged employers and unions to create their own Part C plans not available to the general Medicare beneficiary base ( so - called Part C EGWP plans ) by providing higher reimbursement . These two types of Part C plans had been identified by MedPAC as the programs that most negatively affected parity between the cost of Medicare beneficiaries on Parts A / B / C and the costs of beneficiaries not on Parts A / B / C. These efforts to reach parity have been more than successful . As of 2015 , all beneficiaries on A / B / C cost 4 % less per person than all beneficiaries not on A / B / C. But whether that is because the cost of the former decreased or the cost of the latter increased is not known . PPACA also slightly reduced annual increases in payments to physicians and to hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low - income patients . Along with other minor adjustments , these changes reduced Medicare 's projected cost over the next decade by $455 billion . Additionally , the PPACA created the Independent Payment Advisory Board ( `` IPAB '' ) , which is empowered to submit legislative proposals to reduce the cost of Medicare if the program 's per - capita spending grows faster than per - capita GDP plus one percent . While the IPAB would be barred from rationing care , raising revenue , changing benefits or eligibility , increasing cost sharing , or cutting payments to hospitals , its creation has been one of the more controversial aspects of health reform . In 2016 , the Medicare Trustees projected that the IPAB will have to convene in 2017 and make cuts effective in 2019 . The PPACA also made some changes to Medicare enrollee 's ' benefits . By 2020 , it will close the so - called `` donut hole '' between Part D plans ' coverage limits and the catastrophic cap on out - of - pocket spending , reducing a Part D enrollee 's ' exposure to the cost of prescription drugs by an average of $2,000 a year . This lowered costs for about 5 % of the people on Medicare . Limits were also placed on out - of - pocket costs for in - network care for public Part C health plan enrollees . Most of these plans had such a limit but ACA formalized the annual out of pocket spend limit . Beneficiaries on traditional Medicare do not get such a limit but can effectively arrange for one through private insurance . Meanwhile , Medicare Part B and D premiums were restructured in ways that reduced costs for most people while raising contributions from the wealthiest people with Medicare . The law also expanded coverage of or eliminated co-pays for some preventive services . The PPACA instituted a number of measures to control Medicare fraud and abuse , such as longer oversight periods , provider screenings , stronger standards for certain providers , the creation of databases to share data between federal and state agencies , and stiffer penalties for violators . The law also created mechanisms , such as the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation to fund experiments to identify new payment and delivery models that could conceivably be expanded to reduce the cost of health care while improving quality . Proposals for reforming Medicare ( edit ) As legislators continue to seek new ways to control the cost of Medicare , a number of new proposals to reform Medicare have been introduced in recent years . Premium support Since the mid-1990s , there have been a number of proposals to change Medicare from a publicly run social insurance program with a defined benefit , for which there is no limit to the government 's expenses , into a program that offers `` premium support '' for enrollees . The basic concept behind the proposals is that the government would make a defined contribution , that is a premium support , to the health plan of a Medicare enrollee 's choice . Insurers would compete to provide Medicare benefits and this competition would set the level of fixed contribution . Additionally , enrollees would be able to purchase greater coverage by paying more in addition to the fixed government contribution . Conversely , enrollees could choose lower cost coverage and keep the difference between their coverage costs and the fixed government contribution . The goal of premium Medicare plans is for greater cost - effectiveness ; if such a proposal worked as planned , the financial incentive would be greatest for Medicare plans that offer the best care at the lowest cost . There have been a number of criticisms of the premium support model . Some have raised concern about risk selection , where insurers find ways to avoid covering people expected to have high health care costs . Premium support proposals , such as the 2011 plan proposed by Rep. Paul Ryan ( R -- Wis . ) , have aimed to avoid risk selection by including protection language mandating that plans participating in such coverage must provide insurance to all beneficiaries and are not able to avoid covering higher risk beneficiaries . Some critics are concerned that the Medicare population , which has particularly high rates of cognitive impairment and dementia , would have a hard time choosing between competing health plans . Robert Moffit , a senior fellow of The Heritage Foundation responded to this concern , stating that while there may be research indicating that individuals have difficulty making the correct choice of health care plan , there is no evidence to show that government officials can make better choices . Henry Aaron , one of the original proponents of premium supports , has recently argued that the idea should not be implemented , given that Medicare Advantage plans have not successfully contained costs more effectively than traditional Medicare and because the political climate is hostile to the kinds of regulations that would be needed to make the idea workable . Two distinct premium support systems have recently been proposed in Congress to control the cost of Medicare . The House Republicans ' 2012 budget would have abolished traditional Medicare and required the eligible population to purchase private insurance with a newly created premium support program . This plan would have cut the cost of Medicare by capping the value of the voucher and tying its growth to inflation , which is expected to be lower than rising health costs , saving roughly $155 billion over 10 years . Paul Ryan , the plan 's author , claimed that competition would drive down costs , but the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) found that the plan would dramatically raise the cost of health care , with all of the additional costs falling on enrollees . The CBO found that under the plan , typical 65 - year - olds would go from paying 35 percent of their health care costs to paying 68 percent by 2030 . In December 2011 , Ryan and Sen. Ron Wyden ( D -- Oreg . ) jointly proposed a new premium support system . Unlike Ryan 's original plan , this new system would maintain traditional Medicare as an option , and the premium support would not be tied to inflation . The spending targets in the Ryan - Wyden plan are the same as the targets included in the Affordable Care Act ; it is unclear whether the plan would reduce Medicare expenditure relative to current law . Raising the age of eligibility A number of different plans have been introduced that would raise the age of Medicare eligibility . Some have argued that , as the population ages and the ratio of workers to retirees increases , programs for the elderly need to be reduced . Since the age at which Americans can retire with full Social Security benefits is rising to 67 , it is argued that the age of eligibility for Medicare should rise with it ( though people can begin receiving reduced Social Security benefits as early as age 62 ) . The CBO projected that raising the age of Medicare eligibility would save $113 billion over 10 years after accounting for the necessary expansion of Medicaid and state health insurance exchange subsidies under health care reform , which are needed to help those who could not afford insurance purchase it . The Kaiser Family Foundation found that raising the age of eligibility would save the federal government $5.7 billion a year , while raising costs for other payers . According to Kaiser , raising the age would cost $3.7 billion to 65 - and 66 - year - olds , $2.8 billion to other consumers whose premiums would rise as insurance pools absorbed more risk , $4.5 billion to employers offering insurance , and $0.7 billion to states expanding their Medicaid rolls . Ultimately Kaiser found that the plan would raise total social costs by more than twice the savings to the federal government . Negotiating the prices of prescription drugs Currently , people with Medicare can get prescription drug coverage through a Medicare Advantage plan or through the standalone private prescription drug plans ( PDPs ) established under Medicare Part D. Each plan established its own coverage policies and independently negotiates the prices it pays to drug manufacturers . But because each plan has a much smaller coverage pool than the entire Medicare program , many argue that this system of paying for prescription drugs undermines the government 's bargaining power and artificially raises the cost of drug coverage . Many look to the Veterans Health Administration as a model of lower cost prescription drug coverage . Since the VHA provides healthcare directly , it maintains its own formulary and negotiates prices with manufacturers . Studies show that the VHA pays dramatically less for drugs than the PDP plans Medicare Part D subsidizes . One analysis found that adopting a formulary similar to the VHA 's would save Medicare $14 billion a year ( over 10 years the savings would be around $140 billion ) . There are other proposals for savings on prescription drugs that do not require such fundamental changes to Medicare Part D 's payment and coverage policies . Manufacturers who supply drugs to Medicaid are required to offer a 15 percent rebate on the average manufacturer 's price . Low - income elderly individuals who qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid receive drug coverage through Medicare Part D , and no reimbursement is paid for the drugs the government purchases for them . Reinstating that rebate would yield savings of $112 billion , according to a recent CBO estimate . Some have questioned the ability of the federal government to achieve greater savings than the largest PDPs , since some of the larger plans have coverage pools comparable to Medicare 's , though the evidence from the VHA is promising . Some also worry that controlling the prices of prescription drugs would reduce incentives for manufacturers to invest in R&D , though the same could be said of anything that would reduce costs . Reforming care for the `` dual - eligibles '' Roughly nine million Americans -- mostly older adults with low incomes -- are eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid . These men and women tend to have particularly poor health -- more than half are being treated for five or more chronic conditions -- and high costs . Average annual per - capita spending for `` dual - eligibles '' is $20,000 , compared to $10,900 for the Medicare population as a whole all enrollees . The dual - eligible population comprises roughly 20 percent of Medicare 's enrollees but accounts for 36 percent of its costs . There is substantial evidence that these individuals receive highly inefficient care because responsibility for their care is split between the Medicare and Medicaid programs -- most see a number of different providers without any kind of mechanism to coordinate their care , and they face high rates of potentially preventable hospitalizations . Because Medicaid and Medicare cover different aspects of health care , both have a financial incentive to shunt patients into care the other program pays for . Many experts have suggested that establishing mechanisms to coordinate care for the dual - eligibles could yield substantial savings in the Medicare program , mostly by reducing hospitalizations . Such programs would connect patients with primary care , create an individualized health plan , assist enrollees in receiving social and human services as well as medical care , reconcile medications prescribed by different doctors to ensure they do not undermine one another , and oversee behavior to improve health . The general ethos of these proposals is to `` treat the patient , not the condition , '' and maintain health while avoiding costly treatments . There is some controversy over who exactly should take responsibility for coordinating the care of the dual eligibles . There have been some proposals to transfer dual eligibles into existing Medicaid managed care plans , which are controlled by individual states . But many states facing severe budget shortfalls might have some incentive to stint on necessary care or otherwise shift costs to enrollees and their families to capture some Medicaid savings . Medicare has more experience managing the care of older adults , and is already expanding coordinated care programs under the ACA , though there are some questions about private Medicare plans ' capacity to manage care and achieve meaningful cost savings . Estimated savings from more effective coordinated care for the dual eligibles range from $125 billion to over $200 billion , mostly by eliminating unnecessary , expensive hospital admissions . Income - relating Medicare premiums Both House Republicans and President Obama proposed increasing the additional premiums paid by the wealthiest people with Medicare , compounding several reforms in the ACA that would increase the number of wealthier individuals paying higher , income - related Part B and Part D premiums . Such proposals are projected to save $20 billion over the course of a decade , and would ultimately result in more than a quarter of Medicare enrollees paying between 35 and 90 percent of their Part B costs by 2035 , rather than the typical 25 percent . If the brackets mandated for 2035 were implemented today , it would mean that anyone earning more than $47,000 ( as an individual ) or $94,000 ( as a couple ) would be affected . Under the Republican proposals , affected individuals would pay 40 percent of the total Part B and Part D premiums , which would be equivalent of $2,500 today . More limited income - relation of premiums only raises limited revenue . Currently , only 5 percent of Medicare enrollees pay an income - related premium , and most only pay 35 percent of their total premium , compared to the 25 percent most people pay . Only a negligible number of enrollees fall into the higher income brackets required to bear a more substantial share of their costs -- roughly half a percent of individuals and less than three percent of married couples currently pay more than 35 percent of their total Part B costs . There is some concern that tying premiums to income would weaken Medicare politically over the long run , since people tend to be more supportive of universal social programs than of means - tested ones . Medigap restrictions Some Medicare supplemental insurance ( or `` Medigap '' ) plans cover all of an enrollee 's cost - sharing , insulating them from any out - of - pocket costs and guaranteeing financial security to individuals with significant health care needs . Many policymakers believe that such plans raise the cost of Medicare by creating a perverse incentive that leads patients to seek unnecessary , costly treatments . Many argue that unnecessary treatments are a major cause of rising costs and propose that people with Medicare should feel more of the cost of their care to create incentives to seek the most efficient alternatives . Various restrictions and surcharges on Medigap coverage have appeared in recent deficit reduction proposals . One of the furthest - reaching reforms proposed , which would prevent Medigap from covering any of the first $500 of coinsurance charges and limit it to covering 50 percent of all costs beyond that , could save $50 billion over 10 years . But it would also increase health care costs substantially for people with costly health care needs . There is some evidence that claims of Medigap 's tendency to cause over-treatment may be exaggerated and that potential savings from restricting it might be smaller than expected . Meanwhile , there are some concerns about the potential effects on enrollees . Individuals who face high charges with every episode of care have been shown to delay or forgo needed care , jeopardizing their health and possibly increasing their health care costs down the line . Given their lack of medical training , most patients tend to have difficulty distinguishing between necessary and unnecessary treatments . The problem could be exaggerated among the Medicare population , which has low levels of health literacy . Legislative oversight ( edit ) The following congressional committees provide oversight for Medicare programs : Senate Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies Senate Budget Committee Senate Committee on Finance Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management , the Federal Workforce , and the District of Columbia Senate Committee on Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management , Government Information , and International Security Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging Senate Special Committee on Aging House House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies House Budget Committee House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations House Small Business Committee House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Health Joint Joint Economic Committee See also ( edit ) Administration on Aging Federal Insurance Contributions Act Health care in the United States Health care politics Health care reform in the United States Health insurance in the United States Maurice Mazel Medicaid Medicare ( Australia ) Medicare ( Canada ) Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 Medicare Prompt Pay Correction Act Medicare Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Act Medicare Rights Center National Health Service ( United Kingdom ) National Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Project Act of 2009 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) Philosophy of healthcare Quality improvement organizations Single - payer health care Stark Law United States National Health Care Act ( Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Altman , Drew ; Frist , William H. 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'' America 's Health Insurance Plans , September 2011 . http://www.ahipcoverage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Dual-Eligible-Study-September-2011.pdf Jump up ^ Dual Eligible : Medicaid 's Role for Low - Income Beneficiaries `` , Kaiser Family Foundation , Fact Sheet # 4091 - 07 , December 2010 , http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/4091-07.pdf . Jump up ^ CMS , National Health Expenditure Web Tables , Table 16 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Medicare Chartbook , Kaiser Family Foundation , November 2010 , 55 Jump up ^ John Holahan , Linda J. Blumberg , Stacey McMorrow , Stephen Zuckerman , Timothy Waidmann , and Karen Stockley , `` Containing the Growth of Spending in the U.S. Health System , '' The Urban Institute , October 2011 . http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412419-Containing-the-Growth-of-Spending-in-the-US-Health-System.pdf Jump up ^ Jiang HJ , Wier LM , Potter DEB , Burgess J. Hospitalizations for Potentially Preventable Conditions among Medicare - Medicaid Dual Eligibles , 2008 . Statistical Brief # 96 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project , September 2010 . Jump up ^ Medicare PPayment Advisory Commission , MedPAC 2011 Databook , Chapter 5 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth . '' December 2010 . pdf . Jump up ^ Judy Feder , Lisa Clemans - Cope , Teresa Coughlin , John Holahan , Timothy Waidmann , `` Refocusing Responsibility For Dual Eligibles : Why Medicare Should Take The Lead . '' Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , October 2011 . http://www.rwjf.org/files/research/72868qs68dualeligiblesfull20110930.pdf Jump up ^ Families USA , `` A Guide for Advocates : State Demonstrations to Integrate Medicare and Medicaid . '' April 2011 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Berenson and John Holahan , Preserving Medicare : A Practical Approach to Controlling Spending ( Washington , DC : Urban Institute , Sept. 2011 ) Jump up ^ The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth . '' December 2010 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaiser Family Foundation , `` Income - Relating Medicare Part B and Part D Premiums Under Current Law and Recent Proposals : What are the Implications for Beneficiaries ? '' February 2012 . http://www.kff.org/medicare/upload/8276.pdf Jump up ^ Social Security Administration , Income of the Population , 55 and Older Jump up ^ Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williams . The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism . Oxford University Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth , '' December 2010 . Jump up ^ Office of Management and Buddget , `` Living Within Our Means and Investing in the Future : The President 's Plan for Economic Growth and Deficit Reduction . '' September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sen. Tom Coburn and Sen. Richard Burr , `` The Seniors ' Choice Act , '' February 2012 . Jump up ^ CBO , `` Reducing the Deficit : Revenue and Spending Options , '' May 2012 . Option 21 Jump up ^ Jeff Lemieux , Teresa Chovan , and Karen Heath , `` Medigap Coverage And Medicare Spending : A Second Look , '' Health Affairs , Volume 27 , Number 2 , March / April 2008 Jump up ^ Beeuwkes Buntin M , Haviland AM , McDevitt R , and Sood N , `` Healthcare Spending and Preventive Care in High - Deductible and Consumer - Directed Health Plans , '' American Journal of Managed Care , Vol. 17 , No. 3 , March 2011 , pp. 222 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Committees of Interest '' . Center for Medicare Services . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medicare ( United States ) . 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State - level data on Medicare beneficiaries , such as enrollment , demographics ( such as age , gender , race / ethnicity ) , spending , other sources of health coverage , managed care participation , and use of services . History of Medicare in an interactive timeline of key developments . Lyndon B. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did medicare begin in the united states	[ "In the United States, Medicare is a single-payer, national social insurance program administered by the U.S. federal government since 1966, currently[when?] using about 30–50 private insurance companies across the United States under contract for administration.[1][not in citation given] United States Medicare is funded by a payroll tax, premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries, and general revenue. It provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system through the payroll tax. It also provides health insurance to younger people with some disability status as determined by the Social Security Administration, as well as people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." ]	[ "1966" ]
5534924841028457869	Concerto for Two Violins (Bach)	Concerto for two violins ( Bach ) - Wikipedia Concerto for two violins ( Bach ) Jump to : navigation , search Concerto for Two Violins BWV 1043 by J.S. Bach Key D minor Composed 1717 ( 1717 ) -- 1723 Movements Instrumental Two solo violins strings continuo Double Violin Concerto in D minor , BWV 1043 1 . Vivace Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with David Perry and Roxana Pavel Goldstein ( violins ) . For another version , see here . 2 . Largo ma non tanto Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with David Perry and Roxana Pavel Goldstein ( violins ) 3 . Allegro Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with David Perry and Roxana Pavel Goldstein ( violins ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . The Concerto for Two Violins , Strings , and Continuo in D minor , BWV 1043 , also known as the Double Violin Concerto , is perhaps one of the most famous works by J.S. Bach and considered among the best examples of the work of the late Baroque period . Bach may have written it between 1717 and 1723 when he was the Kapellmeister at the court of Anhalt - Köthen , Germany , though the work 's performance materials for the Ordinaire Concerten that Bach ran as the Director of the Collegium Musicum in Leipzig are dated c. 1730 -- 31 . Later in 1739 , in Leipzig , he created an arrangement for two harpsichords , transposed into C minor , BWV 1062 . In addition to the two soloists , the concerto is scored for strings and basso continuo . The concerto is characterized by the subtle yet expressive relationship between the violins throughout the work . The musical structure of this piece uses fugal imitation and much counterpoint . The concerto comprises three movements : Vivace Largo ma non tanto Allegro References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , M. The Concerto : A Listener 's Guide , p. 17 -- 19 , Oxford ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 513931 - 3 Jump up ^ Wolff , C. Johann Sebastian Bach : The Learned Musician , p. 357. , W.W. Norton ( 2000 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 04825 - X External links ( edit ) Concerto for Two Violins ( Bach ) at the Mutopia Project Double Violin Concerto : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Yehudi Menuhin and David Oistrakh playing it on YouTube ( VIDEO ) ( 2 ) Olga Kholodnaya and Marino Colina ( VIDEO ) , performing in the Berliner Philharmonie ( Olga Show ) Chamber music and orchestral works by , and transcriptions after , Johann Sebastian Bach Solo Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin , BWV 1001 -- 1006 ( Partita No. 1 , No. 2 , No. 3 ) Cello Suites , BWV 1007 -- 1012 Partita for Solo Flute , BWV 1013 Ensemble Six Sonatas for Violin and Harpsichord , BWV 1014 -- 1019 Sonatas for viola da gamba and harpsichord , BWV 1027 -- 1029 Flute Sonatas : in B minor , BWV 1030 , in E ♭ major , BWV 1031 ( doubtful ) , in A major , BWV 1032 , in C major , BWV 1033 ( doubtful ) , in E minor , BWV 1034 , in E major , BWV 1035 Sonata for two flutes and continuo , BWV 1039 Canonic Trio Sonata , BWV 1040 Concertos Violin Concerto in A minor , BWV 1041 Violin Concerto in E major , BWV 1042 Concerto for Two Violins , BWV 1043 Triple Concerto , BWV 1044 Sinfonia for violin and orchestra , BWV 1045 Brandenburg Concertos , BWV 1046 -- 1051 ( No. 5 ) Keyboard concertos , BWV 1052 -- 1065 Suites Orchestral Suites , BWV 1066 -- 1069 Orchestral Suite in G minor , BWV 1070 ( doubtful ) Fugal The Musical Offering , BWV 1079 The Art of Fugue , BWV 1080 ( discography ) Adaptations Air on the G String `` Alphabet '' `` Ave Maria '' Bach - Busoni Editions `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' Jesu , Joy of Man 's Desiring `` Lady Lynda '' `` They '' Albums Bach 's Greatest Hits Back to Bach Jazz Sebastian Bach Switched - On Bach Switched - On Bach II List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach BNF : cb13909430b ( data ) This article about a concerto is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concerto_for_Two_Violins_(Bach)&oldid=807037781 '' Categories : Concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach Double violin concertos Compositions for string orchestra Compositions in D minor 1723 compositions Concerto stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Occitan Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 14 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	bach violin concerto in d minor for two violins	[]	[]
-6030031576022190850	Baker's cyst	Baker 's cyst - wikipedia Baker 's cyst Jump to : navigation , search Baker 's cyst Synonyms popliteal cyst Schematic drawing of a Baker 's cyst Classification and external resources Specialty rheumatology ICD - 10 M71. 2 ICD - 9 - CM 727.51 DiseasesDB 1224 MedlinePlus 001222 eMedicine radio / 72 Patient UK Baker 's cyst MeSH D011151 ( edit on Wikidata ) A Baker 's cyst , also known as a popliteal cyst , is a benign swelling of the semimembranosus or more rarely some other synovial bursa found behind the knee joint . It is named after the surgeon who first described it , William Morrant Baker ( 1838 -- 1896 ) . It is not a `` true '' cyst , as an open communication with the synovial sac is often maintained . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cause 2 Diagnosis 3 Treatment 4 Gallery 5 References 6 External links Cause ( edit ) In adults , Baker 's cysts usually arise from almost any form of knee arthritis ( e.g. , rheumatoid arthritis ) or cartilage ( particularly a meniscus ) tear . Baker 's cysts in children do not point to underlying joint disease . Baker 's cysts arise between the tendons of the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the semimembranosus muscles . They are posterior to the medial femoral condyle . The synovial sac of the knee joint can , under certain circumstances , produce a posterior bulge , into the popliteal space , the space behind the knee . When this bulge becomes large enough , it becomes palpable and cystic . Most Baker 's cysts maintain this direct communication with the synovial cavity of the knee , but sometimes , the new cyst pinches off . A Baker 's cyst can rupture and produce acute pain behind the knee and in the calf and swelling of the calf muscles . Diagnosis ( edit ) Diagnosis is by examination . A Baker 's cyst is easier to see from behind with the patient standing with knees fully extended . It is most easily palpated ( felt ) with the knee partially flexed . Diagnosis is confirmed by ultrasonography , although if needed and there is no suspicion of a popliteal artery aneurysm then aspiration of synovial fluid from the cyst may be undertaken with care . An MRI image can reveal presence of a Baker 's cyst . An infrequent but potentially life - threatening complication , which may need to be excluded by blood tests and ultrasonography , is a deep vein thrombosis ( DVT ) . Quick assessment of the possibility of DVT may be required where a Baker 's cyst has compressed vascular structures , causing leg edema , as this sets up conditions for a DVT to develop . A burst cyst commonly causes calf pain , swelling and redness that may mimic thrombophlebitis . Ultrasound image of Baker 's cyst Treatment ( edit ) Baker 's cysts usually require no treatment unless they are symptomatic . It is very rare that the symptoms are actually coming from the cyst . In most cases , there is another disorder in the knee ( arthritis , meniscal ( cartilage ) tear , etc . ) that is causing the problem . Initial treatment should be directed at correcting the source of the increased fluid production . Often rest and leg elevation are all that is needed . If necessary , the cyst can be aspirated to reduce its size , then injected with a corticosteroid to reduce inflammation . Surgical excision is reserved for cysts that cause a great amount of discomfort to the patient . A ruptured cyst is treated with rest , leg elevation , and injection of a corticosteroid into the knee . Baker 's cysts in children , unlike in older people , nearly always disappear with time , and rarely require excision . Ice pack therapy may sometimes be an effective way of controlling the pain related to Baker 's cyst . Heat is also commonly used . A knee brace can offer support giving the feel of stability in the joint . Rest and specific exercise Many activities can put strain on the knee , and cause pain in the case of Baker 's cyst . Avoiding activities such as squatting , kneeling , heavy lifting , climbing , and even running can help prevent pain . Despite this , some exercises can help relieve pain , and a physiotherapist may instruct on stretching and strengthening the quadriceps and / or the patellar ligament . Gallery ( edit ) Baker 's cyst ( popliteal cyst ) is located behind the knee and is a swelling of the popliteal bursa . In this image , the Baker 's cyst is the yellowish bulbous tissue which was identified during routine dissection . Baker 's cyst on axial MRI with communicating channel between the semimebranosus muscle and the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle . Baker 's cyst on MRI , sagittal image Baker 's cyst on MRI , sagittal image References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` William Morrant Baker '' . Who Named It . Bibliography Hellmann , DB ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 20 : Arthritis & Musculoskeletal Disorders '' . In Tierney LM , Jr. ; McPhee SJ ; Papadakis MA . Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment ( 44th ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : F.A. Davis Company . ISBN 0 - 07 - 145323 - 7 . Joint Healing. com - Baker 's Cyst External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baker 's cyst . Definition and Treatment Soft tissue disorders / Rheumatism / Connective tissue arthropathy ( M65 -- M79 , 725 -- 728 ) Capsular joint Synoviopathy Synovitis / Tenosynovitis Calcific tendinitis Stenosing tenosynovitis Trigger finger DeQuervain 's syndrome Transient synovitis Ganglion cyst osteochondromatosis Synovial osteochondromatosis Plica syndrome villonodular synovitis Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath Bursopathy Bursitis Olecranon Prepatellar Trochanteric Subacromial Achilles Retrocalcaneal Ischial Iliopsoas Synovial cyst Baker 's cyst Calcific bursitis Noncapsular joint Ligamentopathy Ligamentous laxity Hypermobility Enthesopathy / Enthesitis ( and general tendinopathy ) upper limb Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder Impingement syndrome Rotator cuff tear Golfer 's elbow Tennis elbow lower limb Iliotibial band syndrome Patellar tendinitis Achilles tendinitis Calcaneal spur Metatarsalgia Bone spur other / general : Tendinitis Tendinosis Nonjoint Fasciopathy Fasciitis : Plantar Nodular Necrotizing Eosinophilic Fibromatosis / contracture Dupuytren 's contracture Plantar fibromatosis Aggressive fibromatosis Knuckle pads Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baker%27s_cyst&oldid=777531885 '' Categories : Musculoskeletal disorders Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2017 , at 18 : 32 . About Wikipedia	where does a baker's cyst come from	[ "In adults, Baker's cysts usually arise from almost any form of knee arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) or cartilage (particularly a meniscus) tear. Baker's cysts in children do not point to underlying joint disease. Baker's cysts arise between the tendons of the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the semimembranosus muscles. They are posterior to the medial femoral condyle." ]	[ "knee arthritis" ]
-3146910545040272832	Literary adaptation	Literary adaptation - wikipedia Literary adaptation This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Literature Major forms Novel Poem Drama Short story Novella Genres Comedy Drama Epic Erotic Nonsense Lyric Mythopoeia Romance Satire Tragedy Tragicomedy Media Performance play Book Techniques Prose Poetry History and lists History modern Outline Glossary of terms Books Writers Literary awards poetry Discussion Criticism Theory ( critical theory ) Sociology Magazines Literature portal Literary adaptation is the adapting of a literary source ( e.g. a novel , short story , poem ) to another genre or medium , such as a film , stage play , or video game . It can also involve adapting the same literary work in the same genre or medium just for different purposes , e.g. to work with a smaller cast , in a smaller venue ( or on the road ) , or for a different demographic group ( such as adapting a story for children ) . Sometimes the editing of these works without the approval of the author can lead to a court case . It also appeals because it obviously works as a story ; it has interesting characters , who say and do interesting things . This is particularly important when adapting to a dramatic work , e.g. film , stage play , teleplay , as dramatic writing is some of the most difficult . To get an original story to function well on all the necessary dimensions -- concept , character , story , dialogue , and action -- is an extremely rare event performed by a rare talent . Perhaps most importantly , especially for producers of the screen and stage , an adapted work is more bankable ; it represents considerably less risk to investors , and poses the possibilities of huge financial gains . This is because : It has already attracted a following . It clearly works as a literary piece in appealing to a broad group of people who care . Its title , author , characters , etc. may be a franchise in and of themselves already . Contents 1 Film 2 Process 3 References 4 External links Film ( edit ) Main article : Film adaptation Works of literature have been adapted for film from the dawn of the industry . Some of the earliest examples come from the work of Georges Méliès , who pioneered many film techniques . In 1899 , he released two adaptations -- Cinderella based on the Brothers Grimm story of the same name and King John , the first known film to be based on the works of Shakespeare . The 1900 film Sherlock Holmes Baffled , directed by Arthur Marvin featured Arthur Conan Doyle 's detective character Sherlock Holmes intruding upon a pseudo-supernatural burglary . The film , considered the first detective movie , ran for only 30 seconds and was originally intended to be shown in hand - cranked Mutoscope machines . Méliès ' 1902 original science - fiction feature A Trip to the Moon was based loosely on two popular novels of the time : Jules Verne 's From the Earth to the Moon and H.G. Wells ' The First Men in the Moon . The first of many adaptations of the Brothers Grimm tale Snow White was released in 1902 while the earliest surviving copy is the 1916 version . 1903 saw the release of Alice in Wonderland directed by Cecil Hepworth and Percy Stow , the first movie adaptation of Lewis Carroll 's children 's book Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . The first feature - length film to be shot entirely in Hollywood was Cecil B. DeMille 's first assignment , The Squaw Man , in 1914 , which was the first of three movie versions ( all directed by DeMille ) based on Edwin Milton Royle 's play of the same name . Since the early days of the genre , major films have been largely adapted : Novels : Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) , From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) , and The Godfather ( 1972 ) were all adapted from novels of the same name . Plays : Casablanca ( 1942 ) , Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) , and Equus ( 1977 ) were all adapted from stage plays . Short stories : The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 1947 ) , Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 ) , The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter ( 1968 ) , Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) , and Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) were all made from short stories . The most celebrated of the early adaptations is Erich von Stroheim 's Greed , a 1924 adaptation of the 1899 novel McTeague by naturalist writer Frank Norris . The director intended to film every aspect of the novel in great detail , resulting in a 91⁄2 - hour epic feature . At studio insistence , the film was cut down to two hours and was considered a flop upon its theatrical release . It has since been restored to just over four hours and is considered one of the greatest films ever made . One book that has been adapted very frequently ( in one form or another ) is Charles Dickens ' Christmas story A Christmas Carol , which has around 20 film adaptations to date . Process ( edit ) From a legal standpoint , when a literary source has not passed into the public domain , rights must be arranged for the adaptation to be performed legally . Plagiarism occurs in every genre , and throughout history , but such literary rights violations can be challenged in court . In the case of Hollywood films , judgments for the plaintiff can run into the millions of dollars , but these have typically been for outright theft of a screenplay idea rather than for fraudulent adaptations ( see Buchwald v. Paramount ) . Because of the importance of telling a story with a limited number of character ) s , short stories often make better sources for adaptable material for the screen and ( stage than do novels . For the stage much the same applies except that theater audiences tend to accept and prefer works of a more conceptual , thought - based nature , meaning their preferences need to be considered when selecting a work for adaptation , but also when determining how best to adapt it . The stage imposes physical limits of size and technology . Not every illusion that can be made to appear real on the movie screen can be made to appear so on stage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` A Trip to The Moon '' . FilmSite.org . Archived from the original on 17 January 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alice in Wonderland on IMDb Jump up ^ THOMAS , KEVIN ( 1999 - 12 - 03 ) . `` A ' Greed ' More as Stroheim Had Intended '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Christmas Carol ' Adaptations Ranked from `` Bah Humbug ! '' to `` God Bless Us Everyone ! '' `` . Collider. 2015 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Reasons Short Stories Are Easier to Adapt Than Novels '' . ScreenCraft. 2015 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` What `` Fences '' Misses About Adapting Plays for the Screen `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . External links ( edit ) The Writing Studio - The Art of Adaptation Central Oregon Community College - Film Adaptation of Literature ( sources ) Appropriation in the arts By field Music Appropriation Bootleg recording Contrafact List Contrafactum Cover version Interpolation List of musical medleys Music mashup Music plagiarism Musical quotation Parody music Pasticcio Plunderphonics Potpourri DJ mix Quodlibet Remix Sampling Sound collage Trope Variation Literature / theatre Assemblage Cut - up technique Joke theft Trope Found poetry Flarf poetry Verbatim theatre Painting / sculpture / comics / photography Collage Swipe Comic strip switcheroo Photographic mosaic Combine painting By source material Mona Lisa Michelangelo 's David Michelangelo 's Pietà Statue of Liberty Cinema / television / video Video mashup Re-cut trailer TV format Found footage Remake Parody film Collage film General concepts Intertextual figures Allusion Calque Plagiarism Pastiche Parody Quotation Translation Adaptation Drama Film Literary Theatre Other concepts Assemblage ( art ) Bricolage Citation Derivative work Détournement Found object Homage Imitation in art Mashup Reprise Source criticism in the arts Related artistic concepts Originality Artistic inspiration Afflatus Genius ( literature ) Genre Genre studies Parody advertisement In - joke Tribute act Fan fiction Simulacrum Archetypal literary criticism Readymades of Marcel Duchamp Anti-art Pop art Aesthetic interpretation Western canon Standard blocks and forms Jazz standard Stock character Plot device Dramatic structure Formula fiction Monomyth Archetype Epoch - marking works L.H.O.O.Q. ( 1919 ) `` Pierre Menard , Author of the Quixote '' ( 1939 ) Reality Hunger : A Manifesto ( 2010 ) Theorization Mimesis Dionysian imitatio De Copia Rerum Romantic movement Russian formalism Modernist movement Postmodern movement Palimpsests : Literature in the Second Degree Related non-artistic concepts Cultural appropriation Appropriation in sociology Articulation in sociology Trope ( literature ) Academic dishonesty Authorship Genius Intellectual property Recontextualisation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literary_adaptation&oldid=854144816 '' Categories : Literature Film Works based on works Translation studies Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Հայերեն ქართული Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Walon Zazaki 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 07 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	ict skills in crafting an adaptation of a literary text	[]	[]
6972170342967021044	Traffic-light signalling and operation	Traffic - light signalling and operation - wikipedia Traffic - light signalling and operation Jump to : navigation , search `` Ball signal '' redirects here . For the 19th century mechanical railway signal , see North American railroad signals § Early mechanical signals . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Swedish traffic light ( left ) for use by public transport vehicles only . All signals use white lighting and special symbols ( `` S '' , `` -- '' and an arrow ) to distinguish them from regular signals . The small light at the top tells the driver when the vehicle 's transponder signal is received by the traffic light . The use of traffic lights to control the movement of traffic differs regionally and internationally in certain respects . This article describes some of these non-universal features . Note that the color phase commonly known as `` yellow '' is often referred to , especially in official usage , as `` amber '' ; for consistency this article uses `` yellow '' throughout . Contents ( hide ) 1 Flashing beacons 2 Unusual traffic light phases 2.1 Turn indications 2.1. 1 Turn prohibition 2.1. 2 Indication of protected turn 2.1. 3 Indication of permissive turn 2.1. 3.1 Flashing yellow arrow 2.1. 3.2 Dallas phasing 2.1. 3.3 Flashing red ball , yellow ball , or red arrow 2.1. 3.4 No Turn Arrow 2.1. 4 Yellow arrow and ball 2.2 Crosswalks 2.2. 1 Flashing green light 2.2. 2 Flashing red lights 2.2. 3 Red and yellow light 2.2. 4 Other 2.3 Special signals 2.3. 1 Transit priority signal 2.3. 2 Emergency priority signal 2.3. 3 Reverse side red light indicator 3 Warnings that light will change 3.1 Change from green to yellow 3.2 Change from yellow to red 3.3 Change from red to green 4 Warnings of traffic light ahead 4.1 Flashing yellow lights 4.2 Red signal ahead 4.3 Strobed red lights 5 Unusual traffic light designs 5.1 Double red lights 5.2 Traffic lights in Tianjin , China 5.2. 1 `` Bar '' lights 5.2. 2 Arrow lights 6 Unusual uses of traffic lights 6.1 Ramp metering 6.2 Timers 6.3 Other 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Flashing beacons ( edit ) In the United States , a flashing red light is the equivalent of a stop sign . In the United States and Australia , flashing yellow does not require traffic to stop , but drivers should exercise caution since opposing traffic may enter the intersection after stopping . This may be used when there is a malfunction with the signals , or late at night when there is little traffic . A single four - way flashing light showing only one color in each direction may be used at intersections where full three - color operation is not needed , but stop or yield signs alone have not had acceptable safety performance . Yellow lights are displayed to the main road , to highlight the intersection and inform drivers of the need for caution . Red lights supplement stop signs on the side road approaches . All - way red flashing lights can supplement all - way stop control , but all - way yellow beacons are prohibited by United States regulations . In New Zealand , paired red / red traffic lights are often installed outside Fire and Ambulance Stations on major roads , which when activated by the station , flash alternatively ( so that at any time one red light is always showing ) , the purpose being to cause to traffic to stop for a set amount of time to allow emergency vehicles to exit their station safely . In some parts of Canada , a flashing green ( known as Advanced Green ) light signals permission for a left turn before the opposing traffic is allowed to enter the intersection , i.e. , oncoming traffic is facing a RED light . Similarly , a flashing green may be an Extended Green , for left turns after the opposing traffic 's full green phase . The flashing light may be a `` full '' green , or a green left arrow , both meaning the same thing . At least one traffic light in Montreal ( on the Island of Montreal , ' Right - on - Red ' is not allowed ) , has a flashing right - turn arrow , indicating that the pedestrian crossing has a red light , so it is safe to turn right and drive across it . At some intersections in Winnipeg , Manitoba , a flashing green right - turn arrow appears with a red light when traffic from the right has a green flashing left - turn arrow and is not allowed to make a U-turn . In other parts of the same country ( e.g. , Vancouver ) a flashing green light conveys a very different meaning : the crossing road has stop signs with no lights of its own , and oncoming traffic also has a flashing green , not a red stop - light . This functions the same as a European `` priority '' sign ( a yellow - and - white diamond shaped sign indicating that the current street is a Priority or `` main '' road , which cross streets must yield to at uncontrolled junctions , opposite to the usual arrangement in many European countries ) , for which there is no direct equivalent in North America . The new US 2009 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices specifically prohibits flashing any green signal indication . Unusual traffic light phases ( edit ) Turn indications ( edit ) See also : Right turn on red Turn prohibition ( edit ) Some signals have a special phase where there is a red light illuminated simultaneously with a green arrow . The meaning of this configuration is that a motorist may only proceed in the direction of the arrow . In the Province of Quebec , a signal may display a green straight arrow alone , usually for 5 to 9 seconds , and then the full green ( or right turn arrow ) illuminates . This allows pedestrians to engage into the roadway , and therefore ( in theory ) increases safety . Soldier 's Field Road in Brighton , Massachusetts at the intersection with Nonantum Road , Birmingham Parkway and North Beacon Streets always has a red ball . Green arrows appear with the red ball to allow traffic to travel in a particular direction , but the red ball is always illuminated . The same is true at the intersection of Cambridge Street and Massachusetts Avenue near Harvard Square in Cambridge , Massachusetts , the intersection of Delaware Avenue at Harrison Street in Wilmington , Delaware , and at the intersection of West 3rd Street and Mesaba Avenue in Duluth , Minnesota . This is also true in Chicago , the straight off straight on ramps from Lake Shore Drive to N Fullerton Ave display a red light and left turn arrow or a red light , never just a green arrow . On the island of Montréal , Québec , Canada , it is forbidden to turn right while a red signal is present . At many intersections , lights will change from red to a green arrow permitting drivers to proceed straight through the intersection . After approximately 5 seconds , the green arrow is replaced with a green ball signal allowing drivers to proceed forward or turn as they wish . In the United Kingdom , there is normally no need for red or yellow `` arrow '' lights , and no provision for them in law . Layouts are typically simple , either a plain three - disc all - directions signal ; the same with a green left or right `` filter '' arrow which lights up either independently of the main green ( permitting a left or right turn at an otherwise red light ) or along with it ( showing that any conflicting traffic has been stopped so turning traffic does not need to yield ) ; or in multiple full sets where the horizontal positioning and lane layout ( particularly where lanes are segregated by kerbs or islands ) denotes which directions are stopped or free to move . However , the lack of red and yellow arrows can lead to unusual setups with non standard road layouts , such as a staggered entrance and exit to a busy retail park at one side of a mostly 2 - lane ( plus turning lane ) road . The exit crossing has a normal set of 3 - way lights ( with the slight oddity that small numbers of vehicles can be momentarily `` trapped '' inside the junction by the inward - facing red light ) , as exiting traffic conflicts with both travel directions on the main road . However , the entrance crossing ( from the side opposite the complex ) only conflicts with oncoming traffic as it is a one - way system , and traffic on that side of the road conflicts with nothing ; indeed at times it is itself mostly exit - traffic . Stopping it at the same time as the entrance flow would cause unnecessary congestion . With multi-colour arrows available , a simple all - turn red / yellow / green set could be installed , and the turning lane slightly kerbed off to make the division plain . In their absence , it is easy to mistake a red disc as an `` all stop '' signal ... so , the straight ahead direction gets a solo permanently lit straight - ahead arrow , bolted onto the side of a red disc , yellow disc , and conflicting - turn green arrow triplet . In the United States , some intersections have a three - lens signal without arrows with an adjoining three - lens signal ( with arrows ) governing exclusive left - or right - turns . Signals with circular lenses generally control all movements . At such intersections , the exclusive turn signals indicate that there are no permissive turn movements at that intersection , and that only exclusive turn movements are allowed . At those intersections , the signals with circular lenses govern movements in all directions except those in the direction which the turn signal controls . This means that if there is a left - turn signal and a circular - lens signal at an intersection , the latter signal controls right turns and straight movements , but not left turns . If the former signal is showing a red arrow , and the latter signal is showing a green ball , then motorists can not turn left even though the latter light is showing a green ball . Indication of protected turn ( edit ) Left and through signals on a ' J - arm ' in Orinda , California Throughout most of the United States a protected turn ( a turn that can be made without conflicting traffic ) is indicated by a steady burning 12 - inch - diameter ( 300 mm ) green arrow pointing in the direction of the turn . This indication may be displayed in a separate traffic signal head or may be in combination with other arrows or a green ball indication on the same signal such as with the Dallas Phasing configuration described below . Modern signal standards require that a yellow `` clearance '' interval be displayed for not less than three seconds prior to the protected turn interval ending . Throughout Canada , as in the United States , a green arrow indicates protected movement in the direction of the arrow . In British Columbia , Alberta and Saskatchewan , green turn arrows may or may not flash ; both cases indicate a protected turn phase , but a flashing green arrow indicates that the protected phase will be followed by a permissive phase . In Ontario , green turn arrows had generally not flashed ; since the mid-2000s , however , some jurisdictions have been using flashing green left - turn arrows to draw attention , although there is no difference in meaning . In parts of Canada ( the Maritime Provinces , Quebec , Ontario , Saskatchewan and Alberta ) , a flashing circular green light indicates right - of - way to proceed in any direction ; all other entrances to the intersection will face red lights , and all pedestrian signals will indicate do - not - cross . The flashing - green phase usually precedes a normal green phase , in which case it is known as an advanced green , and an ADVANCED GREEN WHEN FLASHING sign will often be mounted next to the signal , possibly with a corresponding DELAYED GREEN ( or similar ) sign facing oncoming traffic . When a flashing - green phase occurs after a normal green phase , it as known as an extended green , but this sequence is much less common , as it can create a hazardous yellow trap for oncoming left turns . The advanced green was originally chosen to be represented by flashing green because at the time of its introduction , in Ontario , a green arrow had meant that all traffic * must turn * in the direction of the arrow , although this is no longer the case . Additionally , an advanced green could be more easily added to existing 3 - lamp signals than could a green arrow , since it did n't require physically installing a fourth lamp for the arrow . Ontario 's advanced - green signals are slowly being phased out in favour of the more universally understood left - turn arrow signals . In Regina , Saskatchewan left - turn signals are designated by two - bulb light configuration with one ( or two ) red balls and one LED arrow . When a left - turn cycle begins the red ball will change to a flashing green arrow to permitted all traffic turning left . When the left - turn cycle ends the flashing green arrow will turn to a solid amber arrow for 5 to 3 seconds then change back to a red ball . Protected flashing green is now used in parts of California and Ontario as part of traffic signal preemption for emergency vehicles . This does not conform to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices . In Ireland and the UK , a right arrow may be displayed alongside a green light to indicate that oncoming traffic has been stopped and that it is safe to turn right . In Japan , a green arrow with the circular green is never shown . Instead , green arrows must be shown with the circular red . This means a signal may display green arrows pointing in all possible directions with the circular red . Another unusual sequence is that the circular red changes to circular yellow whenever some or all of the arrows end , and then changes back to red after the clearance period . Indication of permissive turn ( edit ) Flashing yellow arrow ( edit ) A pole - mounted flashing left turn signal in Oregon A new configuration involving a flashing yellow arrow has been introduced and is gaining acceptance across the US . This configuration prevents `` yellow trap '' when properly implemented . First observed in Oregon , but was started in Michigan and then spread elsewhere in the United States , like Fullerton , California ; Lawrence , Kansas ; Tyler , Texas ; Gainesville , Florida ; across North Carolina and Utah ; and New York City -- the signals displaying a flashing yellow arrow are being phased in to replace the 5 - lamp protected / permissive signals that are still in widespread use . Four models of this signal exist . The one with 4 lamps is the most common . It has a steady red arrow , a steady yellow arrow , a flashing yellow arrow , and a steady green arrow . One rare version has five lenses , with a steady red arrow , two steady yellow arrows , a flashing yellow arrow , and a steady green arrow , and is only used sometimes , when there is a leading protected left turn . There are also two with 3 lamps . One signal has a steady red arrow , a steady yellow arrow , and a `` dual indication '' third lamp which can display either a steady green arrow or a flashing yellow arrow . The other 3 - lamp signal has a steady red arrow , a steady yellow arrow and a flashing yellow arrow , with no green arrow ; this can be used for either left or right turns , and is used to prevent yellow trap where no green arrow left turn phase exists on the approach . This can not be done with the circular green without causing yellow trap , because a circular green releases other movements . The steady arrows all have their usual meanings . A flashing yellow arrow indicates a `` permitted '' left turn , where drivers may turn left without stopping ( same as a Yield Sign ) , but opposing traffic has the right - of - way . The flashing yellow arrow must always be followed by either a steady yellow arrow or a steady green arrow . The purpose of these signals is to allow traffic signal controllers to safely select movements as needed to maximize traffic flows , and to prevent vehicles from stacking up in left turn pockets to the point that they block through lanes of traffic . It also gives traffic engineers more flexibility with the leading and lagging protected left turn phase configurations , allowing for better progression ( coordination ) between signals . This saves gasoline by stopping fewer vehicles . The flashing yellow arrow is also meant to prevent yellow trap , which occurs when the circular signal turns yellow , and then red , while oncoming traffic still has a circular green . This traps left turning cars in the intersection while oncoming traffic continues to flow . It can also fool drivers into mistakenly assuming that oncoming traffic also has a yellow light , so they turn across live traffic , causing an accident . When the opposing direction has both a circular green and a protected left turn green arrow , the flashing yellow or a flashing red arrow -- signifying caution or stop before turning , respectively -- can be used for turns across oncoming traffic , but a steady green arrow can not be used because the turn is not protected . The yellow trap issue was originally addressed by the configuration known as Dallas phasing ; however , engineers changed the configuration for two reasons : a flashing yellow arrow was less confusing than a louvered green ball , and problems might ensue if the left turn signal comes out of adjustment and its indications are visible to through traffic . The flashing yellow arrow was introduced not because of a perceived lack of understanding of the circular green . For turning drivers , there is no perceptible difference between the flashing yellow arrow and the circular green , because both mean the same thing ; however , the meaning of the flashing yellow arrow is different for drivers who are not making the indicated turn . To the driver turning left , the flashing yellow arrow means exactly the same as a Yield Sign , and a flashing red arrow means exactly the same as a Stop sign . Left turning drivers facing a flashing yellow arrow are allowed to make a left turn if there is a gap in oncoming traffic , however when facing a flashing red arrow drivers must come to a complete stop before making a left turn . ( However , the MUTCD requires that a traffic study be performed before installing a flashing red arrow signal ) With the flashing yellow arrow or flashing red arrow , opposing straight - ahead traffic has a circular green at the same time . With the steady green arrow , opposing traffic must have a circular red . The flashing yellow arrow has an important safety advantage because it can be shown while the through signals on the same approach are red . The circular green can not do this because the circular green controls all vehicular movements , while the flashing yellow arrow only controls movement in the direction indicated . If oncoming traffic has a lagging protected left turn ( with circular green and green left turn arrow indications ) , the flashing yellow arrow can continue to flash to drivers turning left across the oncoming traffic , even though the straight - ahead signals are red . This indication avoids the yellow trap problem . The flashing yellow arrow is now a standard configuration for protected / permissive turn signals in the new US 2009 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices , released on December 16 , 2009 . Only three states are not using the flashing yellow arrows at all . In 2008 , Maryland had planned to require that all new signals have flashing yellow arrows ; however , their new state MUTCD prohibits the flashing yellow arrow in favor of the flashing red arrow Maryland has used for years . The other states are Pennsylvania and West Virginia . Hawaii formerly did not have a flashing yellow arrow ; however , its first installation in 2014 . NCHRP Report 493 and the associated Web - only document 123 shows how most subjects understood a flashing yellow arrow better than any other permissive left turn indication , and how left turn crashes were reduced after a circular green permissive left turn signal was changed to a flashing yellow arrow left turn signal . Another advantage of the flashing yellow or red arrow face is that its operation can be changed by time of day or traffic conditions between the following modes : Exclusively protected ( turns on green arrow , but no permissive turn ) Protected / permissive after Yielding ( turns on green arrow or flashing yellow arrow ) Protected / permissive after Stopping ( turns on green arrow or flashing red arrow ) Exclusively permissive after Yielding ( flashing yellow arrow , but no green arrow ) Exclusively permissive after Stopping ( flashing red arrow , but no green arrow ) Prohibited ( red arrow remains lit , to prevent traffic from turning across an approaching train ) The flashing yellow arrow is not allowed where left turns and other traffic share the same lane . The circular green is still allowed as a permissive left turn display , but has new restrictions : It may not be placed over or in front of the left turn lane in new installations . Any yellow trap caused by a circular green must be eliminated or warned with a sign . If one lane is shared by left turning and straight ahead traffic , the left turn movement ( protected or permissive ) and the straight ahead movement must begin together and must end together at the same time in the signal cycle . In this case , a green left turn arrow may not be shown with a circular red , and a red left turn arrow may not be shown with a circular green or a straight ahead green arrow . Dallas phasing ( edit ) Horizontal Dallas display viewed from the left turn bay In the configuration commonly known as Dallas phasing that began in the Dallas / Fort Worth Metroplex , the five - light left turn signal head is used in a different manner than standard signals of this type . The left turn signal head operates independently from the signals for straight through traffic . This allows permissive turning even when straight through traffic is shown a red light , avoiding yellow trap . Louvers are fitted over the green and yellow balls of the left turn signal head to prevent driver confusion . The left turn signal head is also accompanied by a sign indicating its special use . In this configuration , the left - turn signal will display circular green from the leading protected left turn phase until the lagging permissive left turn phase , but the green arrow will only be displayed during the leading protected left - turn phase . During the lagging permissive left - turn phase , it is assumed that opposing traffic has both a permissive left turn phase and a straight - through green light . This can also be used in the opposite configuration , with leading permissive and lagging protected left - turn phases . Doghouse Dallas display viewed from the left turn bay Dallas phasing gives traffic engineers more flexibility with the leading and lagging protected left turn phase configurations allowing for better coordination between signals . There are also yellow and green arrows on Dallas phasing signals , permitting exclusive protected left - turn phases as well as protected / permissive left - turn phases . The new 2009 Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices prohibits this display for new installations in favor of the flashing - yellow - arrow left - turn signal , which accommodates both permissive and protected left turns . Older installations are allowed to stay until they are replaced . Flashing red ball , yellow ball , or red arrow ( edit ) Michigan uses a 3 - lamp traffic signal , with a red ball , yellow arrow , and green arrow ; during the permissive turn , the red ball flashes . At about 372 locations a flashing red ball signal on a `` protected '' left turn traffic signal indicates that left turning traffic may , after a full stop , complete their turn if and only if there is a long enough break in oncoming traffic . The flashing red usually occurs when the oncoming traffic has a green signal . This function is not enabled at intersections where it may not be safe to do so ( restricted view of oncoming traffic , heavy pedestrian crossings , or double - lane left turns are good examples ) . Michigan usually indicates signals that are dedicated to turning traffic with a sign displaying `` LEFT '' or `` RIGHT '' . This sign is normally illuminated at night . More recent installations in Michigan , however , have used flashing yellow arrow signal heads , which typically have not included left - turn signal signage . All flashing red ball signals in Michigan will gradually be phased out in favor of the flashing yellow arrow . The flashing red ball was also used in Maryland . Delaware and Maryland have also been known to place flashing red arrows at certain intersections , especially when no signal is needed for cross traffic . The driver is required to come to a complete stop before turning . This has been published in the 2009 MUTCD as an alternative to the flashing yellow arrow . However , this was allowed only when an engineering study determined that a `` stop condition '' must be imposed during the permissive left turn movement . Cupertino , California , also used a 4 - lamp signal , with a steady red arrow , a flashing red arrow , a steady yellow arrow , and a steady green arrow ; during the permissive turn , the flashing red arrow is displayed . These flashing red arrows were later replaced with flashing yellow arrows . Washington state , particularly Seattle , used a flashing yellow ball in the left turn signal for the same purpose . Seattle also used a 4 - lamp signal at about 20 locations , with a red ball , a steady yellow ball , a flashing yellow ball , and a dual - mode yellow and green arrow ; during the permissive turn , the flashing yellow ball was displayed . No turn arrow ( edit ) An intersection in South Australia . This intersection uses the Protected / Permissive right turn explained here . If right - turn traffic on the opposite side runs out , then the main light on the facing side will turn green with the shown arrow ( in the distance ) remaining green until it runs out of right - turn traffic . In Australia and New Zealand , an absent left or right turn arrow means traffic turning in the direction of the arrow may turn when the main light is green , provided they give way to pedestrians and other traffic . In the state of Victoria , some intersections of this type employ a turn arrow without the red arrow . This would turn green with the main signal , before turning yellow , then off , giving priority to oncoming traffic . The nationwide standard seems to now include a red arrow that turns off . This arrow turns red simultaneously with the main light . After the cross traffic has had its turn , the arrows on opposite sides would both turn green , until one side runs out of right - turn traffic . In any case , when both sides of the intersection turn green , the corresponding arrow will turn off after a short delay , thus working similarly to the old Victorian standard . This method has the advantage of being controlled during peak - hours , where controllers would be able to prevent the arrow from turning off in extreme peak - hour traffic , but causes confusion as drivers expect a light to be on when three are present . In New Zealand , where they drive on the left , when a road is given a green light from an all direction stop , a red arrow can continue to display to turning traffic , holding traffic back while the pedestrian crossing on the side road is given a green signal ( for left turns ) or while oncoming traffic goes straight ahead and there is no permissive right turn allowed ( for right turns ) . As soon as the pedestrian signal changes to flashing red , the red arrow extinguishes . Traffic turning may now proceed provided they give way to oncoming traffic ( for right turns ) or pedestrians ( for left turns ) . This method is becoming common in many states of Australia . When an intersection is given a protected turn prior to the pedestrian crossing on the side road given the green signal , the lights change to yellow and red , and then the red arrow disappears as soon as the pedestrian crossing is given a flashing red signal . The 5 - light protected permissive signals in the US are the same . Yellow arrow and ball ( edit ) Around Richmond , a suburb of Vancouver , British Columbia , some left turn signals use a dual - indication LED lamp ; these signals display a green arrow , a yellow arrow in addition to a yellow ball , and a red ball . A traffic signal on the intersection of the Westminster Highway and Knight Street does the same with dual - indication through and right turn arrows . The yellow arrows are redundant , although they were also used where the yellow ball lamp had not yet been upgraded to an LED setup . Crosswalks ( edit ) Flashing green light ( edit ) Not to be confused with the flashing green for protected turns as noted above . In British Columbia , a flashing green globe signal is used at a pedestrian crossing or intersection , at which pedestrians have the ability to stop traffic to allow a safe crossing . They may also be used at a drawbridge . The flashing green indicates that the signal is not currently in use . After the pedestrian pushes the button to trigger the signal , the light becomes a steady green until the sequence of yellow , then red ( at which time the pedestrian crossing gives a walk signal ) as in a conventional set of traffic lights , then returns to flashing green until another crossing is requested . This indication is also used in Massachusetts at fire stations . In several European countries and Mexico , a flashing green light is used in crosswalks to indicate that signal is going to change from green to red soon . Therefore , flashing green has roughly the same meaning to pedestrians as ordinary yellow signal has for motorists . Slow - moving pedestrians are warned about oncoming signal change and have opportunity to wait for next signal cycle . Motorists are more likely to notice flashing signal . Drivers of vehicles about to cross pedestrian crossings should be more aware of incoming pedestrians . Current users of flashing green signal are Austria , Belgium , Estonia , Finland , Great Britain , Hungary , Netherlands , Norway , Mexico , Poland , Spain and Sweden . France , Portugal and Switzerland make limited use of flashing green . Flashing red lights ( edit ) In Australia , New Zealand , Canada and most of the United States , a flashing red or orange pedestrian signal is used at between green and steady red ; it means `` complete crossing but do not start to cross '' . This has a similar meaning to European flashing green , but means that if a pedestrian glances at it , they will not enter an intersection without enough time to leave . In the United States and in parts of Canada , Australia and New Zealand ( e.g. , Auckland CBD ) pedestrian signals which count down the number of seconds ( see Timers below ) until cross traffic has the right of way are becoming popular at heavily used pedestrian crossings such as in urban shopping districts . Red and yellow light ( edit ) Red and yellow pedestrian signaling at an intersection in Framingham , Massachusetts In Massachusetts only , simultaneous red and yellow lights in all directions allow a pedestrian to cross diagonally . This replaces the extra `` WALK / DONT WALK '' signal , but is in violation of the MUTCD . This practice is obsolescent but it remains in the Commonwealth 's driver 's manual . Other ( edit ) Traffic lights for pedestrians are usually different ; see pedestrian crossing . Traffic lights at level railroad crossings are again different . Both of these are to avoid confusion as to whom the signal applies . Special signals ( edit ) Transit priority signal ( edit ) In Oregon , Ontario , Quebec , British Columbia , Nova Scotia , Manitoba and Alberta , traffic signals may also have an extra white rectangular light mounted above the red light . This phase indicates that a public transit vehicle may proceed through an intersection in any direction while all other traffic faces a red light . In some areas such as Boston , Massachusetts , a trolley may have its own traffic signals , indicating that it is okay for it to cross an intersection . These signals are all white , and the top section ( stop ) is a horizontal bar , the middle ( caution ) is an upright triangle , and the bottom ( go ) is a vertical bar . In Australia and New Zealand , buses and trams may have a white `` B '' and `` T '' light respectively to indicate they may proceed through the intersection in any direction . A white arrow indicates that they only may proceed in the arrow 's direction , common for trams to indicate that they may proceed and the points are set for proceeding that direction . Transit signals may be accompanied by red and yellow B / T signals indicating to buses and trams stop and caution respectively . Singapore uses a similar `` B '' light for buses , but it is green . In many parts of Western Europe transit signals ( for trams , and in some cases buses as well ) employ traffic signals that are phased similarly to main traffic signals but replace the green light with a vertical white bar , the red light with a horizontal white bar and the yellow with a white dot or diamond . This is intended to avoid confusion between transit signals and main traffic signals at intersections where both sets are visible . Emergency priority signal ( edit ) At many intersections in the United States , intersections use traffic signal preemption to give priority to emergency vehicles . These preemption applications often include an illuminated `` notifier '' signal . A notifier is a secondary lighting device usually mounted independently of the traffic signal , such as a standard or strobing light bulb in an omnidirectional enclosure or spotlights aimed at oncoming traffic lanes . The colors of these secondary lighting devices vary regionally depending upon the operational policies of the local traffic management and emergency service agencies . Reverse side red light indicator ( edit ) Some jurisdictions use special small blue lights on the reverse of signal heads to indicate a red light lit on that head . They are used to communicate the presence of a red signal to police so they can view the situation without having to traverse the intersection . Other jurisdictions simply drill a small hole in the red signal visor to allow police to see the status of the signal from a wide angle ( but not directly opposite the signal ) . In France , the back of the red lights are sometimes designed with a red cross to indicate that the light is red . Warnings that light will change ( edit ) Change from green to yellow ( edit ) In Austria , Cambodia , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Russia , most of Israel , Malaysia , parts of Mexico , Turkey , and in certain other parts of Europe , the green lights will start flashing at the end of the Go or Turn phase to indicate that the yellow ( Caution phase ) lights are about to be engaged . This is useful in fast - paced roads to allow for longer slowing down time , and for pedestrians crossing broad streets . Some traffic lights in Pennsylvania illuminate the yellow light a few seconds before the green light turns off , to give this same warning . Note that the 2009 Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices prohibits any display that gives warning of an upcoming signal change , unless that display is placed well upstream of the signal ( See `` Warnings of traffic light ahead '' below ) , so traffic at the stop line can not see it . Change from yellow to red ( edit ) At some intersections in Quebec , Canada , the yellow and red lights will appear together to indicate that the light is about to change to red . This mitigates the fact that at most Quebec intersections , there is no delay between the time that the lights in one direction turn red and the lights in the perpendicular direction turn green . However , this is considered redundant in other places , as the yellow light itself indicates that the light is about to change to red . Change from red to green ( edit ) A traffic light in Germany turning from red to green . In most European countries ( including Austria , Belarus , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , Germany , Hungary , Iceland , Latvia , Lithuania , Macedonia , Malta , Moldova , Montenegro , Norway , Poland , Russia , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Sweden , Switzerland , Ukraine , and the United Kingdom ) , as well as in Argentina , Botswana , Colombia , Hong Kong , India , some places in Indonesia , Israel , Liberia , Macau , Pakistan , Paraguay , and South Africa , the red and yellow lights are displayed together for one , two , or three seconds at the end of the red cycle to indicate that the light is about to change to green . This phase aids the drivers of vehicles to turn on the engines again ( there are requests / advices to turn off engine in front of red traffic lights in some countries , e.g. Switzerland ) , or drivers with manual gearboxes , giving them time to change into first gear during the short phase , as well as drivers of vehicles that may have been yellow - trapped whilst turning right a chance to clear the intersection in more safety . It also informs drivers who may be approaching the intersection at speed that a green light is imminent , so they may proceed through the junction without having to stop ( or , with enough of a lead distance , even having to slow ) , reducing the potential annoyance ( and safety risk ) of braking sharply to a halt only to have the green light appear immediately after . Warnings of traffic light ahead ( edit ) One example of a preemptive traffic signal warning sign Flashing yellow lights ( edit ) In some areas , a `` prepare to stop '' sign with two alternately flashing yellow lights is installed in locations where a high - speed road ( design speed usually at least 55 mph / 90 km / h ) leads up to a traffic light , where the traffic light is obscured from a distance ( or both conditions ) , or before the first traffic signal after a long stretch of road with no signals . This is installed so that drivers can view it from a distance . This light begins blinking with enough time for the driver to see it and slow down before the intersection light turns yellow , then red . The flashing yellow light can go out immediately when the light turns green , or it may continue for several seconds after the intersection light has turned green , as it usually takes a line of cars some time to accelerate to cruising speed from a red light . These are relatively common in areas such as the United States , Canada , Western Australia , New South Wales and New Zealand . Japan uses a variant signal with two lamps , a green one and a flashing yellow one , for the same purpose . Red signal ahead ( edit ) A common way of warning that an obscured traffic light ahead is red is a red - signal - ahead sign . It is shaped like a standard yellow diamond shape sign with LEDs spelling out `` Signal Ahead '' . Just before the traffic light goes yellow , the word `` Red '' will light up above Signal Ahead and they will begin to flash alternately . Strobed red lights ( edit ) In some parts of the United States , a few traffic lights have slowly flashing white strobe lights superimposed on the center of the red light , which are activated when the red light itself is illuminated . These are common on highways with few traffic signals , in high - traffic , and / or high - speed areas ( where drivers running red lights are a major problem ) , in a place where a regular traveler would n't expect a signal ( such as a newly erected signal or one put up for construction ) in other situations where extra work may be needed to draw attention to the status of the light ( such as in an area where many other red lights approximate the brightness , placement and color of a red traffic signal ) , or the strobe may also be a flash from a camera located within the traffic signal itself ( there has been much dispute as to whether this is legal or not ) . These are also used in areas prone to fog , as the strobing white light may be visible from a distance while the standard red light is not . A newer variant uses a flashing white LED ring located on the outer edge of the red indication as opposed to in the center of the red . Typically one strobe equipped signal is mounted as a supplement between two normal signal heads . It is worthy of note that such strobe installations have been prohibited by the FHWA since 1990 ; however , individual states have been slow to conform . The current MUTCD ( 2009 edition ) contains an explicit prohibition against their use ; therefore , it is still FHWA 's position that strobe lights are not allowed in traffic signals and no further experimentations with these types of strobe lights in traffic signals will be approved . Unusual traffic light designs ( edit ) Double red lights ( edit ) A traffic signal in Halifax , Nova Scotia with specially shaped lights to assist people with colour blindness The Canadian provinces of Quebec , New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island generally use horizontal traffic lights with red to the left and green to the right . These signals also use specific shapes for each color , which aids color - blind people in distinguishing signal aspects : green -- an ordinary `` ball '' shape , yellow -- a diamond shape , and red -- a square ( somewhat larger than the ball shape ) . In Quebec , most horizontal traffic lights have a red signal on both sides of the fixture ( left and right ) . They are also now replacing the shaped traffic lights for color - blind people with regular round signals . Some signals have two red lights , one on each end . In some Texas urban areas including Houston and Dallas , the use of a double red light is different . It is typically used on left turn signals . For horizontally mounted signals , typically hung or mounted over the lanes , it is configured with two red balls or arrows , one yellow arrow or ball , and a green arrow ( from left to right ) . For vertically mounted signals , the two red balls or arrows are on the top , then a yellow arrow or ball , and a green arrow . It is usually accompanied by signs saying `` left turn signal '' or `` left on arrow only '' . Signals for traffic going straight use standard signals , usually mounted horizontally over the road . The use of two red lights on the left turn signal allows for redundancy in case one of the red lights burns out , while saving money by requiring only one signal for left turns per direction that needs one . It also prevents the yellow trap that would occur at night if a single red signal burned out , and left - turning vehicles obeyed the circular signals instead . One type of installation in Texas uses a double red light instead of a single red light to make the red light more pronounced and visible from a distance . In this installation , it is the first traffic light on a rural highway for miles , and traffic approaches at highway speed ( 65 mph ) . The double red light makes the red phase of the light visible at a greater distance than the yellow and green on the same signal . This installation is also used on rural highways in California , always in a vertical configuration , and in either configuration in some cities of Mexico such as Guadalajara . The double - red light also makes an appearance in North Carolina in left - hand turn lanes . It serves the same purpose as the vertical Texan configuration , and mainly appears on boulevards with multiple lanes of traffic where a left turn may become catastrophic due to visibility . Double red arrows are used for left turn installations on some county - managed roads in Henrico County , Virginia and Baltimore County , Maryland . The double - red ball aspect is used in Saskatchewan and Alberta , Canada , to indicate a protected - prohibited left turn signal . A sign with the universal no left turn symbol and a depiction of the double red light is mounted near the signal to indicate that no left turns are permitted on a double - red light . Intersections with this configuration are quite common in Saskatoon , Calgary , and Edmonton . Traffic lights in tianjin , China ( edit ) Tianjin in the People 's Republic of China has two very special systems of traffic lights , in use since c. 2000 : `` Bar '' lights ( edit ) The `` bar traffic light '' in Tianjin ( variant one ) One system is where there is a horizontal bar in a specific colour , with the colour changing and the bar shrinking . The shrinking bar indicates the time remaining in that colour . The colour itself is either red ( stop ) , yellow or green ( go ) . A blinking green one - third - full bar means `` reduce speed now '' , and a blinking yellow full - bar indicates `` proceed with caution '' . When lights of this system turn from green to red , the diminishing green bar will flash once two - thirds ( note : not the full bar ) of the green bar is `` eaten up '' , with the remaining third intact . A full , uninterrupted yellow bar will appear for a few seconds before , after a short blink , lights turn red . Immediately after the full red bar appears , a tiny ( almost unnoticeable ) split / division appears to signify the bit that will not be `` eaten up '' . This corresponds to the usual position of a red light ( leftmost , or rightmost if at the other end of the road and at the other side of the pavement ; or the upper third ) . When two - thirds of the red bit is `` eaten up '' , the red light extinguishes , only to be replaced nearly immediately with a full chunk of green ( again with the minute division ) . The process then repeats itself . Arrow lights ( edit ) The `` multiple arrow traffic light '' in Tianjin ( variant two ) Another system , which is also common in the other cities in China , is where there is a set of three lights as traffic lights . Every light is an arrow pointing in a different direction and every arrow has a colour of its own , to show whether traffic flow is permitted or prohibited in that direction . The major disadvantage of this system of traffic light is that it is unfamiliar to those who are used to seeing specific colours of the traffic lights at the various ends of a normal traffic light itself ( e.g. green rightmost , red leftmost , etc . ) as well is being problematic for the color blind ( although by Chinese traffic laws , people who are color blind are not permitted to drive ) . It does , however , conserve space . The other disadvantage of it is it does not have indication of when a turn can be made without yielding and when the turn can made only after yielding to the oncoming traffic . Although by Chinese traffic laws , turning is always supposed to be made after yielding to oncoming traffic . Elsewhere in China , a blinking green light means `` reduce speed now '' , attempting to stop cars from passing ( if that car can still safely stop in time ) and is nearly universal in appearance . Some cities or parts of cities show the number of seconds remaining in a specific traffic light colour ( a so - called `` countdown meter '' ) . Another type of signal that can be found in China is the Unilight signal that displays all three colours in one signal section . Unusual uses of traffic lights ( edit ) Ramp metering ( edit ) Main article : Ramp meter A ramp meter or metering light is a device , usually a basic traffic light or a two - phase ( red and green , no yellow ) light , that regulates the flow of traffic entering freeways according to current traffic conditions . They are intended to reduce congestion on the freeway in two ways . One is to ensure that the total flow entering the freeway does not exceed the capacity at a downstream bottleneck . A second is to break up platoons of vehicles entering freeways , ensuring that traffic can merge more easily . Some metered ramps have bypass lanes for high - occupancy vehicles , allowing car - poolers and buses to skip the queue and get directly on the highway . Meters often only operate in rush hour periods . On some large toll bridges , such as the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge , red / green traffic lights , similar to ramp meters , are used to stagger traffic leading into the bridge . In the Bay Bridge 's case , approximately 25 lanes of toll booth traffic are reduced to five lanes of bridge traffic in about 1 / 2 mile . To accomplish this , an overhead red / green traffic light is visible above each lane , several hundred feet beyond the toll plaza . Green is illuminated for 2 seconds , signalling the first driver in that lane to begin acceleration . Then the signal jumps to red for eight seconds . Using this method , there are always five lanes with a `` green '' signal , staggered throughout the 25 lanes of traffic . Timers ( edit ) Countdown to red light for vehicles , vice versa the digits are shown in red light ( Sakon Nakhon , Thailand ) Countdown to red light for pedestrians ( Nagoya , Japan ) Traffic lights are sometimes accompanied by timers that indicate how much longer a certain phase will last . This is especially common for pedestrian crossing lights in high - traffic areas . Timers have been extensively used in India , Indonesia , China , Thailand , Philippines , Cambodia and Vietnam for both pedestrian and vehicular traffic but in Vietnam , they are rarely used for pedestrian . In Canada and the United States , most pedestrian signals now have countdown timers in the flashing hand symbol / `` Do n't Walk '' phase . All new installations of pedestrian signals in the United States must include a countdown timer , unless the countdown timer is less than seven seconds long , per the 2009 MUTCD . In New York City , however , this is not the case , as only streets that are wide enough will get countdown timers , regardless of the length of the countdown . Countdown pedestrian signals are also used in London , United Kingdom . In some cities ( such as Newberg , Oregon ; Kiev , Ukraine ; or Kraków , Poland ) there are signs displaying how fast one has to drive in order to reach the next intersection at the exact time when the light turns green , thus allowing the driver to ease into a green wave . Other ( edit ) Other places where there may be traffic lights ( normal or special ones ) : flashing signals used in conjunction with warning signs ( such as dangerous curves , speed limit reductions , school zones , signal ahead , low clearance , flooding , icing , or fog ) and regulatory controls ( such as Stop and Yield signs ) . on waterways with signs to implement special reduced speed `` no wake '' zones for watercraft . at public boat ramps to warn drivers before accidentally driving into the water . at the landing - stage of a ferry and aboard the ferry . at the entrance and exit of a parking place or garage . at the entrance and exit of some car washes , to indicate when the engine should be in gear and whether the brakes may be operated at a given time . at drive through lanes such as those at banks . at an international Port of Entry inspection station . at highway inspection and / or weigh stations . before a drawbridge . before a narrowing of the road . at a fire station or medical emergency entrance . at a tunnel entrance . in some HOV lanes . to allow cattle to cross -- as on the A470 in Wales or A65 in North Yorkshire , England . at road construction sites to regulate temporary two - way traffic over a single open lane . at airports to regulate aircraft taxiways . adjacent to some airports where vehicular traffic on highways ( crossing just past the end of a runway ) must stop or yield during aircraft takeoffs and landings . at the entrance to water slides where they are used as a safety feature to prevent people going down slides too soon after each other . on automobile racing circuits to advise race drivers whether they can race or must slow or stop at the end of a dead - end road to warn that the road ends , usually installed in locations where many accidents have occurred . See also ( edit ) Traffic light Traffic light control and coordination References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MUTCD 2009 Edition : Chapter 4D , item D of paragraph 3 states specifically , `` A flashing green signal indication has no meaning and shall not be used . '' Jump up ^ Government of Alberta Archived October 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Chapter 2 , page 49 Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Gordon ( September 1964 ) . `` Electronic Genie Speeds Traffic Through 1001 Lights '' . Popular Science . Jump up ^ Groh - Gordy , Michelle ( 2006 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Red , stop . Green , go . Flashing red , stop . But flashing green ? '' . Inland Valley Daily Bulletin . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` www.npa.go.jp/annai/license_renewal/english.pdf '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fixing the Yellow Trap '' . Projects.kittelson.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Top News '' . Synchronex-usa.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices - 2011 Edition '' . Maryland State Highway Administration . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NCHRP Report 493 '' ( PDF ) . Transportation Research Board . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Web Only Document 123 '' ( PDF ) . Transportation Research Board . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` MUTCD Section 4D. 13 '' . Jump up ^ `` MUTCD Section 4D. 05 '' . Jump up ^ `` MUTCD Section 4D. 17 '' . Jump up ^ `` MUTCD Section 4D. 19 '' . ^ Jump up to : Dallas Phasing With Doghouse Configuration - Lead Left - turn ; Dallas Phasing With Doghouse Configuration - Lag Left - turn Jump up ^ MUTCD 2009 Edition , Chapter 4D , sections 4D. 18 and 4D. 20 prohibit the use of circular green in a separate left - turn signal face . However , existing installations can remain for the remainder of their useful life . Jump up ^ `` Flashing Yellow Arrow Left - Turn Signal '' . Michigan Department of Transportation . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Michigan Flashing Red Ball Jump up ^ MUTCD 2009 Edition , Chapter 4D Sections 4D. 18 and 4D. 20 Jump up ^ Flashing Red Arrow Used in Cupertino , CA Jump up ^ Seattle Flashing Yellow Ball Jump up ^ ICBC Archived October 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Chapter 3 , page 9 Jump up ^ `` BC Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure FAQ '' . Th.gov.bc.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Massachusetts Department of Transportation , Registry of Motor Vehicles Division ( c. 2015 ) . Driver 's Manual ( PDF ) . p. 82 . You must yield to pedestrians if your traffic signal is red or if it is red and yellow . Jump up ^ `` MUTCD 2009 Edition , Chapter 4D '' . Mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices , Section 10D. 07 Jump up ^ `` Giving way at controlled intersections - New Zealand Road Code '' . New Zealand Transport Agency . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Usenet Message - ID [email protected] ( January 2 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ Griggs , Gregory W ( 2006 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Simi Valley Adds Blue Traffic Lights '' . Los Angeles Times ( Ventura County edition ) . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ This position was formalized on July 2 , 2003 with an Official Interpretation of the MUTCD , number 4 - 263 ( I ) , `` Strobes Florida DOT '' . Jump up ^ Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices , Frequently Asked Questions - Part 4 Highway Traffic Signals , Question 21 Jump up ^ MUTCD 2009 Edition , Chapter 4D Section 4D. 06 , Paragraph 3 contains a new prohibition against strobes in traffic control signal Jump up ^ `` Pedestrian Countdown Signal Locations '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lydall , Ross ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` You have six seconds to cross : digital countdown installed for pedestrians '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . External links ( edit ) Left - turn Signal Display Animation Page adapted from Evaluation of Traffic Signal Displays for Protected / Permitted Left - Turn Control ( Report 493 , 2003 ) by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program ( hide ) Traffic signs Signs Warning sign Regulatory sign Prohibitory traffic sign Mandatory sign Special regulation sign Stop sign Yield sign Crossbuck Dead End sign One - way traffic Speed limit ( by country ) Advisory speed limit Information sign Direction , position , or indication sign Variable - message sign Bilingual sign Driver location signs Logo sign Priority to the right By comparison Comparison of European road signs Comparison of MUTCD - influenced traffic signs Comparison of traffic signs in English - speaking countries By country Africa Botswana Mauritius South Africa Zimbabwe Asia Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Laos Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey Europe Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Czech Republic Estonia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Liechtenstein Netherlands Norway Poland Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Scotland Wales North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Lights Traffic light Traffic - light signalling and operation Traffic light control and coordination Typefaces Alfabeto Normale ( IT ) Austria ( AT ) Caractères ( FR ) Clarendon ( US ) Clearview ( US / CA / ID / PH / LK ) DIN 1451 ( DE / SADC ) Drogowskaz ( PL ) Enigmatic ( JP / KR ) Highway Gothic ( Global ) Bitstream Vera Sans ( TW ) Frutiger ( Europe ) GOST 10807 - 78 ( USSR ) GOST R 52290 - 2004 ( RU ) Hangil ( KR ) LLM Lettering ( MY ) Motorway ( Europe ) NPS Rawlinson Roadway ( US ) Panno ( KR ) SNV ( CH ) Tern ( Europe ) Trafikkalfabetet ( NO ) Transport ( UK ) Tratex ( SE ) Vialog ( JP ) Conventions Geneva Convention on Road Traffic Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ( US ) SADC Road Traffic Signs Manual ( SADC ) Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic-light_signalling_and_operation&oldid=808413642 '' Categories : Pedestrian crossing components Traffic law Traffic signals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2012 Articles that may contain original research from October 2007 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing cleanup from January 2011 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from January 2011 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2011 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 18 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	single flashing yellow light at a junction in europe	[]	[]
2074540677074613050	Love It or List It	Love It or List It - wikipedia Love It or List It Love It or List It Genre Reality renovations , upgrading Created by Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Directed by Various Starring Hilary Farr David Visentin Narrated by Jacqueline Hennessy Theme music composer Lou Pomanti Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 130 ( List of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Producer ( s ) Maria Armstrong Production location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada , Raleigh -- Durham , North Carolina , United States Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Big Coat Productions Release Original network W Network HGTV Original release September 8 , 2008 -- present External links Website Production website Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV , W Network , and on OWN Canada , and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise . The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario , Canada . The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8 , 2008 , and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States . In September 2014 , the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina . In September 2017 , HGTV ordered 20 additional episodes of the program . The next season is to start airing in June 2018 . Contents 1 Format 2 Host and crew 3 Episodes 4 Franchise 5 International syndication 6 Reception 7 Controversy 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula . A couple ( usually , but not in all cases ) presents their living situation in the current house that they own . In most episodes , the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house . Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple 's home before meeting with them . The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given . At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show , both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple 's desires are . Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project . David , meanwhile , is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget . Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners , often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes . Common issues for David , meanwhile , depend on the homeowners ' desires ; for instance , the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change , or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace . After Hilary 's renovation is complete , the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish . After the tour , David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home 's current market value following the renovations . He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home . After a moment to deliberate , Hilary and David pose a question to the homeowners . They must choose to either Love It , meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations , or to List It , meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home . After they reveal their decision , the homeowners explain their reasoning to Hilary and David ( who , if they decided to Love It , reacts with incredulity ) before bidding them farewell . Host and crew ( edit ) Hosts Hilary Farr -- Hilary Farr is a home designer from Toronto , Ontario . She has lived in Australia , England , California , and New York City . Farr honed her skills on properties in Los Angeles , Santa Barbara , New York and Toronto . When she first moved back to Toronto , she became the first designer to `` stage '' properties for sale . She continues to build and design homes in the downtown core where she herself owns properties . David Visentin -- David Visentin is a real estate agent in Southern Ontario with Country Living Realty Limited . He has been practicing since 1987 . Assistant Designer Desta Ostapyk ( Canadian episodes ) -- Desta is a Toronto - based designer who graduated in 2004 from the Toronto International Academy of Design and Technology in Interior Design , and has since focused on a career in the Television Industry . She first started working with Big Coat Productions during her last semester of school as an intern for HGTV 's hit series My Parents House . She soon became the Design Stylist for the show . Contractors Eric Eremita ( North Carolina episodes ) -- General contractor and designer Eric Eremita was selected to be the one and only general contractor on HGTV 's `` Love It or List It '' U.S. version , after HGTV network took notice of him when he competed in its `` Brother vs. Brother '' reality show . Eddie Richardson ( Canadian episodes ) -- Eddie Richardson was a contractor on Love It or List It who started his own family business . Richardson has also been a pro-beach volleyball player and professional bass fisherman . Fergus McLaren ( Canadian episodes ) -- Fergus McLaren started up his own construction company , R - Mac Solutions , 10 years ago . Behind the Scenes Architect : Simon West Senior Production Coordinator : Linda Johnstone Construction Coordinator : David Violante Construction Assistants : Chris Blinn , Adam Dalgarno , Ahren Mrowietz , Dale George Design Coordinator : Kaaveh Shoman Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Love It or List It episodes Season Start date End date Episodes Hilary wins David wins September 8 , 2008 January 5 , 2009 12 9 April 6 , 2009 December 7 , 2009 18 10 8 May 3 , 2010 November 8 , 2010 21 9 12 March 14 , 2011 November 11 , 2011 19 12 7 5 February 20 , 2012 November 19 , 2012 18 10 8 6 January 19 , 2013 July 1 , 2013 14 8 6 7 January 8 , 2014 April 9 , 2014 14 11 8 September 8 , 2014 January 19 , 2015 16 8 8 9 March 9 , 2015 December 7 , 2015 22 13 9 Total 154 90 64 Victories for Hilary are families or clients who decided to love their home and stay . Victories for David are families and clients who decided to list and move into a new or better home . Franchise ( edit ) Main article : Love It or List It ( franchise ) Love It or List It has spawned five spinoffs . The first , known as Love It or List It Vancouver ( or Love it or List it Too in the US ) , was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot . The second spin - off , a British version known as Love It or List It UK , debuted in 2015 , is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer . The third spin off , Love It or List It Vacation Homes debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke . A fourth spin off , Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin . The fifth spin off , Love It Or List It Australia debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker . International syndication ( edit ) Country / Region Name Television Network Dubbing / Subtitles Australia Love It or List It Lifestyle Home N / A Canada Love It or List It W Network N / A USA Love It or List It HGTV N / A Spain Tu casa a juicio Divinity Spanish Brazil Ame - a ou Deixe - a Discovery Home & Health Portuguese Norway Bolighjelpen TV 2 ( Norway ) Norwegian Bulgaria Podnovi ili proday Fox Life ( Bulgaria ) Bulgarian Italy Prendere o lasciare Cielo dubbed in Italian Poland Pokochaj lub sprzedaj Vancouver WP lector ) Reception ( edit ) On August 31 , 2010 , Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards : Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series . When HGTV premiered the show on the network , the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson 's Candice Tells All . In 2012 , New York Times ' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 's favorite TV show . According to Collins , Clinton finds the show `` very calming '' after being interviewed about her departure from politics . In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine , Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs . Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail . According to the Wall Street Journal , the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada 's beloved reality series . Controversy ( edit ) In April 2016 , homeowners Deanna Murphy and Tim Sullivan who had participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV , as well as the North Carolina contractor ( Aaron Fitz Construction ) who had been hired by the show to do the renovations on their home . The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed , and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality . Moreover , the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process , and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent . Big Coat TV has commented that they `` do intend to vigorously defend what ( they ) consider to be false allegations . '' The suit was settled in April 2017 . The plaintiffs had signed a confidentiality agreement ; their lawyer would not comment on the settlement . Big Coat had previously filed a countersuit for libel , slander and product disparagement ; parts of that suit had been dismissed by the time of the settlement but that was under appeal by Big Coat . After the agreements had been concluded , both suits were dismissed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatproductions.com/blog/post/love-it-or-list-it-is-on-the-move-to-the-us . Big Coat Productions . Retrieved 12 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` HGTV Orders 20 New Episodes of Hit Series ' Love It or List It ' Scripps Networks Interactive Newsroom '' . newsroom.scrippsnetworksinteractive.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Host Bios ; Hilary Farr `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Host Bios ; David Visentin `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big Coat Productions '' . Big Coat Productions . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Love it or List it launches new spin off Jump up ^ `` Kirstie and Phil 's Love It or List It will return for a second series : Channel 4 orders six more episodes of the show to air in 2016 '' . Digital Spy. 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatmedia.com/ Jump up ^ http://www.hgtv.ca/tags/love-it-or-list-it-vacation-homes/ Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/reality-tv/i-fear-pineapples-are-very-much-the-new-owls-love-it-or-list-it-hosts-kiss-and-tell-on-renos/news-story/935d73b586c68943a6a455f02354bef9 Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` HGTV Acquires Canadian Lifestyle Series ' Love It Or List It ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ W Network 's Top Rated Show ; http://corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?Id=2323 Jump up ^ Maga , Carly ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's favorite show is Canada 's ' Love It Or List It ' '' . Ca.omg.yahoo.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie . `` Hillary Clinton 's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vanity Fair : Hillary Clinton 's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed '' . Huffingtonpost.com . November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton likes ' Love It or List It ' '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Love it or list it News , Video and Gossip '' . Jezebel . November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins , Gail ( November 10 , 2012 ) . `` Hillary 's Next Move '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Q&A WITH VANNA WHITE '' . Las Vegas Magazine . September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail . London http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-2376232/Julianne-Moore-My-50s-important-years.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Julianne Moore Opens Up About Her Family '' . KatieCouric.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` W Network Announces Return of Home - grown Favourites in Fall 2013 Lineup '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France . `` ' Love It or List It ' homeowners file suit '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love It Or List It ' homeowners sue over Raleigh renovation '' . miamiherald . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` '' Raleigh property owners settle lawsuit with ' Love It or List It ' `` '' . News & Observer . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article150134792.html Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html External links ( edit ) Love It or List It on HGTV Love It or List It on W Network Love It or List It at the Internet Movie Database Love It or List It franchise Love It or List It Hosts Hilary Farr David Visentin Other Episodes Love It or List It Vancouver Hosts Jillian Harris Todd Talbot Love It or List It UK Hosts Kirstie Allsopp Phil Spencer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_It_or_List_It&oldid=856317714 '' Categories : Love It or List It 2008 Canadian television series debuts 2000s Canadian reality television series Television series produced in Toronto 2010s Canadian reality television series Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 11 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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-1050402539155813353	Double (basketball)	Double ( Basketball ) - wikipedia Double ( Basketball ) Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In basketball , a double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in one of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . Multiple players usually score double - digit points in any given basketball game ; the double nomenclature is usually reserved for when a player has double - digit totals in more than one category . A double - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in two of the statistical five categories in a game . The most common double - double combination is points - rebounds , followed by points - assists . Since the 1983 -- 84 season , Tim Duncan leads the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in the points - rebounds combination with 840 , and John Stockton leads the points - assists combination with 714 . A triple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in three of the five categories in a game . The most common way to achieve a triple - double is through points , rebounds , and assists . Oscar Robertson leads the all - time NBA list with 181 career triple - doubles and is , with Russell Westbrook , one of only two players ever to average a triple - double for a season . Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple - doubles in a season with 42 . A quadruple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in four of the five categories in a game . This has occurred four times in the NBA . A quintuple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in all five categories in a game . Two quintuple - doubles have been recorded at the high school level , by Tamika Catchings and Aimee Oertner , but none have occurred in a college or professional game . A similar accomplishment is the five - by - five , which is the accumulation of at least five points , five rebounds , five assists , five steals , and five blocks in a game . In the NBA , only Hakeem Olajuwon and Andrei Kirilenko have accumulated multiple five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Double - double 1.1 NBA 1.1. 1 Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) 1.1. 2 Facts 2 Triple - double 2.1 NBA 2.1. 1 Triple - double leaders 2.1. 2 Facts 2.2 NCAA Division I 3 Quadruple - double 3.1 NBA 3.2 Other men 's basketball 3.3 Women 's basketball 4 Quintuple - double 5 Five - by - five 5.1 NBA 5.2 Facts 6 References Double - double ( edit ) `` Double - double '' redirects here . For other uses , see Double - double ( disambiguation ) . A double - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in two of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common double - double combination is points and rebounds , followed by points and assists . Double - doubles are fairly common in the NBA . During the 2008 -- 09 season , 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least 10 double - doubles during the season . Special double - doubles are rare . One such double - double is called double double - double ( also referred to as 20 -- 20 or Double - 20 ) . It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game . Another such double - double is called a triple double - double ( also referred to as 30 -- 30 ) . The only player in NBA history to record a 40 - 40 is Wilt Chamberlain , who achieved the feat eight times in his career . Of the five instances , four were recorded in his rookie season , and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game . NBA ( edit ) Karl Malone ( left ) and John Stockton ( right ) were once teammates on the Utah Jazz in the 1990s . Malone is second in the point - rebound list , Stockton first in points and assists . Tim Duncan is first in points and rebounds . Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season double - double leaders since the 1983 -- 84 season : ^ Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Point - rebound Rank Name Total Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan 841 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 811 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 774 Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett 741 5 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 727 6 Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * 706 7 Howard , Dwight Dwight Howard ^ 705 8 Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing * 580 9 Robinson , David David Robinson * 543 10 Gasol , Pau Pau Gasol ^ 520 11 Willis , Kevin Kevin Willis 488 12 Randolph , Zach Zach Randolph ^ 480 13 Mutombo , Dikembe Dikembe Mutombo * 469 14 Williams , Buck Buck Williams 459 15 Webber , Chris Chris Webber 440 16 Malone , Moses Moses Malone * 435 17 Parish , Robert Robert Parish * 430 18 Marion , Shawn Shawn Marion 427 19 Oakley , Charles Charles Oakley 426 20 Thorpe , Otis Otis Thorpe 411 Point - assist Rank Name Total Stockton , John John Stockton * 714 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * 514 Nash , Steve Steve Nash 436 Paul , Chris Chris Paul * 408 5 Thomas , Isiah Isiah Thomas 408 6 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd ^ 402 7 Johnson , Kevin Kevin Johnson 319 8 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 281 9 Williams , Deron Deron Williams ^ 275 10 Strickland , Rod Rod Strickland 271 11 Jackson , Mark Mark Jackson 242 Payton , Gary Gary Payton * 242 13 Wall , John John Wall ^ 224 14 Hardaway , Tim Tim Hardaway 279 15 Marbury , Stephon Stephon Marbury 210 16 Miller , Andre Andre Miller 197 17 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 192 18 Porter , Terry Terry Porter 188 19 Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo ^ 181 20 Davis , Baron Baron Davis 177 Facts ( edit ) Longest continuous streak of double - doubles : According to the Elias Sports Bureau , Wilt Chamberlain holds the record with 227 consecutive double - doubles from 1964 to 1967 . Chamberlain also holds the second and third longest continuous streaks of double - doubles with 220 and 133 . This record is before the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 . The longest streak of double - doubles since the merger was 53 games , achieved by Kevin Love , then of the Minnesota Timberwolves . Triple - double ( edit ) `` Triple - double '' redirects here . For volleyball , see Triple - double ( volleyball ) . Oscar Robertson has the most NBA career triple doubles with 181 , and is one of the two players to average a triple double over an entire season . Jason Kidd was one of the most successful players at accumulating triple doubles with 107 . A triple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in three of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common way for a player to achieve a triple - double is with points , rebounds , and assists , though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game . The origin of the term `` triple - double '' is unclear . Some sources claim that it was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson 's versatility , while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980 . The triple - double became an officially recorded statistic during the 1979 -- 80 season . There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple - doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound . Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound ; a few have even gone so far as shooting off their opponent 's basket trying to score a triple - double . To deter this , NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt . NBA ( edit ) Russell Westbrook is the only player to have recorded a perfect triple double ( no missed shots and no missed free throws ) in NBA history From the 1990 -- 91 to the 2010 -- 11 season , the NBA averaged 34.5 triple - doubles per season , roughly 1 in every 36 games . From the 2011 -- 12 to the 2016 -- 17 season , the NBA saw a dramatic increase in the number of triple - doubles , with an average of 57.33 triple - doubles per season , roughly 1 in every 22 games . Russell Westbrook was responsible for 74 of the triple - doubles during that span , or 21.5 % of the 344 total triple - doubles . Since the 1983 -- 84 season , 25 triple - doubles have been recorded by players coming off the bench ; Detlef Schrempf recorded three with the Indiana Pacers . Triple - double leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season triple - double leaders : All - time triple - double leaders Rank Name Triple - doubles Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * 181 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * 138 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd 107 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 104 5 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 78 6 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 73 7 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 59 8 Lever , Fat Fat Lever 43 9 Harden , James James Harden ^ 35 10 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * 33 11 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * 31 Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo ^ 31 13 Hill , Grant Grant Hill 29 14 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 28 15 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 26 16 Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 25 17 Frazier , Walt Walt Frazier * 23 18 Green , Draymond Draymond Green ^ 22 19 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 21 Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson 21 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 21 Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Facts ( edit ) First triple - double in league history : According to the Harvey J. Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook , Dolph Schayes ( Syracuse Nationals ) might have logged the league 's first triple - double on February 8 , 1951 , versus the New York Knicks . He had 18 points , 22 rebounds and 13 assists . Averaging a triple - double in a single season : Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals ) and Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) are the only players in NBA history to achieve this feat . During the 1961 -- 62 season , Robertson averaged 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists per game . Although Robertson only achieved the feat for a full season once , his cumulative stats over his first 5 seasons gave him an average of 30.3 points , 10.4 rebounds , and 10.6 assists per game . Westbrook finished the 2016 -- 17 season averaging 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists . Most triple - doubles in a single season : In 2016 -- 17 , Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 42 triple - doubles . Most triple - doubles in road games in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 17 of 42 triple - doubles in away games . Most 50 - point triple - doubles in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded three 50 - point triple - doubles in the 2016 -- 17 season . James Harden is the other player to record more than one 50 - point triple double with two in the same season . It is more than likely that Wilt Chamberlain recorded many 50 - point triple - doubles during his historic 1961 - 62 NBA season , but they remain unofficial , as steals and blocked shots were not yet recorded as official statistics . Most triple - doubles in a single season Rank Name Triple - doubles Team NBA season Russell Westbrook 42 Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 -- 17 Oscar Robertson 41 Cincinnati Royals 1961 -- 62 Wilt Chamberlain 31 Philadelphia 76ers 1967 -- 68 Oscar Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1960 -- 61 Oscar Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1963 -- 64 6 Russell Westbrook 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 2017 -- 18 7 Oscar Robertson 22 Cincinnati Royals 1964 -- 65 Wilt Chamberlain 22 Philadelphia 76ers 1966 -- 67 James Harden 22 Houston Rockets 2016 -- 17 10 Oscar Robertson 20 Cincinnati Royals 1962 -- 63 11 Magic Johnson 18 Los Angeles Lakers 1981 -- 82 Russell Westbrook 18 Oklahoma City Thunder 2015 -- 16 LeBron James 18 Cleveland Cavaliers 2017 -- 18 13 Magic Johnson 17 Los Angeles Lakers 1988 -- 89 14 Fat Lever 16 Denver Nuggets 1985 -- 86 15 Michael Jordan 15 Chicago Bulls 1988 -- 89 17 Magic Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1987 -- 88 Magic Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1990 -- 91 Grant Hill 13 Detroit Pistons 1996 -- 97 Jason Kidd 13 New Jersey Nets 2007 -- 08 Draymond Green 13 Golden State Warriors 2015 -- 16 LeBron James 13 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 -- 17 Most triple - doubles in NBA playoffs : Magic Johnson recorded 30 playoff triple - doubles over his career ; LeBron James is second with 19 . Most triple - doubles in NBA Finals : LeBron James recorded 9 Finals triple - doubles over his career . Averaging a triple - double in an NBA Finals : LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) , in the 2017 Finals , averaged 33.6 points , 12.0 rebounds , and 10.0 assists per game . Youngest player : Lonzo Ball ( Los Angeles Lakers ) , aged 20 years and 15 days , logged a triple - double on November 11 , 2017 , versus the Milwaukee Bucks . He had 19 points , 12 rebounds , and 13 assists . Oldest player : Karl Malone ( Los Angeles Lakers ) , aged 40 years and 127 days -- the only 40 - year - old player to do so -- logged a triple - double on November 28 , 2003 , versus the San Antonio Spurs . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds , and 10 assists . Fastest triple - double : Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) , holds the record for the fastest triple double . On February 15 , 2018 , Jokić recorded the mark in 14 minutes and 33 seconds against the Milwaukee Bucks . The previous fastest triple double had held for almost 63 years , as on February 20 , 1955 Jim Tucker ( Syracuse Nationals ) , in his rookie year , recorded the mark in just 17 minutes , with 12 points , 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 104 - 84 win over the New York Knicks . Double - triple - double ( at least 20 of any 3 statistics ) : Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) is the only player to have accomplished this ; in a February 2 , 1968 game versus Detroit Pistons , Chamberlain tallied 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists . Most points scored in a triple - double : James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) holds the record for the most points scored in a triple - double with 60 points , 10 rebounds , and 11 assists on January 30 , 2018 , against the Orlando Magic . The previous record was 57 points by Russell Westbrook . Triple - double not including points : The only such triple - double occurred on February 10 , 2017 , when Draymond Green ( Golden State Warriors ) scored only 4 points , but collected 12 rebounds , 10 assists , and 10 steals against the Memphis Grizzlies . Green also recorded five blocked shots in the game . Longest continuous streak of triple - doubles : Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) holds the record for the most consecutive triple - doubles . In 1968 , from March 8 to March 20 , he recorded a triple - double in nine straight games . The second longest streak is seven , a record jointly held by Robertson , Michael Jordan , and Westbrook . Triple - doubles by teammates : Has occurred three times in the NBA . March 14 , 1964 , Donnie Butcher ( Detroit Pistons ) had 19 points , 15 rebounds , and 15 assists and Ray Scott had 23 points , 20 rebounds , and 11 assists against the New York Knicks . January 3 , 1989 , Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls ) had 41 points , 11 assists , and 10 rebounds and Scottie Pippen had 15 points , 12 assists , and 10 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers . April 7 , 2007 , New Jersey Nets Vince Carter had 46 points , 16 rebounds , and 10 assists and Jason Kidd had 10 points , 16 rebounds , and 18 assists against the Washington Wizards . Triple - doubles by opponents : This has occurred only 13 times since 1983 -- 84 , four times involving Jason Kidd ( while playing for three different teams ) : Magic Johnson and Jeff Ruland ( Los Angeles at Washington , February 10 , 1984 ) Jason Kidd and Clyde Drexler ( Dallas at Houston , April 11 , 1995 ) Kidd and Drexler ( Phoenix at Houston , March 22 , 1997 ) Gary Payton and Chris Webber ( Seattle at Sacramento , April 18 , 2000 ) Kidd and Jay Williams ( New Jersey at Chicago , November 9 , 2002 ) Kidd and Tracy McGrady ( New Jersey at Orlando , February 23 , 2003 ) Caron Butler and Baron Davis ( Washington at Golden State , November 23 , 2007 ) Victor Oladipo and Michael Carter - Williams ( Orlando at Philadelphia , December 3 , 2013 ( 2 OT ) ) Oladipo and Carter - Williams were both rookies when accomplishing the feat , marking the first and only time in NBA history that two rookies have recorded triple - doubles in the same game . These were the first career triple - doubles for both players . The last time that two players had recorded their first career triple - doubles in the same game was when Donnie Butcher and Ray Scott ( Detroit Pistons ) did it on March 14 , 1964 ( they were not rookies ) . Russell Westbrook and Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Oklahoma City at Milwaukee , March 6 , 2016 ) LeBron James and Stephen Curry ( Cleveland at Golden State , June 4 , 2017 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo and Nikola Jokić ( Denver at Milwaukee , February 15 , 2018 ) D'Angelo Russell and Kyle Lowry ( Brooklyn at Toronto , March 23 , 2018 ) Ben Simmons and LeBron James ( Cleveland at Philadelphia , April 6 , 2018 ) NCAA Division I ( edit ) Most triple - doubles in a career : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU , 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- 16 ) with 12 -- six in 2014 -- 15 and six again as a senior in 2015 -- 16 . Prior to the triple - double being tracked as an NCAA statistic , Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati ) had 10 -- five in 1958 -- 59 and five in 1959 -- 60 . Women 's : Sabrina Ionescu ( Oregon , 2016 -- present ) with 10 -- four in 2016 -- 17 and six in 2017 -- 18 . Consecutive triple - doubles : In Division I men 's play , David Edwards ( Texas A&M ) , Penny Hardaway ( Memphis State ) , Tony Lee ( Robert Morris ) , Gerald Lewis ( SMU ) , Shaquille O'Neal ( LSU ) , and Kevin Roberson ( Vermont ) each recorded two consecutive games with a triple - double . In women 's play , Danielle Carson ( Youngstown State ) , Kim Rhock ( Mount St. Mary 's ) , Nicole Powell ( Stanford ) , Ashley Schrock ( Cleveland State ) , Claire Faucher ( Portland State ) , Brittney Griner ( Baylor ) , Ny Hammonds ( Charlotte ) , and Ionescu have accomplished this feat . Uniquely , Danielle Carson recorded three consecutive triple - doubles in the 1985 -- 86 season , becoming the only Division I player of either sex to do so . She began by recording 12 points , 10 , rebounds , and 12 assists against Akron on November 29 , 1985 . The following day , she recorded 20 points , 12 rebounds , and at least 20 assists against Kent State ( her exact assists total in that game is unknown ) . Finally , on December 2 against Cleveland State , Carson recorded 26 points , 15 rebounds , and 14 assists . Most triple - doubles in a single season : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU ) , with six -- performed twice : in the 2014 -- 15 season , and again in 2015 -- 16 . Women 's : Danielle Carson ( Youngstown State ) and Sabrina Ionescu ( Oregon ) , each with six -- Carson in 1985 -- 86 and Ionescu in 2017 -- 18 . Triple - doubles in NCAA tournament history : Men 's The NCAA began keeping track of assists for men 's basketball in 1984 , then blocks and steals in 1986 , so officially this has occurred eight times . However , many tournaments had included assists , steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time , so unofficially this has occurred 16 times . Only three pre-1986 triple - doubles are included below . Name Team Score Opponent Round Date Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson Cincinnati 98 -- 85 Louisville Third place 000000001959 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1959 39 39 17 10 -- -- Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson Michigan State 95 -- 64 Lamar Second round 000000001979 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1979 35 13 17 10 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson Michigan State 101 -- 67 Penn Final Four 000000001979 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1979 35 29 10 10 0 Grant , Gary Gary Grant Michigan 97 -- 109 North Carolina Second round 000000001987 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1987 39 24 10 10 0 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal LSU 94 -- 83 BYU First round 000000001992 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1992 31 26 13 11 Cain , David David Cain St. John 's 85 -- 67 Texas Tech First round 000000001993 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1993 37 12 11 11 0 Miller , Andre Andre Miller Utah 76 -- 51 Arizona Elite Eight 000000001998 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1998 36 18 14 13 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade Marquette 83 -- 69 Kentucky Elite Eight 000000002003 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2003 35 29 11 11 Aldrich , Cole Cole Aldrich Kansas 60 -- 43 Dayton Second round 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2009 31 13 20 0 10 Green , Draymond Draymond Green Michigan State 76 -- 78 UCLA First round 000000002011 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2011 37 23 11 10 0 Green , Draymond Draymond Green Michigan State 89 -- 67 Long Island Second round 000000002012 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2012 35 24 12 10 0 Women 's In women 's basketball , the NCAA began keeping track of assists in 1985 , then blocks and steals in 1987 , so officially this has occurred 13 times . However , many tournaments had included assists , steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time , so unofficially this has occurred 16 times . All three triple - doubles that preceded the NCAA 's official inclusion of the relevant statistics are included below . Name Team Score Opponent Round Date Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference Lander , Cassandra Cassandra Lander Cincinnati Georgia First round 000000001982 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1982 17 11 10 -- -- Donovan , Anne Anne Donovan Old Dominion Penn State Elite Eight 000000001983 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1983 20 13 -- -- 12 Davis , Joni Joni Davis Missouri LSU First round 000000001984 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1984 14 11 10 -- -- Meier , Katie Katie Meier Duke Manhattan First round 000000001987 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1987 16 11 10 -- -- Jordan , Pauline Pauline Jordan UNLV Colorado Second round 000000001989 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1989 22 17 -- -- 11 Henning , Sonja Sonja Henning Stanford Cal State Fullerton Second round 000000001991 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1991 19 10 10 -- -- Johnson , Niesa Niesa Johnson Alabama Duke Second round 000000001995 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1995 28 12 14 -- -- Henderson , Tracy Tracy Henderson Georgia Louisville Second round 000000001995 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1995 14 13 -- -- 10 Penicheiro , Ticha Ticha Penicheiro Old Dominion Saint Francis ( PA ) First round 000000001998 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1998 22 -- 15 14 -- Powell , Nicole Nicole Powell Stanford Weber State First round 000000002002 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2002 20 11 10 -- -- Powell , Nicole Nicole Powell Stanford Tulane Second round 000000002002 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2002 16 10 10 -- -- Haynie , Kristin Kristin Haynie Michigan State Vanderbilt Sweet Sixteen 000000002005 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2005 16 10 10 -- -- Diggins , Skylar Skylar Diggins Notre Dame 80 -- 49 Maryland Elite Eight 000000002012 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2012 13 10 10 -- -- Mosqueda - Lewis , Kaleena Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis Connecticut 91 -- 52 Saint Joseph 's Second round 000000002014 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2014 20 10 10 -- -- Logic , Samantha Samantha Logic Iowa 66 -- 81 Baylor Sweet Sixteen 000000002015 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2015 13 10 14 -- -- Ionescu , Sabrina Sabrina Ionescu Oregon 88 -- 45 Seattle First round 000000002018 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2018 19 10 11 -- -- Others Kalara McFadyen of Memphis achieved perhaps the most unusual triple - double in history , and she did it without scoring a point or even attempting a shot from either the field or the free - throw line . On February 3 , 2002 , in a women 's Division I game against Charlotte , she had 12 assists , 10 steals , and 10 rebounds . Quadruple - double ( edit ) Center David Robinson is the most recent NBA player to accomplish the feat of a quadruple - double by recording at least 10 points , rebounds , assists , and blocks in a game . A quadruple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in four of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals and blocked shots -- in a game . This feat is extremely rare : only four players have officially recorded a quadruple - double in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Nate Thurmond , who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA 's Chicago Bulls . The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Ann Meyers , who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins , when women 's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW . The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple - double was Lester Hudson in 2007 . The first Division I women 's player to have officially recorded a quadruple - double since the NCAA began sponsoring women 's sports in 1981 -- 82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola -- Chicago in 1989 . Only three other women have done so since , and Shakyla Hill 's quadruple - double for Grambling State in 2018 was the first since 1993 . An earlier player , Jackie Spencer of Louisville , accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984 -- 85 season , but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women 's basketball at that time . The Metro Conference , then home to both schools , did officially record these statistics , but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985 -- 86 for assists and 1987 -- 88 for steals . NBA ( edit ) Quadruple - doubles have only been possible since the 1973 -- 74 season , when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals . It is often speculated by observers that other all - time greats , namely Oscar Robertson ( all time triple - doubles leader with 181 ) , Wilt Chamberlain , Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple - doubles . West 's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple - double with 44 points , 12 rebounds , 10 assists and 10 blocks . A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple - double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics , when he had 24 points , 32 rebounds , 13 assists and 12 blocks . The reason why ( the quadruple - double ) is such a hard thing to accomplish is because it requires a player to be completely dominant on both ends of the court without being too selfish -- so he can get the assists -- and without fouling out trying to block every shot or grab every rebound . A lot of guys can get the points , rebounds and assists , but it 's the defensive stuff that messes everybody up . You have to love defense to get a quadruple - double . There 's no way around it . -- Nate Thurmond , The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple - double in an NBA game . Except for Thurmond , who retired before the award was established in 1983 , all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once . * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Name Date Team Score Opponent Min Points Reb Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Ref Thurmond , Nate Nate Thurmond * 000000001974 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1974 Chicago Bulls 120 -- 115 Atlanta Hawks 45 22 14 13 0 or 1 12 Yes ( OT ) Robertson , Alvin Alvin Robertson 000000001986 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1986 San Antonio Spurs 120 -- 114 Phoenix Suns 36 20 11 10 10 0 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 000000001990 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1990 Houston Rockets 120 -- 94 Milwaukee Bucks 40 18 16 10 11 No Robinson , David David Robinson * 000000001994 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1994 San Antonio Spurs 115 -- 96 Detroit Pistons 43 34 10 10 10 No Only seven other players ( Clyde Drexler did it twice ) have managed to finish with triple - doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category ( statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold ) : Name Date Team Opponent Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 000000001974 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1974 Golden State Warriors Buffalo Braves 43 30 10 11 9 -- No Steele , Larry Larry Steele 000000001974 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1974 Portland Trail Blazers Los Angeles Lakers 44 12 11 9 10 -- No Moore , Johnny Johnny Moore 000000001985 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 1985 San Antonio Spurs Golden State Warriors 36 26 11 13 9 -- No Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 000000001985 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1985 Boston Celtics Utah Jazz 33 30 12 10 9 -- No Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson 000000001985 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 1985 New Jersey Nets Indiana Pacers 54 38 11 11 9 -- Yes ( 3 OT ) Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 000000001986 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1986 Portland Trail Blazers Milwaukee Bucks 42 26 9 11 10 -- No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 000000001990 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1990 Houston Rockets Golden State Warriors 40 29 18 9 5 11 No Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 000000001996 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1996 Houston Rockets Sacramento Kings 42 25 10 9 10 -- No Notes Bird sat out the entire fourth quarter . After three quarters , head coach K.C. Jones informed Bird that he was one steal away from a quadruple - double and asked if he wanted to stay in the game . Bird declined , saying that he `` already did enough damage . '' Olajuwon was credited with 9 assists in the original box score . However , after Rockets officials reviewed the game tape and discovered what they believe was an uncredited assist in the first quarter , they revised the box score , crediting Olajuwon with 10 assists and the third quadruple - double in NBA history . NBA 's director of operations , Rod Thorn , requested to review the tape . After reviewing the tape , the league disallowed Olajuwon 's quadruple - double and announced that his original line -- with 9 assists -- is official . Other men 's Basketball ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference NJCAA Francis , Steve Steve Francis 000000001997 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1997 Allegany College of Maryland Vincennes 24 10 11 10 -- -- French National League Lewis , Derrick Derrick Lewis 000000001990 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1990 Reims Lorient 20 11 -- 12 10 No National Basketball League ( Australia ) Rowe , Daren Daren Rowe 000000001990 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1990 Geelong Supercats North Melbourne Giants 25 17 11 -- 11 No Chinese Basketball Association Hu Xuefeng 000000002004 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2004 Jiangsu Dragons Yunnan Bulls 16 10 12 10 -- No FIBA Europe Under - 16 Championship Rubio , Ricky Ricky Rubio 000000002006 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2006 Spain Croatia 19 10 13 11 -- No Metropolitan Basketball Association Belano , Donbel Donbel Belano 000000001999 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1999 Davao Eagles Nueva Ecija Patriots 19 11 11 10 -- No American Basketball Association ( 2000 -- ) Staten , Jamel Jamel Staten 000000002007 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2007 Minnesota Ripknees St. Louis Stunners 17 11 11 10 -- No NCAA ( Division I ) Hudson , Lester Lester Hudson 000000002007 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2007 UT Martin Central Baptist 25 12 10 10 No Continental Basketball Association Blackburn , Jermaine Jermaine Blackburn 000000002008 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2008 East Kentucky Miners West Virginia Wild 22 10 14 10 -- No High school boys Benimon , Jerrelle Jerrelle Benimon 000000002009 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2009 Fauquier HS Osbourn HS 13 17 11 -- 10 No Chinese Basketball Association Williams , Chris Chris Williams 000000002009 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2009 Qingdao Doublestar Dongguan Leopards 15 11 11 11 -- No High school boys Isaiah Grant 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2014 Sequoia Pathway Academy Berean Academy 11 10 10 10 -- No NJCAA Clifford Wilson 000000001979 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1979 Fulton - Montgomery Hudson Valley 31 18 10 -- 15 No NJCAA Monroe Pippins 000000001995 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1995 Fulton - Montgomery Herkimer 34 17 10 11 -- No Ukrainian First league Vitaliy Bykov 000000002016 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2016 BC Zaporizhya - 2 BC Kramatorsk 14 13 11 12 -- No Liga Super Basketball U-18 Natan Oliveira 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2017 Colégio Sul Americano Rappers 32 11 10 16 -- No Notes This is the only quadruple - double in French National League history . This is the only quadruple - double in National Basketball League history . This is the only quadruple - double in NCAA Division I men 's basketball history . The opponent , Central Baptist , plays in the NAIA . Women 's Basketball ( edit ) Mostly accurate as of January 2018 . NCAA records are complete for Divisions I and II , but not for Division III ; specifically , entering the 2017 -- 18 season , there have been a total of eight quadruple - doubles in Division III play , and one player , Suzy Venet of Mount Union ( 1994 -- 1998 ) , had two in her career , both in the 1996 -- 97 season . NAIA records are also incomplete . League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference American Basketball League Black , Debbie Debbie Black 000000001996 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1996 Colorado Xplosion Atlanta Glory 10 14 12 10 -- Israeli Basketball Super League Brown , Edwina Edwina Brown 000000002008 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 2008 Ramat Hen Hapoel Holon 22 10 10 10 -- Greek Women 's Basketball League Dimitrakou , Zoi Zoi Dimitrakou 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2009 G.S. Megas Alexandros Aris Holargou 49 18 10 12 -- Russian Premier League Kalmykova , Maria Maria Kalmykova 000000002001 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2001 Chevakata Vologda Dynamo Kursk 20 15 11 -- 11 European U16 Championship Verameyenka , Anastasiya Anastasiya Verameyenka 000000002003 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2003 Belarus U16 NT Czech U16 NT 21 10 -- 10 12 AIAW Division I women Meyers , Ann Ann Meyers 000000001978 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1978 UCLA Stephen F. Austin 20 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division I women Spencer , Jackie Jackie Spencer 000000001985 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1985 Louisville Cincinnati 14 12 14 10 -- NCAA Division I women Pettry , Veronica Veronica Pettry 000000001989 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1989 Loyola ( Chicago ) Detroit 12 10 22 11 -- NCAA Division I women Jones , Ramona Ramona Jones 000000001991 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1991 Lamar UCF 10 10 10 12 -- NCAA Division I women Tate , Sonja Sonja Tate 000000001993 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1993 Arkansas State Mississippi Valley State 29 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division I women Hill , Shakyla Shakyla Hill 000000002018 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2018 Grambling State Alabama State 15 10 10 10 -- NCAA Division II women Watkins , Tereska Tereska Watkins 000000001997 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1997 Fort Valley State ? ? ? 12 12 10 10 -- NCAA Division III women Esteves , Evita Evita Esteves 000000002004 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2004 Emmanuel ( MA ) Johnson & Wales 10 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Purnell , Danna Danna Purnell 000000002007 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2007 SUNY - Old Westbury New Rochelle 14 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Williams , Latiqua Latiqua Williams 000000002008 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2008 Bard New Rochelle 21 13 10 11 -- NAIA women Gonzales , Suzanne Suzanne Gonzales 000000001989 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1989 Southern Colorado Western State 13 12 10 11 -- Ukrainian Professional Basketball League Iagupova , Alina Alina Iagupova 000000002011 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2011 BC Dnipro Luhanski Lastivky 28 15 13 10 -- Stats Notes Jump up ^ The NCAA does not consider Spencer 's quadruple - double to be official . Although the Metro Conference , then home to both teams involved in this game , kept records in all of the relevant statistical categories in the 1984 -- 85 season , the NCAA did not . Assists were not recorded throughout Division I women 's basketball until 1985 -- 86 , and steals were not so recorded until 1987 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Although Gonzales played for a school that is now a member of NCAA Division II , the NCAA does not consider her quadruple - double to be official for two reasons . First , the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference , then as now home to both teams involved in this game , then competed in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , and was not an NCAA conference until 1992 -- 93 . In addition , the NCAA did not record steals throughout Division II women 's basketball until 1992 -- 93 . Quintuple - double ( edit ) A quintuple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in all five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- - in a single game . There are only two known quintuple - doubles , both done at the high - school level . The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School ( Duncanville , Texas ) with 25 points , 18 rebounds , 11 assists , 10 steals and 10 blocks in 1997 . The second was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School ( Slatington , Pennsylvania ) , who had 26 points , 20 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals , and 11 blocks on January 7 , 2012 . Five - by - five ( edit ) A five - by - five is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks -- in a single game . Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973 -- 74 season , so NBA five - by - fives were only possible from that season onward . Hakeem Olajuwon ( six times ) and Andrei Kirilenko ( three times ) are the only players to have recorded multiple five - by - fives ( based on records since the 1984 -- 85 season ) . Both are also the only players to record five - by - sixes ( at least six in all five statistical categories ) . Only twice has a five - by - five coincided with a triple - double ( both by Olajuwon ) and only three times has a player recorded a five - by - five without registering at least a double - double ( two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby ) . NBA ( edit ) The following is a list of known five - by - fives . Note the list contains all five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season , as well as one before . There may be other five - by - fives in the NBA that occurred before the 1984 -- 85 season . Name Date Age Team Score Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Erving , Julius Julius Erving 000000001979 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1979 7004108780000000000 ♠ 29 years , 286 days Philadelphia 76ers 132 -- 120 San Antonio Spurs 28 7 10 5 5 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001987 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1987 7003881400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 48 days Houston Rockets 127 -- 136 Seattle SuperSonics 38 17 6 7 12 Yes ( 2OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001990 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1990 7003990300000000000 ♠ 27 years , 41 days Houston Rockets 129 -- 109 Golden State Warriors 29 18 9 5 11 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001992 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1992 7004106730000000000 ♠ 29 years , 81 days Houston Rockets 92 -- 99 Dallas Mavericks 19 13 6 5 5 No Robinson , David David Robinson 000000001992 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1992 7003995800000000000 ♠ 27 years , 96 days San Antonio Spurs 104 -- 98 Milwaukee Bucks 29 9 5 5 10 No Coleman , Derrick Derrick Coleman 000000001993 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1993 7003934000000000000 ♠ 25 years , 208 days New Jersey Nets 110 -- 105 Philadelphia 76ers 21 10 7 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1993 7004110490000000000 ♠ 30 years , 91 days Houston Rockets 112 -- 110 Minnesota Timberwolves 33 13 5 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1993 7004112460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 288 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 88 New Jersey Nets 24 19 6 5 5 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1993 7004113010000000000 ♠ 30 years , 343 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 104 Minnesota Timberwolves 34 10 5 5 8 No Divac , Vlade Vlade Divac 000000001995 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1995 7003988100000000000 ♠ 27 years , 19 days Los Angeles Lakers 112 -- 100 Philadelphia 76ers 19 12 8 5 5 No Tinsley , Jamaal Jamaal Tinsley 000000002001 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2001 7003866200000000000 ♠ 23 years , 261 days Indiana Pacers 113 -- 120 Minnesota Timberwolves 12 9 15 6 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002003 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 2003 7003832300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 288 days Utah Jazz 101 -- 107 Houston Rockets 19 5 7 8 5 Yes ( OT ) Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002003 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2003 7003833000000000000 ♠ 22 years , 295 days Utah Jazz 95 -- 73 New York Knicks 10 12 6 6 5 No Camby , Marcus Marcus Camby 000000002004 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2004 7004108850000000000 ♠ 29 years , 293 days Denver Nuggets 106 -- 96 Utah Jazz 8 11 5 5 8 No Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002006 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2006 7003908500000000000 ♠ 24 years , 319 days Utah Jazz 90 -- 80 Los Angeles Lakers 14 8 9 6 7 No Batum , Nicolas Nicolas Batum 000000002012 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2012 7003876800000000000 ♠ 24 years , 2 days Portland Trail Blazers 95 -- 94 New Orleans Hornets 11 5 10 5 5 No Green , Draymond Draymond Green 000000002015 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2015 7003941300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 282 days Golden State Warriors 124 -- 119 Boston Celtics 24 11 8 5 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Facts ( edit ) All facts based on data since 1985 -- 86 : Greatest five - by - fives ( most of each stat ) : Hakeem Olajuwon , on March 10 , 1987 , became the first in NBA history to record a five - by - six ( at least 6 each of all five statistics : points , rebounds , assists , blocks , steals ) . It took nearly twenty years for the second official occurrence in NBA history . Andrei Kirilenko , on January 3 , 2006 , recorded a five - by - six against the Lakers . Though his numbers were not quite as impressive as Olajuwon 's , Kirilenko performed the feat in regulation . Most five - by - fives in a career : Hakeem Olajuwon leads all players with 6 career five - by - fives . Andrei Kirilenko , with 3 , is the only other player with more than one career five - by - five . Most five - by - fives in the same season : Only twice has a player recorded two five - by - fives in a season . Olajuwon in the 1993 -- 94 season , and Kirilenko in the 2003 -- 04 season . Quickest pair of five - by - fives : Kirilenko performed a five - by - five on December 3 , 2003 , and completed another just a week later , on December 10 , 2003 . The second quickest five - by - fives were completed by Olajuwon on November 5 , 1993 , and another , 55 days later , on December 30 , 1993 . Youngest player : Kirilenko 's first NBA five - by - five came on December 3 , 2003 , making him the youngest to record a five - by - five at age 22 years , 288 days . Oldest player : Olajuwon is the oldest player to record a five - by - five . His last career five - by - five came on December 30 , 1993 , at which time he was 30 years , 343 days old . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woods , David . ( July 17 , 2014 ) . Is Tamika Catchings the best women 's basketball player ever ? IndyStar Jump up ^ McAllister , Mike ( February 28 , 2003 ) . `` Around the NBA '' . Knight Ridder Tribune News Service . p. 1 . Kevin Garnett has a league - leading 47 double - doubles this season -- all of them from the points - rebounds combination . With double - digits rebounds easier to acquire than double - digit assists , the majority of NBA double - doubles are through the points - rebounds combination access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . NBA.com . 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( April 20 , 2002 ) . `` They 're Vintage Triple - Doubles '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D. 4 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . The term `` triple - double '' was coined by Bruce Jolesch , the former Laker public relations director who needed a way to summarize Johnson 's penchant for recording double figures in points , rebounds and assists . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom ( December 1 , 1999 ) . `` 20th Century This Day in Sports '' . USA Today . p. 3. C . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Springer , Steve ( November 11 , 2002 ) . `` Magical Statistic Reborn ; Triple - double that Johnson made famous serves Bryant well '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Philly 's Pollack has kept track of NBA from the start '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Magic Johnson 's amazing games made Pollack realize he needed a catchy title for double digits in points , rebounds and assists . The triple - double was born ... `` I walked up to Magic and said , ' You know , without me you would n't even be here today , '' ' Pollack said . `` He says , ' What do you mean ? ' I said , ' Who do you think coined the name triple - double and made you famous for doing it ? ' Now it 's a regular stat . He thanked me . '' Jump up ^ `` Sura 's third straight triple - double off books '' . ESPN.com. April 13 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ < -- Staff author ( s ) ; no byline -- > ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Russell Westbrook records NBA 's first ' perfect ' triple - double '' . The Guardian -- via The Associated Press . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Up - Close : Triple - Doubles '' . New York Times . January 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Triple - Doubles in the NBA from 2011 -- 12 to 2016 -- 17 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder - Player did not start game , requiring Points > = 10 and Total Rebounds > = 10 and Blocks > = 10 '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder - Player did not start game , requiring Points > = 10 and Total Rebounds > = 10 and Assists > = 10 '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , David ( December 9 , 2006 ) . `` Around the NBA '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Kidd career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aaron , Jaime ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` Duncan , Neal lift Spurs past Dirk-less Mavs '' . NBA.com . 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Heavy June 8 , 2015 http://heavy.com/sports/2015/06/how-many-triple-doubles-does-lebron-james-have-regular-season-playoffs-nba-finals-career-total-amount/ Accessed June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm . `` Lakers rookie Lonzo Ball becomes youngest ever to get triple - double '' . ESPN . ESPN . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malone is oldest to notch feat '' . ESPN.com . November 29 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Redford , Patrick . `` Well That Was A Spectacular , Historic Game From Nikola Jokic '' . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Westbrook records 2nd fastest triple - double in NBA History '' . thescore.com. 2016 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Also called triple - double - double by several sources including Sports Illustrated Jump up ^ Pollack , Harvey ( 2007 ) . 2006 -- 07 Harvey Pollack 's Statistical Yearbook ( PDF ) . NBA . p. 232 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets ' James Harden records first 60 - point triple - double in NBA history '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Russell Westbrook scored 57 points in win , sets NBA record for most in triple - double '' . Jump up ^ `` Draymond Green has unconventional triple - double as Warriors roll '' . ESPN.com . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faraudo , Jeff . `` Despite age , Kidd still getting triple - doubles '' . Contra Costa Times via St. Augustine Record . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Mark ; Gardella , John ; Reheuser , Rob ; Sullivan , Rita ( March 28 , 2002 ) . `` Happy Anniversary , Big O ... Not - So - Big Ben ... Mailman Keeps Calling ... And More '' . NBA News . Körfuknattleikssamband Íslands ( Icelandic Basketball Federation ) . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nets defeat Sonics , 99 -- 88 ; Kidd misses triple - double '' . NJ.com . New Jersey On - Line LLC . January 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan Streak Finder : Streaks with Points ≥ 10 and Total Rebounds ≥ 10 and Assists ≥ 10 , from 1986 -- 87 to 2002 -- 03 , in the regular season '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons Slip Past Knicks , 126 - 124 '' . Detroit Free Press . March 15 , 1964 . p. 3 - D . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Clippers at Chicago Bulls January 3 , 1989 Box Score '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carter , Kidd notch rare dual triple - doubles '' . MSNBC. April 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers at Washington Bullets Boxscore , February 10 , 1984 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . 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( hide ) Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_(basketball)&oldid=835680336 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball statistics Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2017 Articles with hCards Incomplete lists from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Français עברית Latviešu Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 03 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the most triple-doubles ever in the nba	[ "A triple-double is the accumulation of a double-digit number total in three of the five categories in a game. The most common way to achieve a triple-double is through points, rebounds, and assists. Oscar Robertson leads the all-time NBA list with 181 career triple-doubles and is, with Russell Westbrook, one of only two players ever to average a triple-double for a season. Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple-doubles in a season with 42." ]	[ "Oscar Robertson" ]
-3552372998426622519	Burkina Faso	Burkina Faso - wikipedia Burkina Faso Coordinates : 13 ° N 2 ° W / 13 ° N 2 ° W / 13 ; - 2 Burkina Faso Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Unité -- Progrès -- Justice '' ( French ) `` Unity -- Progress -- Justice '' Anthem : Une Seule Nuit / Ditanyè ( French ) One Single Night / Hymn of Victory Location of Burkina Faso ( dark blue ) -- in Africa ( light blue & dark grey ) -- in the African Union ( light blue ) -- ( Legend ) Capital and largest city Ouagadougou 12 ° 20 ′ N 1 ° 40 ′ W / 12.333 ° N 1.667 ° W / 12.333 ; - 1.667 Official languages French Recognised national languages Mòoré Fula Dioula Ethnic groups ( 1995 ) 47.9 % Mossi 10.3 % Fula 6.9 % Lobi 6.9 % Bobo 6.7 % Mandé 5.3 % Senufo 5.0 % Gurunsi 4.8 % Gurma 3.1 % Tuareg Demonym Burkinabé Burkinabè Burkinabe Government Unitary semi-presidential republic President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré Prime Minister Paul Kaba Thieba Legislature National Assembly Independence from France 5 August 1960 Area Total 274,200 km ( 105,900 sq mi ) ( 74th ) Water ( % ) 0.146 % Population 2017 estimate 20,107,509 ( 61st ) 2006 census 14,017,262 Density 64 / km ( 165.8 / sq mi ) ( 137th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $38.758 billion Per capita $1,992 GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $14.192 billion Per capita $729 Gini ( 2007 ) 39.5 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.402 low 185th Currency West African CFA franc ( XOF ) Time zone GMT ( UTC + 0 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 226 ISO 3166 code BF Internet TLD . bf The data here is an estimation for the year 2005 produced by the International Monetary Fund in April 2005 . Burkina Faso ( UK : / bɜːrˌkiːnə ˈfæsoʊ / , US : / ˈfɑːsoʊ / ( listen ) ; French : ( buʁkina faso ) ) is a landlocked country in West Africa . It covers an area of around 274,200 square kilometres ( 105,900 sq mi ) and is surrounded by six countries : Mali to the north ; Niger to the east ; Benin to the southeast ; Togo and Ghana to the south ; and Ivory Coast to the southwest . In 2017 , its population was estimated at just over 20 million . Burkina Faso is a francophone country , with French as the official language of government and business . Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta ( 1958 -- 1984 ) , the country was renamed `` Burkina Faso '' on 4 August 1984 by then - President Thomas Sankara . Its citizens are known as Burkinabé ( / bɜːrˈkiːnəbeɪ / bur - KEE - nə - beh ) . Its capital is Ouagadougou . The northwestern part of present - day Burkina Faso was populated by hunter - gatherers from 14000 BC to 5000 BC . From the 3rd to the 13th centuries AD , the Iron Age Bura culture existed in the territory of present - day southeastern Burkina Faso and southwestern Niger . Various ethnic groups of present - day Burkina Faso , such as the Mossi , Fula and Dyula , arrived in successive waves between the 8th and 15th centuries . From the 11th century , the Mossi people established several separate kingdoms . In the 1890s , during the European Scramble for Africa , the territory of Burkina Faso was invaded by France , and colonial control was established following a war of conquest between 1896 and 1904 . The territory was made part of French West Africa in 1904 , and the colony of French Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919 . The colony was named for its location on the upper courses of the Volta River ( the Black , Red and White Volta ) . The Republic of Upper Volta was established on 11 December 1958 as a self - governing colony within the French Community , and on 5 August 1960 it gained full independence , with Maurice Yaméogo as President . After protests by students and labour unions , Yaméogo was deposed in the 1966 coup d'état , led by Sangoulé Lamizana , who became President . His rule coincided with the Sahel drought and famine , and facing problems from the country 's traditionally powerful trade unions he was deposed in the 1980 coup d'état , led by Saye Zerbo . Encountering resistance from trade unions again , Zerbo 's government was overthrown in the 1982 coup d'état , led by Jean - Baptiste Ouédraogo . The leader of the leftist faction of Ouédraogo 's government , Thomas Sankara , became Prime Minister but was later imprisoned . Efforts to free him led to the popularly - supported 1983 coup d'état , in which he became President . Sankara renamed the country Burkina Faso and launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme which included a nationwide literacy campaign , land redistribution to peasants , railway and road construction and the outlawing of female genital mutilation , forced marriages and polygamy . Sankara was overthrown and killed in the 1987 coup d'état led by Blaise Compaoré -- deteriorating relations with former coloniser France and its ally the Ivory Coast was the reason given for the coup . In 1987 , Blaise Compaoré became President and , after an alleged 1989 coup attempt , was later elected in 1991 and 1998 , elections which were boycotted by the opposition and received a considerably low turnout , as well as in 2005 . He remained head of state until he was ousted from power by the popular youth upheaval of 31 October 2014 , after which he fled to the Ivory Coast . Michel Kafando subsequently became the transitional President of the country . On 16 September 2015 , a military coup d'état against the Kafando government was carried out by the Regiment of Presidential Security , the former presidential guard of Compaoré . On 24 September 2015 , after pressure from the African Union , ECOWAS and the armed forces , the military junta agreed to step down , and Michel Kafando was reinstated as Acting President . In the general election held on 29 November 2015 , Roch Marc Christian Kaboré won in the first round with 53.5 % of the vote and was sworn in as President on 29 December 2015 . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Early history 2.3 From colony to independence ( 1890s -- 1958 ) 2.4 Upper Volta ( 1958 -- 1984 ) 2.4. 1 Lamizana 's rule and multiple coups 2.4. 2 1983 coup d'état 2.5 Burkina Faso ( since 1984 ) 2.5. 1 1987 coup d'état 2.5. 2 October 2014 protests 2.5. 3 2015 coup d'état 2.5. 4 November 2015 election 3 Government and politics 3.1 Foreign relations 3.2 Military 3.3 Law enforcement 4 Geography and climate 4.1 Geography 4.2 Administrative divisions 4.3 Climate 4.4 Wildlife and the environment 5 Economy and infrastructure 5.1 Mining 5.2 Services 5.2. 1 Water 5.2. 1.1 Electricity 5.2. 2 Other 5.3 Transport 6 Science and technology 7 Society 7.1 Demographics 7.2 Ethnic groups 7.3 Languages 7.4 Religion 7.5 Health 7.6 Education 8 Culture 8.1 Arts and crafts 8.2 Cuisine 8.3 Cinema 8.4 Sports 8.5 Media 8.6 Cultural festivals and events 9 Food security 9.1 Causes of food insecurity 9.1. 1 Social and economic 9.1. 2 Environmental 9.2 Current statistics 9.3 Approaches to improving food security 9.3. 1 World Food Programme 9.3. 2 World Bank 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta , the country was renamed `` Burkina Faso '' on 4 August 1984 by then - President Thomas Sankara . The words `` Burkina '' and `` Faso '' both stem from different languages spoken in the country : `` Burkina '' comes from Mossi and means `` upright '' showing how the people are proud of their integrity , while `` Faso '' comes from the Dyula language and means `` fatherland '' ( lit . `` father 's house '' ) . The `` bè '' suffix added onto `` Burkina '' to form the demonym `` Burkinabè '' comes from the Fula language and means `` men or women '' . The French colony of Upper Volta was named for its location on the upper courses of the Volta River ( the Black , Red and White Volta ) . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Burkina Faso Prehistory ( edit ) The northwestern part of today 's Burkina Faso was populated by hunter - gatherers between 14,000 and 5,000 BC . Their tools , including scrapers , chisels and arrowheads , were discovered in 1973 through archaeological excavations . Agricultural settlements were established between 3600 and 2600 BC . The Bura culture was an Iron - Age civilization centred in the southwest portion of modern - day Niger and in the southeast part of contemporary Burkina Faso . Iron industry , in smelting and forging for tools and weapons , had developed in Sub-Saharan Africa by 1200 BC . Early history ( edit ) Historians began to debate about the exact dates when Burkina Faso 's many ethnic groups arrived to the area . The Proto - Mossi arrived in the far Eastern part of what is today Burkina Faso sometime between the 8th and 11th centuries , the Samo arrived around the 15th century , the Dogon lived in Burkina Faso 's north and northwest regions until sometime in the 15th or 16th centuries , and many of the other ethnic groups that make up the country 's population arrived in the region during this time . The cavalry of the Mossi Kingdoms were experts at raiding deep into enemy territory , even against the formidable Mali Empire . Armed men prevent the French explorer Louis - Gustave Binger from entering Sia ( Bobo - Dioulasso ) during his stay in April 1892 . During the Middle Ages the Mossi established several separate kingdoms including those of Tenkodogo , Yatenga , Zandoma , and Ouagadougou . Sometime between 1328 and 1338 Mossi warriors raided Timbuktu but the Mossi were defeated by Sonni Ali of Songhai at the Battle of Kobi in Mali in 1483 . During the early 16th century the Songhai conducted many slave raids into what is today Burkina Faso . During the 18th century the Gwiriko Empire was established at Bobo Dioulasso and ethnic groups such as the Dyan , Lobi , and Birifor settled along the Black Volta . From colony to independence ( 1890s -- 1958 ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Starting in the early 1890s a series of British , French and German military officers made attempts to claim parts of what is today Burkina Faso . At times these colonialists and their armies fought the local peoples ; at times they forged alliances with them and made treaties . The colonialist officers and their home governments also made treaties amongst themselves . Through a complex series of events what is Burkina Faso eventually became a French protectorate in 1896 . The eastern and western regions , where a standoff against the forces of the powerful ruler Samori Ture complicated the situation , came under French occupation in 1897 . By 1898 , the majority of the territory corresponding to Burkina Faso was nominally conquered ; however , French control of many parts remained uncertain . The Franco - British Convention of 14 June 1898 created the country 's modern borders . In the French territory , a war of conquest against local communities and political powers continued for about five years . In 1904 , the largely pacified territories of the Volta basin were integrated into the Upper Senegal and Niger colony of French West Africa as part of the reorganization of the French West African colonial empire . The colony had its capital in Bamako . The language of colonial administration and schooling became French . The public education system started from humble origins . Advanced education was provided for many years during the colonial period in Dakar . Draftees from the territory participated in the European fronts of World War I in the battalions of the Senegalese Rifles . Between 1915 and 1916 , the districts in the western part of what is now Burkina Faso and the bordering eastern fringe of Mali became the stage of one of the most important armed oppositions to colonial government : the Volta - Bani War . The French government finally suppressed the movement but only after suffering defeats . It also had to organize its largest expeditionary force of its colonial history to send into the country to suppress the insurrection . Armed opposition wracked the Sahelian north when the Tuareg and allied groups of the Dori region ended their truce with the government . The capital , Ouagadougou , in 1930 French Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919 . The French feared a recurrence of armed uprising and had related economic considerations . To bolster its administration , the colonial government separated the present territory of Burkina Faso from Upper Senegal and Niger . The new colony was named Haute Volta , and François Charles Alexis Édouard Hesling became its first governor . Hesling initiated an ambitious road - making program to improve infrastructure and promoted the growth of cotton for export . The cotton policy -- based on coercion -- failed , and revenue generated by the colony stagnated . The colony was dismantled on 5 September 1932 , being split between the French colonies of Ivory Coast , French Sudan and Niger . Ivory Coast received the largest share , which contained most of the population as well as the cities of Ouagadougou and Bobo - Dioulasso . France reversed this change during the period of intense anti-colonial agitation that followed the end of World War II . On 4 September 1947 , it revived the colony of Upper Volta , with its previous boundaries , as a part of the French Union . The French designated its colonies as departments of metropolitan France on the European continent . On 11 December 1958 the colony achieved self - government as the Republic of Upper Volta ; it joined the Franco - African Community . A revision in the organization of French Overseas Territories had begun with the passage of the Basic Law ( Loi Cadre ) of 23 July 1956 . This act was followed by reorganization measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 to ensure a large degree of self - government for individual territories . Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on 11 December 1958 . Full independence from France was received in 1960 . Upper Volta ( 1958 -- 1984 ) ( edit ) Maurice Yaméogo , the first President of Upper Volta , examines documents of ratifying the country 's independence in 1960 Main article : Republic of Upper Volta The Republic of Upper Volta ( French : République de Haute - Volta ) was established on 11 December 1958 as a self - governing colony within the French Community . The name Upper Volta related to the nation 's location along the upper reaches of the Volta River . The river 's three tributaries are called the Black , White and Red Volta . These were expressed in the three colors of the former national flag . Before attaining autonomy , it had been French Upper Volta and part of the French Union . On 5 August 1960 , it attained full independence from France . The first president , Maurice Yaméogo , was the leader of the Voltaic Democratic Union ( UDV ) . The 1960 constitution provided for election by universal suffrage of a president and a national assembly for five - year terms . Soon after coming to power , Yaméogo banned all political parties other than the UDV . The government lasted until 1966 . After much unrest , including mass demonstrations and strikes by students , labor unions , and civil servants , the military intervened . Lamizana 's rule and multiple coups ( edit ) The 1966 military coup deposed Yaméogo , suspended the constitution , dissolved the National Assembly , and placed Lt. Col. Sangoulé Lamizana at the head of a government of senior army officers . The army remained in power for four years . On 14 June 1976 , the Voltans ratified a new constitution that established a four - year transition period toward complete civilian rule . Lamizana remained in power throughout the 1970s as president of military or mixed civil - military governments . Lamizana 's rule coincided with the beginning of the Sahel drought and famine which had a devastating impact on Upper Volta and neighboring countries . After conflict over the 1976 constitution , a new constitution was written and approved in 1977 . Lamizana was re-elected by open elections in 1978 . Lamizana 's government faced problems with the country 's traditionally powerful trade unions , and on 25 November 1980 , Col. Saye Zerbo overthrew President Lamizana in a bloodless coup . Colonel Zerbo established the Military Committee of Recovery for National Progress as the supreme governmental authority , thus eradicating the 1977 constitution . Colonel Zerbo also encountered resistance from trade unions and was overthrown two years later by Maj . Dr. Jean - Baptiste Ouédraogo and the Council of Popular Salvation ( CSP ) in the 1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état . The CSP continued to ban political parties and organizations , yet promised a transition to civilian rule and a new constitution . 1983 coup d'état ( edit ) Infighting developed between the right and left factions of the CSP . The leader of the leftists , Capt . Thomas Sankara , was appointed prime minister in January 1983 , but subsequently arrested . Efforts to free him , directed by Capt . Blaise Compaoré , resulted in a military coup d'état on 4 August 1983 . The coup brought Sankara to power and his government began to implement a series of revolutionary programs which included mass - vaccinations , infrastructure improvements , the expansion of women 's rights , encouragement of domestic agricultural consumption and anti-desertification projects . Burkina Faso ( since 1984 ) ( edit ) On 4 August 1984 , on President Sankara 's initiative , the country 's name was changed from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso or land of the honest men ; ( the literal translation is land of the upright men . ) Pioneers of the Revolution , c. 1985 Sankara 's government formed the National Council for the Revolution ( CNR ) , with Sankara as its president , and established popular Committees for the Defense of the Revolution ( CDRs ) . The Pioneers of the Revolution youth programme was also established . Sankara launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme for change , one of the largest ever undertaken on the African continent . His foreign policies were centred on anti-imperialism , his government denying all foreign aid , pushing for odious debt reduction , nationalising all land and mineral wealth and averting the power and influence of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and World Bank . His domestic policies included a nationwide literacy campaign , land redistribution to peasants , railway and road construction and the outlawing of female genital mutilation , forced marriages and polygamy . Sankara pushed for agrarian self - sufficiency and promoted public health by vaccinating 2,500,000 children against meningitis , yellow fever , and measles . His national agenda also included planting over 10,000,000 trees to halt the growing desertification of the Sahel . Sankara called on every village to build a medical dispensary and had over 350 communities build schools with their own labour . 1987 coup d'état ( edit ) On 15 October 1987 , Sankara , along with twelve other officials , was killed in a coup d'état organized by Blaise Compaoré , Sankara 's former colleague and Burkina Faso 's president until October 2014 . After the coup and although Sankara was known to be dead , some CDRs mounted an armed resistance to the army for several days . A majority of Burkinabé citizens hold that France 's foreign ministry , the Quai d'Orsay , was behind Compaoré in organizing the coup . Deterioration in relations with neighbouring countries was one of the reasons given by Compaoré for the coup . Compaoré argued that Sankara had jeopardised foreign relations with the former colonial power France and neighbouring Ivory Coast ( both of which supported the change in government ) . Following the coup Compaoré immediately reversed the nationalizations , overturned nearly all of Sankara 's policies , returned the country back into the IMF fold , and ultimately spurned most of Sankara 's legacy . Limited democratic reforms were introduced in 1990 by Compaoré . Under the new constitution , Compaoré was re-elected without opposition in 1991 . In 1998 Compaoré won election in a landslide . In 2004 , 13 people were tried for plotting a coup against President Compaoré and the coup 's alleged mastermind was sentenced to life imprisonment . As of 2014 , Burkina Faso remains one of the least developed countries in the world . Compaoré 's government had played the role of negotiator in several West - African disputes including the 2010 -- 11 Ivorian crisis , the Inter-Togolese Dialogue , and the 2012 Malian Crisis . Between February and April 2011 , the death of a schoolboy provoked protests throughout the country , coupled with a military mutiny and a magistrates ' strike . October 2014 protests ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Burkinabé uprising Starting on 28 October 2014 protesters began to march and demonstrate in Ouagadougou against President Blaise Compaoré who appeared ready to amend the constitution and extend his 27 - year rule . On 30 October , some protesters set fire to the parliament and took over the national TV headquarters . Ouagadougou International Airport was closed and MPs suspended the vote on changing the constitution to allow Compaoré to stand for re-election in 2015 . Later in the day , the military dissolved all government institutions and set a curfew . On 31 October 2014 , President Compaoré , facing mounting pressure , resigned after 27 years in office . Lt. Col. Isaac Zida said that he would lead the country during its transitional period before the planned 2015 presidential election but there were concerns over his close ties to the former president . In November 2014 opposition parties , civil society groups and religious leaders adopted a plan for a transitional authority to guide Burkina Faso to elections . Under the plan Michel Kafando was made the transitional President of Burkina Faso and Lt. Col. Zida became the acting Prime Minister and Defense Minister . 2015 coup d'état ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Burkinabé coup d'état In September 2015 , the Regiment of Presidential Security ( RSP ) seized the country 's president and prime minister , and declared the National Council for Democracy the new national government . However , on 22 September 2015 , the coup leader , Gilbert Diendéré , apologized and promised to restore the civilian government . On 23 September 2015 , the prime minister and interim president were restored to power . November 2015 election ( edit ) Main article : Burkinabé general election , 2015 General elections were held in Burkina Faso on 29 November 2015 . Roch Marc Christian Kaboré won the election in the first round with 53.5 % of the vote , defeating businessman Zéphirin Diabré who took 29.7 % . Kaboré was sworn in as President on 29 December 2015 . Government and Politics ( edit ) President Blaise Compaoré ruled Burkina Faso from a coup d'état in 1987 until he lost power in 2014 . The National Assembly building in downtown Ouagadougou Main article : Politics of Burkina Faso See also : 2015 Burkinabe coup d'état With French help , Blaise Compaoré seized power in a coup d'état in 1987 . He overthrew his long - time friend and ally Thomas Sankara , who was killed in the coup . The constitution of 2 June 1991 established a semi-presidential government : its parliament could be dissolved by the President of the Republic , who was to be elected for a term of seven years . In 2000 , the constitution was amended to reduce the presidential term to five years and set term limits to two , preventing successive re-election . The amendment took effect during the 2005 elections . If passed beforehand , it would have prevented Compaoré from being reelected . Other presidential candidates challenged the election results . But in October 2005 , the constitutional council ruled that , because Compaoré was the sitting president in 2000 , the amendment would not apply to him until the end of his second term in office . This cleared the way for his candidacy in the 2005 election . On 13 November 2005 , Compaoré was reelected in a landslide , because of a divided political opposition . In the 2010 Presidential elections , President Compaoré was re-elected . Only 1.6 million Burkinabés voted , out of a total population 10 times that size . The 2011 Burkinabè protests were a series of popular protests that called for the resignation of Compaoré , democratic reforms , higher wages for troops and public servants and economic freedom . As a result , Governors were replaced and wages for public servants were raised . The parliament consisted of one chamber known as the National Assembly which had 111 seats with members elected to serve five - year terms . There was also a constitutional chamber , composed of ten members , and an economic and social council whose roles were purely consultative . The 1991 constitution created a bicameral parliament but the upper house ( Chamber of Representatives ) was abolished in 2002 . The Compaoré administration had worked to decentralize power by devolving some of its powers to regions and municipal authorities . But the widespread distrust of politicians and lack of political involvement by many residents complicated this process . Critics described this as a hybrid decentralisation . Political freedoms are severely restricted in Burkina Faso . Human rights organizations had criticised the Compaoré administration for numerous acts of state - sponsored violence against journalists and other politically active members of society . In mid-September 2015 the Kafando government , along with the rest of the post-October 2014 political order , was temporarily overthrown in a coup attempt by the Regiment of Presidential Security ( RSP ) . They installed Gilbert Diendéré as chairman of the new National Council for Democracy . On 23 September 2015 , the prime minister and interim president were restored to power . The national elections were subsequently rescheduled for 29 November . Kaboré won the election in the first round of voting , receiving 53.5 % of the vote against 29.7 % for the second place candidate , Zephirin Diabré . He was sworn in as President on 29 December 2015 . Foreign relations ( edit ) Further information : Foreign relations of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a member of the African Union , G5 Sahel , Community of Sahel - Saharan States , La Francophonie , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , Economic Community of West African States , and United Nations . Military ( edit ) Main article : Military of Burkina Faso The army consists of some 6,000 men in voluntary service , augmented by a part - time national People 's Militia composed of civilians between 25 and 35 years of age who are trained in both military and civil duties . According to Jane 's Sentinel Country Risk Assessment , Burkina Faso 's Army is undermanned for its force structure and poorly equipped , but has wheeled light - armour vehicles , and may have developed useful combat expertise through interventions in Liberia and elsewhere in Africa . In terms of training and equipment , the regular Army is believed to be neglected in relation to the élite Regiment of Presidential Security ( French : Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle -- RSP ) . Reports have emerged in recent years of disputes over pay and conditions . There is an air force with some 19 operational aircraft , but no navy , as the country is landlocked . Military expenses constitute approximately 1.2 % of the nation 's GDP . In April 2011 , there was an army mutiny ; the president named new chiefs of staff , and a curfew was imposed in Ouagadougou . Law enforcement ( edit ) Main article : Law enforcement in Burkina Faso Burkina Faso employs numerous police and security forces , generally modeled after organizations used by French police . France continues to provide significant support and training to police forces . The Gendarmerie Nationale is organized along military lines , with most police services delivered at the brigade level . The Gendarmerie operates under the authority of the Minister of Defence , and its members are employed chiefly in the rural areas and along borders . There is a municipal police force controlled by the Ministry of Territorial Administration ; a national police force controlled by the Ministry of Security ; and an autonomous Regiment of Presidential Security ( Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle , or RSP ) , a ' palace guard ' devoted to the protection of the President of the Republic . Both the gendarmerie and the national police are subdivided into both administrative and judicial police functions ; the former are detailed to protect public order and provide security , the latter are charged with criminal investigations . All foreigners and citizens are required to carry photo ID passports , or other forms of identification or risk a fine , and police spot identity checks are commonplace for persons traveling by auto , bush - taxi , or bus . Geography and climate ( edit ) Satellite image of Burkina Faso . Main article : Geography of Burkina Faso Geography ( edit ) Map of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso lies mostly between latitudes 9 ° and 15 ° N ( a small area is north of 15 ° ) , and longitudes 6 ° W and 3 ° E . It is made up of two major types of countryside . The larger part of the country is covered by a peneplain , which forms a gently undulating landscape with , in some areas , a few isolated hills , the last vestiges of a Precambrian massif . The southwest of the country , on the other hand , forms a sandstone massif , where the highest peak , Ténakourou , is found at an elevation of 749 meters ( 2,457 ft ) . The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to 150 m ( 492 ft ) high . The average altitude of Burkina Faso is 400 m ( 1,312 ft ) and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) . Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country . The country owes its former name of Upper Volta to three rivers which cross it : the Black Volta ( or Mouhoun ) , the White Volta ( Nakambé ) and the Red Volta ( Nazinon ) . The Black Volta is one of the country 's only two rivers which flow year - round , the other being the Komoé , which flows to the southwest . The basin of the Niger River also drains 27 % of the country 's surface . The Niger 's tributaries -- the Béli , Gorouol , Goudébo , and Dargol -- are seasonal streams and flow for only four to six months a year . They still can flood and overflow , however . The country also contains numerous lakes -- the principal ones are Tingrela , Bam , and Dem . The country contains large ponds , as well , such as Oursi , Béli , Yomboli , and Markoye . Water shortages are often a problem , especially in the north of the country . Savannah near the Gbomblora Department , on the road from Gaoua to Batié Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : Regions of Burkina Faso , Provinces of Burkina Faso , and Departments of Burkina Faso The country is divided into 13 administrative regions . These regions encompass 45 provinces and 301 departments . Each region is administered by a Governor . Climate ( edit ) Further information : Climate of Burkina Faso Map of Köppen climate classification Burkina Faso has a primarily tropical climate with two very distinct seasons . In the rainy season , the country receives between 60 and 90 cm ( 23.6 and 35.4 in ) of rainfall ; in the dry season , the harmattan -- a hot dry wind from the Sahara -- blows . The rainy season lasts approximately four months , May / June through September , and is shorter in the north of the country . Three climatic zones can be defined : the Sahel , the Sudan - Sahel , and the Sudan - Guinea . The Sahel in the north typically receives less than 60 cm ( 23.6 in ) of rainfall per year and has high temperatures , 5 -- 47 ° C ( 41 -- 117 ° F ) . A relatively dry tropical savanna , the Sahel extends beyond the borders of Burkina Faso , from the Horn of Africa to the Atlantic Ocean , and borders the Sahara to its north and the fertile region of the Sudan to the South . Situated between 11 ° 3 ' and 13 ° 5 ' north latitude , the Sudan - Sahel region is a transitional zone with regards to rainfall and temperature . Further to the south , the Sudan - Guinea zone receives more than 90 cm ( 35.4 in ) of rain each year and has cooler average temperatures . Burkina Faso 's natural resources include gold , manganese , limestone , marble , phosphates , pumice , and salt . Wildlife and the Environment ( edit ) Further information : Wildlife of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso has a larger number of elephants than many countries in West Africa . Lions , leopards and buffalo can also be found here , including the dwarf or red buffalo , a smaller reddish - brown animal which looks like a fierce kind of short - legged cow . Other large predators live in Burkina Faso , such as the cheetah , the caracal or African lynx , the spotted hyena and the African wild dog , one of the continent 's most endangered species . Burkina Faso 's fauna and flora are protected in four national parks : The W National Park in the east which passes Burkina Faso , Benin , and Niger The Arly Wildlife Reserve ( Arly National Park in the east ) The Léraba - Comoé Classified Forest and Partial Reserve of Wildlife in the west The Mare aux Hippopotames in the west and several reserves : see List of national parks in Africa and Nature reserves of Burkina Faso . Economy and infrastructure ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso 's exports in 2009 . Every year gold and cotton constitute more than 70 % of the country 's exports and the prices of these commodities have fluctuated significantly in the past 10 years . See the 2016 figure The value of Burkina Faso 's exports fell from $2.77 billion in 2011 to $754 million in 2012 . Agriculture represents 32 % of its gross domestic product and occupies 80 % of the working population . It consists mostly of rearing livestock . Especially in the south and southwest , the people grow crops of sorghum , pearl millet , maize ( corn ) , peanuts , rice and cotton , with surpluses to be sold . A large part of the economic activity of the country is funded by international aid . Burkina Faso was ranked the 111th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings . Remittances used to be an important source of income to Burkina Faso until the 1990s , when unrest in Ivory Coast , the main destination for Burkinabe emigrants , forced many to return home . Remittances now account for less than 1 % of GDP . Burkina Faso is part of the West African Monetary and Economic Union ( UMEOA ) and has adopted the CFA franc . This is issued by the Central Bank of the West African States ( BCEAO ) , situated in Dakar , Senegal . The BCEAO manages the monetary and reserve policy of the member states , and provides regulation and oversight of financial sector and banking activity . A legal framework regarding licensing , bank activities , organizational and capital requirements , inspections and sanctions ( all applicable to all countries of the Union ) is in place , having been reformed significantly in 1999 . Microfinance institutions are governed by a separate law , which regulates microfinance activities in all WAEMU countries . The insurance sector is regulated through the Inter-African Conference on Insurance Markets ( CIMA ) . Processing facilities at the Essakane Mine in Burkina Faso Mining ( edit ) Main article : Mining in Burkina Faso There is mining of copper , iron , manganese , gold , cassiterite ( tin ore ) , and phosphates . These operations provide employment and generate international aid . Gold production increased 32 % in 2011 at six gold mine sites , making Burkina Faso the fourth - largest gold producer in Africa , after South Africa , Mali and Ghana . Burkina Faso also hosts the International Art and Craft Fair , Ouagadougou . It is better known by its French name as SIAO , Le Salon International de l ' Artisanat de Ouagadougou , and is one of the most important African handicraft fairs . Burkina Faso is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa ( OHADA ) . Services ( edit ) Water ( edit ) The Grand marché in Koudougou , Burkina Faso While services remain underdeveloped , the National Office for Water and Sanitation ( ONEA ) , a state - owned utility company run along commercial lines , is emerging as one of the best - performing utility companies in Africa . High levels of autonomy and a skilled and dedicated management have driven ONEA 's ability to improve production of and access to clean water . Since 2000 , nearly 2 million more people have access to water in the four principal urban centres in the country ; the company has kept the quality of infrastructure high ( less than 18 % of the water is lost through leaks -- one of the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa ) , improved financial reporting , and increased its annual revenue by an average of 12 % ( well above inflation ) . Challenges remain , including difficulties among some customers in paying for services , with the need to rely on international aid to expand its infrastructure . The state - owned , commercially run venture has helped the nation reach its Millennium Development Goal ( MDG ) targets in water - related areas , and has grown as a viable company . However , access to drinking has improved over the last 28 years . According to UNICEF , access to drinking water has increased from 39 to 76 % in rural areas between 1990 and 2015 . In this same time span , access to drinking water increased from 75 to 97 % in urban areas . Electricity ( edit ) A 33 - megawatt solar power plant in Zagtouli , near Ouagadougou , came online in late November , 2017 . At the time of its construction , it was the largest solar power facility in West Africa . Other ( edit ) The growth rate in Burkina Faso is high although it continues to be plagued by corruption and incursions from terrorist groups from Mali and Niger . Transport ( edit ) The railway station in Bobo Dioulasso was built during the colonial era and remains in operation . Main article : Transport in Burkina Faso Transport in Burkina Faso is limited by relatively underdeveloped infrastructure . The main airport is at Ouagadougou and as of June 2014 it had regularly scheduled flights to many destinations in West Africa as well as Paris , Brussels and Istanbul . There is another international airport at Bobo Dioulasso which has flights to Ouagadougou and Abidjan . Rail transport in Burkina Faso consists of a single line which runs from Kaya to Abidjan in Ivory Coast via Ouagadougou , Koudougou , Bobo Dioulasso and Banfora . Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route . There are 15,000 kilometres of roads in Burkina Faso , of which 2,500 kilometres are paved . Science and technology ( edit ) Main article : Science and technology in Burkina Faso In 2009 , Burkina Faso spent 0.20 % of GDP on research and development ( R&D ) , one of the lowest ratios in West Africa . There were 48 researchers ( in full - time equivalents ) per million inhabitants in 2010 , which is more than twice the average for sub-Saharan Africa ( 20 per million population in 2013 ) and higher than the ratio for Ghana and Nigeria ( 39 ) . It is , however , much lower than the ratio for Senegal ( 361 per million inhabitants ) . In Burkina Faso in 2010 , 46 % of researchers were working in the health sector , 16 % in engineering , 13 % in natural sciences , 9 % in agricultural sciences , 7 % in the humanities and 4 % in social sciences . In January 2011 , the government created the Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation . Up until then , management of science , technology and innovation had fallen under the Department of Secondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research . Within this ministry , the Directorate General for Research and Sector Statistics is responsible for planning . A separate body , the Directorate General of Scientific Research , Technology and Innovation , co-ordinates research . This is a departure from the pattern in many other West African countries where a single body fulfils both functions . The move signals the government 's intention to make science and technology a development priority . In 2012 , Burkina Faso adopted a National Policy for Scientific and Technical Research , the strategic objectives of which are to develop R&D and the application and commercialization of research results . The policy also makes provisions for strengthening the ministry 's strategic and operational capacities . One of the key priorities is to improve food security and self - sufficiency by boosting capacity in agricultural and environmental sciences . The creation of a centre of excellence in 2014 at the International Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering in Ouagadougou within the World Bank project provides essential funding for capacity - building in these priority areas . A dual priority is to promote innovative , effective and accessible health systems . The government wishes to develop , in parallel , applied sciences and technology and social and human sciences . To complement the national research policy , the government has prepared a National Strategy to Popularize Technologies , Inventions and Innovations ( 2012 ) and a National Innovation Strategy ( 2014 ) . Other policies also incorporate science and technology , such as that on Secondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research ( 2010 ) , the National Policy on Food and Nutrition Security ( 2014 ) and the National Programme for the Rural Sector ( 2011 ) . In 2013 , Burkina Faso passed the Science , Technology and Innovation Act establishing three mechanisms for financing research and innovation , a clear indication of high - level commitment . These mechanisms are the National Fund for Education and Research , the National Fund for Research and Innovation for Development and the Forum of Scientific Research and Technological Innovation . Society ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) A Burkinabe Tuareg man in Ouagadougou Main article : Demographics of Burkina Faso Population Year Million 1950 4.3 2000 11.6 2016 18.6 Burkina Faso is an ethnically integrated , secular state . Most of Burkina 's people are concentrated in the south and center of the country , where their density sometimes exceeds 48 persons per square kilometer ( 125 / sq. mi . ) . Hundreds of thousands of Burkinabe migrate regularly to Ivory Coast and Ghana , mainly for seasonal agricultural work . These flows of workers are affected by external events ; the September 2002 coup attempt in Ivory Coast and the ensuing fighting meant that hundreds of thousands of Burkinabe returned to Burkina Faso . The regional economy suffered when they were unable to work . The total fertility rate of Burkina Faso is 5.93 children born per woman ( 2014 estimates ) , the sixth highest in the world . In 2009 the U.S. Department of State 's Trafficking in Persons Report reported that slavery in Burkina Faso continued to exist and that Burkinabè children were often the victims . Slavery in the Sahel states in general , is an entrenched institution with a long history that dates back to the Arab slave trade . Largest cities or towns in Burkina Faso According to the 2006 Census Rank Name Region Pop . Ouagadougou Bobo - Dioulasso Ouagadougou Centre 1.475 , 223 Koudougou Bobo - Dioulasso Hauts - Bassins 489,967 Koudougou Centre - Ouest 88,184 Banfora Cascades 75,917 5 Ouahigouya Nord 73,153 6 Pouytenga Centre - Est 60,618 7 Kaya Centre - Nord 54,365 8 Tenkodogo Centre - Est 44,491 9 Fada N'gourma Est 41,785 10 Houndé Hauts - Bassins 39,458 Ethnic groups ( edit ) Main article : Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso Burkina Faso 's 17.3 million people belong to two major West African ethnic cultural groups -- the Voltaic and the Mande ( whose common language is Dioula ) . The Voltaic Mossi make up about one - half of the population . The Mossi claim descent from warriors who migrated to present - day Burkina Faso from northern Ghana around 1100 AD . They established an empire that lasted more than 800 years . Predominantly farmers , the Mossi kingdom is led by the Mogho Naba , whose court is in Ouagadougou . Languages ( edit ) Further information : Languages of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a multilingual country . An estimated 69 languages are spoken there , of which about 60 languages are indigenous . The Mossi language ( Mossi : Mòoré ) is spoken by about 40 % of the population , mainly in the central region around the capital , Ouagadougou , along with other , closely related Gurunsi languages scattered throughout Burkina . In the west , Mande languages are widely spoken , the most predominant being Dyula ( also known as Jula or Dioula ) , others including Bobo , Samo , and Marka . The Fula language ( Fula : Fulfulde , French : Peuhl ) is widespread , particularly in the north . The Gourmanché language is spoken in the east , while the Bissa language is spoken in the south . The official language is French , which was introduced during the colonial period . French is the principal language of administrative , political and judicial institutions , public services , and the press . It is the only language for laws , administration and courts . Religion ( edit ) Religion in Burkina Faso ( 2006 ) Islam ( 60.5 % ) Christianity ( 23.2 % ) Indigenous beliefs ( 15.3 % ) Irreligious and others ( 1.0 % ) The Grand Mosque of Bobo - Dioulasso Main article : Religion in Burkina Faso Statistics on religion in Burkina Faso are inexact because Islam and Christianity are often practiced in tandem with indigenous religious beliefs . The Government of Burkina Faso 2006 census reported that 60.5 % of the population practice Islam , and that the majority of this group belong to the Sunni branch , while a small minority adheres to Shia Islam . There are also large concentrations of the Ahmadiyya Muslims . A significant number of Sunni Muslims identify with the Tijaniyah Sufi order . The government estimated that 23.2 % of the population are Christians ( 19 % being Roman Catholics and 4.2 % members of Protestant denominations ) ; 15.3 % follow traditional indigenous beliefs , 0.6 % have other religions , and 0.4 % have none . Health ( edit ) Main article : Health in Burkina Faso In 2012 , the average life expectancy was estimated at 57 for male and 59 for female . The under five mortality rate and the infant mortality rate were respectively 102 and 66 per 1000 live births . In 2014 , the median age of its inhabitants is 17 and the estimated population growth rate is 3.05 % . In 2011 , health expenditures was 6.5 % of GDP ; the maternal mortality ratio was estimated at 300 deaths per 100000 live births and the physician density at 0.05 per 1000 population in 2010 . In 2012 , it was estimated that the adult HIV prevalence rate ( ages 15 -- 49 ) was 1.0 % . According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report , HIV prevalence is declining among pregnant women who attend antenatal clinics . According to a 2005 World Health Organization report , an estimated 72.5 % of Burkina Faso 's girls and women have had female genital mutilation , administered according to traditional rituals . Central government spending on health was 3 % in 2001 . As of 2009 , studies estimated there were as few as 10 physicians per 100,000 people . In addition , there were 41 nurses and 13 midwives per 100,000 people . Demographic and Health Surveys has completed three surveys in Burkina Faso since 1993 , and had another in 2009 . A recent Dengue fever outbreak in 2016 killed 20 patients . Cases of the disease were reported from all 12 districts of Ouagadougou . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Burkina Faso The Gando primary school . Its architect , Diébédo Francis Kéré , received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2004 . Education in Burkina Faso is divided into primary , secondary and higher education . High school costs approximately CFA 25,000 ( $50 USD ) per year , which is far above the means of most Burkinabè families . Boys receive preference in schooling ; as such , girls ' education and literacy rates are far lower than their male counterparts . An increase in girls ' schooling has been observed because of the government 's policy of making school cheaper for girls and granting them more scholarships . To proceed from elementary to middle school , middle to high school or high school to college , national exams must be passed . Institutions of higher education include the University of Ouagadougou , The Polytechnic University of Bobo - Dioulasso , and the University of Koudougou , which is also a teacher training institution . There are some small private colleges in the capital city of Ouagadougou but these are affordable to only a small portion of the population . There is also the International School of Ouagadougou ( ISO ) , an American - based private school located in Ouagadougou . The 2008 UN Development Program Report ranked Burkina Faso as the country with the lowest level of literacy in the world , despite a concerted effort to double its literacy rate from 12.8 % in 1990 to 25.3 % in 2008 . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Burkina Faso A masked Winiama dancer , ca. 1970 Literature in Burkina Faso is based on the oral tradition , which remains important . In 1934 , during French occupation , Dim - Dolobsom Ouedraogo published his Maximes , pensées et devinettes mossi ( Maximes , Thoughts and Riddles of the Mossi ) , a record of the oral history of the Mossi people . The oral tradition continued to have an influence on Burkinabè writers in the post-independence Burkina Faso of the 1960s , such as Nazi Boni and Roger Nikiema . The 1960s saw a growth in the number of playwrights being published . Since the 1970s , literature has developed in Burkina Faso with many more writers being published . The theatre of Burkina Faso combines traditional Burkinabè performance with the colonial influences and post-colonial efforts to educate rural people to produce a distinctive national theatre . Traditional ritual ceremonies of the many ethnic groups in Burkina Faso have long involved dancing with masks . Western - style theatre became common during colonial times , heavily influenced by French theatre . With independence came a new style of theatre inspired by forum theatre aimed at educating and entertaining Burkina Faso 's rural people . Arts and crafts ( edit ) Main article : Art of Burkina Faso Artisan garland of decorative painted gourds in Ouagadougou . In addition to several rich traditional artistic heritages among the peoples , there is a large artist community in Burkina Faso , especially in Ouagadougou . Much of the crafts produced are for the country 's growing tourist industry . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Burkinabé cuisine A plate of fufu ( right ) accompanied with peanut soup . Typical of West African cuisine , Burkina Faso 's cuisine is based on staple foods of sorghum , millet , rice , maize , peanuts , potatoes , beans , yams and okra . The most common sources of animal protein are chicken , chicken eggs and fresh water fish . A typical Burkinabè beverage is Banji or Palm Wine , which is fermented palm sap ; and Zoom - kom , or `` grain water '' purportedly the national drink of Burkina Faso . Zoom - kom is milky - looking and whitish , having a water and cereal base , best drunk with ice cubes . In the more rural regions , in the outskirts of Burkina , you would find Dolo , which is drink made from fermented millet . Cinema ( edit ) Main article : Cinema of Burkina Faso The cinema of Burkina Faso is an important part of West African and African film industry . Burkina 's contribution to African cinema started with the establishment of the film festival FESPACO ( Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévision de Ouagadougou ) , which was launched as a film week in 1969 . Many of the nation 's filmmakers are known internationally and have won international prizes . For many years the headquarters of the Federation of Panafrican Filmmakers ( FEPACI ) was in Ouagadougou , rescued in 1983 from a period of moribund inactivity by the enthusiastic support and funding of President Sankara . ( In 2006 the Secretariat of FEPACI moved to South Africa , but the headquarters of the organization is still in Ouagadougou . ) Among the best known directors from Burkina Faso are Gaston Kaboré , Idrissa Ouedraogo and Dani Kouyate . Burkina produces popular television series such as Les Bobodiouf . The internationally known filmmakers such as Ouedraogo , Kabore , Yameogo , and Kouyate make popular television series . Sports ( edit ) Burkina Faso national football team in white during a football match . Main article : Sport in Burkina Faso Sport in Burkina Faso is widespread and includes football ( soccer ) , basketball , cycling , rugby union , handball , tennis , boxing and martial arts . Football is very popular in Burkina Faso , played both professionally , and informally in towns and villages across the country . The national team is nicknamed `` Les Etalons '' ( `` the Stallions '' ) in reference to the legendary horse of Princess Yennenga . In 1998 , Burkina Faso hosted the Africa Cup of Nations for which the Omnisport Stadium in Bobo - Dioulasso was built . In 2013 , Burkina Faso qualified for the African Cup of Nations in South Africa , reached the final , but then lost to Nigeria by the score of 0 to 1 . The country is currently ranked 53rd in the FIFA World Rankings . Basketball is another sport which enjoys much popularity for both men and women . The country 's national team had its most successful year in 2013 when it qualified for the AfroBasket , the continent 's prime basketball event . Media ( edit ) A Burkinabé photographer at work in Ouagadougou . Main articles : Media of Burkina Faso and Communications in Burkina Faso The nation 's principal media outlet is its state - sponsored combined television and radio service , Radiodiffusion - Télévision Burkina ( RTB ) . RTB broadcasts on two medium - wave ( AM ) and several FM frequencies . Besides RTB , there are privately owned sports , cultural , music , and religious FM radio stations . RTB maintains a worldwide short - wave news broadcast ( Radio Nationale Burkina ) in the French language from the capital at Ouagadougou using a 100 kW transmitter on 4.815 and 5.030 MHz . Attempts to develop an independent press and media in Burkina Faso have been intermittent . In 1998 , investigative journalist Norbert Zongo , his brother Ernest , his driver , and another man were assassinated by unknown assailants , and the bodies burned . The crime was never solved . However , an independent Commission of Inquiry later concluded that Norbert Zongo was killed for political reasons because of his investigative work into the death of David Ouedraogo , a chauffeur who worked for François Compaoré , President Blaise Compaoré 's brother . In January 1999 , François Compaoré was charged with the murder of David Ouedraogo , who had died as a result of torture in January 1998 . The charges were later dropped by a military tribunal after an appeal . In August 2000 , five members of the President 's personal security guard detail ( Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle , or RSP ) were charged with the murder of Ouedraogo . RSP members Marcel Kafando , Edmond Koama , and Ousseini Yaro , investigated as suspects in the Norbert Zongo assassination , were convicted in the Ouedraogo case and sentenced to lengthy prison terms . Since the death of Norbert Zongo , several protests regarding the Zongo investigation and treatment of journalists have been prevented or dispersed by government police and security forces . In April 2007 , popular radio reggae host Karim Sama , whose programs feature reggae songs interspersed with critical commentary on alleged government injustice and corruption , received several death threats . Sama 's personal car was later burned outside the private radio station Ouaga FM by unknown vandals . In response , the Committee to Protect Journalists ( CPJ ) wrote to President Compaoré to request his government investigate the sending of e-mailed death threats to journalists and radio commentators in Burkina Faso who were critical of the government . In December 2008 , police in Ouagadougou questioned leaders of a protest march that called for a renewed investigation into the unsolved Zongo assassination . Among the marchers was Jean - Claude Meda , the president of the Association of Journalists of Burkina Faso . Cultural festivals and events ( edit ) Every two years , Ouagadougou hosts the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ( FESPACO ) , the largest African cinema festival on the continent ( February , odd years ) . Held every two years since 1988 , the International Art and Craft Fair , Ouagadougou ( SIAO ) , is one of Africa 's most important trade shows for art and handicrafts ( late October - early November , even years ) . Also every two years , the Symposium de sculpture sur granit de Laongo takes place on a site located about 35 kilometres ( 22 miles ) from Ouagadougou , in the province of Oubritenga . The National Culture Week of Burkina Faso , better known by its French name La Semaine Nationale de la culture ( SNC ) , is one of the most important cultural activities of Burkina Faso . It is a biennial event which takes place every two years in Bobo Dioulasso , the second - largest city in the country . The Festival International des Masques et des Arts ( FESTIMA ) , celebrating traditional masks , is held every two years in Dédougou . Food Security ( edit ) A group of farmers in Tarfila , Burkina Faso . Burkina Faso is faced with high levels of food insecurity . As defined by the 1996 World Food Summit , `` food security exists when all people , at all times , have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle . '' There has not been much successful improvement on this issue of food security within recent years . Burkina Faso 's rapidly growing population ( around 3.6 % annually ) continues to put a strain on the country 's resources and infrastructure , which can further limit accessibility to food . Because the country is landlocked and prone to Natural disasters , including drought and floods , many families struggle to protect themselves from severe hunger . While recent harvest productions have improved some , much of the population is still having a hard time overcoming the continuous food and nutrition crises of the past decade . Malnutrition is especially common in women and children , with large amounts of the population suffering from stunted growth and micronutrient deficiencies such as anemia . Food insecurity has grown to be a structural problem in Burkina Faso , only to be intensified by high food prices . All of these factors combined with high poverty levels have left Burkina Faso vulnerable to chronic high levels of food insecurity and malnutrition . Causes of food insecurity ( edit ) Social and economic ( edit ) Poverty continues to be strongly linked to food insecurity . As one of the poorest countries in the world , Burkina Faso has around 43.7 % of its population living under the poverty line and ranked 185 out of 188 countries on the UNDP Human Development Index in 2015 . The Human Development Index is a measure of quality of life , taking into account three main areas of human development : longevity , education , and economic standard of living . These high levels of poverty found in Burkina Faso , combined with the soaring food prices of the global food crisis continue to contribute to Burkina Faso 's issue of food insecurity . The global food crisis of 2007 -- 2008 was a drastic surge in food prices that lead to high rates of hunger , malnutrition , and political and economic instability in nations across the globe . This strongly affected Burkina Faso because around 80 % of Burkina 's population is rural , relying on subsistence farming to make a living . For instance , when natural disasters such as floods , droughts , or locust attacks occur and cause crops to fail , farmers in Burkina Faso become dependent on grain purchases . Because of the global food crisis , local grain prices dramatically increased , limiting farmers ' access to grain through market exchanges . Environmental ( edit ) Damage caused by the Dourtenga floodings in 2007 . Geographic and environmental causes can also play a significant role in contributing to Burkina Faso 's issue of food insecurity . As the country is situated in the Sahel region , Burkina Faso experiences some of the most radical climatic variation in the world , ranging from severe flooding to extreme drought . The unpredictable climatic shock that Burkina Faso citizens often face results in strong difficulties in being able to rely on and accumulate wealth through agricultural means . Burkina Faso 's climate also renders its crops vulnerable to insect attacks , including attacks from locusts and crickets , which destroy crops and further inhibit food production . Not only is most of the population of Burkina Faso dependent on agriculture as a source of income , but they also rely on the agricultural sector for food that will directly feed the household . Due to the vulnerability of agriculture , more and more families are having to look for other sources of non-farm income , and often have to travel outside of their regional zone to find work . Current Statistics ( edit ) According to the Global Hunger Index , a multidimensional tool used to measure and track a country 's hunger levels , Burkina Faso ranked 65 out of 78 countries in 2013 . It is estimated that there are currently over 1.5 million children who are at risk of food insecurity in Burkina Faso , with around 350,000 children who are in need of emergency medical assistance . However , only about a third of these children will actually receive adequate medical attention . Only 11.4 percent of children under the age of two receive the daily recommended number of meals . Stunted growth as a result of food insecurity is a severe problem in Burkina Faso , affecting at least a third of the population from 2008 to 2012 . Additionally , stunted children , on average , tend to complete less school than children with normal growth development , further contributing to the low levels of education of the Burkina Faso population . The European Commission expects that approximately 500,000 children under age 5 in Burkina Faso will suffer from acute malnutrition in 2015 , including around 149,000 who will suffer from its most life - threatening form . Rates of micronutrient deficiencies are also high . According to the Demographic and Health Survey ( DHS 2010 ) , 49 percent of women and 88 percent of children under the age of five suffer from anemia . Forty percent of infant deaths can be attributed to malnutrition , and in turn , these infant mortality rates have decreased Burkina Faso 's total work force by 13.6 percent , demonstrating how food security affects more aspects of life beyond health . These high rates of food insecurity and the accompanying effects are even more prevalent in rural populations compared to urban ones , as access to health services in rural areas is much more limited and awareness and education of children 's nutritional needs is lower . Approaches to improving food Security ( edit ) World food Programme ( edit ) A woman waiting for food aid at a World Food Programme food distribution site . The World Food Programme has several projects it is working on that are geared towards increasing food security in Burkina Faso . The Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation 200509 ( PRRO ) was formed to respond to the high levels of malnutrition in Burkina Faso , following the food and nutrition crisis in 2012 . The efforts of this project are mostly geared towards the treatment and prevention of malnutrition and include take home rations for the caretakers of those children who are being treated for malnutrition . Additionally , the activities of this operation contribute to families ' abilities to withstand future food crises . Better nutrition among the two most vulnerable groups , young children and pregnant women , prepares them to be able to respond better in times when food security is compromised , such as in droughts . The Country Programme ( CP ) has two parts : food and nutritional assistance to people with HIV / AIDS , and a school feeding program for all primary schools in the Sahel region . The HIV / AIDS nutrition program aims to better the nutritional recovery of those who are living with HIV / AIDS and to protect at - risk children and orphans from malnutrition and food security . As part of the school feeding component , the Country Programme 's goals are to increase enrollment and attendance in schools in the Sahel region , where enrollment rates are below the national average . Furthermore , the program aims at improving gender parity rates in these schools , by providing girls with high attendance in the last two years of primary school with take - home rations of cereals as an incentive to households , encouraging them to send their girls to school . World Bank ( edit ) The World Bank logo The World Bank was established in 1944 , and comprises five institutions whose shared goals are to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to promote shared prosperity by fostering income growth of the lower forty percent of every country . One of the main projects the World Bank is working on to reduce food insecurity in Burkina Faso is the Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project . According to the World Bank , the objective of this project is to `` improve the capacity of poor producers to increase food production and to ensure improved availability of food products in rural markets . '' The Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project has three main parts . Its first component is to work towards the improvement of food production , including financing grants and providing ' voucher for work ' programs for households who can not pay their contribution in cash . The project 's next component involves improving the ability of food products , particularly in rural areas . This includes supporting the marketing of food products , and aims to strengthen the capabilities of stakeholders to control the variability of food products and supplies at local and national levels . Lastly , the third component of this project focuses on institutional development and capacity building . Its goal is to reinforce the capacities of service providers and institutions who are specifically involved in project implementation . The project 's activities aim to build capacities of service providers , strengthen the capacity of food producer organizations , strengthen agricultural input supply delivery methods , and manage and evaluate project activities . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Africa portal Burkina Faso portal Public holidays in Burkina Faso Index of Burkina Faso - related articles List of cities in Burkina Faso Music of Burkina Faso Outline of Burkina Faso Tourism in Burkina Faso 2016 Ouagadougou attacks Sahel - Benin Union References ( edit ) Jump up ^ André , Géraldine ( 2007 - 05 - 31 ) . `` École , langues , cultures et développement '' . Cahiers d'études africaines ( in French ) . 47 ( 186 ) : 221 -- 247 . doi : 10.4000 / etudesafricaines. 6960 . ISSN 0008 - 0055 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burkina Faso population projection '' . 2017 . 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'' ) Jump up ^ Comité national du recensement ( July 2008 ) . `` Recensement général de la population et de l'habitation de 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Conseil national de la statistique . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Comité national du recensement ( July 2008 ) . `` Recensement général de la population et de l'habitation de 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Conseil national de la statistique . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : International Religious Freedom Report 2010 : Burkina Faso . United States Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights and Labor ( 17 November 2010 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Mapping the Global Muslim Population . Estimate Range of Shia by Country . Pew Forum , 2010 Jump up ^ Breach of Faith . Human Rights Watch . June 2005 . p. 8 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . 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Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Palgrave Macmillan . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 54704 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Salhi , Kamal ( 1999 ) . Francophone Voices . Intellect Books . p. 37 . ISBN 1 - 902454 - 03 - 0 . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Allan , Tuzyline Jita ( 1997 ) . Women 's Studies Quarterly : Teaching African Literatures in a Global Literary . Feminist Press . p. 86 . ISBN 1 - 55861 - 169 - X . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Marchais , Julien ( 2006 ) . Burkina Faso ( in French ) . Petit Futé . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 2 - 7469 - 1601 - 0 . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oxfam 's Cool Planet -- Food in Burkina Faso '' . Oxfam . Archived from the original on 17 May 2012 . Retrieved 21 May 2008 . 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Jump up ^ Pinstrup - Andersen , Per ( 21 January 2009 ) . `` Food security : definition and measurement '' ( PDF ) . Food Security . 1 : 5 -- 7 . doi : 10.1007 / s12571 - 008 - 0002 - y . Jump up ^ `` Burkina Faso ICE Case Study '' . 1.american.edu . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ECHO Factsheet -- Burkina Faso '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . Jump up ^ `` USAID Office of Food for Peace Burkina Faso Food Security Country Framework '' ( PDF ) . United States Agency International Development . Jump up ^ Burns , Cate ( April 2004 ) . `` A review of the literature describing the link between poverty , food insecurity and obesity with specific reference to Australia '' ( PDF ) . VicHealth . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Hagberg , Sten ( 2001 ) . `` Poverty in Burkina Faso '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Youngblood Coleman , Denise ( 2015 ) . `` Burkina Faso 2015 Country Review '' . Burkina Faso Country Review . Jump up ^ Sasson , Albert ( 2012 ) . `` Food security for Africa : an urgent global challenge '' ( PDF ) . Agriculture and Food Security . 1 : 2 . doi : 10.1186 / 2048 - 7010 - 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Headey , Derek & Shenggen Fan . `` Reflections on the global food crisis : How did it happen ? How has it hurt ? And how can we prevent the next one ? Vol. 165 . Intl Food Policy Res Inst , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : West , Colin Thor ( 2014 ) . `` Famines are a Thing of the Past : Food Security Trends in Northern Burkina Faso '' . Human Organization . 73 ( 4 ) : 340 -- 350 . doi : 10.17730 / humo. 73.4. t6952215w6281m36 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Thomas ( 1996 ) . `` Agroclimatic Shock , Income Inequality , and Poverty : Evidence from Burkina Faso '' ( PDF ) . World Development . 24 ( 5 ) : 901 -- 914 . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 750x ( 96 ) 00009 - 5 . 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Bibcode : 1993IJRS ... 14.1495 G . doi : 10.1080 / 01431169308953983 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coping with household - level food insecurity in drought - affected areas of Burkina Faso '' ( PDF ) . ac.els-cdn.com . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 750X ( 88 ) 90109 - X . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Roncoli , Ingram , and Kirshen ( 2001 ) . `` The costs and risks of coping with drought : livelihood impacts and farmers ' responses in Burkina Faso '' ( PDF ) . Climate Research . 19 : 119 -- 132 . Bibcode : 2001ClRes ... 19 ... 119R . doi : 10.3354 / cr019119 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Global Hunger Index IFPRI '' . ifpri.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` UN World Food Program '' . wfp.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cost of Hunger in Africa : Burkina Faso 2015 '' ( PDF ) . African Union Commission . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Education of Marginalized Populations in Burkina Faso '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The DHS Program -- Burkina Faso : DHS , 2010 -- Final Report ( French ) '' . dhsprogram.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Gains and losses as Burkina Faso fights child hunger '' . IRINnews . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burkina Faso Brief '' ( PDF ) . World Food Programme . Jump up ^ `` What We Do '' . worldbank.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Projects : Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project The World Bank '' . worldbank.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Bibliography ( edit ) Rupley , Lawrence ; Bangali , Lamissa & Diamitani , Boureima ( 2013 ) . Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso . The Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6770 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Engberg - Perderson , Lars , Endangering Development : Politics , Projects , and Environment in Burkina Faso ( Praeger Publishers , 2003 ) . Englebert , Pierre , Burkina Faso : Unsteady Statehood in West Africa ( Perseus , 1999 ) . Howorth , Chris , Rebuilding the Local Landscape : Environmental Management in Burkina Faso ( Ashgate , 1999 ) . McFarland , Daniel Miles and Rupley , Lawrence A , Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso ( Scarecrow Press , 1998 ) . Manson , Katrina and Knight , James , Burkina Faso ( Bradt Travel Guides , 2011 ) . Roy , Christopher D and Wheelock , Thomas GB , Land of the Flying Masks : Art and Culture in Burkina Faso : The Thomas G.B. Wheelock Collection ( Prestel Publishing , 2007 ) . Sankara , Thomas , Thomas Sankara Speaks : The Burkina Faso Revolution 1983 -- 1987 ( Pathfinder Press , 2007 ) . Sankara , Thomas , We are the Heirs of the World 's Revolutions : Speeches from the Burkina Faso Revolution 1983 -- 1987 ( Pathfinder Press , 2007 ) . 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9022354684911022272	Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4	Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 - wikipedia Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Developer ( s ) Traveller 's Tales TT Fusion ( mobile / handheld ) Publisher ( s ) Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Feral Interactive ( OS X ) Director ( s ) Jon Burton Producer ( s ) John O'Brien Designer ( s ) Arthur Parsons Jon Burton Programmer ( s ) John Hodskinson Artist ( s ) James Cunliffe Leon Warren Composer ( s ) John Williams Patrick Doyle Series Lego Harry Potter Platform ( s ) iOS Android OS X Microsoft Windows Nintendo DS Wii PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 PlayStation Portable Xbox 360 Release NA : 29 June 2010 EU : 25 June 2010 AU : 30 June 2010 OS X WW : 22 February 2011 PlayStation 4 WW : 21 October 2016 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 is a Lego - themed action - adventure video game developed by Traveller 's Tales and published by Warner Bros . The game is based on the Lego Harry Potter line and its storyline covers the first four films in the Harry Potter series : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The game is available on the Wii , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Nintendo DS , PlayStation Portable , Microsoft Windows , OS X , iOS and Android . The OS X version of the game was released on 22 February 2011 by Feral Interactive . The game was released for the PlayStation 4 on 21 October 2016 , as part of the Lego Harry Potter Collection , which bundles the game with its sequel , Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 . Other versions of the game were released on 29 June 2010 in North America , 25 June 2010 in Europe , and 30 June 2010 in Australia . The game received positive reviews from critics , with reviewers citing the game as being one of the better Harry Potter games . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Multiplayer mode 1.2 Changes for the Nintendo DS , PSP , and iOS versions 2 Development 3 Reception 4 Sequel 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Lego Harry Potter 's gameplay is similar to that of most previous Lego video games , with an emphasis on collecting , exploring , and solving puzzles . Casting spells is an integral part of the gameplay , with a wide range of spells available for unlocking as the player progresses . As there are many spells available in the game , the player can use the spell wheel to select the spell . Potion - making is another integral feature ; potions can help the player complete levels or , if created incorrectly , have adverse side effects such as turning the player into a frog . Changes to the mechanics of previous games include ' Student in Peril ' missions , which are a group of challenges to help a student , and Polyjuice Potion , which allows players to temporarily change one of the player 's characters into any other mini-figure unlocked . A major change is to the hub system . The Leaky Cauldron works as a central hub for purchasing unlockable extras and returning to previous levels , while Hogwarts acts as a constantly evolving massive hub with the unlockable characters found by picking up their hidden portraits . The bigger areas in Hogwarts have led developer Traveller 's Tales to improve the overall level design . Also included is another bonus level that allows players to customize the level similar to Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues . If the player is lost in - game , they can follow a trail of Ghost Studs to the next level . These do not count towards the stud total , but will guide the player to the next section of the level . However one of the collectible ' red bricks ' , found in the courtyard next to Herbology , gets the player an ' extra ' that makes the ghost studs worth 1,000 each . The central hub is Diagon Alley and its entrance through the Leaky Cauldron . Players can access a room at the second floor of the building to watch videos from the game , as well as using a notice board with pictures from where the player can play completed levels again . Diagon Alley serves as a series of stores where the player is able to buy characters or change a number of customizable ones , spells , and bricks that have a varying range of uses , such as changing the player 's wand to a carrot , or making the player invincible . Players are also able to visit Gringotts or Borgin and Burkes in order to play extra levels . There are 167 characters purchasable in the game . The game covers a wide range of characters of the first four parts , from notable ones like Albus Dumbledore , and Severus Snape , to others like Viktor Krum in shark form or the Trolley Witch from the Hogwarts Express . The storyline is substantially unaltered from the movies , with slight changes to allow consistent two - player mode throughout the game . Multiplayer mode ( edit ) The game employs the two player split - screen technique introduced in Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues . There is also online support for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . The plotline of the game differs from that of the books and films several times in order to have at least two characters in each level . For example , Hermione ( accidentally ) joins Harry during the first task of the Triwizard Tournament , which was unlike both the book and the film , where Harry fights the dragon alone . Another example is in the final boss fight with Voldemort . Cedric is there to help and dies when trying to escape in the last cutscene despite the fact that Cedric is killed before Voldemort 's reincarnation in both the book and movie . Changes for the Nintendo DS , PSP , and iOS versions ( edit ) In the Nintendo DS , PSP , and iOS versions , several changes were made from the versions of the other formats . There is only one hub , the Room of Requirement , but the explorable Hogwarts and Diagon Alley hubs of the other versions were removed and both boss battles and spellcasting were simplified . Also , unlike all previous Travelers Tales Lego video games , the Nintendo DS , PSP and iOS versions have written sentences . In other Lego video games before 2012 , the Lego figures only grunted to each other . The DS version uses touchscreen controls to perform spells , and is a downscaled port of the PSP version . Development ( edit ) Hogsmeade village in the game . News of the game 's existence was leaked in March 2009 , although rumours had been circulating since late 2008 . Warner Bros. officially confirmed the game in June 2009 with an estimated release of 2010 . A teaser trailer was released on the day of the game 's official announcement followed by four individually released vignettes , beginning in December 2009 . Each vignette focussed on one of the first four years featured in the game . A new trailer was released to coincide with the game 's launch . All six trailers are available on the official website . A demo of the game was made available to download from PlayStation Network , Xbox Live and PC in June 2010 . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 81.45 % Metacritic 80 / 100 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com B+ Game Revolution B - GameSpot 8 / 10 IGN 8.5 / 10 ONM 80 % VideoGamer.com 8 / 10 The game received generally positive reviews . Video Game review aggregator website GameRankings scored the game at 81 % , with media review aggregator website Metacritic scoring slightly lower at 80 % . The Official Nintendo Magazine gave the Wii and Nintendo DS version 80 % , saying that it was `` one of the best Harry Potter games ever '' , however it lacked originality compared to previous Lego video games . GameSpot gave the console versions an 8 / 10 , complementing the `` large amount of secrets and charm '' , and disagreed with the Nintendo Magazine , saying it was both `` easily the best Harry Potter game to date '' , and `` one of the finest Lego adventures to date '' . IGN praised the game giving it an 8.5 out of 10 , complementing the new additions to the game , while the PSP version of the game received a 7.0 . Greg Miller from IGN said the game had a `` general sense of a great LEGO game paired with a great series really makes this game a standout . '' IGN editor Nicole Tanner awarded it `` Best Mindless Fun '' , at the publisher 's `` favorite games of 2010 list '' . Sequel ( edit ) A sequel , covering the stories of the final three books and four movies in the series , Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 , was released in 2011 by Warner Bros . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` LEGO.com Video Game : Harry Potter Home '' . Videogames.lego.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Harry Potter coming soon ! '' . Traveller 's Tales. 26 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Feral Interactive : LEGO Harry Potter Years 1 - 4 '' . Feralinteractive.com . Archived from the original on 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` Lego Harry Potter gets PlayStation 4 remaster '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( December 2009 ) . `` Traveller 's Tales spills the beans on the boy wizard 's latest adventure '' . Game Informer . No. 201 . pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Blum , Matt ( 1 July 2010 ) . `` Review : Lego Harry Potter Video Game Has the Movie Magic , Plus Silliness '' . Wired . Archived from the original on 2 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 July 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK Q&A : LEGO Harry Potter : Years 1 - 4 '' . Blog.usplaystation.com . Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferry ( 25 June 2010 ) . `` Lego Harry Potter Walkthrough Videos '' . VideoGamesBlogger.com . Archived from the original on 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Harry Potter Wiki Guide '' . Guides.ign.com . Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Harry Potter Wiki Guide '' . Guides.ign.com . Archived from the original on 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Harry Potter Wiki Guide - IGN '' . Guides.ign.com . Archived from the original on 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Poindexter , Dave . `` LEGO Harry Potter : Years 1 - 4 - Character List & Map Node Interconnections '' . Faqs.ign.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Harry Potter Wiki Guide - IGN '' . Guides.ign.com . Archived from the original on 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Harry Potter Wiki Guide - IGN '' . Guides.ign.com . Archived from the original on 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Harry Potter PSP Review '' . Uk.psp.ign.com. 2 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Harry Potter DS Review '' . Uk.ds.ign.com. 2 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , Liam ( 14 March 2009 ) . `` ' Lego Harry Potter ' inadvertently confirmed '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin , Liam ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` Harry Potter to receive Lego makeover ? '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 1 June 2009 ) . `` Warner confirms LEGO Harry Potter '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Harry Potter : Years 1 - 4 `` Spellbinding '' Behind - the - Scenes Video `` . Youtube.com . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind the Magic of the LEGO Harry Potter Video Game ! '' . Club1.lego.com . Archived from the original on 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ishimoto , Moye ( 1 June 2009 ) . `` LEGO Harry Potter E3 Trailer '' . G4tv . Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teaser Trailer '' . Gametrailers.com . Archived from the original on 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Year 1 Trailer '' . Youtube.com . Archived from the original on 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Year 2 Trailer '' . Youtube.com . Archived from the original on 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Year 3 Trailer '' . Youtube.com . Archived from the original on 28 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Year 4 Trailer '' . Youtube.com . Archived from the original on 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Launch Trailer '' . Youtube.com . Archived from the original on 18 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Harry Potter takes off with launch trailer '' . Techcentral.my . Archived from the original on 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` LEGO Harry Potter : Years 1 - 4 '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` LEGO Harry Potter : Years 1 - 4 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Liang , Alice ( 28 June 2010 ) . `` LEGO Harry Potter : Years 1 - 4 ( PS3 ) '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on 10 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 - 4 - PS3 '' . Game Revolution . 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : VanOrd , Kevin ( 25 June 2010 ) . `` LEGO Harry Potter : Years 1 - 4 Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Greg ( 28 June 2010 ) . `` LEGO Harry Potter : Years 1 - 4 Review '' . Ps3.ign.com . Archived from the original on 2 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Scullion , Chris ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` LEGO Harry Potter : Years 1 - 4 Wii review '' . Official Nintendo Magazine . Archived from the original on 30 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ford , Seb ( 6 July 2010 ) . `` LEGO Harry Potter : Years 1 - 4 Review '' . VideoGamer.com . Archived from the original on 26 September 2012 . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our Favorite Games of 2010 ( So Far ) - Wii Feature at IGN '' . Wii.ign.com. 5 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official site Lego video games Island Island 2 : The Brickster 's Revenge Xtreme Stunts Creator Creator Knights ' Kingdom Racers Racers Drome Racers Bionicle Bionicle Matoran Adventures The Game Maze of Shadows Heroes Battles Battles Ninjago City Undercover The Chase Begins Legends of Chima Laval 's Journey Online Other games Chess Loco Rock Raiders Legoland Alpha Team Stunt Rally Football Mania Knights ' Kingdom Universe Minifigures Online Worlds Licensed games Star Wars The Video Game II : The Original Trilogy The Complete Saga III : The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Indiana Jones The Original Adventures 2 : The Adventure Continues DC Batman : The Videogame Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham Super-Villains Harry Potter Years 1 - 4 Years 5 - 7 Middle - earth The Lord of the Rings The Hobbit Marvel Super Heroes Avengers Super Heroes 2 Disney / Pixar Pirates of the Caribbean The Incredibles Other games Rock Band songs The Lego Movie Jurassic World The Lego Ninjago Movie The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Warner Bros. 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'' Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Harry Potter : Hogwarts Mystery Harry Potter : Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Portkey Games Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lego_Harry_Potter:_Years_1 -- 4&oldid = 855646641 '' Categories : 2010 video games Cancelled PlayStation 2 games Games for Windows certified games Harry Potter video games IOS games Lego video games MacOS games Action - adventure games Nintendo DS games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation Portable games Traveller 's Tales games Warner Bros. 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-5904238753831349997	Fast & Furious 6	Fast & Furious 6 - wikipedia Fast & Furious 6 Fast & Furious 6 Theatrical release poster Directed by Justin Lin Produced by Neal H. Moritz Vin Diesel Clayton Townsend Written by Chris Morgan Based on Characters by Gary Scott Thompson Starring Vin Diesel Paul Walker Dwayne Johnson Michelle Rodriguez Jordana Brewster Tyrese Gibson Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges Sung Kang Luke Evans Gina Carano Gal Gadot John Ortiz Music by Lucas Vidal Cinematography Stephen F. Windon Edited by Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Dylan Highsmith Production companies Relativity Media Original Film One Race Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) ( Empire , Leicester Square ) May 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $788.7 million Fast & Furious 6 ( alternatively known as Furious 6 or Fast Six ) is a 2013 American action film directed by Justin Lin and written by Chris Morgan . It is the sixth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise . The film stars Vin Diesel , Paul Walker , Dwayne Johnson , Michelle Rodriguez , Jordana Brewster , Tyrese Gibson , Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sung Kang , Luke Evans , Gina Carano , Gal Gadot , and John Ortiz . Fast & Furious 6 follows a professional criminal gang led by Dominic Toretto ( Diesel ) who have retired following their successful heist in Fast Five ( 2011 ) , but remain wanted fugitives . U.S. Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs ( Johnson ) offers to clear the group 's criminal records and allow them to return home in exchange for helping him to take down a skilled mercenary organization led by Owen Shaw ( Evans ) , one member of which is Toretto 's presumed - dead lover Letty Ortiz ( Rodriguez ) . Fast & Furious 6 was in development by February 2010 as the first film in the series to move away from the underground car - racing theme of the series ' previous films which was considered to have placed a barrier on audience numbers . Pre-production had begun by April 2011 , and principal photography began in London , England in July 2012 . Filming locations also included the Canary Islands , Glasgow , and Los Angeles . The film was first released in the United Kingdom , on May 17 , 2013 , followed by an international release on May 24 , 2013 . A sequel was released on April 3 , 2015 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Principal photography 3.3 Stunts 4 Marketing 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Home media 6 Soundtrack 7 Video games 8 Sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Following their successful heist in Brazil , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and his professional criminal crew have fled around the world : Dom lives with Elena ; his sister Mia lives with Brian O'Conner and their son , Jack ; Gisele and Han live together ; and Roman and Tej live in luxury . Meanwhile , DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Riley Hicks investigate the destruction of a Russian military convoy by a crew led by former British SAS Major and special ops soldier Owen Shaw . Hobbs persuades Dom to help capture Shaw by showing him a photo of the supposedly long - dead Letty Ortiz , Dom 's former lover . Dom and his crew accept the mission in exchange for their amnesty , allowing them to return to the United States . In London , Shaw 's hideout is found , but this is revealed to be a trap , distracting them and the police while Shaw 's crew performs a heist at an Interpol building . Shaw flees by car , detonating his hideout and disabling most of the police , leaving Dom , Brian , Tej , Han , Gisele , Hobbs , and Riley to pursue him . Letty arrives to help Shaw , shooting Dom without hesitation before escaping . Back at their headquarters , Hobbs tells Dom 's crew that Shaw is stealing components to create a deadly device , intending to sell it to the highest bidder . Meanwhile , Shaw 's investigation into the opposing crew reveals Letty 's relationship with Dom , but she is revealed to be suffering from amnesia . Dominic 's crew learns that Shaw is connected to a drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian , Arturo Braga . Brian returns to Los Angeles as a prisoner to question Braga , who says Letty survived the explosion that seemingly killed her ; Shaw took her in after discovering her amnesia . With FBI help , Brian is released from prison , regrouping with the team in London . Dom challenges Letty in a street racing competition ; afterwards , he returns her cross necklace he had kept . After Letty leaves , Shaw offers Dom a chance to walk away , threatening to otherwise hurt his family , but Dom refuses . Tej tracks Shaw 's next attack to a Spanish NATO base . Shaw 's crew assaults a highway military convoy carrying a computer chip to complete his deadly device . Dom 's crew interferes while Shaw , accompanied by Letty , commandeers a tank , destroying cars en route . Brian and Roman manage to flip the tank before it causes further damage , resulting in Letty being thrown from the vehicle and Dom risking his life to save her . Shaw and his crew are captured , but reveal Mia has been kidnapped by Shaw . Hobbs is forced to release Shaw , and Riley , revealed to be Shaw 's covert accomplice , leaves with him ; Letty chooses to remain with Dom . Shaw 's group board a large moving aircraft on a runway as Dom 's crew gives chase . Dom , Letty , and Brian board the craft ; Brian rescues Mia , escaping in an onboard car . The plane attempts to take - off , but is held down by excess weight as the rest of the team tether the plane to their vehicles . Gisele sacrifices herself to save Han from Shaw 's henchman , who Han kills , Letty kills Riley and escapes to safety , but Dom pursues Shaw and the computer chip . As the plane crashes into the ground , Shaw is thrown from it , seriously injuring him , and Dom drives a car out of the exploding plane . Dom reunites with his crew , and gives the chip to Hobbs to secure their pardons . Dom and the others return to his old family home in Los Angeles . Hobbs and Elena , now working together , arrive to confirm the crew 's freedom ; Elena accepts that Dom loves Letty . As Roman says grace over the crew 's meal , Dom asks Letty if the gathering feels familiar ; she answers `` no , but it feels like home . '' In a mid-credits scene , which takes place in Tokyo , Han is involved in a car chase when he is suddenly broadsided by an oncoming car . The driver walks away from the scene after leaving Letty 's cross necklace by the crash , and calls Dom as Han 's car fatally explodes , saying , `` You do n't know me . You 're about to . '' Cast ( edit ) Further information on the characters : List of The Fast and the Furious characters Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto , a former criminal , and professional street racer who has retired after their successful heist of $100 million with his crew in Brazil and is now staying with Elena . Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner , a former FBI agent turned criminal and professional street racer who has retired and settled down with his wife , Mia , and their son , Jack . Dwayne Johnson as Luke Hobbs , a Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent who allies with Dom following his last encounter with Dom and his team in Rio de Janeiro . Michelle Rodriguez as Letty Ortiz , Dom 's Wife who has suffered from amnesia and was presumed dead in Fast & Furious until she was found by Shaw . She has amnesia and is working alongside his crew , but later chooses to remain with Dom and his team . Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto , Dom 's sister , a former member of his team , and Brian 's wife . Tyrese Gibson as Roman Pearce , a former criminal from Barstow and Brian 's childhood friend , as well as a member of Dom 's team . Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges as Tej Parker , an ex-street racer and mechanic , as well as Brian and Roman 's friend who was introduced in Miami , also a member of Dom 's team . Sung Kang as Han Seoul - Oh , a professional street racer and Dom 's former business partner in the Dominican Republic , also a member of his team . He is in a relationship with Gisele . Gal Gadot as Gisele Yashar , a former Mossad agent who previously worked as a liaison for Braga and aided Dom and Brian in capturing him by revealing his hideout in Mexico . She has since become one of the members on Dom 's team . She is also in a relationship with Han . Luke Evans as Owen Shaw , a former British SAS soldier who leads a group of skilled mercenaries to steal high - tech devices worth billions on the black market . He hijacked a military convoy , which brings him into conflict with Dom . Gina Carano as Riley Hicks , a DSS agent who partners up with Hobbs to take down Shaw 's mercenaries . She is later revealed to be Shaw 's double agent who secretly helps Shaw and his team escape custody during his chase in Spain . John Ortiz as Arturo Braga , an ex-drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian , who is revealed to have a connection to Shaw after his last encounter with Brian . Shea Whigham as Stasiak , a sarcastic FBI agent and Brian 's former colleague who was formerly at odds with Brian . Elsa Pataky as Elena Neves , a former Rio police officer who has moved into the United States , since becoming Dom 's love interest and later working alongside Hobbs as his new partner in the DSS . David Ajala as Ivory , a member of Shaw 's team , who is a lethal killer alongside Jah . While attempting to flee on his motorcycle , he is shot dead by Gisele . Kim Kold as Klaus , a member of Shaw 's team who is a body builder and strongman , as well as a hacker at ease . Thure Lindhardt as Firuz , a member of Shaw 's team , who works as a mechanic , providing Shaw 's team with flip cars and harpoon guns . He is killed in a shootout while trying to kill Gisele and Riley . Joe Taslim as Jah , a member of Shaw 's team who is cold - blooded and skilled with martial arts and parkour during his fight with Han and Roman . Clara Paget as Vegh , Shaw 's right - hand woman , and a highly trained female assassin in his team . Benjamin Davies as Adolfson , a member of Shaw 's team , who acts as a sniper and infiltrator , providing cover for his team while allowing the others to escape . Rita Ora has an uncredited cameo role in the film . Jason Statham appears uncredited in a cameo scene amid the end credits . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In February 2010 , Diesel confirmed that production of Fast Five was commencing and also announced that a sixth installment was being planned . In January 2011 , producer Neal H. Moritz said more : In Vin and my mind we already know what the sixth movie is , we 've already been talking about it . Vin and I have had numerous conversations about what that might be . And we 're starting to get serious about it right now . We just finished ( Fast Five ) like 4 or 5 weeks ago and we just needed a break , and now we 're gon na start focusing on that . In April 2011 it was confirmed that Chris Morgan had already begun work on a script for a potential sixth film at the behest of Universal Studios . It was also confirmed that Universal intended to transform the series from street - racing action into a series of heist films with car chases in the vein of The Italian Job ( 1969 ) and The French Connection ( 1971 ) , with Fast Five as the transitional movie . Universal chairman Adam Fogelson said : The question putting Fast Five and Fast Six together for us was : Can we take it out of being a pure car culture movie and into being a true action franchise in the spirit of those great heist films made 10 or 15 years ago ? Fogelson said that the racing aspect had put a `` ceiling '' on the number of people willing to see films in the series , and that , by turning it into a series where car driving ability is just one aspect of the film , he hoped to increase the series ' audience . On Johnson 's character , Fogelson added `` ( Johnson ) also wants to appear in and be integral to the action in Fast Six . '' On June 24 , 2011 , Universal Pictures announced that the anticipated sequel was scheduled for release on May 24 , 2013 . Moritz and Diesel returned as producers and Lin returned to direct . In an interview with Box Office , Lin revealed that he had , after discussions with Diesel , storyboarded , previsualized and edited a twelve - minute finale for Fast Six before filming was completed on Fast Five . Lin said he shot the footage as he was unsure at the time if there would be a sequel or if he would be able to direct it , but he wanted to have input on how any sequel would end . On October 21 , 2011 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Universal was considering filming two sequels -- Fast Six and Fast Seven -- back to back with a single story running through both films ; both written by Morgan and directed by Lin . On December 20 , 2011 , Diesel stated that Fast Six would be split into two parts , with writing for the two films occurring simultaneously . On the decision , Diesel said : We have to pay off this story , we have to service all of these character relationships , and when we started mapping all that out it just went beyond 110 pages ... The studio said , ' You ca n't fit all that story in one damn movie ! ' On April 23 , 2012 , it was announced that mixed martial arts fighter Gina Carano was in negotiations to play a member of Hobbs ' team . On May 1 , 2012 , Michelle Rodriguez was confirmed to be reprising her role as Letty Ortiz , and it was announced that Welsh actor Luke Evans had been offered a role as a villain . Evans was confirmed to join the cast on May 9 , 2012 , portraying the leader of a heist gang . On July 27 , 2012 , Joe Taslim was confirmed to appear as a villain , Jah . On February 15 , 2012 , Johnson confirmed that Fast Six would begin filming in May 2012 , with some of the production to take place in the United Kingdom and Germany . Johnson stated that the two intended sequels would no longer be filmed simultaneously because of weather issues in filming locations , and that production on Fast Seven would only begin after the completion of Fast Six . However , filming did not officially begin until July 30 , 2012 . In February 2013 , it was confirmed that the film would be titled Fast & Furious 6 . Principal photography ( edit ) Filming began on July 30 , 2012 , in London , England , and Shepperton Studios in Surrey . While Fast & Furious 6 became only the third production to be allowed to film in Piccadilly Circus ( a scene involving Diesel and Rodriguez drag racing ) , Lin was unable to obtain permission to shoot an elaborate action sequence there involving an exploding oil tanker , and so a replica of the landmark was built at Shepperton . The production were given only two minutes every hour to shut down the area for filming . The London shoot including filming on Lambeth Bridge . Stunt and car chase scenes began filming on location in Glasgow , Scotland on August 29 , 2012 , and were scheduled to conclude on September 16 , 2012 . The shoot took place entirely at night and involved approximately 250 crew , but none of the central cast . Sets were built on site for the scenes including a large car showroom . Filming was scheduled to take place at the former Royal Air Force base RAF Bentwaters in late August 2012 until early September 2012 . Shooting also occurred on Spain 's Canary Islands including the island of Tenerife and Gran Canaria . Filming had been intended to take place in Marseille , France , but was relocated to the islands to take advantage of a larger tax rebate ( 38 % ) that was estimated to lower filming costs by $20 million . On October 11 , 2012 , Walker suffered an ACL injury during a stunt , forcing the production to film around his scenes until he recovered . A scene involving a plane crash began filming at the former RAF station RAF Bovingdon , Hertfordshire on October 30 , 2012 , and was scheduled to conclude on November 9 . Filming for a car chase scene took place on Dale Street in Liverpool City Centre , and also the Queensway Tunnel over four days in November 2012 . Two days of filming were spent at HM Treasury 's Government Offices Great George Street , which served as a nightclub . The final phase of filming took place in Echo Park , Los Angeles beginning on December 1 , 2012 . The shoot returned the series to the filming location of the original The Fast and the Furious , and required the garage setting of that film to be rebuilt by carpenters . By December 17 , 2012 , it was reported that filming had concluded . Post-production was heavily condensed ; by March 2013 , Lin was attempting to complete approximately 18 months ' worth of post-production in a 12 - week period . Lin was aided by five film editors , specialist teams focused on visual effects and color timing , and sound mixers that required two movie - theater - sized stages alone . Stunts ( edit ) For Owen Shaw 's Flip Car , Lin tasked the film 's vehicle designer with developing a car capable of driving head first into moving vehicles and flipping them into the air . McCarthy and his team designed a fully functional , low to the ground , formula racing car with a ramp on its front that allowed it to catapult other cars into the air while keeping the Flip Car driver safe . For Rodriguez 's and Carano 's fight in the London Underground , producers refused to let the pair attempt a stunt where their characters battle over a stair rail and fall down a stairwell , fearing a serious injury would derail filming ; stunt women performed the practical stunt . Morgan 's scripted rendition of the fight was described as a catfight on steroids , but Rodriguez provided input to turn it into more of a street fight . Rodriguez said : `` Originally in the script , it was a lot more ' Terminator ' - esque -- too far - fetched to be believed ... Things just happened so quick and then I 'm on top ? Justin and I had to bust our booties to get it more realistic . I was like , ' This ( woman ) needs to kick my ass ! ' '' Rodriguez and Carano rehearsed their fight choreography over two months , with trained fighter Carano undergoing extra practice to ensure her strikes looked credible without hitting hard enough to harm Rodriguez . Under the direction of fight choreographer Olivier Schneider , the fight was designed to be brutal but realistic , representing Carano 's `` cop with fight training '' and Rodriguez 's street fighting . The parkade explosion Shaw lures Dom 's team into combined on - set pillars that could be detonated alongside dust mines which could be used as a reference for the digital artists to create the appearance of the structure sinking into itself . A scene involving Evans ' character commandeering a tank was originally intended to use CGI to portray the vehicle crushing cars along a Spanish highway , but the final scene used practical effects as the tank really ran over approximately 250 cars during filming . The scene was shot over a three - mile stretch of highway in Tenerife lined with holiday resorts that had to be digitally removed to create a desolate appearance . The segment 's finale that sees Roman leap to a nearby car and the tank flip was created digitally . The scene featuring Diesel smashing his car through the nose of a Soviet - era cargo aircraft during takeoff was conceived by Lin while producing Fast & Furious in 2009 . At the time , the stunt was too expensive to film and did not fit into that film 's story , but Lin commissioned digital pre-visualization artists to develop a mock - up of the idea . He attempted to revive the concept for Fast Five but the technology available proved insufficient and it still did not organically fit into the story . Filming the climactic scene practically was considered unfeasible as it involved throwing tanks through the air and having cars race alongside the moving aeroplane at 100 miles per hour . Lin opted to build various plane sets instead : a thirty foot high , seventy five foot long , fifty foot wide replica of the fuselage complete with wheels ; the tail of the plane with a ramp allowing the cars to drive in and out ; and a full scale build of the central fuselage , with wings , engines and the nose , that could be set on fire . For Dom 's car to explode through the plane 's nose , a Dodge Charger was placed on a pneumatic cannon mounted inside a ramp which was then towed by a 4x4 truck , all concealed behind the plane 's nose replica . This was then clad in material soaked in flammable materials . The cannon fired the Charger through the nose as the material is ignited for the practical effect . The stunt driver had a burning 40 - ton plane rig chasing them down the runway afterwards . The scene involved more than 200 crew members , and over 350 visual effects ( VFX ) artists at VFX studio Double Negative to complete . A typical shot of the craft 's destruction could take over 100 man days to complete . The VFX team combined the filmed explosions and smoke with digital augmentations to place the plane into the scene . Marketing ( edit ) The film 's first trailer was released during the 2013 Super Bowl on February 3 . Among the six film trailers that launched at the event , Fast & Furious 6 generated widespread attention on social media , more than the other films ( including Iron Man 3 and Star Trek Into Darkness ) combined according to data collection agency Fizziology . The extended version of the trailer had been viewed over 16 million times by February 17 . The trailer 's success was partially attributed to the film 's stars promoting the trailer on their personal social networks . The Fast and the Furious series marketing attempted to cultivate an online fan base which was also considered to have helped promote the film ; the filmmakers responded to fan interaction , conducted an online poll to decide the title of Fast & Furious 6 , brought back the character of Letty Ortiz based on fan feedback and encouraged fans to document the film 's production with unofficial photos . Universal marketing co-president Michael Moses said : `` We 're trying to remove the studio filter as much as possible , which is a little scary because you 're ceding control ... But it makes for more authentic and organic interaction with fans . '' The Super Bowl trailer , titled `` Breathe '' , won two Golden Trailer Awards for Best Action TV Spot and Best Summer Blockbuster 2013 TV Spot , and the marketing campaign received a further three nominations : Summer 2013 Blockbuster Trailer and Best Sound Editing for the `` Trailer '' trailer , and Best Teaser Poster . A 15 - piece clothing line was also produced in partnership with Guess , including T - shirts , jackets , caps and watches . Continuing their partnership from Fast Five , the Facebook game Car Town by Cie Games and the theater chain Regal Entertainment Group ( REG ) collaborated with Universal in a cross-media marketing promotion . Car Town allowed players to view the trailer for the film in an REG - branded , in - game drive - in theater . The game also featured missions and locations based on the plot of the film , and allowed players to join forces with Fast & Furious 6 characters . REG offered players of Car Town the ability to purchase tickets in - game via Fandango for films at REG theaters . By buying these tickets in - game , players were given promotional codes which in turn allowed them to unlock a virtual 2013 Dodge Charger SRT8 . Release ( edit ) The premiere of Fast & Furious 6 took place on May 7 , 2013 , at the Empire cinema in Leicester Square , London . The film was released in the United Kingdom on May 17 , 2013 , with the North American release on May 24 . While the film is officially titled Fast & Furious 6 , its on - screen title card displays the title as simple Furious 6 . Box Office ( edit ) Fast & Furious 6 earned $239 million in North America and $550 million elsewhere for a worldwide total of $789 million . Calculating in all expenses , Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of $135.1 million . Worldwide , it is the sixth highest - grossing 2013 film and the fourth highest - grossing Universal film . On the weekend of June 14 -- 16 , 2013 , it became the second highest - grossing film in the Fast and the Furious franchise worldwide behind Furious 7 , as well as separately in North America and outside North America . Outside North America , it is the highest - grossing film in the Fast and Furious series , the second highest - grossing Universal film and the second highest - grossing 2013 film . In the United Kingdom , the film took $4.4 million during its opening day from 462 screens , the biggest opening day for both The Fast and the Furious franchise and Universal in that market , the second - highest opening of 2013 behind Iron Man 3 ( $4.7 million ) , and the number 1 film of the day with 54 % of the market . It finished as the number 1 film of the weekend , taking a total of $13.8 million ; this figure made it the biggest opening for the franchise , Universal , a Vin Diesel or Dwayne Johnson film , and the second - biggest opening of 2013 again behind Iron Man 3 ( $17.6 million ) . The film opened in fifty - nine territories the following weekend alongside the North American opening , placing as the number 1 film in each and earning $160.3 million ; it set opening - weekend records in the United Arab Emirates , the Middle East , and Argentina ( the latter was first surpassed by Monsters University ) . In China , the Fast & Furious 6 opened to $6.9 million , making it Universal 's highest - grossing film in the territory . It earned its 66th number 1 opening , earning $23.6 million during its opening weekend , $3 million of which came from IMAX screenings . In North America , Fast & Furious 6 debuted simultaneously with the comedy The Hangover Part III and the animated feature Epic . It opened for midnight showings on May 23 , 2013 , in 2,409 theaters . It took $6.5 million , nearly doubling Fast Five 's midnight gross ( $3.8 million ) which faced less direct competition . On its opening day , Fast & Furious 6 earned $38.7 million ( including midnight earnings ) from 3,659 theaters . The film finished the 4 - day Memorial Day weekend in first place , taking $117.0 million , which was the fourth - highest 4 - day Memorial Day opening . The audience was diverse , with Latinos representing 32 % , women 49 % , and 57 % over the age of 25 . Critical reception ( edit ) Fast & Furious 6 received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 69 % , based on 188 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With high - octane humor and terrific action scenes , Fast & Furious 6 builds upon the winning blockbuster formula that made Fast 5 a critical and commercial success . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 61 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , which indicates `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was an `` A '' on a scale of A+ to F . Fast & Furious 6 was generally considered to effectively mix absurd action scenes and outrageous stunts with a predictable but enjoyable plot and character dialog . IGN 's Jim Vejvoda said that the film is a crowd pleaser whose fun moments outweighed failed attempts at humor and unintentionally comical dialog . Other reviewers highlighted the likable cast , ludicrous action , playful approach to the plot , and ability to immerse the audience in the high speed chases and conflict between the two opposing gangs . Digital Spy 's Ben Rawson - Jones said the tone successfully mixed self - conscious spectacle with the central characters ' teamwork , bonding and familial spirit . Conversely , Slant Magazine 's Chris Cabin said the film was smug , cynical and insubstantial that delivered overly sentimental drama and forced comedy that seemed unaware `` of how dumb the material is '' . The Daily Telegraph 's Tim Robey labeled the film as slow - witted with a random and generic plot , and Time Out London 's Derek Adams said the film featured puerile dialog , daft performances and flat comic repartee . IndieWire said that the film forsakes realistic set - pieces ( comparing it to the 2012 superhero film The Avengers ) , which undermined any attempts at creating tension . Empire 's Owen Williams noted that Fast & Furious 6 lacked the same surprise as Fast Five without Johnson 's antagonist Hobbs , and suggested that the large cast of returning characters had made Evans ' Owen Shaw unable to make an impression as the new villain . Scenes of dialog and character progression were criticized as slow , and laughably bad . Evans ' Owen Shaw was repeatedly singled out as a refreshing and charismatic addition to the cast , though others described the character as generic and dull . Lin 's direction of the action set - pieces was described as lavish and exquisite . The cinematography received a mixed response . Variety 's Scott Foundas appreciated the attention to spatial geography and complicated , single , continuous shots which were compared to the best of James Bond and Mission : Impossible films , and Rawson - Jones said that the nocturnal races in London made excellent use of the environment . The Hollywood Reporter 's Todd McCarthy considered that the action scenes were cut too fast , failed to provide a sense of speed for the vehicles and were mired by poor angles and nocturnal settings that obscured the view . View London 's Matthew Turner considered that the action lacked imagination , with the London - based segments amounting to little more than a geographically inaccurate race past landmarks . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result 2013 Golden Trailer Awards Best Action TV Spot Breathe ( Super Bowl Trailer ) Won Best Summer Blockbuster 2013 TV Spot Breathe ( Super Bowl Trailer ) Summer 2013 Blockbuster Trailer Nominated Best Sound Editing Best Teaser Poster Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie : Action / Adventure Won Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Dwayne Johnson Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Michelle Rodriguez Choice Movie : Chemistry Vin Diesel , Dwayne Johnson , & Paul Walker Hollywood Film Festival Best Film Phoenix Film Critics Society Award Best Stunts Won 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Action Movie Favorite Action Movie Star Vin Diesel IGN 's Best of 2013 Movie Awards Best Action Movie Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Nominated Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : Sound Effects & Foley in a Feature Film Peter Brown Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best On - Screen Duo Vin Diesel & Paul Walker Won Saturn Award Best Action or Adventure Film Won Best Editing Christian Wagner , Kelly Matsumoto and Dylan Highsmith Nominated Premios Juventud Best Picture Won Home Media ( edit ) Fast & Furious 6 DVD was released in the United Kingdom on September 16 , 2013 , and in Australia on October 3 , 2013 . In other countries Fast & Furious 6 DVD release has been confirmed for December 10 , 2013 . FX has purchased the rights to air the movie on its network in 2015 . Following Walker 's death on November 30 , 2013 , Universal announced that a portion of the profits from the film 's North American sales would be donated to Walker 's charity Reach Out WorldWide . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious 6 ( soundtrack ) Lucas Vidal composed the musical score for Fast & Furious 6 . In addition to Vidal 's score , tracks by composer Brian Tyler from the franchise 's previous installments are also featured in the film . A soundtrack album to the film was released by Def Jam Recordings on May 21 , 2013 . It features many electronic and hip hop tracks , including songs by deadmau5 , Ludacris ( who played Tej Parker ) , and many others . Video games ( edit ) A cooperative racing video game , titled Fast & Furious : Showdown , was released on May 21 , 2013 . Developed by Firebrand Games and published by Activision for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Wii U , Xbox 360 and Nintendo 3DS , the game 's story ties into the events in Fast & Furious 6 , including bridging the events between the story of the film and those of its predecessor Fast Five , as well as the story of other films in the franchise . It is a Grand Theft Auto - style action game and received mainly negative reviews . A mobile game , Fast & Furious 6 : The Game , was developed by Exploding Barrel Games and published by studio Kabam . It was released on May 16 , 2013 , for iPhone , iPod touch , iPad , and Android devices . The story of Fast & Furious 6 : The Game runs parallel to that of Fast & Furious 6 , allowing players to race and customize vehicles alongside characters from the film . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Furious 7 A sequel , titled Furious 7 , was announced in April 2013 . Lin would not return to direct the sequel as Universal pursued an accelerated schedule for the film , with a release date scheduled for July 11 , 2014 , just over a year after the release of Fast & Furious 6 . Lin was replaced by director James Wan that same month . After the death of Paul Walker , the release date was postponed to April 3 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . bbfc.co.uk . British Board of Film Classification . May 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . Box Office Mojo . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Franich , Darren ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` The title of ' Fast & Furious 6 ' is not ' Fast & Furious 6 . ' Or is it ? No '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Showbiz , Bang ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel -- Vin Diesel : Rita Ora kicked butt in Fast and Furious 6 '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 6 ' : That ending ! THAT ENDING ! ( SPOILERS ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schrader , Chris ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast and the Furious 6 ′ Already in Development '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Producer Neal Moritz on Fast Five , More Sequels , and the Fight Scene Between Vin Diesel and Dwayne Johnson '' . Collider . January 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fast Five ' Will Transition Franchise From Street Racing To Future Full Of Heist Action '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . April 25 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster -- # 6 ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ Vs. # 11 ' The Croods ' ; # 3 ' Despicable Me 2 ′ Vs. # 14 Star Trek Into Darkness ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . August 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses ( sorted by Studio ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` International : ' Fast 6 ′ Passes $400 M As 2nd Biggest 2013 Film , ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' And ' Hangover III ' Cross $200 M , Will Smith & Leo DiCaprio Still Huge Overseas Stars '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2013 . 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Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` Record - Breaking Memorial Weekend 2013 ! ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ Easy # 1 With $36 M Friday / $110 M For Franchise Biggest ; # 2 ' Hangover III ' $15.5 M / $52 M ; # 4 ' Epic ' $10 M / $44.2 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Memorial Day Holiday Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` $317 M Record - Breaking Memorial Weekend ! # 1 ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ $317 M Global For Franchise Biggest ; ' Hangover III ' $82.2 M ; ' Epic ' $86.6 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 11 . 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External links ( edit ) Official website Fast & Furious 6 on IMDb Fast & Furious 6 at Rotten Tomatoes Fast & Furious 6 at AllMovie Fast & Furious 6 at Box Office Mojo The Fast and the Furious Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Han Lue Gisele Yashar Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Television series Fast & Furious Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious : Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Tokyo Drift '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' `` Gang Up '' Category Films directed by Justin Lin Shopping for Fangs ( 1997 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Annapolis ( 2006 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Finishing the Game ( 2007 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) Vin Diesel Director and writer Multi-Facial ( 1995 ) Strays ( 1997 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Producer A Man Apart ( 2003 ) The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Riddick ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Video games Wheelman ( 2009 , executive producer ) Related Dominic Toretto One Race Films Racetrack Records Tigon Studios Saturn Award for Best Action or Adventure Film Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Memento ( 2001 ) Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2004 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) 300 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) Salt ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_%26_Furious_6&oldid=853481849 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films The Fast and the Furious 2010s action thriller films American films American action thriller films American sequel films Auto racing films Chase films Prequel films Films about amnesia Films about terrorism Films set in Costa Rica Films set in Hong Kong Films set in London Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Moscow Films set in Spain Films set in Tokyo Films set in 2009 Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films shot in the Canary Islands Films shot in Dorset Films shot in Glasgow Films shot in London Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Merseyside Films shot in Spain Films shot in Surrey IMAX films Films shot at Longcross Studios Relativity Media films Universal Pictures films American road movies 2010s road movies PlayStation 3 games Xbox 360 games Wii U games Nintendo 3DS games Activision games Films directed by Justin Lin Original Film films One Race Films films Screenplays by Chris Morgan Films scored by Lucas Vidal Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 02 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who died from the movie fast and furious	[ "A sequel, titled Furious 7, was announced in April 2013. Lin would not return to direct the sequel as Universal pursued an accelerated schedule for the film, with a release date scheduled for July 11, 2014, just over a year after the release of Fast & Furious 6. Lin was replaced by director James Wan that same month.[51][52][101][102] After the death of Paul Walker, the release date was postponed to April 3, 2015.[103]\n" ]	[ "Paul Walker" ]
2595714423388848028	Sa Re Ga Ma Pa	Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - wikipedia Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the musical reality TV show . For the musical notes , see Swara . For the music company , see Saregama . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa logo Creative director ( s ) Zee TV , Neeraj Sharma Presented by Sonu Nigam ( 1995 - 2000 ) Amaan Ali Khan and Ayaan Ali Khan ( 2000 - 01 ) Shaan ( 2001 - 06 ) Aditya Narayan ( 2007 - 09 , 2014 - present ) Purab Kohli ( 2010 ) Manish Paul ( 2010 ) Javed Ali ( 2012 - 2013 ) Opening theme `` Sa Re Ga Ma '' by Sonu Nigam and Sadhana Sargam ( 1995 - 2000 ) `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa '' by Shaan and Sadhana Sargam ( 2000 - 06 ) `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa '' by Aditya Narayan and Shriram Iyer ( 2007 - 09 ) `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa '' by Javed Ali ( 2010 - present ) Country of origin India No. of episodes 1000 + Production Running time approx. 52 minutes Release Original network Zee TV Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) , Original release May 1 , 1995 External links Website www.ozee.com/shows/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-2017/ Sa Re Ga Ma Pa is an Indian musical reality TV show . It started airing on Zee TV in 1995 as Sa Re Ga Ma . Series history ( edit ) The first episode aired on May 1 , 1995 and was hosted by Sonu Nigam . In the year 1999 , the show was hosted by the Bangash brothers , Amaan Ali Bangash and Ayaan Ali Bangash , sons of legendary sarod - player Amjad Ali Khan . From 2002 , Shaan started hosting the show . Till 2005 , the show used to follow a format wherein experts in the field of music would judge the contestants and score them . The format changed with the advent of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 which introduced the judges as mentors of different teams and scoring was primarily dependent on public voting . After Shaan quit hosting the show , the show was hosted by many others like Purab Kohli , Manish Paul , Karan Singh Rathore , Archana Jani , Vipul Roy , Jay Soni and even kids Dhairya Sorecha & Afsha Musani . The most prominent names to host the show in later seasons were Javed Ali and the current host Aditya Narayan . The show has seen multiple variations over the years : Sa Re Ga Ma : Contestants were scored only by the expert judges . There were 8 prelim rounds , each consisting of 2 male singers and 2 female singers . One male winner and one female winner from each show competed in the semifinal rounds ; there were a total of 4 semifinals . In the finals , there was one male winner and another female winner . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa : 2 male singers , 2 female singers . The male and female winner would return the following episode and compete against a new challenger . At the start of this `` roll - over '' series , they had initially announced that anyone with over 10 wins would get an album ; however , that never materialized . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge : Teams were formed , each Gharana ( team ) had a judge who mentored them . Elimination was decided by public voting . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu : A duet singing competition which featured some new contestants as well as old contestants from earlier seasons . Weekly elimination decided by public voting . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs : A singing competition for young children , which judges the prodigious kids on the basis of their voice quality , singing talent and versatility in performance . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA : The first instalment of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge series in USA . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge : A special season in which eight teams representing eight different states and consisting of total 24 talented contestants from past seasons of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participated . The show was made to celebrate the 1000th episode of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa . Notable Indian singers and musicians were roped in to judge each of the episodes . There have also been multiple regional versions in languages like Gujarati , Marathi , Bengali , Kannada , Punjabi , Tamil , and Telugu . # Season Year Winner Host Judges Sa Re Ga Ma 1995 Sanjeevani Bhelande Sonu Nigam Anu malik , udit narayan , kumar shanu Sa Re Ga Ma Nobina Mirjankar Sonu Nigam Sa Re Ga Ma Mohammed Vakil Sonu Nigam Sa Re Ga Ma 1998 Bela Shende Sonu Nigam Sa Re Ga Ma 1999 Archana Udupa Sonu Nigam 6 Sa Re Ga Ma 2000 Shreya Ghoshal Sonu Nigam 7 Sa Re Ga Ma Anita Pundit Amaan Ali Khan & Ayaan Ali Khan 8 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa : Golden Voice Hunt 2003 Arpita Mukherjee ( singer ) & Rahul Saxena Shaan 9 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa World Series Hrishikesh Ranade & Ronkini Gupta Shaan 10 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Campus Special 2005 Twinkle Bajpai , Manish Bhatt Shaan 11 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 2005 Debojit Saha Shaan Himesh Reshammiya , Jatin - Lalit , Aadesh Shrivastava , Ismail Darbar 12 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu 2006 Aishwarya Nigam & Ujjaini Mukherjee Shaan , Ishita Arun Hariharan , Lesle Lewis 13 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2006 Sanchita Bhattacharya Shaan Abhijeet Bhattacharya , Alka Yagnik , Bappi Lahiri 14 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 2007 Aneek Dhar Aditya Narayan Himesh Reshammiya , Ismail Darbar , Bappi Lahiri , Vishal - Shekhar 15 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International 2007 Anamika Choudhari Aditya Narayan Suresh Wadkar , Sonu Nigam 16 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008 2008 Darshana Menon Aishwarya Nigam Suresh Wadkar , Aadesh Srivastav 17 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 2009 Vaishali Mhade Aditya Narayan Himesh Reshammiya , Aadesh Srivastav , Shankar Mahadevan , Pritam 18 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009 2009 Hemant Brijwasi Dhairya Sorecha , Afsha Musani Abhijeet Bhattacharya , Alka Yagnik 19 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge 2009 Team Maharashtra - Vaishali Mhade , Kaushik Deshpande and Rohit Raut Karan Singh Rathore and Archana Jani ( first episode ) Vipul Roy and Manish Paul Sonu Nigam , Pyarelal and Suresh Wadkar ( finale ) 20 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar Kamal Khan Purab Kohli , Manish Paul Daler Mehndi , Vishal - Shekhar , Sajid - Wajid 21 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011 2011 Azmat Hussain Jay Soni Adnan Sami , Kailash Kher , Javed Ali 22 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012 2012 Jasraj Jayant Joshi Javed Ali Shankar Mahadevan , Rahul Ram , Sajid - Wajid 23 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 2014 Gagan Gopalkrishna Gaonkar Aditya Narayan Alka Yagnik ( Mahaguru ) , Shaan , Monali Thakur 24 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016 Kushal Paul Aditya Narayan Pritam , Sajid - Wajid , Mika 25 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 2017 Aditya Narayan Himesh Reshammiya , Javed Ali , Neha Kakkar External links ( edit ) ZEE TV References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reality shows take centre stage on TV - Livemint '' . www.livemint.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sonu Nigam back as host on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Music is inspiration '' . The Hans India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Shaan '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Purab Kohli bids adieu to Zee TV 's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar '' . ZEE TV . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega challenge gets its hosts '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Vipul to do some more hosting '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Soni turns host - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dhairya Sonecha & Afsha Musani to Host ' Hero Honda Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs ' '' . ZEE TV . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hero Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012 ' finds new host in Javed Ali with top 15 contestants Best Media Info , News and Analysis on Indian Advertising , Marketing and Media Industry . '' . www.bestmediainfo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Aditya Narayan returns to host ' Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil ' Champs - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 Regional shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi L'il Champs Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008 Zee Tamil Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2009 Challenge Programs currently broadcast by Zee TV Soap Opera Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahi Bin Kuch Kahe Kumkum Bhagya Kundali Bhagya Piyaa Albela Sethji Woh Apna Sa Zindagi Ki Mahek Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey ( TV Series ) Reality Show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Weekends Show Fear Files Reality television shows in India Adventure Fear Factor India ( Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ) Survivor India Comedy Comedy Circus Comedy Nights Bachao Comedy Nights Live Comedy Nights with Kapil Majaa Talkies Comedy Superstars Laugh India Laugh Lunars Comedy Express Mirakkel The Great Indian Laughter Challenge The Kapil Sharma Show Dance D 4 Dance Dance Bangla Dance Dance India Dance Dance Plus Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Jodi Number One Just Dance Nach Baliye Food Dhe Chef Foodistan MasterChef India Game 10 Ka Dum India Poochega Sabse Shaana Kaun ? Kaiyil Oru Kodi - Are You Ready ? Kannadada Kotyadhipati Kaun Banega Crorepati Minute To Win It Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran Music Antakshari Intercollegiate Championship Bol Baby Bol Asianet Super Voice Quiz Bournvita Quiz Contest Dadagiri Unlimited Disney Q Family Mastermind Jabab Kinte Chai Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain ? Quizzing in India Sell Me the Answer Thatt Antha Heli Singing Airtel Super Singer Airtel Super Singer Junior Idea Star Singer Indian Idol Sa Re Ga Ma Pa ( Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs ) Voice of India Others Bigg Boss Bigg Boss Bangla Bigg Boss Tamil Bigg Boss Kannada Bigg Boss Telugu Biggest Loser Jeetega Lead India Malayalee House National Bingo Night Roadies Sacch Ka Saamna Zee 20 Cricket League Defunct Ad Mad Show Antakshari -- The Great Challenge Baazi Kiski Biggest Loser Jeetega Boogie Woogie Champions of the World Dance Premier League Deal Ya No Deal Fame X Idea Star Singer India 's Magic Star Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star Junoon Lead India Mastermind India National Bingo Night Sawaal Dus Crore Ka Titan Antakshari Zee Cinestars Zor Ka Jhatka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa&oldid=806961552 '' Categories : Indian reality television series Indian game shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 1995 Indian television series debuts Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 03 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	sa re ga ma pa 2014 contestants name	[]	[]
-792147753289584042	2018 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament	2018 Big 12 Conference Baseball tournament - wikipedia 2018 Big 12 Conference Baseball tournament 2018 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament Format two bracket Double - elimination tournament with championship game Finals Site Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark Oklahoma City , OK Champions Baylor MVP Television Bracket Play : FCS Central Championship : FSN ← 2017 Baseball Tournament 2019 → 2018 Big 12 Conference baseball standings Conf Overall Team PCT PCT Texas 17 -- 7 -- 0 . 708 37 -- 18 -- 0 . 673 No. 24 Oklahoma State 16 -- 8 -- 0 . 667 29 -- 22 -- . 567 No. 15 Texas Tech 15 -- 9 -- 0 . 625 38 -- 15 -- 0 . 717 Oklahoma 14 -- 10 -- 0 . 583 34 -- 21 -- 0 . 618 Baylor 13 -- 11 -- 0 . 542 32 -- 19 -- 0 . 627 TCU 10 -- 13 -- 0 . 435 30 -- 22 -- 0 . 577 West Virginia 9 -- 15 -- 0 . 375 27 -- 25 -- 0 . 519 Kansas 8 -- 15 -- 0 . 348 26 -- 28 -- 0 . 481 Kansas State 5 -- 19 -- 0 . 208 23 -- 31 -- 0 . 426 ‡ -- Tournament champion As of May 31 , 2018 ; Rankings from Collegiate Baseball The 2018 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament will be held from May 23 through May 27 at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The annual tournament determines the conference champion of the Division I Big 12 Conference for college baseball . The winner of the tournament will earn the league 's automatic bid to the 2018 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament . The tournament has been held since 1997 , the inaugural year of the Big 12 Conference . Among current league members , Texas has won the most championships with five . Among original members , Baylor and Kansas State have never won the event . Iowa State discontinued their program after the 2001 season without having won a title . Having joined in 2013 , TCU won their first title in 2014 while West Virginia has yet to win the Tournament . Format and seeding ( edit ) The top eight finishers from the regular season will be seeded one through eight , and will then play a two - bracket double - elimination tournament leading to a winner - take - all championship game . Results ( edit ) First round Second round Semifinals Finals Texas 8 Kansas 8 Kansas 5 5 Baylor 10 Oklahoma 0 5 Baylor 5 Baylor 10 -- Oklahoma -- Oklahoma Texas 8 Kansas Oklahoma 5 Baylor 6 6 TCU 5 Texas Tech 6 TCU 12 6 TCU 8 7 West Virginia Oklahoma State 5 7 West Virginia 8 6 TCU 7 -- 7 West Virginia -- Oklahoma State Texas Tech 6 7 West Virginia 12 Texas Tech References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Big 12 Conference Standings '' . d1baseball.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 20117 - 18 Big 12 Postseason Championship Schedule '' . big12sports.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phillips 66 Big 12 Baseball Championship '' . Oklahoma City All Sports Association . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . 2018 NCAA Division I baseball tournaments Conference America East American Atlantic 10 ACC Atlantic Sun Big Ten Big 12 Big East Big South Colonial Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC Mid-American MEAC Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Summit Sun Belt WCC WAC National NCAA CWS Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Big_12_Conference_Baseball_Tournament&oldid=843249604 '' Categories : Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament 2018 Big 12 Conference baseball season 2018 in sports in Oklahoma Baseball in Oklahoma College sports in Oklahoma Sports in Oklahoma City Sports competitions in Oklahoma Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 22 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the big 12 baseball tournament held	[ "The 2018 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament will be held from May 23 through May 27 at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The annual tournament determines the conference champion of the Division I Big 12 Conference for college baseball. The winner of the tournament will earn the league's automatic bid to the 2018 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.[2][3]" ]	[ "at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma" ]
-6494242871901449123	Speaker of the Lok Sabha	Speaker of the Lok Sabha - wikipedia Speaker of the Lok Sabha Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Speaker of the Lok Sabha Sabha State Emblem of India Flag of India Incumbent Sumitra Mahajan Style The Honourable Appointer Members of the Lok Sabha Term length During the life of the Lok Sabha ( five years maximum ) Inaugural holder Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar Formation 15 May 1952 Deputy M. Thambidurai Website Speaker 's Official Website The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament of India . The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections . Serving for a term of five years , the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha , and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance . The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party , who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha . She is the second woman to hold the office , after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Powers and functions of the Speaker 2 Removal of the Speaker 3 Protem Speaker 4 List of Speakers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Powers and functions of the Speaker ( edit ) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house ; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not . They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them . They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence , motion of adjournment , motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules . The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting . The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President . Further , all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker . The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament . The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman , who is the Vice President of India . In the warrant of precedence , the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India . Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India Removal of the Speaker ( edit ) Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96 . Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . This would arise out of speaker 's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution . When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill , it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker 's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122 Protem Speaker ( edit ) After a general election and the formation of a new government , a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs , who selects a protem speaker . The appointment has to be approved by the president . The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker . In absence of the Speaker , the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority . Eligibility Criteria Of a Speaker of Loksabha 1 ) He or She must be a citizen of India . 2 ) He or She must not be less than 25 years of age . 3 ) He or She should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India , or the Government of any other state . List of Speakers ( edit ) No . Name Portrait Term Party From To Length Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar 15 May 1952 27 February 1956 3 years , 288 days 1st Indian National Congress M.A. Ayyangar 8 March 1956 10 May 1957 1 year , 63 days 11 May 1957 16 April 1962 4 years , 340 days 2nd Sardar Hukam Singh 17 April 1962 16 March 1967 4 years , 333 days 3rd Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 March 1967 19 July 1969 2 years , 124 days 4th 5 Gurdial Singh Dhillon -- 8 August 1969 19 March 1971 1 year , 221 days 22 March 1971 1 December 1975 4 years , 254 days 5th 6 Bali Ram Bhagat -- 15 January 1976 25 March 1977 1 year , 69 days ( 4 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 26 March 1977 13 July 1977 109 days 6th Janata Party 7 K.S. Hegde 21 July 1977 21 January 1980 2 years , 184 days 8 Balram Jakhar 22 January 1980 27 oct 1984 3 years , 358 days 7th Indian National Congress 16 January 1985 18 December 1989 4 years , 336 days 8th 9 Rabi Ray -- 19 December 1989 9 July 1991 1 year , 202 days 9th Janata Dal 10 Shivraj Patil 10 July 1991 22 May 1996 4 years , 317 days 10th Indian National Congress 11 P.A. Sangma 23 May 1996 23 March 1998 1 year , 304 days 11th 12 G.M.C. Balayogi -- 24 March 1998 19 October 1999 1 year , 209 days 12th Telugu Desam Party 22 October 1999 3 March 2002 2 years , 132 days 13th 13 Manohar Joshi 10 May 2002 2 June 2004 2 years , 23 days Shiv Sena 14 Somnath Chatterjee 4 June 2004 31 May 2009 4 years , 361 days 14th Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 15 Meira Kumar 4 June 2009 4 June 2014 5 years , 0 days 15th Indian National Congress 16 Sumitra Mahajan 5 June 2014 Incumbent 3 years , 308 days 16th Bharatiya Janata Party See also ( edit ) Parliament of India President of India Vice-President of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha '' . speakerloksabha.nic.in . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sumitra Mahajan : Did you know she is listed as ' Tai ' even in Lok Sabha '' . India Today . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sections 7 & 8k , Representation of the People Act , 1951 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhaar Act as Money Bill : Why the Lok Sabha is n't Immune from Judicial Review '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court '' . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashok , Akash Deep ( 4 June 2014 ) . `` Pro tem Speaker : All you need to know about this parliamentary post '' . India Today . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Speakers of the Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar M.A. Ayyangar Sardar Hukam Singh Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Gurdial Singh Dhillon Bali Ram Bhagat K.S. Hegde Balram Jakhar Rabi Ray Shivraj Patil P.A. Sangma G.M.C. Balayogi Manohar Joshi Somnath Chatterjee Meira Kumar Sumitra Mahajan Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( Members ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( Members ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( Members ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) ( Members ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) ( Members ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( Members ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) ( Members ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) ( Members ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( Members ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( Members ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( Members ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( Members ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha&oldid=832806807 '' Categories : Lists of legislative speakers in India Speakers of the Lok Sabha Lists of political office - holders in India Lists of members of the Lok Sabha Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা ગુજરાતી हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 02 : 59 . About Wikipedia	who is the chairman of the lok sabha	[ "The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament. The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman, who is the Vice President of India. In the warrant of precedence, the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India. Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India" ]	[ "the Vice President of India" ]
-4694472592329755741	Gospel of Mark	Gospel of Mark - wikipedia Gospel of Mark Jump to : navigation , search Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Gospel According to Mark ( Greek : τὸ κατὰ Μᾶρκον εὐαγγέλιον , to kata Markon euangelion ) , is one of the four canonical gospels and one of the three synoptic gospels . It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death and burial and the discovery of the empty tomb -- there is no genealogy of Jesus or birth narrative , nor , in the original ending at chapter 16 , any post-resurrection appearances . It portrays Jesus as a heroic man of action , an exorcist , a healer , and a miracle worker . Jesus is also the Son of God , but he keeps his identity secret ( the Messianic Secret ) , concealing it in parables so that even the disciples fail to understand . All this is in keeping with prophecy , which foretold the fate of the messiah as suffering servant . The gospel ends , in its original version , with the discovery of the empty tomb , a promise to meet again in Galilee , and an unheeded instruction to spread the good news of the resurrection . Mark probably dates from 66 -- 70 CE . It appears as the second New Testament gospel because it was traditionally thought to be an epitome ( summary ) of Matthew , but most scholars now regard it as the earliest written gospel . They also reject the tradition which ascribes it to Mark the Evangelist , the companion of the apostle Peter , and regard it as the work of an unknown author working with various sources including collections of miracle stories , controversy stories , parables , and a passion narrative . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Composition 1.2 Synoptic problem and historicity 1.3 Setting 1.4 Place in the Christian Church 2 Structure , style and content 2.1 Structure 2.2 Style 2.3 Content 2.4 Ending 3 Theology 3.1 Mark 's gospel theology 3.1. 1 The failure of the disciples 3.1. 2 The charge of magic 3.1. 3 The messianic secret 3.2 Christology : Mark 's understanding of Jesus 3.3 Eschatology and salvation : The meaning of Christ 's death , resurrection and return 4 Comparison with other writings 4.1 Mark and the New Testament 4.2 Sayings unique to Mark 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) Mantegna 's St. Mark Composition ( edit ) The two - source hypothesis : Most scholars agree that Mark was the first of the gospels to be composed , and that the authors of Matthew and Luke used it plus a second document called the Q source when composing their own gospels . The blue sections indicate material original to Luke and Matthew . The Gospel of Mark was written anonymously . Early Christian tradition ascribes it to John Mark , a companion and interpreter of the apostle Peter . Hence its author is often called Mark , even though most modern scholars are doubtful of the Markan tradition and instead regard the author as unknown . It was probably written c . AD 66 -- 70 , during Nero 's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt , as suggested by internal references to war in Judea and to persecution . The author used a variety of pre-existing sources , such as conflict stories ( Mark 2 : 1 -- 3 : 6 ) , apocalyptic discourse ( 4 : 1 -- 35 ) , and collections of sayings ( although not the Gospel of Thomas and probably not the Q source ) . Mark was written in Greek , for a gentile audience ( that they were gentiles is shown by the author 's need to explain Jewish traditions and translate Aramaic terms ) of Greek - speaking Christians : Rome ( Mark uses a number of Latin terms ) , Galilee , Antioch ( third - largest city in the Roman Empire , located in northern Syria ) , and southern Syria have all been offered as alternative places of authorship . The author may have been influenced by Greco - Roman biographies and rhetorical forms , popular novels and romances , and the Homeric epics ; nevertheless , he mentions almost no public figures , makes no allusions to Greek or Roman literature , and takes all his references from the Jewish scriptures , mostly in their Greek versions from the Septuagint . His book is not history in the modern sense , or even in the sense of classical Greek and Roman historians , but `` history in an eschatological or apocalyptic sense , '' depicting Jesus caught up in events at the end of time . Synoptic Problem and historicity ( edit ) Mark the Evangelist , 16th - century Russian icon The gospels of Matthew , Mark and Luke bear a striking resemblance to each other , so much so that their contents can easily be set side by side in parallel columns . The fact that they share so much material verbatim and yet also exhibit important differences has led to a number of hypotheses explaining their interdependence , a phenomenon termed the Synoptic Problem . Traditionally , Mark was thought to be an epitome ( summary ) of Matthew : for example , Augustine of Hippo believed they were written in order , `` first Matthew , then Mark , thirdly Luke , lastly John '' and that Mark followed Matthew as `` his attendant and epitomizer '' . Today , the most widely accepted hypothesis is that Mark was the first gospel ( Marcan Priority ) and was used as a source by both Matthew and Luke , together with considerable additional material . The strongest argument for this is the fact that Matthew and Luke agree with each other in their sequence of stories and events only when they also agree with Mark . The 19th century recognition of Mark as the earliest gospel led to the belief that it must therefore be the most reliable . This conclusion was refuted by two works published in the early decades of the 20th century : in 1901 William Wrede argued that Mark 's sequence of episodes is in fact an artificial construct with theological motivation ; and in 1919 Karl Ludwig Schmidt showed how the links between the episodes are the invention of the writer , thus undermining the gospel 's claim to be a reliable guide to the chronology of Jesus ' mission . The modern consensus is that Mark 's purpose was to present a theological message rather than to write history , but this gospel is nevertheless still seen as the most reliable of the four in terms of its overall description of Jesus 's life and ministry . Setting ( edit ) Christianity began within Judaism , with a Christian `` church '' ( or ἐκκλησία , ekklesia , meaning `` assembly '' ) that arose shortly after his death , when some of his followers claimed to have witnessed him risen from the dead . From the outset , Christians depended heavily on Jewish literature , supporting their convictions through the Jewish scriptures . Those convictions involved a nucleus of key concepts : the messiah , the son of God and the son of man , the Day of the Lord , the kingdom of God . Uniting these ideas was the common thread of apocalyptic expectation : Both Jews and Christians believed that the end of history was at hand , that God would very soon come to punish their enemies and establish his own rule , and that they were at the centre of his plans . Christians read the Jewish scripture as a figure or type of Jesus Christ , so that the goal of Christian literature became an experience of the living Christ . The new movement spread around the eastern Mediterranean and to Rome and further west , and assumed a distinct identity , although the groups within it remained extremely diverse . The gospels were written for an audience already Christian -- their purpose was to strengthen the faith of those who already believed , not to convert unbelievers . Christian `` churches '' were small communities of believers , often based on households ( an autocratic patriarch plus extended family , slaves , freedmen , and other clients ) , and the evangelists often wrote on two levels , one the `` historical '' presentation of the story of Jesus , the other dealing with the concerns of the author 's own day . Thus the proclamation of Jesus in Mark 1 : 14 and the following verses , for example , mixes the terms Jesus would have used as a 1st - century Jew ( `` kingdom of God '' ) and those of the early church ( `` believe '' , `` gospel '' ) . More fundamentally , some scholars believe Mark 's reason for writing was to counter believers who saw Jesus in a Greek way , as wonder - worker ( the Greek term is `` divine man '' ) ; Mark saw the suffering of the messiah as essential , so that the `` Son of God '' title ( the Hellenistic `` divine man '' ) had to be corrected and amplified with the `` Son of Man '' title , which conveyed Christ 's suffering . Other scholars think Mark might have been writing as a Galilean Christian against those Jewish Christians in Jerusalem who saw the Jewish revolt against Rome ( 66 -- 73 CE ) as the beginning of the `` end times '' : for Mark , the Second Coming would be in Galilee , not Jerusalem , and not until the generation following the revolt . Place in the Christian Church ( edit ) Mark was traditionally placed second , and sometimes fourth , in the Christian canon , as a somewhat inferior abridgement of what was regarded as the most important gospel , Matthew . The Church has consequently derived its view of Jesus primarily from Matthew , secondarily from John , and only distantly from Mark . It was only in the 19th century that Mark came to be seen as the earliest of the four gospels , and as a source used by both Matthew and Luke . The hypothesis of Markan priority ( that Mark was written first ) continues to be held by the majority of scholars today , and there is a new recognition of the author as an artist and theologian using a range of literary devices to convey his conception of Jesus as the authoritative yet suffering Son of God . Structure , style and content ( edit ) Detailed content of Mark 1 . Galilean ministry John the Baptist ( 1 : 1 -- 8 ) Baptism of Jesus ( 1 : 9 -- 11 ) Temptation of Jesus ( 1 : 12 -- 13 ) Good News ( 1 : 15 ) First disciples ( 1 : 16 -- 20 ) Capernaum 's synagogue ( 1 : 21 -- 28 ) Peter 's mother - in - law ( 1 : 29 -- 31 ) Exorcising at sunset ( 1 : 32 -- 34 ) A leper ( 1 : 35 -- 45 ) A paralytic ( 2 : 1 -- 2 : 12 ) Calling of Matthew ( 2 : 13 -- 17 ) Fasting and wineskins ( 2 : 18 -- 22 ) Lord of the Sabbath ( 2 : 23 -- 28 ) Man with withered hand ( 3 : 1 -- 6 ) Withdrawing to the sea ( 3 : 7 -- 3 : 12 ) Commissioning the Twelve ( 3 : 13 -- 19 ) Blind mute ( 3 : 20 -- 26 ) Strong man ( 3 : 27 ) Eternal sin ( 3 : 28 -- 30 ) Jesus ' true relatives ( 3 : 31 -- 35 ) Parable of the Sower ( 4 : 1 -- 9 , 13 - 20 ) Purpose of parables ( 4 : 10 -- 12 , 33 - 34 ) Lamp under a bushel ( 4 : 21 -- 23 ) Mote and Beam ( 4 : 24 -- 25 ) Growing seed and Mustard seed ( 4 : 26 -- 32 ) Calming the storm ( 4 : 35 -- 41 ) Demon named Legion ( 5 : 1 -- 20 ) Daughter of Jairus ( 5 : 21 -- 43 ) Hometown rejection ( 6 : 1 -- 6 ) Instructions for the Twelve ( 6 : 7 -- 13 ) Beheading of John ( 6 : 14 -- 29 ) Feeding the 5000 ( 6 : 30 -- 44 ) Walking on water ( 6 : 45 -- 52 ) Fringe of his cloak heals ( 6 : 53 -- 56 ) Discourse on Defilement ( 7 : 1 -- 23 ) Canaanite woman 's daughter ( 7 : 24 -- 30 ) Deaf mute ( 7 : 31 -- 37 ) Feeding the 4000 ( 8 : 1 -- 9 ) No sign will be given ( 8 : 10 -- 21 ) Healing with spit ( 8 : 22 -- 26 ) Peter 's confession ( 8 : 27 -- 30 ) Jesus predicts his death ( 8 : 31 -- 33 , 9 : 30 -- 32 , 10 : 32 -- 34 ) Instructions for followers ( 8 : 34 -- 9 : 1 ) Transfiguration ( 9 : 2 -- 13 ) Possessed boy ( 9 : 14 -- 29 ) Teaching in Capernaum ( 9 : 33 -- 50 ) 2 . Journey to Jerusalem Entering Judea and Transjordan ( 10 : 1 ) On divorce ( 10 : 2 -- 12 ) Little children ( 10 : 13 -- 16 ) Rich young man ( 10 : 17 -- 31 ) Son of man came to serve ( 10 : 35 -- 45 ) Blind Bartimaeus ( 10 : 46 -- 52 ) 3 . Events in Jerusalem Entering Jerusalem ( 11 : 1 -- 11 ) Cursing the fig tree ( 11 : 12 -- 14 , 20 - 24 ) Temple incident ( 11 : 15 -- 19 ) Prayer for forgiveness ( 11 : 25 -- 26 ) Authority questioned ( 11 : 27 -- 33 ) Wicked husbandman ( 12 : 1 -- 12 ) Render unto Caesar ... ( 12 : 13 -- 17 ) Resurrection of the Dead ( 12 : 18 -- 27 ) Great Commandment ( 12 : 28 -- 34 ) Is the Messiah the son of David ? ( 12 : 35 -- 40 ) Widow 's mite ( 12 : 41 -- 44 ) Olivet discourse ( 13 ) Plot to kill Jesus ( 14 : 1 -- 2 ) Anointing ( 14 : 3 -- 9 ) Bargain of Judas ( 14 : 10 -- 11 ) Last Supper ( 14 : 12 -- 26 ) Denial of Peter ( 14 : 27 -- 31 , 66 - 72 ) Agony in the Garden ( 14 : 32 -- 42 ) Kiss of Judas ( 14 : 43 -- 45 ) Arrest ( 14 : 46 -- 52 ) Before the High Priest ( 14 : 53 -- 65 ) Pilate 's court ( 15 : 1 -- 15 ) Soldiers mock Jesus ( 15 : 16 -- 20 ) Simon of Cyrene ( 15 : 21 ) Crucifixion ( 15 : 22 -- 41 ) Entombment ( 15 : 42 -- 47 ) Empty tomb ( 16 : 1 -- 8 ) The Longer Ending ( 16 : 9 -- 20 ) Resurrection appearances ( 16 : 9 -- 13 ) Great Commission ( 16 : 14 -- 18 ) Ascension ( 16 : 19 ) Dispersion of the Apostles ( 16 : 20 ) This box : view talk edit Page from Mark in a Latin bible dated 1486 ( Bodleian Library ) Structure ( edit ) There is no agreement on the structure of Mark . There is , however , a widely recognised break at Mark 8 : 26 -- 31 : before 8 : 26 there are numerous miracle stories , the action is in Galilee , and Jesus preaches to the crowds , while after 8 : 31 there are hardly any miracles , the action shifts from Galilee to gentile areas or hostile Judea , and Jesus teaches the disciples . Peter 's confession at Mark 8 : 27 -- 30 that Jesus is the messiah thus forms the watershed to the whole gospel . A further generally recognised turning point comes at the end of chapter 10 , when Jesus and his followers arrive in Jerusalem and the foreseen confrontation with the Temple authorities begins , leading R.T. France to characterise Mark as a three - act drama . James Edwards in his 2002 commentary points out that the gospel can be seen as a series of questions asking first who Jesus is ( the answer being that he is the messiah ) , then what form his mission takes ( a mission of suffering culminating in the crucifixion and resurrection , events only to be understood when the questions are answered ) , while another scholar , C. Myers , has made what Edwards calls a `` compelling case '' for recognising the incidents of Jesus ' baptism , transfiguration and crucifixion , at the beginning , middle and end of the gospel , as three key moments , each with common elements , and each portrayed in an apocalyptic light . Stephen H. Smith has made the point that the structure of Mark is similar to the structure of a Greek tragedy Style ( edit ) Examples of Mark 's literary style include the use of summaries , in which several stories about Jesus are all wrapped up into one description ( Mark 6 : 55 , 56 ) . Content ( edit ) Jesus is first announced as the messiah and then later as the Son of God ; he is baptised by John and a heavenly voice announces him as the Son of God ; he is tested in the wilderness by Satan ; John is arrested , and Jesus begins to preach the good news of the kingdom of God . Jesus gathers his disciples ; he begins teaching , driving out demons , healing the sick , cleansing lepers , raising the dead , feeding the hungry , and giving sight to the blind ; he delivers a long discourse in parables to the crowd , intended for the disciples , but they fail to understand ; he performs mighty works , calming the storm and walking on water , but while God and demons recognise him , neither the crowds nor the disciples grasp his identity . He also has several run - ins with Jewish law keepers especially in chapters 2 - 3 . Jesus asks the disciples who people say he is , and then , `` but you , who do you say I am ? '' Peter answers that he is the Christ , and Jesus commands him to silence ; Jesus explains that the Son of Man must go to Jerusalem and be killed , but will rise again ; Moses and Elijah appear with Jesus and God tells the disciples , `` This is my son , '' but they remain uncomprehending . Jesus goes to Jerusalem , where he is hailed as one who `` comes in the name of the Lord '' and will inaugurate the `` kingdom of David '' ; he drives those who buy and sell animals from the Temple and debates with the Jewish authorities ; on the Mount of Olives he announces the coming destruction of the Temple , the persecution of his followers , and the coming of the Son of Man in power and glory . A woman perfumes Jesus ' head with oil , and Jesus explains that this is a sign of his coming death ; Jesus celebrates Passover with the disciples , declares the bread and wine to be his body and blood , and goes with them to Gethsemane to pray ; there Judas betrays him to the Jews ; interrogated by the high priest , he says that he is the Christ , the Son of God , and will return as Son of Man at God 's right hand ; the Jewish leaders turn him over to Pilate , who has him crucified as one who claims to be `` king of the Jews '' ; Jesus , abandoned by the disciples , is buried in a rock tomb by a friendly member of the Jewish council . The women who have followed Jesus come to the tomb on Sunday morning ; they find it empty , and are told by a young man in a white robe to go and tell the others that Jesus has risen and has gone before them to Galilee ; `` but they said nothing to anyone , for they were afraid ... '' Ending ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Mark 16 . The earliest and most reliable manuscripts of Mark end at Mark 16 : 8 , with the women fleeing in fear from the empty tomb : the majority of recent scholars believe this to be the original ending , and this is supported by statements from the early Church Fathers Eusebius and Jerome . Two attempts were made to provide a more satisfactory conclusion . A minority of later manuscripts have what is called the `` shorter ending '' , an addition to Mark 16 : 8 telling how the women told `` those around Peter '' all that the angel had commanded and how the message of eternal life ( or `` proclamation of eternal salvation '' ) was then sent out by Jesus himself . This addition differs from the rest of Mark both in style and in its understanding of Jesus . The overwhelming majority of manuscripts have the `` longer ending '' , Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 , with accounts of the resurrected Jesus , the commissioning of the disciples to proclaim the gospel , and Christ 's ascension . This ending was possibly written in the early 2nd century and added later in the same century . Modern scholars have proposed many explanations for the abrupt original ending , though none with universal acceptance . It could indicate a connection to the theme of the `` Messianic Secret '' . Whatever the case , it is clear that Mark 's Jesus looks forward to a post-death meeting in Galilee , and it is likely that at that meeting , like the final meeting in Galilee that Matthew depicts , Mark 's Jesus would command the disciples to take his message to the nations . Theology ( edit ) First page of the Gospel of Mark : `` The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ , the Son of God '' , by Sargis Pitsak ( 14th century ) Minuscule 2427 -- `` Archaic Mark '' Mark 's gospel Theology ( edit ) The author introduces his work as `` gospel '' , meaning `` good news '' , a literal translation of the Greek `` evangelion '' -- he uses the word more often than any other writer in the New Testament besides Paul . Paul uses it to mean `` the good news ( of the saving significance of the death and resurrection ) of Christ '' ; Mark extends it to the career of Christ as well as his death and resurrection . Like the other gospels , Mark was written to confirm the identity of Jesus as eschatological deliverer -- the purpose of terms such as `` messiah '' and `` son of God '' . As in all the gospels , the messianic identity of Jesus is supported by a number of themes , including : ( 1 ) the depiction of his disciples as obtuse , fearful and uncomprehending ; ( 2 ) the refutation of the charge made by Jesus ' enemies that he was a magician ; ( 3 ) secrecy surrounding his true identity ( this last is missing from John ) . The failure of the disciples ( edit ) In Mark , the disciples , and especially the Twelve , move from lack of perception of Jesus to rejection of the `` way of suffering '' to flight and denial -- even the women who received the first proclamation of his resurrection can be seen as failures for not reporting the good news . There is much discussion of this theme among scholars . Some argue that the author of Mark was using the disciples to correct `` erroneous '' views in his own community concerning the reality of the suffering messiah , others that it is an attack on the Jerusalem branch of the church for resisting the extension of the gospel to the gentiles , or a mirror of the convert 's usual experience of the initial enthusiasm followed by growing awareness of the necessity for suffering . It certainly reflects the strong theme in Mark of Jesus as the `` suffering just one '' portrayed in so many of the books of the Jewish scriptures , from Jeremiah to Job and the Psalms , but especially in the `` Suffering Servant '' passages in Isaiah . It also reflects the Jewish scripture theme of God 's love being met by infidelity and failure , only to be renewed by God . And in the real - world context in which the gospel was written , the persecutions of the Christians of Rome under Nero , the failure of the disciples and Jesus ' denial by Peter himself would have been powerful symbols of faith , hope and reconciliation . The charge of magic ( edit ) Mark contains twenty accounts of miracles and healings , accounting for almost a third of the gospel and half the first ten chapters , more , proportionally , than in any other gospel . In the gospels as a whole , Jesus ' miracles , prophecies , etc. , are presented as evidence of God 's rule , but Mark 's descriptions of Jesus ' healings are a partial exception to this , as his methods , using spittle to heal blindness ( Mark 8 : 22 -- 26 ) and magic formulae ( `` Talitha cumi , '' 5 : 41 , `` Ephphatha , '' 7 : 34 ) , were those of a magician . This is the charge the Jewish religious leaders bring against Jesus : they say he is performing exorcisms with the aid of an evil spirit ( Mark 3 : 22 ) and calling up the spirit of John the Baptist ( Mark 6 : 14 ) . `` There was ... no period in the history of the ( Roman ) empire in which the magician was not considered an enemy of society , '' subject to penalties ranging from exile to death , says Classical scholar Ramsay MacMullen . All the gospels defend Jesus against the charge , which , if true , would contradict their ultimate claims for him . The point of the Beelzebub incident in Mark ( Mark 3 : 20 -- 30 ) is to set forth Jesus ' claims to be an instrument of God , not Satan . The Messianic secret ( edit ) Main article : Messianic secret In 1901 , William Wrede identified the `` Messianic secret '' -- Jesus ' secrecy about his identity as the messiah -- as one of Mark 's central themes . Wrede argued that the elements of the secret -- Jesus ' silencing of the demons , the obtuseness of the disciples regarding his identity , and the concealment of the truth inside parables , were fictions , and arose from the tension between the Church 's post-resurrection messianic belief and the historical reality of Jesus . There remains continuing debate over how far the `` secret '' originated with Mark and how far he got it from tradition , and how far , if at all , it represents the self - understanding and practices of the historical Jesus . Christology : Mark 's understanding of Jesus ( edit ) See also : Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Christology means a doctrine or understanding concerning the person or nature of Christ . In the New Testament writings it is frequently conveyed through the titles applied to Jesus . Most scholars agree that `` Son of God '' is the most important of these titles in Mark . It appears on the lips of God himself at the baptism and the transfiguration , and is Jesus ' own self - designation ( Mark 13 : 32 ) . These and other instances provide reliable evidence of how the evangelist perceived Jesus , but it is not clear just what the title meant to Mark and his 1st century audience . Where it appears in the Hebrew scriptures it meant Israel as God 's people , or the king at his coronation , or angels , as well as the suffering righteous man . In Hellenistic culture the same phrase meant a `` divine man '' , a supernatural being . There is little evidence that `` son of God '' was a title for the messiah in 1st century Judaism , and the attributes which Mark describes in Jesus are much more those of the Hellenistic miracle - working `` divine man '' than of the Jewish Davidic messiah . Mark does not explicitly state what he means by `` Son of God '' , nor when the sonship was conferred . The New Testament as a whole presents four different understandings : Jesus became God 's son at his resurrection , God `` begetting '' Jesus to a new life by raising him from the dead -- this was the earliest understanding , preserved in Paul 's Epistle to the Romans , 1 : 3 -- 4 , and in Acts 13 : 33 ; Jesus became God 's son at his baptism , the coming of the Holy Spirit marking him as messiah , while `` Son of God '' refers to the relationship then established for him by God -- this is the understanding implied in Mark 1 : 9 -- 11 ; Matthew and Luke present Jesus as `` Son of God '' from the moment of conception and birth , with God taking the place of a human father ; John , the last of the gospels , presents the idea that the Christ was pre-existent and became flesh as Jesus -- an idea also found in Paul . Mark also calls Jesus `` christos '' ( Christ ) , translating the Hebrew `` messiah , '' ( anointed person ) . In the Old Testament the term messiah ( `` anointed one '' ) described prophets , priests and kings ; by the time of Jesus , with the kingdom long vanished , it had come to mean an eschatological king ( a king who would come at the end of time ) , one who would be entirely human though far greater than all God 's previous messengers to Israel , endowed with miraculous powers , free from sin , ruling in justice and glory ( as described in , for example , the Psalms of Solomon , a Jewish work from this period ) . The most important occurrences are in the context of Jesus ' death and suffering , suggesting that , for Mark , Jesus can only be fully understood in that context . A third important title , `` Son of Man '' , has its roots in Ezekiel , the Book of Enoch , ( a popular Jewish apocalyptic work of the period ) , and especially in Daniel 7 : 13 -- 14 , where the Son of Man is assigned royal roles of dominion , kingship and glory . Mark 14 : 62 combines more scriptural allusions : before he comes on clouds ( Daniel 7 : 13 ) the Son of Man will be seated on the right hand of God ( psalm 110 : 1 ) , pointing to the equivalence of the three titles , Christ , Son of God , Son of Man , the common element being the reference to kingly power . Eschatology and salvation : the meaning of Christ 's death , resurrection and return ( edit ) Eschatology means the study of the end - times , and the Jews expected the messiah to be an eschatological figure , a deliverer who would appear at the end of the age to usher in an earthly kingdom . The earliest Jewish Christian community saw Jesus as a messiah in this Jewish sense , a human figure appointed by God as his earthly regent ; but they also believed in Jesus ' resurrection and exultation to heaven , and for this reason they also viewed him as God 's agent ( the `` son of God '' ) who would return in glory ushering in the Kingdom of God . The term `` Son of God '' likewise had a specific Jewish meaning , or range of meanings , one of the most significant being the earthly king adopted by God as his son at his enthronement , legitimising his rule over Israel . In Hellenistic culture , in contrast , the phrase meant a `` divine man '' , covering legendary heroes like Hercules , god - kings like the Egyptian pharaohs , or famous philosophers like Plato . When the gospels call Jesus `` Son of God '' the intention is to place him in the class of Hellenistic and Greek divine men , the ' sons of God '' who were endowed with supernatural power to perform healings , exorcisms and other wonderful deeds . Mark 's `` Son of David '' is Hellenistic , his Jesus predicting that his mission involves suffering , death and resurrection , and , by implication , not military glory and conquest . This reflects a move away from the Jewish - Christian apocalyptic tradition and towards the Hellenistic message preached by Paul , for whom Christ 's death and resurrection , rather than the establishment of the apocalyptic Jewish kingdom , is the meaning of salvation , the `` gospel '' . Comparison with other writings ( edit ) `` Entering into the sepulchre , they saw a young man sitting on the right side , clothed in a long white garment '' -- Mark 's description of the discovery of the empty tomb ( from the Pericopes of Henry II ) Mark and the New Testament ( edit ) All four gospels tell a story in which Jesus ' death and resurrection are the crucial redemptive events . There are , however , important differences between the four : Unlike John , Mark never calls Jesus `` God '' , or claims that Jesus existed prior to his earthly life ; unlike Matthew and Luke , the author does not mention a virgin birth , and apparently believes that Jesus had a normal human parentage and birth ; unlike Matthew and Luke , he makes no attempt to trace Jesus ' ancestry back to King David or Adam with a genealogy . Christians of Mark 's time expected Jesus to return as Messiah in their own lifetime -- Mark , like the other gospels , attributes the promise to Jesus himself ( Mark 9 : 1 and 13 : 30 ) , and it is reflected in the letters of Paul , in the epistle of James , in Hebrews , and in Revelation . When return failed , the early Christians revised their understanding . Some acknowledged that the Second Coming had been delayed , but still expected it ; others redefined the focus of the promise , the Gospel of John , for example , speaking of `` eternal life '' as something available in the present ; while still others concluded that Jesus would not return at all ( 2 Peter argues against those who held this view ) . Mark 's despairing death of Jesus was changed to a more victorious one in subsequent gospels . Mark 's Christ dies with the cry , `` My God , my God , why have you forsaken me ? '' ; Matthew , the next gospel to be written , repeats this word for word but manages to make clear that Jesus 's death is the beginning of the resurrection of Israel ; Luke has a still more positive picture , replacing Mark 's ( and Matthew 's ) cry of despair with one of submission to God 's will ( `` Father , into your hands I commend my spirit '' ) ; while John , the last gospel , has Jesus dying without apparent suffering in fulfillment of the divine plan . Sayings unique to Mark ( edit ) The Sabbath was made for man , not man for the Sabbath ( Mark 2 : 27 ) . Not present in either Matthew 12 : 1 -- 8 or Luke 6 : 1 -- 5 . This is also a so - called `` Western non-interpolation '' . The passage is not found in the Western text of Mark . People were saying , `` ( Jesus ) has gone out of his mind '' , see also Rejection of Jesus ( Mark 3 : 21 ) . Mark is the only gospel with the combination Mark 4 : 24 -- 25 , the other gospels split them up : Mark 4 : 24 being found in Luke 6 : 38 and Matthew 7 : 2 ; Mark 4 : 25 being found in Matthew 13 : 12 and 25 : 29 , Luke 8 : 18 and 19 : 26 . Parable of the Growing Seed ( 4 : 26 -- 29 ) . Only Mark counts the possessed swine ; there are about two thousand ( Mark 5 : 13 ) . Two consecutive healing stories of women ; both make use of the number twelve ( Mark 5 : 25 and Mark 5 : 42 ) . Only Mark gives healing commands of Jesus in the ( presumably original ) Aramaic : Talitha koum ( Mark 5 : 41 ) , Ephphatha ( Mark 7 : 34 ) . See Aramaic of Jesus . Only place in the New Testament Jesus is referred to as `` the son of Mary '' ( Mark 6 : 3 ) . Mark is the only gospel where Jesus himself is called a carpenter ( Mark 6 : 3 ) ; in Matthew he is called a carpenter 's son ( Matthew 13 : 55 ) . Only place that both names his brothers and mentions his sisters ( Mark 6 : 3 ) ; Matthew has a slightly different name for one brother ( Matthew 13 : 55 ) . The taking of a staff and sandals is permitted in Mark 6 : 8 -- 9 but prohibited in Matthew 10 : 9 -- 10 and Luke 9 : 3 . Only Mark refers to Herod as a king ( Mk 6 : 14 , 24 ) ; Matthew and Luke refer to him ( more properly ) as a tetrarch ( Mt 14 : 1 ; Lk 3 : 19 ; 9 : 7 ) . The longest version of the story of Herodias ' daughter 's dance and the beheading of John the Baptist ( Mark 6 : 14 -- 29 ) . Mark 's literary cycles : 6 : 30 -- 44 -- Feeding of the five thousand ; 6 : 45 -- 56 -- Crossing of the lake ; 7 : 1 -- 13 -- Dispute with the Pharisees ; 7 : 14 -- 23 -- Discourse on Defilement Then : 8 : 1 -- 9 -- Feeding of the four thousand ; 8 : 10 -- Crossing of the lake ; 8 : 11 -- 13 -- Dispute with the Pharisees ; 8 : 14 -- 21 -- Incident of no bread and discourse about the leaven of the Pharisees . Customs that at that time were unique to Jews are explained ( hand , produce , and utensil washing ) : 7 : 3 -- 4 . `` Thus he declared all foods clean '' . 7 : 19 NRSV , not found in the Matthean parallel Matthew 15 : 15 -- 20 . There is no mention of Samaritans Jesus heals using his fingers and spit at the same time : 7 : 33 ; cf . Mark 8 : 23 , Luke 11 : 20 , John 9 : 6 , Matthew 8 : 16 ; see also Exorcism . Jesus lays his hands on a blind man twice in curing him : 8 : 23 -- 25 ; cf. 5 : 23 , 16 : 18 , Acts 6 : 6 , 9 : 17 , 28 : 8 , laying on of hands . Jesus cites the Shema Yisrael : `` Hear O Israel ... '' ( 12 : 29 -- 30 ) ; in the parallels of Matt 22 : 37 -- 38 and Luke 10 : 27 the first part of the Shema ( Deut 6 : 4 ) is absent . Mark points out that the Mount of Olives is across from the temple ( 13 : 3 ) . When Jesus is arrested , a young naked man flees : 14 : 51 -- 52 . A young man in a robe also appears in 16 : 5 -- 7 , see also Secret Gospel of Mark . Mark does not name the High Priest , cf . Matt 26 : 57 , Luke 3 : 2 , Acts 4 : 6 , John 18 : 13 . Witness testimony against Jesus does not agree ( 14 : 56 , 14 : 59 ) . The cock crows `` twice '' as predicted ( Mark 14 : 72 ) . See also Fayyum Fragment . The other Gospels simply record , `` the cock crew '' . Early codices 01 , W , and most Western texts have the simpler version . Pilate 's position ( Governor ) is not specified , 15 : 1 , cf . Matt 27 : 2 , Luke 3 : 1 , John 18 : 28 -- 29 . Simon of Cyrene 's sons are named ( Mark 15 : 21 ) . A summoned centurion is questioned ( Mark 15 : 44 -- 45 ) . The women ask each other who will roll away the stone ( Mark 16 : 3 ) , cf . Matt 28 : 2 -- 7 . A young man sits on the `` right side '' ( Mark 16 : 5 ) , cf . Luke 24 : 4 , John 20 : 12 . Mark is the only canonical gospel with significant various alternative endings ( see Mark 16 , Possible Scenarios ) ; however , most of the contents of the traditional `` Longer Ending '' ( Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 ) are found in other New Testament texts and are not unique to Mark , see Mark 16 # The Longer Ending . The one significant exception is 16 : 18b `` and if they drink any deadly thing '' , it will not harm those who believe , which is unique to Mark . See also ( edit ) Gospel of Mark Chapters Mark 1 Mark 2 Mark 3 Mark 4 Mark 5 Mark 6 Mark 7 Mark 8 Mark 9 Mark 10 Mark 11 Mark 12 Mark 13 Mark 14 Mark 15 Mark 16 Gospel harmony Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark Two - source hypothesis Apocalyptic literature Acts of the Apostles ( genre ) Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus ( reference to Mark ) Secret Gospel of Mark List of Gospels List of omitted Bible verses Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Similar to a rabbinical saying from the 2nd century BC , `` The Sabbath is given over to you ( '' the son of man `` ) , and not you to the Sabbath . '' Misunderstood Passages Jump up ^ The verb katharizo means both `` to declare to be clean '' and `` to purify . '' The Scholars Version has : `` This is how everything we eat is purified '' , Gaus ' Unvarnished New Testament has : `` purging all that is eaten . '' Jump up ^ Willker , Wieland . `` A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels . Vol. 2 : Mark , p. 448 '' ( PDF ) . TCG 2007 : An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels , 5th ed . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09 . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp. 252 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Boring 2006 , pp. 1 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins 1998 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Perkins 2009 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Beaver 2009 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1995 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Reddish 2011 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Augustine of Hippo , Harmony of the Gospels , Book 1 , Chapter 2 Jump up ^ Koester 2000 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson 1983 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Joel 2000 , p. 859 . Jump up ^ Powell 1998 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Lössl 2010 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Gamble 1995 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Collins 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Aune 1987 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Cole 1989 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Cole 1989 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ France 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Smith 1995 , pp. 209 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Meyer 's NT Commentary on Mark 6 , accessed 8 June 2017 ; Donahue , J.R. and Harrington D.J. , Sacra Pagina : the Gospel of Mark , published by Liturgical Press ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 500 -- 01 . ^ Jump up to : Schröter 2010 , p. 279 . ^ Jump up to : Horsely 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , p. 500 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Morris 1990 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Kee 1993 , p. 483 . Jump up ^ Powell 1998 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Welch 2006 , p. 362 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005 , p. 1083 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , pp. 38 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Telford 1999 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 1993 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 68 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue 2005 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2001 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2001 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Telford 1999 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2003 , pp. 709 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker 2000 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2003 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Hurtado 2005 , p. 587 . ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 69 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Moyise 2013 , p. unpaginated . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 79 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aune , David E. ( 1987 ) . The New Testament in its literary environment . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25018 - 8 . Beaver , Caurie ( 2009 ) . Mark : A Twice - Told Story . Wipf and Stoc . ISBN 9781608991211 . Boring , M. Eugene ( 2006 ) . Mark : A Commentary . Presbyterian Publishing Corp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22107 - 2 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Cole , R. Alan ( 1989 ) . The Gospel According to Mark : An Introduction and Commentary ( 2 ed . ) . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0481 - 5 . Collins , Adela Yarbro ( 2000 ) . Cosmology and Eschatology in Jewish and Christian Apocalypticism . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11927 - 7 . Cross , Frank L. ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) ( 1997 ) . `` Messianic Secret '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 1083 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Donahue , John R. ( 2005 ) ( 2002 ) . The Gospel of Mark . Liturgical Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5965 - 6 . Dunn , James D.G. ( 2003 ) . Jesus Remembered . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3931 - 2 . Edwards , James ( 2002 ) . The Gospel According to Mark . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85111 - 778 - 2 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1993 ) . The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture : The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510279 - 6 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1 May 2006 ) . Peter , Paul and Mary Magdalene : The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend . Oxford University Press . pp. 6 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974113 - 7 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 15 September 2005 ) . Lost Christianities : The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew . Oxford University Press . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975668 - 1 . Most scholars today have abandoned these identifications ... France , R.T. ( 2002 ) . The Gospel of Mark : A Commentary on the Greek text . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2446 - 2 . Gamble , Harry Y. ( 1995 ) . Books and Readers in the Early Church : A History of Early Christian Texts . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06918 - 1 . Horsely , Richard A. ( 2007 ) . `` Mark '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books : New Revised Standard Version . Oxford University Press . pp. 56 -- 92 New Testament . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 528881 - 0 . Hurtado , Larry W. ( 2005 ) ( 2003 ) . Lord Jesus Christ : Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3167 - 5 . Joel , Marcus ( 2000 ) . Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Kee , Howard Clark ( 1993 ) . `` Magic and Divination '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Metzger , Bruce M. The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford University Press . pp. 483 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504645 - 8 . Koester , Helmut ( 2000 ) ( 1982 ) . Introduction to the New Testament : History and literature of early Christianity ( 2 ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 16561 - 9 . Lössl , Josef ( 2010 ) . The Early Church : History and Memory . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 16561 - 9 . Malbon , Elizabeth Struthers ( 2000 ) . In the Company of Jesus : Characters in Mark 's Gospel . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664222550 . Morris , Leon ( 1990 ) ( 1986 ) . New Testament Theology . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 45571 - 4 . Moyise , Steve ( 2013 ) . Introduction to Biblical Studies . Bloomsbury . ISBN 9780567189264 . Perkins , Pheme ( 1998 ) . `` The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles : Telling the Christian Story '' . In Barton , John . The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation . Westminster John Knox Press . pp. 241 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7 . Perkins , Pheme ( 2009 ) ( 2007 ) . Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6553 - 3 . Powell , Mark Allan ( 1998 ) . Jesus as a Figure in History : How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25703 - 3 . Reddish , Mitchell ( 2011 ) . An Introduction to The Gospels . Abingdon Press , 2011 . ISBN 9781426750083 . Sanders , E ( 1995 ) . The Historical Figure of Jesus . Penguin UK . Schröter , Jens ( 2010 ) . `` The Gospel of Mark '' . In Aune , David E. The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Wiley -- Blackwell . pp. 272 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0825 - 6 . Smith , Stephen H. ( 1995 ) . `` A Divine Tragedy : Some Observations on the Dramatic Structure of Mark 's Gospel '' . Novum Testamentum . E.J. Brill , Leiden. 37 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 31 . doi : 10.1163 / 1568536952662709 . JSTOR 1561221 . Strecker , Georg ( 2000 ) . Theology of the New Testament . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22336 - 6 . Telford , William R. ( 1999 ) . The Theology of the Gospel of Mark . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43977 - 0 . Twelftree , Graham H. ( 1999 ) . Jesus the miracle worker : a historical & theological study . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1596 - 8 . Welch , John W. ( 2006 ) . `` Miracles , Maleficium , and Maiestas in the Trial of Jesus '' . In Charlesworth , James H. Jesus and Archaeology . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4880 - 2 . Williamson , Lamar ( 1983 ) . Mark . John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237608 . Witherington , Ben ( 2001 ) . The Gospel of Mark : A Socio - rhetorical Commentary . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4503 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Raymond E. ( 1994 ) . An Introduction to New Testament Christology . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 3516 - 5 . Crossan , John Dominic ( 2010 ) ( 1998 ) . The Birth of Christianity : Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 197815 - 9 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 085951 - 0 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2009 ) . Jesus Interrupted . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 117394 - 3 . Ladd , George Eldon ( 1993 ) . A Theology of the New Testament . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0680 - 2 . Lane , William L. ( 1974 ) . The Gospel According to Mark : The English Text with Introduction , Exposition and Notes . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2502 - 5 . Levine , Amy - Jill ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . `` Visions of kingdoms : From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt '' . In Coogan , Michael D . The Oxford History of the Biblical World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513937 - 2 . Mack , Burton L. ( 1994 ) ( 1993 ) . The Lost Gospel : The Book of Q and Christian origins . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 065375 - 0 . Perrin , Norman ; Duling , Dennis C. ( 1982 ) . The New Testament : An Introduction ( 2 ed . ) . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 565726 - 7 . Schnelle , Udo ( 1998 ) . The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2952 - 6 . ( M. Eugene Boring translator ) Theißen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1998 ) . The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Augsburg Fortress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 3123 - 9 . Van Linden , Philip ( 1992 ) ( 1989 ) . `` Mark '' . In Karris , Robert J. The Collegeville Bible Commentary : New Testament , NAB . Liturgical Press . pp. 903 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 2211 - 7 . Weeden , Theodore J. ( 1995 ) . `` The Heresy that Necessitated Mark 's Gospel '' . In Telford , William . Interpretation of Mark . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 29256 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Biblical Studies ( NT ) # The Gospels : The Life and Ministry of Jesus Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gospel of Mark Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gospel of Mark . Online translations of the Gospel of Mark Bible Gateway 35 languages / 50 versions at GospelCom.net Unbound Bible 100 + languages / versions at Biola University Online Bible at gospelhall.org Early Christian Writings : Mark in numerous English translations , on - line scholarly resources Mark on Wikisource ( King James version ) Bible : Mark public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Related articles A Brief Introduction to Mark Resources for the Book of Mark at The Text This Week An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels by Wieland Willker , including detailed text - critical discussion of the 300 most important variants of the Greek text ( PDF , 411 pages ) and the variant endings ( PDF , 17 pages ) . Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture Gospel of Mark , Author Dr. Mary Healy Gospel of Mark Synoptic Gospel Preceded by Gospel of Matthew New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Gospel of Luke Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Gospel of Mark Bible Mark 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Places Bethany Bethsaida Capernaum Dalmanutha Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Nazareth Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod Antipas Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph of Arimathea Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Philip Pontius Pilate Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Pharisees Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Events Feeding the 5000 Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of Matthew ( chapter 28 ) Gospel of Luke ( chapter 1 ) → ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book VIAF : 179823714 GND : 4037658 - 8 BNF : cb120084265 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&oldid=826276504 '' Categories : Gospel of Mark Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Mìng - dĕ̤ng - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did mark get his information to write his gospel	[ "The Gospel of Mark was written anonymously.[7] Early Christian tradition ascribes it to John Mark, a companion and interpreter of the apostle Peter.[8] Hence its author is often called Mark, even though most modern scholars are doubtful of the Markan tradition and instead regard the author as unknown.[9] It was probably written c. AD 66–70, during Nero's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt, as suggested by internal references to war in Judea and to persecution.[3] The author used a variety of pre-existing sources, such as conflict stories (Mark 2:1–3:6), apocalyptic discourse (4:1–35), and collections of sayings (although not the Gospel of Thomas and probably not the Q source).[10]" ]	[ "a variety of pre-existing sources, such as conflict stories (Mark 2:1–3:6), apocalyptic discourse (4:1–35), and collections of sayings" ]
-601416827801667027	Half-mast	Half - mast - wikipedia Half - mast The Austrian flag flying at half - mast before the Austrian Parliament Building , due to the death of President Thomas Klestil , on 7 July 2004 The Brazilian flag , besides the Mercosul flag , flying at half - mast in front of the National Congress of Brazil in memory of the victims of the Chapecoense crash in 29 November 2016 . The American flag flying at half - mast in Buchenwald , Thuringia , Germany , on 19 April 1945 following the death of President Roosevelt . Half - mast or half - staff refers to a flag flying below the summit on a pole . In many countries this is seen as a symbol of respect , mourning , distress , or , in some cases , a salute . Strictly speaking , flags are said to be half - mast if flown from ships and half - staff if on land , although not all regional variations of English use `` half - staff . '' The tradition of flying the flag at half - mast began in the 17th century . According to some sources , the flag is lowered to make room for an `` invisible flag of death '' flying above . However , there is disagreement about where on a flagpole a flag should be when it is at half - staff . It is often recommended that a flag at half - staff be lowered only as much as the hoist , or width , of the flag . British flag protocol is that a flag should be flown no less than two - thirds of the way up the flagpole , with at least the height of the flag between the top of the flag and the top of the pole . It is common for the phrase to be taken literally and for a flag to be flown only halfway up a flagpole , although some authorities deprecate that practice . When hoisting a flag that is to be displayed at half - mast , it should be raised to the finial of the pole for an instant , then lowered to half - mast . Likewise , when the flag is lowered at the end of the day , it should be hoisted to the finial for an instant , and then lowered . Contents 1 Australia 2 Cambodia 3 Canada 4 China 5 Finland 6 France 7 Germany 8 Greece 9 Hong Kong 10 India 11 Iran 12 Ireland 13 Israel 14 Italy 15 Indonesia 16 Japan 17 Malaysia 18 Malta 19 Netherlands 20 New Zealand 21 Pakistan 22 Philippines 23 Russia 24 Saudi Arabia 25 Singapore 26 South Africa 27 South Korea 28 Sri Lanka 29 Sweden 30 Taiwan 31 Thailand 32 Turkey 33 United Arab Emirates 34 United Kingdom 35 United Nations 36 United States 37 Vietnam 38 Zimbabwe 39 See also 40 References 41 External links Australia ( edit ) The Australian White Ensign flying at half - mast . In accordance with British tradition , the flag is flying only one flag 's width below the top of the pole . The flag of Australia is flown half - mast in Australia : On the death of the Sovereign -- from the time of announcement of the death up to and including the funeral . On the day the accession of the new Sovereign is proclaimed , it is customary to raise the flag to the peak from 11 a.m. ; On the death of a member of a royal family ; On the death of the Governor - General or a former Governor - General ; On the death of the head of state of another country with which Australia has diplomatic relations -- the flag would be flown on the day of the funeral ; On ANZAC day the flag is flown half - mast until noon ; On Remembrance Day flags are flown at peak till 10 : 30 am , at half - mast from 10 : 30am to 11 : 03am , then at peak the remainder of the day ; On the death of a distinguished Australian citizen . Flags in any locality may be flown at half - mast on the death of a notable local citizen or on the day , or part of the day , of their funeral . Recent examples include the death of naturalist Steve Irwin , actor Heath Ledger , esteemed international opera singer Dame Joan Sutherland , and former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam . In the case of cricketer Phillip Hughes , who died after being struck by a bouncer during a Sheffield Shield cricket match , the Australian flag was flown at half - mast at Cricket NSW headquarters on 27 November 2014 -- the day of his death , as well as on the Sydney Harbour Bridge and at Lord 's Cricket Ground in London . At times of natural disaster such as bushfires or tragedy . For example , in the days immediately following the Black Saturday bushfires , many flags of all types were flown at half - mast in spontaneous acknowledgement of the enormous loss of life ; the then Prime Minister announced that the Australian Flag would be flown at half - mast on 7 February , in remembrance of the victims . On 19 July 2014 , the Australian flag flew half - mast across the country in tribute to the lives lost in the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 incident . On 16 December 2014 , flags on all NSW government buildings , including the Sydney Harbour Bridge , flew at half - mast after the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis . On the death of international political friends to the country . Recent example includes Womtelo Reverend Baldwin Lonsdale , President of the Republic of Vanuatu . In Australia and other Commonwealth countries , merchant ships `` dip '' their ensigns to half - mast when passing an RAN vessel or a ship from the navy of any allied country . Cambodia ( edit ) The flag of Cambodia flew at half mast upon the death of King - Father Norodom Sihanouk for 7 days , from 15 -- 22 October 2012 . Canada ( edit ) The term half - mast is the official term used in Canada , according to the Rules For Half - Masting the National Flag of Canada . The decision to fly the flag at half - mast on federal buildings rests with the Department of Canadian Heritage . Federally , the national flag of Canada is flown at half - mast to mark the following occasions : Occasion or date Protocol or significance The death of the sovereign From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or memorial service , but the flag is flown at full - mast on the day on which the accession of the new monarch is proclaimed The death of a Governor General or Prime Minister who dies while in office From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or memorial service The death of any member of the Royal Family , a former Governor General , the sitting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , sitting Ministers of the Crown , or a former Prime Minister From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or , if there is to be a memorial service , from the time of notification of death until sunset the following day and from sunrise to sunset on the day of the service The death of a police officer in the line of duty . The flag could be flown at half - mast from a couple of days to weeks , depending on the ranking of the officer . 28 April of each year Marking the Day of Mourning for People Killed or Injured in the Workplace ( coinciding with World Day for Safety and Health at Work ) 23 June of each year Marking the National Day of Remembrance for Victims of Terrorism Last Sunday in September of each year Marking Police Officer 's National Memorial Day 11 November of each year Marking Remembrance Day 6 December of each year Marking the National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women Certain events are also marked by flying the national flag at half - mast on the Peace Tower at Parliament Hill . These include : Date Significance 9 April of each year Marking Vimy Ridge Day Varies The annual memorial service on Parliament Hill to remember deceased parliamentarians The flag of Canada , the flag of Québec , and the flag of the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets are half masted on board Bagotville Cadet Summer Training Centre , following the train detrailment and explosion of Lac Mégantic , Québec . On occasion discretion can dictate the flying of the national flag at half - mast , not only on the Peace Tower , but on all federal facilities . Some examples include 11 September 2001 , 11 September 2002 , the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami , the 2005 Mayerthorpe tragedy , the death of Pope John Paul II , the 2005 London bombings , the death of Smokey Smith , the state funerals of former U.S. presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford , and the death of Jack Layton There are , however , exceptions to the rules of half - masting in Canada : if Victoria Day or Canada Day fall during a period of half - masting , the flags are to be returned to full - mast for the duration of the day . The national flag on the Peace Tower is also hoisted to full mast if a foreign head of state or head of government is visiting the parliament . These exemptions , though , do not apply to the period of mourning for the death of a Canadian monarch . The Royal Standard of Canada also never flies at half - mast , as it is considered representative of the sovereign , who ascends to the throne automatically upon the death of his or her predecessor . Each province can make its own determination of when to fly the flag at half - mast when provincial leaders or honoured citizens pass away . To raise a flag in this position , the flag must be flown to the top of the pole first , then brought down halfway before the flag is secured for flying . When such mourning occurs , all flags should be flown at that position or not be flown at all , with the exception of flags permanently attached to poles . A controversy surfaced in April , 2006 , when the newly elected Conservative government discontinued the practice , initiated by the previous Liberal government following the Tarnak Farm incident , of flying the flag at half - mast on all government buildings whenever a Canadian soldier was killed in action in Afghanistan . The issue divided veterans ' groups and military families , some of whom supported the return to the original tradition of using Remembrance Day to honour all soldiers killed in action , while others felt it was an appropriate way to honour the fallen and to remind the population of the costs of war . In spite of the federal government 's policy , local authorities have often decided to fly the flag at half - mast to honour fallen soldiers who were from their jurisdiction , including Toronto and Saskatchewan . On 2 April 2008 , the House of Commons voted in favour of a motion calling on the government to reinstate the former policy regarding the half - masting of the flag on federal buildings . The motion , however , was not binding and the Cabinet refused to recommend any revision in policy to the Governor General . At the same time , a federal advisory committee tabled its report on the protocol of flying the national flag at half - mast , recommending that the Peace Tower flag remain at full height on days such as the Police Officers National Memorial Day and the National Day or Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women , stating that the flag should only be half - masted on Remembrance Day . At last report , the committee 's findings had been forwarded to the House of Commons all - party heritage committee for further study . China ( edit ) Chinese flag at half - mast to mark to mourn for the victims of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake . The National Flag Law provides for a number of situations on which the flag should be flown at half - mast , and authorizes the State Council to make such executive orders : On the death of the President , Premier , Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress , Chairman of the Central Military Commission , Chairman of the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference , and those who have made major contributions to the People 's Republic of China , or to world peace or advancement of the mankind . For example , the flag was flown at half - mast after the deaths of Zhou Enlai ( 1976 ) , Zhu De ( 1976 ) , Mao Zedong ( 1976 ) , Soong Ching - ling ( 1981 ) , Hu Yaobang ( 1989 ) , Li Xiannian ( 1992 ) , Deng Xiaoping ( 1997 ) and Yang Shangkun ( 1998 ) . When major disasters happen , such as when the flag was flown at half - mast from 19 May to 21 May 2008 , the three national mourning days for the 2008 Sichuan earthquake . Finland ( edit ) The Finnish flag flying at half - mast after the 2011 Norway attacks . In Finland , the official term for flying a flag at half - mast is known as suruliputus ( mourning by flag ( ging ) ) . It is performed by raising the flag briefly to the top of the mast and lowering it approximately one - third of the length of the flagpole , placing the lower hoist corner at half - mast . On wall - mounted and roof - top flagpoles the middle of the flag should fly at the middle of the flagpole . When removing the flag from half - mast , it is briefly hoisted to the finial before lowering . Traditionally , private residences and apartment houses fly the national flag at half - mast on the day of the death of a resident , when the flag is displayed at half - mast until sunset or 21 : 00 , whichever comes first . Flags are also flown at half - mast on the day of the burial , with the exception that the flag is to be hoisted to the finial after the inhumation takes place . Flags are also to be flown at half - mast on the days of national mourning . Such days are the deaths of former or current Finnish presidents , as well as significant catastrophic events such as the aftermath of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , 2011 Norway attacks and significant national events such as the 2004 Konginkangas bus disaster and school shootings of Jokela and Kauhajoki . Historically , flags were flown at half - mast on the Commemoration Day of Fallen Soldiers which takes place on the third Sunday of May . Originally , flag was raised to the finial in the morning , displayed at half - mast from 10 : 00 to 14 : 00 , and again raised to the finial for the rest of the day . In 1995 , the 50th anniversary of the end of the Second World War , the tradition of flying the flag at half - mast was discontinued and flag is displayed at the finial in a usual manner . France ( edit ) The French flag is flown half mast on any Day of Mourning by order of the government ( for example after the Charlie Hebdo attack on 7 January 2015 , the Paris attacks on 13 November 2015 and the Nice attack on 14 July 2016 ) . Other countries have also flown the French flag at half mast because of this too . ( Australia 's Sydney Harbour Bridge flew the French flag at half mast because of the Paris attacks on 13 November 2015 ) . Some occurrences of the French flag being flown half mast have been controversial , especially after the death of Pope John Paul II in 2005 but also in a lesser measure at the time following the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 . Germany ( edit ) Black ribbons indicate mourning on banners that can not be lowered to halfmast The flag of Germany and the flags of its federal states are flown at half - mast : On 27 January , Day of Remembrance for the Victims of National Socialism ; On National Day of Mourning ( 33rd Sunday of Ordinary Time ) . On any day of mourning by order of the federal president for all of Germany , or by order of a minister president for a particular state . E.g. upon the death of a current or former ranking politician or person of high esteem , or multiple deaths in accidents or natural disasters . Greece ( edit ) According to Law 851 / 1978 , the only day specified on which the Greek flag is flown at half - mast is Good Friday . Also , on other national and public mourning days . Hong Kong ( edit ) Hong Kong SAR flag flown at half mast Similar rules as in China apply for Hong Kong . See Flag of Hong Kong for details . Prior to the transfer of sovereignty in 1997 , the rules for flying the flag at half - mast were the same as the British ones . The HKSAR flag was flown at half - mast on 24 -- 26 August 2010 , for the fatalities of the Hong Thai Travel tourists in the 2010 Manila hostage crisis . The national flag of the PRC was also flown at half - mast on 26 August in Hong Kong . The HKSAR flag was flown at half - mast on 4 -- 6 October 2012 , for the Lamma Ferry Accident victims in which 39 people died . India ( edit ) The flag of India is flown at half - mast for the death of a President , Vice-President , or Prime Minister , all over India . For the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Chief Justice of The Supreme Court of India , it is flown in Delhi and for a Union Cabinet Minister it is flown in Delhi and the state capitals , from where he or she came . For a Minister of State , it is flown only in Delhi . For a Governor , Lt. Governor , or Chief Minister of a state or union territory , it is flown in the concerned state . If the intimation of the death of any dignitary is received in the afternoon , the flag shall be flown at halfmast on the following day also at the place or places indicated above , provided the funeral has not taken place before sunrise on that day . On the day of the funeral of a dignitary mentioned above , the flag shall be flown at half - mast at the place of the funeral . In the event of a halfmast day coinciding with the Republic Day , Independence Day , Mahatma Gandhi 's birthday , National Week ( 6 to 13 April ) , any other particular day of national rejoicing as may be specified by the Government of India , or , in the case of a state , on the anniversary of formation of that state , flags are not permitted to be flown at half - mast except over the building where the body of the deceased is lying until it has been removed and that flag shall be raised to the full - mast position after the body has been removed . Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs ( Home Ministry ) in individual cases . However , in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country , the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag on the above - mentioned days . India observed a five - day period of National Mourning on the death of Nelson Mandela in 2013 . India also declared 29 March 2015 as a day of National Mourning as a mark of respect to the former Prime Minister of Singapore , Lee Kuan Yew . Iran ( edit ) The flag of Iran is flown at half - mast on the death of a national figure or mourning days . On 21 January 2017 Iran 's flag was flown at half - mast worldwide to respect the victims of the Plasco Building collapse ; On 10 January 2017 Iran 's flag was flown at half - mast worldwide to respect the death of the national figure and late Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani who died on 8 January 2017 Ireland ( edit ) The flag of Ireland is flown at half - mast on the death of a national or international figure , that is , former and current Presidents or Taoiseach , on all prominent government buildings equipped with a flag pole . The death of a prominent local figure can also be marked locally by the flag being flown at half - mast . When the national flag is flown at half - mast , no other flag should be half - masted . When a balcony in Berkeley , California , collapsed , killing six Irish people , flags were flown at half mast above all state buildings . Israel ( edit ) Flags in Israel at half mast on the eve of Yom HaShoah The flag of Israel is flown at half - mast in Israel : On Yom HaShoah , or the Holocaust Remembrance Day ; On Yom Hazikaron , or Fallen Soldiers and Victims of Terrorism Remembrance Day ; On other national days of mourning . Italy ( edit ) The flag of Italy was flown at half - mast after the 2013 Sardinia floods on 22 November 2013 . Indonesia ( edit ) The flag of Indonesia is or has been flown half - mast during several occasions : On 12 October remembering the 2002 Bali bombings . On 26 December remembering the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in Aceh . On 30 September remembering the 30 September Movement . After the death of the president / vice president / former president or other great figures who have great influence for the region / country . For example : the Indonesian flag was raised half - mast for a week after Soekarno , Soeharto and Abdurrahman Wahid 's death . On other national days of mourning Japan ( edit ) The flag of Japan is flown at half - staff upon the death of the Emperor of Japan , other members of the Imperial Family , or a current or former Prime Minister , and also following national disasters such as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . In addition to the tradition of half - staff , the national flag topped by black cloth may be flown to designate mourning . See the flag of Japan for more . Malaysia ( edit ) The flag of Malaysia ( Jalur Gemilang ) is flown at half - mast all over the country : On the death of the Yang di - Pertuan Agong ( King ) , for seven days from the day of announcement . All state and territorial flags are also flown at half - mast for seven days , while the national royal standard is flown at half - mast from the day of the announcement until the day of the election and inauguration of the new Yang di - Pertuan Agong ; On the death of the Raja Permaisuri Agong ( Queen ) , for seven days from the day of announcement . All state and territorial flags are also flown at half - mast for seven days ; On the death of a state 's Ruler or Governor , as well as the spouse of a Ruler or Governor , from the day of announcement until the day of the funeral . The state flag and state royal standard may be flown at half - mast for a longer period as determined by the state government ; On the death of the Prime Minister or acting Prime Minister , for three days from the day of announcement ; or When the Prime Minister 's Department orders to flown the Malaysian flag at half - mast for some days . As a mark of respect to the passengers and crew who were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 and their family members , some states had their states flag flown at half - mast . Similarly , as a mark of respect to the passengers and crew who were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 and their family members , the national flag was flown at half - mast for three days and also on the national day of mourning , 22 August 2014 . The 2015 Sabah earthquake had a mourning day and the flag half - mast on 8 June 2015 . Malta ( edit ) Flag at half - mast in Żebbuġ , Malta for Good Friday 2014 The flag of Malta is flown at half - mast on government buildings by instruction of the government through the Office of the Prime Minister , for example after 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . Netherlands ( edit ) Two flags half - mast at the Martinitoren in Groningen , Netherlands The flag of the Netherlands is nationally flown at half - mast : On remembrance day of the dead ( May 4th ) . After the formal 2 - minutes of silence at 8 p.m. , the flag used to be hoisted upon the playing of the National Anthem . Since 2001 , it is allowed to leave the flag at half - mast , even after the two minutes of silence ; At the death of a member of the royal family ; By instruction of the Dutch government through the office of the Prime Minister in special situations , such as happened after the crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in which 193 Dutch citizens died and the 2009 attack on the Dutch royal family on 30 April , Koninginnedag , which resulted in the deaths of seven by - standers . The royal standard and other flags of the Dutch royal family are never flown at half - mast . Instead , a black pennon may be affixed to the flag in times of mourning . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand flag at half - mast to mark the death of Sir Edmund Hillary For both government and public buildings , the flag of New Zealand is flown at half - mast for the following people : Monarch of New Zealand from the day of the announcement of their death up to and including the day of the funeral ( However , it is flown at full - mast on Proclamation Day , the day when the new sovereign is announced ) ; Current and former Governors - General and Prime Ministers of New Zealand on the day of the announcement of their death and the day of their funerals ; Other members of the Royal Family on the day of their funeral subject to a special command from the Queen or Governor - General ; Commonwealth of Nations Governors - General , Commonwealth Prime Ministers in office , Foreign and Commonwealth Heads of State on the day of the funeral ; In addition , it can also be flown at half - mast at the request of the Minister for Arts , Culture and Heritage . Examples of this are for the deaths of prominent New Zealanders ( e.g. Sir Edmund Hillary and Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu , the Maori Queen ) , and for national tragedies ( e.g. the Pike River Mine disaster ) According to the Ministry of Culture and Heritage , the position is always referred to as half - mast . The flag should be at least its own height from the top of the flagpole , though the actual position will depend on the size of the flag and the length of the flagpole . Pakistan ( edit ) The flag of Pakistan is routinely flown at half - mast on following days : On 21 April , anniversary of the death of the National Poet , Allama Muhammad Iqbal ( 1938 ) ; On 11 September , anniversary of the death of the Father of the Nation Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( 1948 ) ; On 16 October , anniversary of the death of the first Prime Minister , Liaquat Ali Khan ( 1952 ) . Any other day notified by the Government . For example , on the death of Saudi king King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz , the flag was flown at half - mast for seven days ( the flag of Saudi Arabia was n't at half - mast because the flag contains the Shahada ) . Upon the Assassination of Benazir Bhutto , the flag was ordered to be flown at half - mast for three days . On the death of Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin , spiritual leader of Dawoodi Bohra community , the flag has been ordered by Sindh Chief Minister Qaim Ali Shah , to be flown at half - mast for two days ( 17 and 18 January ) to express solidarity with the bereaved community . In 2014 , Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif announced a three - day mourning period from 16 December , including flying the flag at half - mast nationwide and at all Embassies and High Commissions of Pakistan , for the attack on Army Public School in Peshawar . Philippines ( edit ) The flag of the Philippines may be flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning . Upon the official announcement of the death of the President or a former President , the flag should be flown at half - mast for ten days . The flag should be flown at half - mast for seven days following the death of the Vice President , the Chief Justice , the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The flag may also be required to fly at half - mast upon the death of other persons to be determined by the National Historical Institute , for a period less than seven days . The flag shall be flown at half - mast on all the buildings and places where the decedent was holding office , on the day of death until the day of interment of an incumbent member of the Supreme Court , the Cabinet , the Senate or the House of Representatives , and such other persons as may be determined by the National Historical Institute . Such other people determined by the National Historical Institute have included Pope John Paul II , and former U.S. President Ronald Reagan . As per Republic Act No. 229 , flags nationwide are flown at half - mast every Rizal Day on December 30 to commemorate the death of national hero José Rizal . When flown at half - mast , the flag should be first hoisted to the peak for a moment then lowered to the half - mast position . It should be raised to the peak again before it is lowered for the day . The flag may also be used to cover the caskets of the dead of the military , veterans of previous wars , national artists , and outstanding civilians as determined by the local government . In such cases , the flag must be placed such that the white triangle is at the head and the blue portion covers the right side of the casket . The flag should not be lowered to the grave or allowed to touch the ground , but should be solemnly folded and handed to the heirs of the deceased . Flags must also be raised to half - mast immediately in any area recovering from natural disasters such as a typhoon or an earthquake . Russia ( edit ) The flag of Russia is flown at half - mast and ( or ) topped by black ribbon : On 22 June as a reminder of the Nazi invasion of the USSR in 1941 . On the death of a current or former President of Russia . On disasters causing more than 100 killed -- across all the country upon Presidential proclamation . On disasters causing more than 10 killed -- in a suffering region upon proclamation of a Governor . On other tragic occasions . For example , national mourning was proclaimed and all the state flags were flown at half - mast after the Polish President 's plane crash near Smolensk , Russia despite the number of casualties being slightly fewer than 100 . After the Assassination of Andrei Karlov , the Russian ambassador in Turkey , in December 2016 , the Russian flag was flown in half - mast on all Russian embassies in the world . All the regional flags and the departmental ensigns are flown at half - mast on national or regional mourning days as well as the national flag . Firms and non-governmental organizations , embassies and representatives of international organizations often join the mourning . National or regional mourning usually lasts for one day . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) The flag of Saudi Arabia is never flown at half - mast . The flag of Saudi Arabia is one of the four flags in the world that are never flown at half - mast because it shows the Shahada . The flag of Somaliland , a self - declared state internationally recognized as part of Somalia , also displays the Shahada . The flag of Iraq bears the Takbir once . The flag of Afghanistan displays the Takbir beneath the Shahada on the top . Since all four bear the concept of oneness of God , the flags are never lowered to half - mast even as a sign of mourning . Singapore ( edit ) The flag of Singapore is flown at half - mast in Singapore following the deaths of an `` important personage '' ( such as state leaders ) and during periods of national mourning . Examples include : On the death of the fifth President ( the first to be directly elected ) , Ong Teng Cheong , in February 2002 , even though he did not receive a state funeral ; On the death of the fourth President , Wee Kim Wee , in 2005 ; On the death of a former Cabinet Minister and Deputy Prime Minister , Goh Keng Swee , who had a state funeral on 23 May 2010 ; On the death of a former Deputy Prime Minister , Toh Chin Chye , who was cremated on 7 February 2012 ; On the death of the first Prime Minister , Lee Kuan Yew , who died on 23 March 2015 ; On the death of 7 pupils , 1 teacher and a guide from Tanjong Katong Primary School due to 2015 Sabah earthquake ; On the death of the sixth President of Singapore , S.R. Nathan , who died on 22 August 2016 ; On the death of a former Cabinet Minister , Othman Wok , who died on 17 April 2017 ; On the death of a former Cabinet Minister , Jek Yeun Thong , who died on 3 June 2018 , flags flown at half mast on 7 June 2018 ; South Africa ( edit ) The flag of South Africa is flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning when ordered by the President of South Africa . Upon the official announcement of the death of the current or former President , the flag should be flown at half - mast for ten days . The flag should be flown at half - mast for seven days following the death of the Deputy President , the Chairperson of NCOP , the Speaker of the National Assembly or the Chief Justice . For example , the flag was flown at half - mast from 6 -- 15 December 2013 during the national mourning period for Nelson Mandela . The flag was flown at half - mast during the week of national mourning following the Marikana massacre in August 2012 . South Korea ( edit ) The flag of South Korea ( Taegeukgi ) is flown at half - mast on Hyeonchungil ( Korean Memorial Day ) . Sri Lanka ( edit ) The flag of Sri Lanka is nationally flown at half - mast on a National day of mourning . Sweden ( edit ) The flag of Sweden is nationally flown at half - mast in Sweden . Examples include : On the death of a current or former King of Sweden . Taiwan ( edit ) ROC national flag flown half mast at the Presidential Office Building The flag of the Republic of China is flown at half - mast on 28 February to mark the anniversary of the 28 February Incident . On 5 August 2014 , Taiwan flew their flag in half - mast for three days to commemorate the victims of the Kaohsiung gas explosions and TransAsia Airways Flight 222 crash . Thailand ( edit ) The flag of Thailand was flown at half - mast for 15 days to mourn for the victims of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . The flag of Thailand was flown at half - mast from 2 January to 15 January 2008 on the death of Princess Galyani Vadhana , the Princess of Naradhiwas . Also from 14 October to 13 November 2016 the flag of Thailand was flown half - mast for 30 days ; following the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Rama IX ) . Turkey ( edit ) Turkish flags at half mast after the 2016 Atatürk Airport attack The flag of Turkey is flown at half - mast throughout Turkey every 10 November , between 09 : 05 and the sunset , in memory of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , who died on 10 November 1938 at five past nine in the morning . At other times , the government may issue an order for the national flag to be flown at half - mast upon the death of principal figures of the Turkish political life as a mark of respect to their memory ( such as Turgut Özal ) . When such an order is issued , all government buildings , offices , public schools and military bases are to fly their flags at half - mast . To show the sympathy of Turkish people to a foreign leader , flags are also flown at half - mast by governmental order ( such as after the deaths of Yasser Arafat or Pope John Paul II ) . The flag at the Grand National Assembly in Ankara is never lowered to half - mast , regardless of the occasion . The flag at Anıtkabir , the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the founder of Turkey , is only lowered to half - mast on November 10 . At those times when the flag is to be flown at half - mast , it must first be raised to full height , then lowered to half - mast . United Arab Emirates ( edit ) The flag of the United Arab Emirates is flown at half mast on 30 November ( Martyrs ' Day ) of every year from 08 : 00 to 11 : 30 . The flag is also flown at half mast by decree of the President of the United Arab Emirates usually for three days . Each of the seven Emirs has the right to order flags to be flown at half mast in his Emirate . United Kingdom ( edit ) Oratory Church of St Aloysius Gonzaga , Oxford , with the flag of the Holy See flying at half - mast the day after the death of Pope John Paul II . The Royal Standard , the flag of the British monarch , is never flown at half - mast , because there is always a living monarch : the throne passes immediately to the successor . There was some controversy in the United Kingdom in 1997 following the death of Diana , Princess of Wales that no flag was flying at half - mast at Buckingham Palace . Until 1997 , the only flag to fly from Buckingham Palace was the Royal Standard , the official flag of the reigning British sovereign , which would only fly when the sovereign was in residence at the Palace ( or , exceptionally , after the death of the sovereign , the flag of the next senior member of the Royal Family would be raised , if the new sovereign were not present ) ; otherwise , no flag would fly . In response to public outcry that the palace was not flying a flag at half mast , Queen Elizabeth II ordered a break with protocol , replacing the Royal Standard with the Union Flag at half - mast as soon as the Queen left the Palace to attend the Princess 's funeral at Westminster Abbey . The Royal Standard was again flown ( at full hoist ) on her return to the Palace . Since then , the Union Flag flies from the Palace when the Queen is not in residence , and has flown at half mast upon the deaths of members of the Royal Family , such as Princess Margaret and the Queen Mother in 2002 and other times of national mourning such as following the terrorist bombings in London on 7 July 2005 . In the UK , the correct way to fly the flag at half - mast is two - thirds between the bottom and top of the flagstaff , with at least the width of the flag between the top of the flag and the top of the pole according to the Department of Culture , Media and Sport , which decides the flying , on command of the Sovereign . The flag may be flown on a government building at half - mast on the following days : From the announcement of the death up to the funeral of the Sovereign , except on Proclamation Day when flags are hoisted to full - mast , from 11am until sunset ; The funerals of members of the royal family , upon command of the Sovereign ; The funerals of foreign rulers , upon command of the Sovereign ; The funerals of prime ministers and ex-prime ministers of the UK , upon command of the Sovereign ; Other occasions , by special command of the Sovereign . According to the Department of Culture , Media and Sport , the correct term is Half Mast . If a flag flying day coincides with a half - mast flag flying day ( including the death of a member of the royal family ) , the flag is flown at full - mast unless a specific command is received from the Sovereign . If more than one flag is flown on a half - mast day , they must all be flown at half - mast , or not at all . The flag of a foreign nation must never be flown at half - mast on UK soil unless that country has declared mourning . United Nations ( edit ) At the United Nations offices in New York and Geneva , the flag of the United Nations flies at half - mast on the day after the death of a Head of State or a Head of Government of a member state , but generally not during the funeral . Other occasions are at the Secretary - General 's discretion . Other offices may follow local practice . To honor the memory of Dag Hammarskjöld the UN issued postage stamps showing its flag at half - mast . United States ( edit ) The flag at the Capitol Building flies at half - staff in honor of President Ronald Reagan , 2004 The United States flag flying at half - staff at sunset . In the United States , the usual government term for non-nautical use is `` half - staff . '' While the term `` half - mast '' is commonly used in place of half - staff , U.S. law and post-WW - I military tradition indicate that `` half - mast '' is reserved to usage aboard a ship , where flags are typically flown from masts , and at naval ships ashore . Elsewhere ashore , flags are flown at `` half - staff . '' In addition , flags are lowered to half - staff , not raised . In the United States , the President can issue an executive order for the flag of the United States to be flown at half - staff upon the death of principal figures of the United States government and others , as a mark of respect to their memory . When such an order is issued , all government buildings , offices , public schools , and military bases are to fly their flags at half - staff . Under federal law ( 4 U.S.C. § 7 ( f ) ) , the flags of states , cities , localities , and pennants of societies , shall never be placed above the flag of the United States ; thus , all other flags also fly at half - staff when the U.S. flag has been ordered to fly at half - staff . There is no penalty for failure to comply with the above law as to enforce such a penalty would violate the First Amendment . Governors of U.S. states and territories are authorized by federal law to order all U.S. and state flags in their jurisdiction flown at half - staff as a mark of respect for a former or current state official who has died , or for a member of the armed forces who has died in active duty . The governor 's authority to issue the order is more restricted than the president 's , and does not include discretion to issue the order for state residents who do not meet the criteria stated . Since a governor 's executive order affects only his or her state , not the entire country , these orders are distinguished from presidential proclamations . Under 4 U.S.C. § 7 ( m ) and established traditions by Presidential proclamations , the flag of the United States is to be flown at half - staff on rare occasions , in the following circumstances : For thirty days after the death of a current or former president or president - elect , as occurred after the death of President Reagan and the death of President Ford . For ten days after the death of a current vice president , current or retired chief justice , or current Speaker of the House of Representatives . From the day of death until interment of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court , a secretary of an executive or military department , a former vice president , the President Pro Tempore of the Senate , or the governor of a state , territory , or possession . On the day of death and the day after for a Member of Congress . On Memorial Day until noon . Every September 11 in remembrance of the September 11 attacks . Upon presidential proclamation , usually after the death of other notable figures or tragic events . Federal law includes a Congressional request that the flag be flown at half - staff on Peace Officers Memorial Day ( May 15 ) , unless that day is also Armed Forces Day . Presidential proclamations also call for the flag to be flown at half - staff on Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( December 7 ) , and Patriot Day ( September 11 ) . On October 16 , 2001 , President George W. Bush approved legislation requiring the United States flag to be lowered to half - staff on all Federal buildings to memorialize fallen firefighters . Pub. L. 107 -- 51 requires this action to occur annually in conjunction with observance of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service . The date of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service is traditionally the first Sunday in October . It is held at the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial in Emmitsburg , Maryland . 4 U.S.C. § 7 ( m ) was modified with new legislation signed into effect on June 29 , 2007 , by President Bush , requiring any federal facility within a region , which proclaims half - staff to honor a member of the U.S. Armed Forces who died on active duty , to follow the half - staff proclamation . Vietnam ( edit ) Apart from the lowered position of the flag of Vietnam , state mourning also warrants a black ribbon 1 / 10 the width of the flag 's width and equal to the length of the flag to be tied at the summit . Variants have the black ribbon wrapped around the flag itself , preventing it from being unfurled . Zimbabwe ( edit ) The flag of Zimbabwe is flown at half - mast at the conferment of National Hero Status to the deceased . As a first - generation republic , adjudication over such a status is currently done by the politburo of the ZANU -- PF . See also ( edit ) Black ribbon Moment of silence References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Flags at half mast '' . Jump up ^ `` Half - Staff versus Half - Mast : Which is correct ? '' . CollinsFlags.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Trex , Ethan ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Why are flags flown at half - staff in times of mourning ? '' . The Week . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Holidays -- Holocaust Remembrance Day '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Memorial Day Law for the Fallen of Israel 's Wars ( unofficial translation ) '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 天皇陛下崩御に際しての弔意奉表について : 文部科学省 '' . Jump up ^ `` 外務省 : 国際儀礼 ( プロトコール ) ~ 伝統的な国家間のマナー '' . Jump up ^ `` It falls under their prerogative , says government official -- Nation -- The Star Online '' . Jump up ^ migration ( 18 July 2014 ) . `` Malaysia Airlines MH17 crash : Flags to fly at half - mast over next three days , says Najib '' . Jump up ^ `` Flags , Symbols and their uses '' . Government of Malta . Archived from the original on 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flags at half mast '' . Times of Malta. 1 January 2005 . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Koninkrijksrelaties , Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en . `` Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties '' . Jump up ^ `` Personal flags '' . www.royal-house.nl . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The royal standard of King Willem - Alexander flies with a mourning ... '' Getty Images . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flying the New Zealand flag '' . Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary dies '' . 12 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Half - masting of New Zealand flag '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` At least 141 dead in Taliban school attack in PeshawarARY NEWS '' . Jump up ^ `` Republic Act No. 8491 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . ( archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 05 ) . Jump up ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act ( Cap . 296 , R 1 , 2004 Rev. Ed . ) Jump up ^ `` Singapore 's Government extends condolences after death of PAP pioneer Jek Yeun Thong '' . channelnewsasia.com . June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Government Notice : Instructions regarding the flying of the national flag of South Africa '' . Government of South Africa . 8 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nelson Mandela dead : Full address to the nation by President Jacob Zuma '' . The Independent . London . 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flags to fly at half mast for a week '' . The Mercury . 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flags flying at half - mast to mourn explosions , air crash '' . The China Post . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Andrew ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` Royal Family learnt lesson over Princess Diana '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ See Flying Flags in the United Kingdom : a Guide to Britain 's Flag Protocol Jump up ^ `` Flying Flags in the United Kingdom - A Guide to Britain 's Flag Protocol '' ( PDF ) . Flag Institute . The Flag Institute / The Flags & Heraldry Committee . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ UN flag code and regulations Jump up ^ `` Bartleby.com : Great Books Online -- Quotes , Poems , Novels , Classics and hundreds more '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Does a Flag Fly at Half - Staff or Half - Mast ? USA Flag Site '' . Jump up ^ `` Sept. 8 Confused Words flashcards - Quizlet '' . Jump up ^ 4 U.S.C. § 7 ( m ) Jump up ^ `` Nixon 's Proclamation 3948 establishing the expectation that the flag will be raised to half - mast upon the death of certain designated officials '' . presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Flying the American Flag at Half Staff PDFVeterans Affairs (. gov ) '' opa '' celebrate '' ( PDF ) . line feed character in title = at position 39 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Honoring the Victims of the Incidents on Tuesday , September 11 , 2001 '' ( Press release ) . White House . September 12 , 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Flying the American Flag at Half Staff '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day , 2007 '' ( Press release ) . White House . December 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Patriot Day , 2007 '' ( Press release ) . White House . September 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service '' . The Library of Congress . October 16 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` National Fallen Firefighters Monument '' . National Fallen Firefighters Foundation . October 1 , 1981 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Code Modifications for Half - Staff at a Federal Facility '' . `` When to fly the flag at half mast '' , gettysburgflag.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ giaoduc.net.vn ( 6 October 2013 ) . `` Cách treo cờ rủ Lễ tang Đại Tướng Võ Nguyên Giáp '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags at half staff . Look up half - mast or half - staff in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Australian protocols for flying at half - mast British Flag Protocol Canadian Heritage announcements of half - masting Canadian rules for half - masting US Flag Code Concerning Flag Display Calendar of Presidential and Gubernatorial half - staff orders for United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half-mast&oldid=863102821 '' Categories : Acknowledgements of death Flag practices Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 errors : invisible characters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本語 Português Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2018 , at 18 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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-3942117805715207648	Rectangle	Rectangle - wikipedia Rectangle For the record label , see Rectangle ( label ) . Rectangle Rectangle Type quadrilateral , parallelogram , orthotope Edges and vertices Schläfli symbol ( ) × ( ) Coxeter diagram Symmetry group Dihedral ( D ) , ( 2 ) , ( * 22 ) , order 4 Dual polygon rhombus Properties convex , isogonal , cyclic Opposite angles and sides are congruent In Euclidean plane geometry , a rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right angles . It can also be defined as an equiangular quadrilateral , since equiangular means that all of its angles are equal ( 360 ° / 4 = 90 ° ) . It can also be defined as a parallelogram containing a right angle . A rectangle with four sides of equal length is a square . The term oblong is occasionally used to refer to a non-square rectangle . A rectangle with vertices ABCD would be denoted as ABCD . The word rectangle comes from the Latin rectangulus , which is a combination of rectus ( as an adjective , right , proper ) and angulus ( angle ) . A crossed rectangle is a crossed ( self - intersecting ) quadrilateral which consists of two opposite sides of a rectangle along with the two diagonals . It is a special case of an antiparallelogram , and its angles are not right angles . Other geometries , such as spherical , elliptic , and hyperbolic , have so - called rectangles with opposite sides equal in length and equal angles that are not right angles . Rectangles are involved in many tiling problems , such as tiling the plane by rectangles or tiling a rectangle by polygons . Contents 1 Characterizations 2 Classification 2.1 Traditional hierarchy 2.2 Alternative hierarchy 3 Properties 3.1 Symmetry 3.2 Rectangle - rhombus duality 3.3 Miscellaneous 4 Formulae 5 Theorems 6 Crossed rectangles 7 Other rectangles 8 Tessellations 9 Squared , perfect , and other tiled rectangles 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Characterizations A convex quadrilateral is a rectangle if and only if it is any one of the following : a parallelogram with at least one right angle a parallelogram with diagonals of equal length a parallelogram ABCD where triangles ABD and DCA are congruent an equiangular quadrilateral a quadrilateral with four right angles a convex quadrilateral with successive sides a , b , c , d whose area is 1 4 ( a + c ) ( b + d ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) ( a + c ) ( b + d ) ) . a convex quadrilateral with successive sides a , b , c , d whose area is 1 2 ( a 2 + c 2 ) ( b 2 + d 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( b ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . ) Classification A rectangle is a special case of both parallelogram and trapezoid . A square is a special case of a rectangle . Traditional hierarchy A rectangle is a special case of a parallelogram in which each pair of adjacent sides is perpendicular . A parallelogram is a special case of a trapezium ( known as a trapezoid in North America ) in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel and equal in length . A trapezium is a convex quadrilateral which has at least one pair of parallel opposite sides . A convex quadrilateral is Simple : The boundary does not cross itself . Star - shaped : The whole interior is visible from a single point , without crossing any edge . Alternative hierarchy De Villiers defines a rectangle more generally as any quadrilateral with axes of symmetry through each pair of opposite sides . This definition includes both right - angled rectangles and crossed rectangles . Each has an axis of symmetry parallel to and equidistant from a pair of opposite sides , and another which is the perpendicular bisector of those sides , but , in the case of the crossed rectangle , the first axis is not an axis of symmetry for either side that it bisects . Quadrilaterals with two axes of symmetry , each through a pair of opposite sides , belong to the larger class of quadrilaterals with at least one axis of symmetry through a pair of opposite sides . These quadrilaterals comprise isosceles trapezia and crossed isosceles trapezia ( crossed quadrilaterals with the same vertex arrangement as isosceles trapezia ) . Properties Symmetry A rectangle is cyclic : all corners lie on a single circle . It is equiangular : all its corner angles are equal ( each of 90 degrees ) . It is isogonal or vertex - transitive : all corners lie within the same symmetry orbit . It has two lines of reflectional symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 2 ( through 180 ° ) . Rectangle - rhombus Duality The dual polygon of a rectangle is a rhombus , as shown in the table below . Rectangle Rhombus All angles are equal . All sides are equal . Alternate sides are equal . Alternate angles are equal . Its centre is equidistant from its vertices , hence it has a circumcircle . Its centre is equidistant from its sides , hence it has an incircle . Two axes of symmetry bisect opposite sides . Two axes of symmetry bisect opposite angles . Diagonals are equal in length . Diagonals intersect at equal angles . The figure formed by joining , in order , the midpoints of the sides of a rectangle is a rhombus and vice versa . Miscellaneous The two diagonals are equal in length and bisect each other . Every quadrilateral with both these properties is a rectangle . A rectangle is rectilinear : its sides meet at right angles . A rectangle in the plane can be defined by five independent degrees of freedom consisting , for example , of three for position ( comprising two of translation and one of rotation ) , one for shape ( aspect ratio ) , and one for overall size ( area ) . Two rectangles , neither of which will fit inside the other , are said to be incomparable . Formulae The formula for the perimeter of a rectangle The area of a rectangle is the product of the length and width . If a rectangle has length l ( \ displaystyle \ ell ) and width w ( \ displaystyle w ) it has area A = l w ( \ displaystyle A = \ ell w \ , ) , it has perimeter P = 2 l + 2 w = 2 ( l + w ) ( \ displaystyle P = 2 \ ell + 2w = 2 ( \ ell + w ) \ , ) , each diagonal has length d = l 2 + w 2 ( \ displaystyle d = ( \ sqrt ( \ ell ^ ( 2 ) + w ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) , and when l = w ( \ displaystyle \ ell = w \ , ) , the rectangle is a square . Theorems The isoperimetric theorem for rectangles states that among all rectangles of a given perimeter , the square has the largest area . The midpoints of the sides of any quadrilateral with perpendicular diagonals form a rectangle . A parallelogram with equal diagonals is a rectangle . The Japanese theorem for cyclic quadrilaterals states that the incentres of the four triangles determined by the vertices of a cyclic quadrilateral taken three at a time form a rectangle . The British flag theorem states that with vertices denoted A , B , C , and D , for any point P on the same plane of a rectangle : ( A P ) 2 + ( C P ) 2 = ( B P ) 2 + ( D P ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ displaystyle ( AP ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( CP ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( BP ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( DP ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) For every convex body C in the plane , we can inscribe a rectangle r in C such that a homothetic copy R of r is circumscribed about C and the positive homothety ratio is at most 2 and 0.5 × Area ( R ) ≤ Area ( C ) ≤ 2 × Area ( r ) ( \ displaystyle 0.5 ( \ text ( × Area ) ) ( R ) \ leq ( \ text ( Area ) ) ( C ) \ leq 2 ( \ text ( × Area ) ) ( r ) ) . Crossed rectangles A crossed ( self - intersecting ) quadrilateral consists of two opposite sides of a non-self - intersecting quadrilateral along with the two diagonals . Similarly , a crossed rectangle is a crossed quadrilateral which consists of two opposite sides of a rectangle along with the two diagonals . It has the same vertex arrangement as the rectangle . It appears as two identical triangles with a common vertex , but the geometric intersection is not considered a vertex . A crossed quadrilateral is sometimes likened to a bow tie or butterfly . A three - dimensional rectangular wire frame that is twisted can take the shape of a bow tie . A crossed rectangle is sometimes called an `` angular eight '' . The interior of a crossed rectangle can have a polygon density of ± 1 in each triangle , dependent upon the winding orientation as clockwise or counterclockwise . A crossed rectangle is not equiangular . The sum of its interior angles ( two acute and two reflex ) , as with any crossed quadrilateral , is 720 ° . A rectangle and a crossed rectangle are quadrilaterals with the following properties in common : Opposite sides are equal in length . The two diagonals are equal in length . It has two lines of reflectional symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 2 ( through 180 ° ) . Other rectangles A saddle rectangle has 4 nonplanar vertices , alternated from vertices of a cuboid , with a unique minimal surface interior defined as a linear combination of the four vertices , creating a saddle surface . This example shows 4 blue edges of the rectangle , and two green diagonals , all being diagonal of the cuboid rectangular faces . In spherical geometry , a spherical rectangle is a figure whose four edges are great circle arcs which meet at equal angles greater than 90 ° . Opposite arcs are equal in length . The surface of a sphere in Euclidean solid geometry is a non-Euclidean surface in the sense of elliptic geometry . Spherical geometry is the simplest form of elliptic geometry . In elliptic geometry , an elliptic rectangle is a figure in the elliptic plane whose four edges are elliptic arcs which meet at equal angles greater than 90 ° . Opposite arcs are equal in length . In hyperbolic geometry , a hyperbolic rectangle is a figure in the hyperbolic plane whose four edges are hyperbolic arcs which meet at equal angles less than 90 ° . Opposite arcs are equal in length . Tessellations The rectangle is used in many periodic tessellation patterns , in brickwork , for example , these tilings : Stacked bond Running bond Basket weave Basket weave Herringbone pattern Squared , perfect , and other tiled rectangles A rectangle tiled by squares , rectangles , or triangles is said to be a `` squared '' , `` rectangled '' , or `` triangulated '' ( or `` triangled '' ) rectangle respectively . The tiled rectangle is perfect if the tiles are similar and finite in number and no two tiles are the same size . If two such tiles are the same size , the tiling is imperfect . In a perfect ( or imperfect ) triangled rectangle the triangles must be right triangles . A rectangle has commensurable sides if and only if it is tileable by a finite number of unequal squares . The same is true if the tiles are unequal isosceles right triangles . The tilings of rectangles by other tiles which have attracted the most attention are those by congruent non-rectangular polyominoes , allowing all rotations and reflections . There are also tilings by congruent polyaboloes . See also Cuboid Golden rectangle Hyperrectangle Superellipse ( includes a rectangle with rounded corners ) References Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Definition of Oblong . Mathsisfun.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Oblong -- Geometry -- Math Dictionary . Icoachmath.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Coxeter , Harold Scott MacDonald ; Longuet - Higgins , M.S. ; Miller , J.C.P. ( 1954 ) . `` Uniform polyhedra '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences . The Royal Society . 246 ( 916 ) : 401 -- 450 . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1954.0003 . ISSN 0080 - 4614 . JSTOR 91532 . MR 0062446 . Jump up ^ Zalman Usiskin and Jennifer Griffin , `` The Classification of Quadrilaterals . A Study of Definition '' , Information Age Publishing , 2008 , pp. 34 -- 36 ISBN 1 - 59311 - 695 - 0 . Jump up ^ Owen Byer ; Felix Lazebnik ; Deirdre L. Smeltzer ( 19 August 2010 ) . Methods for Euclidean Geometry . MAA . pp. 53 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88385 - 763 - 2 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Josefsson Martin ( 2013 ) . `` Five Proofs of an Area Characterization of Rectangles '' ( PDF ) . Forum Geometricorum. 13 : 17 -- 21 . Jump up ^ An Extended Classification of Quadrilaterals ( An excerpt from De Villiers , M. 1996 . Some Adventures in Euclidean Geometry . University of Durban - Westville . ) Jump up ^ de Villiers , Michael , `` Generalizing Van Aubel Using Duality '' , Mathematics Magazine 73 ( 4 ) , Oct. 2000 , pp. 303 - 307 . Jump up ^ Cyclic Quadrilateral Incentre - Rectangle with interactive animation illustrating a rectangle that becomes a ' crossed rectangle ' , making a good case for regarding a ' crossed rectangle ' as a type of rectangle . Jump up ^ Hall , Leon M. & Robert P. Roe ( 1998 ) . `` An Unexpected Maximum in a Family of Rectangles '' ( PDF ) . Mathematics Magazine . 71 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 291 . JSTOR 2690700 . Jump up ^ Lassak , M. ( 1993 ) . `` Approximation of convex bodies by rectangles '' . Geometriae Dedicata. 47 : 111 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01263495 . Jump up ^ Stars : A Second Look . ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : R.L. Brooks , C.A.B. Smith , A.H. Stone and W.T. Tutte ( 1940 ) . `` The dissection of rectangles into squares '' . Duke Math. J. 7 ( 1 ) : 312 -- 340 . doi : 10.1215 / S0012 - 7094 - 40 - 00718 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ J.D. Skinner II , C.A.B. Smith and W.T. Tutte ( November 2000 ) . `` On the Dissection of Rectangles into Right - Angled Isosceles Triangles '' . Journal of Combinatorial Theory , Series B. 80 ( 2 ) : 277 -- 319 . doi : 10.1006 / jctb. 2000.1987 . Jump up ^ R. Sprague ( 1940 ) . `` Ũber die Zerlegung von Rechtecken in lauter verschiedene Quadrate '' . Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. 182 : 60 -- 64 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rectangles . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Rectangle '' . MathWorld . Definition and properties of a rectangle with interactive animation . Area of a rectangle with interactive animation . GND : 4240913 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rectangle&oldid=842148512 '' Categories : Quadrilaterals Elementary shapes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Аҧсшәа অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Corsu Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 98 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 15 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	pictures of a parallelogram with a right angle that is not a rectangle	[]	[]
-7881763763400045661	Sports in Los Angeles	Sports in Los Angeles - wikipedia Sports in Los Angeles Dodger Stadium ( in Chavez Ravine ) is the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers . The Staples Center in Los Angeles hosts the Los Angeles Lakers , Los Angeles Clippers , Los Angeles Kings , and Los Angeles Sparks . The Los Angeles metropolitan area is home to several professional and collegiate sports teams . The Greater Los Angeles Area has ten major league professional teams : the Anaheim Ducks , the Los Angeles Angels , the Los Angeles Chargers , the Los Angeles Clippers , the Los Angeles Dodgers , Los Angeles FC , LA Galaxy , the Los Angeles Kings , the Los Angeles Lakers , and the Los Angeles Rams . USC Trojans football , UCLA Bruins men 's basketball , USC Trojans baseball , USC Trojans track & field , and Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball are all historically premier organizations in college sports . Other major sports teams include UCLA Bruins Football , Los Angeles Sparks , Pepperdine Waves baseball , and formerly the Los Angeles Raiders and Los Angeles Aztecs . Between them , these Los Angeles area sports teams have won a combined 105 Championship Titles . Los Angeles area colleges have produced upwards of 200 National Championship Teams , primarily from USC Trojans and UCLA Bruins of the Pac - 12 Conference . The 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics were held in Los Angeles . In 2028 the city will host the Olympics for a third time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major league professional teams 1.1 Baseball 1.2 Basketball 1.3 Football 1.4 Hockey 1.5 Soccer 2 Minor league and semi-pro teams 2.1 Basketball 2.2 Gaelic football 2.3 Ice hockey 2.4 Rugby league 2.5 Rugby union 2.6 Soccer 2.7 Ultimate 3 Former professional teams 3.1 Football 3.2 Soccer 3.3 Lacrosse 4 College 5 Olympic & Paralympic Games 5.1 1932 Olympic Games 5.2 1984 Olympic Games 5.3 2028 Olympic & Paralympic Games 5.4 Unsuccessful bids 6 International soccer tournaments 6.1 1994 FIFA World Cup 6.2 2026 FIFA World Cup 6.3 1999 & 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup 6.4 Other soccer tournaments 7 Other national and international sporting events 7.1 Super Bowls 7.2 Special Olympics 7.3 Boxing 7.4 Cricket 7.5 League of Legends World Championships 8 Stadiums and arenas 8.1 Future venues 9 See also 10 Notes and references Major League professional teams ( edit ) Angels Dodgers Galaxy Chargers Lakers Sparks Clippers Kings Rams Ducks LAFC Location of major league teams in Greater Los Angeles area Los Angeles is home to major league sports teams from all five major leagues -- MLB , MLS , the NBA , the NFL , and the NHL -- as well as one team in the Women 's National Basketball Association , a top level women 's league . The following are the major professional teams in the Los Angeles area . Club League Venue Attendance Founded Established in L.A. Titles in L.A. Los Angeles Angels MLB Baseball Angel Stadium 37,277 1961 1961 Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium 46,216 1883 1958 5 Los Angeles Clippers NBA Basketball Staples Center 19,226 1970 1984 0 Los Angeles Lakers 18,997 1947 1960 11 Los Angeles Kings NHL Hockey 18,178 1967 1967 Los Angeles Sparks WNBA Basketball 10,998 1997 1997 Los Angeles FC MLS Soccer Banc of California Stadium 22,000 2018 2018 0 LA Galaxy StubHub Center 23,136 5 Los Angeles Chargers NFL Football 27,000 1960 1960 , 2017 0 Los Angeles Rams Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 83,164 1936 1946 , 2016 Anaheim Ducks NHL Hockey Honda Center 15,887 1993 1993 Jump up ^ Does not include 1955 World Series won in Brooklyn . Jump up ^ Does not include five championships won in Minneapolis . Jump up ^ Does not include 1963 AFL Championship Game won in San Diego Jump up ^ Does not include 1945 NFL Championship Game won in Cleveland or Super Bowl XXXIV won in St Louis . Baseball ( edit ) Angel Stadium ( in Anaheim , California ) is the home of the Los Angeles Angels . StubHub Center ( in Carson , California ) is the home of LA Galaxy and Los Angeles Chargers . See also : Freeway Series The Los Angeles area is one of four metropolitan areas to host two Major League Baseball teams -- the Los Angeles Dodgers in the National League and the Los Angeles Angels in the American League . The Dodgers are one of the most valuable franchises in MLB . The Dodgers were founded in Brooklyn , New York ; they officially adopted the name Dodgers in 1932 . Basketball ( edit ) See also : Lakers -- Clippers rivalry Los Angeles boasts two NBA teams , the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers . Both share the Staples Center . The Lakers are one of the most valuable franchises in the NBA and have gained a considerable fanbase over the years . They have the most titles of all Los Angeles franchises , having gained 11 titles in LA and 16 overall . Their title count is second only to the Boston Celtics , who have 17 titles . The LA Lakers were founded as the Minneapolis Lakers , having moved to Southern California in 1960 . The LA Clippers were founded as the Buffalo Braves in 1970 ; in 1978 , the team moved to San Diego and changed the nickname to Clippers ; the team re-located from San Diego in 1984 . When he died in 2013 , Lakers owner Jerry Buss also owned the city 's WNBA franchise , the Los Angeles Sparks , which also plays at Staples Center . His family still owns the Lakers , but has since sold the Sparks to Guggenheim Partners , the current owners of the Dodgers . One year later , longtime Clippers owner Donald Sterling was banned from the NBA after derogatory statements he made became public , and was subsequently forced to sell the team . The franchise was purchased by former Microsoft executive Steve Ballmer in August 2014 . The Clippers plan to build a new arena in Inglewood , across from the Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , by 2024 when their lease with Staples Center expires . Football ( edit ) The region has two National Football League ( NFL ) teams : the Los Angeles Chargers and Los Angeles Rams . The Rams originally played in LA from 1946 to 1994 , while the Chargers shared LA with them for only one season in 1960 . The NFL approved the Rams ' relocation back to Los Angeles from St. Louis in 2016 with an option for the San Diego Chargers or Oakland Raiders to join at a later date . The Rams play their home games at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Exposition Park until their new stadium , Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood , is completed in 2020 . In 2017 , the Chargers announced they would be leaving San Diego to rejoin the Rams as the second team . For 2017 through 2019 , the Chargers are playing in Carson at the soccer - specific StubHub Center until the new shared stadium is complete . 2017 marked the first time since 1960 that the Rams and Chargers shared the same market and the first time since 1994 that the market had two NFL teams . Hockey ( edit ) See also : Freeway Face - Off The region has two NHL teams -- the Los Angeles Kings , which entered the league when it doubled in size in 1967 , and the Anaheim Ducks , which joined in 1993 as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . The Kings have won 2 titles , in 2012 and 2014 . The Ducks have won the Stanley Cup once in 2007 . Soccer ( edit ) See also : SuperClasico and El Tráfico The Los Angeles area hosts two teams in Major League Soccer , the top flight of the men 's sport in the US -- LA Galaxy , a charter member of the league , and Los Angeles FC , which began play in 2018 . The Galaxy have five MLS championships , more than any other MLS team at present . The two teams play in `` El Tráfico '' , the cross-town derby . From 2005 to 2014 , the Galaxy and Chivas USA played in the SuperClasico . Chivas USA folded in 2014 and was replaced by Los Angeles FC . Minor League and semi-pro teams ( edit ) Basketball ( edit ) The metropolitan area has two teams in the NBA G League , each of which is owned by one of the area 's two NBA teams . The Agua Caliente Clippers play in Ontario , and the South Bay Lakers play in El Segundo . Gaelic Football ( edit ) The amateur sport of Gaelic football has been played in Los Angeles since the early 20th century . Los Angeles were national champions in 1959 . The Cougars GFC were founded in 2015 and play and train on the westside of Los Angeles . Primarily in Culver City / Santa Monica area . The Cougars season consists of attending tournaments in nearby San Diego , Colorado and the annual USGAA Nationals Championship . As of 2018 , the Cougars membership consisted of approximately 50 members ( male and female ) with the club being 55 % American , 45 % Irish , some being complete beginners . The Cougars also play in a 3 game series against their local rivals , The Wild Geese Gaelic Football Club , Inc. founded in 1978 who administers Gaelic football activities in nearby Orange County . Ice Hockey ( edit ) The Ontario Reign was an ECHL team from 2008 to 2015 . After a team swap with Manchester , New Hampshire , the new Ontario Reign began play in the American Hockey League in 2015 . Rugby League ( edit ) Los Angeles 's rugby league team the Los Angeles Raiders RLFC are a developing team in the USA Rugby League , formed in 2011 . They were aimed to compete as a full team in 2012 . Rugby Union ( edit ) The most prominent rugby club in Los Angeles is the Santa Monica Rugby Club , which competes in the Pacific Rugby Premiership . The Los Angeles Rugby Club is the second oldest club in the Southern California Rugby Football Union . The Club was founded in 1958 as the Universities Rugby Club . Founding members included Al Williams and Dick Hyland , members of the Gold Medal winning 1924 USA Olympic Rugby Team . Other rugby clubs include the LA Rebellion and the San Fernando Valley Rugby Club . Soccer ( edit ) The Los Angeles area also has multiple clubs in the United Soccer League , the Premier Development League , the United Premier Soccer League and the National Premier Soccer League scattered throughout the region : Orange County SC , Santa Ana Winds FC , LA Wolves FC , Moreno Valley FC , FC Golden State Force , Southern California Seahorses , Ventura County Fusion , City of Angels FC , Deportivo Coras USA , Orange County FC , Oxnard Guerreros FC , SoCal SC , and Temecula FC , to name some . In addition , the Santa Clarita Blue Heat play in the UWS . Ultimate ( edit ) The Los Angeles Aviators are a member of the twenty - four team American Ultimate Disc League ( AUDL ) , a professional ultimate frisbee league spanning the United States and Canada . The Aviators are one of six teams currently competing in the Western Division , and play a fourteen - game regular season against the five other teams in the division : San Francisco FlameThrowers , San Diego Growlers , Seattle Cascades , San Jose Spiders , and Vancouver Riptide . Former professional teams ( edit ) Club League Last Venue Years in L.A. Championships Los Angeles Raiders NFL Football Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 1982 -- 1994 1 ( 1983 : Super Bowl XVIII ) Los Angeles Avengers AFL Arena Football Staples Center 2000 -- 2009 0 Los Angeles Kiss AFL Arena Football Honda Center 2014 -- 2016 0 Los Angeles Xtreme XFL Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 1 ( 2001 ) Chivas USA MLS Soccer StubHub Center 2005 -- 2014 0 Anaheim Arsenal D - League Basketball Anaheim Convention Center 2006 -- 2009 0 Football ( edit ) See also : History of the National Football League in Los Angeles and Proposed Los Angeles NFL stadiums Los Angeles did not have an NFL team in between the 1994 season and the 2016 season ; prior to that it had two teams simultaneously . Immediately after the 1994 season , the Los Angeles Rams moved from suburban Anaheim , California to St. Louis , Missouri , and the Los Angeles Raiders returned to Oakland , California . Over the years between 1995 and 2016 there were multiple failed stadium proposals to bring back the NFL to Los Angeles and teams threatening to move in . On January 12 , 2016 , NFL owners voted 30 -- 2 to allow the then St. Louis Rams to move back to Los Angeles , and allow for the construction of the stadium proposed by Rams owner Stan Kroenke over a plan proposed by the Oakland Raiders and the San Diego Chargers . The Chargers would still follow through with a move to Carson a year later in 2017 and plan on sharing the Rams ' new stadium in Los Angeles . The Los Angeles Xtreme were a member of the XFL begun by Vince McMahon of World Wrestling Entertainment and by NBC , a major television network in the United States . The team played its home games in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in the spring of 2001 and won the only championship in XFL history as the league folded after only one season . Los Angeles had multiple teams in the Arena Football League and American Football League , prior to the NFL . The Los Angeles Wildcats , also called `` Wilson Wildcats '' , were a traveling team for the first AFL in 1926 . The Los Angeles Bulldogs were members of AFL II ( 1937 ) and a minor AFL ( 1939 ) before joining the Pacific Coast Professional Football League . The original Los Angeles Chargers were a charter member of AFL IV , becoming the San Diego Chargers in 1961 . The Los Angeles Mustangs were members of the short - lived American Football League in 1944 . From 1983 -- 1985 the Los Angeles Express was a team in the United States Football League . Before the AFL collapsed after the 2008 season , the league included the Los Angeles Cobras and the Los Angeles Avengers . The Cobras played one season at the Los Angeles Sports Arena before folding , mostly due to lack of attendance . The Avengers played their home games at the Staples Center until they folded as well . The AFL was revived in 2010 and returned to the Los Angeles area in 2014 with a new team , the Los Angeles Kiss . The team , owned by a group that included Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley , members of the rock band KISS , played in Anaheim at the Honda Center until folding in 2016 . Soccer ( edit ) The Los Angeles Wolves were a member of the United Soccer Association , starting its first season in 1967 . The Los Angeles Toros of the National Professional Soccer League also started its first season in 1967 . When both leagues merged to form the North American Soccer League , the Wolves remained in Los Angeles while the Toros relocated and became the San Diego Toros in 1968 . When the first season ended , both teams folded . Later , the NASL returned a team in Los Angeles by establishing the Los Angeles Aztecs in 1974 . The Aztecs folded in 1981 . Los Angeles Lazers was owned by Jerry Buss and played in the MISL from 1982 -- 1988 . Buss again owned the Los Angeles United in the CISL but after one season ( 1993 ) sold the team . The United relocated to Anaheim and became Anaheim Splash . The Los Angeles Sol played one season ( 2009 ) of Women 's Professional Soccer before folding . Most recently , Chivas USA was a member of Major League Soccer starting in 2005 , until folded by the league in 2014 . Lacrosse ( edit ) Major League Lacrosse was represented with the Los Angeles Riptide from 2006 to 2008 . College ( edit ) See also : UCLA -- USC rivalry The metropolitan area boasts 10 NCAA Division I athletic programs . The best - known are the two whose football teams compete in the top - level Football Bowl Subdivision , both of which are in the city of Los Angeles proper : UCLA Bruins -- Winners of 116 national team championships , and 259 individual national championships ( 364 total national championships ) . USC Trojans -- Winners of 105 national team championships , and 357 individual national championships ( 448 total national championships ) . USC has 11 national championships in football and 7 Heisman Trophy winners . In men 's basketball , UCLA has won more titles than any other school ( 11 ) . The area 's other Division I programs are : Also in Los Angeles proper : Cal State Northridge Matadors , in the San Fernando Valley Loyola Marymount Lions , near Los Angeles International Airport In Malibu : Pepperdine Waves In Long Beach : Long Beach State 49ers In Orange County : Cal State Fullerton Titans UC Irvine Anteaters In Riverside , one of the main cities of the Inland Empire : California Baptist Lancers , currently transitioning from NCAA Division II to Division I UC Riverside Highlanders Olympic & Paralympic Games ( edit ) Los Angeles hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice . The city first hosted the games in 1932 and hosted once again in 1984 . Los Angeles has made a total of ten Summer Olympic bids in its history , more than any other city . Los Angeles along with Athens and Paris are the three cities that have hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice . Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games and will become the third city to host the Olympics three times , after London ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) and Paris ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) . 1932 Olympic Games ( edit ) The Opening Ceremony of the 1932 Summer Olympics The 1932 Summer Olympics marked the first time Los Angeles staged the Olympic Games . It took place during the Great Depression and the games were reported to have produced a $1 million profit for the city . Los Angeles was the only city to submit a bid for the 1932 edition of the Summer Olympics and was selected as the host city at the 21st IOC Session in Rome in 1923 . That same year , Lake Placid hosted the 1932 Winter Olympics . The 1932 Summer Olympics marked the second time the US had hosted the Summer Olympics , with St. Louis hosting the 1904 Summer Olympics . The United States won a total of 103 medals during the games , including 41 gold medals . Since the games were the tenth edition of the modern Olympic Games , Tenth Street was renamed Olympic Boulevard . Today Olympic Blvd is home to multiple attractions , such as the Grammy Museum . 1984 Olympic Games ( edit ) The Opening Ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics The 1984 Summer Olympics marked the second time Los Angeles had staged the Olympic Games . Much like the 1932 Summer Olympics , Los Angeles was the only city to submit a bid . Los Angeles was elected as the host city at the 80th IOC Session in Athens in 1978 . The cost overruns of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal discouraged cities to bid . Los Angeles depended on existing venues and infrastructure to host the games . The games produced a $200 million profit and are considered the most successful edition of the Olympic Games . Despite the success Los Angeles had as a host city , the games were boycotted by fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union . Romania and Yugoslavia however , did not take part in the boycott and competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics . The United States and many other NATO nations had boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow four years earlier . The United States won a total of 174 medals , including 83 gold medals . 2028 Olympic & Paralympic Games ( edit ) Aerial view of the site of Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , the future home of the Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers . It is expected to be completed for the 2020 NFL season . It will also host the main opening ceremony for the 2028 Summer Olympics . Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games . This will mark the third time the Olympic Games are held in Los Angeles and the first time the city stages the Paralympic Games . The city will join London and Paris as the only cities to have hosted the Olympics three times . Upon the USOC reaching a new revenue sharing agreement with the IOC , Los Angeles had been mentioned as a possible bidding city for the 2024 Summer Olympics . In March 2013 , Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa sent a letter to the USOC confirming the city 's interest in bidding for the 2024 Olympics . On September 1 , 2015 Los Angeles was chosen as the U.S. candidate to bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics after the USOC withdrew Boston 's bid for the 2024 Olympics . After Rome , Hamburg and Budapest withdrew their bids for the 2024 Olympics , only Los Angeles and Paris remained in the race . The IOC then decided to award both Paris and Los Angeles with future editions of the Olympic Games . In July 2017 , an agreement was made which secured the 2024 Olympics for Paris and the 2028 Olympics for Los Angeles . Both cities were unanimously elected at the 131st IOC Session in Lima on September 13 , 2017 . The 2028 Summer Paralympics will mark the first time the Paralympic Games are held in Los Angeles . Before Los Angeles hosted the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1984 Summer Paralympics were held in New York City . Unsuccessful bids ( edit ) Aside from securing the right to host the 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics , Los Angeles has made frequent Olympic bids in the past . Out of the ten bids which the USOC had submitted to the IOC over the years , seven previous official bids were unsuccessful . Los Angeles submitted bids for the 1924 , 1928 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics , but lost to Paris , Amsterdam , London , Helsinki , Melbourne , Montreal and Moscow respectively . Los Angeles had expressed interest to the USOC about bidding for the Olympics on multiple occasions , while failing to secure the USOC 's support . Seventeen years after hosting the 1984 Olympics , the city became interested in bidding for the 2012 Summer Olympics , but the USOC chose to submit New York City 's bid to the IOC . New York ultimately lost to London . Los Angeles later bid to be the US candidate for the 2016 Summer Olympics , but the USOC decided to submit Chicago 's bid to the IOC . Chicago ultimately lost to Rio de Janeiro . Following Chicago 's defeat , Los Angeles again expressed interest in bidding for a future edition of the Olympic Games . In November 2011 a delegation from Los Angeles attended a seminar at the IOC headquarters for cities interested in bidding on future editions of the Olympic Games . The USOC declined to submit a bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics , which was ultimately won by Tokyo . In February 2012 , Los Angeles hosted the 5th IOC World Conference on Women and Sport which was attended by then - IOC President Jacques Rogge as well as IOC members . At the conference Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa and IOC Member Anita DeFrantz stated that the city would be interested in hosting the Olympic Games a third time . International Soccer tournaments ( edit ) The Los Angeles metropolitan area has served as host of multiple international soccer competitions over the years . The sport enjoys a relatively high level of popularity in Los Angeles . 1994 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) The Rose Bowl hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final ( c. 2008 ) In 1994 the United States hosted the FIFA World Cup . The Rose Bowl in Pasadena hosted eight matches , including the final where Brazil defeated Italy 3 - 2 on penalties . 2026 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) The Rose Bowl , along with Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park are two venues in the LA area that could host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup . 1999 & 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup ( edit ) Los Angeles was one of the host cities for the 1999 and 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup . The Rose Bowl hosted four matches during the 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the final where the United States defeated China 5 - 4 on penalties . The United States hosted the FIFA Women 's World Cup again in 2003 after China withdrew as hosts due to the SARS outbreak . The Home Depot Center , now known as StubHub Center , in Carson was one of the venues that was used in the event . The venue hosted six games , including the final where Germany defeated Sweden 2 - 1 in sudden death . Other Soccer tournaments ( edit ) The Rose Bowl hosted three matches during the 2016 Copa América and host hosted matches during the CONCACAF Gold Cup on multiple occasions . The StubHub Center in Carson as well as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum have also hosted matches during the CONCACAF Gold Cup over the years . Other national and international sporting events ( edit ) Throughout the history of Los Angeles , several national and international sporting events have taken place in the city . Super Bowls ( edit ) The Los Angeles area has hosted the Super Bowl seven times . The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum hosted Super Bowl I in 1967 and Super Bowl VII in 1973 . The Rose Bowl hosted Super Bowl XI in 1977 , Super Bowl XIV in 1980 , Super Bowl XVII in 1983 , Super Bowl XXI in 1987 and Super Bowl XXVII in 1993 . The city ranks third on the list of having hosted the most number of Super Bowls , after Miami and New Orleans . Los Angeles will host the Super Bowl for an eighth time when they host Super Bowl LVI in 2022 which will be held at Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park . Special Olympics ( edit ) Los Angeles has served as host of the Special Olympics on two occasions . Los Angeles first hosted the Special Olympics World Summer Games in 1972 . On September 15 , 2011 , It was announced that Los Angeles would host the 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games . The games were held between July 24 to August 2 , 2015 . Boxing ( edit ) Boxing matches have been held throughout the Greater Los Angeles Area . Venues that have held boxing matches include Ocean Park Arena , Hollywood Legion Stadium , Naud Junction , Grand Olympic Auditorium , Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , Wrigley Field , Dodger Stadium , Valley Garden Arena , Los Angeles Sports Arena , The Forum , Microsoft Theater , Staples Center and StubHub Center . Cricket ( edit ) The 2016 ICC World Cricket League Division Four tournament was held at the Leo Magnus Cricket Complex in Woodley Park , Van Nuys , Los Angeles between October 28 and November 5 , 2016 , involving national teams from Bermuda , Denmark , Italy , Jersey , Oman , and the United States . League of Legends World championships ( edit ) Los Angeles has played host to the 2013 and 2016 League of Legends World Championship Finals . Stadiums and arenas ( edit ) Stadium City Capacity Type Tenants Opened Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles 93,607 Football USC Trojans football , Los Angeles Rams 1923 Rose Bowl Pasadena 92,542 Football UCLA Bruins football ; Rose Bowl Game 1922 Dodger Stadium Los Angeles 56,000 Baseball Los Angeles Dodgers 1962 Angel Stadium of Anaheim Anaheim 45,477 Baseball Los Angeles Angels 1966 StubHub Center Carson 27,000 Soccer LA Galaxy , Los Angeles Chargers 2003 Banc of California Stadium Los Angeles 22,000 Soccer Los Angeles FC 2018 Staples Center Los Angeles 18,997 Arena Los Angeles Clippers , Los Angeles Lakers , Los Angeles Kings , Los Angeles Sparks 1999 Honda Center Anaheim 17,174 Arena Anaheim Ducks 1993 The Forum Inglewood 17,505 Arena 1967 Pauley Pavilion Los Angeles 13,800 Arena UCLA Bruins men 's basketball 1965 Long Beach Arena Long Beach 11,719 Arena 1962 Citizens Business Bank Arena Ontario 10,832 Arena Agua Caliente Clippers , Ontario Reign , Ontario Fury 2008 Galen Center Los Angeles 10,258 Arena USC Trojans men 's basketball 2006 Future venues ( edit ) Stadium City Capacity Type Tenants Opening ( planned ) Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Inglewood 70,240 Football Los Angeles Chargers , Los Angeles Rams 2020 See also ( edit ) Anaheim Soccer in Los Angeles Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to relocate to L.A. ; Chargers first option to join '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rams to Return to Los Angeles '' . St. Louis Rams . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ London , Guardian . `` Chargers confirm they 're leaving San Diego and heading to LA '' . Jump up ^ http://admin.sportsmanager.ie/cake/gaa2/nagaa/contentPage/30927/past_national_champions Jump up ^ http://www.cougars.la Jump up ^ http://www.wildgeesegfc.org Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` KISS brings football to Los Angeles '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf Jump up ^ Abrahamson , Alan ( July 25 , 2004 ) . `` LA the Best Site , Bid Group Insists ; Olympics : Despite USOC rejection '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ IOC agrees revenue - sharing deal with USOC Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/07/olympics-2024-los-angeles_n_2831607.html LA letter to USOC Jump up ^ `` USOC names Los Angeles the official U.S. bidder for the 2024 Summer Olympics '' . Los Angeles Times . 1 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Launches Olympic Bid '' . ABC News . July 2001 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://aroundtherings.com/articles/view.aspx?id=38351 Jump up ^ First Round of Speakers Announced for 2012 International Olympic World Conference Jump up ^ 5th World Conference on Women and Sport Jump up ^ Women and Sport Opens with Jeers for FIFA , Cheers for Trophy Winners Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Events & Venues Jump up ^ Callis , Tracy ; Johnston , Chuck . Boxing in the Los Angeles Area ( 1880 - 2005 ) . Bloomington , Indiana : Trafford Publishing . p. 113,114,121,123 . ISBN 9781426916885 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Staples Center : 10 years of boxing and counting '' . ringtv.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Media-Newswire.com -- Press Release Distribution . `` media-newswire.com '' . media-newswire.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ www.dailytrojan.com Archived 2008 - 09 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Rose Bowl Stadium . Rose Bowl Stadium . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com '' . losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` anaheim.angels.mlb.com '' . anaheim.angels.mlb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . 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-259424780675635913	Baton (conducting)	Baton ( conducting ) - wikipedia Baton ( conducting ) Jump to : navigation , search Stamp from Deutsche Post AG from 1998 A baton is a stick that is used by conductors primarily to enlarge and enhance the manual and bodily movements associated with directing an ensemble of musicians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Usage 3 History 3.1 Ancient history 3.2 16th -- 18th centuries 3.3 19th century 3.4 Jazz batons 4 References 5 External links Description ( edit ) Modern batons are generally made of a lightweight wood , fiberglass or carbon fiber which is tapered to a comfortable grip called a `` bulb '' that is usually made of cork , oak , walnut , rosewood , or occasionally aluminum and that may be tailored to a conductor 's needs . Professional conductors often have personal specifications for a baton based on their own physical demands and the nature of the performance : Sir Henry Wood and Herbert von Karajan are some examples . Historic examples of their construction include one given to the French composer Louis - Antoine Jullien in the mid 1850s prior to his first visit to the United States : it is described as `` a gorgeous baton made of maplewood , richly mounted in gold and set with costly diamonds . '' Batons used by Arturo Toscanini , on display at a Smithsonian museum . Batons have normally varied in length from about 10 to 24 inches ( 250 to 610 mm ) though a range of between 12 and 26 inches ( 300 and 660 mm ) is more commonly used ; Henry Wood once requested the use of a 24 - inch baton . When Gaspare Spontini arrived in Dresden in 1844 , Wagner had a baton made from a thick ebony staff with ivory knobs at either end . Spontini purportedly held the baton in the center with a fist , using it like a marshall 's staf -- not for beating time but rather for commanding the opera . Usage ( edit ) Igor Stravinsky conducting with a baton ( 1929 ) . Conductors view their gestures as the primary means to communicate musical ideas , whether or not they choose to use batons . Leonard Bernstein is quoted as saying , `` If one ( the conductor ) uses a baton , the baton itself must be a living thing , charged with a kind of electricity , which makes it an instrument of meaning in its tiniest movement . '' The usual way of holding the baton is between the thumb and the first two fingers with the grip in against the palm of the hand . The baton is usually held in the right hand though some left - handed conductors hold it in the left . Young left - handed conductors are , however , sometimes encouraged to learn right - handed conducting . Some conductors like Pierre Boulez , Georges Prêtre , Leopold Stokowski and Dimitri Mitropoulos , however , choose not to hold a baton , preferring to conduct only with their hands . This method is common with smaller groups and choral conductors . If the conductor does not use a baton , their hands must do the job with equal clarity , and the gestures must be first and always meaningful in terms of the music . According to Gustav Meier , most conductors use a baton to `` increase the visibility of the beat information '' . History ( edit ) John Philip Sousa conducting with a baton ( 1911 ) . Before the use of the baton , orchestral ensembles were conducted from the harpsichord or the first violin lead . Conductors first began to use violin bows or rolled pieces of paper before the modern baton was introduced . Ancient history ( edit ) The first reported use of the conducting staff in a performance dates back to 709 BCE , during which the leader , `` Pherekydes of Patrae , giver of rhythm '' had , ... stationed himself in the centre and had placed himself on a high seat , waving a golden staff , and the players on the flute and cythara were ... placed in a circle around him ... now when Pherekydes with his golden staff gave the signal , all the art - experienced men began in one and the same time ... 16th -- 18th centuries ( edit ) J.B. Lully by Paul Mignard On 8 January 1687 , Jean - Baptiste Lully was conducting a Te Deum to celebrate Louis XIV of France 's recent recovery from illness . As was the common practice , he was beating time by banging a long staff ( a precursor to the baton ; the French word bâton actually meaning `` staff '' ) against the floor when he struck his toe , creating an abscess . The wound turned gangrenous , but Lully refused to have his toe amputated and the infection spread , resulting in his death on 22 March . 19th century ( edit ) The baton began to gain in popularity between 1820 and 1840 . The first batons were narrow and conical wooden wands that had an engraving of three rings near the bottom that indicated the handle . The Hallé Orchestra reported that Daniel Turk used a baton in 1810 , with motions so exuberant that he occasionally hit the chandelier above his head and showered himself with glass . Louis Spohr claimed to have introduced the baton to England on 10 April 1820 , while conducting his second symphony with the Philharmonic Society in London . Witnesses noted that the conductor `` sits there and turns over the leaves of the score but after all , he can not , without ... his baton , lead on his musical army '' . It is more likely that he used his baton in rehearsal than in concert . It was 1825 when George Smart reported that he sometimes ' beat time in front with a short stick ' . When Felix Mendelssohn returned to London in 1832 , despite objections from violin leaders , he was encouraged to go on with his baton . Despite the initial disagreement , the baton was in regular use at the Philharmonic a year later . Jazz batons ( edit ) In the early 1940s , while big band jazz music was on the rise , the use of a conductor became paramount to the success of the ensemble . To accommodate this , these conductors started using specialized `` jazz batons . '' These specialized batons were slightly shorter than standard batons , ranging from 6 to 9 inches in length . Several famous jazz conductors that used these specific batons include Quincy Jones , Gunther Schuller and Richard Rogers . Although they are rarely used today , many accomplished jazz conductors use them during ballads . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ José Antonio Bowen et al. , The Cambridge Companion to Conducting ( UK : Cambridge University Press , 2003 ) pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Nancy Newman ( 2010 ) , Good Music for a Free People : The Germania Musical Society in Nineteenth - century America , University Rochester , p. 279 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 345 - 4 ^ Jump up to : José Antonio Bowen et al. , The Cambridge Companion to Conducting ( UK : Cambridge University Press , 2003 ) Jump up ^ José Antonio Bowen ; et al. ( 2003 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Conducting . Cambridge University . p. 104 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Michael Miller ( 4 October 2005 ) , The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Conducting Music , DK , p. 97 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 58875 - 8 Jump up ^ Leonard Bernstein , The Art of Conducting in The Joy of Music ( London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , 1960 ) p. 150 Jump up ^ 1929 - 2016 , Meier , Gustav ( 2009 ) . The score , the orchestra , and the conductor . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 9780195326369 . OCLC 707922727 . Jump up ^ Professor Murchard , ( ? ) `` Discovery of Ancient Greek Tablets Relevant to Music , '' Harmonicon 3 , ( April -- May 1825 ) : 56 , 76 Jump up ^ Charles Hallé , The Autobiography of Charles Hallé with Correspondence and Diaries ed . Michael Kennedy ( London : Paul Elek Books , 1972 ) p. 116 Jump up ^ Ignaz Moscheles , The Life of Moscheles with Selections from his Diaries and Correspondence tr . A.D. Coleridge ( London : Hurst and Blackett , 1873 ) vol. 1 p. 76 Jump up ^ H. Bertram Cox et al. , Leaves from the Journals of Sir George Smart ( London : Longmans Green and Co. , 1907 ) p. 212 Jump up ^ John Ella ( 1802 -- 1888 ) , supplement to ' Musical Union Record ' ( London ) June 11 , 1867 . Family papers , pedigrees and early pictures of this musician are held at the Record Office in Leicester , archive collection MISC1260 and MISC1294 , also DE6612 and at The East Riding of Yorkshire Archives in Beverley , collection DDX551 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baton ( conducting ) . ( hide ) Conducting and directing Bandleader Bandmaster Concertmaster Conductor ( baton ) Director Kapellmeister Maestro Prompter Répétiteur Cheironomy Conductorless orchestra Articulation Beat / Meter Cadence / Resolution Cue Dynamics Phrasing Tempo Black conductors Women conductors List of principal conductors by orchestra Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baton_(conducting)&oldid=835789232 '' Categories : Musical instrument parts and accessories Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 19 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of material makes up the object labeled conductor	[]	[]
-4420924398767108027	Shot Caller (film)	Shot Caller ( film ) - wikipedia Shot Caller ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Shot Caller Teaser poster Directed by Ric Roman Waugh Produced by Michel Litvak Gary Michael Walters Jonathan King Ric Roman Waugh Written by Ric Roman Waugh Starring Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Omari Hardwick Lake Bell Jon Bernthal Emory Cohen Jeffrey Donovan Evan Jones Benjamin Bratt Holt McCallany Music by Antônio Pinto Cinematography Dana Gonzales Edited by Michelle Tesoro Production companies Bold Films Participant Media Distributed by Saban Films Release date June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) ( LA Film Fest ) August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) ( United States ) Country United States Language English Box office $2.8 million Shot Caller is an American crime thriller film directed and written by Ric Roman Waugh . The film tells about the businessman forced to sit behind bars as a result of the accident , that occurred due to his fault , in which one person died . The film stars Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Omari Hardwick , Lake Bell , Jon Bernthal , Emory Cohen , Jeffrey Donovan , Evan Jones , with Benjamin Bratt , and Holt McCallany . It premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 16 , 2017 . It was released on July 20 , 2017 , through DirecTV Cinema , and received a theatrical release on August 18 , 2017 by Saban Films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Jacob Harlon ( Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ) is a successful stock broker living in Pasadena , California with his wife Katherine and young child Joshua . One night after departing a baseball game with his wife and friends , he unintentionally runs a red light while drunk , causing an accident that results in the death of his friend and business partner Tom ( Max Greenfield ) . Arrested and arraigned on driving under the influence and vehicular manslaughter , his lawyer urges him to take a plea deal instead of going to trial , citing the fact that he could do up to seven years if he lost his case . Harlon agrees , much to his wife 's dismay , and is sentenced to incarceration at California Institution for Men ( Chino ) for 30 months , 16 of which he will have to serve . Upon his arrival , Jacob is shocked by the brutal realities of the prison environment , and is shaken after witnessing a gang rape during his first night . Upon entering the yard for exercise his first time , he accidentally stumbles into an African - American prisoner who responds aggressively . Harlon attacks the man , having been told by his lawyer that he was going to be housed with ' the big boys ' , and that if he was tested he would have to fight back , or face possible endless harassment . Both Harlon and the man are pepper sprayed and detained , and Harlon is thrown into the SHU ( Secured Housing Unit ) for thirty days . Upon entering the yard after his release from the SHU , he is approached by Shotgun ( John Bernthal ) , a lieutenant for the PEN1 gang , and is brought to see Bottles ( Jeffery Donovan ) , the shotcaller for PEN1 in Chino . PEN1 , also known as Public Enemy No. 1 , is a violent white supremacist gang with close associations to the Aryan Brotherhood . Bottles inquires why Jacob attacked the other prisoner , and under the assumption that Harlon did it for racial reasons , offers him protection and entry into the gang . He also warns him that his protection would have a price , saying that there were no free rides . Harlon proceeds to carry out various tasks for the gang , from smuggling heroin into the yard to eventually even aiding in a murder with another brother . Harlon is given the nickname Money , referring to his past as a stockbroker , and seen slowly acquiring various gang - related tattoos as his personality begins to change rapidly , hardened by his environment . During a prison riot , Harlon unintentionally gets caught on camera murdering another prisoner while protecting the shotcaller for a Hispanic gang , and although he gains recognition for it , he is sentenced to 4 years for assault with a deadly weapon and another 5 years for aiding in gang - related activity . Because of the nature of his crimes , he will have to serve a minimum of 85 % for both terms before he 's eligible for parole , effectively quintupling his original sentence . During the sentencing , he turns to a grief - stricken Katherine and tells her that it 's over , and to forget about him . He is then transferred to Corcaron State Prison to be placed under maximum - security with the ' heavy hitters ' . His new convictions effectively almost validate him as a gang member , and he is remanded to the SHU for the remainder of his sentence according to California law , where he will be on lockdown in his cell for 23 hours a day , and is only allowed yard time for one hour in a steel cage . Katherine files for divorce , effectively severing all ties to his former life . After further displaying his support for the brotherhood by attacking another gang member while being led out to the yard one day , he is introduced to the Beast ( Holt McCallany ) , the head shot caller for the Aryan Brotherhood who has been in solitary for the last seven years , all the while managing the gang 's activities from the inside via corrupt correctional officers . The Beast , impressed with Harlon 's dedication , gives him ' the keys ' to the gang in the prison , effectively putting him in charge under him . Harlon serves out his time in the SHU , and before being released is told by Beast that he will have to continue serving the gang 's interests outside of prison , or else he and his family would be at considerable risk . Upon his release is greeted by Shotgun and other gang members , taking him to a party . During the party , Harlon survives an attempt on his life , and a young girl is shot forcing him to leave . Harlon 's parole officer Kutcher ( Omari Hardwick ) , having recently survived a shooting of his own , is approached by Sheriff Sanchez ( Benjamin Bratt ) and other heads of a task force informing him that they believe Harlon is putting together a large arms deal with another gang . Harlon is indeed putting together the deal , and although he is sidelined by the appearance of his former wife and son , he sets the deal in motion . Harlon becomes suspicious of Shotgun 's behavior , and following him one night he discovers him talking to Kutcher and other police behind his back , who are blackmailing Shotgun into cooperation . Harlon forces his wife to sign a release of all of his funds , clean money earned through his association with gang , and after giving her the money he tells her and his son to forget about him , and go on with their lives . Harlon then goes to Shotgun 's home , and after getting him to open the door , stabs him to death for the betrayal . Kutcher finds the body , and after locating his cell phone , finds coordinates to the deal 's location . Although Harlon knows he murdered Shotgun , he still responds when he get 's a text from Shotgun 's phone sent by Kutcher , and knowingly gives up the deal 's location . The deal goes down , and after it is completed , Kutcher and Sanchez and the rest of the police 's tactical force storm the deal and arrest or kill the various gang members . Harlon is arrested , fully validated , and given life imprisonment with no possibility of parole , all of it to be served in the SHU . When Kutcher offers to release Harlon with a full pardon of his crimes if he gives them Beast and the rest of the organization , Harlon refuses . Put back in his old cell , he is soon brought to see Beast again , who is furious that Harlon knowingly fumbled the deal . Beast threatens him by saying his family will be killed for it , and as Harlon is about to be taken away by the corrupt correctional officer , he removes a handcuff key and a razor blade that he had smuggled in through his anus . Overpowering the guard , he unlocks Beast 's cell and proceeds to fight him , stabbing him in the neck and killing him . It is then discovered that Harlon had orchestrated the entire scheme and his arrest to get to Beast , knowing it was the only way he could truly spare his family from possible damages for his gang association . Covered in blood , Harlon looks at the guard and says the deal that he has with the gang can remain the same , as long as he acknowledges that Harlon 's in charge now . Harlon is then seen in his cell , reading a letter from his son saying he 's forgiven him . Content , and having assumed Beast 's place at the top of the Aryan Brotherhood 's hierarchy , he begins to serve his life sentence knowing that this was the best way he could safely protect his family . Cast ( edit ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jacob Harlon / Money Omari Hardwick as Kutcher , Money 's parole officer Lake Bell as Kate Harlon , Jacob 's wife Jon Bernthal as Frank `` Shotgun '' , a former prison buddy and associate of Money , PEN1 member Emory Cohen as Howie , a young acolyte of Money and war veteran Jeffrey Donovan as Bottles , one of his key prison influences and PEN1 shot caller Evan Jones as Chopper , Money 's former cellmate and associate of Shotgun Benjamin Bratt as Sheriff Sanchez , who is partnered with Kutcher Holt McCallany as Jerry `` The Beast '' Manning , an Aryan Brotherhood shot caller Juan Pablo Raba as Herman Gómez , Leader of the Sureños Matt Gerald as Phil Cole , a parole officer chasing some gang members . Michael Landes as Steve Jessy Schram as Jennifer Keith Jardine as Ripper , a member of the Nazi Low Riders Chris Browning as Redwood / Toby Simms Max Greenfield as Tom , Jacob 's best friend Monique Candelaria as Lola Gomez , Herman 's wife Production ( edit ) On April 9 , 2015 , Bold Films came on board to fully finance and produce the crime thriller film , titled Shot Caller to be directed by Ric Roman Waugh , based on his own script . Participant Media developed the project , while Participant 's Jonathan King would produce along with Michel Litvak and Matthew Rhodes of Bold Films , along with Waugh . In April 2015 , Relativity Media acquired the US rights to the film for $3 million with a wide release commitment , and Sierra / Affinity was on board to handle international sales . Due to the fact that Relativity Media filed for bankruptcy on July 2015 , the film 's release was postponed until Saban Films acquired the U.S. distribution rights on April 2017 . Principal photography on the film began on May 26 , 2015 in Albuquerque and Santa Fe , New Mexico . Reception ( edit ) Reviews for the film have been positive , with many reviewers praising Nikolaj Coster - Waldau 's performance . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 74 % based on 23 reviews , with an average score of 6.2 / 10 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shot Caller '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LA Film Fest 's Closing Night Film : Matt Spicer 's `` Ingrid Goes West '' `` . SHOOTonline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ EXCLUSIVE : ' Game of Thrones ' Star Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Transforms For New Movie ' Shot Caller ' , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Relativity Plunks Down $3 M To Pick Up Bold Films ' ' Shot Caller ' With ' Games Of Thrones ' Actor In Lead '' . deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Cannes : Lake Bell , Jon Bernthal Join Prison Drama ' Shot Caller ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` James Buckley Joins Lonely Island Pic ' Conner4real ' ; Evan Jones Set For ' Shot Caller ' ; Goldenthal Lauded In Krakow '' . deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Benjamin Bratt Joins Bold Films ' ' Shot Caller ' , Netflix 's ' Special Correspondents ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Holt McCallany Joins Prison Thriller ' Shot Caller ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Rose McGowan , 2 Others Cast In ' Lower Bay ' ; Juan Pablo Raba Joins ' Shot Caller ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Daredevil ' Actor Joins Nikolaj Coster - Waldau in ' Shot C , aller ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Landes Joins Matthew McConaughey in ' Gold ' ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Bold Films to Produce Ric Roman Waugh 's Prison Thriller ' Shot Caller ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , David Lieberman , Anita ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Relativity Media & Ryan Kavanaugh : A Walk Down Memory Lane Of Hype '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Saban Picks Up ' Shot Caller ' Starring ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Shot Caller ' to begin filming in NM with ' GoT ' lead '' . abqjournal.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call in New Mexico for `` Shot Caller '' Feature Film `` . auditionsfree.com . June 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shot Caller , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 External links ( edit ) Shot Caller on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shot_Caller_(film)&oldid=812100612 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films Films shot in New Mexico Films about organized crime in the United States Gangster films American crime thriller films American crime films 2010s crime thriller films 2010s crime films Bold Films films Participant Media films Relativity Media films Prison films Mafia films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Polski Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 00 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the beast in the movie shot caller	[ "Holt McCallany[8] as Jerry \"The Beast\" Manning, an Aryan Brotherhood shot caller" ]	[ "Holt McCallany" ]
-8628919283220232770	Eddie McGuire	Eddie McGuire - Wikipedia Eddie McGuire Eddie McGuire McGuire in April 2018 Edward Joseph McGuire ( 1964 - 10 - 29 ) 29 October 1964 ( age 53 ) Melbourne , Victoria Occupation President of Collingwood Football Club & Melbourne Stars , Broadcaster , Presenter Employer Southern Cross Austereo , Nine Entertainment Co. , News Corp Australia , Foxtel . Spouse ( s ) Carla McGuire Relatives Frank McGuire ( brother ) Edward Joseph McGuire AM ( born 29 October 1964 ) is an Australian radio and television presenter , commentator , journalist , media businessman and sporting president known for his long association with Australian rules football ( AFL ) and the Nine Network , with company McGuire Media . McGuire is the current president of the AFL Collingwood Football Club and Melbourne Stars Twenty20 cricket franchise , and the current host of Channel Nine program Millionaire Hot Seat . He is also the host of Triple M Melbourne 's breakfast show The Hot Breakfast with Wil Anderson and Luke Darcy , as well as being an Australian rules football commentator for Fox Footy . He also has his own show on the channel , EMT which is broadcast on Wednesday nights , as well as being a columnist for the Herald Sun . He has worked as a sports journalist , sports broadcaster and game show host . McGuire is host of the Nine Network 's The Footy Show , and the Australian version of game shows Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? and 1 vs. 100 . He is a former CEO of the Nine Network , resigning on 30 June 2007 . He returned to commentating Friday night football in August 2007 when he began a new contract with Melbourne radio station SEN 1116 to commentate one match a round . He is also a director at the Victorian Major Events Company . Contents 1 Early media career 2 TV hosting : 1994 -- 2006 3 Collingwood Football Club 4 Football media 5 CEO of the Nine Network 6 TV hosting : 2007 -- present 7 London Olympics 8 Controversies 9 Honours 10 In popular culture 11 Publications 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early media career ( edit ) McGuire was born and grew up in the working class Melbourne suburb of Broadmeadows . He and his older brother Frank McGuire both won scholarships to Christian Brothers ' College , St Kilda . Frank McGuire , who worked as a newspaper sports reporter , helped McGuire to get his first job in the media as an Australian Rules Football statistician and cricket reporter for The Herald ( 1978 -- 1982 ) . Later he became a cadet sports reporter for Network Ten and then transferred , in 1993 , to the Nine Network where he became the host of a sports variety program . TV hosting : 1994 -- 2006 ( edit ) McGuire 's role at Nine expanded when he became the host of The Footy Show in 1994 . He remained on the show until 2005 . In April 1999 , he began hosting the Australian edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , a successful Australian franchise of the globally exported television game show . He hosted the program from its première on 18 April 1999 until 3 April 2006 . He briefly returned to the show after an 18 - month hiatus in 2007 . McGuire hosted the annual Australian Logie Awards show in 2003 and 2004 and co-hosted in 2005 . McGuire also hosted the Sydney New Year 's Eve 1999 -- 00 telecast . McGuire was a football radio caller at Triple M , a station which had previously concentrated on rock music . He also wrote a football review for The Herald 's successor The Herald Sun , as well as becoming involved in a variety of sports and media - related business ventures . McGuire was a prominent campaigner for Australian republicanism ( the movement for replacement of the British monarch as Australia 's head of state ) . He was elected as a delegate to represent Victoria at the 1998 Constitutional Convention , which led to the ultimately unsuccessful 1999 referendum . Collingwood football Club ( edit ) On 29 October 1998 , McGuire was elected by the vote of the members as president of Collingwood Football Club , an Australian Rules Football club which was then in financial and on - field difficulties . Results were quick to follow , with Collingwood playing in back - to - back grand - finals ( 2002 -- 03 ) within three years of his appointment . 2010 brought `` tears of joy '' for McGuire when Collingwood defeated St Kilda in the AFL Grand Final replay . The first match resulted in a draw , prompting McGuire to say before the replay that `` he had seen more drawn Collingwood Grand Finals ( 1977 and 2010 ) than he had seen premierships '' . Football media ( edit ) Despite Tim Lane 's resignation , Friday Night Football proved a huge success for Channel Nine , in no small part due to the presence of , in his own words , `` the biggest name on the Nine Network '' , McGuire himself . McGuire also claimed that a decline in ratings for Friday night telecasts in 2006 was partly because `` I did n't do football this year . '' CEO of the Nine Network ( edit ) On 9 February 2006 it was announced that McGuire would become the new CEO of the Nine Network , filling a vacancy created by the departure of David Gyngell in May 2005 . McGuire had to sacrifice his on - air commitments including hosting The AFL Footy Show and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , as well as AFL commentary , for what turned out to be a very short term tenure . According to Business Review Weekly McGuire 's on - air salary was $ 3.5 million a year . Gyngell had earned $1.1 million a year by comparison . According to the 2006 PBL annual report , McGuire was reported to be on a $4 million fixed remuneration contract . In May 2006 , McGuire travelled to Beaconsfield , Tasmania to rally Nine News reporters covering the mine collapse . McGuire came out of on - air retirement to host the event , which was broadcast as part of The AFL Footy Show ( both versions ) . Before leaving for the Munich edition of The Footy Show he announced the elimination of 100 jobs , most in news and current affairs . Despite a vigorous publicity campaign by the CEO these cost - cutting measures severely damaged morale at the network . On one program McGuire 's required job - cuts exceeded the actual number of employees . This raised questions in both the media and within Channel 9 itself about the competence of Nine 's executives . The troubles worsened when an affidavit written by a Channel 9 executive affected by the purges was leaked to the press and Nine failed in its attempts to suppress it . It contained allegations regarding McGuire 's treatment of employees . The document 's author , Mark Llewellyn ( previous head of news and current affairs who has since found work at Channel 7 ) , claimed that McGuire and his staff had told him that he would be forced to `` eat a shit sandwich '' ( accept a dramatic pay - cut ) . He also recalled conversations with McGuire where the CEO had spoken of wanting to `` bone '' ( fire ) Jessica Rowe , co-host of the network 's Today show . Following these allegations McGuire guaranteed Rowe her position on the program . McGuire has never denied the allegations . On 6 May 2007 , Llewellyn 's position was vindicated when it was announced that Jessica Rowe would not be returning to Channel 9 . McGuire 's decision to force Jana Wendt off the Sunday program backfired with the relaunch of the show on 3 September 2006 . The Nine Network 's switchboard was flooded with an unprecedented number of calls complaining about the new format and hosts . This episode was considered by many in the media as a failure by the ' P - plated CEO ' ( a term coined by Sydney tabloids ) to manage the network in a professional and ethical manner . It also fuelled speculation as to his longevity in his position as CEO of Nine . On 18 May 2007 , McGuire announced he would be resigning as CEO of the Nine network and would be taking on a new position in programming services as well as more on - screen roles . He officially resigned as CEO on 30 June 2007 . TV hosting : 2007 -- present ( edit ) In January 2007 , McGuire returned to the TV screen , hosting the Australian version of the quiz show , 1 vs. 100 . On 9 June 2008 , McGuire temporarily took over hosting duties of A Current Affair while regular host Tracy Grimshaw was on leave . This saw the ratings of the show increase with 1.42 million viewers tuning in to watch on his first night of hosting . Rival program Today Tonight still beat ACA with 1.470 million viewers . The ratings for ACA slumped to 1.217 million viewers the following Tuesday whilst Today Tonight achieved 1.549 million viewers . In February 2009 , McGuire hosted a telethon for the victims of the Victorian bushfires . He also hosted a telethon from Brisbane on 9 January 2011 for the 2010 -- 2011 Queensland flood victims alongside Leila McKinnon and Karl Stefanovic at the Suncorp Piazza . Since April 2009 , McGuire has hosted the weeknight game show Millionaire Hot Seat program . This show airs at 5.00 pm . In early 2011 , McGuire hosted another prime time quiz show , The Million Dollar Drop , lasting only for six episodes . He then became the host of the sports - themed quiz show , Between the Lines . His return was short lived when the show quickly failed in the ratings , being axed by Channel 9 after only three episodes had been to air . The fourth and final episode was broadcast on 2 June 2011 . During 2011 he hosted This is Your Life ; however , the show did not return in 2012 . McGuire joined Fox Footy in 2012 in an AFL commentary and program panellist role , while still remaining at the Nine Network to host Millionaire Hot Seat and the station 's Olympic coverage . London Olympics ( edit ) During the 2012 London Olympics , McGuire presented his Triple M radio program from London each weekday . In addition , he called events for the Nine Network and Foxtel and co-hosted the opening and closing ceremonies with Leila McKinnon . McGuire and McKinnon 's commentary of the Olympic opening ceremony was widely criticised in newspapers and on Twitter . Errors including spoilers before surprise appearances , ill - timed remarks , reference to the Peter Pan character Captain Hook as Captain Cook and Abraham Lincoln as a prime minister of the United Kingdom . The McGuire and McKinnon commentary was not used for Foxtel 's coverage of the opening ceremony . Controversies ( edit ) On Friday 24 May 2013 , during a match at the MCG , a 13 - year - old Collingwood fan racially vilified Sydney Swans player Adam Goodes by referring to him as an ' ape ' , following which McGuire apologised to Goodes `` on behalf of the Collingwood Football Club and on behalf of football '' . McGuire said that Collingwood had a `` zero tolerance '' policy towards racism , but also said that the girl did not know that what she had said was a racist slur . On Wednesday 29 May 2013 McGuire himself made an on - air racist reference to Adam Goodes and King Kong , also using the word ' ape ' . He apologised on air after making the reference , but prefaced his apology by stating `` I was n't racially vilifying anyone '' . McGuire 's comment was widely criticised . He also held a press conference in which he apologised again . In a later interview that day , he admitted he was guilty of racial vilification . He also offered his resignation as Collingwood President , but the Collingwood board expressed their support for him . In June 2015 McGuire was labelled a `` continual boofhead '' in a motion passed by the Upper House of the Parliament of New South Wales for comments he made about an Indigenous dance performed by Goodes , who was praised as a `` role model to all '' . In June 2016 McGuire , North Melbourne president James Brayshaw and former St Kilda player Danny Frawley made jokes about drowning Fairfax journalist Caroline Wilson during the Big Freeze at the ' G event , with McGuire saying `` I 'll put in 10 grand straight away , and if she stays under ( the water ) , 50 , even if I have to hold her head under '' . Frawley later apologised for the comments , but maintained it was a poor attempt at good humour , given the occasion . In December 2017 McGuire was accused of making an anti Semitic joke on Millionaire Hot Seat , when saying to a contestant with Scottish and Jewish parents that `` it would have been hard getting pocket money from them '' . McGuire responded by saying that he had many Jewish friends . He also pointed to his Scottish heritage saying `` It was a joke aimed at myself and my family . We had a laugh , we moved on . '' Honours ( edit ) McGuire 's service to Australia has been recognised by the award of Member of the Order of Australia ( 2005 ) `` for service to the community , particularly through support for health care and welfare organisations , and to broadcasting '' . McGuire was awarded the Australian Sports Medal ( 2001 ) `` for service to Australian Football '' . On 17 May 2013 , RMIT University awarded McGuire an honorary doctorate , making him a Doctor of Communications honoris causa . The honour recognises McGuire 's achievements in media , entertainment , sport and community - based activities . McGuire spent a period as a member of the Australian Government 's Social Inclusion Board . In popular culture ( edit ) McGuire 's one - time near - ubiquity in Channel Nine programming led to him being nicknamed `` Eddie Everywhere '' . In 2004 the ABC comedy television program CNNNN featured a satirical skit about his permeation of Australian media called the `` Eddie McGuire Virus '' . On 9 January 2005 , in keeping with his nickname , McGuire was on Australia 's three commercial TV networks ( Seven , Nine , Ten ) at the same time , hosting a show simulcast on the networks to raise money for the 2004 Asian tsunami victims . Additionally , due to the contract between Fox Footy and the Seven Network which requires interstate teams to be televised on free - to - air in their respective markets ( for example , matches involving the Brisbane Lions must be televised live into Queensland ) , McGuire can sometimes be heard on Seven calling these matches , though via the Fox Footy feed and never on free - to - air in Melbourne . Publications ( edit ) McGuire , Eddie and Jim Main . Pants : The Darren Millane Story . Melbourne : Modern Publishing Group , 1994 . ISBN 1 - 875481 - 53 - 2 McGuire , Eddie and Jim Main . The Footy Show screamers : Wit and wisdom of Dermott , Doug , Jason , Rex , Sam , Tim - God , Plugger and more ! Melbourne : Wilkinson Books , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 546 - 65129 - 1 References ( edit ) Biography portal Australia portal Victoria portal Journalism portal Australian rules football portal Jump up ^ Footy , for ' love ' alone Jump up ^ Eddie McGuire buys $11 million mansion in Toorak , Melbourne thetelegraph.com.au . Dailytelegraph.com.au ( 19 October 2008 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Logies avoid sipping from Oscars ' poisoned chalice '' , Sydney Morning Herald , 12 March 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Vizard , Steve , Two Weeks in Lilliput : Bear Baiting and Backbiting At the Constitutional Convention ( Penguin , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 027983 - 0 ) Jump up ^ Woods , Melissa ( 2 October 2010 ) . `` McGuire weeps tears of joy as Pies win '' . Melbourne : The Age . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ballantyne , Adrian ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` Pies dominate Saints to win Grand Final replay by 56 points '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sheahan , Mike ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` Mick Malthouse fixed to take a double '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Fidgeon , Robert ( 13 December 2006 ) . `` Eddie plays hardball '' . Herald Sun . Jump up ^ Hogan , Jesse ( 9 February 2006 ) . `` McGuire CEO show live on air '' . Melbourne : The Age . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gyngell resigns from Nine '' . APP . Melbourne : The Age . 9 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Publishing and Broadcasting Limited Concise Annual Report 2006 '' . Publishing and Broadcasting Limited . p. 76 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Silkstone , Dan ( 2 September 2006 ) . `` It 's black and white : team says Eddie 's out of form '' . The Age . Melbourne . Jump up ^ `` Nine ' bones ' Rowe '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 6 May 2007 . Retrieved 7 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Viewers let Nine know what they think of the new Sunday . Crikey ( 5 September 2006 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Dan ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` ' I was n't given the flick ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Emily ( 10 June 2008 ) . `` Eddie McGuire boosts A Current Affair 's ratings '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seven Daily report '' ( PDF ) . Seven Network . 10 June 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 October 2008 . Retrieved 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Darren Devlyn , 10 February 2009 . `` Eddie McGuire to host Channel Nine fundraiser for Victoria fire victims '' . Retrieved on 9 August 2009 Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 January 2011 ) . `` Sound Relief 2 to Queensland 's rescue '' . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Karl ( 27 May 2011 ) . `` Game over for Eddie 's Between The Lines '' . The Age . Melbourne . Jump up ^ `` Eddie McGuire to host new version of This Is Your Life '' . Herald Sun . 17 November 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/afl-premiership/foxtel-announces-eddie-mcguire-will-spearhead-fox-sports-afl-coverage-in-2012-on-fox-footy/story-e6frf3e3-1226187248642 Jump up ^ `` Nine unveils Olympic coverage plans '' . Media Spy. 7 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Network 's commentary of errors '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ejected teenage fan did n't know ' ape ' was racist Jump up ^ Eddie McGuire apologises to Adam Goodes after a Magpies fan racially vilified the Sydney champion News.com.au Jump up ^ Matt Thompson , `` McGuire apologises for gaffe linking Goodes and King Kong '' , AFL.Com 29 May 2013 accessed 29 May 2013 Jump up ^ Matt Windley , `` Adam Goodes ' gutted ' after 13 - year - old girl 's racial slur , who called the Sydney champion today to apologise '' . Herald Sun 25 May 2013 accessed 29 May 2013 Jump up ^ The Advertiser , Thursday 30 May 2013 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Caroline Wilson , `` Swans ' bewildered ' by McGuire 's gaffe '' , The Age , 29 May 2013 accessed 29 May 2013 Jump up ^ `` Eddie McGuire concedes his Adam Goodes gaffe was racial vilification '' , ABC News , 29 May 2013 accessed 29 May 2013 Jump up ^ `` Collingwood board offers ' full support ' to Eddie McGuire after Adam Goodes slur '' , ABC News , 30 May 2013 accessed 25 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Eddie McGuire labelled a ' continual boofhead ' by NSW Upper House '' . ABC News . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie McGuire , James Brayshaw contacted by AFL after ' clearly inappropriate ' comments to Caroline Wilson '' . ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) . 20 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The bottom line : such jokes are never acceptable ' '' . NewsComAu . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ It 's an Honour -- Member of the Order of Australia Jump up ^ It 's an Honour -- Australian Sports Medal Jump up ^ Eddie McGuire to be awarded an honorary doctorate from RMIT University Herald Sun 17 May 2013 Retrieved 17 May 2013 Jump up ^ Nader , Carol ( 24 May 2008 ) . `` In search of a way to involve all '' . The Age . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Eddie Everywhere ' returns to hosting duties for World Cup '' Archived 26 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved on 9 August 2009 Jump up ^ 21 August 2007 . `` Eddie Everywhere returns to the commentary box '' Archived 22 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved on 9 August 2009 Jump up ^ 18 May 2007 . `` Back After the Break : Eddie McGuire Resigns as Nine CEO '' . Retrieved on 9 August 2009 Jump up ^ 8.6 `` Million Australians reach out tO Asia '' Archived 13 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ( pdf ) , freetv.com.au. 9 January 2005 . Retrieved on 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ McFarlane , Glenn ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` From 9 to Fox to 7 , Eddie McGuire really will be everywhere '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Stone , Gerald . Who Killed Channel 9 ? : The Death of Kerry Packer 's Mighty TV Dream Machine . Sydney : Pan Macmillan Australia , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4050 - 3815 - 7 External links ( edit ) Eddie McGuire on IMDb Preceded by Kevin Rose Collingwood Football Club President 1999 -- Succeeded by incumbent Preceded by Sam Chisholm Nine Network CEO February 2006 -- June 2007 Succeeded by David Gyngell Preceded by program started AFL Footy Show Host 1994 -- 2005 Succeeded by James Brayshaw and Garry Lyon Preceded by program started Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Host 1999 -- Succeeded by incumbent Preceded by Pete & Myf The Hot Breakfast Host September 2009 -- Succeeded by incumbent Collingwood Football Club History Records Current squad Players Captains Coaches Awards Copeland Trophy AFL Women 's best and fairest Leading goalkickers Nickname : Magpies AFL coach : Nathan Buckley AFL captain : Scott Pendlebury AFLW coach : Wayne Siekman AFLW captain : Steph Chiocci AFL home grounds Victoria Park ( 1897 -- 1999 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground ( 2000 -- ) AFLW home grounds Olympic Park Oval ( 2017 -- ) AFL premierships ( 15 ) 1902 1903 1910 1917 1919 1927 1928 1929 1930 1935 1936 1953 1958 1990 Seasons ( 127 ) 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 2017 2018 Related articles Women 's team VFL team Netball team Carlton -- Collingwood rivalry Anzac Day match Queen 's Birthday match Olympic Park Oval Victoria Park Colliwobbles Eddie McGuire Joffa Corfe New York Magpies Hosts of the Logie Awards Hugh O'Brien ( 1960 ) Gerald Lyons ( 1962 ) Gerald Lyons ( 1965 ) Bert Newton ( 1967 -- 1980 ) Michael Parkinson ( 1981 ) Bert Newton ( 1982 ) Mike Willesee ( 1983 ) Bert Newton ( 1984 ) Greg Evans ( 1985 ) Mike Willesee ( 1986 ) Don Lane ( 1987 ) Daryl Somers ( 1988 ) Bert Newton ( 1989 ) Mark Mitchell ( 1990 ) Daryl Somers ( 1991 ) Steve Vizard ( 1992 ) Bert Newton ( 1993 ) Ray Martin ( 1994 ) Andrew Daddo and Noni Hazlehurst ( 1995 ) Daryl Somers ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Andrew Denton ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Shaun Micallef ( 2001 ) Wendy Harmer ( 2002 ) Eddie McGuire ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Eddie McGuire , Rove McManus and Andrew O'Keefe ( 2005 ) Bert Newton , Ray Martin , Daryl Somers , Lisa McCune and Georgie Parker ( 2006 ) Adam Hills , Dave Hughes and Fifi Box ( 2007 ) Gretel Killeen ( 2009 ) Bert Newton ( 2010 ) Shane Bourne ( 2011 ) Logie Awards Sydney New Year 's Eve hosts Richard Wilkins ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Eddie McGuire ( 1999 ) Richard Wilkins ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Gretel Killeen & Daniel MacPherson ( 2006 ) Kim Watkins & Andrew Günsberg ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Leila McKinnon & Cameron Williams ( 2009 ) Alicia Gorey & Michael Usher ( 2010 ) Jesinta Campbell , Cameron Williams & Jaynie Seal Catriona Rowntree & Jason Dundas ( 2012 ) Stephanie Brantz & Lawrence Mooney ( 2013 ) Julia Zemiro & Toby Truslove ( 2014 ) Eddie Perfect & Ella Hooper ( 2015 ) Jeremy Fernandez & Ella Hooper ( 2016 ) Charlie Pickering ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie_McGuire&oldid=853023705 '' Categories : 1964 births Living people Businesspeople from Melbourne Delegates to the Australian Constitutional Convention 1998 Television personalities from Melbourne Australian people of Scottish descent Australian republicans Australian radio presenters Australian journalists Australian businesspeople Australian rules football commentators Australian game show hosts Australian television executives Members of the Order of Australia Australian chief executives 1 vs. 100 Collingwood Football Club administrators News Corp Australia Nine Network Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 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4997833347066913620	Mexican–American War	Mexican -- American war - wikipedia Mexican -- American war Jump to : navigation , search Mexican -- American War Clockwise from top left : Winfield Scott entering Plaza de la Constitución after the Fall of Mexico City , U.S. soldiers engaging the retreating Mexican force during the Battle of Resaca de la Palma , American victory at Churubusco outside Mexico City , U.S. Marines storming Chapultepec castle under a large American flag , Battle of Cerro Gordo Date April 25 , 1846 -- February 3 , 1848 ( 1 year , 9 months , 1 week and 1 day ) Location Texas , New Mexico , California ; Northern , Central , and Eastern Mexico ; Mexico City Result American victory Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over Texas ( among other territories ) End of the conflict between Mexico and Republic of Texas Territorial changes Mexican Cession Belligerents United States California Republic Mexico Commanders and leaders James K. Polk Winfield Scott Zachary Taylor Stephen W. Kearny John Drake Sloat William Jenkins Worth Robert Field Stockton Joseph Lane Franklin Pierce David Conner Matthew C. Perry John C. Frémont Thomas Childs Henry Stanton Burton William B. Ide Edward Dickinson Baker Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia José María Flores Mariano G. Vallejo Nicolás Bravo José Joaquín de Herrera Andrés Pico Manuel Armijo Martin Perfecto de Cos Pedro Maria de Anaya Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte Joaquín Rea Manuel Pineda Muñoz Gabriel Valencia Strength 73,532 regulars and volunteers 70,000 regulars 12,000 irregulars Casualties and losses 1,733 killed in battle ( 1,721 soldiers , 11 Marines , and 1 sailor ) 13,283 total dead 4,152 wounded 10,000 regulars dead ( 5,000 killed in battle ) Including civilians killed by the war 's violence and military disease and accidental deaths , the Mexican death toll may have reached 25,000 . Mexican -- American wars ( 1845 -- 1920 ) Mexican -- American War -- Taos Revolt -- Cortina Troubles -- Las Cuevas War -- San Elizario Salt War -- Garza Revolution -- Nogales Uprising -- Mexican Revolution -- Border War -- Bandit War Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women United States portal Part of a series on the History of Mexico Pre-Columbian Spanish rule ( show ) Conquest Colonial period War of Independence First Empire First Republic ( hide ) Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican -- American War Second Federal Republic ( show ) La Reforma Reform War French intervention 1864 -- 1928 ( show ) Second Empire Restored Republic The Porfiriato Revolution La decena trágica Plan of Guadalupe Tampico Affair Occupation of Veracruz Cristero War Modern ( show ) Maximato ( 1928 -- 1934 ) Petroleum nationalization Mexican miracle Students of 1968 La Década Perdida 1982 economic crisis Chiapas conflict Mexican peso crisis PRI downfall Mexican Drug War Timeline Mexico portal The Mexican -- American War , also known as the Mexican War in the United States and in Mexico as the American intervention in Mexico , was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States ( Mexico ) from 1846 to 1848 . It followed in the wake of the 1845 American annexation of the independent Republic of Texas , which Mexico still considered its northeastern province and a part of its territory after its de facto secession in the 1836 Texas Revolution a decade earlier . Mexico , which obtained independence from the Kingdom of Spain and its Spanish Empire with the Treaty of Córdoba in 1821 , and which briefly experimented with monarchy , became a republic in 1824 . It was characterized by considerable instability , leaving it ill - prepared for international conflict only two decades later , when war broke out in 1846 . In the decades preceding the war , Native American raids in Mexico 's sparsely settled north prompted the Mexican government to sponsor migration from the United States to the Mexican province of Texas to create a buffer . However , the newly named `` Texians '' revolted against the Mexican government of President / dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna , who had usurped the Mexican Constitution of 1824 , in the subsequent 1836 Texas Revolution , creating a republic not recognized by Mexico , which still claimed it as part of its national territory . In 1845 , the Texan Republic agreed to an offer of annexation by the U.S. Congress , and became the 28th state in the Union on December 29 that year . In 1845 , newly elected U.S. President James K. Polk made a proposition to the Mexican government to purchase the disputed lands between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande river further south . When that offer was rejected , President Polk moved U.S. troops commanded by Major General Zachary Taylor further south into the disputed territory . Mexican forces attacked an American Army outpost ( `` Thornton Affair '' ) in the occupied territory , killing 12 U.S. soldiers and capturing 52 . These same Mexican troops later laid siege to an American fort along the Rio Grande . Polk cited this attack as an invasion of U.S. territory , and requested that the Congress declare war . U.S. forces quickly occupied the capital town of Santa Fe de Nuevo México along the upper Rio Grande and the Pacific coast territory province of Alta California ( Upper California ) , and then invaded to the south into parts of central Mexico ( modern - day northeastern Mexico and northwest Mexico ) ; meanwhile , the Pacific Squadron of the United States Navy conducted a blockade , and took control of several garrisons on the Pacific Ocean western coast farther south in lower Baja California Territory . The U.S. Army , under the command of Major General Winfield Scott , after several fierce battles of stiff resistance from the Mexican Army outside of the capital , Mexico City , eventually captured the city , having marched west from the port of Veracruz , where the Americans staged their first amphibious landing on the Gulf of Mexico coast . The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , forced onto the remnant Mexican government , ended the war and specified its major consequence , the Mexican Cession of the northern territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México to the United States . The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war . In addition , the United States assumed $3.25 million of debt already owed earlier by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens . Mexico acknowledged the loss of their province , later Republic of Texas ( and now State of Texas ) , and thereafter cited and acknowledged the Rio Grande as its future northern national border with the United States . Mexico had lost over one - third of its original territory from its 1821 independence . The territorial expansion of the United States toward the Pacific coast had been the goal of Polk , the leader of the Democratic Party . At first , the war was highly controversial in the United States , with the Whig Party , anti-imperialists , and anti-slavery elements strongly opposing . Critics in the United States pointed to the heavy casualties suffered by U.S. forces ( compared to earlier conflicts so far in America 's short history in the Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) , naval Quasi-War with France ( 1796 -- 1800 ) , two brief Barbary Wars ( 1801 -- 1804 , 1815 ) , the second conflict with Great Britain in the War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) and the ongoing American Indian Wars in the western territories ) conflict 's high monetary cost . The war intensified the debate over slavery in the United States , contributing to bitter debates that culminated in the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . In Mexico , the war came in the middle of continued domestic political turmoil , which increased into chaos during the conflict . The military defeat and loss of territory was a disastrous blow , causing Mexico to enter `` a period of self - examination ... as its leaders sought to identify and address the reasons that had led to such a debacle . '' In the immediate aftermath of the war , some prominent Mexicans wrote that the war had resulted in `` the state of degradation and ruin '' in Mexico , further claiming , for `` the true origin of the war , it is sufficient to say that the insatiable ambition of the United States , favored by our weakness , caused it . '' The shift in the Mexico - U.S. border left many Mexican citizens separated from their national government . For the indigenous peoples who had never accepted Spanish or Mexican rule , the change in border meant conflicts with a new outside power . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Roots of the conflict in North Mexico 1.2 Designs on California 1.3 Republic of Texas 2 Origins of the war 3 Preparation for war 3.1 Challenges in Mexico 3.1. 1 Mexican Army 3.1. 1.1 Soldaderas 3.1. 2 Political divisions 3.2 United States Army 4 Outbreak of the war 4.1 Initial skirmish at the Nueces Strip 4.2 Further hostilities 4.3 Declarations of war 4.4 Antonio López de Santa Anna 5 Reaction in the United States 5.1 Opposition to the war 5.2 Defense of the war 5.3 U.S. press and popular war enthusiasm 6 Conduct of the war 6.1 New Mexico campaign 6.2 California campaign 6.3 Pacific Coast campaign 6.4 Northeastern Mexico 6.5 Northwestern Mexico 6.6 Southern Mexico 6.6. 1 First Battle of Tabasco 6.6. 2 Second Battle of Tabasco 6.6. 3 Yucatán 6.7 Desertion 6.7. 1 San Patricios 6.8 Scott 's Mexico City campaign 6.8. 1 Landings and siege of Veracruz 6.8. 2 Advance on Puebla 6.8. 3 Pause at Puebla 6.8. 4 Advance on Mexico City and its capture 6.8. 4.1 Battle of Chapultepec 6.9 Santa Anna 's last campaign 6.10 Anti-guerrilla campaign 7 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 8 Results 8.1 Altered territories 9 Impact of the war in the United States 9.1 Effect on the American Civil War 10 Impact of the war in Mexico 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography 14.1 Reference works 14.2 Surveys 14.3 Military 14.4 Political and diplomatic 14.5 Memory and historiography 14.6 Primary sources 15 External links 15.1 Guides , bibliographies and collections 15.2 Media and primary sources 15.3 Other Background ( edit ) Roots of the conflict in north Mexico ( edit ) Comanches of West Texas in war regalia , c. 1830 The 1832 boundaries of Comancheria , the Comanche homeland The northern area of Mexico was sparsely settled and not well controlled politically by the government based in Mexico City . After independence from Spain in 1821 , Mexico contended with internal struggles that sometimes verged on civil war and the northern frontier was not a high priority . In the sparsely settled interior of northern Mexico , the end of Spanish rule was marked by the end of financing for presidios and for subsidies to indigenous Americans to maintain the peace . There were conflicts between indigenous people in the northern region as well . The Comanche were particularly successful in expanding their territory in the Comanche -- Mexico Wars and garnering resources . The Apache -- Mexico Wars also made Mexico 's north a violent place , with no effective political control . The Apache raids left thousands of people dead throughout northern Mexico . When the United States Army entered northern Mexico in 1846 they found demoralized Mexican settlers . There was little resistance to US forces from the civilian population . Hostile activity from indigenous people also made communications and trade between the interior of Mexico and provinces such as Alta California and New Mexico difficult . As a result , New Mexico was dependent on the overland Santa Fe Trail trade with the United States at the outbreak of the Mexican -- American War . Mexico 's military and diplomatic capabilities declined after it attained independence and left the northern half of the country vulnerable to the Comanche , Apache , and Navajo . The indigenous people , especially the Comanche , took advantage of the weakness of the Mexican state to undertake large - scale raids hundreds of miles into the country to acquire livestock for their own use and to supply an expanding market in Texas and the US . The Mexican government 's policy of settlement of US citizens in its province of Tejas was aimed at expanding control into Comanche lands , the Comancheria . Instead of settlement occurring in the central and west of the province , people settled in East Texas , where there was rich farmland and which was contiguous to southern US slave states . As settlers poured in from the US , the Mexican government took steps to discourage further settlement , including its 1829 abolition of slavery . In 1836 , Mexico was relatively united in refusing to recognize the independence of Texas . Mexico threatened war with the United States if it annexed the Republic of Texas . Meanwhile , U.S. President Polk 's assertion of Manifest Destiny was focusing United States interest on westward expansion beyond its existing national borders . Designs on California ( edit ) During the Spanish colonial era , the Californias ( i.e. , the Baja California peninsula and Alta California ) were sparsely settled . After Mexico became independent , it shut down the missions and reduced its military presence . Mexico in 1824 . Alta California is the northwesternmost federal territory . In 1842 , the US minister in Mexico , Waddy Thompson Jr. , suggested Mexico might be willing to cede Alta California to settle debts , saying : `` As to Texas , I regard it as of very little value compared with California , the richest , the most beautiful , and the healthiest country in the world ... with the acquisition of Upper California we should have the same ascendency on the Pacific ... France and England both have had their eyes upon it . '' US President John Tyler 's administration suggested a tripartite pact that would settle the Oregon boundary dispute and provide for the cession of the port of San Francisco from Mexico ; Lord Aberdeen declined to participate but said Britain had no objection to U.S. territorial acquisition there . The British minister in Mexico , Richard Pakenham , wrote in 1841 to Lord Palmerston urging `` to establish an English population in the magnificent Territory of Upper California '' , saying that `` no part of the World offering greater natural advantages for the establishment of an English colony ... by all means desirable ... that California , once ceasing to belong to Mexico , should not fall into the hands of any power but England ... daring and adventurous speculators in the United States have already turned their thoughts in this direction . '' But by the time the letter reached London , Sir Robert Peel 's Tory government , with its Little England policy , had come to power and rejected the proposal as expensive and a potential source of conflict . A significant number of influential Californios were in favor of annexation , either by the United States or by the United Kingdom . Pío de Jesús Pico IV , the last governor of Alta California , was in favor of British annexation . Republic of Texas ( edit ) Main articles : Republic of Texas , Texas annexation , and Texas Revolution The Republic of Texas . The present - day outlines of the individual U.S. states are superimposed on the boundaries of 1836 -- 1845 . In 1800 , the colonial province of Texas was sparsely populated , with only about 7,000 non-Indian settlers . The Spanish crown developed a policy of colonization to more effectively control the territory . After independence , the Mexican government implemented the policy , granting Moses Austin , a banker from Missouri , a large tract of land in Texas . Austin died before he could bring his plan of recruiting American settlers for the land to fruition , but his son , Stephen F. Austin , brought over 300 American families into Texas . This started the steady trend of migration from the United States into the Texas frontier . Austin 's colony was the most successful of several colonies authorized by the Mexican government . The Mexican government intended the new settlers to act as a buffer between the Tejano residents and the Comanches , but the non-Hispanic colonists tended to settle where there was decent farmland and trade connections with American Louisiana , which the United States had acquired in the Louisiana Purchase , rather than further west where they would have been an effective buffer against the Indians . In 1829 , as a result of the large influx of American immigrants , the non-Hispanic outnumbered native Spanish speakers in the Texas territory . President Vicente Guerrero , a hero of Mexican independence , moved to gain more control over Texas and its influx of southern non-Hispanic colonists and discourage further immigration by abolishing slavery in Mexico . The Mexican government also decided to reinstate the property tax and increase tariffs on shipped American goods . The settlers and many Mexican businessmen in the region rejected the demands , which led to Mexico closing Texas to additional immigration , which continued from the United States into Texas illegally . In 1834 , General Antonio López de Santa Anna became the centralist dictator of Mexico , abandoning the federal system . He decided to quash the semi-independence of Texas , having succeeded in doing so in Coahuila ( in 1824 , Mexico had merged Texas and Coahuila into the enormous state of Coahuila y Tejas ) . Finally , Stephen F. Austin called Texians to arms ; they declared independence from Mexico in 1836 , and after Santa Anna defeated the Texians at the Alamo , he was defeated by the Texian Army commanded by General Sam Houston and captured at the Battle of San Jacinto and signed a treaty recognizing Texas ' independence . Texas consolidated its status as an independent republic and received official recognition from Britain , France , and the United States , which all advised Mexico not to try to reconquer the new nation . Most Texians wanted to join the United States of America , but annexation of Texas was contentious in the US Congress , where Whigs were largely opposed . In 1845 Texas agreed to the offer of annexation by the US Congress . Texas became the 28th state on December 29 , 1845 . Origins of the war ( edit ) The border of Texas as an independent state was originally never settled . The Republic of Texas claimed land up to the Rio Grande based on the Treaties of Velasco , but Mexico refused to accept these as valid , claiming that the Rio Grande in the treaty was the Nueces , and referred to the Rio Grande as the Rio Bravo . The ill - fated Texan Santa Fe Expedition of 1841 attempted to realize the claim to New Mexican territory East of the Rio Grande , but its members were captured and imprisoned . Reference to the Rio Grande boundary of Texas was omitted from the US Congress 's annexation resolution to help secure passage after the annexation treaty failed in the Senate . President Polk claimed the Rio Grande boundary , and when Mexico sent forces over the Rio Grande , this provoked a dispute . In July 1845 , Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to Texas , and by October 3,500 Americans were on the Nueces River , ready to take by force the disputed land . Polk wanted to protect the border and also coveted for the U.S. the continent clear to the Pacific Ocean . At the same time Polk wrote to the American consul in the Mexican territory of Alta California , disclaiming American ambitions in California , but offering to support independence from Mexico or voluntary accession to the United States , and warning that the United States would oppose a British or French takeover . To end another war scare with the United Kingdom over the Oregon Country , Polk signed the Oregon Treaty dividing the territory , angering northern Democrats who felt he was prioritizing Southern expansion over Northern expansion . In the Winter of 1845 -- 46 , the federally commissioned explorer John C. Frémont and a group of armed men appeared in Alta California . After telling the Mexican governor and the American Consul Larkin he was merely buying supplies on the way to Oregon , he instead went to the populated area of California and visited Santa Cruz and the Salinas Valley , explaining he had been looking for a seaside home for his mother . Mexican authorities became alarmed and ordered him to leave . Frémont responded by building a fort on Gavilan Peak and raising the American flag . Larkin sent word that Frémont 's actions were counterproductive . Frémont left California in March but returned to California and took control of the California Battalion following the outbreak of the Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma . In November 1845 , Polk sent John Slidell , a secret representative , to Mexico City with an offer to the Mexican government of $25 million for the Rio Grande border in Texas and Mexico 's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México . US expansionists wanted California to thwart British ambitions in the area and to gain a port on the Pacific Ocean . Polk authorized Slidell to forgive the $3 million owed to US citizens for damages caused by the Mexican War of Independence and pay another $25 to $30 million in exchange for the two territories . Mexico was not inclined nor able to negotiate . In 1846 alone , the presidency changed hands four times , the war ministry six times , and the finance ministry sixteen times . Mexican public opinion and all political factions agreed that selling the territories to the United States would tarnish the national honor . Mexicans who opposed direct conflict with the United States , including President José Joaquín de Herrera , were viewed as traitors . Military opponents of de Herrera , supported by populist newspapers , considered Slidell 's presence in Mexico City an insult . When de Herrera considered receiving Slidell to settle the problem of Texas annexation peacefully , he was accused of treason and deposed . After a more nationalistic government under General Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga came to power , it publicly reaffirmed Mexico 's claim to Texas ; Slidell , convinced that Mexico should be `` chastised '' , returned to the US . Preparation for war ( edit ) Challenges in Mexico ( edit ) Mexican army ( edit ) General Antonio López de Santa Anna was a military hero who became president of Mexico on multiple occasions . The Mexican Army 's intervention in politics was an ongoing issue during much of the mid-nineteenth century . The Mexican Army emerged from the war of independence ( 1810 -- 1821 ) as a weak and divided force . Before the war with the United States , the military faced both internal and foreign challenges . The Spanish still occupied the coastal fortress of San Juan de Ulúa , and Spain did not recognize Mexico 's independence , so that the new nation was at risk for invasion . In 1829 , the Spanish attempted to reconquer their former colony and Antonio López de Santa Anna became a national hero defending the homeland . The army had a set of privileges ( fueros ) , established in the colonial era , that gave it jurisdiction over many aspects of its affairs . In general , the military supported conservative positions , advocating for a strong central government and upholding privileges of the military and the Catholic Church . Some military men exercised power in local areas as caudillos and resisted central command . Liberal politicians , such as Valentín Gómez Farías , sought to rein in the military 's power . The military faced insurrections and separatist movements in Tabasco , Yucatán , and Texas . The French blockaded in Veracruz in 1838 to collect debts , a conflict known to history as the Pastry War . Compounding the demands on the Mexican military , there were continuing Indian challenges to power in the northern region . On the Mexican side , only 7 of the 19 states that formed the Mexican federation sent soldiers , armament , and money for the war effort , as the young Republic had not yet developed a sense of a unifying , national identity . Mexican soldiers were not easily melded into an effective fighting force . Santa Anna said `` the leaders of the army did their best to train the rough men who volunteered , but they could do little to inspire them with patriotism for the glorious country they were honored to serve . '' According to leading conservative politician Lucas Alamán , the `` money spent on arming Mexican troops merely enabled them to fight each other and ' give the illusion ' that the country possessed an army for its defense . '' However , an officer criticized Santa Anna 's training of troops , `` The cavalry was drilled only in regiments . The artillery hardly ever maneuvered and never fired a blank shot . The general in command was never present on the field of maneuvers , so that he was unable to appreciate the respective qualities of the various bodies under his command ... If any meetings of the principal commanding officers were held to discuss the operations of the campaign , it was not known , nor was it known whether any plan of campaign had been formed . '' At the beginning of the war , Mexican forces were divided between the permanent forces ( permanentes ) and the active militiamen ( activos ) . The permanent forces consisted of 12 regiments of infantry ( of two battalions each ) , three brigades of artillery , eight regiments of cavalry , one separate squadron and a brigade of dragoons . The militia amounted to nine infantry and six cavalry regiments . In the northern territories of Mexico , presidial companies ( presidiales ) protected the scattered settlements there . One of the contributing factors to loss of the war by Mexico was the inferiority of their weapons . The Mexican army was using surplus British muskets ( e.g. Brown Bess ) from the Napoleonic Wars period . While at the beginning of the war the majority of American soldiers were still equipped with the very similar Springfield 1816 flintlock muskets , more reliable caplock models gained large inroads within the rank and file as the conflict progressed . Some US troops carried radically modern weapons that gave them a significant advantage over their Mexican counterparts , such as the Springfield 1841 rifle of the Mississippi Rifles and the Colt Paterson revolver of the Texas Rangers . In the later stages of the war , the US Mounted Rifles were issued Colt Walker revolvers , of which the US Army had ordered 1,000 in 1846 . Most significantly , throughout the war the superiority of the US artillery often carried the day . While technologically Mexican and American artillery operated on the same plane , US army training as well as the quality and reliability of their logistics gave US guns and cannoneers a significant edge . Desertion was a major problem for the Mexican army , depleting forces on the eve of battle . Most soldiers were peasants who held loyalty to their village and family , but not to the generals who had conscripted them . Often hungry and ill , under - equipped , only partially trained , and never well paid , the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the invading US forces . Looking for their opportunity , many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village . Soldaderas ( edit ) Women who traveled with the men in the Mexican army where known as soldaderas . While they only carried their packs , there were recorded instances where the soldaderas would join in the battle alongside the men . These women were involved in street fighting during the defence of Mexico City and Monterey . Some women such as Dos Amandes and Maria Josefa Zozaya would be remembered as heroes . Political divisions ( edit ) Liberal Valentín Gómez Farías , who served as Santa Anna 's vice president and implemented a liberal reform in 1833 , was an important political player in the era of the Mexican -- American War . Political divisions inside Mexico were another factor in the US victory . Inside Mexico , the centralistas and republicanos vied for power , and at times these two factions inside Mexico 's military fought each other rather than the invading US Army . Another faction called the monarchists , whose members wanted to install a monarch ( some advocated rejoining Spain ) , further complicated matters . This third faction would rise to predominance in the period of the French intervention in Mexico . The ease of the American landing at Veracruz was in large part due to civil warfare in Mexico City , which made any real defense of the port city impossible . As Gen. Santa Anna said , `` However shameful it may be to admit this , we have brought this disgraceful tragedy upon ourselves through our interminable in - fighting . '' United States army ( edit ) Main article : List of U.S. Army , Navy , and volunteer units in the Mexican -- American War U.S. Army occupation of Mexico City in 1847 . The American flag is flying over the National Palace , the seat of the Mexican government . On the U.S. side , the war was fought by regiments of regulars and various regiments , battalions , and companies of volunteers from the different states of the Union as well as Americans and some Mexicans in the California and New Mexico territories . On the West Coast , the US Navy fielded a battalion of sailors , in an attempt to recapture Los Angeles . Although the US Army and Navy were not large at the outbreak of the war , the officers were generally well trained and the numbers of enlisted men fairly large compared to Mexico 's . At the beginning of the war , the US Army had eight regiments of infantry ( three battalions each ) , four artillery regiments and three mounted regiments ( two dragoons , one of mounted rifles ) . These regiments were supplemented by 10 new regiments ( nine of infantry and one of cavalry ) raised for one year of service by the act of Congress from February 11 , 1847 . State volunteers were raised in various sized units and for various periods of time , mostly for one year . Later some were raised for the duration of the war as it became clear it was going to last longer than a year . US soldiers ' memoirs describe cases of looting and murder of Mexican civilians , mostly by State Volunteers . One officer 's diary records : We reached Burrita about 5 pm , many of the Louisiana volunteers were there , a lawless drunken rabble . They had driven away the inhabitants , taken possession of their houses , and were emulating each other in making beasts of themselves . John L. O'Sullivan , a vocal proponent of Manifest Destiny , later recalled : The regulars regarded the volunteers with importance and contempt ... ( The volunteers ) robbed Mexicans of their cattle and corn , stole their fences for firewood , got drunk , and killed several inoffensive inhabitants of the town in the streets . Many of the volunteers were unwanted and considered poor soldiers . The expression `` Just like Gaines 's army '' came to refer to something useless , the phrase having originated when a group of untrained and unwilling Louisiana troops were rejected and sent back by Gen. Taylor at the beginning of the war . 1,563 US soldiers are buried in the Mexico City National Cemetery , which is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission . Outbreak of the war ( edit ) Initial Skirmish at the Nueces strip ( edit ) Main article : Nueces Strip President Polk ordered General Taylor and his forces south to the Rio Grande , entering the territory that Mexicans disputed . Mexico laid claim to all the lands as far north as the Nueces River -- about 150 mi ( 240 km ) north of the Rio Grande . The U.S. claimed that the border was the Rio Grande , citing the 1836 Treaties of Velasco . However , Mexico rejected the treaties and refused to negotiate , instead still claiming all of Texas . Taylor ignored Mexican demands to withdraw to the Nueces . He constructed a makeshift fort ( later known as Fort Brown / Fort Texas ) on the banks of the Rio Grande opposite the city of Matamoros , Tamaulipas . The Mexican forces under General Santa Anna immediately prepared for war . On April 25 , 1846 , a 2,000 - man Mexican cavalry detachment attacked a 70 - man U.S. patrol under the command of Captain Seth Thornton , which had been sent into the contested territory north of the Rio Grande and south of the Nueces River . In the Thornton Affair , the Mexican cavalry routed the patrol , killing 11 American soldiers . Regarding the beginning of the war , Ulysses S. Grant , who had opposed the war but served as an army lieutenant in Taylor 's Army , claims in his Personal Memoirs ( 1885 ) that the main goal of the U.S. Army 's advance from Nueces River to Rio Grande was to provoke the outbreak of war without attacking first , to debilitate any political opposition to the war . The presence of United States troops on the edge of the disputed territory farthest from the Mexican settlements , was not sufficient to provoke hostilities . We were sent to provoke a fight , but it was essential that Mexico should commence it . It was very doubtful whether Congress would declare war ; but if Mexico should attack our troops , the Executive could announce , `` Whereas , war exists by the acts of , etc. , '' and prosecute the contest with vigor . Once initiated there were but few public men who would have the courage to oppose it ... Mexico showing no willingness to come to the Nueces to drive the invaders from her soil , it became necessary for the `` invaders '' to approach to within a convenient distance to be struck . Accordingly , preparations were begun for moving the army to the Rio Grande , to a point near Matamoras ( sic ) . It was desirable to occupy a position near the largest centre of population possible to reach , without absolutely invading territory to which we set up no claim whatever . Further hostilities ( edit ) Captain Charles A. May 's squadron of the 2nd Dragoons slashes through the Mexican Army lines . Resaca de la Palma , Texas , May 9 , 1846 . A few days after the defeat of the U.S. troops by General Arista , the Siege of Fort Texas began on May 3 , 1846 . Mexican artillery at Matamoros opened fire on Fort Texas , which replied with its own guns . The bombardment continued for 160 hours and expanded as Mexican forces gradually surrounded the fort . Thirteen U.S. soldiers were injured during the bombardment , and two were killed . Among the dead was Jacob Brown , after whom the fort was later named . On May 8 , Zachary Taylor and 2,400 troops arrived to relieve the fort . However , General Arista rushed north and intercepted him with a force of 3,400 at Palo Alto . The U.S. Army employed `` flying artillery '' , their term for horse artillery , a type of mobile light artillery that was mounted on horse carriages with the entire crew riding horses into battle . It had a devastating effect on the Mexican army . In contrast to the `` flying artillery '' of the Americans , the Mexican cannons at the Battle of Palo Alto fired at such slow velocities that it was possible for American soldiers to dodge artillery rounds . The Mexicans replied with cavalry skirmishes and their own artillery . The U.S. flying artillery somewhat demoralized the Mexican side , and seeking terrain more to their advantage , the Mexicans retreated to the far side of a dry riverbed ( resaca ) during the night . It provided a natural fortification , but during the retreat , Mexican troops were scattered , making communication difficult . During the Battle of Resaca de la Palma the next day , the two sides engaged in fierce hand to hand combat . The U.S. Cavalry managed to capture the Mexican artillery , causing the Mexican side to retreat -- a retreat that turned into a rout . Fighting on unfamiliar terrain , his troops fleeing in retreat , Arista found it impossible to rally his forces . Mexican casualties were heavy , and the Mexicans were forced to abandon their artillery and baggage . Fort Brown inflicted additional casualties as the withdrawing troops passed by the fort . Many Mexican soldiers drowned trying to swim across the Rio Grande . Both these engagements were fought before war was declared . Declarations of war ( edit ) Texas Campaign Thornton Affair Siege of Fort Texas Battle of Palo Alto Battle of Resaca de la Palma Overview map of the war . Key : Disputed territory United States territory , 1848 Mexican territory , 1848 After treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo In 1846 , relations between the two countries had deteriorated considerably and on April 23 , 1846 , the president of Mexico issued a proclamation , declaring Mexico 's intent to fight a `` defensive war '' against the encroachment of the United States . On April 25 , 1846 , 2,000 Mexican cavalry crossed into the disputed territory and routed a small detachment of American soldiers sparking the `` Thornton Affair '' Polk received word of the Thornton Affair , which , added to the Mexican government 's rejection of Slidell , Polk believed , constituted a casus belli ( cause for war ) . His message to Congress on May 11 , 1846 , claimed that `` Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States , has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil . '' The U.S. Congress approved the declaration of war on May 13 , 1846 , after a few hours of debate , with southern Democrats in strong support . Sixty - seven Whigs voted against the war on a key slavery amendment , but on the final passage only 14 Whigs voted no , including Rep. John Quincy Adams . In Mexico , although President Paredes issued a manifesto on May 23 , 1846 and a declaration of a defensive war on April 23 , both of which are considered by some the de facto start of the war , Mexico officially declared war by Congress on July 7 , 1846 . Antonio López de Santa Anna ( edit ) Once the U.S. declared war on Mexico , Antonio López de Santa Anna wrote to the Mexican government , saying he no longer had aspirations to the presidency , but would eagerly use his military experience to fight off the foreign invasion of Mexico as he had before . President Valentín Gómez Farías , a civilian , was desperate enough to accept the offer and allowed Santa Anna to return . Meanwhile , Santa Anna had secretly been dealing with representatives of the U.S. , pledging that if he were allowed back in Mexico through the U.S. naval blockades he would work to sell all contested territory to the United States at a reasonable price . Once back in Mexico at the head of an army , Santa Anna reneged on both agreements . He declared himself president once again and unsuccessfully tried to fight off the U.S. invasion . Reaction in the United States ( edit ) Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter Opposition to the war ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln in his late 30s as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives when he opposed the Mexican -- American War . Photo taken by one of Lincoln 's law students around 1846 . In the United States , increasingly divided by sectional rivalry , the war was a partisan issue and an essential element in the origins of the American Civil War . Most Whigs in the North and South opposed it ; most Democrats supported it . Southern Democrats , animated by a popular belief in Manifest Destiny , supported it in hope of adding slave - owning territory to the South and avoiding being outnumbered by the faster - growing North . John L. O'Sullivan , editor of the Democratic Review , coined this phrase in its context , stating that it must be `` our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions . '' Ex-slave and powerful anti-slavery advocate Frederick Douglass ( circa 1847 -- 52 ) opposed the Mexican -- American War . Northern antislavery elements feared the expansion of the Southern Slave Power ; Whigs generally wanted to strengthen the economy with industrialization , not expand it with more land . Among the most vocal opposing the war in the House of Representatives was John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts . Adams had first voiced concerns about expanding into Mexican territory in 1836 when he opposed Texas annexation . He continued this argument in 1846 for the same reason . War with Mexico would add new slavery territory to the nation . When the vote to go to war with Mexico came to a vote on May 13 , Adams spoke a resounding `` NO '' in the chamber . Only 13 others followed his lead . Ex-slave Frederick Douglass opposed the war and was dismayed by the weakness of the anti-war movement . `` The determination of our slave holding president , and the probability of his success in wringing from the people , men and money to carry it on , is made evident by the puny opposition arrayed against him . None seem willing to take their stand for peace at all risks . '' Democrats wanted more land ; northern Democrats were attracted by the possibilities in the far northwest . Joshua Giddings led a group of dissenters in Washington D.C. He called the war with Mexico `` an aggressive , unholy , and unjust war '' , and voted against supplying soldiers and weapons . He said : In the murder of Mexicans upon their own soil , or in robbing them of their country , I can take no part either now or hereafter . The guilt of these crimes must rest on others . I will not participate in them . Fellow Whig Abraham Lincoln contested Polk 's causes for the war . Polk had said that Mexico had `` shed American blood upon American soil '' . Lincoln submitted eight `` Spot Resolutions '' , demanding that Polk state the exact spot where Thornton had been attacked and American blood shed , and clarify whether or not that location was actually American soil , or in fact had been claimed by Spain and Mexico . Whig Senator Thomas Corwin of Ohio gave a long speech indicting presidential war in 1847 . Whig leader Robert Toombs of Georgia declared : This war is nondescript ... We charge the President with usurping the war - making power ... with seizing a country ... which had been for centuries , and was then in the possession of the Mexicans ... Let us put a check upon this lust of dominion . We had territory enough , Heaven knew . Henry David Thoreau spent a night in jail for not paying poll taxes to support the war and later wrote Civil Disobedience . Northern abolitionists attacked the war as an attempt by slave - owners to strengthen the grip of slavery and thus ensure their continued influence in the federal government . Acting on his convictions , Henry David Thoreau was jailed for his refusal to pay taxes to support the war , and penned his famous essay Civil Disobedience . Democratic Representative David Wilmot introduced the Wilmot Proviso , which would prohibit slavery in new territory acquired from Mexico . Wilmot 's proposal passed the House but not the Senate , and it spurred further hostility between the factions . Defense of the war ( edit ) Besides alleging that the actions of Mexican military forces within the disputed boundary lands north of the Rio Grande constituted an attack on American soil , the war 's advocates viewed the territories of New Mexico and California as only nominally Mexican possessions with very tenuous ties to Mexico . They saw the territories as actually unsettled , ungoverned , and unprotected frontier lands , whose non-aboriginal population , where there was any at all , represented a substantial -- in places even a majority -- American component . Moreover , the territories were feared to be under imminent threat of acquisition by America 's rival on the continent , the British . President Polk reprised these arguments in his Third Annual Message to Congress on December 7 , 1847 . In it he scrupulously detailed his administration 's position on the origins of the conflict , the measures the U.S. had taken to avoid hostilities , and the justification for declaring war . He also elaborated upon the many outstanding financial claims by American citizens against Mexico and argued that , in view of the country 's insolvency , the cession of some large portion of its northern territories was the only indemnity realistically available as compensation . This helped to rally congressional Democrats to his side , ensuring passage of his war measures and bolstering support for the war in the U.S. U.S. Press and popular war enthusiasm ( edit ) War News from Mexico ( 1848 ) Whipping up support for the war was embraced by the press . Richard Caton Woodville 's lithograph , War News From Mexico satirizes the reactions of various segments of the American population to the war . The lithograph is generally considered unfavorable to the war 's apparent pro-slavery motivations . The coverage of the war was an important development in the U.S. , with journalists as well as letter - writing soldiers giving the public in the U.S. `` their first - ever independent news coverage of warfare from home or abroad . '' During the war , inventions such as the telegraph created new means of communication that updated people with the latest news from the reporters , who were on the scene . The most important of these was George Wilkins Kendall , a Northerner who wrote for the New Orleans Picayune , and whose collected Dispatches from the Mexican War constitute an important primary source for the conflict . With more than a decade 's experience reporting urban crime , the `` penny press '' realized the public 's voracious demand for astounding war news . Moreover , Shelley Streetby demonstrates that the print revolution ( 1830s - 1840s ) , which preceded the U.S. - Mexican War , made it possible for the distribution of cheap newspapers throughout the country . This was the first time in American history that accounts by journalists , instead of opinions of politicians , had great influence in shaping people 's opinions about and attitudes toward a war . Along with written accounts of the war , there were war artists giving a visual dimension to the war at the time and immediately afterward . Carl Nebel 's visual depictions of the war are well known . By getting constant reports from the battlefield , Americans became emotionally united as a community . News about the war always caused extraordinary popular excitement . In the Spring of 1846 , news about Zachary Taylor 's victory at Palo Alto brought up a large crowd that met in a cotton textile town of Lowell , Massachusetts . New York celebrated the twin victories at Veracruz and Buena Vista in May 1847 . Among fireworks and illuminations , they had a `` grand procession '' of about 400,000 people . Generals Taylor and Scott became heroes for their people and later became presidential candidates . Conduct of the war ( edit ) See also : Mexican -- American War campaigns After the declaration of war on May 13 , 1846 , U.S. forces invaded Mexican territory on two main fronts . The U.S. War Department sent a U.S. Cavalry force under Stephen W. Kearny to invade western Mexico from Jefferson Barracks and Fort Leavenworth , reinforced by a Pacific fleet under John D. Sloat . This was done primarily because of concerns that Britain might also try to seize the area . Two more forces , one under John E. Wool and the other under Taylor , were ordered to occupy Mexico as far south as the city of Monterrey . New Mexico campaign ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Capture of Santa Fe and Taos Revolt New Mexico Campaign Mexican - American Conflict Capture of Santa Fe Capture of Tucson Battle of El Brazito Taos Revolt Battle of Cañada First Battle of Mora Battle of Embudo Pass Second Battle of Mora Siege of Pueblo de Taos Battle of Red River Canyon Battle of Las Vegas Battle of Cienega Creek Gen. Kearny 's annexation of New Mexico , August 15 , 1846 United States Army General Stephen W. Kearny moved southwest from Fort Leavenworth , Kansas with about 1,700 men in his Army of the West . Kearny 's orders were to secure the territories Nuevo México and Alta California . In Santa Fe , Governor Manuel Armijo wanted to avoid battle , but on August 9 , Catholic priests , Diego Archuleta ( the young regular - army commander ) , and the young militia officers Manuel Chaves and Miguel Pino forced him to muster a defense . Armijo set up a position in Apache Canyon , a narrow pass about 10 miles ( 16 km ) southeast of the city . However , on August 14 , before the American army was even in view , he decided not to fight . ( An American named James Magoffin claimed he had convinced Armijo and Archuleta to follow this course ; an unverified story says he bribed Armijo . ) When Pino , Chaves , and some of the militiamen insisted on fighting , Armijo ordered the cannon pointed at them . The New Mexican army retreated to Santa Fe , and Armijo fled to Chihuahua . Kearny and his troops encountered no Mexican forces when they arrived on August 15 . Kearny and his force entered Santa Fe and claimed the New Mexico Territory for the United States without a shot being fired . Kearny declared himself the military governor of the New Mexico Territory on August 18 and established a civilian government . American officers with a background in law drew up a temporary legal system for the territory called the Kearny Code . Kearny then took the remainder of his army west to Alta California . When he departed with his forces for California , he left Colonel Sterling Price in command of U.S. forces in New Mexico . He appointed Charles Bent as New Mexico 's first territorial governor . Following Kearny 's departure , dissenters in Santa Fe plotted a Christmas uprising . When the plans were discovered by the U.S. authorities , the dissenters postponed the uprising . They attracted numerous Indian allies , including Puebloan peoples , who also wanted to push the Americans from the territory . On the morning of January 19 , 1847 , the insurrectionists began the revolt in Don Fernando de Taos , present - day Taos , New Mexico , which later gave it the name the Taos Revolt . They were led by Pablo Montoya , a New Mexican , and Tomás Romero , a Taos pueblo Indian also known as Tomasito ( Little Thomas ) . Romero led an Indian force to the house of Governor Charles Bent , where they broke down the door , shot Bent with arrows , and scalped him in front of his family . They moved on , leaving Bent still alive . With his wife Ignacia and children , and the wives of friends Kit Carson and Thomas Boggs , the group escaped by digging through the adobe walls of their house into the one next door . When the insurgents discovered the party , they killed Bent , but left the women and children unharmed . The next day a large armed force of approximately 500 New Mexicans and Pueblo attacked and laid siege to Simeon Turley 's mill in Arroyo Hondo , several miles outside of Taos . Charles Autobees , an employee at the mill , saw the men coming . He rode to Santa Fe for help from the occupying U.S. forces . Eight to ten mountain men were left at the mill for defense . After a day - long battle , only two of the mountain men , John David Albert and Thomas Tate Tobin , Autobees ' half brother , survived . Both escaped separately on foot during the night . The same day New Mexican insurgents killed seven American traders who were passing through the village of Mora . At most , 15 Americans were killed in both actions on January 20 . The U.S. military moved quickly to quash the revolt ; Col. Price led more than 300 U.S. troops from Santa Fe to Taos , together with 65 volunteers , including a few New Mexicans , organized by Ceran St. Vrain , the business partner of the brothers William and Charles Bent . Along the way , the combined forces beat back a force of some 1,500 New Mexicans and Pueblo at Santa Cruz de la Cañada at Embudo Pass . The insurgents retreated to Taos Pueblo , where they took refuge in the thick - walled adobe church . During the ensuing battle , the U.S. breached a wall of the church and directed cannon fire into the interior , inflicting many casualties and killing about 150 rebels . They captured 400 more men after close hand - to - hand fighting . Only seven Americans died in the battle . A separate force of U.S. troops under captains Israel R. Hendley and Jesse I. Morin campaigned against the rebels in Mora . The First Battle of Mora ended in a New Mexican victory . The Americans attacked again in the Second Battle of Mora and won , which ended their operations against Mora . New Mexican rebels engaged U.S. forces three more times in the following months . The actions are known as the Battle of Red River Canyon , the Battle of Las Vegas , and the Battle of Cienega Creek . After the U.S. forces won each battle , the New Mexicans and Indians ended open warfare . California campaign ( edit ) Main article : Conquest of California California Campaign Battle of Chino Mexican -- American War Battle of Monterey Siege of Los Angeles Battle of Dominguez Rancho Battle of Natividad Battle of San Pasqual Battle of Rio San Gabriel Battle of La Mesa A replica of the first `` Bear Flag '' now at El Presidio de Sonoma , or Sonoma Barracks Although the U.S. declared war against Mexico on May 13 , 1846 , it took almost three months ( until early August 1846 ) for definitive word of Congress ' declaration of war to get to California . American consul Thomas O. Larkin , stationed in Monterey , worked successfully during the events in that vicinity to avoid bloodshed between Americans and the Mexican military garrison commanded by General José Castro , the senior military officer in California . Captain John C. Frémont , leading a U.S. Army topographical expedition to survey the Great Basin , entered the Sacramento Valley in December 1845 . Frémont 's party was at Upper Klamath Lake , Oregon Territory , when it received word that war between Mexico and the U.S. was imminent ; the party then returned to California . Mexico had issued a proclamation that unnaturalized foreigners were no longer permitted to have land in California and were subject to expulsion . With rumors swirling that General Castro was massing an army against them , American settlers in the Sacramento Valley banded together to meet the threat . On June 14 , 1846 , 34 American settlers seized control of the undefended Mexican government outpost of Sonoma to forestall Castro 's plans . One settler created the Bear Flag and raised it over Sonoma Plaza . Within a week , 70 more volunteers joined the rebels ' force , which grew to nearly 300 in early July . This event , led by William B. Ide , became known as the Bear Flag Revolt . On June 25 , Frémont 's party arrived to assist in an expected military confrontation . San Francisco , then called Yerba Buena , was occupied by the Bear Flaggers on July 2 . On July 5 Frémont 's California Battalion was formed by combining his forces with many of the rebels . Commodore John D. Sloat , commander of the U.S. Navy 's Pacific Squadron , near Mazatlan , Mexico , had received orders to seize San Francisco Bay and blockade California ports when he was positive that war had begun . Sloat set sail for Monterey , reaching it on July 1 . Sloat , upon hearing of the events in Sonoma and Frémont 's involvement , erroneously believed Frémont to be acting on orders from Washington and ordered his forces to occupy Monterey on July 7 and raise the American flag . On July 9 , 70 sailors and marines landed at Yerba Buena and raised the American flag . Later that day in Sonoma , the Bear Flag was lowered and the American flag was raised in its place . On Sloat 's orders , Frémont brought 160 volunteers to Monterey , in addition to the California Battalion . On July 15 , Sloat transferred his command of the Pacific Squadron to Commodore Robert F. Stockton , who was more militarily aggressive . He mustered the willing members of the California Battalion into military service with Frémont in command . Stockton ordered Frémont to San Diego to prepare to move northward to Los Angeles . As Frémont landed , Stockton 's 360 men arrived in San Pedro . General Castro and Governor Pío Pico wrote farewells and fled separately to the Mexican state of Sonora . Stockton 's army entered Los Angeles unopposed on August 13 , whereupon he sent a report to the Secretary of State that `` California is entirely free from Mexican dominion . '' Stockton , however , left a tyrannical officer in charge of Los Angeles with a small force . The Californios under the leadership of José María Flores , acting on their own and without federal help from Mexico , in the Siege of Los Angeles , forced the American garrison to retreat on September 29 . They also forced small U.S. garrisons in San Diego and Santa Barbara to flee . Captain William Mervine landed 350 sailors and Marines at San Pedro on October 7 . They were ambushed and repulsed at the Battle of Dominguez Rancho by Flores ' forces in less than an hour . Four Americans died , with 8 severely injured . Stockton arrived with reinforcements at San Pedro , which increased the American forces there to 800 . He and Mervine then set up a base of operations at San Diego . Meanwhile , U.S. Colonel Stephen W. Kearny and his force of about 100 men , who had performed a grueling march across New Mexico and the Sonoran Desert , crossed the Colorado River in late November , 1846 . Stockton sent a 35 - man patrol from San Diego to meet them . On December 7 , 100 lancers under General Andrés Pico ( brother of the governor ) , tipped off and lying in wait , fought Kearny 's army of about 150 at the Battle of San Pasqual , where 22 of Kearny 's men ( one of whom later died of wounds ) , including three officers , were killed in 30 minutes of fighting . The wounded Kearny and his bloodied force pushed on until they had to establish a defensive position on `` Mule Hill '' . However , General Pico kept the hill under siege for four days until a 215 - man American relief force arrived . Frémont and the 428 - man California Battalion arrived in San Luis Obispo on December 14 and Santa Barbara on December 27 . On December 28 , a 600 - man American force under Kearny began a 150 - mile march to Los Angeles . Flores then moved his ill - equipped 500 - man force to a 50 - foot - high bluff above the San Gabriel River . On January 8 , 1847 , the Stockton - Kearny army defeated the Californio force in the two - hour Battle of Rio San Gabriel . That same day , Frémont 's force arrived at San Fernando . The next day , January 9 , the Stockton - Kearny forces fought and won the Battle of La Mesa . On January 10 , the U.S. Army entered Los Angeles to no resistance . On January 12 , Frémont and two of Pico 's officers agreed to terms for a surrender . Articles of Capitulation were signed on January 13 by Frémont , Andrés Pico and six others at a rancho at Cahuenga Pass ( modern - day North Hollywood ) . This became known as the Treaty of Cahuenga , which marked the end of armed resistance in California . Pacific Coast Campaign Bombardment of Guaymas -- Battle of Mulege -- Bombardment of Punta Sombrero -- Battle of La Paz -- Battle of San José del Cabo -- Siege of La Paz -- Siege of San José del Cabo -- Skirmish of Todos Santos Pacific coast campaign ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Coast Campaign American ( left ) and Mexican ( right ) uniforms of the period USS Independence assisted in the blockade of the Mexican Pacific coast , capturing the Mexican ship Correo and a launch on May 16 , 1847 . She supported the capture of Guaymas , Sonora , on October 19 , 1847 , and landed bluejackets and Marines to occupy Mazatlán , Sinaloa , on November 11 , 1847 . After upper California was secure , most of the Pacific Squadron proceeded down the California coast , capturing all major cities of the Baja California Territory and capturing or destroying nearly all Mexican vessels in the Gulf of California . Other ports , not on the peninsula , were taken as well . The objective of the Pacific Coast Campaign was to capture Mazatlán , on the Mexican mainland , which was a major supply base for Mexican forces . Numerous Mexican ships were also captured by this squadron , with the USS Cyane given credit for 18 ships captured and numerous destroyed . Entering the Gulf of California , Independence , Congress , and Cyane seized La Paz , then captured and burned the small Mexican fleet at Guaymas . Within a month , they cleared the Gulf of hostile ships , destroying or capturing 30 vessels . Later , their sailors and Marines captured the port of Mazatlán on November 11 , 1847 . A Mexican campaign under Manuel Pineda Muñoz to retake the various captured ports resulted in several small clashes ( Battle of Mulege , Battle of La Paz , Battle of San José del Cabo ) and two sieges ( Siege of La Paz , Siege of San José del Cabo ) in which the Pacific Squadron ships provided artillery support . U.S. garrisons remained in control of the ports . Following reinforcement , Lt. Col. Henry S. Burton marched out . His forces rescued captured Americans , captured Pineda , and , on March 31 , defeated and dispersed remaining Mexican forces at the Skirmish of Todos Santos , unaware that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been signed in February 1848 and a truce agreed to on March 6 . When the American garrisons were evacuated to Monterey following the treaty ratification , many Mexicans went with them : those who had supported the American cause and had thought Lower California would also be annexed along with Upper California . Northeastern Mexico ( edit ) General Zachary Taylor rides his white horse at the Battle of Palo Alto near present - day Brownsville -- May 8 , 1846 The Mexican Army 's defeats at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma caused political turmoil in Mexico , turmoil which Antonio López de Santa Anna used to revive his political career and return from self - imposed exile in Cuba in mid-August 1846 . It was President Polk 's plan to bring back the exiled dictator who had defeated the Texans at the Alamo and Goliad . On 4 August 1846 , `` Polk negotiated a deal to not only bring Santa Anna back , but to pay him $2 million -- ostensibly a bribe as an advance payment on the cession of California . '' Santa Anna promised the U.S. that if he was allowed to pass through the blockade , he would negotiate a peaceful conclusion to the war and sell the New Mexico and Alta California territories to the U.S. Once Santa Anna arrived in Mexico City , however , he reneged on his deal with the U.S. and offered his services to the Mexican government . Then , after being appointed commanding general , he reneged again and seized the presidency . Led by Zachary Taylor , 2,300 U.S. troops crossed the Rio Grande after some initial difficulties in obtaining river transport . His soldiers occupied the city of Matamoros , then Camargo ( where the soldiery suffered the first of many problems with disease ) and then proceeded south and besieged the city of Monterrey . The hard - fought Battle of Monterrey resulted in serious losses on both sides . The American light artillery was ineffective against the stone fortifications of the city . The Mexican forces were under General Pedro de Ampudia and repulsed Taylor 's best infantry division at Fort Teneria . The Battle of Monterrey September 20 -- 24 , 1846 , after a painting by Carl Nebel The Battle of Buena Vista , February 23 , 1847 American soldiers , including many West Pointers , had never engaged in urban warfare before and they marched straight down the open streets , where they were annihilated by Mexican defenders well - hidden in Monterrey 's thick adobe homes . Two days later , they changed their urban warfare tactics . Texan soldiers had fought in a Mexican city before ( the Siege of Béxar in December 1835 ) and advised Taylor 's generals that the Americans needed to `` mouse hole '' through the city 's homes . In other words , they needed to punch holes in the side or roofs of the homes and fight hand to hand inside the structures . Mexicans called the Texas soldiers the Diabólicos Tejanos ( the Devil Texans ) . This method proved successful . Eventually , these actions drove and trapped Ampudia 's men into the city 's central plaza , where howitzer shelling forced Ampudia to negotiate . Taylor agreed to allow the Mexican Army to evacuate and to an eight - week armistice in return for the surrender of the city . Under pressure from Washington , Taylor broke the armistice and occupied the city of Saltillo , southwest of Monterrey . Santa Anna blamed the loss of Monterrey and Saltillo on Ampudia and demoted him to command a small artillery battalion . On February 22 , 1847 , Santa Anna personally marched north to fight Taylor with 20,000 men . Taylor , with 4,600 men , had entrenched at a mountain pass called Buena Vista . Santa Anna suffered desertions on the way north and arrived with 15,000 men in a tired state . He demanded and was refused surrender of the U.S. Army ; he attacked the next morning . Santa Anna flanked the U.S. positions by sending his cavalry and some of his infantry up the steep terrain that made up one side of the pass , while a division of infantry attacked frontally along the road leading to Buena Vista . Furious fighting ensued , during which the U.S. troops were nearly routed , but managed to cling to their entrenched position , thanks to the Mississippi Rifles , a volunteer regiment led by Jefferson Davis , who formed them into a defensive V formation . The Mexicans had inflicted considerable losses but Santa Anna had gotten word of upheaval in Mexico City , so he withdrew that night , leaving Taylor in control of part of Northern Mexico . Polk mistrusted Taylor , who he felt had shown incompetence in the Battle of Monterrey by agreeing to the armistice . Taylor later used the Battle of Buena Vista as the centerpiece of his successful 1848 presidential campaign . Northwestern Mexico ( edit ) The Treaty of Bear Springs ended a large scale insurrection by the Ute , Zuni , Moquis , and Navajo tribes . After the successful conquest of New Mexico , American troops moved into modern - day northwest Mexico . On March 1 , 1847 , Alexander W. Doniphan occupied Chihuahua City . British consul John Potts did not want to let Doniphan search Governor Trias 's mansion , and unsuccessfully asserted it was under British protection . American merchants in Chihuahua wanted the American force to stay in order to protect their business . Major William Gilpin advocated a march on Mexico City and convinced a majority of officers , but Doniphan subverted this plan . Then in late April , Taylor ordered the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers to leave Chihuahua and join him at Saltillo . The American merchants either followed or returned to Santa Fe . Along the way , the townspeople of Parras enlisted Doniphan 's aid against an Indian raiding party that had taken children , horses , mules , and money . The civilian population of northern Mexico offered little resistance to the American invasion , possibly because the country had already been devastated by Comanche and Apache Indian raids . Josiah Gregg , who was with the American army in northern Mexico , said that `` the whole country from New Mexico to the borders of Durango is almost entirely depopulated . The haciendas and ranchos have been mostly abandoned , and the people chiefly confined to the towns and cities . '' Southern Mexico ( edit ) Southern Mexico had a large indigenous population and was geographically distant from the capital . Yucatán in particular had closer ties to Cuba and to the United States than it did to central Mexico . On a number of occasions in the early era of the Mexican Republic , Yucatán seceded from the federation . There were also rivalries between regional elites , with one faction based in Mérida and the other in Campeche . These issues factored into the Mexican -- American War . The U.S. Navy contributed to the war by controlling the coast and clearing the way for U.S. troops and supplies , especially to Mexico 's main port of Veracruz . Even before hostilities began in the disputed northern region , the U.S. Navy created a blockade . Given the shallow waters of that portion of the Gulf coast , the U.S. Navy needed ships with a shallow draft rather than large frigates . Since the Mexican Navy was almost non-existent , the U.S. Navy could operate unimpeded in Gulf waters . First Battle of Tabasco ( edit ) See also : First Battle of Tabasco Commodore Matthew C. Perry led a detachment of seven vessels along the northern coast of Tabasco state . Perry arrived at the Tabasco River ( now known as the Grijalva River ) on October 22 , 1846 , and seized the town Port of Frontera along with two of their ships . Leaving a small garrison , he advanced with his troops towards the town of San Juan Bautista ( Villahermosa today ) . Perry arrived in the city of San Juan Bautista on October 25 , seizing five Mexican vessels . Colonel Juan Bautista Traconis , Tabasco Departmental commander at that time , set up barricades inside the buildings . Perry realized that the bombing of the city would be the only option to drive out the Mexican Army , and to avoid damage to the merchants of the city , withdrew its forces preparing them for the next day . Second Battle of Tabasco On the morning of October 26 , as Perry 's fleet prepared to start the attack on the city , the Mexican forces began firing at the American fleet . The U.S. bombing began to yield the square , so that the fire continued until evening . Before taking the square , Perry decided to leave and return to the port of Frontera , where he established a naval blockade to prevent supplies of food and military supplies from reaching the state capital . Second Battle of Tabasco ( edit ) See also : Second Battle of Tabasco On June 13 , 1847 , Commodore Perry assembled the Mosquito Fleet and began moving towards the Grijalva River , towing 47 boats that carried a landing force of 1,173 . On June 15 , 12 miles ( 19 km ) below San Juan Bautista , the fleet ran through an ambush with little difficulty . Again at an `` S '' curve in the river known as the `` Devil 's Bend '' , Perry encountered Mexican fire from a river fortification known as the Colmena redoubt , but the fleet 's heavy naval guns quickly dispersed the Mexican force . On June 16 , Perry arrived at San Juan Bautista and commenced bombing the city . The attack included two ships that sailed past the fort and began shelling it from the rear . David D. Porter led 60 sailors ashore and seized the fort , raising the American flag over the works . Perry and the landing force arrived and took control of the city around 14 : 00 . Yucatán ( edit ) The U.S. was concerned with the extension of British power in the Caribbean , especially Spanish Cuba , as well as the strategic Yucatán peninsula . In 1847 Maya revolted against the white elites of the peninsula in a racial war known as the Caste War of Yucatan . Jefferson Davis , then a senator from Mississippi , argued in congress that the president needed no further powers to intervene in Yucatan since the war with Mexico was underway . Davis 's concern was strategic and part of his vision of Manifest Destiny , considering the Gulf of Mexico `` a basin of water belonging to the United States '' and continuing `` the cape of Yucatan and the island of Cuba must be ours '' rather than under British influence . In the end , the U.S. did not intervene in Yucatán , but it had figured in congressional debates about the Mexican -- American War . At one point , the government of Yucatán petitioned the U.S. for protection during the Caste War , but the U.S. did not respond . Desertion ( edit ) Battle of Churubusco by J. Cameron , published by Nathaniel Currier . Hand tinted lithograph , 1847 . Digitally restored . Further information : Saint Patrick 's Battalion Desertion was a major problem for the Mexican Army , depleting forces on the eve of battle . Most soldiers were peasants who had a loyalty to their village and family , but not to the generals who had conscripted them . Often hungry and ill , under - equipped , only partially trained , and never well paid , the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the Americans . Looking for their opportunity , many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village . The desertion rate in the U.S. Army was 8.3 % ( 9,200 out of 111,000 ) , compared to 12.7 % during the War of 1812 and usual peacetime rates of about 14.8 % per year . Many men deserted to join another U.S. unit and get a second enlistment bonus . Some deserted because of the miserable conditions in camp . It has been suggested that others used the army to get free transportation to California , where they deserted to join the gold rush ; this , however , is unlikely as gold was only discovered in California on January 24 , 1848 , less than two weeks before the war concluded . By the time word reached the eastern U.S. that gold had been discovered , word also reached it that the war was over . Several hundred U.S. deserters went over to the Mexican side . Nearly all were recent immigrants from Europe with weak ties to the U.S. . The Mexicans issued broadsides and leaflets enticing U.S. soldiers with promises of money , land bounties , and officers ' commissions . Mexican guerrillas shadowed the U.S. Army and captured men who took unauthorized leave or fell out of the ranks . The guerrillas coerced these men to join the Mexican ranks . The generous promises proved illusory for most deserters , who risked being executed if captured by U.S. forces . San Patricios ( edit ) The mass hanging of Irish Catholic soldiers who joined the Mexican side , forming the Saint Patrick 's Battalion The most famous group of deserters from the U.S. Army , was the Saint Patrick 's Battalion or ( San Patricios ) , composed primarily several hundred immigrant soldiers , the majority Catholic Irish and German immigrants , who deserted the U.S. Army because of ill - treatment or sympathetic leanings to fellow Mexican Catholics and joined the Mexican army . The battalion also included Canadians , English , French , Italians , Poles , Scots , Spaniards , Swiss , and Mexican people , many of whom were members of the Catholic Church . Most of the battalion were killed in the Battle of Churubusco ; about 100 were captured by the U.S. and roughly half of the San Patricios were tried and were hanged as deserters following their capture at Churubusco in August 1847. . The leader , Jon Riley , was merely branded since he had deserted before the war started . Scott 's Mexico city campaign ( edit ) Mexico City Campaign Veracruz -- Cerro Gordo -- Contreras -- Churubusco -- Molino del Rey -- Chapultepec -- Mexico City The Battle of Chapultepec Landings and Siege of Veracruz ( edit ) Bombardment of Veracruz Scott 's campaign Rather than reinforce Taylor 's army for a continued advance , President Polk sent a second army under General Winfield Scott , which was transported to the port of Veracruz by sea , to begin an invasion of the Mexican heartland . On March 9 , 1847 , Scott performed the first major amphibious landing in U.S. history in preparation for the Siege of Veracruz . A group of 12,000 volunteer and regular soldiers successfully offloaded supplies , weapons , and horses near the walled city using specially designed landing crafts . Included in the invading force were Robert E. Lee , George Meade , Ulysses S. Grant , James Longstreet , and Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson . The city was defended by Mexican General Juan Morales with 3,400 men . Mortars and naval guns under Commodore Matthew C. Perry were used to reduce the city walls and harass defenders . After a bombardment on March 24 , 1847 , the walls of Veracruz had a thirty - foot gap . The city replied the best it could with its own artillery . The effect of the extended barrage destroyed the will of the Mexican side to fight against a numerically superior force , and they surrendered the city after 12 days under siege . U.S. troops suffered 80 casualties , while the Mexican side had around 180 killed and wounded , about half of whom were civilian . During the siege , the U.S. side began to fall victim to yellow fever . Advance on Puebla ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Cerro Gordo Scott then marched westward on April 2 , 1847 , toward Mexico City with 8,500 healthy troops , while Santa Anna set up a defensive position in a canyon around the main road about 50 miles ( 80 km ) north - west of Veracruz , near the hamlet of Cerro Gordo . Santa Anna had entrenched with 12,000 troops , and artillery that were trained on the road , where he expected Scott to appear . However , Scott had sent 2,600 mounted dragoons ahead and they reached the pass on April 12 . The Mexican artillery prematurely fired on them and therefore revealed their positions , beginning the Battle of Cerro Gordo . Instead of taking the main road , Scott 's troops trekked through the rough terrain to the north , setting up his artillery on the high ground and quietly flanking the Mexicans . Although by then aware of the positions of U.S. troops , Santa Anna and his troops were unprepared for the onslaught that followed . In the battle fought on April 18 , the Mexican army was routed . The U.S. Army suffered 400 casualties , while the Mexicans suffered over 1,000 casualties and 3,000 were taken prisoner . In August 1847 , Captain Kirby Smith , of Scott 's 3rd Infantry , reflected on the resistance of the Mexican army : They can do nothing and their continued defeats should convince them of it . They have lost six great battles ; we have captured six hundred and eight cannon , nearly one hundred thousand stands of arms , made twenty thousand prisoners , have the greatest portion of their country and are fast advancing on their Capital which must be ours , -- yet they refuse to treat ( i.e. , negotiate terms ) ! Pause at Puebla ( edit ) In May , Scott pushed on to Puebla , the second largest city in Mexico . Because of the citizens ' hostility to Santa Anna , the city capitulated without resistance on May 1 . During the following months , Scott gathered supplies and reinforcements at Puebla and sent back units whose enlistments had expired . Scott also made strong efforts to keep his troops disciplined and treat the Mexican people under occupation justly , so as to prevent a popular rising against his army . Advance on Mexico city and its capture ( edit ) The Battle of Molino del Rey With guerrillas harassing his line of communications back to Veracruz , Scott decided not to weaken his army to defend Puebla but , leaving only a garrison at Puebla to protect the sick and injured recovering there , advanced on Mexico City on August 7 with his remaining force . The capital was laid open in a series of battles around the right flank of the city defenses , the Battle of Contreras and Battle of Churubusco . After Churubusco , fighting halted for an armistice and peace negotiations , which broke down on September 6 , 1847 . With the subsequent battles of Molino del Rey and of Chapultepec , and the storming of the city gates , the capital was occupied . Scott became military governor of occupied Mexico City . His victories in this campaign made him an American national hero . Battle of Chapultepec ( edit ) Storming of Chapultepec The Battle of Chapultepec was an encounter between the Mexican Army and the United States on the castle of Chapultepec in Mexico City . At this time , this castle was a renowned military school in Mexico City . After the battle , which ended in an American victory , the legend of `` Los Niños Héroes '' was born . Although not confirmed by historians , six military cadets between the ages of 13 and 17 stayed in the school instead of evacuating . They decided to stay and fight for Mexico . These Niños Héroes ( hero children ) became icons in Mexico 's pantheon of heroes . Rather than surrender to the U.S. Army , some military cadets leaped from the castle walls . A cadet named Juan Escutia wrapped himself in the Mexican flag and jumped to his death . Santa Anna 's last campaign ( edit ) In late September 1847 , Santa Anna made one last attempt to defeat the Americans , by cutting them off from the coast . General Joaquín Rea began the Siege of Puebla , soon joined by Santa Anna , but they failed to take it before the approach of a relief column from Veracruz under Brig. Gen. Joseph Lane prompted Santa Anna to stop him . Puebla was relieved by Gen. Lane October 12 , 1847 , following his defeat of Santa Anna at the Battle of Huamantla on October 9 , 1847 . The battle was Santa Anna 's last . Following the defeat , the new Mexican government led by Manuel de la Peña y Peña asked Santa Anna to turn over command of the army to General José Joaquín de Herrera . Anti-guerrilla campaign ( edit ) Following his capture and securing of the capital , General Scott sent about a quarter of his strength to secure his line of communications to Veracruz from the Light Corps of General Joaquín Rea and other Mexican guerrilla forces that had been harassing it since May . He strengthened the garrison of Puebla and by November had added a 1200 - man garrison at Jalapa , established 750 - man posts along the National Road , the main route between the port of Veracruz and the capital , at the pass between Mexico City and Puebla at Rio Frio , at Perote and San Juan on the road between Jalapa and Puebla , and at Puente Nacional between Jalapa and Veracruz . He had also detailed an anti guerrilla brigade under Brig. Gen. Joseph Lane to carry the war to the Light Corps and other guerrillas . He ordered that convoys would travel with at least 1,300 - man escorts . Victories by General Lane over the Light Corps at Atlixco ( October 18 , 1847 ) , at Izucar de Matamoros ( November 23 , 1847 ) and Galaxara Pass ( November 24 , 1847 ) ended the threat of General Rea . Later a raid against the guerrillas of Padre Jarauta at Zacualtipan ( February 25 , 1848 ) further reduced guerrilla raids on the American line of communications . After the two governments concluded a truce to await ratification of the peace treaty , on March 6 , 1848 , formal hostilities ceased . However some bands continued in defiance of the Mexican government until the American evacuation in August . Some were suppressed by the Mexican Army or , like Padre Jarauta , executed . Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Mexican Cession , shown in red , and the later Gadsden Purchase , shown in yellow Outnumbered militarily and with many of its large cities occupied , Mexico could not defend itself ; the country was also faced with many internal divisions , including the Caste War of Yucatán . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , signed on February 2 , 1848 , by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas , Bernardo Couto , and Miguel Atristain , ended the war . The treaty gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas , established the U.S. - Mexican border of the Rio Grande , and ceded to the United States the present - day states of California , Nevada , and Utah , most of New Mexico , Arizona and Colorado , and parts of Texas , Oklahoma , Kansas , and Wyoming . In return , Mexico received $ 15 million ( $424 million today ) -- less than half the amount the U.S. had attempted to offer Mexico for the land before the opening of hostilities -- and the U.S. agreed to assume $3.25 million ( $92 million today ) in debts that the Mexican government owed to U.S. citizens . The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 38 to 14 on March 10 , and by Mexico through a legislative vote of 51 - 34 and a Senate vote of 33 - 4 , on May 19 . News that New Mexico 's legislative assembly had passed an act for organization of a U.S. territorial government helped ease Mexican concern about abandoning the people of New Mexico . The acquisition was a source of controversy , especially among U.S. politicians who had opposed the war from the start . A leading antiwar U.S. newspaper , the Whig National Intelligencer , sardonically concluded that `` We take nothing by conquest ... Thank God . '' Mexican territorial claims relinquished in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in white Jefferson Davis introduced an amendment giving the U.S. most of northeastern Mexico , which failed 44 -- 11 . This amendment was supported by both senators from Texas ( Sam Houston and Thomas Jefferson Rusk ) , Daniel S. Dickinson of New York , Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois , Edward A. Hannegan of Indiana , and one each from Alabama , Florida , Mississippi , Ohio , Missouri , and Tennessee . Most of the leaders of the Democratic party -- Thomas Hart Benton , John C. Calhoun , Herschel V. Johnson , Lewis Cass , James Murray Mason of Virginia , and Ambrose Hundley Sevier -- were opposed . An amendment by Whig Senator George Edmund Badger of North Carolina to exclude New Mexico and Upper California lost 35 -- 15 , with three Southern Whigs voting with the Democrats . Daniel Webster was bitter that four New England senators made deciding votes for acquiring the new territories . The acquired lands west of the Rio Grande are traditionally called the Mexican Cession in the U.S. , as opposed to the Texas Annexation two years earlier , though division of New Mexico down the middle at the Rio Grande never had any basis either in control or Mexican boundaries . Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas before the war , and did not cede its claim to territory north of the Rio Grande or Gila River until this treaty . Before ratifying the treaty , the U.S. Senate made two modifications : changing the wording of Article IX ( which guaranteed Mexicans living in the purchased territories the right to become U.S. citizens ) and striking out Article X ( which conceded the legitimacy of land grants made by the Mexican government ) . On May 26 , 1848 , when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , they further agreed to a three - article protocol ( known as the Protocol of Querétaro ) to explain the amendments . The first article claimed that the original Article IX of the treaty , although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana , would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX . The second article confirmed the legitimacy of land grants under Mexican law . The protocol was signed in the city of Querétaro by A.H. Sevier , Nathan Clifford , and Luis de la Rosa . Article XI offered a potential benefit to Mexico , in that the US pledged to suppress the Comanche and Apache raids that had ravaged northern Mexico and pay restitutions to the victims of raids it could not prevent . However , the Indian raids did not cease for several decades after the treaty , although a cholera epidemic reduced the numbers of the Comanche in 1849 . Robert Letcher , U.S. Minister to Mexico in 1850 , was certain `` that miserable 11th article '' would lead to the financial ruin of the US if it could not be released from its obligations . The US was released from all obligations of Article XI five years later by Article II of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 . Results ( edit ) Altered territories ( edit ) American occupation of Mexico City Before the secession of Texas , Mexico comprised almost 1,700,000 sq mi ( 4,400,000 km ) , but by 1849 it was just under 800,000 square miles ( 2,100,000 km ) . Another 30,000 square miles ( 78,000 km ) were sold to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 , so the total reduction of Mexican territory was more than 55 % , or 900,000 square miles ( 2,300,000 km ) . Though the annexed territory was about the size of Western Europe , it was sparsely populated . The land contained about 14,000 non-indigenous people in Alta California and about 60,000 in Nuevo México , as well as large Indian nations , such as the Papago , Pima , Puebloan , Navajo , Apache and many others . Although some native people relocated farther south in Mexico , the great majority remained in the U.S. territory . The American settlers surging into the newly conquered Southwest were openly contemptuous of Mexican law ( a civil law system based on the law of Spain ) as alien and inferior and disposed of it by enacting reception statutes at the first available opportunity . However , they recognized the value of a few aspects of Mexican law and carried them over into their new legal systems . For example , most of the southwestern states adopted community property marital property systems , as well as water law . Mexicans and Indians in the annexed territories faced a loss of civil and political rights , even though the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo promised American citizenship to all Mexican citizens living in the territory of the Mexican Cession . The U.S. government withheld citizenship from Indians in the southwest until the 1930s , despite the fact that they were citizens under Mexican law . Impact of the war in the United States ( edit ) In much of the United States of America , victory and the acquisition of new land brought a surge of patriotism . Victory seemed to fulfill Democrats ' belief in their country 's Manifest Destiny . While Whig Ralph Waldo Emerson rejected war `` as a means of achieving America 's destiny , '' he accepted that `` most of the great results of history are brought about by discreditable means . '' Although the Whigs had opposed the war , they made Zachary Taylor their presidential candidate in the election of 1848 , praising his military performance while muting their criticism of the war . Has the Mexican War terminated yet , and how ? Are we beaten ? Do you know of any nation about to besiege South Hadley ( Massachusetts ) ? If so , do inform me of it , for I would be glad of a chance to escape , if we are to be stormed . I suppose ( our teacher ) Miss ( Mary ) Lyon would furnish us all with daggers and order us to fight for our lives ... -- The sixteen - year - old Emily Dickinson , writing to her older brother , Austin in the fall of 1847 , shortly after the Battle of Chapultepec A month before the end of the war , Polk was criticized in a United States House of Representatives amendment to a bill praising Major General Zachary Taylor for `` a war unnecessarily and unconstitutionally begun by the President of the United States . '' This criticism , in which Congressman Abraham Lincoln played an important role with his Spot Resolutions , followed congressional scrutiny of the war 's beginnings , including factual challenges to claims made by President Polk . The vote followed party lines , with all Whigs supporting the amendment . Lincoln 's attack won lukewarm support from fellow Whigs in Illinois but was harshly counter-attacked by Democrats , who rallied pro-war sentiments in Illinois ; Lincoln 's Spot resolutions haunted his future campaigns in the heavily Democratic state of Illinois , and were cited by enemies well into his presidency . Effect on the American Civil war ( edit ) Second lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant , one of the many officers in the U.S. Army in the Mexican -- American War to serve in the American Civil War Many of the military leaders on both sides of the American Civil War were trained at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and had fought as junior officers in Mexico . This list includes military men fighting for the Union : Ulysses S. Grant , George B. McClellan , William T. Sherman , George Meade , William Rosecrans , and Ambrose Burnside . Military men who joined the Southern secessionists of the Confederate States of America were Robert E. Lee , Stonewall Jackson , James Longstreet , Joseph E. Johnston , Braxton Bragg , Sterling Price , and the future Confederate President Jefferson Davis . Both sides had leaders with significant experience in active combat in strategy and tactics , likely shaping ways the Civil War conflict played out . President Ulysses S. Grant , who as a young army lieutenant had served in Mexico under General Taylor , recalled in his Memoirs , published in 1885 , that : Generally , the officers of the army were indifferent whether the annexation was consummated or not ; but not so all of them . For myself , I was bitterly opposed to the measure , and to this day regard the war , which resulted , as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation . It was an instance of a republic following the bad example of European monarchies , in not considering justice in their desire to acquire additional territory . Grant also expressed the view that the war against Mexico had brought punishment on the United States in the form of the American Civil War : The Southern rebellion was largely the outgrowth of the Mexican war . Nations , like individuals , are punished for their transgressions . We got our punishment in the most sanguinary and expensive war of modern times . This view was shared by the philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson , who towards the end of the war wrote that `` The United States will conquer Mexico , but it will be as the man swallows the arsenic , which brings him down in turn . Mexico will poison us . '' `` An Available Candidate : The One Qualification for a Whig President . '' Political cartoon about the 1848 presidential election which refers to Zachary Taylor or Winfield Scott , the two leading contenders for the Whig Party nomination in the aftermath of the Mexican -- American War . Published by Nathaniel Currier in 1848 , digitally restored . General Robert E. Lee , leader of the Confederate forces through the end of the American Civil War , began building his reputation as a military officer in America 's war against Mexico . At the start of the Mexican -- American War , Captain Lee invaded Mexico with General Wool 's engineering department from the North . By early 1847 , he helped take the Mexican cities of Vera Cruz , Cerro Gordo , Contreras , Churubusco , Molino del Rey , and Chapultepec. Lee was wounded in Chapultepec . By September , Mexico City surrendered and the United States was victorious . General Scott was the ranking officer in the army during the Mexican -- American campaign . He described Robert E. Lee as `` gallant and indefatigable , '' saying that Lee had displayed the `` greatest feat of physical and moral courage performed by any individual in ( his ) knowledge during the campaign . '' Robert E. Lee 's humility and professionalism was apparent early on in his career when gave credit to General Scott for the victories . He said that `` It was his stout heart ... his bold self reliance ... his indomitable courage that ... ressed us forward to this capital . '' It is important to note that although Lee is remembered for his valor during the Mexican -- American War , he was only a junior officer `` who had never commanded a regiment in the field '' . In 1861 , it was General Scott who advised Abraham Lincoln to ask Lee to command the union forces . Lee declined , and later recounted `` I declined the offer he made me to take command of the army that was brought into the field , stating candidly and as courteously as I could that though opposed to secession and depreciating war , I could take no part in the invasion of the southern states . '' ( Sneiderman , 118 ) On 9 April 1865 , it was General Robert E. Lee who had surrendered to President Lincoln 's Union Forces . Despite initial objections from the Whigs and abolitionists , the war nevertheless united the U.S. in a common cause and was fought almost entirely by volunteers . The army swelled from just over 6,000 to more than 115,000 . The majority of 12 - month volunteers in Scott 's army decided that a year 's fighting was enough and returned to the U.S. Veterans of the war were often broken men . `` As the sick and wounded from Taylor 's and Scott 's campaigns made their way back from Mexico to the United States , their condition shocked the folks at home . Husbands , sons , and brothers returned in broken health , some with missing limbs . '' Anti-slavery elements opposed that position and fought for the exclusion of slavery from any territory absorbed by the U.S. In 1847 , the House of Representatives passed the Wilmot Proviso , stipulating that none of the territory acquired should be open to slavery . The Senate avoided the issue , and a late attempt to add it to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was defeated . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the result of Nicholas Trist 's unauthorized negotiations . It was approved by the U.S. Senate on March 10 , 1848 , and ratified by the Mexican Congress on May 25 . Mexico 's cession of Alta California and Nuevo México and its recognition of U.S. sovereignty over all of Texas north of the Rio Grande formalized the addition of 1.2 million square miles ( 3.1 million km ) of territory to the United States . In return the U.S. agreed to pay $15 million and assumed the claims of its citizens against Mexico . A final territorial adjustment between Mexico and the U.S. was made by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 . The sale of this territory was a contributing factor in the final fall of Santa Anna in Mexico for having sold Mexican patrimony . As late as 1880 , the `` Republican Campaign Textbook '' by the Republican Congressional Committee described the war as `` Feculent , reeking Corruption '' and `` one of the darkest scenes in our history -- a war forced upon our and the Mexican people by the high - handed usurpations of Pres 't Polk in pursuit of territorial aggrandizement of the slave oligarchy . '' The war was one of the most decisive events for the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century . While it marked a significant waypoint for the nation as a growing military power , it also served as a milestone especially within the U.S. narrative of Manifest Destiny . The resultant territorial gains set in motion many of the defining trends in American 19th - century history , particularly for the American West . The war did not resolve the issue of slavery in the U.S. but rather in many ways inflamed it , as potential westward expansion of the institution took an increasingly central and heated theme in national debates preceding the American Civil War . Furthermore , in doing much to extend the nation from coast to coast , the Mexican -- American War was one step in the huge migrations to the West of Americans , which culminated in transcontinental railroads and the Indian wars later in the same century . Impact of the war in Mexico ( edit ) Memorial to the Mexican cadets killed in the Battle of Chapultepec The obvious impact of the war was the loss of its northern areas and the defeat of the Mexican military . The war remains a painful historical event for Mexicans . In the immediate aftermath of the war , a group of prominent Mexicans wrote an assessment of the reasons for the war and Mexico 's defeat , edited by Ramón Alcaraz and including contributions by Ignacio Ramírez , Guillermo Prieto , José María Iglesias , and Francisco Urquidi . The work was translated to English by Col. Albert Ramsey , a veteran of the Mexican -- American War and published in 1850 . In Mexico City 's Chapultepec Park , the Niños Héroes ( Monument to the Heroic Cadets ) commemorates the heroic sacrifice of six teenaged military cadets who fought to their deaths rather than surrender to American troops during the Battle of Chapultepec Castle on September 13 , 1847 . The monument is an important patriotic site in Mexico . On March 5 , 1947 , nearly one hundred years after the battle , U.S. President Harry S. Truman placed a wreath at the monument and stood for a moment of silence . See also ( edit ) Battles of the Mexican -- American War Christopher Werner , maker of the `` Iron Palmetto '' commemorating the loss of South Carolinians in the War Reconquista ( Mexico ) Republic of Texas -- United States relations Texas annexation Territories of Mexico General : History of Mexico History of New Mexico History of the United States List of conflicts in the United States List of wars involving the United States List of wars involving Mexico Mexico -- United States relations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Variations include U.S. -- Mexican War , the U.S. -- Mexico War . Jump up ^ Spanish : Intervención americana en México , or Intervención estadounidense en México . In Mexico , it may also be called the War of United States - Mexico ( Guerra de Estados Unidos - México ) . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1846 only . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Official DOD data Archived February 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ramón Alcaraz , et al . The Other Side or Notes for the History of the War between Mexico and the United States . New York : Burt Franklin 1850 , republished 1970 , 1 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : See `` '' Republic of Texas `` '' . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 05 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ History.com Jump up ^ See Rives , The United States and Mexico , vol. 2 , p. 658 Jump up ^ Pedro Santoni , `` U.S. - Mexican War '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 , p. 1511 . Jump up ^ Alcaraz , et al . The Other Side , pp. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ DeLay , Brian . The War of a Thousand Deserts New Haven : Yale U Press , 2008 , p. 286 Jump up ^ `` The Borderlands on the Eve of War '' . The U.S. - Mexican War . PBS . Jump up ^ Brian Delay , `` Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War '' The American Historical Review , Vol 112 , No. l ( February 2007 ) , p 35 Jump up ^ `` The Annexation of Texas '' U.S. Department of State , Retrieved July 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Rives , The United States and Mexico vol. 2 , pp 45 -- 46 . Books.google.com . September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rives , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Engelson , Lester G. ( 1939 ) . `` Proposals for the Colonization of California by England : In Connection with the Mexican Debt to British Bondholders 1837 -- 1846 '' . California Historical Society Quarterly . University of California Press . 18 ( 2 ) : 136 -- 48 . doi : 10.2307 / 25139106 . ISSN 0008 - 1175 . JSTOR 25139106 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Groom , Winston `` Kearny 's March '' Alfred A. Knopf , 2011 pp. 46 ^ Jump up to : Santoni , `` U.S. - Mexican War '' , p. 1511 . Jump up ^ Jesús F. de la Teja , `` Texas Secession '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 , 1403 - 04 . Jump up ^ Douglas W. Richmond , `` Vicente Guerrero '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 , p. 617 . ^ Jump up to : Rives , vol. 2 , pp. 165 -- 168 Jump up ^ Rives , vol. 2 , pp. 172 -- 173 Jump up ^ Mary Lee Spence , and Donald Jackson , The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont : The Bear Flag Revolt and the Court - Martial . U of Illinois Press , 1973 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1919 ) p. xi . Jump up ^ Richard R. Stenberg , `` The Failure of Polk 's Mexican War Intrigue of 1845 , '' Pacific Historical Review 4 # 1 ( 1935 ) , pp. 39 - 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Donald Fithian Stevens , Origins of Instability in Early Republican Mexico ( 1991 ) p. 11 . Jump up ^ Miguel E. Soto , `` The Monarchist Conspiracy and the Mexican War '' in Essays on the Mexican War ed by Wayne Cutler ; Texas A&M University Press . 1986 . pp. 66 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks ( 1849 ) pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Mexican War from Global Security.com . Jump up ^ Christon I. Archer , `` Military : 1821 -- 1914 '' in Encyclopedia of Mexico , Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 , 905 . Jump up ^ Archer , `` Military , 1821 -- 1914 '' , pp. 906 - 907 . Jump up ^ `` The End of the Mexican American War : The Signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' . Memoria Política de México ( Political History of Mexico ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ quoted in Carol and thomas Christensen , The U.S. - Mexican War . Companion to the Public Television Series , The U.S. - Mexican War , 1846 -- 48 . San Francisco : Bay Books 1998 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Alamán paraphrased in Christensen , The U.S. - Mexican War , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Mexican soldier Manuel Balontín , quoted in Christensen , The U.S. - Mexican War , p. 137 . Jump up ^ René Chartrand , Santa Anna 's Mexican Army 1821 -- 48 , Illustrated by Bill Younghusband , Osprey Publishing , 2004 , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 667 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 667 - 6 . Books.google.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Meed , Douglas ( 2003 ) . The Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Acuña , Rodolfo ( 2015 ) . Occupied America A History of Chicanos . Pearson . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Missionaries of Republicanism : A Religious History of the Mexican - American War By John C. Pinheiro , page 96 Jump up ^ Santa Anna of Mexico , By Will Fowler , page 265 Jump up ^ `` William Hugh Robarts , `` Mexican War veterans : a complete roster of the regular and volunteer troops in the war between the United States and Mexico , from 1846 to 1848 ; the volunteers are arranged by states , alphabetically '' , BRENTANO 'S ( A.S. WITHERBEE & CO , Proprietors ) ; WASHINGTON , D.C. , 1887 `` . Archive.org . March 10 , 2001 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robarts , `` Mexican War veterans '' pp. 1 -- 24 Jump up ^ Robarts , `` Mexican War veterans '' pp. 39 -- 79 Jump up ^ Bronwyn Mills . U.S. - Mexican War ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4932 - 7 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker . U.S. Leadership in Wartime : Clashes , Controversy , and Compromise , Volume 1 . page 249 Jump up ^ David Montejano ( 1987 ) . Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas , 1836 -- 1986 . University of Texas Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Justin Harvey Smith ( 1919 ) . The war with Mexico vol. 1 . Macmillan . p. 464 . Jump up ^ K. Jack Bauer ( 1993 ) . Zachary Taylor : Soldier , Planter , Statesman of the Old Southwest . Louisiana State University Press . p. 149 . Jump up ^ `` PERSONAL MEMOIRS U.S. GRANT , COMPLETE '' . www.gutenberg.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks ( 1849 ) p. 122 . Jump up ^ Brooks ( 1849 ) pp. 91 , 117 . Jump up ^ Brooks ( 1849 ) p. 121 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Robert `` Lions of the West '' Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill , 2011 pp. 237 ^ Jump up to : Tucker ( 2013 ) p. 718 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1919 ) p. 279 . Jump up ^ Faragher , John Mack , et al. , eds . Out Of Many : A History of the American People . Upper Saddle River : Pearson Education , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Message of President Polk , May 11 , 1846 '' . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 20 , 2008 . Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States , has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil . She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced , and that the two nations are now at war . ^ Jump up to : Bauer ( 1992 ) p. 68 . Jump up ^ see A. Brook Caruso , The Mexican Spy Company . 1991 , p. 62 - 79 Jump up ^ Jay ( 1853 ) pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Jay ( 1853 ) p. 165 . Jump up ^ See O'Sullivan's 1845 article `` Annexation '' , United States Magazine and Democratic Review Jump up ^ quoted in Christensen , The U.S. - Mexican War , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Giddings , Joshua Reed . Speeches in Congress ( 1841 -- 1852 ) , J.P. Jewett and Company , 1853 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Speech of U.S. Senator against the Mexican -- American War characterizing it as imperialist and presidential Jump up ^ Beveridge 1 : 417 . Jump up ^ `` James K. Polk : Third Annual Message -- December 7 , 1847 '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` War News From Mexico '' : What the Blacks in the 1848 Painting Tell Us Archived May 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . The Root , 2013 Jump up ^ Lawrence Delbert Cress , `` Introduction '' , Dispatches from the Mexican War , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press 1999 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ George Wilkins Kendall , Dispatches from the Mexican War , edited by Larence Delbert Cress . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press 1999 . Jump up ^ Streetby , Shellby ( 2001 ) . `` American Sensations : Empire , Amnesia , and the US - Mexican War '' . American Literary History . 13 : 1 : 2 . Jump up ^ Ron Tyler . `` A Great American Book : The War between the United States and Mexico , Illustrated '' in Artes de México . No. 80 , `` Carl Nebel : Nineteenth - Century Itinerant Painter '' , August 2006 , pp. 77 - 80 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Battle of Santa Fe '' . Early American Wars : A Guide to Early American Units and Battles before 1865 . MyCivilWar.com. 2005 -- 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Simmons , Marc ( 1973 ) . The Little Lion of the Southwest : a life of Manuel Antonio Chaves . Chicago : The Swallow Press . ISBN 0 - 8040 - 0633 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Historic Markers : Canoncito at Apache Canyon '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 15 . Includes a link to a map . Jump up ^ Keleher , William A. ( 1952 ) . Turmoil in New Mexico 1846 -- 1848 . University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 0631 - 4 . Jump up ^ Beck , Warren A. ( 1962 ) . New Mexico : A History of Four Centuries . University of Oklahoma Press . Jump up ^ Morgan , Robert ( 2011 ) . Lions of the West . Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill . p. 243 Jump up ^ Garrard , Lewis H. ( 1850 ) . Wah - to - yah and the Taos Trail ; or Prairie Travel and Scalp Dances , with a Look at Los Rancheros from Muleback and the Rocky Mountain Camp - fire , pp. 214 - 215 ; reprint , University of Oklahoma Press , Norman , 1955 Jump up ^ Walker , Dale L. ( 1999 ) . Bear Flag Rising : The Conquest of California , 1846 . New York : Macmillan . p. 104 . ISBN 0312866852 . Jump up ^ Walker p. 91 - 92 , 96 Jump up ^ Walker p. 72 Jump up ^ Walker p. 103 Jump up ^ Walker p. 107 Jump up ^ Walker p. 101 Jump up ^ Walker p. 110 Jump up ^ Walker p. 123 - 125 Jump up ^ Walker p. 129 Jump up ^ Walker p. 139 Jump up ^ Walker p. 134 Jump up ^ Walker p. 138 Jump up ^ Walker p. 140 Jump up ^ Walker p. 98 Jump up ^ Walker p. 142 Jump up ^ Walker p. 143 - 144 Jump up ^ Walker p. 148 Jump up ^ Walker p. 149 ^ Jump up to : Walker p. 154 Jump up ^ Walker p. 156 Jump up ^ Walker p. 157 Jump up ^ Walker p. 158 Jump up ^ Walker p. 159 Jump up ^ Walker p. 196 Jump up ^ Walker p. 197 Jump up ^ Walker p. 198 Jump up ^ Walker p. 199 Jump up ^ Walker p. 200 Jump up ^ Walker p. 201 Jump up ^ Walker p. 203 Jump up ^ Walker p. 209 Jump up ^ Walker p. 204 Jump up ^ Walker p. 215 - 219 Jump up ^ Walker p. 221 Jump up ^ Walker p. 224 Jump up ^ Walker p. 234 Jump up ^ Walker p. 235 Jump up ^ Brooks ( 1849 ) p. 257 . Jump up ^ Walker p. 233 Jump up ^ Walker p. 237 Jump up ^ Bauer ( 1992 ) pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Walker p. 238 Jump up ^ Walker p. 239 Jump up ^ Walker p. 240 - 241 Jump up ^ Walker p. 242 ^ Jump up to : Walker p. 246 Jump up ^ Silversteen , p42 Jump up ^ Bauer ( 1992 ) p. 201 . Jump up ^ Schweikart , Larry ; Allen , Michael ( 2004 ) . A Patriot 's History of the United States : From Columbus 's Great Discovery to the War on Terror . Sentinel HC . p. 242 . ISBN 978 - 1595230010 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Rives , George Lockhart , The United States and Mexico , 1821 -- 1848 : a history of the relations between the two countries from the independence of Mexico to the close of the war with the United States , Volume 2 , C. Scribner 's Sons , New York , 1913 , p. 233 . Books.google.com . September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Urban Warfare '' . Battle of Monterrey.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rip Ford 's Texas Memoirs , Stephen Oates , University of Texas Press , 1963 Jump up ^ Dishman , Christopher ( 2010 ) . A Perfect Gibraltar : The Battle for Monterrey , Mexico . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 4140 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shelby Foote , The Civil War : A Narrative : Volume 1 : Fort Sumter to Perryville ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Groom , Winston `` Kearny 's March '' Alfred A. Knopf , 2011 pp. 143 Jump up ^ Roger D. Launius ( 1997 ) . Alexander William Doniphan : portrait of a Missouri moderate . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1132 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hamalainen , Pekka . The Comanche Empire . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gilbert M. Joseph , `` The United States , Feuding Elites , and Rural Revolt in Yucatán , 1836 -- 1915 '' in Rural Revolt in Mexico : U.S. Intervention and the Domain of Subaltern Politics , expanded edition , Daniel Nugent , ed . Durham : Duke University Press 1998 pp. 173 - 206 . Jump up ^ K. Jack Bauer , The Mexican war , 1846 -- 1848 . 1974 . Republished by University of Nebraska Press 1992 , pp. 108 - 109 . Jump up ^ quoted in Brian Loveman , No Higher Law : American Foreign Policy and the Western Hemisphere Since 1776 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press 2010 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ `` Message from the President of the United States with communications from the government of Yucatan , representing the state of suffering to which that country is reduced by an insurrection of the Indians , imploring the protection of the United States , and offering , in case it should be granted , to transfer the dominion and sovereignty of the peninsula to the United States . '' United States . Congress . Senate . April 29 , 1848 . Read , referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations , and ordered to be printed . ( Washington , D.C. ) 19 pages , 30th Congress , 1st session . Senate . Ex . Doc . No. 40 Jump up ^ Meed , Douglas ( 2003 ) . The Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Brian . `` see Coffman , Old Army ( 1988 ) p. 193 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Foos , Paul ( 2002 ) . A Short , Offhand , Killing Affair . pp. 25 , 103 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Miller , Robert Ryal ( 1989 ) . Shamrock and Sword , The Saint Patrick 's Battalion in the US -- Mexican War . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 188 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2964 - 6 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Robert , Lions of the West , Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill , 2011 p. 282 Jump up ^ Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 1989 ) . So Far from God : The U.S. War With Mexico , 1846 -- 1848 . New York : Random House . p. 295 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3279 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Diseño Web y Desarrollo de Aplicaciones por Webtopia , Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkwood , Burton ( 2000 ) . The History of Mexico . pp. 97 , 98 , 99 . ISBN 9780313303517 . Jump up ^ Executive Document , No. 60 , House of Representatives , first Session of the thirtieth Congress , pp. 1028 , 1032 Jump up ^ Carney , Stephen A. ( 2005 ) , U.S. Army Campaigns of the Mexican War : The Occupation of Mexico , May 1846 - July 1848 ( CMH Pub 73 - 3 ) , Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office , pp. 30 -- 38 Jump up ^ Celedonio Domeco de Jarauta from es.wikipedia.org accessed June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Memoria Política de México '' . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1919 ) p. 241 . Jump up ^ Mills , Bronwyn . U.S. - Mexican War . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4932 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jay ( 1853 ) p. 117 . Jump up ^ Rives , p. 649 Jump up ^ Davis , Kenneth C. ( 1995 ) . Do n't Know Much About History . New York : Avon Books . p. 143 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 8 : We take nothing by conquest , Thank God '' . A People 's History of the United States . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Rives , George Lockhart ( 1913 ) . The United States and Mexico , 1821 -- 1848 . C. Scribner 's Sons . pp. 634 -- 636 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Donald S. `` Boundary Disputes '' . US - Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 . PBS . ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty of Peace , Friendship , Limits , and Settlement Between the United States of America and the United Mexican States Concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgoa '' . Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . University of Dayton ( academic.udayton.edu ) . Retrieved October 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Article IX '' . Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ; February 2 , 1848 . Lillian Goldman Law Library . Jump up ^ Hamalainen , 293 - 341 Jump up ^ DeLay , Brian ( 2008 ) . War of a thousand deserts : Indian raids and the U.S. - Mexican War . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 302 . Jump up ^ `` Gadsden Purchase Treaty : December 30 , 1853 '' . Lillian Goldman Law Library . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' . www.ourdocuments.gov . Retrieved June 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Franzius , Andrea . `` California Gold -- Migrating to California : Overland , around the Horn and via Panama '' . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Table 16 . Population : 1790 to 1990 '' , Population and Housing Unit Counts. 1990 Census of Population and Housing . CPH - 2 - 1. , U.S. Department of Commerce , Bureau of the Census , pp. 26 -- 27 , ISBN 99946 - 41 - 25 - 5 Jump up ^ Griswold el Castillo , Richard War 's End : Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' PBS , 2006 Jump up ^ Emerson , Ralph Waldo ( 1860 ) . The Conduct of Life . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 4191 - 5736 - 1 . Jump up ^ Linscott , 1959 , pp. 218 -- 219 Jump up ^ `` Congressional Globe , 30th Session ( 1848 ) '' . Memory.loc.gov . pp. 93 -- 95 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` House Journal , 30th Session ( 1848 ) pp. 183 -- 184 / '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Donald , David Herbert ( 1995 ) . Lincoln . pp. 124 , 128 , 133 . Jump up ^ `` Ulysses S Grant Quotes on the Military Academy and the Mexican War '' . Fadedgiant.net . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Memoirs of General U.S. Grant -- Complete by Ulysses S. Grant '' . Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Groom , Winston `` Kearny 's March '' Alfred A. Knopf , 2011 pp. 275 ^ Jump up to : Winston , Robert ( 1934 ) . Robert E. Lee ; a Biography . New York : W. Morrow & Co. p. 84 . ISBN 9780313384370 . Jump up ^ sneiderman , Barney ( 2006 ) . Warriors Seven : seven American Commanders , Seven Wars , and the Irony of Battle . New York : Savas beatie . p. 118 . ISBN 1932714286 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Prescott ( 1897 ) . The battles of the war for the union being the story of the great Civil War from the election of Abraham Lincoln to the surrender at Appomatox . Philadelphia : H. Altemus . p. 333 . Jump up ^ Christensen , The U.S. - Mexican War , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Christensen , The U.S. - Mexican War , p. 190 . Jump up ^ John Douglas Pitts Fuller ( 1969 ) ( 1936 ) . The Movement for the Acquisition of All Mexico , 1846 -- 1848 . New York : Da Capo Press . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mexican -- American War description from the Republican Campaign Textbook . Jump up ^ Ramón Alcaraz , et al . The Other Side : or Notes for the History of the War between Mexico and the United States . Translated by Albert C. Ramsey , Colonel of the Eleventh United States Infantry During with War with Mexico . New York : Burt Franklin 1850 . Republished 1970 . Bibliography ( edit ) Reference works ( edit ) Crawford , Mark ; Heidler , Jeanne ; Heidler ( eds . ) , David Stephen ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of the Mexican War . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 059 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Frazier , Donald S. ed . The U.S. and Mexico at War , ( 1998 ) , 584 ; an encyclopedia with 600 articles by 200 scholars Surveys ( edit ) Bauer , Karl Jack ( 1992 ) . The Mexican War : 1846 -- 1848 . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6107 - 1 . De Voto , Bernard , Year of Decision 1846 ( 1942 ) , well written popular history Greenberg , Amy S. A Wicked War : Polk , Clay , Lincoln , and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico ( 2012 ) . ISBN 9780307592699 and Corresponding Author Interview at the Pritzker Military Library on December 7 , 2012 Henderson , Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat : Mexico and Its War with the United States ( 2008 ) Meed , Douglas . The Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 ( 2003 ) . A short survey . Merry Robert W. A Country of Vast Designs : James K. Polk , the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent ( 2009 ) Smith , Justin Harvey . The War with Mexico , Vol 1 . ( 2 vol 1919 ) , full text online . Smith , Justin Harvey . The War with Mexico , Vol 2 . ( 1919 ) . full text online . Military ( edit ) Bauer K. Jack . Zachary Taylor : Soldier , Planter , Statesman of the Old Southwest . Louisiana State University Press , 1985 . Dishman , Christopher , A Perfect Gibraltar : The Battle for Monterrey , Mexico , '' University of Oklahoma Press , 2010 ISBN 0 - 8061 - 4140 - 9 . Eisenhower , John . So Far From God : The U.S. War with Mexico , Random House ( 1989 ) . Eubank , Damon R. , Response of Kentucky to the Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 . ( Edwin Mellen Press , 2004 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7734 - 6495 - 7 . Foos , Paul . A Short , Offhand , Killing Affair : Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican - War ( 2002 ) . Fowler , Will . Santa Anna of Mexico ( 2007 ) 527pp ; a major scholarly study Frazier , Donald S . The U.S. and Mexico at War , Macmillan ( 1998 ) . Hamilton , Holman , Zachary Taylor : Soldier of the Republic , ( 1941 ) . Huston , James A . The Sinews of War : Army Logistics , 1775 -- 1953 ( 1966 ) , U.S. Army ; 755p . pp 125 - 58 Lewis , Lloyd . Captain Sam Grant ( 1950 ) . Johnson , Timothy D. Winfield Scott : The Quest for Military Glory ( 1998 ) McCaffrey , James M. Army of Manifest Destiny : The American Soldier in the Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 ( 1994 ) excerpt and text search Smith , Justin H. ( 1918 ) . `` American Rule in Mexico '' . The American Historical Review . American Historical Association . 23 ( 2 ) : 287 -- 302 . doi : 10.2307 / 1836568 . ISSN 1937 - 5239 . JSTOR 1836568 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Smith , Justin Harvey . The War with Mexico . 2 vol ( 1919 ) . Pulitzer Prize winner . full text online . Winders , Richard Price . Mr. Polk 's Army : The American Military Experience in the Mexican War ( 1997 ) Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 -- 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Political and diplomatic ( edit ) Beveridge , Albert J. Abraham Lincoln , 1809 -- 1858 . Volume : 1 . 1928 . Brack , Gene M. Mexico Views Manifest Destiny , 1821 -- 1846 : An Essay on the Origins of the Mexican War ( 1975 ) . Fowler , Will . Tornel and Santa Anna : The Writer and the Caudillo , Mexico , 1795 -- 1853 ( 2000 ) . Fowler , Will . Santa Anna of Mexico ( 2007 ) 527pp ; the major scholarly study excerpt and text search Gleijeses , Piero . `` A Brush with Mexico '' Diplomatic History 2005 29 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 254 . ISSN 0145 - 2096 debates in Washington before war . Graebner , Norman A. Empire on the Pacific : A Study in American Continental Expansion. ( 1955 ) . Graebner , Norman A. ( 1978 ) . `` Lessons of the Mexican War '' . Pacific Historical Review . University of California Press . 47 ( 3 ) : 325 -- 42 . doi : 10.2307 / 3637470 . ISSN 1533 - 8584 . JSTOR 3637470 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Graebner , Norman A. ( 1980 ) . `` The Mexican War : A Study in Causation '' . Pacific Historical Review . University of California Press . 49 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 26 . doi : 10.2307 / 3638563 . ISSN 1533 - 8584 . JSTOR 3638563 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Henderson , Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat : Mexico and Its War with the United States ( 2007 ) , survey Krauze , Enrique . Mexico : Biography of Power , ( 1997 ) , textbook . Linscott , Robert N. , Editor . 1959 . Selected Poems and Letters of Emily Dickinson . Anchor Books , New York . ISBN 0 - 385 - 09423 - X Mayers , David ; Fernández Bravo , Sergio A. , `` La Guerra Con Mexico Y Los Disidentes Estadunidenses , 1846 -- 1848 '' ( The War with Mexico and US Dissenters , 1846 -- 48 ) . Secuencia ( Mexico ) 2004 ( 59 ) : 32 -- 70 . ISSN 0186 - 0348 . Pinheiro , John C. Manifest Ambition : James K. Polk and Civil - Military Relations during the Mexican War ( 2007 ) . Pletcher David M. The Diplomacy of Annexation : Texas , Oregon , and the Mexican War . University of Missouri Press , 1973 . Price , Glenn W. Origins of the War with Mexico : The Polk - Stockton Intrigue . University of Texas Press , 1967 . Reeves , Jesse S. ( 1905 ) . `` The Treaty of Guadalupe - Hidalgo '' . The American Historical Review . American Historical Association . 10 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 24 . doi : 10.2307 / 1834723 . ISSN 1937 - 5239 . JSTOR 1834723 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Rives , George Lockhart ( 1913 ) . The United States and Mexico , 1821 -- 1848 : a history of the relations between the two countries from the independence of Mexico to the close of the war with the United States . 2 . New York : C. Scribner 's Sons . Rodríguez Díaz , María Del Rosario . `` Mexico 's Vision of Manifest Destiny During the 1847 War '' Journal of Popular Culture 2001 35 ( 2 ) : 41 -- 50 . ISSN 0022 - 3840 . Ruiz , Ramon Eduardo . Triumph and Tragedy : A History of the Mexican People , Norton 1992 , textbook Schroeder John H. Mr. Polk 's War : American Opposition and Dissent , 1846 -- 1848 . University of Wisconsin Press , 1973 . Sellers Charles G. James K. Polk : Continentalist , 1843 -- 1846 ( 1966 ) , the standard biography vol 1 and 2 are online at ACLS e-books Smith , Justin Harvey . The War with Mexico . 2 vol ( 1919 ) . Pulitzer Prize winner . full text online . Stephenson , Nathaniel Wright . Texas and the Mexican War : A Chronicle of Winning the Southwest . Yale University Press ( 1921 ) . Weinberg Albert K. Manifest Destiny : A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History Johns Hopkins University Press , 1935 . Yanez , Agustin . Santa Anna : Espectro de una sociedad ( 1996 ) . Memory and historiography ( edit ) Faulk , Odie B. , and Stout , Joseph A. , Jr. , eds . The Mexican War : Changing Interpretations ( 1974 ) Rodriguez , Jaime Javier . The Literatures of the U.S. - Mexican War : Narrative , Time , and Identity ( University of Texas Press ; 2010 ) 306 pages . Covers works by Anglo , Mexican , and Mexican - American writers . Benjamin , Thomas . `` Recent Historiography of the Origins of the Mexican War , '' New Mexico Historical Review , Summer 1979 , Vol. 54 Issue 3 , pp 169 -- 181 Vázquez , Josefina Zoraida . `` La Historiografia Sobre la Guerra entre Mexico y los Estados Unidos , '' ( `` The historiography of the war between Mexico and the United States '' ) Histórica ( 02528894 ) , 1999 , Vol. 23 Issue 2 , pp 475 -- 485 Primary sources ( edit ) Calhoun , John C. The Papers of John C. Calhoun . Vol. 23 : 1846 , ed. by Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook . ( 1996 ) . 598 pp Calhoun , John C. The Papers of John C. Calhoun . Vol. 24 : December 7 , 1846 -- December 5 , 1847 ed. by Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook , ( 1998 ) . 727 pp . Conway , Christopher , ed . The U.S. - Mexican War : A Binational Reader ( 2010 ) Grant , Ulysses S. ( 1885 ) . Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant . New York : Charles L. Webster & Co . Kendall , George Wilkins ( 1999 ) . Lawrence Dilbert Cress , ed . Dispatches from the Mexican War . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . Polk , James , K. ( 1910 ) . Milo Milton Quaife , ed . The Diary of James K. Polk : During his Presidency , 1845 -- 1849 . Chicago : A.C. McClurg & Co . Robinson , Cecil , The View From Chapultepec : Mexican Writers on the Mexican War , University of Arizona Press ( Tucson , 1989 ) . Smith , Franklin ( 1991 ) . Joseph E. Chance , ed . The Mexican War Journal of Captain Franklin Smith . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . George Winston and Charles Judah , ed. ( 1968 ) . Chronicles of the Gringos : The U.S. Army in the Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 , Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Combatants . Albuquerque , New Mexico : The University of New Mexico Press . Webster , Daniel ( 1984 ) . Charles M. Wiltse , ed . The Papers of Daniel Webster , Correspondence. 6 . Hanover , New Hampshire : The University Press of New England . `` Treaty of Guadalope Hidalgo '' . Internet Sourcebook Project . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . `` 28th Congress , 2nd session '' . United States House Journal . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . `` 29th Congress , 1st session '' . United States House Journal . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . `` 28th Congress , 2nd session '' . United States Senate Journal . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . `` 29th Congress , 1st session '' . United States Senate Journal . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . William Hugh Robarts , `` Mexican War veterans : a complete roster of the regular and volunteer troops in the war between the United States and Mexico , from 1846 to 1848 ; the volunteers are arranged by states , alphabetically '' , BRENTANO 'S ( A.S. WITHERBEE & CO , Proprietors ) ; WASHINGTON , D.C. , 1887 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mexican -- American War . Guides , bibliographies and collections ( edit ) Library of Congress Guide to the Mexican War The Handbook of Texas Online : Mexican War Reading List compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History Mexican War Resources The Mexican -- American War , Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries Media and primary sources ( edit ) A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War Robert E. Lee Mexican War Maps in the VMI Archives The Mexican War and the Media , 1845 -- 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and related resources at the U.S. Library of Congress Letters of Winfield Scott including official reports from the front sent to the Secretary of War Franklin Pierce 's Journal on the March from Vera Cruz Mexican -- American War Time line Animated History of the Mexican -- American War Maps showing course of Mexican - American War at omniatlas.com Other ( edit ) PBS site of US - Mexican war program Battle of Monterrey Web Site -- Complete Info on the battle Manifest Destiny and the U.S. - Mexican War : Then and Now The Mexican War Smithsonian teaching aids for `` Establishing Borders : The Expansion of the United States , 1846 -- 48 '' A History by the Descendants of Mexican War Veterans Mexican -- American War Invisible Men : Blacks and the U.S. Army in the Mexican War by Robert E. May Milton Meltzer , `` Bound for the Rio Grande : Traitors -- Or Martyrs '' , Reading , video , and lesson for high school students , 1974 , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools . Google Map of The Mexican - American War of 1846 -- 1848 John H. 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4261146289954652509	The Longest Day (film)	The Longest Day ( film ) - wikipedia The Longest Day ( film ) For other uses , see The Longest Day . The Longest Day Original movie poster Directed by Ken Annakin ( British & French exteriors ) Andrew Marton ( American exteriors ) Bernhard Wicki ( German episodes ) Gerd Oswald ( Parachuting Scenes , uncredited ) Darryl F. Zanuck ( uncredited ) Produced by Darryl F. Zanuck Screenplay by Cornelius Ryan Romain Gary James Jones David Pursall Jack Seddon Based on The Longest Day by Cornelius Ryan Starring John Wayne Henry Fonda Robert Mitchum Sean Connery Eddie Albert Curd Jürgens Richard Todd Richard Burton Peter Lawford Rod Steiger Irina Demick Gert Fröbe Edmond O'Brien Kenneth More Music by Maurice Jarre ( score ) Paul Anka ( theme ) Cinematography Jean Bourgoin Walter Wottitz Edited by Samuel E. Beetley Production company Darryl F. Zanuck Productions , Inc . Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date September 25 , 1962 ( 1962 - 09 - 25 ) ( France , U.S. ) October 4 , 1962 ( 1962 - 10 - 04 ) ( Canada ) October 23 , 1962 ( 1962 - 10 - 23 ) ( Germany , Mexico , UK ) Running time 178 minutes Country United States Language English German French Budget $7.75 million Box office $50,100,000 Stuart Whitman Richard Burton The Longest Day is a 1962 epic war film based on Cornelius Ryan 's 1959 book The Longest Day ( 1959 ) , about the D - Day landings at Normandy on June 6 , 1944 , during World War II . The film was produced by Darryl F. Zanuck , who paid author Ryan $175,000 for the film rights . The screenplay was by Ryan , with additional material written by Romain Gary , James Jones , David Pursall and Jack Seddon . It was directed by Ken Annakin ( British and French exteriors ) , Andrew Marton ( American exteriors ) , and Bernhard Wicki ( German scenes ) . The Longest Day , which was made in black and white , features a large ensemble cast including John Wayne , Kenneth More , Richard Todd , Robert Mitchum , Richard Burton , Steve Forrest , Sean Connery , Henry Fonda , Red Buttons , Peter Lawford , Eddie Albert , Jeffrey Hunter , Stuart Whitman , Tom Tryon , Rod Steiger , Leo Genn , Gert Fröbe , Irina Demick , Bourvil , Curt Jürgens , George Segal , Robert Wagner , Paul Anka and Arletty . Many of these actors played roles that were essentially cameo appearances . In addition , several cast members -- including Fonda , Genn , More , Steiger and Todd -- saw action as servicemen during the war ; Todd was among the first British officers to land in Normandy in Operation Overlord , and he participated in the assault on Pegasus Bridge . The film employed several Axis and Allied military consultants who had been actual participants on D - Day . Many had their roles re-enacted in the film . These included Günther Blumentritt ( a former German general ) , James M. Gavin ( an American general ) , Frederick Morgan ( Deputy Chief of Staff at SHAEF ) , John Howard ( who led the airborne assault on the Pegasus Bridge ) , Lord Lovat ( who commanded the 1st Special Service Brigade ) , Philippe Kieffer ( who led his men in the assault on Ouistreham ) , Marie - Pierre Kœnig ( who commanded the Free French Forces in the invasion ) , Max Pemsel ( a German general ) , Werner Pluskat ( the major who was the first German officer to see the invasion fleet ) , Josef `` Pips '' Priller ( the hot - headed pilot ) and Lucie Rommel ( widow of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel ) . A colorized version of this film was released on VHS in 1994 , the 50th anniversary of the invasion . The movie won two Academy Awards and was nominated for three others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 American 2.2 British 2.3 Canadian 2.4 French 2.5 German 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Casting 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Citations 6.3 Bibliography 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The movie is filmed in the style of a docudrama . Beginning in the days leading up to D - Day , it concentrates on events on both sides of the channel , such as the Allies waiting for the break in the poor weather and anticipating the reaction of the Axis forces defending northern France . The film pays particular attention to the decision by Gen. Eisenhower , Supreme Commander of SHAEF , to go after reviewing the initial bad - weather reports as well as reports about the divisions within the German High Command as to where an invasion might happen or what the response to it should be . Numerous scenes document the early hours of June 6 when Allied airborne troops were sent in to take key locations inland from the beaches . The French resistance is also shown reacting to the news that an invasion has started . The Longest Day chronicles most of the important events surrounding D - Day , from the British glider missions to secure Pegasus Bridge , the counterattacks launched by American paratroopers scattered around Sainte - Mère - Église , the infiltration and sabotage work conducted by the French resistance and SOE agents to the response by the Wehrmacht to the invasion and the uncertainty of German commanders as to whether it was a feint in preparation for crossings at the Pas de Calais ( see Operation Fortitude ) , where the senior German staff had always assumed it would be . Set - piece scenes include the parachute drop into Sainte - Mère - Église , the advance inshore from the Normandy beaches , the U.S. Ranger Assault Group 's assault on the Pointe du Hoc , the attack on Ouistreham by Free French Forces and the strafing of the beaches by two lone Luftwaffe pilots . The film concludes with a montage showing various Allied units consolidating their beachheads before they advance inland to reach Germany by crossing France . Cast ( edit ) American ( edit ) Actor Role Eddie Albert Colonel Thompson , 29th Infantry Division Paul Anka Private , 2nd Ranger Battalion Richard Beymer Private Arthur ' Dutch ' Schultz , 82nd Airborne Division Red Buttons Private John Steele , 2nd Battalion , 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Gary Collins Officer on destroyer bridge ( uncredited ) John Crawford Colonel Eugene Caffey , Commander , 1st Engineer Special Brigade ( uncredited ) Mark Damon Private Harris ( uncredited ) Ray Danton Captain Frank , 29th Infantry Division Fred Dur Major , 2nd Ranger Battalion Fabian Private , 2nd Ranger Battalion Mel Ferrer Major General Robert Haines , Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) Henry Fonda Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt , Jr. , Assistant Commander , 4th Infantry Division Steve Forrest Captain Harding , 2nd Battalion , 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Henry Grace ( dubbed by Allen Swift ) General Dwight D. Eisenhower , Supreme Commander , Allied Expeditionary Forces ( uncredited ) Peter Helm Young private , 29th Infantry Division Jeffrey Hunter Sergeant John H. Fuller , combat engineer , 29th Infantry Division Alexander Knox Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith , Chief of Staff , SHAEF Mickey Knox Downed Airman , ( uncredited ) Dewey Martin Private Wilder , 4th Infantry Division ( scenes deleted ) Roddy McDowall Private Morris , 4th Infantry Division John Meillon Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk , Commander , U.S. Naval Forces ( uncredited ) Sal Mineo Private Martini , 82nd Airborne Division Robert Mitchum Brigadier General Norman Cota , Assistant Commander , 29th Infantry Division Tony Mordente Cook , 82nd Airborne Division ( uncredited ) Bill Nagy Major , 2nd Battalion , 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Edmond O'Brien Major General Raymond O. Barton , Commander , 4th Infantry Division Ron Randell Joe Williams , war correspondent Robert Ryan Brigadier General James M. Gavin , Assistant Commander , 82nd Airborne Division Tommy Sands Private , 2nd Ranger Battalion George Segal Private , 2nd Ranger Battalion Bob Steele Paratrooper , 82nd Airborne Division ( uncredited ) Rod Steiger Destroyer commander , United States Navy Nicholas Stuart Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley , Commander , First Army ( uncredited ) Tom Tryon Lieutenant Wilson , 2nd Battalion , 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Robert Wagner Private , 2nd Ranger Battalion Joe Warfield Army medic ( uncredited ) John Wayne Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin H. Vandervoort , CO , 2nd Battalion , 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Stuart Whitman Lieutenant Sheen , 2nd Battalion , 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment British ( edit ) Actor Role Patrick Barr Group Captain J.M. Stagg , meteorologist ( uncredited ) Lyndon Brook Lieutenant Walsh , `` D '' Company , 2nd Battalion , Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry ( uncredited ) Richard Burton Flying Officer David Campbell , Royal Air Force fighter pilot Bryan Coleman Ronald Callen , war correspondent ( uncredited ) Sean Connery Private Flanagan , 3rd Infantry Division Richard Dawson British soldier ( uncredited ) Jack Hedley 6th Airborne Division briefing officer ( uncredited ) Leslie de Laspee Piper Bill Millin , 1st Special Service Brigade ( uncredited ) Frank Finlay Private Coke ( uncredited ) Harry Fowler Soldier , 6th Airborne Division ( uncredited ) Bernard Fox Lance - Corporal Hutchinson , Royal Armoured Corps ( uncredited ) Leo Genn Major - general at SHAEF Harold Goodwin Soldier in glider ( uncredited ) John Gregson Padre , 6th Airborne Division Walter Horsbrugh Rear - Admiral George Creasy , Chief of Staff to Admiral Ramsay ( uncredited ) Donald Houston RAF fighter pilot in mess Patrick Jordan British officer ( uncredited ) Simon Lack Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh - Mallory , Commander - in - Chief , Allied Expeditionary Air Force ( uncredited ) Harry Landis British soldier ( uncredited ) Peter Lawford Brigadier Lord Lovat , Commander , 1st Special Service Brigade Victor Maddern Cook ( uncredited ) Howard Marion - Crawford Major Jacob Vaughan , Medical Officer , 2nd Battalion , Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry ( uncredited ) Michael Medwin Private Watney , Universal Carrier driver , 3rd Infantry Division Kenneth More Acting Captain Colin Maud , Royal Navy Beachmaster , Juno Beach Louis Mounier Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder , Deputy Supreme Commander , Allied Expeditionary Forces ( uncredited ) Leslie Phillips RAF officer with French Resistance Siân Phillips Wren assistant to Stagg ( uncredited ) Trevor Reid General Sir Bernard Montgomery , Commander - in - Chief , Allied Armies ( uncredited ) John Robinson Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay , Allied Naval Commander - in - Chief ( uncredited ) Norman Rossington Lance - Corporal Clough , 3rd Infantry Division Richard Todd Major John Howard , OC , `` D '' Company , 2nd Battalion , Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry Richard Wattis Major , 6th Airborne Division Canadian ( edit ) Actor Role Neil McCallum Canadian medical officer ( uncredited ) French ( edit ) Actor Role Arletty Madame Barrault , resident of Sainte - Mère - Église Jean - Louis Barrault Father Louis Roulland , parish priest of Sainte - Mère - Église Yves Barsacq French Resistance man , Caen ( uncredited ) André Bourvil Alphonse Lenaux , Mayor of Colleville - sur - Mer Pauline Carton Louis 's housekeeper Jean Champion French Resistance man , Caen ( uncredited ) Irina Demick Janine Boitard , French Resistance , Caen Bernard Fresson Fusilier Marin Commando ( uncredited ) Clément Harari Arrested man ( uncredited ) Fernand Ledoux Louis , elderly farmer Christian Marquand Capitaine de Corvette Philippe Kieffer , CO , 1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos Maurice Poli Jean , French Resistance , Caen ( uncredited ) Madeleine Renaud Mother superior in Ouistreham Georges Rivière Second - Maître Guy de Montlaur , 1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos Jean Servais Contre - amiral Robert Jaujard , Commander , 4th Cruiser Division , Free French Naval Forces Alice Tissot Lenaux 's housekeeper ( uncredited ) Georges Wilson Alexandre Renaud , Mayor of Sainte - Mère - Église Dominique Zardi Spitfire pilot ( uncredited ) German ( edit ) Actor Role Hans Christian Blech Major Werner Pluskat , 352nd Artillery Regiment , 352nd Infantry Division Wolfgang Büttner Generalleutnant Dr. Hans Speidel , Chief of Staff , Army Group B Eugene Deckers German Major in church ( uncredited ) Robert Freitag Meyer 's aide ( uncredited ) Gert Fröbe Unteroffizier `` Kaffeekanne '' ( `` coffee pot '' ) Walter Gotell SS General ( uncredited ) Paul Hartmann Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt , Commander , OB West Ruth Hausmeister Lucie Rommel , Rommel 's wife ( uncredited ) Michael Hinz Manfred Rommel , Rommel 's son ( uncredited ) Werner Hinz Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel , Commander , Army Group B Karl John Generalleutnant Wolfgang Häger , Luftwaffe Kommando West Curt Jürgens General der Infanterie Günther Blumentritt , Chief of Staff , OB West Til Kiwe Hauptmann Helmuth Lang , ADC to Rommel ( uncredited ) Wolfgang Lukschy Generaloberst Alfred Jodl , Chief of Operations , Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( uncredited ) Kurt Meisel Hauptmann Ernst Düring ( uncredited ) Richard Münch General der Artillerie Erich Marcks , Commander , LXXXIV Army Corps Rainer Penkert Leutnant Fritz Theen , 352nd Artillery Regiment , 352nd Infantry Division ( uncredited ) Wolfgang Preiss Generalleutnant Max Pemsel , Chief of Staff , 7th Army Hartmut Reck Oberfeldwebel Bernhard Bergsdorf , pilot , Jagdgeschwader 26 ( uncredited ) Heinz Reincke Oberstleutnant Josef Priller , Kommodore , Jagdgeschwader 26 ( uncredited ) Paul Edwin Roth Oberst Schiller ( uncredited ) Dietmar Schönherr Häger 's aide ( uncredited ) Ernst Schröder Generaloberst Hans von Salmuth , Commander , 15th Army ( uncredited ) Hans Söhnker Pemsel 's staff officer ( uncredited ) Heinz Spitzner Oberstleutnant Helmuth Meyer , Chief of Intelligence , 15th Army ( uncredited ) Peter van Eyck Oberstleutnant Ocker , Commander , 352nd Artillery Regiment , 352nd Infantry Division Vicco von Bülow Pemsel 's adjutant ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) French producer Raoul Lévy signed a deal with Simon & Schuster to purchase the filming rights to Cornelius Ryan 's book The Longest Day : June 6 , 1944 D - Day on March 23 , 1960 . After finishing The Truth , Lévy set up a deal with the Associated British Picture Corporation and got director Michael Anderson attached . Ryan would receive $100,000 , plus $35,000 to write the adaptation 's screenplay . Lévy intended to start production in March 1961 , filming at Elstree Studios and the English and French coasts . But the project went into a halt once ABPC could not get the $6 million budget Lévy expected . Eventually former 20th Century Fox mogul Darryl F. Zanuck learned about the book while producing The Big Gamble , and in December purchased Lévy 's option for $175,000 . Zanuck 's editor friend Elmo Williams wrote a film treatment , which piqued the producer 's interest and made him attach Williams to The Longest Day as associate producer and coordinator of battle episodes . Ryan was brought in to write the script , but had conflicts with Zanuck as soon as the two met . Williams was forced to act as a mediator ; he would deliver Ryan 's script pages to Zanuck , then return them with the latter 's annotations . While Ryan developed the script , Zanuck also brought in other writers for cleanups , including James Jones and Romain Gary . As their contributions to the finished screenplay were relatively minor , Ryan managed to get the screenplay credit after an appeal to the Writers Guild arbitration , but the four other writers are credited for `` additional scenes '' in the closing credits . During pre-production , producer Frank McCarthy , who had worked for the United States Department of War during World War II , arranged for military collaboration with the governments of France , Germany , the United Kingdom and the United States . Zanuck also realized that with eight battle scenes , shooting would be accomplished more expediently if multiple directors and units worked simultaneously . He contracted with German directors Gerd Oswald and Bernhard Wicki , the British Ken Annakin , and the American Andrew Marton . Zanuck 's son Richard D. Zanuck was reluctant about the project , particularly the high budget . Filming ( edit ) The film was shot at several French locations including the Île de Ré , Saleccia beach in Saint - Florent , Haute - Corse , Port - en - Bessin - Huppain filling in for Ouistreham , Les Studios de Boulogne in Boulogne - Billancourt and the actual locations of Pegasus Bridge near Bénouville , Calvados , Sainte - Mère - Église and Pointe du Hoc . During the filming of the landings at Omaha Beach , the extras appearing as American soldiers did not want to jump off the landing craft into the water because they thought it would be too cold . Robert Mitchum , who played Gen. Norman Cota , became disgusted with their trepidation . He jumped in first , at which point the extras followed his example . The Rupert paradummies used in the film were far more elaborate and lifelike than those actually used in the decoy parachute drop ( Operation Titanic ) , which were simply canvas or burlap sacks filled with sand . The dummies dressed in American jumpsuits were used in filming the Sainte - Mère - Église sequence . In the real operation , six Special Air Service soldiers jumped with the dummies and played recordings of loud battle noises to distract the Germans . With a budget of $10,000,000 , this was the most expensive black - and - white film made until 1993 , when Schindler 's List was released . In the scenes where the paratroopers land , the background noise of frogs croaking `` ribbit ribbit '' was incorrect for northern French frog species and showed that the film probably used an American recording of background night noises . Darryl Zanuck hired several former military personnel to aid in direction . The director of American exteriors was Andrew Marton , director of British exteriors was Ken Annakin , director of German exteriors was Bernhard Wicki . This was to ensure the most authentic military procedures . Colin Maud loaned Kenneth More the shillelagh he carried ashore in the actual invasion ( More had served as an officer in the Royal Navy during World War II , albeit not as a Beachmaster ) ; similarly Richard Todd wore the D - Day helmet worn by his character , Maj . John Howard . In the film , three Free French Special Air Service paratroopers jump into France before British and American airborne landings . This is accurate . Thirty - six Free French SAS ( 4 sticks ) jumped into Brittany ( Plumelec and Duault ) on June 5 at 23 : 30 , ( operation Dingson ) . The first Allied soldiers killed in action were Lt. Den Brotheridge of the 2nd Ox & Bucks Light Infantry as he crossed Pegasus Bridge at 00 : 22 on June 6 and Corporal Emile Bouétard of the 4th Free French SAS battalion , at the same time in Plumelec , Brittany . The United States Sixth Fleet extensively supported the filming and made available many amphibious landing ships and craft for scenes filmed in Corsica , though many of the ships were of ( then ) modern vintage . The Springfield and Little Rock , both World War II light cruisers ( though extensively reconfigured into guided missile cruisers ) were used in the shore bombardment scenes , though it was easy to tell they did not resemble their wartime configuration . Gerd Oswald was the uncredited director of the parachute drop scenes into Sainte - Mère - Église . Darryl F. Zanuck said that he himself directed some uncredited pick - ups with American and British interiors . Elmo Williams was credited as associate producer and coordinator of battle episodes . He later produced another historical World War II film , Tora ! Tora ! Tora ! ( 1970 ) , for Zanuck . Like The Longest Day , it used a docudrama style , although it was in color . It depicted the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 . Casting ( edit ) John Wayne in The Longest Day Charlton Heston actively sought the role of Lt. Col. Benjamin H. Vandervoort , but the last - minute decision of John Wayne to take the role prevented Heston 's participation . At 55 Wayne was 28 years older than Vandervoort at the time of action ( and 10 years older in real life ) . While everyone else accepted $25,000 as payment , Wayne insisted on $250,000 to punish producer Zanuck for referring to him as `` poor John Wayne '' regarding Wayne 's problems with his lavish movie The Alamo . Zanuck hired more than 2,000 legitimate soldiers for the film as extras . Sgt . Kaffeekanne ( played by Gert Fröbe ) 's name is German for `` coffee pot '' , which he always carries . It is a common misconception that Bill Millin , the piper who accompanies Lord Lovat to Normandy with his bagpipes , played himself in the film . He was actually portrayed by Pipe Major Leslie de Laspee , the official piper to the Queen Mother in 1961 . In Sainte - Mère - Église , Pvt . John Steele from the 82nd Airborne ( played by Red Buttons ) has been memorialised by the local population with a dummy hanging from a parachute from the church tower on which he accidentally landed . Richard Todd , who played Maj . John Howard , leader of the British airborne assault on the Pegasus Bridge , took part in the real bridge assault on D - Day . He was offered the chance to play himself but took the part of Maj . Howard instead . Joseph Lowe landed on Omaha Beach and scaled the cliffs at Pointe du Hoc on D - Day . He repeated the climb for the cameras 17 years later as a serving member of the 505th Airborne Battle Group who provided US Army film extras . Former US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was considered for the role of himself in the film , and he indicated his willingness . However , it was decided that makeup artists could n't make him appear young enough to play his World War II self . The role of Gen. Eisenhower went to Henry Grace , a set decorator with no acting experience but who had been in the film industry since the mid-1930s . He was a dead ringer for the younger Eisenhower , though his voice differed . The film marked the last film appearance of Sean Connery before he was cast in the role of James Bond . Gert Fröbe ( Sgt . Kaffeekanne ) and Curd Jürgens ( Gen. Günther Blumentritt ) would later go on to play Bond villains Auric Goldfinger ( Goldfinger ( 1964 ) ) and Karl Stromberg ( The Spy Who Loved Me ) respectively . Connery would later play Maj. Gen. Roy Urquhart in the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far , which was also based on a book by Cornelius Ryan . ( Likewise Wolfgang Preiss played Maj. Gen. Max Pemsel in The Longest Day and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt in A Bridge Too Far . ) Mel Ferrer was originally signed to play the role of Gen. James M. Gavin but withdrew from the role due to a scheduling conflict . According to the 2001 documentary Cleopatra : The Film That Changed Hollywood , Richard Burton and Roddy McDowall were so bored having not been used for several weeks while filming in Rome that they phoned Zanuck begging to do `` anything '' on his film . They flew themselves to the location and each did a day 's filming for their cameo - performances for free . Release ( edit ) The film premièred in France on September 25 , 1962 , followed by the United States on October 4 and 23 for the United Kingdom . Given Fox was suffering with the financial losses of Cleopatra , the studio was intending for The Longest Day to have a wide release to reap quick profits . Zanuck forced them to do a proper Roadshow theatrical release , even threatening to sell distribution to Warner Bros. if Fox had refused to do so . The Longest Day eventually became the box office hit Fox needed , with $30 million in worldwide rentals on a $7.5 million budget . There were special - release showings of the film in several United States cities . Participants in D - Day were invited to see the film with their fellow soldiers -- in Cleveland , Ohio , this took place at the Hippodrome Theater . Unique for British - and American - produced World War II films of the time , all French and German characters speak in their own languages with subtitles in English . Another version , which was shot simultaneously , has all the actors speaking their lines in English ( this version was used for the film 's trailer , as all the Germans deliver their lines in English ) . However , this version saw limited use during the initial release . It was used more extensively during a late 1960s re-release of the film . The Longest Day was released on DVD on November 6 , 2001 . Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 1963 Academy Award Best Art Direction Ted Haworth , Léon Barsacq , Vincent Korda and Gabriel Béchir Nominated Best Cinematography Jean Bourgoin and Walter Wottitz Won Best Editing Samuel E. Beetley Nominated Best Picture Darryl F. Zanuck Nominated Best Special Effects Robert MacDonald and Jacques Maumont Won Golden Globe Award Best Motion Picture -- Drama Darryl F. Zanuck Nominated Best Cinematography - Black and White Henri Persin , Walter Wottitz , and Jean Bourgoin Won Eddie Awards Best Edited Feature Film -- Dramatic Samuel E. Beetley Won David di Donatello Best Foreign Production Darryl F. Zanuck Won Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directing -- Feature Film Ken Annakin , Andrew Marton , and Bernhard Wicki Nominated References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ The Eddie Awards are not archived . The website refers people to IMDb . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 1989 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History ( The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4244 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Day -- Box Office Data '' . The Numbers. 2015 . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Cornelius ( 1959 ) . The Longest Day ( 1st ed . ) . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ASIN B002YJG2WU . ^ Jump up to : `` Operation Overblown '' . TIME . October 19 , 1962 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rubin 1981 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Williams 2006 , p. 138 - 40 . Jump up ^ Lev 2013 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Rubin 1981 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Gussow 1971 , p. 198 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notre jour le plus long '' ( Our longest day ) . La Presse de la Manche . Cherbourg , France . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Day '' . American Film Institute . 2015 . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wills , Garry ( 1997 ) . John Wayne 's America : The Politics of Celebrity . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80823 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Piper Bill Millin '' . The Pegasus Archive . Retrieved November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` D - Day Piper -- Bill Millin '' . The Miniatures Page . August 3 , 2006 . Retrieved November 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Last Movie Tycoon , New York Magazine Jump up ^ The Longest Day ( DVD ) . Century City , Los Angeles : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . November 6 , 2001 . ASIN B00005PJ8S . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Day ( 1962 ) Awards '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved April 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 1963 '' . Golden Globe Award . United States : Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Cinema Editors , USA -- 1963 Awards '' . IMDb . United States : Amazon . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David di Donatello Awards 1963 '' . FilmAffinity ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : Movie Soulmates . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DIRECTORS GUILD OF AMERICA 1963 '' . MUBI . United States : MUBI , Inc . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Bibliography ( edit ) Gussow , Mel ( 1971 ) . Darryl F. Zanuck : Do n't Say Yes Until I Finish Talking . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0306801329 . Lev , Peter ( 2013 ) . Twentieth Century - Fox : The Zanuck - Skouras Years , 1935 -- 1965 . University of Texas Press . ISBN 0292744471 . Rubin , Steven Jay ( 1981 ) . Combat Films : American Realism , 1945 -- 2010 . McFarland . ISBN 0786486139 . Williams , Elmo ( 2006 ) . Elmo Williams : A Hollywood Memoir . McFarland . ISBN 0786426217 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Longest Day ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Longest Day ( film ) The Longest Day on IMDb The Longest Day at Rotten Tomatoes The Longest Day at the TCM Movie Database The Longest Day at AllMovie The Longest Day at the American Film Institute Catalog The Longest Day at Box Office Mojo The Longest Headache Works based on Operation Overlord Films I See a Dark Stranger ( 1946 ) Breakthrough ( 1950 ) The Desert Fox : The Story of Rommel ( 1951 ) Red Ball Express ( 1952 ) D - Day the Sixth of June ( 1956 ) Screaming Eagles ( 1956 ) The Longest Day ( 1962 ) The Americanization of Emily ( 1964 ) 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Up from the Beach ( 1965 ) Is Paris Burning ? ( 1966 ) Hell in Normandy ( 1968 ) Where Eagles Dare ( 1968 ) Overlord ( 1975 ) The Big Red One ( 1980 ) Eye of the Needle ( 1981 ) D - Day Remembered ( 1994 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Ike : Countdown to D - Day ( 2004 ) Plays Pressure ( 2014 ) TV Series The World at War , Episode 17 ( 1974 ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) Video Games Brothers in Arms : Road to Hill 30 ( 2005 ) Company of Heroes ( 2006 ) Films directed by Ken Annakin It Began on the Clyde ( 1946 ) Fenlands ( 1946 ) Holiday Camp ( 1947 ) Miranda ( 1948 ) Broken Journey ( 1948 ) Here Come the Huggetts ( 1948 ) Vote for Huggett ( 1949 ) The Huggetts Abroad ( 1949 ) Landfall ( 1949 ) Double Confession ( 1950 ) Trio ( 1950 ) Hotel Sahara ( 1951 ) The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men ( 1952 ) The Planter 's Wife ( 1952 ) The Sword and the Rose ( 1953 ) You Know What Sailors Are ( 1954 ) The Seekers ( 1954 ) Value for Money ( 1955 ) Loser Takes All ( 1956 ) Three Men in a Boat ( 1956 ) Across the Bridge ( 1957 ) Nor the Moon by Night ( 1958 ) Third Man on the Mountain ( 1959 ) Swiss Family Robinson ( 1960 ) Very Important Person ( 1961 ) The Hellions ( 1961 ) The Fast Lady ( 1962 ) The Longest Day ( 1962 ) Crooks Anonymous ( 1962 ) The Informers ( 1963 ) Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines ( 1965 ) Battle of the Bulge ( 1965 ) The Long Duel ( 1967 ) The Biggest Bundle of Them All ( 1968 ) Monte Carlo or Bust ! ( 1969 ) The Call of the Wild ( 1972 ) Paper Tiger ( 1975 ) The Pirate ( 1978 ) The Fifth Musketeer ( 1979 ) Cheaper to Keep Her ( 1981 ) The Pirate Movie ( 1982 ) The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking ( 1988 ) Films directed by Andrew Marton Two O'Clock in the Morning ( 1929 ) The Night Without Pause ( 1931 ) Johnny Steals Europe ( 1932 ) North Pole , Ahoy ( 1934 ) Demon of the Himalayas ( 1935 ) Wolf 's Clothing ( 1936 ) Secret of Stamboul ( 1936 ) School for Husbands ( 1937 ) A Little Bit of Heaven ( 1940 ) Gentle Annie ( 1944 ) Gallant Bess ( 1946 ) King Solomon 's Mines ( 1950 ) Storm Over Tibet ( 1951 ) The Wild North ( 1952 ) Prisoner of War ( 1954 ) Men of the Fighting Lady ( 1954 ) Green Fire ( 1954 ) Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 ) Underwater Warrior ( 1958 ) Oh Islam ( 1961 ) It Happened in Athens ( 1962 ) The Longest Day ( 1962 ) 55 Days at Peking ( 1963 ) The Thin Red Line ( 1964 ) Crack in the World ( 1965 ) Clarence , the Cross-Eyed Lion ( 1965 ) Around the World Under the Sea ( 1966 ) Birds Do It ( 1966 ) Africa Texas Style ( 1967 ) Films directed by Bernhard Wicki Die Brücke ( 1959 ) The Miracle of Father Malachia ( 1961 ) The Longest Day ( 1962 ) The Visit ( 1964 ) Morituri ( 1965 ) The Conquest of the Citadel ( 1977 ) Spider 's Web ( 1989 ) Cornelius Ryan World War II trilogy The Longest Day ( film adaptation ) The Last Battle A Bridge Too Far ( film adaptation ) Other Cornelius Ryan Award Darryl F. Zanuck Producer Old San Francisco ( 1927 ) The First Auto ( 1927 ) The Jazz Singer ( 1927 ) Tenderloin ( 1928 ) The Show of Shows ( 1929 ) Three Faces East ( 1930 ) The Doorway to Hell ( 1931 ) Little Caesar ( 1931 ) Illicit ( 1931 ) The Public Enemy ( 1931 ) The Man Who Played God ( 1932 ) The Rich Are Always with Us ( 1932 ) Doctor X ( 1932 ) Life Begins ( 1932 ) The Cabin in the Cotton ( 1932 ) Three on a Match ( 1932 ) 20,000 Years in Sing Sing ( 1932 ) Parachute Jumper ( 1933 ) 42nd Street ( 1933 ) The Working Man ' ( 1933 ) Ex-Lady ( 1933 ) The Bowery ( 1933 ) Blood Money ( 1933 ) Moulin Rouge ( 1934 ) Looking for Trouble ( 1934 ) Born to Be Bad ( 1934 ) Bulldog Drummond Strikes Back ( 1934 ) The Mighty Barnum ( 1934 ) Folies Bergère de Paris ( 1935 ) Les Misérables ( 1935 ) Cardinal Richelieu ( 1935 ) Call of the Wild ( 1935 ) Metropolitan ( 1935 ) Thanks a Million ( 1935 ) The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo ( 1935 ) Professional Soldier ( 1935 ) The Prisoner of Shark Island ( 1936 ) It Had to Happen ( 1936 ) A Message to Garcia ( 1936 ) Under Two Flags ( 1936 ) The Road to Glory ( 1936 ) Poor Little Rich Girl ( 1936 ) Sing , Baby , Sing ( 1936 ) Pigskin Parade ( 1936 ) Seventh Heaven ( 1937 ) Slave Ship ( 1937 ) Wee Willie Winkie ( 1937 ) Wake Up and Live ( 1937 ) Thin Ice ( 1937 ) Lancer Spy ( 1937 ) In Old Chicago ( 1938 ) Happy Landing ( 1938 ) International Settlement ( 1938 ) Kentucky Moonshine Always Goodbye ( 1938 ) Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm ( 1938 ) Just Around the Corner ( 1938 ) Little Miss Broadway ( 1938 ) My Lucky Star ( 1938 ) Submarine Patrol ( 1938 ) Jesse James ( 1939 ) Tail Spin ( 1939 ) Wife , Husband and Friend ( 1939 ) The Story of Alexander Graham Bell ( 1939 ) Rose of Washington Square ( 1939 ) Stanley and Livingstone ( 1939 ) The Rains Came ( 1939 ) Hollywood Cavalcade ( 1939 ) Swanee River ( 1939 ) The Little Princess ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) Little Old New York ( 1940 ) The Man I Married ( 1940 ) The Return of Frank James ( 1940 ) Brigham Young ( 1940 ) Down Argentine Way ( 1940 ) The Mark of Zorro ( 1940 ) Hudson 's Bay ( 1941 ) Tobacco Road ( 1941 ) The Great American Broadcast ( 1941 ) Blood and Sand ( 1941 ) A Yank in the R.A.F. ( 1941 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1942 ) Son of Fury : The Story of Benjamin Blake ( 1942 ) Sex Hygiene ( Short ) ( 1942 ) To the Shores of Tripoli ( 1942 ) This Above All ( 1942 ) Thunder Birds ( 1942 ) The Purple Heart ( 1944 ) Wilson ( 1944 ) Winged Victory ( 1944 ) The Razor 's Edge ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Fury at Furnace Creek ( 1948 ) The Snake Pit ( 1948 ) Pinky ( 1949 ) Twelve O'Clock High ( 1949 ) No Way Out ( 1950 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) David and Bathsheba ( 1951 ) People Will Talk ( 1951 ) Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1952 ) The Egyptian ( 1954 ) The View from Pompey 's Head ( 1955 ) The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit ( 1956 ) Island in the Sun ( 1957 ) The Sun Also Rises ( 1957 ) The Roots of Heaven ( 1958 ) Crack in the Mirror ( 1960 ) Sanctuary ( 1961 ) The Big Gamble ( 1961 ) The Longest Day ( 1962 ) The Chapman Report ( 1962 ) The Visit ( 1964 ) Writer as Mark Canfield The Desired Woman ( 1927 ) ( story ) Maybe It 's Love ( 1930 ) Baby Face ( 1933 ) ( story ) Crack in the Mirror ( 1960 ) as Melville Crossman Tenderloin ( story ) ( 1928 ) State Street Sadie ( story ) ( 1928 ) Thanks a Million ( story ) ( 1935 ) A Yank in the R.A.F. ( story ) ( 1941 ) Thunder Birds ( original story ) ( 1942 ) China Girl ( story ) ( 1942 ) The Purple Heart ( story ) ( 1944 ) as Gregory Rogers Find Your Man ( Rin Tin Tin story ) ( 1924 ) The Lighthouse by the Sea ( Rin Tin Tin story ) ( 1924 ) Three Weeks in Paris ( story , screenplay as Darryl Zanuck ) ( 1925 ) The Midnight Taxi ( story ) ( 1928 ) as self A Broadway Butterfly ( 1925 ) Red Hot Tires ( 1925 ) Hogan 's Alley ( 1925 ) The Caveman ( scenario ) ( 1926 ) The Little Irish Girl ( adaptation ) ( 1926 ) The Social Highwayman ( 1926 ) Footloose Widows ( 1926 ) Across the Pacific ( adaptation ) ( 1926 ) The Better ' Ole ( screenplay ) ( 1926 ) Tracked by the Police ( Rin Tin Tin story ) ( 1927 ) Old San Francisco ( 1927 ) The First Auto ( story ) ( 1927 ) Good Time Charley ( story ) ( 1927 ) Noah 's Ark ( story ) ( 1928 ) My Man ( story ) ( 1928 ) Hardboiled Rose ( story ) ( 1929 ) Madonna of Avenue A ( story ) ( 1929 ) Say It with Songs ( story ) ( 1929 ) The Life of the Party ( 1930 ) Little Caesar ( story -- uncredited ) ( 1931 ) The Dark Horse ( story ) ( 1932 ) Lady Killer ( story -- uncredited ) ( 1933 ) Folies Bergère de Paris ( contributing writer -- uncredited ) ( 1935 ) G Men ( story ) ( 1935 ) This Is My Affair ( story -- uncredited ) ( 1937 ) Alexander 's Ragtime Band ( contributing writer -- uncredited ) ( 1938 ) The Great Profile ( story -- uncredited ) ( 1940 ) Ten Gentlemen from West Point ( 1942 ) People Virginia Fox ( wife ) Richard D. Zanuck ( son ) Dean Zanuck ( grandson ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Longest_Day_(film)&oldid=841654831 '' Categories : 1962 films 1960s war films American films American war films American epic films American black - and - white films English - language films French - language films German - language films War epic films World War II films Operation Overlord films World War II films based on actual events Films about the French Resistance Films based on non-fiction books Films set in 1944 Films shot in Haute - Corse Films set on beaches Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award 20th Century Fox films Films directed by Andrew Marton Films directed by Bernhard Wicki Films directed by Ken Annakin Films produced by Darryl F. Zanuck Films scored by Maurice Jarre Epic films based on actual events Seafaring films based on actual events Cultural depictions of Dwight D. Eisenhower Cultural depictions of Bernard Montgomery Cultural depictions of Erwin Rommel Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) EngvarB from September 2013 Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 05 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-6171549171254387124	Gnomeo & Juliet	Gnomeo & Juliet - wikipedia Gnomeo & Juliet Jump to : navigation , search Gnomeo & Juliet Theatrical release poster Directed by Kelly Asbury Produced by Baker Bloodworth David Furnish Steve Hamilton Shaw Screenplay by Kelly Asbury Mark Burton Andy Riley Kevin Cecil Emily Cook Kathy Greenberg Steve Hamilton Shaw Story by Kelly Asbury John R. Smith Rob Sprackling Andy Riley Kevin Cecil Steve Hamilton Shaw Based on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare an Original Screenplay by John R. Smith Rob Sprackling Starring James McAvoy Emily Blunt Michael Caine Jason Statham Maggie Smith Patrick Stewart Ashley Jensen Stephen Merchant Ozzy Osbourne Music by Chris Bacon James Newton Howard Edited by Catherine Apple Production company Touchstone Pictures Rocket Pictures Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Entertainment One Films ( United Kingdom and Canada ) Release date January 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 23 ) ( Hollywood ) February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) ( US and UK ) Running time 84 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $36 million Box office $194 million Gnomeo & Juliet is a 2011 3D computer - animated fantasy romantic comedy film loosely based on William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . Financed by Disney and released through its Touchstone Pictures banner , the film was independently produced by Rocket Pictures and animated by Starz Animation . It was written and directed by Kelly Asbury and starring the voices of James McAvoy , Emily Blunt , Michael Caine , Jason Statham , Maggie Smith , Patrick Stewart , Ashley Jensen , Stephen Merchant , and Ozzy Osbourne . The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on January 23 , 2011 . It was theatrically released in the United Kingdom and United States on February 11 , 2011 . Despite mixed reviews , the film earned $194 million on a $36 million budget . The film received nominations for the Satellite Award for Original Song , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , the Critics ' Choice Award for Best Song and the Annie Award for Directing in a Feature Production , Storyboarding in a Feature Production , Voice Acting in a Feature Production and Writing in a Feature Production . A sequel titled Sherlock Gnomes was released in 2018 , with Paramount Pictures and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer replacing Touchstone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Musicians 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Miss . Montague ( blue ) and Mr. Capulet ( red ) ( Julie Walters and Richard Wilson ) are two elderly neighbors who despise each other . When they leave their respective gardens , their garden gnomes and other lawn ornaments come alive . The Montague garden is filled with blue - hat gnomes led by Lady Bluebury ( Maggie Smith ) , and the Capulet garden has red - hat gnomes led by Lord Redbrick ( Michael Caine ) . Like their human gardeners , the gnomes also despise each other . The gnomes hold a back alley lawnmower race , with Lady Bluebury 's son Gnomeo ( James McAvoy ) driving for the blues and Tybalt ( Jason Statham ) for the reds . Tybalt cheats to win the race , destroying Gnomeo 's lawnmower . Gnomeo and his best friend , Benny ( Matt Lucas ) , are disappointed to see Mrs. Montague ordering a new `` Kitty Clipper '' lawnmower to replace it . That night , Gnomeo and Benny infiltrate the red garden in black disguise . Benny sprays Tybalt 's well and accidentally triggers a security light . During the escape Gnomeo ends up in a nearby garden where he bumps into a disguised Juliet ( Emily Blunt ) , the daughter of Lord Redbrick . Juliet is attempting to retrieve a unique orchid , and the two romantically fight over it . They each discover the other 's color before fleeing the garden . When they both go back to their own gardens , Juliet tells her frog - sprinkler friend Nanette ( Ashley Jensen ) about her newfound love . Nanette states that the relationship is romantically tragic . Gnomeo and Juliet have secret meetings in the nearby garden , where they meet a pink plastic flamingo named Featherstone ( Jim Cummings ) who encourages their love . Lord Redbrick pairs Juliet with a Red Gnome named Paris ( Stephen Merchant ) , but Juliet is n't interested in him and distracts him with Nanette who has feelings for him . Lady Bluebury is distraught after the reds infiltrate the garden and destroy the plant nurtured by Gnomeo 's late father . The blues want Gnomeo to take revenge on the reds , and he realizes that he can not refuse unless he tells his secret . Just as he is about to spray the prized tulips of the reds , Juliet sees him and he backs out of the attack . When he and Juliet meet up again , they argue until Featherstone stops them , telling them he lost his wife when the couple living in the house , where the garden is , broke up and never saw each other again . Benny sees them and runs away into the alleyway , where Tybalt is waiting with his lawnmower , attempting to run Benny down and ends up chops off his hat . Gnomeo intervenes , and he and Tybalt fight on the red lawnmower until the lawnmower runs into the wall . Gnomeo jumps off at the last minute , but Tybalt crashes into the wall , causing him to shatter himself . The reds attempt to attack Gnomeo , thinking that Tybalt died because of him . To the surprise of her clan , Juliet defends Gnomeo , saying that she loves him . Gnomeo ends up on a road , and everyone believes he was run over by a truck . Lord Redbrick has the other red gnomes glue Juliet 's feet to her fountain because he does not want to lose her like he lost her mother . Gnomeo 's mushroom friend , Shroom , finds out that Gnomeo is still alive as blue teapots fell out of the truck that `` ran him over '' , which all the gnomes came to believe was Gnomeo . He and Featherstone eventually reaches a park where Gnomeo climbs onto a statue of William Shakespeare ( Patrick Stewart ) and tells him his story . Shakespeare tells Gnomeo that his story is very similar to another and that it is likely Gnomeo 's will have a sad ending as well . Benny gets onto Miss . Montague 's computer and changes her lawnmower order to a powerful Terrafirminator unit , intending to get revenge on the reds . However , the Terrafirminator goes out of control , destroys most of the two gardens , and gets itself stuck while the gnomes wage a full - scale war . Gnomeo returns to Juliet with the help of Featherstone . However , when he arrives , the Terrafirminator frees itself , sending it flying . Gnomeo tries to un-glue Juliet , but is unable to . She tells him to go , but he refuses . The two share a passionate kiss just as the lawnmower crashes into the fountain , self - destructing in the process . When everyone believes that both are dead , Lord Redbrick and Lady Bluebury decide to end the feud . Miraculously , Gnomeo and Juliet emerge from the ruins and the two clans celebrate . Miss . Montague and Mr. Capulet come home to find their backyards a mess . The film ends happily with the red and blue gnomes finally coming together to celebrate their newfound peace . Tybalt is revealed to still be alive having been glued back together , Featherstone is reunited with his wife after Benny finds and orders her online , and Gnomeo and Juliet are married on a purple lawnmower , which symbolizes the new union of both gnome clans . Cast ( edit ) James McAvoy as Gnomeo , Lady Bluebury 's son , Juliet 's love interest ( later husband ) , and a blue gnome counterpart to Romeo Montague . Emily Blunt as Juliet , Lord Redbrick 's daughter , Gnomeo 's love interest ( later wife ) , and a red gnome counterpart to Juliet Capulet . Michael Caine as Lord Redbrick , the leader of the red gnomes , Juliet 's overprotective widower father this husband deceased of juliet _́ s mother lady bluebury _́ s new husband of gnomeo _́ s mother and Paris ' boss ; counterpart to Lord Capulet . Jason Statham as Tybalt , Gnomeo and Benny 's arch - nemesis and a red gnome counterpart to Tybalt . Maggie Smith as Lady Bluebury , the leader of the blue gnomes and Gnomeo 's widowed mother this wife deceased of gnomeo _́ s father and lord redbrick _́ s new wife of juliet _́ s father ; counterpart to Lady Montague . Patrick Stewart as William Shakespeare who wrote Romeo and Juliet . Ashley Jensen as Nanette , a Scottish - accented plastic garden frog , Juliet 's best friend and Paris ' love interest counterpart to Nurse . Stephen Merchant as Paris , a nerdy red gnome who was arranged to marry Juliet and nanette _́ s love interest ; counterpart to Count Paris . Ozzy Osbourne as Fawn , a garden deer and Tybalt 's best friend ; counterpart to Peter . Matt Lucas as Benny , Gnomeo 's impulsive and tall - hatted best friend and call me doll _́ s love interest ; counterpart to Benvolio . Jim Cummings as Featherstone , a lonely plastic flamingo with a thick Spanish accent ; counterpart to Friar Laurence . Hulk Hogan as Terrafirminator Announcer , an unseen person who promotes the Terrafirminator lawnmower on TV . Julie Walters as Ms. Montague , the elderly owner of the Blue garden whose face is not seen . Richard Wilson as Mr. Capulet , the elderly owner of the Red garden whose face is not seen . Kelly Asbury as Red Goon Gnomes ; counterparts to Gregory , Sampson , Anthony , and Potpan . Dolly Parton as Dolly Gnome , the lawnmower race announcer and mankini gnome _́ s love interest . Julia Braams as Stone Fish , a stone fish that attached to the Fishing Gnome . In the end , it is seen being dragged by Gnomeo and Juliet 's purple lawnmower . James Daniel Wilson as Fishing Gnome , a red gnome . Tim Bentinck as Conjoined Gnome Left , a red gnome . Julio Bonet as Mankini Gnome , dolly gnome _́ s love interest and a red gnome . Neil McCaul as Conjoined Gnome Right , a red gnome . Maurissa Horwitz as Call Me Doll , Benny 's love interest . John Todd as Dancer . Silent characters include : Shroom , a silent mushroom and Gnomeo 's friend / pet ; counterpart to Romeo 's servant Balthasar . The Bunnies , a group of small , cement bunnies that act as servants for Lady Bluebury and others in the Blue Garden ; counterparts to Abram and other miscellaneous servants of the Montagues . There is no counterpart for Mercutio , as stated by James McAvoy in an interview with NBC , '' Gnomeo in this is a little bit of amalgamation between Romeo and Mercutio . We do n't have that Mercutio character in this . We do n't have that leader of the pack , which Romeo is n't but Gnomeo is a little bit . '' Prince Escalus also does n't have a counterpart . Production ( edit ) The film was the original idea of Sprackling and Smith , who sold the spec script to Disney through Rocket Pictures . Disney studio chairman Dick Cook greenlit the film , under the Disney - owned Miramax Films . Miramax was later sold by Disney in 2010 , but the latter studio retained the rights to the film . Disney then opted to release the film through its Touchstone Pictures banner , when Starz Animation decided to produce and animate the film . Disney Australian director Adam Elliot was approached and asked to direct the film , but he rejected the offer due the film 's incompatibility with his style , as well as his lack of experience with CGI . Starz Animation Toronto ( which also made 9 ) produced all of the animation for the film , including the stereoscopic version . Asbury got on board in 2006 , and was attracted the movie in order to work with Elton John . Asbury and Hamilton Shaw then rewrote the film `` sort of from scratch , '' A particular challenge , according to Asbury was how to differentiate the ending between the original play and the movie in order to `` keep daggers and poison and suicide out '' . Ashbury had free range of the casting and conducted the process only through listening to voices , not knowing which actor was auditioning until he felt they were right for the character . Prior to the casting of James McAvoy and Emily Blunt , the roles of Gnomeo and Juliet were to be voiced by Ewan McGregor and Kate Winslet , respectively . Soundtrack ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( Original Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Elton John Released February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) Recorded 2009 - 2010 Genre Orchestral , pop , rock Length 60 : 24 Label Buena Vista Producer Elton John and David Furnish Elton John chronology The Union ( 2010 ) The Union 2010 Gnomeo & Juliet Soundtrack ( 2011 ) Good Morning to the Night ( 2012 ) Good Morning to the Night 2012 Gnomeo & Juliet : Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album and was released by Buena Vista Records on February 8 , 2011 . It features music by Elton John ( who was also the film 's executive producer ) , Nelly Furtado , Kiki Dee , and selections from the score composed by Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard ( who played keyboards for Elton John and arranged strings on many previous projects ) . The duet of John and Lady Gaga for `` Hello , Hello '' was featured in the film , released on February 11 , 2011 , but the soundtrack version only features John . Additionally , on May 4 , 2011 the duet was leaked online and available for download on most sharing websites . Track listing ( edit ) `` Hello Hello '' ( Album Version ) -- Elton John `` Crocodile Rock '' -- Nelly Furtado & Elton John `` Saturday Night 's Alright For Fighting '' -- Elton John `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' -- Elton John & Kiki Dee `` Love Builds a Garden '' -- Elton John `` Your Song '' -- Elton John `` Rocket Man '' -- Elton John `` Tiny Dancer '' -- Elton John `` Bennie and the Jets '' -- Elton John `` Gnomeo & Juliet ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` Dandelions ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` Bennie and the Bunnies ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` Terrafirminator ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` The Tiki Tiki Tiki Room '' -- Wally Boag , Thurl Ravenscroft , Fulton Burley & The Mellomen Track 1 - 9 : Original lyrics by Bernie Taupin , all music by Elton John & band . Track 10 : Written by James Newton Howard , contains music by Elton John . Track 11 & 13 : Written by James Newton Howard & Chris P. Bacon , contains music by Elton John . Track 12 : Written by James Newton Howard & Stuart Michael Thomas , contains music by Elton John . Track 14 : Written by Robert & Richard Sherman . Musicians ( edit ) Elton John & band : Elton John : Piano , vocals Davey Johnstone : Guitars , backing vocals Bob Birch : Bass , backing vocals Nigel Olsson : Drums , backing vocals John Mahon : Percussion , backing vocals James Newton Howard : Keyboards Release ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet 's worldwide premiere was at El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on January 23 , 2011 . The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures under the Touchstone Pictures banner on February 11 , 2011 . The film was Touchstone 's first animated film since 1993 's The Nightmare Before Christmas and also Touchstone 's first and , so far , only film to receive a G rating from the MPAA , despite some mild language . The film was distributed in the United Kingdom and Canada by Entertainment One Films . Elton John and director Asbury presented 10 minutes of the film at the Cannes Film Festival . Home Media ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray , and DVD on May 24 , 2011 . The film was produced as three different packages : a 1 - disc DVD , a 2 - disc Blu - ray / DVD combo pack , and a 3 - disc Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray , and DVD combo pack . The 3 - disc package also includes access to a digital download of the film . Both the DVD and Blu - ray versions of the release include the music video for Elton John and Nelly Furtado 's version of John 's `` Crocodile Rock '' , as well as the extras `` Elton Builds a Garden '' and `` Frog Talk '' with Ashley Jensen . In addition , the Blu - ray version also has several deleted and alternate scenes , as well as a feature with Ozzy Osbourne called `` The Fawn of Darkness '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet received generally mixed reviews . Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 55 % of professional critics gave positive reviews , based on 121 reviews with an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` While it has moments of inspiration , Gnomeo & Juliet is often too self - referential for its own good . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a 53 rating based on 28 reviews on its review scale , meaning `` mixed or average reviews '' . Box Office ( edit ) Gnomeo and Juliet earned about $100,000,000 in North America and $94,000,000 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $194,000,000 . Gnomeo & Juliet was ultimately a sleeper hit for Disney , outperforming the much higher - budgeted ( and eventual box office bomb ) Mars Needs Moms the studio released a month following Gnomeo & Juliet . On its first weekend , the film had a worldwide opening of $30.7 , 000,000 , finishing in second place behind Just Go with It ( $35.8 , 000,000 ) . However , on its second weekend -- Presidents ' Day weekend -- it topped the worldwide box office ( although not being in first place either in North America or overseas ) with $29.8 , 000,000 , ahead of Unknown which ranked second ( $26.4 , 000,000 ) . It opened in 2,994 theaters in North America on Friday , February 11 , 2011 , grossing $6.2 , 000,000 on its first day and ranking third behind Justin Bieber : Never Say Never and Just Go with It . It then finished the weekend with $25.4 , 000,000 in 3rd place . However , it scored the largest opening weekend ever for an animated feature released during the winter period ( both January and February ) . It also made the largest debut on record for a minor animated movie ( i.e. , one with little status , expectations and / or built - in audience ) , according to Box Office Mojo . With a $99.97 , 000,000 total it became the highest - grossing animated feature among those released in winter , until it was surpassed by The Lego Movie in 2014 . In the United Kingdom , Ireland , and Malta , it topped the weekend box office by earning £ 2.9 , 000,000 ( $4.7 , 000,000 ) on its opening . In total it has grossed $25.3 , 000,000 , making the UK the only market , except North America , where it grossed more than $10,000,000 . Accolades ( edit ) Award Winner / Nominee Result Annie Awards Directing in a Feature Production Kelly Asbury Nominated Storyboarding in a Feature Production Nelson Yokota Voice Acting in a Feature Production Jim Cummings Writing in a Feature Production Andy Riley , Kevin Cecil , Mark Burton , Kathy Greenburg , Emily Cook , Rob Sprackling , John R. Smith , Kelly Asbury , Steve Hamilton Shaw Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song Hello Hello , performed by Elton John and Lady Gaga / written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song `` Hello Hello '' Satellite Awards Original Song Sequel ( edit ) In March 2012 , it was reported that a sequel titled Sherlock Gnomes was in development at Rocket Pictures . Andy Riley and Kevin Cecil , two of the nine writers on the first film , are writing the script for the sequel . Steve Hamilton Shaw and David Furnish are producing the film , and Elton John , an exec producer , is again composing new songs for the film . The film will feature Sherlock Gnomes , `` the greatest ornamental detective '' hired by the characters from the first film , who will try to solve the mystery of disappearing gnomes . In September 2012 , it was reported that John Stevenson , the director of Kung Fu Panda , has been set to direct the sequel . In November 2015 , it was announced that Johnny Depp would voice Sherlock Gnomes and that the film is scheduled for release on January 12 , 2018 . Paramount Animation and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer will produce the film , with McAvoy and Blunt reprising their roles . On May 26 , 2017 , Paramount delayed the film 's release date to March 23 , 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2D ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . 83m 45s ^ Jump up to : Vlessing , Etan ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Film and TV Focus Lifts Entertainment One Profits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Among Entertainment One 's movie releases was Gnomeo & Juliet 3D released in Canada and Britain , ... Jump up ^ Screened Forums - Gnomeo and Juliet ^ Jump up to : `` Gnomeo and Juliet '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Cultivating ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' '' . Animated World Network . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Critical Mass : ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A dazzling Emily Blunt has the white stuff at the Hollywood premiere of Gnomeo and Juliet '' . Daily Mail Online . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott . `` Emily Blunt and James MacAvoy on the Terror of Gnomes '' . NBC . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp Lending His Voice To Paramount / MGM Sequel ' Sherlock Gnomes ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Adam Elliot , writer / director / designer of Mary and Max '' . Crickey.com.au . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , Eric . `` Exclusive Interview : Gnomeo And Juliet Director Kelly Asbury '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon . `` Gnomeo & Juliet '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buena Vista Records to Release Gnomeo & Juliet Original Soundtrack 2 / 8 '' . PR Newsire . January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga , Elton John Duet Wo n't Appear On ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Soundtrack '' . Billboard.com . Associated Press . February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A dazzling Emily Blunt has the white stuff at the Hollywood premiere of Gnomeo and Juliet '' . Daily Mail Online . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John in Cannes to promote Gnomeo And Juliet '' . Citizenside.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gnomeo & Juliet Get Together '' . IGN . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grabert , Jessica ( April 3 , 2011 ) . `` Gnomeo & Juliet Rushing Out Of Theaters And On To DVD '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Propst , Andy ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gnomeo and Juliet , Featuring Elton John Songs , Set for May 24 DVD Release '' . Theater Mania . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gnomeo & Juliet Announced and Detailed for Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D '' . High - Def Digest . April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ribera , J.C. ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Brings Gnomeo & Juliet to Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gnomeo and Juliet ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gnomeo and Juliet Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ben Riley - Smith ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Mars Needs Moms ' : does flop mean 3D is history ? '' . thefirstpost.co.uk . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` February 11 -- 13 , 2011 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` February 18 -- 20 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` February 11 -- 13 , 2011 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( February 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Just , ' ' Justin , ' ' Juliet ' Jumpin ' '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GNOMEO AND JULIET '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rango ' Wins Annie Award for Best Animated Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karger , Dave ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Artist ' and ' Hugo ' lead Broadcast Film Critics nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2012 : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Rocket Pictures Plots ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Sequel , With New Tunes By Elton John '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` John Stevenson Tapped To Direct ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Sequel ' Sherlock Gnomes ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( November 7 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp takes lead in Sherlock Gnomes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CS ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Animation Announces Release Dates '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greg Evans ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Nudges ' Sherlock Gnomes ' To Later Release Date '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gnomeo & Juliet Gnomeo & Juliet on IMDb Gnomeo & Juliet at AllMovie Gnomeo & Juliet at Box Office Mojo Gnomeo & Juliet at Rotten Tomatoes Gnomeo & Juliet at Metacritic Kevin Cecil and Andy Riley Television shows The Armando Iannucci Shows Robbie the Reindeer Hyperdrive The Great Outdoors Radio The 99p Challenge Movies by Andy Riley Gnomeo & Juliet Books by Andy Riley The Book of Bunny Suicides Return of the Bunny Suicides Films directed by Kelly Asbury Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnomeo_%26_Juliet&oldid=833868336 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2011 3D films 2011 animated films 2011 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s romantic comedy films American animated fantasy films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American films American romantic comedy films Animated duos Animated musical films British 3D films British animated films British animated fantasy films British children 's comedy films British children 's fantasy films British films British romantic comedy films Children 's fantasy films Disney animated films Elton John Fantasy - comedy films Fictional gnomes Films about gnomes Films based on Romeo and Juliet Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in England Rocket Pictures films Touchstone Pictures animated films Films directed by Kelly Asbury Films scored by James Newton Howard Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 20 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the frog on gnomeo and juliet	[ "Ashley Jensen as Nanette, a Scottish-accented plastic garden frog, Juliet's best friend and Paris' love interest counterpart to Nurse." ]	[ "Ashley Jensen" ]
9174262872430218209	Pale Rider	Pale Rider - wikipedia Pale Rider Jump to : navigation , search For the albums , see Pale Rider ( Drapht album ) and Pale Rider ( Ricky Ross album ) . Pale Rider Theatrical release poster Directed by Clint Eastwood Produced by Clint Eastwood Written by Michael Butler Dennis Shryack Starring Clint Eastwood Michael Moriarty Carrie Snodgress Christopher Penn Richard Dysart Sydney Penny Richard Kiel Doug McGrath John Russell Music by Lennie Niehaus Cinematography Bruce Surtees Edited by Joel Cox Production company The Malpaso Company Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date June 26 , 1985 ( 1985 - 06 - 26 ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6.9 million Box office $41,410,568 Pale Rider is a 1985 American western film produced and directed by Clint Eastwood , who also stars in the lead role . The title is a reference to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , as the rider of a pale horse is Death . The film , which took in nearly $41 million at the box office , became the highest grossing Western of the 1980s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Crew 5 Religious themes 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Outside the snowy mountain town of Lahood , California , thugs working for big - time miner Coy LaHood ride in and destroy the camp of a group of prospectors and their families who have settled to pan for gold in nearby Carbon Canyon . While leaving , they shoot a dog belonging to fourteen - year - old Megan Wheeler . As Megan buries her dog in the woods and prays for a miracle , thunder rolls and a stranger rides down the slopes . Megan 's mother , Sarah , is being courted by Hull Barret . When Hull heads to town to pick up supplies , four of the thugs begin to beat him with axe staves but he is rescued by the stranger . Hull invites him to dinner and while the stranger is washing , Hull notices what look like six bullet wounds in his back . Shortly after , he appears wearing a clerical collar and is thereafter called `` Preacher '' . Coy LaHood 's son Josh attempts to scare the Preacher off with a show of strength from his giant work - hand , Club , who breaks a large rock in half with a single hammer blow . When Club attempts to attack the Preacher , he hits Club in the face with his hammer and delivers a blow to Club 's groin , then gently helps him onto his horse . The miners now team together to smash the rest of the boulder . Meanwhile , Coy LaHood returns from Sacramento and is furious to learn about the Preacher 's arrival , saying that his presence would strengthen the resolve of the tin - panners . Failing to bribe the Preacher into settling in the town instead , LaHood is persuaded to offer the miners $1000 per claim provided they evacuate within 24 hours . LaHood threatens to hire a corrupt Marshal named Stockburn to clear them out if they refuse . The miners initially consider accepting the offer but when Hull reminds them of their purpose and sacrifices , they decide to stay and fight . The next morning , however , the Preacher leaves without notice and retrieves his revolver from a bank box . Meanwhile the miners find that LaHood 's men have blown up the creek running through their camp , causing it to dam up . They have a brief discussion but agree to stay and continue mining the now drying creek bed . Megan , who has grown fond of the Preacher , goes looking for him and rides into the Lahood strip mining camp , where Josh attempts to rape her , while his cohorts look on and encourage him . At that moment , the Preacher arrives on horseback and rescues Megan , shooting Josh in the hand in the process . Stockburn and his six deputies arrive at the town and LaHood describes the Preacher to Stockburn , who appears startled and says that he sounds like someone that he once knew , but it could n't be , since that man was dead . Spider Conway , a miner at the camp , recovers a large gold nugget and rides into town , where he yells drunken abuse at LaHood from the street . After gunning him down , Stockburn tells Spider 's sons to tell the Preacher to meet him in town the next morning . The following morning , the Preacher and Hull blow up LaHood 's site with dynamite . To stop Hull from following him , the Preacher then scares off Hull 's horse and rides into town alone . In the gun fight that follows he kills all but two of LaHood 's men and then , one by one , all six of Stockburn 's deputies as they spread through the town searching for him . When he goes face - to - face with Stockburn , the latter recognizes him in disbelief and goes for his gun . The Preacher draws first and shoots him , sending six bullets out through his back , before shooting him in the head . LaHood , watching from his office , aims a rifle at the Preacher , only to be shot and killed by Hull , who enters through a back door . The Preacher nods at Hull and remarks , `` Long walk , '' before galloping toward the snow - capped mountains . Megan now drives into town and shouts her love and thanks after the Preacher . Her words echo through the canyon as he rides off . Cast ( edit ) Clint Eastwood as `` The Preacher '' Clint Eastwood as The Preacher Michael Moriarty as Hull Barret Carrie Snodgress as Sarah Wheeler Richard Dysart as Coy LaHood Chris Penn as Josh LaHood Sydney Penny as Megan Wheeler Richard Kiel as Club Doug McGrath as Spider Conway Chuck Lafont as Eddie Conway Jeffrey Weissman as Teddy Conway John Russell as Marshal Stockburn S.A. Griffin as Deputy Folke Jack Radosta as Deputy Grissom Robert Winley as Deputy Kobold Billy Drago as Deputy Mather Jeffrey Josephson as Deputy Sedge John Dennis Johnston as Deputy Tucker Charles Hallahan as McGill Marvin J. McIntyre as Jagou Fran Ryan as Ma Blankenship Richard Hamilton as Pa Blankenship Terrence Evans as Jake Henderson Production ( edit ) Pale Rider was primarily filmed in the Boulder Mountains and the Sawtooth National Recreation Area in central Idaho , just north of Sun Valley in late 1984 . The opening credits scene featured the jagged Sawtooth Mountains south of Stanley . Train - station scenes were filmed in Tuolumne County , California , near Jamestown . Scenes of a more established Gold Rush town ( in which Eastwood 's character picks up his pistol at a Wells Fargo office ) were filmed in the real Gold Rush town of Columbia , also in Tuolumne County , California . Crew ( edit ) Clint Eastwood Producer / Director / Star Lennie Niehaus Composer Bruce Surtees Director of Photography Joel Cox Film Editing Edward Carfagno Production Design Chuck Gaspar Special Effects Buddy Van Horn Stunt Coordinator Jack N. Green Camera Operator Marcia Reed Still Photographer Deborah Hopper Costume Designer / Wardrobe : Women Religious themes ( edit ) In an audio interview , Clint Eastwood said that his character Preacher `` is an out - and - out ghost '' . However , whereas Eastwood 's 1973 western , High Plains Drifter resolves its storyline by means of a series of unfolding flashback narratives ( although ambiguity still remains ) , Pale Rider does not include any such obvious clues to the nature and past of the ' Preacher ' other than six bullet wound scars on his back . The viewer is left to draw different conclusions regarding the overall story line and its meaning . The movie 's title is taken from the Book of Revelation , chapter 6 , verse 8 : `` And I looked , and behold a pale horse : and his name that sat on him was Death , and Hell followed with him . '' The reading of the biblical passage describing this character is neatly choreographed to correspond with the sudden appearance of the Preacher , who arrived as a result of a prayer from Megan , in which she quoted Psalm 23 . Preacher 's comment after beating one of the villains is , `` Well , the Lord certainly does work in mysterious ways . '' After the temptation to shift his ministry to the town , Preacher says , `` You ca n't serve God and Mammon , Mammon being money . '' According to Robert Jewett the film 's dialogue parallels Paul the Apostle 's teaching on divine retribution ( Romans 12 : 19 - 21 ) . Reception ( edit ) Pale Rider was released in the United States in June , 1985 , and became the highest grossing western of the 1980s . It was the first mainstream Hollywood western to be produced after the massive financial failure of Heaven 's Gate . Borrowing heavily in screenplay and cinematography from George Steven 's critically acclaimed 1953 western classic , Shane , Pale Rider received positive reviews , and currently holds a 92 % score on Rotten Tomatoes . Roger Ebert praised the film , giving it four out of four stars . Further he stated , `` Pale Rider '' is , over all , a considerble ( sic ) achievement , a classic Western of style and excitement . '' The movie was a success at the North American box office , grossing $41,410,568 against a $6,900,000 budget . The film was entered into the 1985 Cannes Film Festival . Film portal The film is recognized by the American Film Institute in these lists : 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Western Film References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Pale Rider . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Pale Rider . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Dennis Shryack , Screenwriter on Clint Eastwood 's ' The Gauntlet ' and ' Pale Rider , ' Dies at 80 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Eastwood film gives boost '' . Spokane Chronicle . Washington . Associated Press . November 30 , 1984 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hughes , p. 36 Jump up ^ `` Clint Eastwood.net Filmography / Pale Rider '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Clive Marsh , Gaye Ortiz , Explorations in theology and film : movies and meaning , Blackwell Publishers 1997 ( reprint 2001 ) , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Hughes , p. 38 Jump up ^ `` Pale Rider '' , Roger Ebert , June 28 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Pale Rider ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pale Rider movie info '' . Mooviees ! . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disasters Outnumber Movie Hits '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Pale Rider '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Bibliography Hughes , Howard ( 2009 ) . Aim for the Heart . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 902 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Pale Rider on IMDb Pale Rider at Rotten Tomatoes Pale Rider at the TCM Movie Database Pale Rider at AllMovie ( hide ) Films directed by Clint Eastwood Play Misty for Me ( 1971 ) High Plains Drifter ( 1973 ) Breezy ( 1973 ) The Eiger Sanction ( 1975 ) The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) The Gauntlet ( 1977 ) Bronco Billy ( 1980 ) Firefox ( 1982 ) Honkytonk Man ( 1982 ) Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) Pale Rider ( 1985 ) Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) Bird ( 1988 ) White Hunter Black Heart ( 1990 ) The Rookie ( 1990 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) A Perfect World ( 1993 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil ( 1997 ) True Crime ( 1999 ) Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) Blood Work ( 2002 ) Piano Blues ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Gran Torino ( 2008 ) Invictus ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) J. Edgar ( 2011 ) Jersey Boys ( 2014 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Sully ( 2016 ) The 15 : 17 to Paris ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pale_Rider&oldid=795020593 '' Categories : 1985 films English - language films 1980s Western ( genre ) films American films American Western ( genre ) films Mining in film Films directed by Clint Eastwood Films produced by Clint Eastwood Malpaso Productions films Warner Bros. films Films shot in Idaho Films set in California Films set in the 1880s Film scores by Lennie Niehaus Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 14 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the pale rider supposed to be	[ "Pale Rider is a 1985 American western film produced and directed by Clint Eastwood, who also stars in the lead role. The title is a reference to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, as the rider of a pale horse is Death. The film, which took in nearly $41 million at the box office, became the highest grossing Western of the 1980s.[3]" ]	[ "Death" ]
-1355077862678085974	Ryan Hurst	Ryan Hurst - wikipedia Ryan Hurst Jump to : navigation , search Ryan Hurst Hurst at the 2017 Phoenix Comicon Ryan Douglas Hurst ( 1976 - 06 - 19 ) June 19 , 1976 ( age 41 ) Santa Monica , California , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1993 -- present Spouse ( s ) Molly Cookson ( m . 2005 ) Parent ( s ) Rick Hurst ( father ) Ryan Douglas Hurst ( born June 19 , 1976 ) is an American actor , best known for his roles as Gerry Bertier in Disney 's Remember the Titans , Tom Clark in Taken , Opie Winston in the FX network drama series Sons of Anarchy , and as Chick in Bates Motel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hurst was born in Santa Monica , California , the son of Candace Kaniecki , an acting coach , and Rick Hurst , an actor . He attended Santa Monica High School . Career ( edit ) Growing up in a Hollywood family , Hurst made a very early start in the show business , with a recurring role in the NBC teen situation comedy series Saved by the Bell : The New Class . In the 1998 epic war drama film Saving Private Ryan , Hurst portrayed Mandelsohn , a paratrooper who , because of temporary hearing loss , can not understand Captain Miller 's ( Tom Hanks ) questions about sighting Private Ryan , which forces Miller to ask the questions in writing . Additionally , he appeared in the 2002 war film We Were Soldiers as Sgt . Ernie Savage , played the football player Lump Hudson in the black comedy thriller film The Ladykillers ( 2004 ) , and starred in the TNT police drama series Wanted ( 2005 ) . From 2005 to 2007 , Hurst gained recognition for portraying the recurring role of Allison DuBois ' half - brother , Michael Benoit , in NBC 's supernatural procedural drama series Medium . Hurst 's big break came when he was cast as Opie Winston in the FX crime drama series Sons of Anarchy . Originally a recurring cast member in the first season , he was promoted to main cast member for the following season and went on to become a fan favorite . His character , newly released from a five - year prison stint and `` living right '' , but not making ends meet , goes back to SAMCRO to provide for his family , despite his wife 's objections and his knowing the risks . Hurst 's portrayal of Opie earned him the 2011 Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film . Also in 2011 , Hurst voiced Jedidiah in the animated box office hit Rango . Also stars in the series , Outsiders . Personal life ( edit ) In 1994 , Hurst met Molly Cookson and the couple married in May 2005 . Together , they founded the production company Fast Shoes . In April 2013 , Hurst purchased a 3,400 square - foot home in Woodland Hills , California for $1.71 million . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Postman Eddie March 1998 Patch Adams Neil 1998 Saving Private Ryan Paratrooper Mandelsohn 2000 Rules of Engagement Captain Hustings 2000 Remember the Titans Gerry Bertier 2001 Perfect Lover Guy 2001 Venus and Mars Roberto 2002 We Were Soldiers Sgt . Ernie Savage 2002 Lone Star State of Mind Tinker The Ladykillers Lump Hudson 2006 Noble Things Kyle Collins 2008 Chasing the Green Ross Franklin 2011 Rango Jedidiah ( voice ) 2013 CBGB Mad Mountain Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Saved by the Bell : The New Class Crunch Grabowski 2 episodes Beverly Hills , 90210 Student Actor Episode : `` Divas '' 1995 -- 96 Campus Cops Wayne Simko 9 episodes 1995 JAG Dirk Grover Episode : `` Shadow '' Boston Common Nikolai 2 episodes Wings Barry Episode : `` Too Beautiful for You '' 1999 L.A. Doctors Kevn Raives 2 episodes 2002 Touched by an Angel Doug Episode : `` Two Sides to Every Angel '' 2002 John Doe Elvis Braithwaite Episode : `` Mind Games '' 2002 Taken Adult Tom Clarke 5 episodes Dr. Vegas Steve Episode : `` All In '' 2005 House Sam McGinley Episode : `` The Mistake '' 2005 Wanted Agent Jimmy McGloin 13 episodes 2005 -- 07 Medium Michael Benoit 3 episodes 2006 Everwood Ed Carnahan Episode : `` Across the Lines '' 2006 CSI : Miami Detective Michael Lloyd Episode : `` Curse of the Coffin '' 2007 Raines Marko Rossi Episode : `` Pilot '' 2007 Heartland Mark Evans Episode : `` Pilot '' 2008 -- 12 Sons of Anarchy Opie Winston 54 episodes 2011 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Doug Loveless Episode : `` Bombshell '' 2013 King & Maxwell Edgar Roy 10 episodes 2015 -- 17 Bates Motel Chick Hogan 15 episodes 2015 Axe Cop N / A Episode : `` Night Mission : The Extincter '' 2016 -- 17 Outsiders Lil Foster Farrell 26 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 2011 16th Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Sons of Anarchy Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foley , F. Kathleen ( July 23 , 2004 ) . `` Same inmates , different asylum in this ' Nest ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Hurst Biography ( 1976 - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Hurst Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Hurst Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies Canada . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Tour of Ryan Hurst 's Woodland Hills House '' . ICouldLiveHere.org . July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Son of Anarchy ' star Ryan Hurst shaves his beard on camera for fans '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Sherman , Catherine ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Sons of Anarchy ' Star Buys Woodland Hills Home '' . Zillow.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Sons of Anarchy ' Star Ryan Hurst - Drops $1.7 Million ... On Mansion To Die For '' . TMZ.com . July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Satellite Award Nominees and Winners '' . Press Academy . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Ryan Hurst on IMDb Ryan Hurst on Twitter ( hide ) Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Stanley Tucci ( 1996 ) Vondie Curtis - Hall ( 1997 ) David Clennon ( 1998 ) David Schwimmer ( 2001 ) Linus Roache ( 2002 ) Justin Kirk ( 2003 ) Bill Nighy ( 2004 ) Randy Quaid ( 2005 ) Tony Plana ( 2006 ) David Zayas ( 2007 ) Nelsan Ellis ( 2008 ) John Lithgow ( 2009 ) David Strathairn ( 2010 ) Peter Dinklage / Ryan Hurst ( 2011 ) Neal McDonough ( 2012 ) Aaron Paul ( 2013 ) Rory Kinnear ( 2014 ) Christian Slater ( 2015 ) Ben Mendelsohn ( 2016 ) VIAF : 46447675 LCCN : no2003034270 GND : 1062023242 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan_Hurst&oldid=809679857 '' Categories : 1976 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from Santa Monica , California Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 18 : 30 . About Wikipedia	guy who played opie on sons of anarchy	[ "Ryan Douglas Hurst[1] (born June 19, 1976) is an American actor, best known for his roles as Gerry Bertier in Disney's Remember the Titans, Tom Clark in Taken, Opie Winston in the FX network drama series Sons of Anarchy, and as Chick in Bates Motel." ]	[ "Ryan Douglas Hurst" ]
3607622863814812900	Green Arrow and Black Canary	Green Arrow and Black Canary - wikipedia Green Arrow and Black Canary Jump to : navigation , search Green Arrow and Black Canary Variant cover art for Green Arrow and Black Canary # 1 Art by Cliff Chiang Publication information Publisher DC Comics Schedule Monthly Format Ongoing series Genre Superhero Publication date December 2007 -- 2010 No. of issues 32 Main character ( s ) Green Arrow Black Canary Connor Hawke Speedy Red Arrow Creative team Created by Judd Winick Cliff Chiang Written by J.T. Krul Penciller ( s ) Federico Dallocchio Inker ( s ) Ruy Jose Letterer ( s ) Sal Cipriano Colorist ( s ) Michael Atiyeh Editor ( s ) Adam Schlagman Collected editions The Wedding Album ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1841 - 6 Green Arrow and Black Canary was a comic book ongoing series published by DC Comics starring superheroes Green Arrow and Black Canary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Characters 3 Plot synopsis 3.1 Dead Again 3.2 Family Business 3.3 A League of their Own 3.4 Tough Love 3.5 Repackaging as Green Arrow 4 Collected editions 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) The first issue ( December 2007 ) was written by Judd Winick with art by Cliff Chiang . The series spun out of Green Arrow / Black Canary : Wedding Special ( November 2007 ) by Winick and artist Amanda Conner . With issue # 7 , Mike Norton replaced Chiang . With issue # 15 , Andrew Kreisberg replaced Winick . According to the announcements of upcoming titles at DCComics.com , the title will revert to Green Arrow beginning with issue 31 ; After the events of Justice League : Cry For Justice , wherein Green Arrow killed the villain Prometheus for destroying Star City ( which killed Roy Harper 's daughter ) , Black Canary took Green Arrow 's not telling her as a sign he wants to be alone and left him , supposedly ending the marriage . This series ended in 2011 when DC relaunched its entire universe . Green Arrow went to Star City in his own solo series while Black Canary currently stars in Birds of Prey . Characters ( edit ) Black Canary ( Dinah Laurel Lance ) - The daughter of the original Black Canary , trained against her mother 's wishes to become one of the best fighters in the world , along with her trademarked `` Canary Cry '' sonic scream . The wife of Green Arrow . Green Arrow ( Oliver Queen ) - Playboy billionaire turned contemporary Robin Hood , trained to be one of the greatest archers in the world . The husband of Black Canary , and the father of Connor Hawke . Green Arrow ( Connor Hawke ) - Oliver Queen 's biological son , he replaced his father after his death and they now share the name . Speedy ( Mia Dearden ) - The newest sidekick to use the name , after living on the streets , she was taken in by Oliver and eventually trained . Red Arrow ( Roy Harper ) - Green Arrow 's original sidekick and first Speedy , grew up to be Arsenal and now has a new codename . Plot synopsis ( edit ) Dead again ( edit ) After Black Canary murders `` Green Arrow '' on their wedding night , it is discovered that it was actually Everyman posing as him . Black Canary and Speedy , along with Connor Hawke venture to Themyscira on a hunch that Green Arrow may be a captive of the Amazons . Family business ( edit ) Green Arrow , Black Canary and Speedy travel to Europe to hunt down who is responsible for wounding Connor Hawke . Along the way they join up with Batman , Plastic Man Dodger and encounter a new League of Assassins ... A League of their own ( edit ) The missing Connor Hawke is found and it is discovered that this League of Assassins is a fake , tricked by a disguised Shado to fight Green Arrow . Shado 's son Robert , who is also Green Arrow 's son was diagnosed with cancer , to cure him she employed Dr. Sivana to abduct and experiment on Connor . In the end Connor is rescued but possesses nothing of his former self , acting differently , abandoning archery and apparently gaining healing abilities . Speedy leaves to pursue a relationship with Dodger and Connor Hawke leaves to rediscover himself . Tough love ( edit ) A new villainess named Cupid begins killing Green Arrow 's enemies to gain his love and approval . She kills Brick and several other low level villains and attempts to kill Merlyn as well . Oliver 's and Dinah 's marriage is put to the test as Green Arrow becomes increasingly more violent and ignores Black Canary 's warnings . A music teacher is deafened by Black Canary 's Canary Cry and becomes the hypersonic villain known as Discord . Starting with July 's issue , # 22 , the title gets divided into a Green Arrow and Black Canary double feature . Repackaging as Green Arrow ( edit ) During the events of the `` Blackest Night '' the series for issue 30 was retitled Black Lantern Green Arrow for a Blackest Night tie - in before switching to simply Green Arrow as part of the Rise and Fall storyline which is aftermath of Justice League : Cry for Justice . The series picked up loose ends of Green Arrow killing the villain Prometheus and the destruction of Star City as well as Black Canary leaving Green Arrow for not telling her of his actions assuming he wants to be alone . A new Green Arrow series is set to debut from J.T. Krul and artist Diogenes Neves . Collected editions ( edit ) Also relevant is the lead - up to this series `` Road to the Altar '' , see Green Arrow Collected Editions Title Collects Date ISBN Vol. 1 : The Wedding Album Wedding Special , # 1 - 5 October 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1841 - 6 Vol. 2 : Family Business # 6 - 10 January 2009 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2016 - 7 Vol. 3 : A League of Their Own # 11 - 14 , Green Arrow Secret Files # 1 May 2009 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2250 - 5 Vol. 4 : Enemies List # 15 - 20 December 16 , 2009 Vol. 5 : Big Game # 21 - 26 June 9 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2709 - 8 Vol. 6 : Five Stages # 27 - 30 November 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2898 - 9 Justice League : Rise and Fall # 31 - 32 , Justice League : Rise and Fall Special , the Rise of Arsenal # 1 - 4 March 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 3013 - 5 Reception ( edit ) IGN gave the first issue a 5.7 out of 10 . Issue # 15 , the first issue of Kreisberg 's run , received a 7.5 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Upcoming Comics , Green Arrow 31 , accessed 27 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Green Arrow volume 4 issue 32 Jump up ^ http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/01/13/what-does-black-lantern-green-arrow-30-have-in-store/ Jump up ^ http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2009/12/11/dcu-in-2010-the-rise-of-arsenal-and-the-fall-of-green-arrow/ Jump up ^ http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/03/16/the-fall-of-green-arrow-kicks-off-in-green-arrow-31/ Jump up ^ http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/04/14/rise-and-fall-continues-in-green-arrow-32/ Jump up ^ Justice League : Cry for Justice issue 7 Jump up ^ Green Arrow volume 4 issue 32 Jump up ^ http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/03/18/after-the-fall-green-arrow-rises-again/ Jump up ^ ( 5 ) External links ( edit ) Green Arrow and Black Canary at the Comic Book DB Green Arrow George Papp Mort Weisinger Green Arrow Oliver Queen Connor Hawke Supporting characters Arrowette Black Canary Eddie Fyers Speedy Roy Harper Mia Dearden Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Katana Felicity Smoak Shado Enemies Hannibal Bates Brick China White Clock King Count Vertigo Cupid Deathstroke Richard Dragon ( Ricardo Diaz , Jr . ) Constantine Drakon Merlyn Onomatopoeia Equipment Arrowcar Trick arrows Publications More Fun Comics Green Lantern / Green Arrow The Dark Knight Returns Green Arrow : The Longbow Hunters The Dark Knight Strikes Again Green Arrow : Year One Green Arrow and Black Canary Storylines `` Snowbirds Do n't Fly '' `` Quiver '' Locations Queen Industries / Q - Core Star City Starfish Island Vlatava In other media Justice League Unlimited Smallville Batman : The Brave and the Bold DC Universe Online DC Showcase : Green Arrow Young Justice Batman : The Dark Knight Returns -- Part 2 Arrowverse and related shows Arrow characters episodes The Flash Vixen DC 's Legends of Tomorrow Related articles The Outsiders The Green Archer ( 1940 serial ) Robin Hood Black Canary Robert Kanigher Carmine Infantino Supporting characters Barbara Gordon Batman Green Arrow Hal Jordan Huntress ( Helena Bertinelli ) Kurt / Larry Lance Sin Speedy Wildcat Enemies Hannibal Bates Cheshire Count Vertigo Cupid Lady Shiva Merlyn Tigress Twelve Brothers in Silk and White Canary Wizard Publications Flash Comics Action Comics World 's Finest Comics Black Canary Birds of Prey Green Arrow and Black Canary Batgirl and the Birds of Prey In other media Legends of the Superheroes Birds of Prey Justice League Unlimited Smallville Batman : The Brave and the Bold DC Showcase : Green Arrow Young Justice Arrow The Flash Legends of Tomorrow Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Arrow_and_Black_Canary&oldid=785262330 '' Categories : DC Comics titles 2007 comics debuts 2010 comics endings Superhero comics Black Canary Hidden categories : Title pop Redundant infobox title param Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 June 2017 , at 14 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the green arrow marry in the comics	[ "Green Arrow (Oliver Queen) - Playboy billionaire turned contemporary Robin Hood, trained to be one of the greatest archers in the world. The husband of Black Canary, and the father of Connor Hawke." ]	[ "Black Canary" ]
5612855911575821466	Kal Ho Naa Ho	Kal Ho Naa Ho - wikipedia Kal Ho Naa Ho Jump to : navigation , search Kal Ho Naa Ho Theatrical Release Poster Hindi कल हो ना हो Directed by Nikhil Advani Produced by Yash Johar Karan Johar Written by Karan Johar Screenplay by Karan Johar Niranjan Iyengar Story by Karan Johar Starring Jaya Bachchan Shah Rukh Khan Saif Ali Khan Preity Zinta Narrated by Preity Zinta Music by Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy Cinematography Anil Mehta Edited by Sanjay Sankla Production company Dharma Productions Distributed by Yash Raj Films Release date 28 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 28 ) Running time 186 minutes Country India Language Hindi English Budget est. ₹ 280 million Box office est. ₹ 861 million Kal Ho Naa Ho ( English : Tomorrow May come or Never Come ) , also known as KHNH , is a 2003 Indian romantic drama , directed by Nikhil Advani . The film was written by Karan Johar and Niranjan Iyengar and produced by Yash Johar and Karan Johar under their Dharma Productions banner . The soundtrack for the film was composed by Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy , with lyrics written by Javed Akhtar . In his autobiography , An Unsuitable Boy , Johar expressed his regret at not directing the film himself . The film features Jaya Bachchan as Jennifer `` Jenny '' Kapur , Shahrukh Khan as Aman Mathur , Saif Ali Khan as Rohit Patel , and Preity Zinta as Naina Catherine Kapur . It also features Sushma Seth , Reema Lagoo , Lilette Dubey and Delnaaz Paul in supporting roles . The film narrates the story of a pessimistic uptight student , Naina Kapur , who falls in love with her neighbour , Aman Mathur , a terminally ill patient who tries to play matchmaker for Naina and her friend , Rohit Patel . Kal Ho Naa Ho was promoted with the tag - line `` A Story of a Lifetime ... In a Heartbeat '' . The movie was produced on a budget of ₹ 280 million . It was released on 28 November 2003 to highly positive critical reviews . Additionally , it was screened at the Valenciennes , Era New Horizons , Marrakech International and Helsinki Film Festival . The film was a huge commercial success and emerged as the second highest - grossing film domestically , and the highest - grossing film in overseas and worldwide that year . When adjusted for inflation , its total net gross in India is ₹ 1.21 billion ( US $19 million ) . The following year , Kal Ho Naa Ho won 2 National Film Awards and 8 Filmfare Awards . The film was paid homage by the German Embassy in India by releasing a short 8 minute video named Lebe jetzt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Background 4.2 Development 4.3 Track listing 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Box office 6.2. 1 India 6.2. 2 Overseas 7 Awards 7.1 IIFA Awards 7.2 Zee Cine Awards 7.3 Filmfare Awards 7.4 Star Screen Awards 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The story follows Naina Catherine Kapur ( Preity Zinta ) , a pessimistic MBA student who lives in New York City with her widowed mother , Jennifer ' Jenny ' Kapur ( Jaya Bachchan ) and two younger siblings , her biological brother Shiv and her adopted sister Gia . Jenny runs an unsuccessful cafe alongside her neighbor Jaswinder ' Jazz ' Kapoor ( Lilette Dubey ) to provide for her family . Jenny 's mother - in - law , Lajjo ( Sushma Seth ) is cold towards both Jenny and Gia , as she believes Gia 's adoption is what led her son to commit suicide . Naina has two best friends ; her classmate Rohit Patel ( Saif Ali Khan ) and neighbor Jaspreet ' Sweetu ' Kapoor . Her life is dull and shadowed by the loss of her father , until Aman Mathur ( Shahrukh Khan ) moves into the home next door . He has come to live with his mother ( Reema Lagoo ) and uncle ( Dara Singh ) . His bubbly attitude and fun - loving ways gradually win over Naina 's family as he slowly starts to solve their familial problems . Among many things , Aman transforms Jenny 's cafe into an Indian restaurant which alleviates their financial burdens with its success . He also works very hard to bring happiness into Naina 's life and encourages her to live life to the fullest . His efforts result in Naina realizing that she loves him . Meanwhile , Rohit is beginning to fall in love with Naina and asks Aman for his help in confessing his true feelings . Naina calls Rohit and informs him that there is something she must say to him , and Rohit interprets this as Naina potentially reciprocating his feelings . Naina reveals to Rohit that she is in love with Aman and a heart broken Rohit calls Aman to tell him what has transpired instead . Naina arrives at Aman 's house and is struggling to come clean when she sees a wedding photograph of Aman and an unknown bride . Curious , Naina proceeds to ask Aman who the bride in the photograph is and he reveals it is his wife , Priya ( Sonali Bendre ) on their wedding day . He goes on to say that has Priya had left for New York after a heated argument , and he had come to win her back . Heartbroken , Naina leaves without confessing while Aman 's eavesdropping mother confronts him about what has happened . An emotional Aman reveals that he is not married at all , and in fact , Priya is not his wife but is his childhood friend and doctor . Aman is a terminally - ill patient , suffering from a fatal cardiac disease , and his chances of surviving are extremely low without the vital transplant he needs . He reveals that he is deeply in love with Naina as well but has decided to hide his love for her as he believes his days are numbered and he will eventually bring Naina pain with his loss . He vows to bring Naina and Rohit together as he believes Rohit 's love is true and that he will be able to provide for her in the ways Aman will not . Aman embarks on a plan to transform Naina and Rohit 's bond , and their friendship blossoms into the beginnings of what might be something more . However , Naina discovers their plans and publicly chides Aman for attempting to ruin her friendship with Rohit , just because Aman was not able to love Naina back . She also believes Rohit 's love is not genuine and just the result of Aman 's ploys . Aman then takes out Rohit 's diary and confesses his true feelings for Naina claiming they are Rohit 's . Naina eventually forgives both Aman and Rohit . Once the dust settles , Rohit proposes to Naina , which she accepts . It is during this time that Aman reveals to the entire family that Jennifer 's husband had an illicit relationship and fathered Gia . When Gia 's biological mother refused to accept her , Jenny adopted her and took her as her own . Unable to deal with the guilt , Naina 's father took his own life . Lajjo realizes the years of torment she has put her daughter - in - law under , and they reconcile . During Naina and Rohit 's engagement function , Aman has a health episode and is admitted to a stint in the hospital , unknown to anyone besides Aman 's family . Meanwhile , while shopping with Rohit , Naina encounters Priya , who she recognizes as Aman 's wife . After introducing herself , Priya 's husband Abhay reveals that Aman is terminally - ill and is happy to see that he has friends like Rohit and Naina by his side during what seems to be his last days . Shocked , Naina realizes that then and there that Aman has sacrificed his love for her . She leaves the store in an emotional frenzy and Priya informs Aman about what has just happened . Aman leaves the hospital urgently and meets with Rohit . A frustrated Rohit questions why he is coming in between two people that are in love and why he should marry Naina and not Aman . Aman angrily urges Rohit to marry Naina if not for his own sake , then for Aman 's sake as his dying wish . Aman then seeks out Naina and finds her in tears . Naina berates him for loving her so much and embraces him , as he tries to persuade her that he does not love her . Rohit and Naina 's wedding rituals begin , in which Aman and Naina tearfully participate . Some time after the marriage , Aman is on his death bed and bids goodbye to everyone before he dies . He is left alone with Rohit after Naina leaves the room in an emotional frenzy . He declares that while Rohit has gotten Naina in this lifetime , he asks him to promise that in every other life to follow , Aman will be the one who gets Naina . Twenty years pass , and a middle aged Naina recalls how Aman impacted every aspect of their lives to a now grown - up Gia . She tells of how Aman taught her how to love life , her family , Rohit , and even herself . They are joined by her teenage daughter Rhea and an aged Rohit , who reminds Naina that he loves her as they embrace and walk back towards their home . At the end , Naina mentions that every girl wishes to find a best - friend in her husband , but she managed to find a husband in her best - friend . Cast ( edit ) Jaya Bachchan as Jennifer `` Jenny '' Kapur , Naina 's mother Shahrukh Khan as Aman Mathur Saif Ali Khan as Rohit Patel , Naina 's best friend and fellow MBA student Preity Zinta as Naina Katherine Kapur Sushma Seth as Lajjo Kapur , Naina 's grandmother Dara Singh as Pritam Chaddha , Aman 's uncle Reema Lagoo as Aman 's mother Athit Naik as Shiv Kapur , Naina 's younger brother Jhanak Shukla as Gia Kapur , Naina 's younger sister Lilette Dubey as Jaswinder `` Jazz '' Kapoor Delnaaz Paul as Jaspreet `` Sweetu '' Kapoor , Jazz 's sister Satish Shah as Karsanbhai Patel , Rohit 's father Ketaki Dave as Sarlaben Patel , Rohit 's mother Sonali Bendre as Priya , Aman 's doctor ( Extended Guest Appearance ) Sulbha Arya as Kantaben , Rohit 's maid Simone Singh as Camilla Shoma Anand as Kammo , Naina 's aunt Kamini Khanna as Vimmo , Naina 's aunt Rajpal Yadav as Guru Anaita Shroff Adajania as Geeta Parekh , Naina and Rohit 's and fellow MBA student ( Extended Guest Appearance ) Dheepesh Bhatt as Frankie , Sweetu 's boyfriend Sanjay Kapoor as Abhay , Priya 's husband Kajol a dancer in song `` Maahi Ve '' ( Special Appearance ) Rani Mukherji a dancer in song `` Maahi Ve '' ( Special Appearance ) Farah Khan as a customer in Jenny 's restaurant ( Special Appearance ) Uday Chopra as one of the narrators that says ' Day 6 ' ( Special Appearance ) Production ( edit ) The film was written by Karan Johar with dialogue by Niranjan Iyengar and directed by director Nikhil Advani . It was the last film to be produced by Yash Johar before his death on 26 June 2004 . The choreography was by Farah Khan . Manish Malhotra designed the costumes of the three lead actors . Pre-production of the film began in December 2002 . Kareena Kapoor was initially the first choice for Naina , but due to differences over her fees , she refused the role . Preity Zinta was the immediate next choice . Salman Khan was considered for the role of Rohit as Johar had previously worked with him and Shahrukh in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai . However , Salman declined the offer . Kajol was also considered for a leading role in the film , but this idea was quickly halted due to her pregnancy at the time of filming . Karan Johar insisted that she at least make a special appearance , which she did in the song `` Maahi Ve . '' Shooting began in January 2003 in New York City . A major portion of the movie was shot in Toronto due to high production costs in New York City . Soundtrack ( edit ) Kal Ho Naa Ho Soundtrack album by Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy Released 27 September 2003 ( India ) Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 39 : 10 Label Sony BMG Producer Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy chronology Kuch Naa Kaho ( 2003 ) Kuch Naa Kaho 2003 Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Rudraksh ( 2004 ) Rudraksh 2004 Singles from Kal Ho Naa Ho `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' Released : 27 September 2003 ( India ) The soundtrack of the film was released on 27 September 2003 by Sony Music at Mumbai 's Taj Lands End 's banquet hall , Salcette in various formats and consists of seven tracks . The music is conducted by award - winning trio Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy , with lyrics authored by Javed Akhtar . The music went on to do extremely well at the charts , and became the most successful music album of the year . Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy won their first Filmfare Best Music Director Award for this soundtrack , as well as the National Film Award for Best Music Direction . Unlike with many other Hindi productions , the film 's makers also complied with international copyright laws and obtained the license to use Roy Orbison 's `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' for an extended musical sequence taking place in the streets in New York . After its release , the album was met with high critical and commercial success , with sales of over 2.3 million copies . It was the highest - selling album that year . The title song was featured in Outlook 's list of Bollywood 's Timeless Melodies , making it the only contemporary selection on the list . The soundtrack was also listed in the top five of BBC Asian Network 's Top 40 Soundtracks of all time . Background ( edit ) Karan Johar decided to end the association with the composer duo Jatin - Lalit since they publicly stated that they were upset with his decision to use other music directors for Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... This marked the beginning of the collaboration of Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy with Karan Johar , which continues to date . Development ( edit ) The theme of the title song `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' was composed by Loy , and Shankar arranged the groove . The song `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison was licensed and used in the film . With this , Johar established a trend in Indian cinema of buying rights rather than plagiarising . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' Sonu Nigam 5 : 27 2 . `` Kuch To Hua Hai '' Shaan , Alka Yagnik 5 : 22 3 . `` It 's The Time To Disco '' KK , Shaan , Vasundhara Das , Loy Mendonsa 5 : 35 4 . `` Maahi Ve '' Udit Narayan , Sonu Nigam , Sadhana Sargam , Shankar Mahadevan , Madhushree 6 : 09 5 . `` Pretty Woman '' Shankar Mahadevan , Ravi Khote 5 : 55 6 . `` Kal Ho Naa Ho -- Sad Version '' Sonu Nigam , Alka Yagnik , Richa Sharma 5 : 38 7 . `` Heartbeat '' Instrumental 4 : 28 Release ( edit ) The film was released in India on 28 November 2003 . Kal Ho Naa Ho is the second Bollywood film to attain wide release in Germany in early 2005 ( the first was Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ) . Since then , Bollywood movies have become increasingly popular in Germany , and other Indian films have been shown on prime time television and have sold well on DVD . This movie was released in Poland in May 2006 as Gdyby Jutra Nie Było ( If Tomorrow Never Comes ) and in France in 2005 as New - York Masala . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Kal Ho Naa Ho was positively received by critics worldwide . Taran Adarsh gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and said : `` Yes , Kal Ho Naa Ho does live up to the expectations . Yes , the SRK - Karan Johar magic does cast a spell the third time around . The film works , courtesy SRK 's incredible performance and Karan 's deft writing . '' Archana Vohra from NDTV gave the film 3 out of 5 stars , stating , `` Advani ... seems to have come up with an innovative way to present a done - to - death plot , '' later adding that `` irrespective of the frills , fancy clothes and well - dressed stars , the film does strike a chord and is a brilliant debut by Nikhil Advani . '' Rediff.com , in a positive review , wrote , `` The film is fresh in treatment and storytelling . Shahrukh excels as the supercool Aman . You understand why it is difficult for Karan to work with any other actor , because SRK steals the show with a designer - made role . Given SRK 's performance , it is all the more important to take note of Saif , whose Rohit Patel will be remembered just as much as his Sameer in Dil Chahta Hai . Saif is first - rate , and your heart goes out to this under - rated actor . Preity Zinta slips into character beautifully . Right from the preppy spectacles to her no - nonsense demeanor , Preity captures the spirit of Naina Kapur . She has never looked so pretty . Kal Ho Naa Ho will carry you with its exuberance . '' Mayank Shekhar in his review for Mid-Day gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote , `` Yes , this is soft - focus , sweet background score , life is simplistic escapist cinema . But the bottom line : at the end of the day , it works and is worth your entertainment bucks . And that 's saying a lot . '' In a positive review , Dave Kehr from The New York Times concluded , `` This is a rich meal that may best be reserved for stomachs accustomed to such bountiful fare . '' Komal Nahta from Outlook , in a 4 - star review , remarked , `` ( writer ) Johar has packaged the drama so very contemporarily that the final product holds its own . Undoubtedly , ( the film ) is one of the cleverest love triangles in Hindi cinema . '' Ziya Us Salam wrote for The Hindu , `` Watch Kal Ho Naa Ho . It is like life . It gives you reason to be disappointed , just as it gives you reason to hope . '' In a 4 - star review , Jitesh Pillai of Filmfare wrote , `` Anyone ( which means almost everyone ) who has loved and lost will recognize that Kal Ho Naa Ho is a bittersweet valentine to unrequited love . Nikhil Advani makes the sensational debut that other directors only dream of . '' Anupama Chopra , in a positive review , wrote , `` Advani , who learned family film formula with masters Aditya Chopra and Karan Johar , emerges as a distinctive voice with his first film . Written by Johar , the film revisits old ground - NRIs , wedding song , snazzy club number and Shahrukh - but also evolves the formula . It has technical pizzazz ( split screens , in - camera dialogue ) and an urbane wit despite snags like sub-plots with pat endings or a lame pre-interval portion . The dialogue by Niranjan Iyengar is perfectly pitched and the performances uniformly good . '' Chopra included the film in her list of `` Top Ten Movies of The Year '' , ranked fifth . Ram Kamal Mukherjee from Stardust praised the film 's performances , technical aspects and its entertainment value , but noted several flaws in its `` logistic part '' . Rama Sharma from The Tribune concluded , `` Kal Ho Na Ho is a usual filmi love web with a cosmopolitan appeal and a lot of comedy packed in the first half . '' Jami Bernard from New York Daily News wrote , `` Bollywood musicals , those big , loud , colorful extravaganzas from India , are an acquired taste and much of `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' does n't translate easily , '' though he further noted , `` All three leads grow on you . '' Box Office ( edit ) Kal Ho Naa Ho grossed ₹ 58.18 crore ( US $9.1 million ) in India and $6.1 million ( ₹ 27.90 crore ) in other countries , for a worldwide total of ₹ 86.08 crore ( US $13 million ) , against its ₹ 28 crore ( US $4.4 million ) budget . It had the highest worldwide opening weekend of the year as it grossed ₹ 18.59 crore ( US $2.9 million ) . The film earned ₹ 30.69 crore ( US $4.8 million ) during its first week . Worldwide , it is the highest - grossing Bollywood film of 2003 . India ( edit ) It opened on Friday , November 28 , 2003 , across 400 screens , and earned ₹ 2.17 crore ( US $340,000 ) nett on its opening day , which is the 4th highest Indian first day of the year . In its opening weekend , the film grossed ₹ 6.71 crore ( US $1.0 million ) nett and is the highest Indian opening of the year . It grossed ₹ 12.45 crore ( US $1.9 million ) nett in its first week . The film earned a total of ₹ 38.55 crore ( US $6.0 million ) nett and is the 2nd - highest - grossing Indian film of 2003 . Overseas ( edit ) Outside India , it is the highest Indian opening of the year as it grossed $1.85 million ( ₹ 8.46 crore ) in its opening weekend . It went on to gross $2.6 million ( ₹ 11.89 crore ) in its first week . The film earned a total of $6.1 million ( ₹ 27.90 crore ) . The biggest gross came from United Kingdom ( £ 1.675 million ) , USA / Canada ( $1.993 million ) , Gulf ( $525,000 ) and Australia ( $210,000 ) . It is the highest - grossing Indian film of 2003 . ' Kal Ho Naa Ho ' worldwide collections breakdown Territory Territory wise Collections break - up India Nett Gross : ₹ 38.55 crore ( US $6.0 million ) Distributor share : ₹ 20.66 crore ( US $3.2 million ) Total Gross : ₹ 58.18 crore ( US $9.1 million ) Adjusted Nett Gross : ₹ 1.21 billion ( US $19 million ) International ( Outside India ) $6.1 million ( ₹ 27.90 crore ) Worldwide ₹ 86.08 crore ( US $13 million ) Awards ( edit ) Kal Ho Naa Ho received many awards and nominations . The awards it won are highlighted in bold : IIFA Awards ( edit ) Best Movie Best Director -- Nikhil Advani Best Actor -- Shahrukh khan Best Actress -- Preity Zinta Best Supporting Actor -- Saif Ali Khan Best Supporting Actress -- Jaya Bachchan Best Music Director -- Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy Best Lyricist -- Javed Akhtar Best Male Playback -- Sonu Nigam Best Story -- Karan Johar Best Background Score -- Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy Best Choreography -- Farah Khan Best Cinematographer -- Anil Mehta Best Editing -- Sanjay Sankla Best Costume Designer -- Manish Malhotra Best Art Direction -- Sharmishta Roy Best Make - Up -- Vicky Contrator Zee Cine Awards ( edit ) Best Actress -- Preity Zinta Best Supporting Actor -- Saif Ali Khan Best Supporting Actress -- Jaya Bachchan Best Music Director -- Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy Best Lyricist -- Javed Akhtar Zee Cine Award Best Track of the Year -- Kal Ho Naa Ho Filmfare Awards ( edit ) Best Actress -- Preity Zinta Best Supporting Actor -- Saif Ali Khan Best Supporting Actress -- Jaya Bachchan Best Music Director -- Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy Best Lyricist -- Javed Akhtar Best Male Playback -- Sonu Nigam for `` Kal Ho Naa Ho ( Title Song ) '' Best Scene of the Year -- ( The Diary Scene ) Karan Johar Filmfare Motorola `` Moto Look of the Year '' -- Saif Ali Khan Filmfare Power Award -- Shahrukh Khan Star Screen Awards ( edit ) Best Supporting Actor -- Saif Ali Khan Best Screenplay -- Karan Johar Best Editing -- Sanjay Sankla Best Cinematography -- Anil Mehta Best Art Direction -- Sharmishta Roy Best Sound Recording -- Anuj Mathur Best Dialogue -- Niranjan Iyengar See also ( edit ) Bollywood portal List of movies set in New York City List of highest - grossing Bollywood films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ 1972 - , Johar , Karan , . An unsuitable boy . Saxena , Poonam , . Gurgaon , Haryana , India . ISBN 9780670087532 . OCLC 951998825 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top India Total Nett Gross 2003 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Overseas Gross 2003 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Worldwide Grossers 2003 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SRK , Preity , Saif 's love song '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 18 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Salman Khan : Blockbusters he has rejected The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Kajol danced for Karan '' . Bollywoodlife.com . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhandari , Aparita ( 6 January 2004 ) . `` Bollywood extends its reach '' . Toronto Star . pp. CO7 . Jump up ^ `` The Karan Johar show ! '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks for Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music Hits 2000 -- 2009 ( Figures in Units ) '' . BoxOffice India.Com . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Hirani Nautiyal , Kanak ( 14 January 2004 ) . `` Beat it with borrowed tunes '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Music Hits 2000 -- 2009 ( Figures in Units ) '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shankar Ehsaan Loy still making waves for Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 1 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 soundtracks of all time '' . BBC Asian Network . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cut to Cut '' . Rediff.com . Jump up ^ `` I have to compliment Himesh . If we have 2 hits a year , he has 20 '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 24 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Rajeev , Masand . `` To Catch a Star : Shankar , Ehsaan , Loy on music , masti '' . CNN IBN . Retrieved 31 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Karan Johar '' . Glamsham . Archived from the original on 24 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Gokulsing , K. Moti ; Dissanayake , Wimal ( 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas . Routledge . p. 357 . ^ Jump up to : `` Release dates for Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 27 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Jaffer , Mehru ( February 2006 ) . `` Adding some spice : Bollywood is proving to be a big hit in Europe '' . Hardnews . Retrieved 27 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gdyby Jutra Nie Było / Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` review of Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . bollywoodhungama.com . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Vohra , Archana ( 5 December 2001 ) . `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on 5 December 2003 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kal Ho Naa Ho review '' . rediff.com . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Shekhar , Mayank ( 28 November 2003 ) . `` You must watch this : Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . Mid-Day . Archived from the original on 11 April 2004 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( 27 November 2003 ) . `` FILM REVIEW ; Romance , Comedy , Bathos : All Blended by Bollywood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Nahta , Komal ( 8 December 2003 ) . `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . Outlook . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Us Salam , Ziya ( 1 December 2003 ) . `` Fall in love now ... Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Pillai , Jitesh ( 28 November 2003 ) . `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . Filmfare . Archived from the original on 3 June 2004 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Chopra , Anupama ( 8 December 2003 ) . `` Beyond Formula '' . India Today . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Chopra , Anupama ( 5 January 2004 ) . `` ANUPAMA CHOPRA 'S TOP TEN MOVIES OF THE YEAR '' . India Today . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , Ram Kamal ( 28 November 2003 ) . `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . Stardust . Archived from the original on 26 December 2003 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rama ( 30 November 2003 ) . `` Present is the only moment '' . The Tribune . Tribune News Service . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernard , Jami ( 28 November 2003 ) . `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on 27 December 2005 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide First Weekend 2003 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide First Week 2003 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top India First Day 2003 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top India First Weekend 2003 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top India First Week 2003 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas First Weekend 2003 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas First Week 2003 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/star-screen-awards-2004-131.html External links ( edit ) Kal Ho Naa Ho on IMDb Karan Johar Films directed Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Bombay Talkies ( 2013 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Films produced Duplicate ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) Dostana ( 2008 ) Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) Kurbaan ( 2009 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) We Are Family ( 2010 ) Agneepath ( 2012 ) Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Gippi ( 2013 ) Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) Hasee Toh Phasee ( 2014 ) 2 States ( 2014 ) Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) Ungli ( 2014 ) Brothers ( 2015 ) Shaandaar ( 2015 ) Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) Ittefaq ( 2017 ) Drive ( 2017 ) Raazi ( 2018 ) See also List of Dharma Productions films IIFA Award for Best Film Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Chak De ! India ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2016 ) Dharma Productions Key individuals Yash Johar Hiroo Yash Johar Karan Johar Karan Johar Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Shakun Batra Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) Mahesh Bhatt Gumrah ( 1993 ) Duplicate ( 1998 ) Rensil D'Silva Kurbaan ( 2009 ) Ungli ( 2013 ) Shashank Khaitan Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) Karan Malhotra Agneepath ( 2012 ) Brothers ( 2015 ) Punit Malhotra I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) Tarun Mansukhani Dostana ( 2008 ) Drive ( 2018 ) Ayan Mukerji Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) Other Dostana ( 1980 ) Duniya ( 1984 ) Muqaddar Ka Faisla ( 1987 ) Agneepath ( 1990 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) We Are Family ( 2010 ) 2 States ( 2014 ) Shaandaar ( 2015 ) Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) Ittefaq ( 2017 ) Raazi ( 2018 ) List of Dharma Productions films Nikkhil Advani Director Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Salaam - e-Ishq : A Tribute to Love ( 2007 ) Chandni Chowk to China ( 2008 ) Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai ( 2010 ) Patiala House ( 2011 ) Delhi Safari ( 2012 ) D - Day ( 2013 ) Hero ( 2015 ) Katti Batti ( 2015 ) Producer Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai ( 2010 ) Airlift ( 2016 ) Related Emmay Entertainment VIAF : 196917380 GND : 4840912 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho&oldid=813614713 '' Categories : 2003 films 2000s Hindi - language films Indian films Indian - American films 2000s romantic drama films Indian films set in New York City Films shot in India Films shot in New York City Films shot in Toronto 2000s comedy - drama films Films scored by Shankar -- Ehsaan -- Loy Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा Norsk Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Vepsän kel ' Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 09 : 57 . 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6828165020402465222	People's Party (United States)	People 's Party ( United States ) - wikipedia People 's Party ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American political party also known as the ' Populists ' which existed from 1891 to 1919 . For other American and worldwide parties using the term populists , see Populist Party . For 1850s groups in Ohio and Indiana affiliated with the Anti-Nebraska movement and Know - Nothing party , see Fusion Party . For the American party with the same name which was active in the 1970s , see People 's Party ( United States , 1971 ) . For the party existing in the Utah Territory from 1870 -- 1891 , see People 's Party ( Utah ) . People 's Party Leader James B. Weaver William Jennings Bryan Thomas E. Watson Founded 1891 ( 1891 ) Dissolved 1908 ( 1908 ) Preceded by Farmers ' Alliance Greenback Party Union Labor Party Merged into Democratic Party Ideology Populism Agrarianism Bimetallism Political position Left - wing Politics of United States Political parties Elections The People 's Party , also known as the Populist Party or the Populists , was an agrarian - populist political party in the United States . For a few years , 1892 -- 96 , it played a major role as a left - wing force in American politics . It was merged into the Democratic Party in 1896 ; a small independent remnant survived until 1908 . It drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left - wing of American politics . It was highly critical of capitalism , especially banks and railroads , and allied itself with the labor movement . Established in 1891 , as a result of the Populist movement , the People 's Party reached its peak in the 1892 presidential election , when its ticket , composed of James B. Weaver and James G. Field , won 8.5 % of the popular vote and carried five states ( Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , Nevada and North Dakota ) , and the 1894 House of Representatives elections , when it took over 10 % of the vote . Built on a coalition of poor , white cotton farmers in the South ( especially North Carolina , Alabama and Texas ) and hard - pressed wheat farmers in the Plains states ( especially Kansas and Nebraska ) , the Populists represented a radical crusading form of agrarianism and hostility to elites , cities , banks , railroads , and gold . The party sometimes allied with labor unions in the North and Republicans in the South . In the 1896 presidential elections the Populists endorsed the Democratic presidential nominee , William Jennings Bryan , adding their own vice presidential nominee . By joining with the Democrats , the People 's Party lost its independent identity and rapidly withered away . The terms `` populism '' and `` populist '' have been used in the 20th and 21st centuries to describe anti-elitist appeals against established interests or mainstream parties , referring to both the political left and right . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation 2 Presidential election of 1896 3 Populist - GOP fusion in North Carolina 4 Collapse 5 Debate by historians over populism 6 Elected officials 6.1 Governors 6.2 United States Congress 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links 10.1 Contemporary accounts 10.2 Party publications and materials 10.3 Secondary sources Formation ( edit ) People 's Party candidate nominating convention held at Columbus , Nebraska , July 15 , 1890 . A People 's Party grew out of a large mood of agrarian unrest in response to low agricultural prices in the South and the trans - gender West , as well as thought that the `` Eastern Elites '' were taking advantage of the farmers by charging higher rates on loans and trains . The Farmers ' Alliance , formed in Lampasas , Texas , in 1876 , promoted collective economic action by farmers and achieved widespread popularity in the South and Great Plains . The Farmers ' Alliance ultimately did not achieve its wider economic goals of collective economic action against brokers , railroads , and merchants , and many in the movement advocated for changes in national policy . By the late 1880s , the Alliance had developed a political agenda that called for regulation and reform in national politics , most notably an opposition to the gold standard to counter the high deflation in agricultural prices in relation to other goods such as farm implements . In 1886 , an entirely different `` People 's Party '' elected 6 assemblymen to the Wisconsin State Assembly and 1 senator to the Wisconsin State Senate . However this was a labor party , and by the 1888 elections it was using the Union Labor Party label . In December 1888 the National Agricultural Wheel and the Southern Farmer 's Alliance met at Meridian , Mississippi , where the national farmers convention was held that year . In that meeting they decided to consolidate the two parties pending ratification . This consolidation gave the organization a new name , the Farmers and Laborers ' Union of America , and by 1889 the merger had been ratified , although there were conflicts between `` conservative '' Alliance men and `` political '' Wheelers in Texas and Arkansas , which delayed the unification in these states until 1890 and 1891 respectively . The merger eventually united white Southern Alliance and Wheel members , but it would not include African American members of agricultural organizations . During their move towards consolidation in 1889 , the leaders of both Southern Farmers ' Alliance and the Agricultural Wheel organizations contacted Terence V. Powderly , leader of the Knights of Labor . `` This contact between leaders of the farmers ' movement and Powderly helped pave the way for a series of reform conferences held between December 1889 and July 1892 that resulted in the formation of the national People 's ( or Populist ) Party . '' 1892 People 's Party campaign poster promoting James Weaver for President of the United States . The drive to create a new political party out of the movement arose from the belief that the two major parties , Democrats and Republicans , were controlled by bankers , landowners and elites hostile to the needs of the small farmer . The movement reached its peak in 1892 when the party held a convention chaired by Frances Willard ( leader of the WCTU and a friend of Powderly 's ) in Omaha , Nebraska and nominated candidates for the national election . The party 's platform , commonly known as the Omaha Platform , called for the abolition of national banks , a graduated income tax , direct election of Senators , civil service reform , a working day of eight hours and Government control of all railroads , telegraphs , and telephones . In the 1892 Presidential election , James B. Weaver received 1,027,329 votes . Weaver carried four states ( Colorado , Kansas , Idaho , and Nevada ) and received electoral votes from Oregon and North Dakota as well . The party flourished most among farmers in the Southwest and Great Plains , as well as making significant gains in the South , where they faced an uphill battle given the firmly entrenched monopoly of the Democratic Party . Success was often obtained through electoral fusion , with the Democrats outside the South , but with alliances with the Republicans in Southern states like Alabama , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Texas . For example , in the elections of 1894 , a coalition of Populists and Republicans led by Populist Marion Butler swept state and local offices in North Carolina , and the coalition would go on to elect Republican Daniel Lindsay Russell as Governor in 1896 . Quite separate from the Populists were the Silverites in the western mining states , who demanded Free silver to solve the Panic of 1893 . By allowing the coining of silver coins , they hoped to make the value of the money more than what it represented , which would lead to inflation of the currency , and thus , reduce the debt of the farmers to the Eastern Elites . This idea led former Greenback Party members to join the Populist Party . The Populists followed the Prohibition Party in actively including women in their affairs . Some southern Populists , including Thomas E. Watson of Georgia , openly talked of the need for poor blacks and poor whites to set aside their racial differences in the name of shared economic self - interest . Regardless of these rhetoric appeals , however , racism did not evade the People 's Party . Prominent Populist Party leaders such as Marion Butler , a United States Senator from North Carolina , at least partially demonstrated a dedication to the cause of white supremacy , and there appears to have been some support for this viewpoint among the rank - and - file of the party 's membership . After 1900 Watson himself became an outspoken white supremacist and became the party 's presidential nominee in 1904 and 1908 , winning 117,000 and 29,000 votes . Presidential election of 1896 ( edit ) In 1896 , the 36 - year - old William Jennings Bryan was the chosen candidate resulting from the fusion of the Democrats and the People 's Party . By 1896 , the Democratic Party took up many of the People 's Party 's causes at the national level , and the party began to fade from national prominence . In that year 's presidential election , the Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan , who focused on the free silver issue as a solution to the economic depression and the maldistribution of power . One of the great orators of the day , Bryan generated enormous excitement among Democrats with his `` Cross of Gold '' speech , and appeared in the middle of 1896 to have a good chance of winning the election , if the Populists voted for him . The Populists had the choice of endorsing Bryan or running their own candidate . After great infighting at their St. Louis convention they decided to endorse Bryan but with their own vice presidential nominee , Thomas E. Watson of Georgia . Watson was cautiously open to cooperation , but after the election would recant any hope he had in the possibility of cooperation as a viable tool . Bryan 's strength was based on the traditional Democratic vote ( minus the middle class and German Catholics ) ; he swept the old Populist strongholds in the west and South , and added the silverite states in the west , but did poorly in the industrial heartland . He lost to Republican William McKinley by a margin of 600,000 votes and lost again in a rematch in 1900 by a larger margin . Historians believe this was because of the tactics Bryan used , which had not been used before ; he had aggressively `` run '' for president , while traditional candidates would use `` front porch campaigns . '' Populist - GOP fusion in North Carolina ( edit ) In 1894 - 96 the Populist wave of agrarian unrest swept through the cotton and tobacco regions of the South . The most dramatic impact came in North Carolina , where the poor white farmers who comprised the Populist party formed a working coalition with the Republican Party , then largely controlled by blacks in the low country , and poor whites in the mountain districts . They took control of the state legislature in both 1894 and 1896 , and the governorship in 1896 . Restrictive rules on voting were repealed . In 1895 the Legislature rewarded its black allies with patronage , naming 300 black magistrates in eastern districts , as well as deputy sheriffs and city policemen . They also received some federal patronage from the coalition congressman , and state patronage from the governor . Collapse ( edit ) The Populist movement never recovered from the failure of 1896 , and national fusion with the Democrats proved disastrous to the party in the South . National alliance with the Democrats sapped the ability of the Populists to fight the Democrats locally in the South . Early on , this was less of an issue in the Western states where Republicans were strong , as the Democratic - Populist alliance was a more natural fit there , but eventually ended the party . In North Carolina , the state Democratic - party orchestrated propaganda campaign in newspapers across the state , and created a brutal and violent white supremacy election campaign to defeat the North Carolina Populists and GOP , the Fusionist revolt in North Carolina collapsed in 1898 , and white Democrats returned to power . The gravity of the crisis was underscored by a major race riot in Wilmington , in 1898 , two days after the election . Knowing they had just retaken control of the state legislature , the Democrats were confident they could not be overcome . They attacked and overcame the Fusionists ; mobs roamed the black neighborhoods , shooting , killing , burning buildings , and making a special target of the black newspaper . There were no further insurgencies in any Southern states involving a successful black coalition at the state level . < / ref > By 1900 , the gains of the populist - Republican coalition were reversed , and the Democrats ushered in disfranchisement : practically all blacks lost their vote . The Populist / Republican alliance which had governed North Carolina , the only state in which it had any success , fell apart . Tennessee 's Populist Party was demoralized by a diminishing membership , and puzzled and split by the dilemma of whether to fight the state - level enemy ( the Democrats ) or the national foe ( the Republicans and Wall Street ) . By 1900 the People 's Party of Tennessee was a shadow of what it once was . A similar pattern was repeated elsewhere throughout the South , where the Populist Party had previously sought alliances with the Republican Party against the dominant state Democrats , including in Watson 's Georgia . In 1900 , while many Populist voters supported Bryan again , the weakened party nominated a separate ticket of Wharton Barker and Ignatius L. Donnelly , and disbanded afterwards . Populist activists either retired from politics , joined a major party , or followed Eugene Debs into his new Socialist Party . In 1904 , the party was re-organized , and Thomas E. Watson was their nominee for president in 1904 and in 1908 , after which the party disbanded again . In A Preface to Politics , published in 1913 , Walter Lippmann wrote , `` As I write , a convention of the Populist Party has just taken place . Eight delegates attended the meeting , which was held in a parlor . '' This may record the last gasp of the party organization . Debate by historians over Populism ( edit ) Since the 1890s historians have vigorously debated the nature of Populism ; most scholars have been liberals who admired the Populists for their attacks on banks and railroads . Some historians see a close link between the Populists of the 1890s and the progressives of 1900 - 1912 , but most of the leading progressives ( except Bryan himself ) fiercely opposed Populism . For example , Theodore Roosevelt , George W. Norris , Robert La Follette Sr. , William Allen White and Woodrow Wilson all strongly opposed Populism . It is debated whether any Populist ideas made their way into the Democratic party during the New Deal era . The New Deal farm programs were designed by experts ( like Henry Wallace ) who had nothing to do with Populism . People 's Party campaign poster from 1904 touting the candidacy of Thomas E. Watson Some historians see the populists as forward - looking liberal reformers . Others view them as reactionaries trying to recapture an idyllic and utopian past . For some they were radicals out to restructure American life , and for others they were economically hard - pressed agrarians seeking government relief . Much recent scholarship emphasizes Populism 's debt to early American republicanism . Clanton ( 1991 ) stresses that Populism was `` the last significant expression of an old radical tradition that derived from Enlightenment sources that had been filtered through a political tradition that bore the distinct imprint of Jeffersonian , Jacksonian , and Lincolnian democracy . '' This tradition emphasized human rights over the cash nexus of the Gilded Age 's dominant ideology . Frederick Jackson Turner and a succession of western historians depicted the Populist as responding to the closure of the frontier . Turner explained : The Farmers ' Alliance and the Populist demand for government ownership of the railroad is a phase of the same effort of the pioneer farmer , on his latest frontier . The proposals have taken increasing proportions in each region of Western Advance . Taken as a whole , Populism is a manifestation of the old pioneer ideals of the native American , with the added element of increasing readiness to utilize the national government to effect its ends . The most influential Turner student of Populism was John D. Hicks , who emphasized economic pragmatism over ideals , presenting Populism as interest group politics , with have - nots demanding their fair share of America 's wealth which was being leeched off by nonproductive speculators . Hicks emphasized the drought that ruined so many Kansas farmers , but also pointed to financial manipulations , deflation in prices caused by the gold standard , high interest rates , mortgage foreclosures , and high railroad rates . Corruption accounted for such outrages and Populists presented popular control of government as the solution , a point that later students of republicanism emphasized . In the 1930s C. Vann Woodward stressed the southern base , seeing the possibility of a black - and - white coalition of poor against the overbearing rich . Georgia politician Tom Watson served as Woodward 's hero . In the 1950s , however , scholars such as Richard Hofstadter portrayed the Populist movement as an irrational response of backward - looking farmers to the challenges of modernity . He discounted third party links to Progressivism and argued that Populists were provincial , conspiracy - minded , and had a tendency toward scapegoatism that manifested itself as nativism , anti-Semitism , anti-intellectualism , and Anglophobia . The antithesis of anti-modern Populism was modernizing Progressivism according to Hofstadter 's model , with such leading progressives as Theodore Roosevelt , Robert La Follette Sr. , George Norris and Woodrow Wilson pointed as having been vehement enemies of Populism , though William Jennings Bryan did cooperate with them and accepted the Populist nomination in 1896 . Michael Kazin 's The Populist Persuasion ( 1995 ) argued that Populism reflected a rhetorical style that manifested itself in spokesmen like Father Charles Coughlin in the 1930s and Governor George Wallace in the 1960s . Goodwyn ( 1976 ) and Postel ( 2007 ) reject the notion that the Populists were traditionalistic and anti-modern . Quite the reverse , they argue , the Populists aggressively sought self - consciously progressive goals . Goodwyn criticizes Hofstadter 's reliance on secondary sources to characterize the Populists , working instead with the material generated by the Populists themselves . Goodwyn determined that the farmers ' cooperatives gave rise to a Populist culture , and their efforts to free farmers from lien merchants revealed to them the political structure of the economy , which propelled them into politics . The Populists sought diffusion of scientific and technical knowledge , formed highly centralized organizations , launched large - scale incorporated businesses , and pressed for an array of state - centered reforms . Hundreds of thousands of women committed to Populism seeking a more modern life , education , and employment in schools and offices . A large section of the labor movement looked to Populism for answers , forging a political coalition with farmers that gave impetus to the regulatory state . Progress , however , was also menacing and inhumane , Postel notes . White Populists embraced social - Darwinist notions of racial improvement , Chinese exclusion and separate - but - equal . Populists saw the Panic of 1893 as confirmation that evil global conspiracies and big city villains were to blame . Historian Hasia Diner says : Some Populists believed that Jews made up a class of international financiers whose policies had ruined small family farms , they asserted , owned the banks and promoted the gold standard , the chief sources of their impoverishment . Agrarian radicalism posited the city as antithetical to American values , asserting that Jews were the essence of urban corruption . Elected officials ( edit ) Governors ( edit ) Colorado : Davis Hanson Waite , 1893 -- 1895 Idaho : Frank Steunenberg , 1897 -- 1901 ( Fusion of Democrats and Populists ) Kansas : Lorenzo D. Lewelling , 1893 -- 1895 Kansas : John W. Leedy , 1897 -- 1899 Nebraska : Silas A. Holcomb , 1895 -- 1899 ( Fusion of Democrats and Populists ) Nebraska : William A. Poynter , 1899 -- 1901 ( Fusion of Democrats and Populists ) North Carolina : Daniel Lindsay Russell , 1897 -- 1901 ( Coalition of Republicans and Populists ) Oregon : Sylvester Pennoyer , 1887 -- 1895 ( Fusion of Democrats and Populists ) South Dakota : Andrew E. Lee , 1897 -- 1901 Tennessee : John P. Buchanan , 1891 -- 1893 Washington : John Rogers , 1897 -- 1901 ( Fusion of Democrats and Populists ) United States Congress ( edit ) Approximately forty - five members of the party served in the U.S. Congress between 1891 and 1902 . These included six United States Senators : William A. Peffer and William A. Harris from Kansas Marion Butler of North Carolina James H. Kyle from South Dakota Henry Heitfeld of Idaho William V. Allen from Nebraska The following were Populist members of the U.S. House of Representatives : 52nd United States Congress Thomas E. Watson , Georgia 's 10th congressional district Benjamin Hutchinson Clover , Kansas 's 3rd congressional district John Grant Otis , Kansas 's 4th congressional district John Davis , Kansas 's 5th congressional district William Baker , Kansas 's 6th congressional district Jerry Simpson , Kansas 's 7th congressional district Kittel Halvorson , Minnesota 's 6th congressional district William A. McKeighan , Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district Omer Madison Kem , Nebraska 's 3rd congressional district 53rd United States Congress Haldor Boen , Minnesota 's 7th congressional district Marion Cannon , California 's 6th congressional district Lafayette Pence , Colorado 's 1st congressional district John Calhoun Bell , Colorado 's 2nd congressional district Thomas Jefferson Hudson , Kansas 's 3rd congressional district John Davis , Kansas ' 5th congressional district William Baker , Kansas ' 6th congressional district Jerry Simpson , Kansas ' 7th congressional district William A. Harris , Kansas Member - at - large William A. McKeighan , Nebraska 's 5th congressional district Omer Madison Kem , Nebraska 's 6th congressional district Alonzo C. Shuford , North Carolina 's 7th congressional district 54th United States Congress Albert Taylor Goodwyn , Alabama 's 5th congressional district Milford W. Howard , Alabama 's 7th congressional district William Baker , Kansas ' 6th congressional district Omer Madison Kem , Nebraska 's 6th congressional district Harry Skinner , North Carolina 's 1st congressional district William F. Strowd , North Carolina 's 4th congressional district Charles H. Martin ( 1848 -- 1931 ) , North Carolina 's 6th congressional district Alonzo C. Shuford , North Carolina 's 7th congressional district 55th United States Congress Albert Taylor Goodwyn , Alabama 's 5th congressional district Charles A. Barlow , California 's 6th congressional district Curtis H. Castle , California 's 7th congressional district James Gunn , Idaho 's 1st congressional district Mason Summers Peters , Kansas 's 2nd congressional district Edwin Reed Ridgely , Kansas 's 3rd congressional district William Davis Vincent , Kansas 's 5th congressional district Nelson B. McCormick , Kansas 's 6th congressional district Jerry Simpson , Kansas 's 7th congressional district Jeremiah Dunham Botkin , Kansas Member - at - large Samuel Maxwell , Nebraska 's 3rd congressional district William Ledyard Stark , Nebraska 's 4th congressional district Roderick Dhu Sutherland , Nebraska 's 5th congressional district William Laury Greene , Nebraska 's 6th congressional district Harry Skinner , North Carolina 's 1st congressional district John E. Fowler , North Carolina 's 3rd congressional district William F. Strowd , North Carolina 's 4th congressional district Charles H. Martin , North Carolina 's 5th congressional district Alonzo C. Shuford , North Carolina 's 7th congressional district John Edward Kelley , South Dakota 's 1st congressional district Freeman T. Knowles , South Dakota 's 2nd congressional district 56th United States Congress William Ledyard Stark , Nebraska 's 4th congressional district Roderick Dhu Sutherland , Nebraska 's 5th congressional district William Laury Greene , Nebraska 's 6th congressional district John W. Atwater , North Carolina 's 4th congressional district 57th United States Congress Thomas L. Glenn , Idaho 's 1st congressional district Caldwell Edwards , Montana 's 1st congressional district William Ledyard Stark , Nebraska 's 4th congressional district William Neville , Nebraska 's 6th congressional district See also ( edit ) Greenback Party Left - wing populism List of political parties in the United States Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Bryant W. Bailey ( Louisiana Populist ) William Jennings Bryan ( leading Populist politician ) Annie Le Porte Diggs ( 1853 - 1916 ) , Populist advocate Leonard M. Landsborough ( California Populist ) Bring The Jubilee by Ward Moore ; set in a parallel universe where the Confederacy won the Southern War of Independence , the right - wing Whigs and the left - wing Populists replace the Democratic and Republican parties as the two main political parties in the rump United States , with William Jennings Bryan being mentioned as a former three term president . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peter Knight ( 1 January 2003 ) . Conspiracy Theories in American History : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Norman Pollack ( 1 January 1976 ) . The Populist Response to Industrial America : Midwestern Populist Thought . Harvard University Press . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Bruce ( 1980 ) . `` Man Over Money '' : the Southern Populist Critique of American Capitalism . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1427 - X . Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( 2005 ) . Give Me Liberty ! An American History , Volume Two Second Edition . W.W. Norton & Company , New York , London . Jump up ^ Hild , Matthew ( 2007 ) . Greenbackers , Knights of Labor , and Populists , Farmer - Labor Insurgency in the Late - Nineteenth - Century South . The University of Georgia Press , Athens & London . Jump up ^ Hild , Matthew ( 2007 ) . Greenbackers , Knights of Labor , and Populists , Farmer - Labor Insurgency in the Late - Nineteenth - Century South. The University of Georgia Press , Athens & London , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Gusfield , Joseph ( 1963 ) . Symbolic Crusade : Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement The University of Illinois Press , Urbana , Chicago & London , p. 78 , 93 . Jump up ^ http://history.missouristate.edu/wrmiller/Populism/Texts/bibliography.htm Jump up ^ William S. Powell , `` Marion Butler '' , Dictionary of North Carolina Biography ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ James L. Hunt , Marion Butler and American Populism ( 2003 ) , pp. 3 - 7 Jump up ^ James L. Hunt , Marion Butler and American Populism ( 2003 ) , pp. 4 - 6 . Jump up ^ R. Hal Williams , Realigning America : McKinley , Bryan , and the Remarkable Election of 1896 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Helen G. Edmonds , The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina , 1894 - 1901 ( 1951 ) . pp 97 - 136 Jump up ^ Andrea Meryl Kirshenbaum , `` ' The Vampire That Hovers Over North Carolina ' : Gender , White Supremacy , and the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 , '' Southern Cultures 4 # 3 ( 1998 ) pp. 6 - 30 online Jump up ^ Eric Anderson , Race and Politics in North Carolina , 1872 - 1901 ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Connie L. Lester , Up from the Mudsills of Hell : The Farmers ' Alliance , Populism , and Progressive Agriculture in Tennessee , 1870 - 1915 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Walter Lippmann , A Preface to Politics , New York and London : Mitchell Kennerley , 1913 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ For a summary or how historians approach the topic see Worth Robert Miller , `` A Centennial Historiography of American Populism . '' Kansas History 1993 16 ( 1 ) : 54 - 69 . Jump up ^ See Worth Robert Miller , `` The Republican Tradition , '' in Miller , Oklahoma Populism : A History of the People 's Party in the Oklahoma Territory ( 1987 ) online edition Jump up ^ Gene Clanton , Populism : The Humane Preference in America , 1890 - 1900 ( 1991 ) p , xv Jump up ^ Frederick Jackson Turner , The Frontier in American History , ( 1920 ) p. 148 ; online edition Jump up ^ Martin Ridge , `` Populism Revolt : John D. Hicks and The Populist Revolt , '' Reviews in American History 13 ( March 1985 ) : 142 - 54 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , Tom Watson : Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) ; Woodward , `` Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics , '' The Journal of Southern History , Vol. 4 , No. 1 ( Feb. , 1938 ) , pp. 14 - 33 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , The Age of Reform : From Bryan to F.D.R. ( 1955 ) Jump up ^ Goodwyn , Lawrence ( 1976 ) . Democratic promise : the populist moment in America . Oxford University Press . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Charles Postel , The Populist Vision ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Hasia R. Diner ( 2004 ) . The Jews of the United States , 1654 to 2000 . U. of California Press . p. 170 . Further reading ( edit ) Beeby , James M. Revolt of the Tar Heels : The North Carolina Populist Movement , 1890 -- 1901 ( 2008 ) Clanton , Gene . Populism : The Humane Preference in America , 1890 - 1900 ( 1991 ) . Formisano , Ronald P. For the People : American Populist Movements from the Revolution to the 1850s ( 2009 ) , populist movements flourished long before People 's Party began Goodwyn , Lawrence . The Populist Moment : A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America . ( 1978 ) . Hackney , Sheldon , ed . Populism : The Critical Issues ( 1971 ) . Hicks , John D . `` The Sub-Treasury : A Forgotten Plan for the Relief of Agriculture '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review , Vol. 15 , No. 3 ( Dec. , 1928 ) , pp. 355 -- 373 . in JSTOR . Hicks , John D . The Populist Revolt : A History of the Farmers ' Alliance and the People 's Party Minneapolis , MN : University of Minnesota Press , 1931 . Kazin , Michael . The Populist Persuasion : An American History . New ( 1995 ) . Knoles , George Harmon . `` Populism and Socialism , with Special Reference to the Election of 1892 , '' Pacific Historical Review , vol. 12 , no . 3 ( Sept. 1943 ) , pp. 295 -- 304 . In JSTOR Lester , Connie . Up from the Mudsills of Hell : The Farmers ' Alliance , Populism , And Progressive Agriculture in Tennessee , 1870 - 1915 . University of Georgia Press , 2006 . McMath , Robert C. , Jr . American Populism : A Social History , 1877 - 1898 . ( 1993 ) . Miller , Worth Robert . `` A Centennial Historiography of American Populism . '' Kansas History 1993 16 ( 1 ) : 54 - 69 . online edition Miller , Worth Robert . `` Farmers and Third - Party Politics in Late Nineteenth Century America , '' in Charles W. Calhoun , ed . The Gilded Age : Essays on the Origins of Modern America ( 1995 ) online edition Nugent , Walter T.K. The Tolerant Populists : Kansas Populism and Nativism . Chicago : University of Chicago Press 1962 . Peterson , James . `` The Trade Unions and the Populist Party , '' Science & Society , vol. 8 , no . 2 ( Spring 1944 ) , pp. 143 -- 160 . In JSTOR . Postel , Charles . The Populist Vision ( 2007 ) . Rogers , William Warren The One - Gallused Rebellion : Agrarianism in Alabama , 1865 - 1896 . Baton Rouge , LA : Louisiana State University Press , 1970 . Stock , Catherine McNicol . Rural Radicals : Righteous Rage in the American Grain . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . 1996 . Woodward , C. Vann . Tom Watson : Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) online edition Woodward , C. Vann . `` Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics , '' The Journal of Southern History , Vol. 4 , No. 1 ( Feb. , 1938 ) , pp. 14 -- 33 in JSTOR External links ( edit ) 40 original Populist cartoons , primary sources Peffer , William A . `` The Mission of the Populist Party , '' The North American Review ( Dec 1993 ) v. 157 # 445 pp 665 -- 679 ; full text online . important policy statement by leading Populist senator People 's Party Hand - Book of Facts . Campaign of 1898 96 p. , official party pamphlet for North Carolina election of 1898 Populist , republican and Democratic cartoons , 189s election , primary sources Populist Party timeline and texts ; edited by Professor Edwards , secondary and primary sources Contemporary accounts ( edit ) Gompers , Samuel ( July 1892 ) . `` Organized Labor in the Campaign '' . The North American Review . University of Northern Iowa . 155 ( 428 ) : 91 -- 97 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Dolph , Senator Joseph N. ( January 1893 ) . `` Does the Republican Party Need Reorganization ? , '' . The North American Review . University of Northern Iowa . 156 ( 434 ) : 54 -- 61 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Peffer , Senator William A. ( December 1893 ) . `` The Mission of the Populist Party '' . The North American Review . University of Northern Iowa . 157 ( 445 ) : 665 -- 679 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Lewelling , L.D. ( January 1895 ) . `` Problems Before the Western Farmer '' . The North American Review . University of Northern Iowa . 160 ( 458 ) : 16 -- 21 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Stahl , John M. ( September 1896 ) . `` Are the Farmers Populists ? '' . The North American Review . University of Northern Iowa . 163 ( 478 ) : 266 -- 276 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Trent , W.P. ( January 1897 ) . `` Dominant Forces in Southern Life '' . The Atlantic Monthly . University of Northern Iowa . 79 ( 471 ) : 42 -- 53 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Turner , Frederick J. ( April 1897 ) . `` Dominant Forces in Western Life '' . The Atlantic Monthly . University of Northern Iowa . 79 ( 474 ) : 433 -- 443 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Peffer , Senator William A. ( January 1898 ) . `` The Passing of the People 's Party '' . The North American review . University of Northern Iowa . 166 ( 494 ) : 12 -- 24 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Party publications and materials ( edit ) The People 's Advocate ( 1892 - 1900 ) , digitized copies of the Populist Party 's newspaper in Washington State , from The Labor Press Project . Populist Cartoon Index . Archived at Missouri State University . Retrieved August 24 , 2006 . Buttons , tokens and ribbons of the Populist Party . Reprinted from Issue 19 , Buttons and Ballots , Fall 1998 . Retrieved August 26 , 2006 . People 's Party Hand - Book of Facts . Campaign of 1898 : Electronic Edition . Populist Party ( N.C. ) . State Executive Committee . Reformated and reprinted by the University Library , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Populist materials online courtesy University Library , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Secondary sources ( edit ) The Populist Movement in the United States by Anna Rochester , 1943 . Farmers , the Populist Party , and Mississippi ( 1870 - 1900 ) . By Kenneth G. McCarty . Published by Mississippi History Now a project of the Mississippi Historical Society . Retrieved August 24 , 2006 . The Populist Party in Nebraska . Published by the Nebraskastudies.org , a project of the Nebraska Department of Education . Fusion Politics . The Populist Party in North Carolina . A project of the John Locke Foundation . Retrieved August 24 , 2006 . The Decline of the Cotton Farmer . Anecdotal account of rise and fall of Farmers Alliance and Populist Party in Texas . `` Populist Party '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . ( hide ) National political parties in the United States List of political parties in the United States Major parties Democratic Republican Third parties Larger Green Libertarian Constitution Smaller America 's American ( 1969 ) American Freedom American Populist American Reform American Solidarity Black Riders Liberation Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Freedom Road Socialist Freedom Socialist Humane Independent American Justice Legal Marijuana Now Marijuana Modern Whig National Socialist Movement New Afrikan Black Panther New Black Panther Objectivist Pacifist Peace and Freedom Pirate Progressive Labor Prohibition Reform Revolutionary Communist Socialism and Liberation Socialist Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Socialist Workers Traditionalist Worker Unity Veterans Working Families Workers World World Socialist Former parties America First American ( Know Nothing ) American ( 1924 ) American Nazi American Vegetarian Anti-Masonic Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Commonwealth Land Constitution ( 1952 ) Constitutional Union Democratic - Republican Farmer -- Labor Federalist Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Independence ( 2007 ) Labor ( 1919 ) Labor ( 1996 ) Liberal Republican Liberty National Republican National States ' Rights National Union ( 1864 ) Natural Law New Alliance New Union Nullifier Opposition Populist ( People 's ) Personal Choice Progressive ( 1912 ) Progressive ( 1924 ) Progressive ( 1948 ) Radical Democracy Raza Unida Readjuster Silver Silver Republican Socialist Socialist Labor States Rights ( Dixiecrat ) Unconditional Union Union ( 1936 ) Unionist ( 1850s / 60s ) U.S. Labor Whig Youth International Recognized as a major national party by the FEC Not recognized as a major national party by the FEC State and local political parties ( without national body ) Presidential nominating conventions Politics of the United States Politics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Party_(United_States)&oldid=810172816 '' Categories : People 's Party ( United States ) Populism Political parties established in 1887 Political parties disestablished in 1908 Progressive Era in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 19 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the peoples party nominate for president in 1892	[ "Established in 1891, as a result of the Populist movement, the People's Party reached its peak in the 1892 presidential election, when its ticket, composed of James B. Weaver and James G. Field, won 8.5% of the popular vote and carried five states (Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Nevada and North Dakota), and the 1894 House of Representatives elections, when it took over 10% of the vote. Built on a coalition of poor, white cotton farmers in the South (especially North Carolina, Alabama and Texas) and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the Plains states (especially Kansas and Nebraska), the Populists represented a radical crusading form of agrarianism and hostility to elites, cities, banks, railroads, and gold." ]	[ "James B. Weaver" ]
-3875248178841932966	Grit (personality trait)	Grit ( personality trait ) - wikipedia Grit ( personality trait ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the personality trait . For other uses , see Grit ( disambiguation ) . Grit in psychology is presented as a positive , non-cognitive trait based on an individual 's passion for a particular long - term goal or end state , coupled with a powerful motivation to achieve their respective objective , being predictive of both success and performance . This perseverance of effort promotes the overcoming of obstacles or challenges that lie on paths to accomplishment , and serves as a driving force in achievement realization . Although considered as distinct , commonly associated concepts within the field of psychology include `` perseverance '' , `` hardiness '' , `` resilience '' , `` ambition '' , `` need for achievement '' and `` conscientiousness '' . These constructs can be conceptualized as individual differences related to the accomplishment of work rather than talent or ability . This distinction was brought into focus in 1907 when William James challenged the field to further investigate how certain individuals are capable of accessing richer trait reservoirs enabling them to accomplish more than the average person , but the construct dates back at least to Francis Galton , and the ideals of persistence and tenacity have been understood as a virtue at least since Aristotle . However , recent research discredited the validity of the trait for being almost identical to the personality trait known as conscientiousness , concluding that the contribution of grit to the prediction of success is very limited while the combination of passion and perseverance as unjustifiable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition of grit 2 Literature comparisons 2.1 Grit and positive psychology 2.2 Grit and intelligence 2.3 Grit and personality measures 2.4 Comparison with related psychological constructs 3 Scientific findings and controversy 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Definition of grit ( edit ) Grit is defined as `` perseverance and passion for long - term goals . '' Building upon biographical collections of famous leaders in history , researchers and scientists have reached similar conclusions about high - achieving individuals . Specifically , those individuals who were deemed more successful and influential than their contemporary counterparts typically possessed traits above and beyond that of normal ability . While ability was still critically important , these individuals also possessed `` zeal '' and `` persistence of motive and effort . '' Duckworth and colleagues ( 2007 ) believe this dual - component of grit to be a crucial differentiator from similar constructs . Grit is conceptualized as a stable trait that does not require immediate positive feedback . Individuals high in grit are able to maintain their determination and motivation over long periods despite experiences with failure and adversity . Their passion and commitment towards the long - term objective is the overriding factor that provides the stamina required to `` stay the course '' amid challenges and setbacks . Literature comparisons ( edit ) Grit and positive Psychology ( edit ) Grit also ties in with positive psychology and in particular , with perseverance . As mentioned earlier , the ability to stick with and pursue a goal over a long period is an important aspect of grit . This area of positive psychology has been interested in the process of perseverance as a positive indicator of long term success . A 2014 study by Von Culin , Tsukayama and Duckworth , found that individual differences in grit and its two component facets -- perseverance of effort and consistency of interests over time -- may derive in part from differences in what makes people happy . Grit and intelligence ( edit ) One of the best predictors of future achievement has been intelligence . This relationship has been found in scholastic achievement as well as in job performance . As such , one might expect that grit would be strongly correlated with intelligence . In fact , this prompted one of the early questions asked in grit research , `` Why do some individuals accomplish more than others of equal intelligence ? '' . Somewhat surprisingly , in four separate samples , grit was found to be either orthogonal to or slightly inversely correlated with intelligence . This means that grit , unlike many traditional measures of performance , is not tied to intelligence . The researchers suggested that this helps explain why some very intelligent individuals do not consistently perform well over long periods . Grit and personality measures ( edit ) The grit measure has been compared to the Big Five personality model , which are a group of broad personality dimensions consisting of openness to experience , conscientiousness , extraversion , agreeableness , and neuroticism . In one study by Duckworth and Quinn ( 2009 ) , the Short Grit Scale ( Grit -- S ) and 12 - item self - report measure of grit ( Grit -- O ) measuring grit was strongly correlated with conscientiousness ( r = . 77 , p <. 001 and r = . 73 , p <. 001 ) . A large study of twins measuring both conscientiousness and grit found that they had a genetic correlation of 0.86 . A subsequent meta - analysis found that the grit was functionally a measure of conscientiousness . Despite these high correlations with conscientiousness , it is suggested that grit is more strongly associated with longer term and multi-year goals such as education . Large studies suggest only weak links of grit to these long term goals , much smaller than links to IQ and to conscientiousness . Grit is also similar to need for achievement , but is suggested to relate to extremely long - term goals pursued without positive feedback , while need for achievement is suggested to lack this long - term component . Comparison with related psychological constructs ( edit ) Traditional constructs in this area include perseverance , hardiness , resilience , ambition , self - control , and need for achievement . Grit has been argued to be distinguishable from each of these in the following ways . Perseverance is the steadfast pursuit of a task , mission , or journey in spite of obstacles , discouragement , or distraction . In contrast , grit is argued to be a trait of perseverance . Grit enables an individual to persevere in accomplishing a goal despite obstacles over an extended period . When compared with the construct of persistence , grit adds a component of passion for the goal . This goal passion also contributes to the ability of the individual to sustain effort over the long term . Salvatore Maddi ( 2006 ) defines hardiness as a combination of attitudes that provide the courage and motivation to do the hard , strategic work of turning stressful circumstances from potential disasters into growth opportunities . While grit is primarily a measure of an individual 's ability to persist in obtaining a specific goal over an extended time period ( Duckworth et al. , 2007 ) , hardiness refers to an individual 's ability to persist through difficult circumstances and does not address the individual 's long term persistence toward a specific goal . Maddi ( 2006 ) developed a theoretical model of hardiness as a tool for developing resilience . Resilience is a dynamic process in which an individual overcomes significant adversity , usually in the form of a life changing event or difficult personal circumstances . Resilience can be conceptualized as an adaptive response to a challenging situation . Grit involves maintaining goal focused effort for extended periods of time , often while facing adversity but does not require a critical incident . Importantly , grit is conceptualized as a trait while resilience is a dynamic process . Finally , resilience has been almost exclusively studied in children ( cf . Luther , Doernberger , & Zigler , 1993 ) who are born into `` at - risk '' situations . Although resilience researchers recognize that adults likely demonstrate resilience in a similar manner to children , the resilience process has not been studied in a mature population . Ambition is broadly defined as the desire for attainment , power , or superiority . In contrast to ambition , grit is not associated with seeking fame or external recognition for achievements . Ambition is often associated with a desire for fame . Unlike ambitious individuals , gritty individuals do not seek to distinguish themselves from other people , but to obtain personal goals . Self - control an aspect of inhibitory control , is the ability to control one 's emotions and behavior in the face of temptations and impulses . Duckworth & Gross ( 2014 ) use a hierarchical - goal perspective on self - control and grit to show that while both these constructs entail aligning actions with intentions , they operate in different ways and over different timescales and are distinct psychological mechanisms that are key determinants of success . David McClelland ( 1961 ) describes need for achievement as a drive to complete manageable goals that enable the individual to receive immediate feedback . In contrast to need for achievement , gritty individuals consciously set long - term goals that are difficult to attain and do not waver from these difficult goals , regardless of the presence of feedback . Additionally , need for achievement has been studied for almost 50 years and has been found to positively correlate to self - efficacy and learning goal orientation . These links have not yet been tested in the grit literature . Scientific findings and controversy ( edit ) The primary scientific findings on grit come from Duckworth and colleagues ' examination of grit as an individual difference trait capable of predicting long - term success . These findings however were subsequently largely discredited by Crede et al. in 2016 . Initially it was proposed that individuals who possess a drive to tirelessly work through challenges , failures , and adversity to achieve set goals and are uniquely positioned to reach higher achievements than others who lack similar stamina . In a series of six studies Duckworth et al. proposed , developed , and tested a two - factor grit scale with notable results . In addition to validating their grit scale , the authors also found support suggesting that grit provided incremental predictive validity for education and age above and beyond the Big Five personality traits ( Study 2 ) ; that higher levels of grit were more highly associated with cumulative grade point average ( GPA ) in an Ivy league sample when compared to those with lower grit levels ( r = . 25 , p < . 01 ; Study 3 ) ; that grit predicted retention after their first summer in two classes of cadets at the United States Military Academy ( Study 4 ) ; and that participants in a National Spelling Bee with higher grit scores typically work harder and longer than less gritty peers , ultimately resulting in better performance . This series of studies provides empirical evidence that an individual difference conceptualized as grit can account for significant variance in performance across a variety of settings . Although it was argued that grit predicted beyond the typical and unrelated cognitive construct of IQ and the Big 5 personality construct of conscientiousness these claims were later called into question by a meta - analysis . In 2016 , the largest study of grit , conducted in over 4,500 16 - year old twins in the United Kingdom found that grit ( measured by the Grit - S ) accounted for only one half of one percent ( 0.5 % ) of highest - stakes outcomes ( school grades ) after IQ and personality ( in particular conscientiousness ) were accounted for . Also in 2016 , a meta - analytic synthesis of prior empirical research on grit by Crede , Tynan , and Harms summarized data from 88 independent samples and over 66,000 individuals and found that grit is only weakly related to success and almost identical to the personality trait known as conscientiousness . Crede et al. conclude that the contribution of grit to the prediction of success is very limited . Crede et al. , also noted that the combination of passion and perseverance into an overall grit construct could not be justified . Since 2014 , grit has been the subject of critical commentary and debate in Education Week , with contributors discussing the strengths and weaknesses of how the idea of grit has been used by educators . Psychologist K. Anders Ericsson , in his 2016 book Peak : Secrets from the New Science of Expertise , criticized the tendency to credit persistent practice to traits such as grit or willpower ; he wrote : `` It may seem natural to assume that these people who maintain intense practice schedules for years have some rare gift of willpower or ' grit ' or ' stick - to - itiveness ' that the rest of us just lack , but that would be a mistake for two very compelling reasons . '' The first reason is that motivation is a situation - specific attribute : People generally find it easier to practice in some areas than in others . The second reason is that grit and willpower are traits that are assigned to someone after the fact , for example : John practiced persistently for years , so he must have incredible grit . But , Ericsson explained : `` This sort of circular thinking -- ' The fact that I could n't keep practicing indicates that I do n't have enough willpower , which explains why I could n't keep practicing ' -- is worse than useless ; it is damaging in that it can convince people that they might as well not even try . '' Instead of attributing success to grit or willpower , Ericsson recommended analyzing the various factors that shape a person 's motivation in a given situation . See also ( edit ) Psychology portal Thinking portal Patience Prudence Temperance ( virtue ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James , W ( 1907 ) . `` The energies of men '' . Science . 25 : 321 -- 332 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 25.635. 321 . ^ Jump up to : Galton , Francis ( 1892 ) . Hereditary Genius . New York : Appleton . ^ Jump up to : Crede , Marcus ; Tynan , Michael ; Harms , Peter . `` Much Ado About Grit : A Meta - Analytic Synthesis of the Grit Literature '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . doi : 10.1037 / pspp0000102 . PMID 27845531 . ^ Jump up to : Duckworth , A.L. ; Peterson , C. ; Matthews , M.D. ; Kelly , D.R. ( 2007 ) . `` Grit : Perseverance and passion for long - term goals '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 92 ( 6 ) : 1087 -- 1101 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.92. 6.1087 . Jump up ^ Cox , C.M. ( 1926 ) . Genetic studies of genius : Vol. 2 . The early mental traits of three hundred geniuses . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ Terman , L.M. & Oden , M.H. ( 1947 ) . The gifted child grows up : Twenty - five years ' follow - up of a superior group . Oxford , England : Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ Peterson , C. , Seligman , M.E. ( 2004 ) . Character Strengths and virtues : A handbook and classification . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Katherine R. Von Culin , Eli Tsukayam and Angela L. Duckwort , ( 2014 ) Unpacking grit : Motivational correlates of perseverance and passion for long - term goals . The Journal of Positive Psychology . Jump up ^ Gottfredson , L.S. ( 1997 ) . `` Why g matters : The complexity of everyday life '' ( PDF ) . Intelligence . 24 : 79 -- 132 . doi : 10.1016 / s0160 - 2896 ( 97 ) 90014 - 3 . Jump up ^ Neisser , U. ; Boodoo , G. ; Bouchard , T.J. ; Boykin , A.W. ; Brody , N. ; et al. ( 1996 ) . `` Intelligence : Knowns and unknowns '' ( PDF ) . American Psychologist. 51 : 77 -- 101 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 51.2. 77 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Duckworth , A.L. ; Quinn , P.D. ( 2009 ) . `` Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale ( GRIT -- S ) '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Personality Assessment . 91 ( 2 ) : 166 -- 174 . doi : 10.1080 / 00223890802634290 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , L.R. ( 1990 ) . `` An alternative `` description of personality '' : The big - five factor structure `` . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 59 : 1216 -- 1229 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.59. 6.1216 . PMID 2283588 . ^ Jump up to : Rimfeld , Kaili ; Kovas , Yulia ; Dale , Philip S. ; Plomin , Robert . `` True Grit and Genetics : Predicting Academic Achievement From Personality '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 111 : 780 -- 789 . doi : 10.1037 / pspp0000089 . PMC 4981570 . PMID 26867111 . Jump up ^ Hancock , P.A. , & Szalma , J.L. ( 2008 ) . Stress and Performance . In Hancock , P.A. & Szalma ( Eds . ) . Performance Under Stress . Cornwall : MPG Books . ^ Jump up to : Maddi , S.R. ( 2006 ) . `` Hardiness : The courage to grow from stresses '' . The Journal of Positive Psychology . 1 : 160 -- 168 . doi : 10.1080 / 17439760600619609 . ^ Jump up to : Luthar , SS. ; Doernberger , C.H. ; Zigler , E. ( 1993 ) . `` Resilience is not a unidimensional construct : Insights from a prospective study on inner - city adolescents '' . Development and Psychopathology. 5 : 703 -- 717 . doi : 10.1017 / s0954579400006246 . Jump up ^ Schulz , R. ; Heckhausen , J. ( 1996 ) . `` A life - span model of successful aging '' . American Psychologist. 51 : 702 -- 714 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 51.7. 702 . PMID 8694390 . Jump up ^ Maltby , J. ; Day , L. ; Giles , D. ; Gillett , R. ; Quick , M. ; Langcaster - James , H. ; Linley , P.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Implicit Theories of a Desire for Fame '' . British Journal of Psychology . 99 : 279 -- 292 . doi : 10.1348 / 000712607x226935 . Jump up ^ Duckworth , A.L. ; Gross , J.J. ( 2014 ) . `` Self - control and grit : Related but separable determinants of success '' . Current Directions in Psychological Science . 23 ( 5 ) : 319 -- 325 . doi : 10.1177 / 0963721414541462 . Jump up ^ McClelland , D.C. ( 1961 ) . The achieving society . Oxford , England : Van Nostrand . Jump up ^ Phillips , J.M. ; Gully , S.M. ( 1997 ) . `` Role of goal orientation , ability , need for achievement , and locus of control in the self - efficacy and goal - setting process '' . Journal of Applied Psychology . 82 : 792 -- 802 . doi : 10.1037 / 0021 - 9010.82. 5.792 . Jump up ^ Heintz , Jr . P. ; Steele - Johnson , D. ( 2004 ) . Clarifying the conceptual definitions of goal orientation dimensions : Competence , control , and evaluation . Organizational Analysis , 12 , 5 - 19 . Jump up ^ Among the relevant articles and blog posts in Education Week are : Gow , Peter ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` What 's dangerous about the grit narrative , and how to fix it '' . blogs.edweek.org . Education Week . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . There 's been a great deal of buzz lately on the topic of grit . As educators we 're all for persistence , resilience , stick - to - it - ive - ness -- the stuff of grit , right ? But it turns out that there 's grit , and then there 's the way some people are talking about grit . Anderson , Lauren ( 21 March 2014 ) . `` Grit , Galton , and eugenics '' . blogs.edweek.org . Education Week . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . I was unsurprised to find that the areas of focus were `` grit '' and `` self control '' -- now popular concepts celebrated in mass - market texts like Paul Tough 's How Children Succeed and Jay Mathews 's Work Hard , Play Nice , and an appealing policy target for those who believe that if we could just cultivate the `` right '' qualities among the `` low - achieving '' then they would be able to transcend conditions of poverty and other obstacles in their way . Kohn , Alfie ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` The deferred - gratification myth '' . Education Week . 34 ( 3 ) : 32 -- 26 . The more effort we devote to getting students to pay `` attention to a teacher rather than daydreaming '' and persist `` on long - term assignments despite boredom and frustration '' ( in the words of `` grit '' proponent Angela Duckworth ) , the less likely we are to ask whether those assignments are actually worth doing , or to rethink an arrangement where teachers mostly talk and students mostly listen . Herold , Benjamin ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Some educators are calling the concept of ' grit ' racist '' . Education Week . 34 ( 20 ) : 8 . Increasingly , though , critics are offering a different take , arguing that grit is a racist construct and has harmed low - income students by crowding out a focus on providing children with the supports they deserve and the more - flexible educational approach enjoyed by many of their more affluent counterparts . Hoerr , Thomas R. ( 18 February 2015 ) . `` ' Grit ' helps everyone gain real - world success '' . Education Week . 34 ( 21 ) : 26 . Believe it or not , some folks think fostering grit is lowering expectations for students or failing to appreciate the obstacles they face . While there are some who may misunderstand or misapply the teaching of grit , it 's wrong to assume that these misapplications are representative of grit 's true purpose : to help all students learn to succeed in the real world . Mehta , Jal ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` The problem with grit '' . blogs.edweek.org . Education Week . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . As with any concept that gains popularity , there have been detractors . The most prominent critique is that an emphasis on grit is a way of `` blaming the victim '' -- rather than take up larger questions of social , economic , and racial justice , if only the most disadvantaged kids were a little `` grittier '' they could make it in life . Blad , Evie ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` Accountability measures for traits like ' grit ' questioned '' . Education Week . 34 ( 31 ) : 6 . Measurements of so - called noncognitive student traits like self - control , `` grit , '' and gratitude should not be used for school accountability or teacher - evaluation purposes , two pioneers in the field warned last week . Ferlazzo , Larry ( 5 October 2015 ) . `` Response : ' It 's time to change the conversation about grit ' '' . blogs.edweek.org . Education Week . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . At the same time , however , I am wary of pushing the `` grit narrative '' too far , as some have done already by proclaiming what I call The Let Them Eat Character strategy . It is in the self - interest of many in our society to use the `` all it takes is hard work '' mantra as a public excuse for perpetuating political and economic policies that thwart the dreams of many because of their race or economic class . Gardner , Walt ( 22 April 2016 ) . `` How important is grit for success ? '' . blogs.edweek.org . Education Week . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . There 's no doubt that the concept helps explain why some students achieve in the face of daunting odds ( `` Do n't Grade Schools on Grit , '' The New York Times , Mar. 26 ) . But I think it is a gross oversimplification . Powell , Dave ( 3 June 2016 ) . `` When having grit is a bad thing '' . blogs.edweek.org . Education Week . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . Grit is one of those ideas that , as we say , has legs . That 's clear enough . But is it good for us ? Yeh , By Christine ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Forget grit . Focus on inequality . Why is grit at the center of the national ed. debate ? '' . Education Week . 36 ( 28 ) . The notion of grit has certainly spurred important discussions about the nonacademic experiences and skills we want our students to have , but it has often obscured the very conditions that created educational inequities in the first place . ^ Jump up to : Ericsson , K. Anders ; Pool , Robert ( 2016 ) . Peak : secrets from the new science of expertise . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 167 -- 168 . ISBN 9780544456235 . OCLC 913923802 . Further reading ( edit ) Duckworth , Angela ( 2016 ) . Grit : The Power of Passion and Perseverance ( First ed . ) . Scribner . ISBN 9781501111105 . OCLC 928889169 . External links ( edit ) `` Angela Lee Duckworth '' . angeladuckworth.com . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grit_(personality_trait)&oldid=828835027 '' Categories : Personality traits Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Русский Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 01 : 21 . About Wikipedia	which of the following is not included as a key component of grit	[]	[]
4607917262018133213	Fast Times at Ridgemont High	Fast Times at Ridgemont High - wikipedia Fast Times at Ridgemont High `` Ridgemont High '' redirects here . For high schools called Ridgemont High , see Ridgemont High School ( disambiguation ) . Fast Times at Ridgemont High Theatrical release poster Directed by Amy Heckerling Produced by Irving Azoff Art Linson Screenplay by Cameron Crowe Based on Fast Times at Ridgemont High : A True Story by Cameron Crowe Starring Sean Penn Jennifer Jason Leigh Judge Reinhold Phoebe Cates Brian Backer Robert Romanus Ray Walston Cinematography Matthew F. Leonetti Edited by Eric Jenkins Production company Refugee Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date August 13 , 1982 ( 1982 - 08 - 13 ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $5 million Box office $27.1 million ( domestic ) or $50 million Fast Times at Ridgemont High is a 1982 American coming - of - age comedy film directed by Amy Heckerling and written by Cameron Crowe , adapted from his 1981 book of the same name . Crowe went undercover at Clairemont High School in San Diego and wrote about his experiences . The film was the directorial debut of Amy Heckerling and chronicles a school year in the lives of freshmen Stacy Hamilton ( Jennifer Jason Leigh ) and Mark Ratner ( Brian Backer ) , and their respective older friends Linda Barrett ( Phoebe Cates ) and Mike Damone ( Robert Romanus ) , both of whom believe themselves wiser in the ways of romance than their younger counterparts . The ensemble cast of characters form two subplots with Jeff Spicoli ( Sean Penn ) , a perpetually stoned surfer , facing off against uptight history teacher Mr. Hand ( Ray Walston ) , and Stacy 's older brother , Brad ( Judge Reinhold ) , a senior who works at a series of entry - level jobs in order to pay off his car , and who is pondering ending his two - year relationship with his girlfriend , Lisa ( Amanda Wyss ) . In addition to Penn , Reinhold , Cates and Leigh , the film marks early appearances by several actors who later became stars , including Nicolas Cage , Forest Whitaker , Eric Stoltz , and Anthony Edwards . Among these actors , Penn , Cage , and Whitaker would later win the Academy Award for Best Actor , with Penn winning twice . In 2005 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Television spin - off 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Brad Hamilton is a popular senior at Ridgemont High School and is looking forward to his final year of school and almost has his 1960 Buick LeSabre paid off . He has a job at All - American Burger , where his girlfriend Lisa also works ; Brad is eventually fired for lashing out at an obnoxious customer . When trying to tell Lisa how much he needs her , she informs Brad that she wants to break up with him in order to date other guys . Brad then quits his job at Captain Hook Fish & Chips because of the humiliation of having to wear a pirate costume when delivering food . Brad 's sister Stacy is a 15 - year - old sophomore and also a virgin . She works at a pizza parlor at the Ridgemont Mall alongside her outspoken friend , the popular and sexually active Linda Barrett . One night at work , Stacy takes an order from Ron Johnson , a 26 - year - old stereo salesman who asks her out after she tells him she 's 19 years old . She later sneaks out of her house to meet him and they have sex in a dugout at a softball field . Stacy never hears from Ron again , revealing to Linda the loss of her virginity . Mike Damone , a somewhat smooth - talking know - it - all , who earns money taking bets and scalping concert tickets , fancies himself a sagacious and worldly ladies ' man . Mike 's shy but amiable friend Mark Ratner works at the movie theater across from the pizza parlor at the mall . When Mark proclaims his love for Stacy to him , Mike lets Mark in on his five secrets for picking up girls . Mike later convinces Mark to ask Stacy out on a date to a German restaurant . Afterwards , at her home , Stacy invites Mark into her bedroom , where they look at Stacy 's photo album together . They begin to kiss , but Mark abruptly leaves after Stacy attempts to seduce him . Stacy mistakenly interprets Mark 's shyness as disinterest . Eventually Stacy becomes interested in Damone and she invites him to have a swim in her pool , which leads to them having sex in the pool house . Stacy later informs Damone that she is pregnant , and tells him she 's scheduled an abortion and wants him to pay half of the bill . On the day of her appointment , embarrassed at being unable to raise the money for his half of the bill , Damone begins to ignore Stacy . Stacy asks Brad to drive her to a bowling alley to meet friends , but Brad sees Stacy enter the abortion clinic across the street . Brad waits for Stacy and he confronts her about the abortion . Stacy has Brad promise not to tell their parents . When Stacy tells Linda , Linda becomes angry at Damone , leading to an almost physical confrontation between Damone and Mark in the boys ' locker room until it is broken up by the gym teacher . Jeff Spicoli is a stoner and surfer who runs afoul of strict history teacher Mr. Hand , who is intolerant of Spicoli 's disregard of the rules of his classroom . One night , Spicoli wrecks the 1979 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 of Ridgemont star football player Charles Jefferson , during a joyride with Jefferson 's younger brother . Spicoli decides to park the car in front of the school with slurs painted on it , supposedly written by Ridgemont 's rival , Lincoln High . When Ridgemont plays Lincoln , Jefferson ( furious about his car ) thrashes several of Lincoln 's players and wins the game for Ridgemont . On the evening of the graduation dance , Mr. Hand shows up at Spicoli 's house and informs him that since he has wasted eight hours of class time over the past year , Mr. Hand intends to make up for it that night . They have a one - on - one session that lasts until Mr. Hand is satisfied that Spicoli has understood the lesson . In the end , Mark and Stacy get back together . Brad takes a job at a convenience store and is promoted to manager after foiling a robbery . Spicoli saves Brooke Shields from drowning and then spends the reward money hiring Van Halen to play at his birthday party . Linda gets accepted to UC Riverside and moves in with her Abnormal Psychology professor . Damone gets arrested for scalping Ozzy Osbourne tickets and gets a job at 7 - Eleven , and Mr. Hand still believes everyone is `` on dope '' . Cast ( edit ) Sean Penn as Jeff Spicoli Judge Reinhold as Brad Hamilton Jennifer Jason Leigh as Stacy Hamilton Robert Romanus as Mike Damone Phoebe Cates as Linda Barrett Brian Backer as Mark Ratner Amanda Wyss as Lisa Ray Walston as Mr. Hand Forest Whitaker as Charles Jefferson Vincent Schiavelli as Mr. Vargas Lana Clarkson as Mrs. Vargas Eric Stoltz as Stoner Bud Anthony Edwards as Stoner Bud Nicolas Cage as Brad 's Bud Pamela Springsteen as Dina Phillips Kelli Maroney as Cindy Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The film is adapted from a book Crowe wrote after a year spent at Clairemont High School in San Diego , California . He went undercover to do research for his 1981 book Fast Times at Ridgemont High : A True Story , about his observations of the high school and the students he befriended there , including then - student Andy Rathbone , on whom the character `` Rat '' was modeled . Casting ( edit ) Nicolas Cage made his feature - film debut , portraying an unnamed co-worker of Brad 's at All - American Burger , credited as `` Nicolas Coppola . '' It was also the film debut for Eric Stoltz and provided early roles for Anthony Edwards and Forest Whitaker . Crowe 's future wife Nancy Wilson of Heart has a cameo as the `` Beautiful Girl in Car '' who laughs at Brad at the red light in his Captain Hook uniform . Soundtrack ( edit ) Fast Times at Ridgemont High : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by various artists Released July 30 , 1982 Genre Rock , Pop Length 65 : 50 ( Label Elektra Records Producer various artists Singles from Fast Times at Ridgemont High : Music from the Motion Picture `` Somebody 's Baby '' Released : July 1982 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The soundtrack album , Fast Times at Ridgemont High : Music from the Motion Picture , peaked at # 54 on the Billboard album chart . The soundtrack features the work of many quintessential 1980s rock artists . Several of the movie 's songs were released as singles , including Jackson Browne 's `` Somebody 's Baby '' , which reached # 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . Other singles were the title track by Sammy Hagar , a cover of The Tymes ' `` So Much in Love '' by Timothy B. Schmit , `` Raised on the Radio '' by the Ravyns and `` Waffle Stomp '' by Joe Walsh . In addition to Schmit and Walsh , the album features solo tracks by two other members of the Eagles , Don Henley and Don Felder . The soundtrack also included `` I Do n't Know ( Spicoli 's Theme ) '' by Jimmy Buffett and `` Goodbye Goodbye '' by Oingo Boingo ( led by Danny Elfman ) . Five tracks in the film , but not included on the soundtrack , are : `` Moving in Stereo '' by the Cars , `` American Girl '' by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , `` We Got the Beat '' by the Go Go 's , which is the movie 's opening theme ; Led Zeppelin 's `` Kashmir '' , and `` Jingle Bell Rock '' by Bobby Helms . In addition , the live band at the prom dance during the end of the film played two songs also not on the soundtrack : The Eagles ' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' and Sam the Sham 's `` Wooly Bully '' . The Donna Summer track , `` Highway Runner '' , was initially recorded in 1981 for her double album entitled I 'm a Rainbow ; however , the album was shelved by Summer 's then - label , Geffen Records , but ultimately released in 1996 by Mercury Records . Todd Rundgren also recorded the song , `` Attitude '' , for the film at Crowe 's request . It was not included in the film , but was later released on Rundgren 's Demos and Lost Albums in 2001 . A track titled `` Fast Times '' was recorded by Heart but was not used in the film . The track ended up on their 1982 album Private Audition . In some countries , the album was ( also ) released as a single LP with ten tracks . Heckerling , in the DVD audio commentary , states that the 1970s `` classic rock '' artists , like the Eagles , were introduced by one of the film 's producers . Coincidentally , Irving Azoff , one of the film 's producers , was the personal manager for the Eagles and Stevie Nicks . No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer Length 1 . `` Somebody 's Baby '' Browne , Danny Kortchmar Jackson Browne 4 : 05 2 . `` Waffle Stomp '' Walsh Joe Walsh 3 : 40 3 . `` Love Rules '' Henley , Kortchmar Don Henley 4 : 05 4 . `` Uptown Boys '' Goffin , Janna Allen Louise Goffin 2 : 45 5 . `` So Much in Love '' George Williams , Bill Jackson , Roy Straigis Timothy B. Schmit 2 : 25 6 . `` Raised on the Radio '' Rob Fahey The Ravyns 3 : 43 7 . `` The Look In Your Eyes '' McMahon Gerard McMahon 4 : 00 8 . `` Speeding '' Jane Wiedlin , Charlotte Caffey The Go - Go 's 2 : 11 9 . `` Do n't Be Lonely '' Marv Ross Quarterflash 3 : 18 10 . `` Never Surrender '' Felder , Kenny Loggins Don Felder 4 : 15 11 . `` Fast Times ( The Best Years of Our Lives ) '' Squier Billy Squier 3 : 41 12 . `` Fast Times at Ridgemont High '' Hagar Sammy Hagar 3 : 36 13 . `` I Do n't Know ( Spicoli 's Theme ) '' Buffett , Michael Utley Jimmy Buffett 3 : 00 14 . `` Love Is the Reason '' Nash Graham Nash 3 : 31 15 . `` I 'll Leave It Up To You '' Rusty Young Poco 2 : 55 16 . `` Highway Runner '' Giorgio Moroder , Summer Donna Summer 3 : 18 17 . `` Sleeping Angel '' Nicks Stevie Nicks 4 : 43 18 . `` She 's My Baby ( And She 's Outta Control ) '' Dave Palmer , Phil Jost Palmer / Jost 2 : 53 19 . `` Goodbye , Goodbye '' Danny Elfman Oingo Boingo 4 : 34 Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Universal gave the film a limited theatrical release on August 13 , 1982 , opening in 498 theaters . It earned $2.5 million in its opening weekend . The release was later widened to 713 theaters , earning $3.25 million . The film ranked 29th among US releases in 1982 , ultimately earning more than $27 million , six times its $4.5 million budget , and later gaining popularity through television and home video releases . Over the years the film has obtained an iconic status . In an interview , Penn stated : `` None of us had any idea it would take on a life of its own . '' Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 78 % based on 48 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While Fast Times at Ridgemont High features Sean Penn 's legendary performance , the film endures because it accurately captured the small details of school , work , and teenage life . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 67 out of 100 , based on 13 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert called it a `` scuz - pit of a movie '' , though he praised the performances by Leigh , Penn , Cates , and Reinhold . Janet Maslin wrote that it was `` a jumbled but appealing teen - age comedy with something of a fresh perspective on the subject . '' Accolades ( edit ) Crowe 's screenplay was nominated for a WGA Award for best comedy adapted from another medium . The film ranks # 15 on Bravo 's `` 100 Funniest Movies '' , and # 2 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the `` 50 Best High School Movies '' . The film is also recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 87 Television spin - off ( edit ) Main article : Fast Times The film inspired a short - lived 1986 television series for CBS called Fast Times . Ray Walston and Vincent Schiavelli reprised their roles as Hand and Vargas on the show . Other characters from the movie were played by different actors . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Comedy portal Fast Times at Barrington High , an album by the band The Academy Is ... is a play on the title of the film . `` Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr . High '' , a Family Guy episode from Season 4 Fast Times at Fairmont High , a novella by Vernor Vinge , is named in reference to the film . `` Stacy 's Mom '' , a song by Fountains of Wayne which pays homage to the film . The Last American Virgin , a remake of Lemon Popsicle and a film released in the same year with similar themes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAST TIMES ( X ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 9 , 1982 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : WE 'RE TALKING GROSS , TACKY AND DUMB Brown , Peter H. Los Angeles Times 20 Jan 1985 : 6 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Things You Probably Did n't Know About Fast Times At Ridgemont High '' . IFC.com . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fast Times at Ridgemont High on IMDb Jump up ^ Russell , Lisa ( March 13 , 1995 ) . `` Geek God : Once the Butt of Fast Times at Ridgemont High , Best - Selling Author Andy Rathbone Becomes a Computer Guru '' . People . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lauren Schutte ( 14 February 2012 ) . `` Nicolas Cage on Turning Down ' Dumb & Dumber , ' Winning Another Oscar and the Movie that Made Him Change His Name '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( Original Soundtrack ) , Allmusic Jump up ^ Mike Duquette ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` Friday Feature : `` Fast Times at Ridgemont High '' `` . The Second Disc . WordPress.com . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Charts and Awards , Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack versions at discogs.com '' . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Irving Azoff - Biography & History - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Discogs ( 2012 ) . `` Various -- Fast Times At Ridgemont High Music From The Motion Picture '' . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Box Office Mojo ( retrieved on December 6 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( 1982 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Times at Ridgemont High reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1982 ) . `` Fast Times at Ridgemont High '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet . September 3 , 1982 . `` Ridgemont High '' , New York Times ( retrieved via registered - user account on December 6 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's 100 Funniest Movies List is Laughable '' Archived December 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Manroomonline.com , June 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best High School Movies '' . Filmsite.org . September 15 , 2006 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Wikiquote Fast Times at Ridgemont High on IMDb Fast Times at Ridgemont High at AllMovie Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Box Office Mojo Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Metacritic Fast Times at Ridgemont High at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Amy Heckerling Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( 1982 ) Johnny Dangerously ( 1984 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Look Who 's Talking ( 1989 ) Look Who 's Talking Too ( 1990 ) Clueless ( 1995 ) Loser ( 2000 ) I Could Never Be Your Woman ( 2007 ) Vamps ( 2012 ) Cameron Crowe filmography Director Say Anything ... ( 1989 ) Singles ( 1992 ) Jerry Maguire ( 1996 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) Elizabethtown ( 2005 ) Pearl Jam Twenty ( 2011 ) The Union ( 2011 ) We Bought a Zoo ( 2011 ) Aloha ( 2015 ) Writer only Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( 1982 ) The Wild Life ( 1984 ) Television Roadies ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High&oldid=852081280 '' Categories : 1982 films English - language films 1980s coming - of - age films 1980s high school films 1980s sex comedy films 1980s teen comedy films American coming - of - age films American films American high school films American sex comedy films American teen comedy films Directorial debut films Films about abortion Films about suburbia Films about virginity Films adapted into television programs Films directed by Amy Heckerling Films set in California Films shot in Los Angeles Films set in San Diego Films about proms Screenplays by Cameron Crowe Teenage pregnancy in film United States National Film Registry films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 14 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the movie fast times at ridgemont high filmed	[]	[]
3399177091492358416	The Twelve Spies	The twelve spies - wikipedia The twelve spies Jump to : navigation , search The Grapes of Canaan by James Tissot . Although the spies brought back a cluster of grapes so large that it took two men to carry it ( Numbers 13 : 23 ) , only two of the twelve brought back a good report of the land . The Twelve Spies ( Hebrew : שנים עשר המרגלים ) , as recorded in the Book of Numbers , were a group of Israelite chieftains , one from each of the Twelve Tribes , who were dispatched by Moses to scout out the Land of Canaan for 40 days as a future home for the Israelite people , during the time when the Israelites were in the wilderness following their Exodus from Ancient Egypt . The account is found in Numbers 13 : 1 - 33 . God had promised Abraham that there would be a Promised Land for the nations to come out of his son , Isaac . The land of Canaan which the spies were to explore was the same Promised Land . Moses asked for an assessment of the geographical features of the land , the strength and numbers of the population , the agricultural potential and actual performance of the land , civic organization ( whether their cities were like camps or strongholds ) , and forestry conditions . He also asked them to be positive in their outlook and to return with samples of local produce . When ten of the twelve spies showed little faith in the doom and gloom report they gave about the land , they were slandering what they believed God had promised them . They did not believe that God could help them , and the people as a whole were persuaded that it was not possible to take the land . As a result , the entire nation was made to wander in the desert for 40 years , until almost the entire generation of men had died . Joshua and Caleb were the two spies who brought back a good report and believed that God would help them succeed . They were the only men from their generation permitted to go into the Promised Land after the time of wandering . Contents ( hide ) 1 About the spies 2 Consequences 3 Tisha B'Av 4 References About the spies ( edit ) God had promised the Israelites that they would be able to conquer the land with its indigenous Canaanite nations . Moses instructed the spies to report back on the agriculture and lay of the land . However , during their tour , the spies saw fortified cities and resident giants , which frightened them and led them to believe that the Israelites would not be able to conquer the land as God had promised . Ten of the spies decided to bring back an unbalanced report , emphasizing the difficulty of the task before them . They gave Moses this account , `` We went into the land to which you sent us , and it does flow with milk and honey ! Here is its fruit . But the people who live there are very powerful , and the cities are fortified and very large . We even saw descendants of Anak there . '' -- Numbers , 13 : 27 - 28 Two of the spies -- Joshua and Caleb -- did not go along with the majority and tried to convince the Israelites that they could conquer the land : Then Caleb silenced the people before Moses and said , `` We should go up and take possession of the land , for we can certainly do it . '' -- Numbers , 13 : 30 However , the Israelite community believed the majority 's conclusions . All of the spies , except Joshua and Caleb , were struck down with a plague and died . Joshua was at first a fierce warrior . He was chosen as the representative from his tribe , Ephraim , to explore the land of Canaan , and was in agreement with Caleb that the Promised Land could be conquered . After the incident with the 12 spies , Joshua lived through the 40 year wandering period , and was named successor to Moses as instructed by God . Joshua completed the task of leading the Israelites into the Promised Land and of taking possession of it . Joshua also was the leader in renewing the Mosaic covenant with their God . Caleb was from the tribe of Judah . He was also chosen to explore the land of Canaan , and he was ( along with Joshua ) the other man who said that the God of Israel could help the Israelite people to victory against the Canaanites . God promised Caleb and Joshua that they would receive the land which they had explored for themselves and their descendants . Caleb was also told that he would live to go into the Promised Land . The names of the twelve spies were : Shammua son of Zaccur , from the tribe of Reuben Shaphat son of Hori , from the tribe of Simeon Caleb son of Jephunneh , from the tribe of Judah Igal son of Joseph , from the tribe of Issachar Hoshea ( Joshua ) son of Nun , from the tribe of Ephraim Palti son of Raphu , from the tribe of Benjamin Gaddiel son of Sodi , from the tribe of Zebulin Gaddi son of Susi , from the tribe of Manasseh Ammiel son of Gemalli , from the tribe of Dan Sethur son of Michael , from the tribe of Asher Nahbi son of Vophsi , from the tribe of Naphtali Geuel son of Maki , from the tribe of Gad Some people think the word `` spies '' is an incorrect translation . The Hebrew word that the Torah uses is מרגלים ( `` meraglim '' ) , which can also mean `` traitors '' or `` deserters '' . In Numbers 13 : , the Hebrew word describing the group is also the word usually translated as `` men '' or the word usually translated as `` princes '' . In addition , the twelve were clearly not trained as spies , nor did they conduct any covert activity , nor did they enlist any indigenous people for later help . Thus , the phrase `` Twelve Scouts '' or `` Twelve Observers '' might be an alternative way of describing the group . However , the final point remains that their `` report '' resulted in a great outcry and the Israelites despaired of entering the promised land and were punished by God accordingly , as outlined above . Consequences ( edit ) The Israelites ' belief of the false report amounted to the acceptance of lashon hara ( lit . '' `` evil tongue '' / `` slander '' in Hebrew ) against the Land of Israel . But the men who had gone up with him said , `` We ca n't attack those people ; they are stronger than we are . '' And they spread a bad report about the land they had explored . They said , `` The land we explored devours those living in it . All the people we saw there were of great size . We saw the Nephilim there ( the descendants of Anak come from the Nephilim ) . We seemed like grasshoppers in our own eyes , and we looked the same to them . '' -- Numbers , 13 : 31 - 33 This was considered a grave sin by God . Corresponding to the 40 days that the spies toured the land , God decreed that the Israelites would wander in the wilderness for 40 years as a result of their unwillingness to take the land . Moreover , the entire generation of men who left Egypt during the Exodus would die in the desert , save for Joshua and Caleb who did not slander the land . For 40 years , the Israelites wandered in the wilderness , eating quail and manna . They were led into the Promised Land by Joshua ; the victory at Jericho marked the beginning of possession of the land . As victories were won , the tracts of land were assigned to each tribe , and they lived peacefully with each other . God brought victories where needed , and his promise to Abraham was fulfilled . Tisha B'Av ( edit ) According to Rabbinic tradition ( as seen in the Mishnah Taanit 4 : 6 ) , the sin of the spies produced the annual fast day of Tisha B'Av . When the Israelites accepted the false report , they wept over the false belief that God was setting them up for defeat . The night that the people cried was the ninth of Av , which became a day of weeping and misfortune for all time . Rashi , commenting on Numbers 13 : 25 , notes that the journey was shortened by God , as God foresaw their downfall and subsequent proportionate punishment ( 1 day equaling 1 year ) . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Israelites carrying grapes of Canaan . Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 34 ^ Jump up to : Numbers 14 : 30 ; Dummelow , J.R. The One Volume Bible Commentary. 1950 . Macmillan Company . pp. 107 - 108 Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 20 - 31 ; Caleb , and Joshua , in Freeman , David Noel . The Anchor Bible Dictionary Volume 1 A-C and Volume 2 ( H-J ) . 1992 . Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19351 - 3 , pp. 808 - 809 Jump up ^ Numbers 13 : 26 - 33 ; Wigoder , Geoffrey . Illustrated Dictionary and Concordance of the Bible . 1986 . The Jerusalem Publishing House . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 407 - 0 , pp. 563 - 564 Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 36 - 38 ; Clarke , Adam . Commentary on the Holy Bible . 1967 . Beacon Hill Press . SBN 081023211 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 20 - 31 ; Joshua , Freeman , David Noel . The Anchor Bible Dictionary Volume 2 H-J. 1992 . Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19360 - 2 , p. 999 Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 20 - 31 ; Caleb , Freeman , David Noel . The Anchor Bible Dictionary Volume 1 A-C. 1992 . Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19351 - 3 , pp. 808 - 809 Jump up ^ The Holy Bible , New International Version , Zondervan , 1984 , LOC 73174297 , pp. 104 - 105 Jump up ^ Mishna Taanit 4 : 6 read online ; Orthodox Union page on Tisha B'Av . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Mid . Tanchuma 8 , quoted in The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary on Numbers 13 , accessed 24 February 2016 ( hide ) The Three Weeks Periods of observance The Three Weeks The Nine Days Week in which Tisha B'Av occurs Days of obervance Seventeenth of Tammuz Tisha B'Av Observances and events Seudah HaMafseket Texts Book of Lamentations Kinnot Book of Job Historic events Siege of Jerusalem ( AD 70 ) Alhambra Decree The Twelve Spies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Twelve_Spies&oldid=830253336 '' Categories : Book of Numbers Tisha B'Av Torah people Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 18 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who took the israelites to the promised land	[ "Joshua was at first a fierce warrior. He was chosen as the representative from his tribe, Ephraim, to explore the land of Canaan, and was in agreement with Caleb that the Promised Land could be conquered. After the incident with the 12 spies, Joshua lived through the 40 year wandering period, and was named successor to Moses as instructed by God. Joshua completed the task of leading the Israelites into the Promised Land and of taking possession of it. Joshua also was the leader in renewing the Mosaic covenant with their God.[6]" ]	[ "Joshua" ]
7943762523914716231	France in the American Revolutionary War	France in the American Revolutionary war - wikipedia France in the American Revolutionary war Jump to : navigation , search This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The British ( center ) surrender to French ( left ) and American ( right ) troops , at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 . French ( left ) and British ships ( right ) at the battle of the Chesapeake off Yorktown in 1781 ; the outnumbered British fleet departed , leaving the British army no choice but to surrender . France allied with the United States during the American Revolutionary War ( American War of Independence 1775 -- 1783 ) in 1778 , declared war on Great Britain , and sent its armies and navy to fight Britain while providing money and matériel to arm the new republic . French intervention made a decisive contribution to the U.S. victory in the war . Motivated by a long - term rivalry with Britain and by revenge for its territorial losses during the French and Indian War , France began secretly sending supplies in 1775 . Spain and the Netherlands joined France , making it a global war in which the British had no major allies . France incurred a debt of over 1 billion livres . Contents ( hide ) 1 American origins of the conflict 2 French involvement 2.1 Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war 2.2 Entry into the war 2.3 North American operations 2.4 Other theaters 3 Peace and consequences 4 Financial aspects 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 Bibliography 7.1 English 7.2 Primary sources 7.3 French American origins of the conflict ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution After its defeat in the Seven Years ' War in 1763 , France lost its vast holdings in North America . Meanwhile , the American colonists and the British government began to fight over whether Parliament in London , or the colonial assemblies , had primary responsibility for taxation . The ideological conflict escalated into open warfare in 1775 , at which point the American patriots took control of the colonies from the British , who refused to consider independence . France , who had been rebuilding her Navy and other forces , saw this as an opportunity to seriously weaken her perennial enemy . French involvement ( edit ) Choiseul actively reorganised the French army and navy for a future war of revenge against Britain . France bitterly resented its loss in the Seven Years ' War and sought revenge , and wanted to keep Britain from becoming too powerful . Following the Declaration of Independence , the American Revolution was well received by both the general population and the aristocracy in France . The Revolution was perceived as the incarnation of the Enlightenment Spirit against the `` English tyranny . '' Benjamin Franklin , dispatched to France in December 1776 to rally its support , was welcomed with great enthusiasm . At first , French support was covert ; French agents sent the Patriots military aid ( predominantly gunpowder ) through a company called Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie , beginning in the spring of 1776 . Estimates place the percentage of French supplied arms to the Americans in the Saratoga campaign up to 90 % . By 1777 , over five million livres of aid had been sent to the American rebels . Motivated by the prospect of glory in battle or animated by the sincere ideals of liberty and republicanism , volunteers like Pierre Charles L'Enfant joined the American army . The most famous was Lafayette , a charming young aristocrat who defied the king 's order and enlisted in 1777 at age 20 . He became an aide to George Washington and a combat general . More importantly he solidified a favourable American view of France . Kramer argues that Lafayette provided a legitimacy for the war and confidence that there was serious European support for independence . Lafayette 's personal style was highly attractive ; the young man learned quickly , adapted to the Patriot style , avoided politics , and became a fast friend of General Washington . Fifty years later , after a major career in French politics , he returned as a beloved hero of the war . Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war ( edit ) Before open war between France and Britain , Pierre Beaumarchais was at the center of an arms traffic to support American Insurgents . Up against the British power , the young nation lacked arms and allies , and so turned towards France . France was not directly interested in the conflict , but saw it as an opportunity to contest British power by supporting a new British opponent . Through negotiations conducted first by Silas Deane and then Benjamin Franklin , France began covert support of the American cause . Secretly approached by Louis XVI and France 's foreign minister , the comte de Vergennes , Pierre Beaumarchais was authorized to sell gunpowder and ammunition to the Americans for close to a million pounds under the veil of the French company Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie . The aid given by France , much of which passed through the neutral Dutch West Indies port of Sint Eustatius , contributed to George Washington 's survival against the British onslaught in 1776 and 1777 , and was a major factor in the defeat of General Burgoyne 's expedition in the Champlain corridor that ended in a British disaster at Saratoga . French ports accommodated American ships , including privateers and Continental Navy warships , that acted against British merchant ships . France provided significant economic aid , either as donations or loans , and also offered technical assistance , granting some of its military strategists `` vacations '' , so they could assist American troops . Silas Deane , appointed by the Americans , and , helped by French animosity towards Britain , obtained unofficial aid , starting in early 1776 . However , the goal was the total involvement of France in the war . A new delegation composed of Franklin , Deane , and Arthur Lee , was appointed to lobby for the involvement of European nations . Franklin , age 70 and already well known in French intellectual circles for his scientific discoveries , served as the chief diplomat with the title of `` minister '' ( the term `` ambassador '' was not used ) . He dressed in rough frontier clothes rather than formal court dress , and met with many leading diplomats , aristocrats , intellectuals , scientists and financiers . Franklin 's image and writings caught the French imagination -- there were many images of him sold on the market -- and he became the image of the archetypal new American and a hero for aspirations for a new order inside France . When the international climate at the end of 1777 had become tenser , Habsburg Austria requested the support of France in the War of the Bavarian Succession against Prussia in line with the Franco - Austrian Alliance . France refused , causing the relationship with Austria to turn sour . Under these conditions , asking Austria to assist France in a war against the British was impossible . Attempts to rally Spain also failed : Spain did not immediately recognize potential gains , and the American revolutionary spirit was seen as threatening the legitimacy of the Spanish Crown in its own American colonies . Public opinion in France was in favor of open war , but King Louis and his advisors were reluctant due to the possible risks and heavy expenses involved . The king 's economic and military advisors in particular remained reluctant . The French Navy was being rapidly rebuilt , but there were doubts as to how ready it was for serious conflict . Financiers Turgot and Necker warned war would be very expensive for France 's wobbly system of taxation and finance . The Americans argued that an alliance of the United States , France , and Spain would assure a rapid defeat of the British , but Vergennes , waiting until his navy was ready , hesitated . On July 23 , 1777 , Vergennes decided that it was time to decide either total assistance , with war , or abandonment of the new nation . The choice , ratified by the king , was war . Entry into the war ( edit ) Main article : Franco - American alliance Surrender of General Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga , by John Trumbull , 1822 The British had taken Philadelphia in 1777 , but American victory at the Battle of Saratoga brought back hope to the Patriots and enthusiasm in France . The army of Burgoyne surrendered to American forces after Saratoga and France realized that the United States could be victorious . The king directed Vergennes to negotiate an alliance with the Americans . France formally recognized the United States on February 6 , 1778 , with the signing of the Treaty of Alliance . Hostilities soon followed after Britain declared war on France on March 17 , 1778 . The British naval force , then the largest fleet afloat , and French fleet confronted each other from the beginning . The British avoided intercepting a French fleet that left Toulon under the comte d'Estaing in April for North America , fearing the French fleet at Brest might then be used to launch an invasion of Britain . France had kept the Brest fleet to protect commercial shipping in European waters , and it sailed out only after a British fleet was confirmed to have left in pursuit of d'Estaing , thus weakening the British Channel fleet . In spite of this reduction the British fleet still outnumbered the French fleet at Brest , and Admiral d'Orvilliers was instructed to avoid combat when he sailed in July . D'Orvilliers met the fleet of Admiral Augustus Keppel in the indecisive Battle of Ushant on July 27 , after which both fleets returned to port for repairs . France did consider the landing of 40,000 men in the nearby British Isles but abandoned the idea because of logistical issues . On the continent , France was protected through its alliance with Austria which , even if it did not take part in the American Revolutionary War , affirmed its diplomatic support of France . Other nations in Europe at first refused to openly join the war but both Spain and the Dutch Republic gave unofficial support to the American cause . Vergennes was able to convince the Spanish to formally enter the war in 1779 and , in 1780 , Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic over claims of Dutch violations of neutrality . North American operations ( edit ) Franco - American routes during the Yorktown campaign . French participation in North America was initially maritime in nature and marked by some indecision on the part of its military leaders . In 1778 , American and French planners organized an attempt to capture Newport , Rhode Island , then under British occupation . The attempt failed , in part because Admiral d'Estaing did not land French troops prior to sailing out of Narragansett Bay to meet the British fleet . He then sailed for Boston after his fleet was damaged in a storm . In 1779 , d'Estaing again led his fleet to North America for joint operations , this time against British - held Savannah , Georgia . About 3,000 French joined with 2,000 Americans in the Siege of Savannah , in which a naval bombardment was unsuccessful . An attempted assault of the entrenched British position was repulsed with heavy losses . Support became more notable when , in 1780 , 6,000 soldiers led by Rochambeau landed at Newport , itself abandoned in 1779 by the British , where the French established a naval base . These forces were largely inactive since the fleet was closely watched by the British fleet from its bases in New York and eastern Long Island . By early 1781 , with the war dragging on , French military planners were finally convinced that more significant operations would be required in North America to bring a decisive end to the war . That year 's West Indies fleet was commanded by the comte de Grasse , and specific arrangements were made to coordinate operations with him . De Grasse asked to be supplied with North American pilots and to be informed of possible operations in North America to which he might contribute . Rochambeau and Washington met at Wethersfield , Connecticut in May 1781 to discuss their options . Washington wanted to drive the British from both New York City and Virginia ( the latter led first by turncoat Benedict Arnold , then by Brigadier William Phillips and eventually by Charles Cornwallis ) . Virginia was also seen as a potent threat that could be fought with naval assistance . These two options were dispatched to the Caribbean along with the requested pilots . Rochambeau , in a separate letter , urged de Grasse to come to the Chesapeake Bay for operations in Virginia . Following the Wethersfield conference , Rochambeau moved his army to White Plains , New York and placed his command under Washington . De Grasse received these letters in July at roughly the same time Cornwallis was preparing to occupy Yorktown , Virginia . De Grasse concurred with Rochambeau and subsequently sent a dispatch indicating that he would reach the Chesapeake at the end of August but that agreements with the Spanish meant he could only stay until mid-October . The arrival of his dispatches prompted the Franco - American army to begin a march for Virginia . De Grasse reached the Chesapeake as planned and his troops were sent to assist Lafayette 's army in the blockade of Cornwallis . A British fleet sent to confront de Grasse 's control of the Chesapeake was defeated by the French on September 5 at the Battle of the Chesapeake and the Newport fleet delivered the French siege train to complete the allied military arrival . The Siege of Yorktown and following surrender by Cornwallis on October 19 were decisive in ending major hostilities in North America . Other theaters ( edit ) The capture of the island of Grenada by the troops of D'Estaing . Other important battles between the French and the British were spaced out around the globe , from the West Indies to India . France 's navy at first dominated in the West Indies , capturing Dominica , Grenada , Saint Vincent , Montserrat , Tobago , and St. Kitts , but losing St. Lucia at the beginning of the war . A planned Franco - Spanish invasion of Jamaica was aborted after the decisive Battle of the Saintes in 1782 . At the end of the war the French captured the Turks and Caicos Islands . In European waters , France and Spain joined forces with the entry of Spain into the war in 1779 . An attempted invasion of Britain failed due to a variety of factors . French and Spanish forces besieged Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783 , but were unsuccessful in either storming the site , or preventing repeated British relief of its garrison . They were more successful in capturing Minorca in Europe and Demerara and Essequibo in South America in February 1782 . In India , British troops gained control of French outposts in 1778 and 1779 , sparking the Kingdom of Mysore , a longtime French ally , to begin the Second Anglo - Mysore War . Allied with the French , the Mysoreans for a time threatened British positions on the east coast , but that war ended status quo ante bellum in 1784 . A French fleet commanded by the Bailli de Suffren fought a series of largely inconclusive battles with a British fleet under Sir Edward Hughes , and the only major military land action , the 1783 Siege of Cuddalore , was cut short by news that a preliminary peace had been signed . Because of decisive battles on American soil , the French were in a strong position during the peace negotiations in Paris . Peace and consequences ( edit ) Starting with the Siege of Yorktown , Benjamin Franklin never informed France of the secret negotiations that took place directly between Britain and the United States . Britain acknowledged that the United States owned all the land south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River , except for Florida ( which went to Spain ) . However , since France was not included in the American - British peace discussions , the alliance between France and the U.S. was weakened . Thus the influence of France and Spain in future negotiations was limited . Ratification of the Treaty of Paris , 1783 . The British delegation refused to pose for the picture The war formally ended in September 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris . France gained ( or regained ) territories in the Americas , Africa , and India . Losses in the 1763 Treaty of Paris and in the Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) were in part regained : Tobago , Saint Lucia , the Senegal River area , as well as increased fishing rights in Terra Nova . Spain regained Florida and Minorca , but Gibraltar remained in the hands of the British . Because the French involvement in the war was distant and naval in nature , over a billion livres tournois were spent by the French government to support the war effort , raising its overall debt to about 3.315 billion . The finances of the French state were in disastrous shape and were made worse by Jacques Necker , who , rather than increase taxes , used loans to pay off debts . State secretary in Finances Charles Alexandre de Calonne attempted to fix the deficit problem by asking for the taxation of the property of nobles and clergy but was dismissed and exiled for his ideas . The French instability further weakened the reforms that were essential in the re-establishment of stable French finances . Trade also severely declined during the war , but was revived by 1783 . The war was especially important for the prestige and pride of France , who was reinstated in the role of European arbiter . However , Great Britain , not France , became the leading trading partner of the United States . The French took pride in their cultural influence on the young country through the Enlightenment , as attested by Franklin and Jefferson , and as embodied in the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787 . In turn the Revolution influenced France . Liberal elites were satisfied by the victory but there were also some major consequences . European conservative Royalists and nobility had become nervous , and began to take measures in order to secure their positions . On May 22 , 1781 , the Decree of Ségur closed the military post offices of the upper rank to the common persons , reserving those ranks exclusively for the nobility . Financial aspects ( edit ) By 1783 , the new French debt acquired to fight the British came to a staggering 1.3 billion livres . The French system of taxation was highly inefficient and could not absorb the cost . It `` set off France 's own fiscal crisis , in which a political brawl over taxation soon became one of the reasons for the French Revolution . '' France had obtained its revenge against Britain ; however , it gained little real value and her massive debt severely weakened the government and escalated it towards the French Revolution . France did gain a new , fast - growing ally that could become a welcome trading partner . However , the expected level of trade never materialized . American merchants belittled the quality of French products , and poor terms of trade . They preferred to deal with Britain . In 1793 the United States proclaimed its neutrality in the war between Great Britain and the French Republic , and in 1795 the Jay Treaty strengthened Anglo - American commercial ties , despite intense opposition from friends of France such as Thomas Jefferson . Most historians argue that France primarily sought revenge against Great Britain for the loss of territory in North America and India from the previous conflict . However , Jonathan R. Dull argued that France intervened because of dispassionate calculation , not because of Anglophobia or a desire to avenge the loss of Canada . See also ( edit ) Franco - American alliance List of French units in the American Revolutionary War References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ronald , and Peter J. Albert , eds . Diplomacy and Revolution : The Franco - American Alliance of 1778 ( United States Capitol Historical Society , 1981 ) Jump up ^ `` Journal of the American Revolution , The Gunpowder shortage ( September 9 , 2013 ). ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Lloyd S. Kramer , `` America 's Lafayette and Lafayette 's America : A European and the American Revolution , '' William & Mary Quarterly ( 1981 ) 38 # 2 pp 228-241.in JSTOR Jump up ^ Georges Édouard Lemaître ( 2005 ) . Beaumarchais . Kessinger Publishing . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson ; et al. ( 2009 ) . American Foreign Relations , Volume 1 : A History to 1920 . Cengage Learning . pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Henry Lumpkin ( 2000 ) . From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South . iUniverse . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Peacemakers : The Great Powers and American Independence ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ Peter S. Onuf ( 1991 ) . Establishing the New Regime : The Washington Administration . Taylor & Francis . pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress ( 2002 ) . The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad . The Minerva Group , Inc . pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Stacy Schiff ( 2006 ) . A Great Improvisation : Franklin , France , and the Birth of America . Macmillan . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christopher Hodson and Brett Rushforth , `` Bridging the Continental Divide : Colonial America 's ' French Quarter . ' '' OAH Magazine of History 25.1 ( 2011 ) : 19 - 24 . Jump up ^ Peter McPhee ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Melbourne U. p. 34 . Jump up ^ Peter P. Hill ( 1988 ) . French Perceptions of the Early American Republic , 1783 - 1793 . American Philosophical Society . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , The French Navy and American Independence : A Study of Arms and Diplomacy , 1774 - 1787 ( 1975 ) Bibliography ( edit ) English ( edit ) Bemis , Samuel Flagg . The Diplomacy of the American Revolution ( 1935 ) Brown , John L. `` Revolution and the Muse : the American War of Independence in Contemporary French Poetry . '' William and Mary Quarterly 1984 41 ( 4 ) : 592 -- 614 . Issn : 0043 - 5597 Fulltext in : Jstor Brecher , Frank W. Securing American Independence : John Jay and the French Alliance . Praeger Publishers , 2003 . Pp . xiv , 327 online Chartrand , René , and Back , Francis . The French Army in the American War of Independence Osprey ; 1991 . Corwin , Edward S. French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778 Archon Books ; 1962 . Dull , Jonathan R. A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ; Yale U. Press , 1985 . Dull , Jonathan R . The French Navy and American Independence : A Study of Arms and Diplomacy 1774 -- 1787 ( 1975 ) Kaplan , Lawrence S . `` The Diplomacy of the American Revolution : the Perspective from France . '' Reviews in American History 1976 4 ( 3 ) : 385 -- 390 . review of Dull ( 1975 ) in JSTOR Gottschalk , Louis . Lafayette Comes to America 1935 online ; Lafayette Joins the American Army ( 1937 ) Hoffman , Ronald and Albert , Peter J. , ed . Peace and the Peacemakers : The Treaty of 1783 . U. Press of Virginia , 1986 . 263 pp . Hoffman , Ronald and Albert , Peter J. , ed . Diplomacy and Revolution : The Franco - American Alliance of 1778 . U. Press of Virginia , 1981 . 200 pp . Hudson , Ruth Strong . The Minister from France : Conrad - Alexandre Gérard , 1729 -- 1790 . Lutz , 1994 . 279 pp . Hutson , James H. John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution ( 1980 ) Kennett , Lee . The French Forces in America , 1780 -- 1783. Greenwood , 1977 . 188 pp . Kramer , Lloyd . Lafayette in Two Worlds : Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. ( 1996 ) . 355 pp . Morris , Richard B . `` The Great Peace of 1783 , '' Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings ( 1983 ) Vol. 95 , pp 29 -- 51 . Morris , Richard B . The Peacemakers : The Great Powers and American Independence ( 1975 ) Perkins , James Breck . France in the American Revolution 1911 online Popofsky , Linda S. and Sheldon , Marianne B. `` French and American Women in the Age of Democratic Revolution , 1770 -- 1815 : a Comparative Perspective . '' History of European Ideas1987 8 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 597 -- 609 . Issn : 0191 - 6599 Pritchard , James . `` French Strategy and the American Revolution : a Reappraisal . '' Naval War College Review 1994 47 ( 4 ) : 83 -- 108 . Issn : 0028 - 1484 Schaeper , Thomas J. France and America in the Revolutionary Era : The Life of Jacques - Donatien Leray de Chaumont , 1725 -- 1803 . Berghahn Books , 1995 . 384 pp. He provided military supplies . Unger , Harlow Giles . Lafayette Wiley , 2002 online Van Tyne , C.H. `` Influences which Determined the French Government to Make the Treaty with America , 1778 , '' American Historical Review ( 1916 ) 21 # 3 pp. 528 -- 541 in JSTOR Primary sources ( edit ) Lafayette , Marquis de . Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution : Selected Letters and Papers , 1776 -- 1790 . Vol. 2 : April 10 , 1778 -- March 20 , 1780 . Cornell U. Press , 1979 . 518 pp . French ( edit ) Susan Mary Alsop , Les Américains à la cour de Louis XVI , 1982 . Traduction française : Jean - Claude Lattès ( 1983 ) . Henri Haeau , Complot pour l'Amérique 1775 -- 1779 , Paris , Éditions Robert Laffont , 1990 , ISBN 2 - 221 - 05364 - 8 J. - M. Bizière et J. Sole , Dictionnaire des Biographies , Paris , Éditions du Seuil , 1993 . Olivier Chaline , La France au XVIIIe siècle ( 1715 -- 1787 ) , Paris , Éditions Belin , 1996 . Joël Cornette , Absolutisme et Lumière 1652 -- 1783 , collection Carré Histoire , Paris , Éditions Hachette , 2000 . ISBN 2 - 01 - 145422 - 0 Jean Egret , Necker , ministre de Louis XVI , 1776 -- 1790 , Honoré Champion ; Paris , 1975 . André Zysberg , La Monarchie des Lumières ( 1775 -- 1786 ) , Paris , Éditions du Seuil , 2002 . French colonial conflicts 16th -- 17th centuries Brazil ( 1557 -- 60 ) Florida ( 1562 -- 65 ) Brazil ( 1612 -- 15 ) Morocco ( 1629 ) Beaver Wars ( 1641 -- 1701 ) French colonization of Texas ( 1685 -- 89 ) Siam ( 1688 ) King William 's War ( 1689 -- 97 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chickasaw Wars ( 1721 -- 52 ) Dummer 's War ( 1721 -- 25 ) Burma -- France relations ( 1729 -- 56 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) First Carnatic War ( 1746 -- 48 ) Second Carnatic War ( 1749 -- 54 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 60 ) East Indies ( 1757 -- 63 ) Larache expedition 1765 Vietnam ( 1777 -- 1820 ) North America ( 1778 -- 83 ) Caribbean and East Indies ( 1778 -- 83 ) Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) Siege of Pondicherry ( 1793 ) French acquisition of Santo Domingo ( 1795 -- 1809 ) French campaign in Egypt and Syria ( 1798 -- 1801 ) 19th century West Indies ( 1804 -- 10 ) Indian Ocean ( 1809 -- 11 ) Java ( 1811 ) Algeria ( 1830 -- 47 ) Algeria ( 1835 -- 1903 ) Río de la Plata ( 1838 -- 40 ) Mexico ( 1838 -- 39 ) Argentina -- Uruguay ( 1845 -- 50 ) Morocco ( 1844 ) Philippines ( 1844 -- 45 ) Bombardment of Tourane Vietnam ( 1847 ) Franco - 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2538125365779220759	SAP ERP	SAP ERP - Wikipedia SAP ERP Jump to : navigation , search This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ERP Developer ( s ) SAP SE Written in C , C++ , ABAP / 4 Type ERP Website www.sap.com/products/erp.html SAP ERP is enterprise resource planning software developed by the German company SAP SE . SAP ERP incorporates the key business functions of an organization . The latest version ( SAP ERP 6.0 ) was made available in 2006 . The most recent Enhancement Package ( EHP8 ) for SAP ERP 6.0 was released in 2016 . Business Processes included in SAP ERP are Operations ( Sales & Distribution , Materials Management , Production Planning , Logistics Execution , and Quality Management ) , Financials ( Financial Accounting , Management Accounting , Financial Supply Chain Management ) , Human Capital Management ( Training , Payroll , e-Recruiting ) and Corporate Services ( Travel Management , Environment , Health and Safety , and Real - Estate Management ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Implementation 3 Deployment and maintenance costs 4 SAP Transport Management System 5 ERP advantages and disadvantages 6 Releases 6.1 SAP Enhancement Packages for SAP ERP 6.0 ( SAP EhPs ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) An ERP was built based on the former SAP R / 3 software . SAP R / 3 , which was officially launched on 6 July 1992 , consisted of various applications on top of SAP Basis , SAP 's set of middle ware programs and tools . All applications were built on top of the SAP Web Application Server . Extension sets were used to deliver new features and keep the core as stable as possible . The Web Application Server contained all the capabilities of SAP Basis . A complete architecture change took place with the introduction of mySAP ERP in 2004 . R / 3 Enterprise was replaced with the introduction of ERP Central Component ( SAP ECC ) . The SAP Business Warehouse , SAP Strategic Enterprise Management and Internet Transaction Server were also merged into SAP ECC , allowing users to run them under one instance . The SAP Web Application Server was wrapped into SAP NetWeaver , which was introduced in 2003 . Architectural changes were also made to support an enterprise service architecture to transition customers to a Service - oriented architecture . The latest version , SAP ERP 6.0 , was released in 2006 . SAP ERP 6.0 has since then been updated through SAP enhancement packs , the most recent : SAP enhancement package 8 for SAP ERP 6.0 in 2016 ... Implementation ( edit ) SAP ERP consists of several modules , including Financial Accounting ( FI ) , Controlling ( CO ) , Asset Accounting ( AA ) , Sales & Distribution ( SD ) , Material Management ( MM ) , Product Planning ( PP ) , Quality Management ( QM ) , Project System ( PS ) , Plant Maintenance ( PM ) , Human Resources ( HR ) . SAP ERP collects and combines data from the separate modules to provide the company or organization with enterprise resource planning . Typical implementation phases : Phase 1 - Project Preparation Phase 2 - Business Blueprint Phase 3 - Realization Phase 4 - Final Preparation Phase 5 - Golive Support Companies planning to implement or upgrade an SAP ERP system should pay strict attention to system integration to save their SAP ERP implementation from failure . With system integration in place , data flows move completely and correctly among various SAP ERP components , thereby not only streamlining business processes but also eliminating or minimizing redundant data entry efforts . Analyst firm Gartner estimates that 55 % to 75 % of all ERP projects fail to meet their objectives ... Of the top 10 barriers to a successful ERP journey , 5 can be addressed by developing and implementing a structured change management program. ( 1 ) Deployment and maintenance costs ( edit ) It is estimated that `` for a Fortune 500 company , software , hardware , and consulting costs can easily exceed $100 million ( around $50 million to $500 million ) . Large companies can also spend $50 million to $100 million on upgrades . Full implementation of all modules can take years , '' which also adds to the end price . Midsized companies ( fewer than 1,000 employees ) are more likely to spend around $10 million to $20 million at most , and small companies are not likely to have the need for a fully integrated SAP ERP system unless they have the likelihood of becoming midsized and then the same data applies as would a midsized company . Independent studies have shown that deployment and maintenance costs of a SAP solution can greatly vary depending on the organization . For example , some point out that because of the rigid model imposed by SAP tools , a lot of customization code to adapt to the business process may have to be developed and maintained . Some others pointed out that a return on investment could only be obtained when there was both a sufficient number of users and sufficient frequency of use . Deploying SAP itself can also involve a lot of time and resources . SAP Transport Management system ( edit ) SAP Transport Management System ( TMS ) is a tool within SAP ERP systems to manage software updates , termed transports , on one or more connected SAP systems . This should not be confused with SAP Transportation Management , a stand - alone module for facilitating logistics and supply chain management in the transportation of goods and materials . ERP advantages and disadvantages ( edit ) Advantages Allows easier global integration ( barriers of currency exchange rates , language , and culture can be bridged automatically ) Updates only need to be done once to be implemented company - wide Provides real - time information , reducing the possibility of redundancy errors May create a more efficient work environment for employees Vendors have past knowledge and expertise on how to best build and implement a system User interface is completely customizable allowing end users to dictate the operational structure of the product Disadvantages Locked into relationship by contract and manageability with vendor - a contract can hold a company to the vendor until it expires and it can be unprofitable to switch vendors if switching costs are too high Inflexibility - vendor packages may not fit a company 's business model well and customization can be expensive Return on Investment may take too long to be profitable Implementations have a risk of project failure Releases ( edit ) SAP R / 1 System RF : 1973 SAP R / 2 Mainframe System : 1979 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 1.0 A : July 1992 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 3.0 B ( SAP R / 3 4.0 B ) : 6 April 1998 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 3.1 l ( SAP R / 3 3.1 I ) : 11 May 1998 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 4.3 ( SAP R / 3 4.3 ) : June 1998 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 4.5 B ( SAP R / 3 4.5 B ) : 29 March 1999 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 4.6 B ( SAP R / 3 4.6 B ) : 6 December 1999 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 4.6 C ( SAP R / 3 4.6 C ) : 3 April 2000 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 4.6 F SAP R / 3 ENTERPRISE 47X110 : 15 July 2002 SAP R / 3 ENTERPRISE 47X200 : 22 September 2003 SAP ERP Central Component ( ECC ) 5.0 : 21 June 2004 SAP ERP Central Component ( ECC ) 6.0 : 24 October 2005 SAP Enhancement Packages for SAP ERP 6.0 ( SAP EhPs ) ( edit ) The latest version ( SAP ERP 6.0 ) was made available in 2006 . Since then , additional functionality for SAP ERP 6.0 has been delivered through SAP Enhancement Packages ( EhP ) . These Enhancement Packages allow SAP ERP customers to manage and deploy new software functionality . Enhancement Packages are optional ; customers choose which new capabilities to implement . SAP EhPs do not require a classic system upgrade . The installation process of Enhancement Packages consists of two different steps : Technical installation of an Enhancement Package Activation of new functions The technical installation of business functions does not change the system behavior . The installation of new functionalities is decoupled from its activation and companies can choose which business functions they want to activate . This means that even after installing a new business function , there is no change to existing functionality before activation . Activating a business function for one process will have no effect on users working with other functionalities . The most recent SAP Enhancement Package for SAP ERP 6.0 was EhP8 , which was released in 2016 . EhP8 delivers innovations and serves as a foundation to transition to SAP 's new business suite : SAP S / 4HANA . SAP EhP Releases SAP enhancement package 1 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP1 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 21 December 2006 SAP enhancement package 2 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP2 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 27 July 2007 SAP enhancement package 3 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP3 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 7 December 2007 SAP enhancement package 4 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP4 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 21 November 2008 SAP enhancement package 4 for SAP ERP 6.0 on SAP enhancement package for SAP NetWeaver 7.0 ( EHP4 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 / NW7. 01 ) : 21 November 2008 SAP enhancement package 5 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP5 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 12 July 2010 SAP enhancement package 6 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP6 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 24 August 2011 SAP enhancement package 7 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP7 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 13 August 2013 SAP Fiori 1.0 for SAP ERP ( UI FOR EHP7 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 29 November 2013 SAP enhancement package 8 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP8 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 20 January 2016 See also ( edit ) SAP NetWeaver SOA List of ERP software packages SAPgui Secure Network Communications Secure Socket Layer T - code GuiXT References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lextrait , Vincent ( January 2010 ) . `` The Programming Languages Beacon , v10. 0 '' . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of SAP ERP Applications - R / 3 and ECC '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Overview SAP Enhancement Packages - SAP Enhancement Packages - SCN Wiki '' . wiki.scn.sap.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Boeder , Jochen ; Groene , Bernhard ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) . The Architecture of SAP ERP : Understand how successful software works . tredition . ISBN 9783849576622 . Jump up ^ Darmawan , Budi ; Dvorak , Miroslav ; Harnal , Dhruv ; Murugan , Rennad ; Silva , Marcos ( 2009 ) . SAP Backup using Tivoli Storage Manager ( PDF ) . ibm.com/redbooks . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 0738432970 . Jump up ^ `` About SAP Modules - SAP Modules List Overview '' . www.saponlinetutorials.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` SAP Project - A Step - by - step SAP Implementation Guide '' . Udemy . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Prevent SAP ERP implementation failure '' . SearchSAP . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Monk , Ellen F. ; Wagner , Brej J. ( 2009 ) . Concepts in enterprise resource planning ( 3rd ed . ) . Boston : Thomson Course Technology . pp. 23 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4239 - 0179 - 2 . Jump up ^ Everett , Cath ( 2008 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Companies warned over custom SAP costs '' . UK : zdnet . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Around 90 percent of European SAP customers could save six - or seven quid each year by avoiding the creation of bespoke code on top of the ERP platform , an IT consultant has claimed Jump up ^ Vance , Ashlee ( 2003 - 03 - 31 ) . `` SAP costs too much -- customers ROI challenged '' . UK : The Register . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Nucleus Research finds 57 percent of SAP Reference Customers have not Achieved a Positive ROI '' . Nucleus Research . 2003 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Customers will see benefits after lengthy implementations , but many deployments anchored down by excessive consulting costs Jump up ^ `` How to plan your budget for SAP '' . USA : Fingent . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Tesha ; Schattka , Karin ( 15 December 2009 ) . `` SAP ERP 6.0 '' . SAP Community WIKI . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Naveh , Moshe ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Overview SAP Enhancement Packages '' . SAP Community WIKI . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bui , Vi ( 11 January 2006 ) . `` THE RELEASE CHANGE CHALLENGE '' . Noventum . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Oehler , Christian ; Weiss , Thomas ( 15 December 2009 ) . `` Get Ready to Implement SAP Enhancement Packages for SAP ERP 6.0 '' . SAP Experts . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Weiss ; Christian , Oehler ( 1 January 2009 ) . `` Innovation Without Disruption : A Deep Dive into SAP 's Enhancement Package Strategy for SAP ERP '' . SAPinsider . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Rau , Sabine ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` SAP ERP Enhancement Package 8 , what is new ? '' . SAP Blogs . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Gargeya , VB 2005 , ' Success and failure factors of adopting SAP in ERP system implementation ' , Business Process Management Journal , Vol. 11 , No. 5 , pp501 -- 516 , Retrieved 21 / 04 / 2010 . In White Paper Review , Industry Week OCT 2009 , ' ERP Best Practices : The SaaS Difference , Plex Systems , Retrieved 21 / 04 / 2012 . Malhorta , A & Temponi , C 2010 , ' Critical decisions for ERP integration : Small business issues ' , International Journal of Information Management , Vol. 30 , Issue No. 1 , Pages 28 -- 37 , 21 / 04 / 2010 , Science Direct . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) ERP software List of ERP software packages Open - source Adaxa Suite Adempiere Apache OFBiz Compiere Dolibarr Epesi ERP5 ERPNext GNU Enterprise HeliumV iDempiere inoERP IntarS Kuali LedgerSMB metasfresh Odoo Openbravo ERP Postbooks Tryton Commercial Acumatica Eclipse ERP FinancialForce.com JD Edwards Enterprise One Microsoft Dynamics 365 NetSuite Oracle ERP Cloud Oracle Applications Sage 300 SAP ERP Tally Solutions Traverse Unit4 Business World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAP_ERP&oldid=841982333 '' Categories : SAP SE ERP software Hidden categories : Articles needing POV - check from December 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Alemannisch Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Slovenčina తెలుగు ไทย 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 11 : 49 . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of sap erp system	[ "SAP ERP[2] is enterprise resource planning software developed by the German company SAP SE. SAP ERP incorporates the key business functions of an organization. The latest version (SAP ERP 6.0) was made available in 2006. The most recent Enhancement Package (EHP8) for SAP ERP 6.0 was released in 2016.[3]" ]	[ "enterprise resource planning software" ]
7682879391176622750	Hạ Long Bay	Ha Long Bay - wikipedia Ha Long Bay Jump to : navigation , search `` The template Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site is being considered for merging . '' Ha Long Bay UNESCO World Heritage Site Location Vietnam Criteria Natural : vii , viii Reference 672 Inscription 1994 ( 18th Session ) Extensions 2000 Coordinates 20 ° 54 ′ N 107 ° 12 ′ E / 20.9 ° N 107.2 ° E / 20.9 ; 107.2 Coordinates : 20 ° 54 ′ N 107 ° 12 ′ E / 20.9 ° N 107.2 ° E / 20.9 ; 107.2 Location of Hạ Long Bay in Vietnam . This article contains Vietnamese text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of chữ nôm , chữ Hán and chữ quốc ngữ . Ha Long Bay ( Vietnamese : Vịnh Hạ Long , IPA : ( vînˀ hâːˀ lawŋm ) ( listen ) ) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and popular travel destination in Quang Ninh Province , Vietnam . Administratively , the bay belongs to Ha Long City , Cam Pha town , and is a part of Van Don District . The bay features thousands of limestone karsts and isles in various shapes and sizes . Ha Long Bay is a center of a larger zone which includes Bai Tu Long Bay to the northeast , and Cat Ba Island to the southwest . These larger zones share a similar geological , geographical , geomorphological , climate , and cultural characters . Ha Long Bay has an area of around 1,553 km , including 1,960 -- 2,000 islets , most of which are limestone . The core of the bay has an area of 334 km with a high density of 775 islets . The limestone in this bay has gone through 500 million years of formation in different conditions and environments . The evolution of the karst in this bay has taken 20 million years under the impact of the tropical wet climate . The geo - diversity of the environment in the area has created biodiversity , including a tropical evergreen biosystem , oceanic and sea shore biosystem . Ha Long Bay is home to 14 endemic floral species and 60 endemic faunal species . Historical research surveys have shown the presence of prehistoric human beings in this area tens of thousands years ago . The successive ancient cultures are the Soi Nhu culture around 18,000 -- 7000 BC , the Cai Beo culture 7000 -- 5000 BC and the Ha Long culture 5,000 -- 3,500 years ago . Ha Long Bay also marked important events in the history of Vietnam with many artifacts found in Bai Tho Mountain , Dau Go Cave , Bai Chay . 500 years ago , Nguyen Trai praised the beauty of Ha Long Bay in his verse Lộ nhập Vân Đồn , in which he called it `` rock wonder in the sky '' . In 1962 , the Ministry of Culture , Sports and Tourism of North Vietnam listed Ha Long Bay in the National Relics and Landscapes publication . In 1994 , the core zone of Ha Long Bay was listed as a World Heritage Site according to Criterion VII , and listed for a second time according to Criterion VIII . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Overview 2.1 Location 2.2 Climate 2.3 Population 3 History 3.1 Soi Nhu culture ( 16,000 -- 5000 BC ) 3.2 Cai Beo culture ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) 3.3 Feudal period 4 Geology and geomorphology 4.1 History of tectonics 4.2 Karst geomorphology value 4.3 Timeline of geologic evolution 5 Ecology 5.1 Environmental damage 6 Awards and designations 7 In literature 7.1 Ancient tales 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name Ha Long means `` descending dragon '' . Before 19th century , the name Ha Long Bay had not been recorded in the old books of the country . It has been called An Bang , Luc Thuy , Van Don ... In the late 19th century , the name Ha Long Bay appeared on the Maritime Map of France . The French - language Hai Phong News reported `` Dragon appears on Ha Long Bay '' . According to local legend , when Vietnam had just started to develop into a country , they had to fight against invaders . To assist the Vietnamese in defending their country , the gods sent a family of dragons as protectors . This family of dragons began spitting out jewels and jade . These jewels turned into the islands and islets dotting the bay , linking together to form a great wall against the invaders . Under magics , numerous rock mountains abruptly appeared on the sea , ahead of invaders ' ships ; the forward ships struck the rocks and each other . After winning the battle , the dragons were interested in peaceful sightseeing of the Earth , and then decided to live in this bay . The place where the mother dragon descended was named Ha Long , the place where the dragon 's children attended upon their mother was called Bai Tu Long island ( Bai : attend upon , Tu : children , Long : dragon ) , and the place where the dragon 's children wriggled their tails violently was called Bach Long Vy island ( Bach : white - color of the foam made when Dragon 's children wriggled , Long : dragon , Vy : tail ) , present day Tra Co peninsula , Mong Cai . Overview ( edit ) Thien Cung grotto The bay consists of a dense cluster of some 1,600 limestone monolithic islands each topped with thick jungle vegetation , rising spectacularly from the ocean . Several of the islands are hollow , with enormous caves . Hang Dau Go ( Wooden stakes cave ) is the largest grotto in the Ha Long area . French tourists visited in the late 19th century , and named the cave Grotte des Merveilles . Its three large chambers contain large numerous stalactites and stalagmites ( as well as 19th - century French graffiti ) . There are two bigger islands , Tuan Chau and Cat Ba , that have permanent inhabitants , as well as tourist facilities including hotels and beaches . There are a number of beautiful beaches on the smaller islands . Fisherman 's house , Ha Long Bay , Vietnam A community of around 1,600 people live on Ha Long Bay in four fishing villages : Cua Van , Ba Hang , Cong Tau and Vong Vieng in Hung Thang commune , Ha Long city . They live on floating houses and are sustained through fishing and marine aquaculture ( cultivating marine biota ) , plying the shallow waters for 200 species of fish and 450 different kinds of mollusks . Many of the islands have acquired their names as a result of interpretation of their unusual shapes . Such names include Voi Islet ( elephant ) , Ga Choi Islet ( fighting cock ) , Khi Islet ( monkey ) , and Mai Nha Islet ( roof ) . 989 of the islands have been given names . Birds and animals including bantams , antelopes , monkeys , and lizard also live on some of the islands . Floating fishing village Almost all these islands are as individual towers in a classic fenglin landscape with heights from 50m to 100m , and height / width ratios of up to about six . Another specific feature of Ha Long Bay is the abundance of lakes inside the limestone islands . For example , Dau Be island has six enclosed lakes . All these island lakes occupy drowned dolines within fengcong karst . Location ( edit ) Ha Long Bay is located in northeastern Vietnam , from E106 ° 56 ' to E107 ° 37 ' and from N20 ° 43 ' to N21 ° 09 ' . The bay stretches from Yen Hung district , past Ha Long city , Cam Pha town to Van Don District , bordered on the south and southeast by Lan Ha Bay , on the north by Ha Long city , and on the west by Bai Tu Long Bay . The bay has a 120 km long coastline and is approximately 1,553 km2 in size with about 2,000 islets . The area designated by UNESCO as the World Natural Heritage Site incorporates 434 km2 with 775 islets , of which the core zone is delimited by 69 points : Dau Go island on the west , Ba Ham lake on the south and Cong Tay island on the east . The protected area is from the Cái Dăm petrol store to Quang Hanh commune , Cam Pha town and the surrounding zone . Climate ( edit ) The climate of the bay is tropical , wet , sea islands , with two seasons : hot and moist summer , and dry and cold winter . The average temperature is from 15 ° C - 25 ° C , and annual rainfall is between 2 meters and 2.2 meters . Ha Long Bay has the typical diurnal tide system ( tide amplitude ranges from 3.5 - 4m ) . The salinity is from 31 to 34.5 MT in the dry season and lower in the rainy season . Population ( edit ) Of the 1,969 islands in Ha Long , only approximately 40 are inhabited . These islands range from tens to thousands of hectares in size , mainly in the East and Southeast of Ha Long Bay . In recent decades , thousands of villagers have been starting to settle down on the pristine islands and build new communities such as Sa Tô Island ( Hạ Long City ) , Thắng Lợi Island ( Vân Đồn district ) . The population of Ha Long Bay is about 1,540 , mainly in Cửa Vạn , Ba Hang and Cặp Dè fishing villages ( Hùng Thắng Ward , Hạ Long City ) . Residents of the bay mostly live on boats and rafts to facilitate the fishing , cultivating and breeding of aquatic and marine species . Today the life of Ha Long Bay inhabitants has much improved due to new travel businesses . At present , the Quảng Ninh provincial government has a policy to relocate the households living in the bay to resettle , in order to stabilize their life and to protect the landscape of the heritage zone . More than 300 households living in fishing villages in Ha Long Bay have been relocated ashore in Khe Cá Resettlement Area , now known as Zone 8 ( Hà Phong Ward , Hạ Long City ) since May 2014 . This project will continue to be implemented . The province will only retain a number of fishing villages for sightseeing tours . History ( edit ) Soi Nhu culture ( 16,000 -- 5000 BC ) ( edit ) Located in Ha Long and Bai Tu Long are archaeological sites such as Me Cung and Thien Long . There are remains from mounds of mountain shellfish ( Cyclophorus ) , spring shellfish ( Melania , also called Thiana ) , some fresh water mollusc and some rudimentary labour tools . The main way of life of Soi Nhu 's inhabitants included catching fish and shellfish , collecting fruits and digging for bulbs and roots . Their living environment was a coastal area unlike other Vietnamese cultures , for example , like those found in Hoa Binh and Bac Son . Cai Beo culture ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) ( edit ) Located in Ha Long and Cat Ba island , its inhabitants developed to the level of sea exploitation . Cai Beo culture is a link between Soi Nhu culture and Ha Long culture . Feudal period ( edit ) History shows that Ha Long Bay was the setting for local naval battles against Vietnam 's coastal neighbors . On three occasions , in the labyrinth of channels in Bach Dang River near the islands , the Vietnamese army stopped the Chinese from landing . In 1288 , General Tran Hung Dao stopped Mongol ships from sailing up the nearby Bach Dang River by placing steel - tipped wooden stakes at high tide , sinking the Mongol Kublai Khan 's fleet . During the Vietnam War , many of the channels between the islands were heavily mined by the United States Navy , some of which pose a threat to shipping to this day . Geology and geomorphology ( edit ) In 2000 , the UNESCO 's World Heritage Committee has inscribed the Ha Long Bay in the World Heritage List according to its outstanding examples representing major stages of the Earth 's history and its original limestone karstic geomorphologic features . The Ha Long Bay and its adjacent areas consist of a part of the Sino - Vietnamese composite terrane having its development history from pre-Cambrian up to present day . During Phanerozoic , terrigenous , volcanogenic and cherty - carbonate sediments containing in abundance graptolites , brachiopods , fishes , corals , foraminiferas , radiolarias , bivalves and flora , separated one from another by 10 stratigraphic gaps , but the boundary between Devonian and Carboniferous has been considered as continuous . The limestone karstic geomorphology of the bay was developed since Miocene , especially the cone - shaped hills ( fengcong ) , or isolated high limestone karst towers ( fenglin ) with many remnants of old phreatic caves , old karstic foot caves , marine notch caves form magnificent limestone karst landforms as unique on the world . The Quaternary geology was developed through 5 cycles with the intercalation of marine and continental environments . The present Ha Long Bay , in fact , appeared after the Middle Holocene maximum transgression , leaving ultimate zone of lateral undercutting in the limestone cliffs bearing many shells of oysters , having the 14C age as 2280 to > 40,000 y . BP . Geological resources are abundant : anthracite , lignite , oil shale , petroleum , phosphate , limestone and cement additives , kaolin , silica sand , dolomite , quartzite of exogenous origin , and antimony , mercury of hydrothermal origin . Besides , there still are surface water , groundwater and thermal mineral water on the shore of the Ha Long - Bái Tử Long Bays and other environmental resources . In terms of marine geology , this area is recorded as an especially coastal sedimentary environment . In the alkaline seawater environment , the chemical denudation process of calcium carbonate proceeds rapidly , creating wide , strangely shaped marine notches . The bottom surface sediments are various from clay mud to sand , however , silty mud and clay mud are dominated in distribution . Especially , the carbonate materials originated from organisms make up from 60 - 65 % sedimentary content . The surface sediments of coral reefs are mainly sand and pebbles of which the carbonate materials occupy for more than 90 % . The intertidal zone sediments are various from clay mud to sand and gravel depending to distinguished sedimentary environments such as mangrove marshes , tidal flats , beaches etc . At the small , but wonderfully beautiful beaches , the sand sediments may be dominated quartz or carbonate materials . The sediment layers of intertidal zone , the upper sea bed with a plain surface conserving ancient rivers , systems of caves and it 's sediments , traces of ancient marine action forming distinctive notches , beaches and marine terraces , mangrove swamps are important evidence of geological events and processes taking place during Quaternary . History of tectonics ( edit ) Ha Long Bay has experienced at least 500 million years in various geological states of orogeny , marine transgression and marine regression . During the Ordovician and Silurian periods ( 500 - 410 million years ago ) , Ha Long Bay was deep sea . During the Carboniferous and Permian periods ( 340 - 250 million years ago ) , Ha Long Bay was at shallow sea level . The dominated uplift movement of neotectonic and recent tectonic influenced deeply on topography of this area , and the present landscape of sea - islands was formed around 7 or 8 thousand years ago by the sea invasion during Holocene transgression begun at about 17 - 18 thousand years ago . Particularly from the Holocene time , from about 11,000 years ago Cat Ba - Ha Long area has much archaeological evidence connecting variations in sea levels with the development of ancient cultures such as the Soi Nhu and Ha Long cultures . Karst geomorphology value ( edit ) Due to a simultaneous combination of ideal factors such as thick , pale , grey , and strong limestone layers , which are formed by fine - grained materials ; hot and moist climate and slow tectonic process as a whole ; Ha Long Bay has had a complete karst evolution for 20 million years . There are many types of karst topography in the bay , such as karst field . Ha Long Bay is a mature karst landscape developed during a warm , wet , tropical climate . The sequence of stages in the evolution of a karst landscape over a period of 20 million years requires a combination of several distinct elements including a massive thickness of limestone , a hot wet climate and slow overall tectonic up lift . The process of karst formation is divided into five stages , the second of which is the formation of the distinctive do line karst . This is followed by the development of fengcong karst , which can be seen in the groups of hills on Bo Hon and Dau Be Inland . These cones with sloping sides average 100m in height with the tallest exceeding 200m . Fenglin karst is characterised by steep separate towers . The hundreds of rocky islands with form the beautiful and famous landscape of the Bay are the individual towers of a classic Fenglin landscape where the intervening plains have been submerged by the sea . Most towers reach a height of between 50 and 100m with a height to width ratio of about 6 . The karst dolines were flooded by the sea , becoming the abundance of lakes that lie within the limestone islands . For example , Dau Be island at the mouth of the Bay has six enclosed lakes including those of the Ba Ham lakes lying within its fencong karst . The Bay contains examples of the landscape elements of fengcong , fenglin and karst plain . These are not separate evolutionary stages but the result of natural non -- uniform processes in the denudation of a large mass of limestone . Marine erosion created the notches which in some places have been enlarged into caves . The marine notch is a feature of limestone coastline but , in Ha Long Bay , it has created the mature landscape . Within Ha Long Bay , the main accessible caves are the older passages that survive from the time when the karst was evolving though its various stages of fengcong and fenglin . Three main types of caves can be recognized in the limestone islands ( Waltham , T. 1998 ) : Remnants of old phreatic caves Old karstic foot caves Marine notch caves The first group of caves is old phreatic caves which include Sung Sot , Tam Cung , Lau Dai , Thien Cung , Dau Go , Hoang Long , Thien Long . Nowadays , these caves lie at various high levels . Sung Sot cave is on Bo Hon island . From its truncated entrance chambers on a ledge high on the cliff , a passage of more that 10m high and wide descends to the south . Tam Cung is a large phreatic fissure cave that developed in the bedding planes of the limestone dividing the fissure cave into three chambers . Lau Dai is a cave with a complex of passages extending over 300m opening on the south side of Con Ngua island . Thien Cung and Dau Go are remnants of the same old cave system . They both survive in the northern part of Dau Go island at between 20 and 50m above sea level . Thien Cung has one large chamber more that 100m long , blocked at its ends and almost subdivided into smaller chambers by massive wall of stalactites and stalagmites . Dau Go is a single large tunnel descending along a major set of fractures to a massive choke . The second group of caves is the old karstic foot caves which include Trinh Lu , Bo Nau , Tien Ong and Trong caves . Foot caves are a ubiquitous feature of karst landscapes which have reached a stage of widespread lateral undercutting at base level . They may extend back into maze caves of stream caves draining from larger cave systems within the limestone . They are distinguished by the main elements of their passages being close to the horizontal and are commonly related to denuded or accumulated terraces at the old base levels . Trinh Nu , which is one of the larger foot caves in Ha Long Bay with its ceiling at about 12m above sea level and about 80m in length , was developed in multiple stages . Bo Nau , a horizontal cave containing old stalactite deposits , cuts across the 25o dip of the bedding plane . The third group is the marine notch caves that are a special feature of the karst of Ha Long Bay . The dissolution process of sea water acting on the limestone and erosion by wave action crates notches at the base of the cliffs . In advantageous conditions , dissolution of the limestone allows the cliff notches to be steadily deepened and extended into caves . Many of these at sea level extend right though the limestone hills into drowned dolines which are now tidal lakes . A distinguishing feature of marine notch caves is an absolutely smooth and horizontal ceiling cut through the limestone . Some marine notch caves had been not formed at present sea level , but old sea levels related to sea level changes in Holocene transgression , event to Pleistocene sea levels . Some of them passed preserved the development of old karstic foot cave in mainland environment or preserved the remnants of older phreatic caves . One of the most unusual features of Ha Long Bay is the Bo Ham lake group of hidden lakes and their connecting tunnel -- notch caves in Dau Be island . From the island 's perimeter cliff a cave , 10m wide at water level and curving so that it is almost completely dark , extends about 150m to Lake 1 . Luon cave is on Bo Hon island and extends 50m though to an enclosed tidal lake . It has a massive stalactite hanging 2m down and truncated at the modern tidal level . It has passed though many stages in its formation . The karst landscape of Ha Long Bay is of international significance and of fundamental importance to the science of geomorphology . The fenglin tower karst , which is the type present in much of Ha Long Bay , is the most extreme form of limestone landscape development . If these karst landscapes are broadly compared in terms of their height , steepness and number of their limestone towers , Ha Long Bay is probably second in the entire world only to Yangshou , in China . However , Ha Long Bay has also been invaded by the sea so that the geomorphology of its limestone is lands are , at least in part , the consequence of marine erosion . The marine invasion distinguishes Ha Long Bay and makes it unique in the world . There are other areas of submerged karst towers which were invaded by the sea , but none is as extensive as Ha Long Bay . Timeline of geologic evolution ( edit ) Some of the most remarkable geological events in Ha Long Bay 's history have occurred in the last 1,000 years , include the advance of the sea , the raising of the bay area , strong erosion that has formed coral , and , pure blue and heavily salted water . This process of erosion by seawater has deeply engraved the stone , contributing to its fantastic beauty . Present - day Ha Long Bay is the result of this long process of geological evolution that has been influenced by so many factors . Due to all these factors , tourists visiting Ha Long Bay are not only treated to one of the natural wonders of the world , but also to a precious geological museum that has been naturally preserved in the open air for the last 300 million years . Date Geologic period Events 570,000,000 - 500,000,000 BC beginning of the Cambrian Period The area , which now forms Ha Long Bay , was basically mainland , submitted to a process of rain erosion . end of the Cambrian Period The area was flooded , commencing the existence of Ha Long Bay . 500,000,000 - 400,000,000 BC Ordovician and Silurian periods The area of north - east Vietnam was almost like a deep sea , submitted to the constant activity of tectonic plates . end of the Silurian Period It underwent a phase of inverse - motion that created mountains deep under the water . 420,000,000 - 340,000,000 BC end of the Silurian Period and throughout the whole Devonian Period The area was subjected to powerful forces of erosion from the hot and dry climate . At this point , Ha Long was part of a wide mainland that comprised most of today 's South China Sea and Chinese continental shelf . end of the Devonian Period Due to tectonic activity , the Ha Long area and the entire north - east region were raised from the depths 340,000,000 - 240,000,000 BC later Carboniferous and Permian periods The formation of the limestone layer more than 1,000 m thick . A shallow and warm sea reformed , which existed for approximately 100 million years . It created two kinds of limestone : the Cát Bà layer of the early Carboniferous period ( 450 m thick ) ; and the Quang Hanh layer of the middle Carboniferous and the early Permian period ( 750 m thick ) . These two layers constitute the majority of the islands of the Bay . 67,000,000 BC end of the Cretaceous Period Ha Long Bay existed in the environment of a high mountainous mainland due to the influence of strong mountain - forming phases . middle of the Paleogene Period These motions remain continuous and stable , while strong processes of erosion began , and after millions of years , a form of semi-highland topography took shape . The continuation of this erosion has progressively cut the highlands into blocks with altitudes similar to today 's mountains 26,000,000 - 10,000,000 BC Neogene Period The development of the Ha Long depression 2,000,000 - 9000 BC Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period The process of erosion began dissolving the limestone - rich region of Ha Long , after that , forming the limestone plain was most active 68,000 - 9000 BC middle and late Pleistocene Epoch Period when the caves and grottoes of the area formed . early Holocene Epoch The islands of today 's Ha Long Bay are basically remnants of these mountains , flooded . Rainwater flowed into crevices in the limestone that had formed from tectonic activity . This steady erosion constantly widened the cracks , eventually creating today 's formations . 9000 - 5000 BC Holocene Epoch This period is notable for the advance of the sea . 5000 - 2000 BC The movement of the sea reached its peak and forming today 's Ha Long Bay . 2000 -- 1000 BC With the sea in a steady process of recession , Ha Long culture began to develop . beginning of the late Holocene Epoch The level of the water once again increased , forming a marshy floor of canals and streams , and creating the water marks that can be seen on the stone cliffs of today . Ecology ( edit ) Ha Long Bay is host to two ecosystems : a tropical , moist , evergreen rainforest ecosystem ; and a marine and coastal ecosystem . The bay is home to seven endemic species : Livistona Ha Longensis , Impatiens Ha Longensis , Chirita Ha Longensis , Chirita hiepii , Chirita modesta , Paraboea Ha Longensis and Alpinia calcicola . The many islands that dot the bay are home to a great many other species , including ( but likely not limited to ) : 477 magnoliales , 12 pteris , 20 salt marsh flora ; and 4 amphibia , 10 reptilia , 40 aves , and 4 mammalia . Common aquatic species found in the bay include : cuttlefish ( mực ) ; oyster ( hào ) ; cyclinae ( ngán ) ; prawns ( penaeidea ( tôm he ) , panulirus ( tôm hùm ) , parapenaeopsis ( tôm sắt ) , etc . ) ; sipunculoideas ( sá sùng ) ; nerita ( ốc đĩa ) ; charonia tritonis ( ốc tù và ) ; and cà sáy . Environmental damage ( edit ) With an increasing tourist trade , mangroves and seagrass beds have been cleared and jetties and wharves have been built for tourist boats . Game fishing , often near coral reefs , is threatening many endangered species of fish . Local government and businesses are aware of problems and many measures have been taken to minimize tourism affect to the bay environment for sustainable economic growth like introducing eco friendly tours and introducing tight waste control on resorts . Awards and designations ( edit ) In 1962 , the Vietnam Ministry of Culture , Sport and Tourism designated Ha Long Bay a ' Renowned National Landscape Monument ' . Ha Long Bay was first listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 , in recognition of its outstanding , universal aesthetic value . In 2000 the World Heritage Committee additionally recognised Ha Long Bay for its outstanding geological and geomorphological value , and its World Heritage Listing was updated . In October 2011 , World Monuments Fund included the bay on the 2012 World Monuments Watch , citing tourism pressures and associated development as threats to the site that must be addressed . The goal of Watch - listing is to promote strategies of responsible heritage - driven development for a sustainable future . In 2012 , New 7 Wonders Foundation officially named Ha Long Bay as one of New Seven Natural Wonders of the world . Ha Long Bay is also a member of the Club of the Most Beautiful Bays of the World . In literature ( edit ) In writings about Ha Long Bay , the following Vietnamese writers said : Nguyễn Trãi : `` This wonder is ground raising up into the middle of the high sky '' . Xuân Diệu : `` Here is the unfinished works of the Beings ... Here is the stones which the Giant played and threw away '' . Nguyên Ngọc : `` ... to form this first - rate wonder , nature only uses : Stone and Water ... There are just only two materials themselves chosen from as much as materials , in order to write , to draw , to sculpture , to create everything ... It is quite possible that here is the image of the future world '' . Ho Chi Minh : `` It is the wonder that one can not impart to others '' . Phạm Văn Đồng : `` Is it one scenery or many sceneries ? Is it the scenery in the world or somewhere ? '' . Nguyễn Tuân : `` Only mountains accept to be old , but Ha Long sea and wave are young forever '' . Huy Cận : `` Night breathes , stars wave Ha Long 's water '' . Chế Lan Viên : `` Ha Long , Bái Tử Long - Dragons were hidden , only stones still remain On the moonlight nights , stones meditate as men do ... '' Lord Trịnh Cương overflowed with emotion : `` Mountains are glistened by water shadow , water spills all over the sky '' . Ancient tales ( edit ) Ha Long bay 's inhabitants have developed numerous tales explaining names given to various isles and caves in the bay . Dau Go cave ( literally : `` the end of wooden bars '' cave ) : these wooden bars in this cave are the remnants of sharped wooden columns built under the water level by the order of Trần Hưng Đạo commander in order to sink Mongolian invaders ' ships in the 13th century . Kim Quy cave ( literally : `` Golden Turtle '' cave ) : it is told that the Golden Turtle swam toward the Eastern Sea ( international name : South China Sea ) after returning the holy sword which had assisted King Lê Thái Tổ in the combat against Ming invaders from China . Next , with the approval of the Sea King , Golden Turtle continued to fight against monsters in this marine area . The turtle became exhausted and died in a cave . Consequently , the cave was named after the Golden Turtle . Con Coc islet ( literally : Frog islet ) : is a frog - like isle . According to ancient tales , in a year of severe drought , a frog directed all animals to the Heaven and protested against the God . They demonstrated in favour of making rain . As a result , the God must accept the frog as his uncle . Since then , whenever frogs grind their teeth , the God has to pour water down the ground . Hang Trong and Hang Trinh Nu ( litterally : Male cave and Virgin cave ) : the tale 's about a beautiful woman had fallen in love with a fisherman whom must sail to the sea not so long after their engagement , the landlord saw this beautiful girl and captured her , but with her resistance , the landlord exiled the girl to remote island . After being left to starve , the girl was death and turned into a statue in which people called as Hang Trinh Nu ( Virgin Cave ) . Her betrothed ran to the girl 's place and found out what had happened , he turned into an islet which situated nearby and called as Hang Trong ( Male Cave ) Panorama of Hạ Long Bay , taken on Monkey Island , 2013 See also ( edit ) Ha Long Việt Nam Guilin Krabi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vịnh Hạ Long . Website chính thức của Ủy ban tổ chức Đại lễ Phật đản Liên Hiệp Quốc 2008 ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ Giá trị địa chất -- địa mạo của vịnh Hạ Long . Archived 2009 - 01 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . - Trang web chính thức của vịnh Hạ Long ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ Giá trị đa dạng sinh học của vịnh Hạ Long . Archived 2009 - 01 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . - Trang web chính thức của vịnh Hạ Long ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ Bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học vịnh Hạ Long '' Archived 2009 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . - Tuổi Trẻ Online . Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 10 năm 2007 , 17 : 26GMT ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ Khu văn hóa và lịch sử các đảo vịnh Hạ Long . - Website Trường Đại học Khoa học Tự Nhiên Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ Giá trị lịch sử - văn hóa của vịnh Hạ Long . Archived 2009 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . - Trang web chính thức của vịnh Hạ Long ( in Vietnamese ) ^ Jump up to : `` Có một nền văn hóa Hạ Long '' Archived 2009 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . - Tuổi Trẻ Online ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ `` Từ hơn 500 năm trước , vịnh Hạ Long đã được tôn vinh là kỳ quan '' - Tuổi Trẻ Online ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ Vị trí địa lý , khí hậu của vịnh Hạ Long . Archived 2009 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . - Trang web chính thức của vịnh Hạ Long ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ `` Hạ Long Bay '' . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Official website of Communist Party of Vietnam - Introduction of Ha Long City Archived 2013 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Report of Twenty - fourth session of the World Heritage Committee , Cairns , Australia '' . UNESCO World Heritage Committee . 27 November 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.idm.gov.vn/nguon_luc/Xuat_ban/2003/22/t1.htm ^ Jump up to : Tran Duc Thanh ; Waltham Tony ( 1 September 2001 ) . `` The outstanding value of the geology of Ha Long Bay '' . Advances in Natural Sciences . ResearchGate. 2 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0866 - 708X . Jump up ^ Tran Duc Thanh , 1998 . Geological History of Ha Long Bay Jump up ^ Trần Văn Trị , Trần Đức Thạnh , Tony Waltham , Lê Đức An , Lại Huy Anh , 2003 . The Ha Long Bay World Heritage : Outstanding geological values . Journal of Geology , Series B. No. 22 / 2003 . p. 1 - 18 Jump up ^ Charles Sturt University . `` HSC Online - Ha Long Bay , Vietnam - a coastal ecosystem in Vietnam '' . csu.edu.au . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the 18th Session of the World Heritage Committee , Phuket , Thailand , 12 -- 17 December 1994 '' . UNSECO World Heritage Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Hạ Long Bay - UNESCO World Heritage Site '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Beautiful Bays in the World '' . Club of the Most Beautiful Bays of the World . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ha Long bay - the beauty from tales and history '' . www.daidoanket.vn . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.halong-bay-cruise.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vịnh Hạ Long . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ha Long Bay . UNESCO 's World Heritage Convention : Ha Long Bay * Environmental capacity Ha Long Bay - Bai Tu Long . Publisher : Natural Science and Technology . Hanoi . Editor : Nguyen Khoa Son , ISBN 978 - 604 - 913 - 063 - 2 -- In Vietnamese Vietnamese Sea and Islands -- position Resources , and typical geological and ecological wonders . Publisher Science and Technology . Ha Noi , Editor : Nguyen Khoa Son , ISBN 978 - 604 - 913 - 063 - 2 . In Vietnamese World Heritage Sites in Vietnam Cultural heritage Complex of Huế Monuments Hội An Ancient Town Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty Natural heritage Hạ Long Bay Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng National Park Mixed Tràng An Scenic Landscape Complex New 7 Wonders of Nature Amazon rainforest and river Hạ Long Bay Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls Jeju Island Komodo Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain History of fishing History History of fishing Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture Chasse - marée Fishing in Cornwall Fishery Protection Squadron Fishing stage Garum Harold Innis and the cod fishery Migratory Fishery of Labrador Munster pilchard fishery 1570 -- 1750 Pearling in Western Australia S'Argamassa Roman fish farm Scania Market Scottish east coast fishery Traditional fishing boat Conflicts Bering Sea Arbitration Cod Wars Crab Wars Lobster War Newlyn riots Oyster Wars Shetland bus Turbot War Disasters and memorials 1959 Escuminac disaster 2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster Eyemouth disaster Moray Firth fishing disaster Steveston Fisherman 's Memorial Stotfield fishing disaster ( hide ) Historic fishing villages and communities Fishing villages Akwidaa Algajola Ardglass Bermeo Bethsaida Bolungarvík Cadgwith Catalan Bay Chorkor Ciboure Clovelly Cullercoats Dunmore East Ea Elantxobe Findon Getaria Gilleleje Grip Guéthary Gümüşlük Hondarribia Hovden Huanchaco Kaunolu Village Ladner Lamorna Lekeitio Marsaxlokk Moskenes Mundaka Mutriku Newhaven Nyksund Old Perlican Ondarroa Ona Orio Pasaia Peggys Cove Pittenweem Plentzia Po Toi O Polperro Port Isaac Portavogie Portmahomack Portofino Red Bay Reine Sa Riera St Abbs Saint - Jean - de-Luz Saint Malo Sayulita Sigri Staithes Steveston Súðavík Suðureyri Tai O Tilting Trinity Udappu Vernazza Walraversijde Zumaia more ... Communities Atlit Yam Bhoi Hạ Long Bay Lofoten Makassan Newfoundland outports Póvoa de Varzim Sørvágur Tlingit Uros Vezo more ... List of fishing villages Glossary Index Outline VIAF : 235704116 LCCN : sh00006010 GND : 7538052 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Hạ_Long_Bay&oldid = 828103056 '' Categories : World Heritage Sites in Vietnam Bays of Vietnam Gulf of Tonkin Association of Southeast Asian Nations heritage parks Landforms of Quang Ninh Province Fishing communities in Vietnam Tourist attractions in Quang Ninh Province Hidden categories : Articles with Vietnamese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 16 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did ha long bay become a world heritage site	[ "500 years ago, Nguyen Trai praised the beauty of Ha Long Bay in his verse Lộ nhập Vân Đồn, in which he called it \"rock wonder in the sky\".[8] In 1962, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of North Vietnam listed Ha Long Bay in the National Relics and Landscapes publication.[9] In 1994, the core zone of Ha Long Bay was listed as a World Heritage Site according to Criterion VII, and listed for a second time according to Criterion VIII.[10]" ]	[ "1994" ]
2151215602545499677	Allosteric regulation	Allosteric regulation - wikipedia Allosteric regulation Allosteric regulation of an enzyme In biochemistry , allosteric regulation ( or allosteric control ) is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme 's active site . The site to which the effector binds is termed the allosteric site or regulatory site . Allosteric sites allow effectors to bind to the protein , often resulting in a conformational change involving protein dynamics . Effectors that enhance the protein 's activity are referred to as allosteric activators , whereas those that decrease the protein 's activity are called allosteric inhibitors . Allosteric regulations are a natural example of control loops , such as feedback from downstream products or feedforward from upstream substrates . Long - range allostery is especially important in cell signaling . Allosteric regulation is also particularly important in the cell 's ability to adjust enzyme activity . The term allostery comes from the Greek allos ( ἄλλος ) , `` other '' , and stereos ( στερεὀς ) , `` solid ( object ) '' . This is in reference to the fact that the regulatory site of an allosteric protein is physically distinct from its active site . Contents 1 Models 1.1 Concerted model 1.2 Sequential model 1.3 Morpheein model 1.4 Ensemble models 2 Allosteric modulation 3 Energy sensing model 3.1 Positive modulation 3.2 Negative modulation 4 Types 4.1 Homotropic 4.2 Heterotropic 4.3 Essential activators 5 Non-regulatory allostery 6 Pharmacology 6.1 Allosteric sites as drug targets 7 Synthetic allosteric systems 8 Online resources 8.1 Allosteric database 8.2 Allosteric residues and their prediction 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Models ( edit ) A -- Active site B -- Allosteric site C -- Substrate D -- Inhibitor E -- Enzyme This is a diagram of allosteric regulation of an enzyme . Many allosteric effects can be explained by the concerted MWC model put forth by Monod , Wyman , and Changeux , or by the sequential model described by Koshland , Nemethy , and Filmer . Both postulate that protein subunits exist in one of two conformations , tensed ( T ) or relaxed ( R ) , and that relaxed subunits bind substrate more readily than those in the tense state . The two models differ most in their assumptions about subunit interaction and the preexistence of both states . For proteins in which subunits exist in more than two conformations , the allostery landscape model described by Cuendet , Weinstein , and LeVine , can be used . Concerted model ( edit ) The concerted model of allostery , also referred to as the symmetry model or MWC model , postulates that enzyme subunits are connected in such a way that a conformational change in one subunit is necessarily conferred to all other subunits . Thus , all subunits must exist in the same conformation . The model further holds that , in the absence of any ligand ( substrate or otherwise ) , the equilibrium favors one of the conformational states , T or R . The equilibrium can be shifted to the R or T state through the binding of one ligand ( the allosteric effector or ligand ) to a site that is different from the active site ( the allosteric site ) . Sequential model ( edit ) The sequential model of allosteric regulation holds that subunits are not connected in such a way that a conformational change in one induces a similar change in the others . Thus , all enzyme subunits do not necessitate the same conformation . Moreover , the sequential model dictates that molecules of a substrate bind via an induced fit protocol . In general , when a subunit randomly collides with a molecule of substrate , the active site , in essence , forms a glove around its substrate . While such an induced fit converts a subunit from the tensed state to relaxed state , it does not propagate the conformational change to adjacent subunits . Instead , substrate - binding at one subunit only slightly alters the structure of other subunits so that their binding sites are more receptive to substrate . To summarize : subunits need not exist in the same conformation molecules of substrate bind via induced - fit protocol conformational changes are not propagated to all subunits Morpheein model ( edit ) The morpheein model of allosteric regulation is a dissociative concerted model . A morpheein is a homo - oligomeric structure that can exist as an ensemble of physiologically significant and functionally different alternate quaternary assemblies . Transitions between alternate morpheein assemblies involve oligomer dissociation , conformational change in the dissociated state , and reassembly to a different oligomer . The required oligomer disassembly step differentiates the morpheein model for allosteric regulation from the classic MWC and KNF models . Porphobilinogen synthase ( PBGS ) is the prototype morpheein . Ensemble models ( edit ) Ensemble models of allosteric regulation enumerate an allosteric system 's statistical ensemble as a function of its potential energy function , and then relate specific statistical measurements of allostery to specific energy terms in the energy function ( such as an intermolecular salt bridge between two domains ) . Ensemble models like the ensemble allosteric model and allosteric Ising model assume that each domain of the system can adopt two states similar to the MWC model . The allostery landscape model introduced by Cuendet , Weinstein , and LeVine allows for the domains to have any number of states and the contribution of a specific molecular interaction to a given allosteric coupling can be estimated using a rigorous set of rules . Molecular dynamics simulations can be used to estimate a system 's statistical ensemble so that it can be analyzed with the allostery landscape model . Allosteric modulation ( edit ) Main article : Allosteric modulator Allosteric modulation is used to alter the activity of molecules and enzymes in biochemistry and pharmacology . For comparison , a typical drug is made to bind to the active site of an enzyme which thus prohibits binding of a substrate to that enzyme causing a decrease in enzyme activity . Allosteric modulation occurs when an effector binds to an allosteric site ( also known as a regulatory site ) of an enzyme and alters the enzyme activity . Allosteric modulators are designed to fit the allosteric site to cause a conformational change of the enzyme , in particular a change in the shape of the active site , which then causes a change in its activity . In contrast to typical drugs , modulators are not competitive inhibitors . They can be positive ( activating ) causing an increase of the enzyme activity or negative ( inhibiting ) causing a decrease of the enzyme activity . The use of allosteric modulation allows the control of the effects of specific enzyme activities ; as a result , allosteric modulators are very effective in pharmacology . Energy sensing model ( edit ) An example of this model is seen with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis , a bacterium that is perfectly suited to adapt to living in the macrophages of humans . The enzyme 's sites serve as a communication between different substrates . Specifically between AMP and G6P . Sites like these also serve as a sensing mechanism for the enzyme 's performance . Positive modulation ( edit ) Positive allosteric modulation ( also known as allosteric activation ) occurs when the binding of one ligand enhances the attraction between substrate molecules and other binding sites . An example is the binding of oxygen molecules to hemoglobin , where oxygen is effectively both the substrate and the effector . The allosteric , or `` other '' , site is the active site of an adjoining protein subunit . The binding of oxygen to one subunit induces a conformational change in that subunit that interacts with the remaining active sites to enhance their oxygen affinity . Another example of allosteric activation is seen in cytosolic IMP - GMP specific 5 ' - nucleotidase II ( cN - II ) , where the affinity for substrate GMP increases upon GTP binding at the dimer interface Negative modulation ( edit ) Negative allosteric modulation ( also known as allosteric inhibition ) occurs when the binding of one ligand decreases the affinity for substrate at other active sites . For example , when 2 , 3 - BPG binds to an allosteric site on hemoglobin , the affinity for oxygen of all subunits decreases . This is when a regulator is absent from the binding site . Direct thrombin inhibitors provides an excellent example of negative allosteric modulation . Allosteric inhibitors of thrombin have been discovered which could potentially be used as anticoagulants . Another example is strychnine , a convulsant poison , which acts as an allosteric inhibitor of the glycine receptor . Glycine is a major post-synaptic inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian spinal cord and brain stem . Strychnine acts at a separate binding site on the glycine receptor in an allosteric manner ; i.e. , its binding lowers the affinity of the glycine receptor for glycine . Thus , strychnine inhibits the action of an inhibitory transmitter , leading to convulsions . Another instance in which negative allosteric modulation can be seen is between ATP and the enzyme phosphofructokinase within the negative feedback loop that regulates glycolysis . Phosphofructokinase ( generally referred to as PFK ) is an enzyme that catalyses the third step of glycolysis : the phosphorylation of fructose - 6 - phosphate into fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphate . PFK can be allosterically inhibited by high levels of ATP within the cell . When ATP levels are high , ATP will bind to an allosteoric site on phosphofructokinase , causing a change in the enzyme 's three - dimensional shape . This change causes its affinity for substrate ( fructose - 6 - phosphate and ATP ) at the active site to decrease , and the enzyme is deemed inactive . This causes glycolysis to cease when ATP levels are high , thus conserving the body 's glucose and maintaining balanced levels of cellular ATP . In this way , ATP serves as a negative allosteric modulator for PFK , despite the fact that it is also a substrate of the enzyme . Types ( edit ) Homotropic ( edit ) A homotropic allosteric modulator is a substrate for its target enzyme , as well as a regulatory molecule of the enzyme 's activity . It is typically an activator of the enzyme . For example , O and CO are homotropic allosteric modulators of hemoglobin . Likewise , in IMP / GMP specific 5 ' nucleotidase , binding of one GMP molecule to a single subunit of the tetrameric enzyme leads to increased affinity for GMP by the subsequent subunits as revealed by sigmoidal substrate versus velocity plots . Heterotropic ( edit ) A heterotropic allosteric modulator is a regulatory molecule that is not the enzyme 's substrate . It may be either an activator or an inhibitor of the enzyme . For example , H , CO , and 2 , 3 - bisphosphoglycerate are heterotropic allosteric modulators of hemoglobin . Once again , in IMP / GMP specific 5 ' nucleotidase , binding of GTP molecule at the dimer interface in the tetrameric enzyme leads to increased affinity for substrate GMP at the active site indicating towards K - type heterotropic allosteric activation . As has been amply highlighted above , some allosteric proteins can be regulated by both their substrates and other molecules . Such proteins are capable of both homotropic and heterotropic interactions . Essential activators ( edit ) Some allosteric activators are referred to as `` essential '' , or `` obligate '' activators , in the sense that in their absence , the activity of their target enzyme activity is very low or negligible , as is the case with N - acetylglutamate 's activity on carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I , for example . Non-regulatory allostery ( edit ) A non-regulatory allosteric site is any non-regulatory component of an enzyme ( or any protein ) , that is not itself an amino acid . For instance , many enzymes require sodium binding to ensure proper function . However , the sodium does not necessarily act as a regulatory subunit ; the sodium is always present and there are no known biological processes to add / remove sodium to regulate enzyme activity . Non-regulatory allostery could comprise any other ions besides sodium ( calcium , magnesium , zinc ) , as well as other chemicals and possibly vitamins . Pharmacology ( edit ) Allosteric modulation of a receptor results from the binding of allosteric modulators at a different site ( a `` regulatory site '' ) from that of the endogenous ligand ( an `` active site '' ) and enhances or inhibits the effects of the endogenous ligand . Under normal circumstances , it acts by causing a conformational change in a receptor molecule , which results in a change in the binding affinity of the ligand . In this way , an allosteric ligand modulates the receptor 's activation by its primary ( orthosteric ) ligand , and can be thought to act like a dimmer switch in an electrical circuit , adjusting the intensity of the response . For example , the GABA receptor has two active sites that the neurotransmitter gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) binds , but also has benzodiazepine and general anaesthetic agent regulatory binding sites . These regulatory sites can each produce positive allosteric modulation , potentiating the activity of GABA . Diazepam is an agonist at the benzodiazepine regulatory site , and its antidote flumazenil is an antagonist . More recent examples of drugs that allosterically modulate their targets include the calcium - mimicking cinacalcet and the HIV treatment maraviroc . Allosteric sites as drug targets ( edit ) Allosteric sites may represent a novel drug target . There are a number of advantages in using allosteric modulators as preferred therapeutic agents over classic orthosteric ligands . For example , G protein - coupled receptor ( GPCR ) allosteric binding sites have not faced the same evolutionary pressure as orthosteric sites to accommodate an endogenous ligand , so are more diverse . Therefore , greater GPCR selectivity may be obtained by targeting allosteric sites . This is particularly useful for GPCRs where selective orthosteric therapy has been difficult because of sequence conservation of the orthosteric site across receptor subtypes . Also , these modulators have a decreased potential for toxic effects , since modulators with limited co-operativity will have a ceiling level to their effect , irrespective of the administered dose . Another type of pharmacological selectivity that is unique to allosteric modulators is based on co-operativity . An allosteric modulator may display neutral co-operativity with an orthosteric ligand at all subtypes of a given receptor except the subtype of interest , which is termed `` absolute subtype selectivity '' . If an allosteric modulator does not possess appreciable efficacy , it can provide another powerful therapeutic advantage over orthosteric ligands , namely the ability to selectively tune up or down tissue responses only when the endogenous agonist is present . Oligomer - specific small molecule binding sites are drug targets for medically relevant morpheeins . Synthetic allosteric systems ( edit ) There are many synthetic compounds containing several noncovalent binding sites , which exhibit conformational changes upon occupation of one site . Cooperativity between single binding contributions in such supramolecular systems is positive if occupation of one binding site enhances the affinity ΔG at a second site , and negative if the affinity is lowered . Most synthetic allosteric complexes rely on conformational reorganization upon the binding of one effector ligand which then leads to either enhanced or weakened association of second ligand at another binding site . Conformational coupling between several binding sites is in artificial systems usually much larger than in proteins with their usually larger flexibility . The parameter which determines the efficiency ( as measured by the ratio of equilibrium constants Krel = KA ( E ) / KA in presence and absence of an effector E ) is the conformational energy needed to adopt a closed or strained conformation for the binding of a ligand A . In many multivalent supramolecular systems direct interaction between bound ligands can occur , which can lead to large cooperativities . Most common is such a direct interaction between ions in receptors for ion - pairs . This cooperatitiy is often also referred to as allostery , even though conformational changes here are not necessarily triggering binding events . Online resources ( edit ) Allosteric Database ( edit ) Allostery is a direct and efficient means for regulation of biological macromolecule function , produced by the binding of a ligand at an allosteric site topographically distinct from the orthosteric site . Due to the often high receptor selectivity and lower target - based toxicity , allosteric regulation is also expected to play an increasing role in drug discovery and bioengineering . The AlloSteric Database ( ASD , http://mdl.shsmu.edu.cn/ASD ) provides a central resource for the display , search and analysis of the structure , function and related annotation for allosteric molecules . Currently , ASD contains allosteric proteins from more than 100 species and modulators in three categories ( activators , inhibitors , and regulators ) . Each protein is annotated with detailed description of allostery , biological process and related diseases , and each modulator with binding affinity , physicochemical properties and therapeutic area . Integrating the information of allosteric proteins in ASD should allow the prediction of allostery for unknown proteins , to be followed with experimental validation . In addition , modulators curated in ASD can be used to investigate potential allosteric targets for a query compound , and can help chemists to implement structure modifications for novel allosteric drug design . Allosteric residues and their prediction ( edit ) Not all protein residues play equally important roles in allosteric regulation . The identification of residues that are essential to allostery ( so - called `` allosteric residues '' ) has been the focus of many studies , especially within the last decade . In part , this growing interest is a result of their general importance in protein science , but also because allosteric residues may be exploited in biomedical contexts . Pharmacologically important proteins with difficult - to - target sites may yield to approaches in which one alternatively targets easier - to - reach residues that are capable of allosterically regulating the primary site of interest . These residues can broadly be classified as surface - and interior - allosteric amino acids . Allosteric sites at the surface generally play regulatory roles that are fundamentally distinct from those within the interior ; surface residues may serve as receptors or effector sites in allosteric signal transmission , whereas those within the interior may act to transmit such signals . See also ( edit ) ASD database Competitive inhibition Cooperative binding Enzyme kinetics Protein dynamics Receptor theory References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Srinivasan B , Forouhar F , Shukla A , Sampangi C , Kulkarni S , Abashidze M , Seetharaman J , Lew S , Mao L , Acton TB , Xiao R , Everett JK , Montelione GT , Tong L , Balaram H ( March 2014 ) . `` Allosteric regulation and substrate activation in cytosolic nucleotidase II from Legionella pneumophila '' . The FEBS Journal . 281 ( 6 ) : 1613 -- 1628 . doi : 10.1111 / febs. 12727 . PMC 3982195 . PMID 24456211 . Jump up ^ Bu Z , Callaway DJ ( 2011 ) . `` Proteins move ! Protein dynamics and long - range allostery in cell signaling '' . Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology . Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology . 83 : 163 -- 221 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 12 - 381262 - 9.00005 - 7 . ISBN 9780123812629 . PMID 21570668 . Jump up ^ Monod J , Wyman J , Changeux JP ( May 1965 ) . `` On the nature of allosteric transitions : A plausible model '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 12 : 88 -- 118 . PMID 14343300 . Jump up ^ Koshland DE , Némethy G , Filmer D ( January 1966 ) . `` Comparison of experimental binding data and theoretical models in proteins containing subunits '' . Biochemistry . 5 ( 1 ) : 365 -- 85 . PMID 5938952 . ^ Jump up to : Cuendet MA , Weinstein H , LeVine MV ( December 2016 ) . `` The Allostery Landscape : Quantifying Thermodynamic Couplings in Biomolecular Systems '' . Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 12 ( 12 ) : 5758 -- 5767 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. jctc. 6b00841 . PMC 5156960 . PMID 27766843 . Jump up ^ Jaffe EK ( September 2005 ) . `` Morpheeins -- a new structural paradigm for allosteric regulation '' . Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 30 ( 9 ) : 490 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2005.07. 003 . PMID 16023348 . Jump up ^ Motlagh HN , Wrabl JO , Li J , Hilser VJ ( April 2014 ) . `` The ensemble nature of allostery '' . Nature . 508 ( 7496 ) : 331 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13001 . PMC 4224315 . PMID 24740064 . Jump up ^ Hilser VJ , Wrabl JO , Motlagh HN ( 2012 ) . `` Structural and energetic basis of allostery '' . Annual Review of Biophysics. 41 : 585 -- 609 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - biophys - 050511 - 102319 . PMC 3935618 . PMID 22577828 . Jump up ^ LeVine MV , Weinstein H ( May 2015 ) . `` AIM for Allostery : Using the Ising Model to Understand Information Processing and Transmission in Allosteric Biomolecular Systems '' . Entropy. 17 ( 5 ) : 2895 -- 2918 . doi : 10.3390 / e17052895 . PMID 26594108 . Jump up ^ Abdel - Magid AF ( February 2015 ) . `` Allosteric modulators : an emerging concept in drug discovery '' . ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 6 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 7 . doi : 10.1021 / ml5005365 . PMC 4329591 . PMID 25699154 . Jump up ^ Allosteric pyruvate kinase - based `` logic gate '' synergistically senses energy and sugar levels in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Wenhe Zhong , Liang Cui , Boon Chong Goh , Qixu Cai , Peiying Ho , Yok Hian Chionh , Meng Yuan , Abbas El Sahili , Linda A. Fothergill - Gilmore , Malcolm D. Walkinshaw , Julien Lescar & Peter C. Dedon http://rdcu.be/A44I Jump up ^ Edelstein SJ ( 1975 ) . `` Cooperative interactions of hemoglobin '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 44 : 209 -- 32 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 44.070175. 001233 . PMID 237460 . Jump up ^ Shi D , Allewell NM , Tuchman M ( June 2015 ) . `` The N - Acetylglutamate Synthase Family : Structures , Function and Mechanisms '' . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 16 ( 6 ) : 13004 -- 22 . doi : 10.3390 / ijms160613004 . PMID 26068232 . Jump up ^ de Cima S , Polo LM , Díez - Fernández C , Martínez AI , Cervera J , Fita I , Rubio V ( November 2015 ) . `` Structure of human carbamoyl phosphate synthetase : deciphering the on / off switch of human ureagenesis '' . Scientific Reports . 5 ( 1 ) : 16950 . doi : 10.1038 / srep16950 . PMID 26592762 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan B , Rodrigues JV , Tonddast - Navaei S , Shakhnovich E , Skolnick J ( July 2017 ) . `` Rational Design of Novel Allosteric Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors Showing Antibacterial Effects on Drug - Resistant Escherichia coli Escape Variants '' . ACS Chemical Biology . 12 ( 7 ) : 1848 -- 1857 . doi : 10.1021 / acschembio. 7b00175 . PMC 5819740 . PMID 28525268 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan B , Rodrigues JV , Tonddast - Navaei S , Shakhnovich E , Skolnick J ( May 2018 ) . `` Correction to Rational Design of Novel Allosteric Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors Showing Antibacterial Effects on Drug - Resistant Escherichia coli Escape Variants '' . ACS Chemical Biology . 13 ( 5 ) : 1407 . doi : 10.1021 / acschembio. 7b00759 . PMID 29688000 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan B , Tonddast - Navaei S , Roy A , Zhou H , Skolnick J ( September 2018 ) . `` Chemical space of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors : New approaches for discovering novel drugs for old bugs '' . Medicinal Research Reviews . doi : 10.1002 / med. 21538 . PMID 30192413 . ^ Jump up to : A. Christopoulos , L.T. May , V.A. Avlani and P.M. Sexton ( 2004 ) G protein - coupled receptor allosterism : the promise and the problem ( s ) . Biochemical Society Transactions Volume 32 , part 5 ^ Jump up to : May LT , Leach K , Sexton PM , Christopoulos A ( 2007 ) . `` Allosteric modulation of G protein - coupled receptors '' . Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 47 : 1 -- 51 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. pharmtox. 47.120505. 105159 . PMID 17009927 . Jump up ^ Jaffe EK ( 2010 ) . `` MORPHEEINS - A NEW PATHWAY FOR ALLOSTERIC DRUG DISCOVERY '' . The Open Conference Proceedings Journal . 1 : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.2174 / 2210289201001010001 . PMC 3107518 . PMID 21643557 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi M , Ikeda M , Sugasaki A , Shinkai S ( November 2001 ) . `` Molecular design of artificial molecular and ion recognition systems with allosteric guest responses '' . Accounts of Chemical Research . 34 ( 11 ) : 865 -- 73 . doi : 10.1021 / ar0000410 . PMID 11714258 . Jump up ^ Kremer C , Lützen A ( May 2013 ) . `` Artificial allosteric receptors '' . Chemistry . 19 ( 20 ) : 6162 -- 96 . doi : 10.1002 / chem. 201203814 . PMID 23463705 . Jump up ^ Kovbasyuk L , Krämer R ( June 2004 ) . `` Allosteric supramolecular receptors and catalysts '' . Chemical Reviews . 104 ( 6 ) : 3161 -- 87 . doi : 10.1021 / cr030673a . PMID 15186190 . Jump up ^ Schneider HJ ( September 2016 ) . `` Efficiency parameters in artificial allosteric systems '' . Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry . 14 ( 34 ) : 7994 -- 8001 . doi : 10.1039 / c6ob01303a . PMID 27431438 . Jump up ^ Badjić JD , Nelson A , Cantrill SJ , Turnbull WB , Stoddart JF ( September 2005 ) . `` Multivalency and cooperativity in supramolecular chemistry '' . Accounts of Chemical Research . 38 ( 9 ) : 723 -- 32 . doi : 10.1021 / ar040223k . PMID 16171315 . Jump up ^ Kim SK , Sessler JL ( October 2010 ) . `` Ion pair receptors '' . Chemical Society Reviews . 39 ( 10 ) : 3784 -- 809 . doi : 10.1039 / c002694h . PMC 3016456 . PMID 20737073 . Jump up ^ McConnell AJ , Beer PD ( May 2012 ) . `` Heteroditopic receptors for ion - pair recognition '' . Angewandte Chemie. 51 ( 21 ) : 5052 -- 61 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 201107244 . PMID 22419667 . Jump up ^ Huang Z , Zhu L , Cao Y , Wu G , Liu X , Chen Y , Wang Q , Shi T , Zhao Y , Wang Y , Li W , Li Y , Chen H , Chen G , Zhang J ( January 2011 ) . `` ASD : a comprehensive database of allosteric proteins and modulators '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 39 ( Database issue ) : D663 -- 9 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkq1022 . PMC 3013650 . PMID 21051350 . Jump up ^ Panjkovich A , Daura X ( October 2012 ) . `` Exploiting protein flexibility to predict the location of allosteric sites '' . BMC Bioinformatics. 13 : 273 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2105 - 13 - 273 . PMC 3562710 . PMID 23095452 . Jump up ^ Süel GM , Lockless SW , Wall MA , Ranganathan R ( January 2003 ) . `` Evolutionarily conserved networks of residues mediate allosteric communication in proteins '' . Nature Structural Biology . 10 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 69 . doi : 10.1038 / nsb881 . PMID 12483203 . 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External links ( edit ) Instant insight introducing a classification system for protein allostery mechanisms from the Royal Society of Chemistry Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allosteric_regulation&oldid=860164711 '' Categories : Proteins Enzyme kinetics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2018 , at 19 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does it mean when an enzyme has an allosteric activator	[]	[]
6380468530348366063	Code talker	Code talker - wikipedia Code talker This is the current revision of this page , as edited by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) at 22 : 59 , 25 August 2017 ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 22 : 59 , 25 August 2017 by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search An accepted version of this page , accepted on 25 August 2017 , was based on this revision . `` Codetalkers '' redirects here . For the band , see The Codetalkers . For the Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain character , see list of characters in the Metal Gear series § Code Talker . Choctaw soldiers in training in World War I for coded radio and telephone transmissions Code talkers are people in the 20th century who used obscure languages as a means of secret communication during wartime . The term is now usually associated with the United States soldiers during the world wars who used their knowledge of Native American languages as a basis to transmit coded messages . In particular , there were approximately 400 -- 500 Native Americans in the United States Marine Corps whose primary job was the transmission of secret tactical messages . Code talkers transmitted these messages over military telephone or radio communications nets using formal or informally developed codes built upon their native languages . Their service improved the speed of encryption of communications at both ends in front line operations during World War II . The name code talkers is strongly associated with bilingual Navajo speakers specially recruited during World War II by the Marines to serve in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater . Code talking , however , was pioneered by Cherokee and Choctaw Indians during World War I . Other Native American code talkers were deployed by the United States Army during World War II , including Lakota , Meskwaki , and Comanche soldiers . Soldiers of Basque ancestry were also used for code talking by the U.S. Marines during World War II in areas where other Basque speakers were not expected to be operating . Contents ( hide ) 1 Assiniboine code talkers 2 Basque code talkers 3 Cherokee code talkers 4 Choctaw code talkers 5 Comanche code talkers 6 Hopi Code Talkers 7 Meskwaki code talkers 8 Navajo code talkers 9 Nubian code talkers 10 Seminole code talkers 11 Welsh code talkers 12 Wenzhou code talkers 13 Cryptographic properties 14 Post-war recognition 15 Gallery 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Assiniboine code talkers ( edit ) Members of the Assiniboine served as code talkers during World War II , utilizing the Assiniboine language to encrypt communications . The code talkers included Gilbert Horn Sr. , who grew up in the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation of Montana and later became a tribal judge and politician . Basque code talkers ( edit ) In May 1942 , upon meeting about 60 U.S. Marines of Basque ancestry in a San Francisco camp , Captain Frank D. Carranza conceived the idea of using the Basque language for codes . His superiors were wary as there were known settlements of Basque in the Pacific region . There were 35 Basque Jesuits in Hiroshima , led by Pedro Arrupe . In China and the Philippines , there was a colony of Basque jai alai players , and there were Basque supporters of Falange in Asia . The American Basque code talkers were kept away from these theaters ; they were initially used in tests and in transmitting logistic information for Hawaii and Australia . On August 1 , 1942 , Lieutenants Nemesio Aguirre , Fernández Bakaicoa and Juanna received a Basque - coded message from San Diego for Admiral Chester Nimitz , warning him of the upcoming Operation Apple to remove the Japanese from the Solomon Islands . They also translated the start date , August 7 , for the attack on Guadalcanal . As the war extended over the Pacific , there was a shortage of Basque speakers and the US military came to prefer the parallel program based on the use of Navajo speakers . Cherokee code talkers ( edit ) The first known use of Native Americans in the American military to transmit messages under fire was a group of Cherokee troops used by the American 30th Infantry Division serving alongside the British during the Second Battle of the Somme . According to the Division Signal Officer , this took place in September 1918 . Their unit was under British command at the time . Choctaw code talkers ( edit ) Main article : Choctaw code talkers During World War I , company commander Captain Lawrence of the U.S. Army overheard Solomon Louis and Mitchell Bobb conversing in the Choctaw language . He found eight Choctaw men in the battalion . Eventually , fourteen Choctaw men in the Army 's 36th Infantry Division trained to use their language in code . They helped the American Expeditionary Forces win several key battles in the Meuse - Argonne Offensive in France , during the final large German push of the war . Within 24 hours of the Choctaw language being pressed into service , the tide of the battle had turned . In less than 72 hours , the Germans were retreating and the Allies were in full attack . These soldiers are now known as the Choctaw code talkers . Comanche code talkers ( edit ) Comanche code - talkers of the 4th Signal Company ( U.S. Army Signal Center and Ft . Gordon ) Hugh F. Foster Jr. 's Comanche codebook Adolf Hitler knew about the successful use of code talkers during World War I. He sent a team of some thirty anthropologists to the United States to learn Native American languages before the outbreak of World War II . It proved too difficult for them to learn the many languages and dialects that existed . Because of Nazi German anthropologists ' efforts to learn the languages , the U.S. Army did not implement a large - scale code talker program in the European Theater of the war . Fourteen Comanche code talkers did take part in the Invasion of Normandy , and continued to serve in the 4th Infantry Division during additional European operations . Comanche of the 4th Signal Company compiled a vocabulary of over 100 code terms using words or phrases in their own language . Using a substitution method similar to the Navajo , the Comanche code word for tank was `` turtle '' , bomber was `` pregnant airplane '' , machine gun was `` sewing machine '' and Adolf Hitler was referred to as `` crazy white man '' . Two Comanche code - talkers were assigned to each regiment , the rest to 4th Infantry Division headquarters . Shortly after landing on Utah Beach on June 6 , 1944 , the Comanche began transmitting messages . Some were wounded but none killed . In 1989 , the French government awarded the Comanche code - talkers the Chevalier of the National Order of Merit . On November 30 , 1999 , the United States Department of Defense presented Charles Chibitty with the Knowlton Award . Hopi code talkers ( edit ) Hopi men served as Code Talkers in World War II . Meskwaki code talkers ( edit ) Meskwaki men used their language against the Germans while fighting in the US Army in North Africa . 27 out of then 168 Meskwaki in Iowa enlisted in the U.S. Army together in January 1941 . Navajo code talkers ( edit ) Alphabets ( English ) Code Language ( English ) Code Language ( Navajo ) Modern spelling A Ant Wol - la - chee Wóláchííʼ B Bear Shush Shash C Cat Moasi Mósí D Deer Be Bįįh E Elk Dzeh Dzeeh F Fox Ma - e Mąʼii G Goat Klizzie Tłʼízí H Horse Lin Łį́į́ʼ I Ice Tkin Tin J Jackass Tkele - cho - gi Téliichoʼí K Kid Klizzie - yazzi Tłʼízí yázhí L Lamb Dibeh - yazzi Dibé yázhí M Mouse Na - as - tso - si Naʼastsʼǫǫsí N Nut Nesh - chee Neeshchʼííʼ O Owl Ne - ash - jah Néʼéshjaaʼ P Pig Bi-sodih Bisóodi Q Quiver Ca - yeilth kʼaaʼ yeiłtįįh R Rabbit Gah Gah S Sheep Dibeh Dibé T Turkey Than - zie Tązhii U Ute No - da - ih Nóódaʼí V Victor a-keh - di - glini Akʼehdidlíní W Weasel Gloe - ih Dlǫ́ʼii X Cross Al - an - as - dzoh Ałnáʼázdzoh Y Yucca Tsah - as - zih Tsáʼásziʼ Z Zinc Besh - do - gliz Béésh dootłʼizh Philip Johnston , a civil engineer for the city of Los Angeles , proposed the use of Navajo to the United States Marine Corps at the beginning of World War II . Johnston , a World War I veteran , was raised on the Navajo reservation as the son of a missionary to the Navajo . He was one of the few non-Navajo who spoke the language fluently . Because Navajo has a complex grammar , it is not nearly mutually intelligible enough with even its closest relatives within the Na - Dene family to provide meaningful information . It was still an unwritten language , and Johnston thought Navajo could satisfy the military requirement for an undecipherable code . Navajo was spoken only on the Navajo lands of the American Southwest . Its syntax and tonal qualities , not to mention dialects , made it unintelligible to anyone without extensive exposure and training . One estimate indicates that at the outbreak of World War II , fewer than 30 non-Navajo could understand the language . Page one of Navajo recommendation letter , 1942 Page two of Navajo recommendation letter , 1942 Code Talkers Monument Ocala , Florida Memorial Park Early in 1942 , Johnston met with Major General Clayton B. Vogel , the commanding general of Amphibious Corps , Pacific Fleet , and his staff . Johnston staged tests under simulated combat conditions which demonstrated that Navajo men could encode , transmit , and decode a three - line English message in 20 seconds , versus the 30 minutes required by machines at that time . The idea was accepted , with Vogel recommending that the Marines recruit 200 Navajo . The first 29 Navajo recruits attended boot camp in May 1942 . This first group created the Navajo code at Camp Pendleton , Oceanside , California . The Navajo code was formally developed and modeled on the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet that uses agreed - upon English words to represent letters . The Navajo Code Talkers were mainly Marines . As it was determined that phonetically spelling out all military terms letter by letter into words -- while in combat -- would be too time - consuming , some terms , concepts , tactics and instruments of modern warfare were given uniquely formal descriptive nomenclatures in Navajo ( for example , the word for `` shark '' being used to refer to a destroyer , or `` silver oak leaf '' to the rank of lieutenant colonel ) . Several of these coinages , such as gofasters referring to running shoes or ink sticks for pens , entered Marine Corps vocabulary . They are commonly used today to refer to the appropriate objects . A codebook was developed to teach the many relevant words and concepts to new initiates . The text was for classroom purposes only , and was never to be taken into the field . The code talkers memorized all these variations and practiced their rapid use under stressful conditions during training . Uninitiated Navajo speakers would have no idea what the code talkers ' messages meant ; they would hear only truncated and disjointed strings of individual , unrelated nouns and verbs . The Navajo code talkers were commended for their skill , speed , and accuracy demonstrated throughout the war . At the Battle of Iwo Jima , Major Howard Connor , 5th Marine Division signal officer , had six Navajo code talkers working around the clock during the first two days of the battle . These six sent and received over 800 messages , all without error . Connor later stated , `` Were it not for the Navajos , the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima . '' As the war progressed , additional code words were added on and incorporated program - wide . In other instances , informal short - cut code words were devised for a particular campaign and not disseminated beyond the area of operation . To ensure a consistent use of code terminologies throughout the Pacific Theater , representative code talkers of each of the U.S. Marine divisions met in Hawaii to discuss shortcomings in the code , incorporate new terms into the system , and update their codebooks . These representatives in turn trained other code talkers who could not attend the meeting . For example , the Navajo word for buzzard , jeeshóóʼ , was used for bomber , while the code word used for submarine , béésh łóóʼ , meant iron fish in Navajo . The last of the original 29 Navajo code talkers who developed the code , Chester Nez , died on June 4 , 2014 . The deployment of the Navajo code talkers continued through the Korean War and after , until it was ended early in the Vietnam War . The Navajo code is the only spoken military code never to have been deciphered . Nubian code talkers ( edit ) In the 1973 Arab -- Israeli War , Egypt employed Nubian - speaking Nubian people as codetalkers . Seminole code talkers ( edit ) The last surviving Seminole code talker , Edmond Harjo of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma , died on March 31 , 2014 , at the age of 96 . Harjo had served as far afield as Normandy and the Battle of Iwo Jima during the war . His biography was recounted by Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner at the Congressional Gold Medal ceremony honoring Harjo and other code talkers at the U.S. Capitol on November 20 , 2013 . Welsh code talkers ( edit ) A system employing Welsh was used by British forces , but not to any great extent during World War II . Welsh was used more recently in the Yugoslav Wars for non-vital messages . Wenzhou code talkers ( edit ) China used Wenzhounese speaking people as code talkers during the 1979 Sino - Vietnamese War . Cryptographic properties ( edit ) Navajo code talkers , Saipan , June 1944 Non-speakers would find it extremely difficult to accurately distinguish unfamiliar sounds used in these languages . Additionally , a speaker who has acquired a language during their childhood sounds distinctly different from a person who acquired the same language in later life , thus reducing the chance of successful impostors sending false messages . Navajo was an attractive choice for code use because few people outside the Navajo had learned to speak the language . Virtually no books in Navajo had been published . Outside of the language , the Navajo spoken code was not very complex by cryptographic standards . It would likely have been broken if a native speaker and trained cryptographers could have worked together effectively . The Japanese had an opportunity to attempt this when they captured Joe Kieyoomia in the Philippines in 1942 during the Bataan Death March . Kieyoomia , a Navajo sergeant in the U.S. Army , but not a code talker , was ordered to interpret the radio messages later in the war . However , since Kieyoomia had not participated in the code training , the messages made no sense to him . When he reported that he could not understand the messages , his captors tortured him . The Japanese Imperial Army and Navy never cracked the spoken code . Post-war Recognition ( edit ) The Navajo code talkers received no recognition until the declassification of the operation in 1968 . In 1982 , the code talkers were given a Certificate of Recognition by U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who also named August 14 , 1982 as `` Navajo Code Talkers Day '' . On December 21 , 2000 the U.S. Congress passed , and President Bill Clinton signed , Public Law 106 - 554 , 114 Statute 2763 , which awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to the original twenty - nine World War II Navajo code talkers , and Silver Medals to each person who qualified as a Navajo code talker ( approximately 300 ) . In July 2001 , U.S. President George W. Bush personally presented the Medal to four surviving original code talkers ( the fifth living original code talker was not able to attend ) at a ceremony held in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington , D.C. Gold medals were presented to the families of the deceased 24 original code talkers . On September 17 , 2007 , 18 Choctaw code talkers were posthumously awarded the Texas Medal of Valor from the Adjutant General of the State of Texas for their World War II service . On November 15 , 2008 , The Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008 ( Public Law 110 - 420 ) , was signed into law by President George W. Bush , which recognizes every Native American code talker who served in the United States military during WWI or WWII ( with the exception of the already - awarded Navajo ) with a Congressional Gold Medal , designed as distinct for each tribe , with silver duplicates awarded to the individual code talkers or their next - of - kin . As of 2013 , 33 tribes have been identified and were honored at a ceremony at Emancipation Hall at the U.S. Capitol Visitor Center . One surviving code talker was present , Edmond Harjo . Gallery ( edit ) Code talkers on Bougainville , 1943 Code talkers at work , Australia , July 1943 Code talker on Tarawa , November 1943 Code talker Leslie Hemstreet , Okinawa , 1945 See also ( edit ) United States Marine Corps portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Code talkers . Battle Cry Never So Few Windtalkers Chester Nez Native Americans and World War II Choctaw code talkers of World War I Code - talker paradox Navajo I Navajo language Navajo Nation Navajo people Southern Athabaskan languages United States Army Indian Scouts Security through obscurity Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Last Lakota code talker Clarence Wolf Guts dies at 86 '' , Rapid City Journal ( Rapid City , SD ) , 18 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , David ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Decorated war hero , code talker Gilbert Horn Sr. dies '' . Great Falls Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Egon arretaz egunari '' , Xabier G. Argüello , El País , August 1 , 2004 . Jump up ^ La orden de desembarco en Guadalcanal se dió en vascuence para que no lo descubrieran los nipones , Juan Hernani , El Diario Vasco , December 26 , 1952 , it quotes Revista general de marina . Bibliographic reference in Euskomedia.org Jump up ^ `` Gaiak - Los vascos y la II Guerra Mundial '' . euskonews.com . Jump up ^ Stanley , Captain John W. Personal Experience of a Battalion Commander and Brigade Signal Officer , 105th Field Signal Battalion in the Somme Offensive , September 29 -- October 8 , 1997 . U.S. Army , 1932 . ^ Jump up to : `` Choctaw Code Talkers of World War II '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NSA Code Talker Exhibit Jump up ^ `` The Comanche Code Talkers '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew J. Seelinger , Army History Research : 124th Signal Battalion Archived February 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Comanche Code Talker Charles Chibitty Dies '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Last Meskwaki code talker remembers '' . USA Today . July 4 , 2002 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Holm , Tom ( 2007 ) . Code Talkers and Warriors . Chelsea House Pub . ISBN 0791093409 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Clayton ; Johnston , Philip . `` Letter to Commandant , USMC '' . Demonstration in California , 1942 . Northern Arizona University , Cline Library . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Navajo Code Talkers : World War II Fact Sheet '' . Naval Historical Center . 1992 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , Margalit ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Chester Nez , 93 , Dies ; Navajo Words Washed From Mouth Helped Win War '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , George D. ( 2011 ) . Profiles in Hue . Xlibris Corporation . p. 175 . ISBN 9781456851200 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` Joe Morris Sr. dies at 85 ; Navajo code talker during World War II '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kolb , Joseph ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Last of Navajo ' code talkers ' dies in New Mexico '' . reuters.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Changing Egypt Offers Hope to Long - Marginalized Nubians '' . News.nationalgeographic.com. 2013 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Nubia : the Land of Gold - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online '' . English.ahram.org.eg. 2012 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ El Nuba ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) . `` El Nuba Cairo West Magazine '' . Cairowestmag.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Peaceful Societies '' . Peaceful Societies. 2014 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Code Talkers : Native American Languages in the Military '' . Alpha Omega Translations. 2015 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Attocknie , Dana ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Last living Seminole Code Talker walks on , loved ones pay respects , honor hero '' . Native American Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seminole code talker Edmond Harjo dies at 96 '' . Tulsa World . 2014 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Dick ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Treasury and Mint Join Congress to Honor Native American Code Talkers '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Heath , Tony ( 1996 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Welsh speak up for their ancient tongue '' . The Independent . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Nanlai Cao ( 4 November 2010 ) . Constructing China 's Jerusalem : Christians , Power , and Place in Contemporary Wenzhou . Stanford University Press . pp. 195 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7360 - 7 . Jump up ^ David Aikman ( 27 March 2012 ) . Jesus in Beijing : How Christianity Is Transforming China And Changing the Global Balance of Power . Regnery Publishing , Incorporated , An Eagle Publishing Company . pp. 183 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 652 - 7 . Jump up ^ Zhang Zhixiong ( 23 June 2015 ) . Chinese Education in Singapore : An untold story of conflict and change . Zhixiong Zhang . pp. 38 -- . ISBN 978 - 981 - 09 - 3952 - 6 . Jump up ^ Steger , Isabella ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Do You Dare Try the Devil - Language ? China 's 10 Hardest Dialects '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Ching , Frank ( 2 August 2010 ) . `` The winning ways of minority languages '' . South China Morning Post . Jump up ^ `` 美剧称温州方言为 '' 恶魔之语 '' FBI 都甘拜下风 `` . 人民网. 2015 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 美剧中惊现 '' 恶魔之语 `` 温州话 , 这是咋回事 ? '' . 澎湃新闻. 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 美剧《盲点》称温州话为 '' 恶魔之语 '' 温州话到底多难懂 ? `` . 观察者网. 2015 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 中国十大最难懂方言温州话居首 '' . Douban.com. 2014 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Paths home page : How Effective Was Navajo Code ? One Former Captive Knows '' . Yvwiiusdinvnohii.net . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Felicia ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` Navajo Code Talker dead at age 82 '' . The Denver Post . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2008 . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Navaho Code Talkers Day '' . Lapahie.com. 1982 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Navajo Code Talkers and the Unbreakable Code -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . Cia.gov. 2008 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Navajo code talkers honored after 56 years '' . CNN . 2001 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` P.L. 106 - 554 , see 114 STAT . 2763A -- 311 '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Texas military honors Choctaw code talkers . Retrieved on May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` P.L. 110 - 420 '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Treasury and Mint Join Congress to Honor Native American Code Talkers '' . treasury.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 12 . References ( edit ) Bibliography Aaseng , Nathan . Navajo Code Talkers : America 's Secret Weapon in World War II . New York : Walker & Company , 1992 . ISBN 0802776272 OCLC 672012184 Durrett , Deanne . Unsung Heroes of World War II : The Story of the Navajo Code Talkers . Library of American Indian History , Facts on File , Inc. , 1998 . ISBN 0816036039 OCLC 38067688 McClain , Salley . Navajo Weapon : The Navajo Code Talkers . Tucson , Arizona : Rio Nuevo Publishers , 2001 . ISBN 1887896325 OCLC 48584920 Meadows , William C. The Comanche Code Talkers of World War II . Austin : University of Texas Press , 2002 . ISBN 0292798504 OCLC 55896749 Stanley , Captain John W. Personal Experience of a Battalion Commander and Brigade Signal Officer , 105th Field Signal Battalion in the Somme Offensive , September 29 -- October 12 , 1918 . U.S. Army , 1932 . Gawne , Jonathan . Spearheading D - Day . Paris : Histoire et Collections , 1999 . ISBN 2908182793 OCLC 45700217 Holm , Tom . Code Talkers and Warriors - Native Americans and World War II . New York : Infobase Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 9340 - 9 David Kahn , The Codebreakers : The Story of Secret Writing , 1967 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83130 - 9 Simon Singh , The Code Book : The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49532 - 5 Web National Museum of the American Indian - Codetalkers Listen online -- The Story of The Code Talkers -- The American Storyteller Radio Journal Samuel Tom Holiday -- 4th Marine Division -- 25th Regiment -- H & S Company Origins of the Navajo Code Talkers Dept. of Navy Navajo Code Talkers ' Dictionary Dept. of Navy Navajo Code Talkers : World War II fact Sheet Northern Arizona University Special Collections , regarding Navajo Codetalkers Teaching with Documents : Memorandum Regarding the Enlistment of Navajo Indians . U.S. National Archives . `` Semper Fidelis , Code Talkers , '' U.S National Archives . Prologue Magazine : Winter 2001 , Vol. 33 , No. 4 Smithsonian Institution : American Indian Codetalkers Native Americans in the U.S. Army Portal at the United States Army Center of Military History American Indian Code Talker Medals Become Law U.S. Sen. Bingaman : Navajo code talkers page The Navajo Code Talkers : Code Talkers ( Part of the Story ) How Effective Was Navajo Code ? `` One Former Captive Knows '' Captured Navajo Hopi Code Talker Code Talkers Exhibit , Burger King , Kayenta , Navajo Nation Windtalker Navajo Code Talkers Association Code Talkers roll of honour and images External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Code talkers . Library resources about Code talker Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Code Talkers Official website of the Navajo Code talkers Denise Winterman ( 19 May 2014 ) . `` World War One : The original code talkers '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . ( hide ) Navajo Nation Politics and institutions Council Council Chamber President Vice President Flag Supreme Court Chapter houses Police Rangers Miss Navajo Culture and education People Language Music Weaving Navajo - Churro sheep Navajo Preparatory School Diné College Press Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park Media Ádahooníłígíí Navajo Times KTNN Radio History The Emergence Dinétah Navajo pueblitos ( 1600s -- 1700s ) Navajo Wars ( 1800s ) Long Walk of the Navajo ( 1864 ) Navajo Scouts ( 1873 -- 1895 ) Livestock Reduction ( 1930s ) Code talkers ( 1940s ) Communities List of Communities Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&oldid=797263544 '' Categories : Code talkers Basque language Congressional Gold Medal recipients History of cryptography Native American history Native American United States military personnel Navajo language Pacific theatre of World War II United States Marine Corps in World War II World War II espionage Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles containing Navajo - language text Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 22 : 59 . 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-2516653022072675445	Red Red Wine	Red Red Wine - wikipedia Red Red Wine Jump to : navigation , search `` Red Red Wine '' Single by Neil Diamond from the album Just for You B - side `` Red Rubber Ball '' Released 1967 ( 1967 ) Format 7 '' Genre Pop soft rock Length 2 : 42 Label Bang Songwriter ( s ) Neil Diamond Producer ( s ) Jeff Barry Ellie Greenwich Neil Diamond singles chronology `` New Orleans '' ( 1968 ) `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1967 ) `` Brooklyn Roads '' ( 1968 ) `` New Orleans '' ( 1968 ) `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1968 ) `` Brooklyn Roads '' ( 1968 ) `` Red Red Wine '' is a song originally written , performed , and recorded by American singer Neil Diamond in 1967 . It is included on Neil 's second studio album , Just for You . The lyrics are sung from the perspective of a person who finds that drinking red wine is the only way to forget his woes . When Neil left the Bang Records label in 1968 , Bang continued to release Neil Diamond singles , often adding newly recorded instruments and background vocals to album tracks from the two Neil Diamond albums that Bang had issued . For the `` Red Red Wine '' single , Bang added a background choir without Neil 's involvement or permission . Diamond 's version reached number sixty - two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1968 . A live version was released on Diamond 's The Greatest Hits ( 1966 -- 92 ) but the 1968 single version has never been issued on a vinyl album or CD . The song was covered by several artists shortly after Diamond 's recording was released . In 1968 , the Dutch singer Peter Tetteroo ( from the band Tee Set ) had a hit with a cover of the song in Netherlands . Tony Tribe covered the song in 1969 in a reggae - influenced style . In 1983 , UB40 recorded perhaps the best known version of the song , in a lighter reggae style . The UB40 version topped the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart . Diamond later performed a UB40 - inspired version of the song while on tour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 2 UB40 version 2.1 Charts 2.2 Certifications 2.3 Chart successions 3 Other cover songs 4 References Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 62 UB40 version ( edit ) `` Red Red Wine '' Single by UB40 from the album Labour of Love B - side `` Sufferin ' '' Released 8 August 1983 ( 1983 - 08 - 08 ) 1988 -- 2000 ( re-releases ) Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded 1982 Genre Reggae fusion Length 5 : 20 Label DEP ( UK ) A&M ( US ) Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Neil Diamond Producer ( s ) Ray `` Pablo '' Falconer UB40 UB40 singles chronology `` I 've Got Mine '' ( 1983 ) `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1983 ) `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' ( 1983 ) `` I 've Got Mine '' ( 1983 ) `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1983 -- 2000 ) `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' ( 1983 ) UB40 recorded their rendition for their album of cover versions , Labour of Love . According to the band , they were only familiar with Tony Tribe 's version ( they apparently did n't realise that the writer , credited simply as `` Diamond '' , was in fact Neil Diamond ) , and their version featured a lighter , reggae - style flavor compared to Diamond 's somber , acoustic ballad . The UB40 version adds a toasted verse by UB40 member Astro , opening : `` Red Red Wine , you make me feel so fine / You keep me rocking all of the time '' , which was edited from the single that reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in August 1983 and number 34 in the United States in March 1984 but not from the version that reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 a few months after being performed at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Concert in 1988 . In September 2014 , the Official Charts Company announced that sales in the UK had reached one million . Songwriter Neil Diamond has stated that it is one of his favorite covers of his songs . Diamond frequently performs the song live using the UB40 reggae arrangement as opposed to the original version . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 -- 2001 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Canada ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 1,245,324 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Give It Up '' by KC & The Sunshine Band UK number - one single 3 September 1983 -- 17 September 1983 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Karma Chameleon '' by Culture Club Preceded by `` Love Bites '' by Def Leppard Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 15 October 1988 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' by Phil Collins Other cover songs ( edit ) Swedish group Tom & Mick & Maniacs released their version of the song in 1967 . This appears to be the first recorded version of the song . Jimmy James and The Vagabonds released a cover version the same year as Diamond 's version ( 1968 ) , for the UK market . It charted at number thirty - six . In 1968 , singer Peter Tetteroo , of Dutch beat group Tee Set , released a cover version that reached number six on the Dutch top - 40 chart . Tony Tribe , a Jamaican singer , recorded a reggae - influenced version in 1969 which reached number forty - six on the UK Singles Chart , this became Trojan Records first chart hit and has been included in numerous reggae compilations since . The song was also covered in 1969 by singer Charles Mann . In 1970 , a remake by Vic Dana became a minor Billboard Hot 100 hit , peaking at number 72 and reached number 30 on the Adult Contemporary chart . In early 1972 , singer Roy Drusky enjoyed a top 20 hit with his version , reaching number 17 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and number 16 on the Canada Country chart . Mexican ballad band Los Rehenes recorded a Spanish version named Vino Tinto ( lit . Red Wine ) . The Hobos included the song on their 2004 double studio album , Radio Jah Jah . `` Red Red Wine '' was also performed by Peter Tetteroo , former singer of Tee Set , a Dutch band , in 1968 . The song has also been performed by Cas Haley along with UB40 on the last episode of the season two show America 's Got Talent . In 2001 , singer Elan Atias released a dancehall version on the Buy Out Riddim instrumental , best known performed by Sean Paul , with the song entitled , `` Like Glue '' . This was the first time the song was performed on a totally different instrumental tracking . The lyrics were also re-written . In 2008 , Sizzla also released a dancehall single ( `` No Time To Gaze '' ) based on the UB40 version . In March 2017 , Andrew Bogut posted the UB40 version on his Twitter to signify he was joining the Cleveland Cavaliers -- the team 's colours include the darkish red `` wine '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moss , Liv ( 22 September 2014 ) . `` Now That 's What I Call A Million tracklisting revealed ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Singer / songwriter Neil Diamond here , AMA ! '' . Reddit. 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St. Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and 19 June 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Weekly February 18 , 1984 '' . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- UB40 Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` De Nederlandse Top 40 , week 39 , 1983 '' . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` UB40 Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- UB40 '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart -- 20 November 1983 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- UB40 '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter UB40 in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- UB40 '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 565 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.trojanrecords.com/the-trojan-records-story Jump up ^ Andrew Bogut ( @ andrewbogut ) ( 1 March 2017 ) . ( Tweet ) https://twitter.com/andrewbogut/status/836738332306595840 -- via Twitter . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Neil Diamond singles discography Singles 1960s 1962 `` You Are My Love at Last '' `` I 'm Afraid '' 1963 `` At Night '' 1966 `` Solitary Man '' `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` I Got the Feelin ' ( Oh No No ) '' 1967 `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' `` Thank the Lord for the Night Time '' `` Kentucky Woman '' `` Some Day Baby '' 1968 `` New Orleans '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Brooklyn Roads '' `` Two - Bit Manchild '' `` Shilo '' `` Sunday Sun '' 1969 `` Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Holly Holy '' Singles 1970s 1970 `` Shilo '' `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` Soolaimon '' `` And The Grass Wo n't Pay No Mind '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Cracklin ' Rosie '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' `` Do It '' 1971 `` I Am ... I Said '' `` Done Too Soon '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` Stones '' 1972 `` Song Sung Blue '' `` Play Me '' `` Walk on Water '' 1973 `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` The Long Way Home '' `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Be '' `` Skybird '' `` Longfellow Serenade '' `` Morningside '' `` I 've Been This Way Before '' `` The Last Picasso '' 1976 `` If You Know What I Mean '' `` Do n't Think ... Feel '' `` Beautiful Noise '' 1977 `` Stargazer '' `` Lady - Oh '' `` Desiree '' 1978 `` God Only Knows '' `` Let Me Take You In My Arms Again '' `` I 'm Glad You 're Here With Me Tonight '' `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' `` The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie '' 1979 `` Forever in Blue Jeans '' `` Say Maybe '' `` The American Popular Song '' `` September Morn '' Singles 1980s 1980 `` That Kind '' `` The Good Lord Loves You '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Love on the Rocks '' 1981 `` Hello Again '' `` America '' `` Yesterday 's Songs '' 1982 `` On the Way to the Sky '' `` Be Mine Tonight '' `` Rainy Day Song '' `` Heartlight '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Turn Around '' UB40 Jimmy Brown Robin Campbell Earl Falconer Norman Hassan Brian Travers Duncan Campbell Ali Campbell Yomi Babayemi Jimmy Lynn Mickey Virtue Astro Studio albums Signing Off Present Arms UB44 Labour of Love Geffery Morgan Baggariddim Rat in the Kitchen UB40 Labour of Love II Promises and Lies Guns in the Ghetto Labour of Love III Cover Up Homegrown Who You Fighting For ? TwentyFourSeven Labour of Love IV Getting Over the Storm Compilation albums The Singles Album More UB40 Music The UB40 File The Best of UB40 -- Volume One Labour of Love , Volumes I and II The Best of UB40 - Volume Two UB40 Present the Dancehall Album The Very Best of UB40 1980 - 2000 UB40 Present the Fathers of Reggae Labour of Love , Volumes I , II and III - Platinum Collection The Best Of UB40 , Volumes 1 & 2 Love Songs Best of Labour of Love All the Best Live albums UB40 Live UB40 CCCP : Live in Moscow Remix albums Present Arms in Dub Dub Sessions Notable songs `` Food for Thought '' `` One in Ten '' `` Do n't Slow Down '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Cherry Oh Baby '' `` If It Happens Again '' `` Sing Our Own Song '' `` Rat in Mi Kitchen '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Breakfast in Bed '' `` Homely Girl '' `` Kingston Town '' `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love With You '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Reasons '' `` Swing Low '' See also UB40 discography Dep International Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Red_Wine&oldid=814514760 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1968 singles 1983 singles 1988 singles Neil Diamond songs UB40 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Neil Diamond Reggae songs Songs about alcohol Bang Records singles Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Cite tweet templates with errors Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Latina Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 07 : 28 . About Wikipedia	who sang the original version of red red wine	[ "\"Red Red Wine\" is a song originally written, performed, and recorded by American singer Neil Diamond in 1967. It is included on Neil's second studio album, Just for You. The lyrics are sung from the perspective of a person who finds that drinking red wine is the only way to forget his woes." ]	[ "Neil Diamond" ]
2381622777156063966	European Community number	European Community number - wikipedia European Community number Not to be confused with Enzyme Commission number . The European Community number ( EC Number ) is a unique seven - digit identifier that was assigned to substances for regulatory purposes within the European Union by the European Commission . The EC Inventory comprises three individual inventories , EINECS , ELINCS and the NLP list . European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances ( EINECS ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 EC Inventory 3 List numbers 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) The EC Number may be written in a general form as : NNN - NNN - R , where R is a check digit and N represents integers . The check digit is calculated using the ISBN method . According to this method , the check digit R is the following sum modulo 11 : R = ( N 1 + 2 N 2 + 3 N 3 + 4 N 4 + 5 N 5 + 6 N 6 ) mod 11 ( \ displaystyle R = ( N_ ( 1 ) + 2N_ ( 2 ) + 3N_ ( 3 ) + 4N_ ( 4 ) + 5N_ ( 5 ) + 6N_ ( 6 ) ) \ mod 11 ) If the remainder R is equal to 10 , that combination of digits is not used for an EC number . To illustrate , the EC number of dexamethasone is 200 - 003 - 9 . N is 2 , N through N are 0 , and N is 3 . 2 + 2 × 0 + 3 × 0 + 4 × 0 + 5 × 0 + 6 × 3 11 = 20 11 = 1 + 9 11 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 + 2 \ ! \ times \ ! 0 + 3 \ ! \ times \ ! 0 + 4 \ ! \ times \ ! 0 + 5 \ ! \ times \ ! 0 + 6 \ ! \ times \ ! 3 ) ( 11 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 20 ) ( 11 ) ) = 1 + ( \ frac ( 9 ) ( 11 ) ) ) The remainder is 9 , which is the check digit . There is a set of 181 ELINCS numbers ( EC numbers starting with 4 ) for which the checksum by the above algorithm is 10 and the number has not been skipped but issued with a checksum of 1 . EC Inventory ( edit ) The EC Inventory includes the substances in the following inventories . The content of these inventories is fixed and official . Inventory Scope Format No. of entries ( if fixed No. of entries ) European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances ( EINECS ) Substances , excluding polymers , that were recorded as being commercially available in the EU from 1 January 1971 to 18 September 1981 . These were considered registered under Article 8 ( 1 ) of the Dangerous Substances Directive ( 67 / 548 / EEC ) . They are considered phase - in substances under the REACH Regulation . 2xx - xxx - x 3xx - xxx - x 100,102 European List of Notified Chemical Substances ( ELINCS ) Substances notified under the Dangerous Substances Directive Notification of New Substances ( NONS ) that became commercially available after 18 September 1981 . 4xx - xxx - x 4,381 No Longer Polymers ( NLP ) The definition of polymers was changed in April , 1992 with the result that substances previously considered to be polymers were no longer regarded as polymers . Consequently , a list , called the NLP - list ( No Longer Polymer ) , was made of such substances that were not covered by the polymer definition but were placed on the market between after 18 September 1981 and 31 October 1993 . 5xx - xxx - x 703 List numbers ( edit ) European Chemicals Agency ( ECHA ) also applies the EC number format to what it calls `` List number '' . The number are assigned under the REACH Regulation without being legally recognised . Hence , they are not official because they have not been published in the Official Journal of the European Union . List numbers are administrative tools only and shall not be used for any official purposes . Scope Format Automatically assigned , e.g. to pre-registrations of substances with a CAS No . 6xx - xxx - x Assigned to substances after inquiries by the ECHA Substance ID Team 7xx - xxx - x Automatically assigned to substances identified only with a CAS No. ( continuation of the 6xx - xxx - x series ) 8xx - xxx - x Automatically assigned , e.g. to pre-registrations without a CAS No. or other numerical identifier ( including reaction masses of more than one substance ) 9xx - xxx - x See also ( edit ) Registration , Evaluation , Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals European chemical Substances Information System CAS registry number References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guidance for identification and naming of substances under REACH and CLP '' ( pdf ) . European Chemicals Agency . May 2017 . p. 106 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Commission Directive 2001 / 59 / EC of 6 August 2001 adapting to technical progress for the 28th time Council Directive 67 / 548 / EEC on the approximation of the laws , regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification , packaging and labelling of dangerous substances '' ( pdf ) . Official Journal of the European Communities . European Commission ( L 225 ) : 4 . 21 August 2001 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Geiss , F. ; Del Bino , G. ; Blech , G. ; Nørager , O. ; Orthmann , E. ; Mosselmans , G. ; Powell , J. ; Roy , R. ; Smyrniotis , T. ; Town , W.G. ( 1992 ) . `` The EINECS inventory of existing chemical substances on the EC market '' . Toxicological. 37 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 21 -- 33 . doi : 10.1080 / 02772249209357850 . Jump up ^ `` Council Directive 92 / 32 / EEC of 30 April 1992 amending for the seventh time Directive 67 / 548 / EEC on the approximation of the laws , regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification , packaging and labelling of dangerous substances '' ( pdf ) . Official Journal of the European Communities . European Commission ( L 154 ) : 1 -- 29 . 30 April 1992 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Regulation ( EC ) No 1272 / 2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification , labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures , amending and repealing Directives 67 / 548 / EEC and 1999 / 45 / EC , and amending Regulation ( EC ) No 1907 / 2006 '' ( pdf ) . Official Journal of the European Communities . European Commission ( L 353 ) : 329 . December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Registered substances at European Chemicals Agency ( ECHA ) External links ( edit ) Wikidata has the property : EINECS numbers ( P232 ) ( see talk ; uses ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Community_number&oldid=797649796 '' Categories : Chemical numbering schemes European Union law Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Galego Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Norsk Polski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 12 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is a ec number for a chemical	[]	[]
-6574595393577517498	Always on My Mind	Always on My Mind - wikipedia Always on My Mind Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Always on My Mind ( disambiguation ) . `` Always on My Mind '' Song by Gwen McCrae Published 1972 Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James `` Always on My Mind '' is an American country music song by Johnny Christopher , Mark James and Wayne Carson , recorded first by Gwen McCrae ( as `` You Were Always On My Mind '' ) and Brenda Lee in 1972 . AllMusic lists over 300 recorded releases of the song in versions by dozens of performers . While Brenda Lee 's version had stalled at number 45 on the country charts in 1972 , other performers would reach the top 20 in the United States and elsewhere with their own versions : Elvis Presley in 1972 ; John Wesley Ryles in 1979 ; Willie Nelson 's Grammy Award winning version in 1982 ; Pet Shop Boys in 1987 ; Loretta Lynn in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Elvis Presley version 2.1 Charts 3 John Wesley Ryles ' version 3.1 Charts 4 Willie Nelson version 4.1 Chart history 5 Pet Shop Boys version 5.1 Charts 6 Other cover versions 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) Wayne Carson said that he wrote most of the song in 10 minutes at his kitchen table in Springfield , Missouri , and completed the song in studio with the assistance of Johnny and Mark . Carson , who had the song about a year and one day , was finishing a recording session . Producer Chips Moman asked about recording `` that mind '' song , but added it would need a bridge . Wayne went upstairs to the studio 's old piano , trying to work out a bridge , when Johnny and Mark walked in the door , and he asked for their help to complete his song . The trio felt that the song was finished and at first could not come up with anything to add , but Wayne explained that Moman was insisting that a bridge be added . So between them , the two - line `` Tell me ... '' bridge was written . The song was passed to one of Elvis 's bodyguards , who gave Presley the cut from the studio . Moman did not produce Presley 's recording , but did record the Willie Nelson version years later . Elvis Presley version ( edit ) `` Always on My Mind '' Single by Elvis Presley A-side `` Separate Ways '' Released November 1972 Format 7 `` , 45rpm Recorded March 29 , 1972 , RCA Studios , Hollywood , California Genre Country , soft rock , Gospel Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James Producer ( s ) Felton Jarvis Elvis Presley singles chronology `` Burning Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1972 ) `` Fool '' / `` Steamroller Blues '' ( 1973 ) `` Burning Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1972 ) `` Fool '' / `` Steamroller Blues '' ( 1973 ) Elvis Presley recorded his version of `` Always on My Mind '' on March 29 , 1972 , a few weeks after his February separation from wife Priscilla . The song received immense fame and critical appreciation and is considered one of the standout songs of the ' 70s for Elvis . The song was released as the B - side of the `` Separate Ways '' single , which reached Gold status in the U.S for sales of over a million copies . It was listed as a double sided hit reaching number 16 on Billboard magazine 's Hot Country Singles chart in November 1972 . In the UK `` Always on My Mind '' was the hit song and `` Separate Ways '' was the B - side . It was voted the number 1 song of Presley 's recording career in a poll conducted by ITV in 2013 . Charts ( edit ) 1972 Weekly Chart Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Hot Country Singles ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Dutch Top 40 17 French Singles Chart 56 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Swiss Singles Chart 39 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 John Wesley Ryles ' version ( edit ) `` You Are Always on My Mind '' Single by John Wesley Ryles from the album Let the Night Begin B - side `` My Angel Got Her Wings Today '' Released October 13 , 1979 Format 7 '' single Genre Country Length 3 : 40 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James Producer ( s ) Bob Montgomery John Wesley Ryles singles chronology `` Liberated Woman '' ( 1979 ) `` You Are Always on My Mind '' ( 1979 ) `` Perfect Strangers '' ( 1980 ) `` Liberated Woman '' ( 1979 ) `` You Are Always on My Mind '' ( 1979 ) `` Perfect Strangers '' ( 1980 ) In 1979 , John Wesley Ryles reached number 20 on the US country charts with his rendition , entitled `` You Are Always on My Mind '' , from the album Let the Night Begin . A review in Billboard praised the `` brightly mixed vocals '' and `` powerful production '' . Charts ( edit ) 1979 Weekly Chart Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 24 Willie Nelson version ( edit ) `` Always on My Mind '' Single by Willie Nelson from the album Always on My Mind B - side `` The Party 's Over '' Released March 6 , 1982 Genre Country Length 3 : 33 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James Producer ( s ) Chips Moman Willie Nelson singles chronology `` Heartaches of a Fool '' ( 1981 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1982 ) `` Let It Be Me '' ( 1982 ) `` Heartaches of a Fool '' ( 1981 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1982 ) `` Let It Be Me '' ( 1982 ) Audio sample file help Willie Nelson recorded and released the song in early 1982 . It raced to number one on Billboard magazine 's Hot Country Singles chart that May , spending two weeks on top and total of 21 weeks on the chart . The song also did very well on Top 40 radio , reaching number five on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks and staying on this chart for 23 weeks . In the year end charts , it was Billboard 's biggest Country hit for 1982 . This version also charted in a number of other countries . Nelson 's version would result in three wins at the 25th Grammy Awards in February 1983 : songwriters Christopher , James and Carson won Song of the Year and Best Country Song ; in addition , Nelson won for Best Male Country Vocal Performance . This version also won Country Music Association awards in two consecutive years : 1982 Song of the Year and 1983 Song of the Year for songwriters Christopher , James and Carson ; 1982 Single of the Year for Nelson , and ; contributed to Nelson winning 1982 Album of the Year for the album `` Always on My Mind '' . Willie Nelson performed the number with Johnny Cash on the 1998 release of VH1 Storytellers : Johnny Cash & Willie Nelson . The song was also featured on a December 2009 ASPCA commercial . The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA signifying U.S. sales in excess of two million . In 2008 , the single was inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame . Nelson 's version was also featured , in its entirety , in a season two ( 2013 ) episode of the HBO television series The Newsroom . Chart history ( edit ) 1982 Weekly Chart Peak position Australian Kent Music Report 39 Belgian Top 40 ( Flanders ) 31 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles 10 Dutch Singles Chart 17 Irish Singles Chart 8 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 UK Singles Chart 49 1982 Year - End Chart Position Canadian RPM Top Singles 70 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 8 US Billboard Hot Country Singles US Cashbox Top 100 31 Pet Shop Boys version ( edit ) `` Always on My Mind '' Single by Pet Shop Boys B - side `` Do I Have to ? '' Released November 30 , 1987 Format 7 `` , 12 '' , cassette , CD Genre Synthpop , Euro disco , Hi - NRG Length 3 : 56 ( single mix ) 5 : 55 ( remix ) 8 : 10 ( extended mix ) 9 : 04 ( album version ) Label Parlophone -- R 6171 Songwriter ( s ) Mark James , Johnny Christopher , Wayne Carson Thompson Producer ( s ) Julian Mendelsohn , Pet Shop Boys Pet Shop Boys singles chronology `` Rent '' ( 1987 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1987 ) `` Heart '' ( 1988 ) `` Rent '' ( 1987 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1987 ) `` Heart '' ( 1988 ) Alternative cover Cover for the US release Audio sample file help In 1987 , the Pet Shop Boys performed a synthpop version of `` Always on My Mind '' on Love Me Tender , a television special on the ITV network in the UK . Commemorating the tenth anniversary of Presley 's death , the programme featured various popular acts of the time performing cover versions of his hits . The Pet Shop Boys ' performance was so well - received that the duo decided to record the song and release it as a single . This version became the UK 's Christmas number one single that year . It went on to top the charts for four weeks in total , and reached number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The Pet Shop Boys version introduces a harmonic variation not present in the original version . In the original the ending phrase `` always on my mind '' is sung to a IV - V - I cadence ( C-D - G ) . The Pet Shop Boys extend this cadence by adding two further chords : C-D - Gm / B ♭ - C-G ( i.e. a progression of IV - V - III - IV - I ) . In November 2004 , The Daily Telegraph newspaper placed the version at number two in a list of the fifty greatest cover versions of all time . In October 2014 , a public poll compiled by the BBC saw the song voted the all - time best cover version . In the video for Pet Shop Boys ' version of `` Always on My Mind '' ( an excerpt from their surreal music film It Could n't Happen Here ) , Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe are seated in the front of a taxi cab , when an eccentric passenger gets in , played by notable British actor Joss Ackland . At the end of the song , he gets out of the car , which drives away . Standing alone , he mutters : `` You went away . It should make me feel better . But I do n't know how I 'm going to get through '' , which is part of the lyrics for another Pet Shop Boys track , `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' , which was released earlier in the year . In 1988 , the duo remixed the song for their third studio LP , Introspective , combining it with an acid - house track called `` In My House '' . In 2008 , Konami used the song for Dance Dance Revolution X which was released for both arcades and the Sony PlayStation 2 console . In 2010 , the song was re-used for Dance Dance Revolution X2 which was released for arcades . In 2017 , Burberry released its Holiday campaign , as directed by Alasdair McLellan , which features `` Cara Delevingne and British actor Matt Smith . It opens with Delevingne singing `` Always on My Mind '' before segueing into the Pet Shop Boys cover of the song . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 / 1988 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 10 Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Vl ) Canadian Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart 5 European Singles Chart Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Singles Chart 22 German Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart 9 New Zealand Singles Chart 8 Norwegian Singles Chart Polish Singles Chart South African Singles Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Dance / Club Play Songs Chart 8 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales Chart 12 Other cover versions ( edit ) In 2013 , the Spanish national Christmas lottery advertisement covered this song with various popular Spanish artists , including Montserrat Caballé . In 2017 , Jessica Mauboy covered the song on her album , The Secret Daughter Season Two : Songs from the Original 7 Series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Always on My Mind '' -- search results `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ George Klein ; Chuck Crisafulli . Elvis : My Best Man : Radio Days , Rock ' n ' Roll Nights , and My Lifelong ... Books.google.com . p. 233 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Peter / Jorgensen , Ernst ( 1999 ) p. 310 . Elvis : Day by Day . ISBN 0 - 345 - 42089 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Country Billboard Singles '' . The Official Elvis Presley Website . Archived from the original on 19 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Nation 's Favourite Elvis Song : Top 20 Results and Winner '' . Telly Chat . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Elvis Presley Billboard Chart Positions at AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Always on My Mind '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : Billboard . Books.google.com. 1979 - 10 - 06 . p. 85 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 367 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` John Wesley Ryles Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for December 29 , 1979 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . ultratop.be. 1984 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6167&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 ^ Jump up to : `` Willie Nelson -- Always on My Mind '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1982 '' . Cashboxcountdowns.com. 1982 - 12 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` ChartArchive -- Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . Chartstats.com. 2009 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Pet Shop Boys ( 2009 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` They did it their way '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . November 20 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Shop Boys ' Always On My Mind tops cover version vote '' . BBC News . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cara Delevingne and Matt Smith Star in Burberry 's Very ' 80s Holiday Campaign '' . Fashionista . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW , Australia : Australian Chart Book . p. 232 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PET SHOP BOYS - ALWAYS ON MY MIND ( SONG ) '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Results -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin -- levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . lescharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` charts.de '' . charts.de. 2006 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward -- Fireball Media Group . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia -- Indice per Interprete : P '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Archiwum Listy Przebojów Programu Trzeciego '' . lp3.pl . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin ( 2003 - 05 - 25 ) . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( P ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Mountain Music '' by Alabama Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single May 8 -- 15 , 1982 by Willie Nelson Succeeded by `` Just to Satisfy You '' by Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson Preceded by `` Single Women '' by Dolly Parton RPM Country Tracks number - one single June 5 -- 12 , 1982 by Willie Nelson Succeeded by `` Listen to the Radio '' by Don Williams Preceded by `` Fire and Smoke '' by Earl Thomas Conley Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single of the year 1982 by Willie Nelson Succeeded by `` Jose Cuervo '' by Shelly West Preceded by `` China in Your Hand '' by T'Pau UK number one single December 20 , 1987 -- January 9 , 1988 by Pet Shop Boys Succeeded by `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' by Belinda Carlisle Preceded by `` Reet Petite '' by Jackie Wilson UK Singles Chart Christmas number - one single 1987 by Pet Shop Boys Succeeded by `` Mistletoe and Wine '' by Cliff Richard Preceded by `` Wishing Well '' by Terence Trent D'Arby Canadian RPM Singles Chart number - one single May 21 , 1988 -- May 28 , 1988 by Pet Shop Boys Succeeded by `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil Elvis Presley singles discography 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come From '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Brenda Lee Albums Grandma , What Great Songs You Sang ! Brenda Lee This Is ... Brenda Emotions All the Way Sincerely , Brenda Lee All Alone Am I ... `` Let Me Sing '' Brenda , That 's All Gospel Duets with Treasured Friends Other albums The Winning Hand Singles `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` One Step at a Time '' `` Let 's Jump the Broomstick '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` Sweet Nothin 's '' `` That 's All You Gotta Do '' `` I 'm Sorry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Emotions '' `` You Can Depend on Me '' `` Dum Dum '' `` Fool # 1 `` Break It to Me Gently '' `` Speak to Me Pretty '' `` Everybody Loves Me But You '' `` Here Comes That Feeling '' `` Heart in Hand '' `` It Started All Over Again '' `` All Alone Am I '' `` Your Used to Be '' `` She 'll Never Know '' `` Losing You '' `` I Wonder '' `` My Whole World Is Falling Down '' `` The Grass Is Greener '' `` As Usual '' `` Think '' `` Alone with You '' `` When You Loved Me '' `` Truly , Truly True '' `` Is It True '' `` Jingle Bell Rock '' `` Too Many Rivers '' `` Rusty Bells '' `` Coming on Strong '' `` Johnny One Time '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` Always on My Mind '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` Wrong Ideas '' `` Big Four Poster Bed '' `` Rock on Baby '' `` He 's My Rock '' `` Tell Me What It 's Like '' `` The Cowgirl and the Dandy '' `` Broken Trust '' Other singles `` Hallelujah , I Love You So '' `` America the Beautiful '' Songs `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` The Letter '' `` Our Day Will Come '' Related topics Discography Connie Francis Skeeter Davis Ricky Nelson Lesley Gore Red Foley Muruga Booker Book : Brenda Lee UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1980s `` There 's No One Quite Like Grandma '' ( St Winifred 's School Choir , 1980 ) `` Do n't You Want Me '' ( The Human League , 1981 ) `` Save Your Love '' ( Renée and Renato , 1982 ) `` Only You '' ( The Flying Pickets , 1983 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid , 1984 ) `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' ( Shakin ' Stevens , 1985 ) `` Reet Petite '' ( Jackie Wilson , 1986 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( Pet Shop Boys , 1987 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( Cliff Richard , 1988 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid II , 1989 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' 1988 `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' 1989 `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Pet Shop Boys Chris Lowe Neil Tennant Studio albums Please Actually Introspective Behaviour Very Bilingual Nightlife Release Fundamental Yes Elysium Electric Super Compilation albums Discography : The Complete Singles Collection Alternative Essential PopArt : The Hits Story : 25 Years of Hits Party Ultimate Format Remix albums Disco Disco 2 Disco 3 Disco 4 Live albums Concrete Pandemonium Extended plays Christmas Soundtracks and scores It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Battleship Potemkin The Most Incredible Thing Other songs `` King 's Cross '' `` The Loving Kind '' `` The Night I Fell in Love '' `` I 'm Not Scared '' `` In Private '' `` Nothing Has Been Proved '' `` So Sorry , I Said '' `` Do n't Drop Bombs '' `` Euroboy '' Film , stage and television It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Pet Shop Boys : A Life In Pop The Most Incredible Thing Notable tours and concerts MCMLXXXIX Performance Discovery Somewhere Nightlife Release Fundamental Pandemonium Progress ( as special guests ) Electric Super Related articles Discography Songs x2 Reputation Results Electronic Back to Mine : Pet Shop Boys West End Girls Book Pet Shop Boys singles Please ( 1984 -- 1986 ) `` West End Girls '' `` Opportunities ( Let 's Make Lots of Money ) '' `` Love Comes Quickly '' `` Suburbia '' Disco ( 1986 ) `` Paninaro '' Actually ( 1987 -- 1988 ) `` It 's a Sin '' `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' `` Rent '' `` Heart '' Introspective ( 1988 -- 1989 ) `` Always on My Mind '' `` Domino Dancing '' `` Left to My Own Devices '' `` It 's Alright '' Behaviour ( 1990 -- 1991 ) `` So Hard '' `` Being Boring '' `` How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously ? '' / `` Where the Streets Have No Name ( I Ca n't Take My Eyes off You ) '' `` Jealousy '' Discography ( 1991 ) `` DJ Culture '' `` Was It Worth It ? '' Very ( 1993 -- 1994 ) `` Can You Forgive Her ? '' `` Go West '' `` I Would n't Normally Do This Kind of Thing '' `` Liberation '' `` Yesterday , When I Was Mad '' Alternative ( 1995 ) `` Paninaro ' 95 '' Bilingual ( 1996 -- 1997 ) `` Before '' `` Se a vida é ( That 's the Way Life Is ) '' / `` To Step Aside '' `` Single - Bilingual '' `` A Red Letter Day '' Nightlife ( 1999 -- 2000 ) `` I Do n't Know What You Want But I Ca n't Give It Any More '' `` New York City Boy '' `` You Only Tell Me You Love Me When You 're Drunk '' Release ( 2002 -- 2003 ) `` Home and Dry '' `` I Get Along '' `` London '' PopArt ( 2003 -- 2004 ) `` Miracles '' `` Flamboyant '' Fundamental ( 2006 ) `` I 'm with Stupid '' `` Minimal '' `` Numb '' Disco 4 ( 2007 ) `` Integral '' Yes ( 2009 ) `` Love Etc . '' `` Did You See Me Coming ? '' `` Beautiful People '' Ultimate ( 2010 ) `` Together '' Elysium ( 2012 ) `` Winner '' `` Leaving '' `` Memory of the Future '' Electric ( 2013 - 14 ) `` Axis '' `` Vocal '' `` Love Is a Bourgeois Construct '' `` Thursday '' `` Fluorescent '' Super ( 2016 ) `` The Pop Kids '' `` Twenty - something '' `` Inner Sanctum '' `` Say It to Me '' `` Undertow '' Non-album singles `` One More Chance '' `` Absolutely Fabulous '' `` Hallo Spaceboy '' `` Somewhere '' `` Break 4 Love '' `` She 's Madonna '' `` Love Life '' Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1980s ) 1980 Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald - `` What a Fool Believes '' 1981 Christopher Cross - `` Sailing '' 1982 Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon - `` Bette Davis Eyes '' Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson - `` Always on My Mind '' 1984 Sting - `` Every Breath You Take '' 1985 Graham Lyle & Terry Britten - `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' 1986 Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie - `` We Are the World '' Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager - `` That 's What Friends Are For '' 1988 James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil - `` Somewhere Out There '' 1989 Bobby McFerrin - `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Billboard Year - End Hot Country Songs number one single of the year 1980 -- 1989 1980 : `` My Heart '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1981 : `` Fire and Smoke '' -- Earl Thomas Conley 1982 : `` Always on My Mind '' -- Willie Nelson 1983 : `` José Cuervo '' -- Shelly West 1984 : `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' -- Julio Iglesias and Willie Nelson 1985 : `` Lost in the Fifties Tonight ( In the Still of the Night ) '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1986 : `` Never Be You '' -- Rosanne Cash 1987 : `` Give Me Wings '' -- Michael Johnson 1988 : `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' -- Keith Whitley 1989 : `` A Better Man '' -- Clint Black 1990 -- 1999 1990 : `` Nobody 's Home '' -- Clint Black 1991 : `` Do n't Rock the Jukebox '' -- Alan Jackson 1992 : `` I Saw the Light '' -- Wynonna Judd 1993 : `` Chattahoochee '' -- Alan Jackson 1994 : `` I Swear '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1995 : `` Sold ( The Grundy County Auction Incident ) '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1996 : `` My Maria '' -- Brooks & Dunn 1997 : `` It 's Your Love '' -- Tim McGraw and Faith Hill 1998 : `` Just to See You Smile '' -- Tim McGraw 1999 : `` Amazed '' -- Lonestar 2000 -- 2009 2000 : `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' -- Toby Keith 2001 : `` Ai n't Nothing ' bout You '' -- Brooks & Dunn 2002 : `` The Good Stuff '' -- Kenny Chesney 2003 : `` My Front Porch Looking In '' -- Lonestar 2004 : `` Live Like You Were Dying '' -- Tim McGraw 2005 : `` That 's What I Love About Sunday '' -- Craig Morgan 2006 : `` If You 're Going Through Hell ( Before The Devil Even Knows ) '' -- Rodney Atkins 2007 : `` Watching You '' -- Rodney Atkins 2008 : `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' -- James Otto 2009 : `` I Run to You '' -- Lady Antebellum 2010 -- 2019 2010 : `` Love Like Crazy '' -- Lee Brice 2011 : `` Crazy Girl '' -- Eli Young Band 2012 : `` Time Is Love '' -- Josh Turner 2013 : `` Cruise '' -- Florida Georgia Line 2014 : `` This Is How We Roll '' -- Florida Georgia Line featuring Luke Bryan 2015 : `` Take Your Time '' -- Sam Hunt 2016 : `` H.O.L.Y. '' - Florida Georgia Line Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Always_on_My_Mind&oldid=809525042 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom 1970s ballads 1972 singles 1973 singles 1982 singles 1987 singles 1988 singles 1972 songs Amanda Lear songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles of the year Brenda Lee songs Country ballads Elvis Presley songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grammy Award for Song of the Year John Wesley Ryles songs Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Pet Shop Boys songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Mark James ( songwriter ) Songs written by Wayne Carson Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Song recordings produced by Felton Jarvis Song recordings produced by Bob Montgomery ( songwriter ) UK Singles Chart number - one singles Willie Nelson songs MCA Records singles Columbia Records singles RCA Records singles Parlophone singles Song recordings produced by Julian Mendelsohn Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 17 : 56 . 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-6675132013962274168	Reserve Bank of India	Reserve bank of India - Wikipedia Reserve bank of India This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( June 2017 ) Reserve Bank of India Bhāratīya Rija़rva Baiṃka Seal of RBI Headquarters Mumbai , Maharashtra , India 18 ° 55 ′ 58 '' N 72 ° 50 ′ 13 '' E / 18.932679 ° N 72.836933 ° E / 18.932679 ; 72.836933 Established 1 April 1935 ; 83 years ago ( 1935 - 04 - 01 ) Ownership Government of India ( 100 % ) Governor Urjit Patel Central bank of India Currency Indian rupee ( ₹ ) Reserves ₹ 2,751,400 crore ( US $380 billion ) Bank rate 6.75 % Interest on reserves 4.00 % ( market determined ) Website Official website Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves requirements Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget Economic growth Price stability Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform The Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) ( IAST : Bhāratīya Rijarva Baiṃka ) is India 's central banking institution , which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee . It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 . The original share capital was divided into shares of 100 each fully paid , which were initially owned entirely by private shareholders . Following India 's independence on 15 August 1947 , the RBI was nationalised on 1 January 1949 . The RBI plays an important part in the Development Strategy of the Government of India . It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union . The general superintendence and direction of the RBI is entrusted with the 21 - member central board of directors : the governor ; four deputy governors ; two finance ministry representatives ( usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary ) ; ten government - nominated directors to represent important elements of India 's economy ; and four directors to represent local boards headquartered at Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai and the capital New Delhi . Each of these local boards consists of five members who represent regional interests , the interests of co-operative and indigenous banks . The central bank was an independent apex monetary authority which regulates banks and provides important financial services like storing of foreign exchange reserves , control of inflation , monetary policy report till August 2016 . A central bank is known by different names in different countries . The functions of a central bank vary from country to country and are autonomous or quasi-autonomous body and perform or through another agency vital monetary functions in the country . A central bank is a vital financial apex institution of an economy and the key objects of central banks may differ from country to country still they perform activities and functions with the goal of maintaining economic stability and growth of an economy . The bank is also active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion ( AFI ) . The bank is often referred to by the name Mint Street . RBI is also known as banker 's bank . Contents 1 Preamble 2 History 2.1 1935 -- 1950 2.2 1950 -- 1960 2.3 1960 -- 1969 2.4 1969 -- 1985 2.5 1985 -- 1991 2.6 1991 -- 2000 the new century 2.7 Since 2000 3 Structure 4 Branches and support bodies 5 Functions 5.1 Financial Supervision 5.2 Regulator and supervisor of the financial system 5.3 Regulator and Supervisor of the Payment and Settlement Systems 5.4 Banker and Debt Manager to Government 5.5 Managing foreign exchange 5.6 Issue of currency 5.7 Banker 's bank 5.8 Regulator of the Banking System 5.9 Detection of fake currency 5.10 Developmental role 5.11 Related functions 5.12 Custodian to foreign exchange 6 2016 Demonetisation 6.1 Cash crunch and effects 7 Policy Rates and Reserve Ratios 7.1 Repo Rate 7.2 Reverse Repo Rate ( RRR ) 7.3 Statutory liquidity ratio ( SLR ) 7.4 Bank Rate 7.5 Liquidity Adjustment Facility ( LAF ) 7.6 Cash Reserve Ratio ( CRR ) 7.7 Open Market Operation ( OMO ) 7.8 Marginal Standing Facility ( MSF ) 8 Qualitative Tools 8.1 Margin Requirements or LTV 8.2 Selective credit control 8.3 Moral Suasion 9 Limitations of Monetary Policy 10 Publications 11 Further reading 12 References 13 External links Preamble ( edit ) The preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the reserve bank as : `` to regulate the issue of Bank notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage ; to have a modern monetary policy framework to meet the challenge of an increasingly complex economy , to maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth . '' History ( edit ) The Reserve Bank of India was established following the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934 . Though privately owned initially , it was nationalised in 1949 and since then fully owned by Government of India ( GoI ) . 1935 -- 19.50 ( edit ) Reserve Bank of India - 10 Rupees ( 1938 ) , first year of banknote issue . The Reserve Bank of India was founded on 1 April 1935 to respond to economic troubles after the First World War . The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualized based on the guidelines presented by the Central Legislative Assembly which passed these guidelines as the RBI Act 1934 . RBI was conceptualized as per the guidelines , working style and outlook presented by B.R. Ambedkar in his book titled `` The Problem of the Rupee -- Its origin and its solution '' and presented to the Hilton Young Commission . The bank was set up based on the recommendations of the 1926 Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance , also known as the Hilton -- Young Commission . The original choice for the seal of RBI was The East India Company Double Mohur , with the sketch of the Lion and Palm Tree . However , it was decided to replace the lion with the tiger , the national animal of India . The Preamble of the RBI describes its basic functions to regulate the issue of bank notes , keep reserves to secure monetary stability in India , and generally to operate the currency and credit system in the best interests of the country . The Central Office of the RBI was established in Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) but was moved to Bombay ( now Mumbai ) in 1937 . The RBI also acted as Burma 's ( now Myanmar ) central bank until April 1947 ( except during the years of Japanese occupation ( 1942 -- 45 ) ) , even though Burma seceded from the Indian Union in 1937 . After the Partition of India in August 1947 , the bank served as the central bank for Pakistan until June 1948 when the State Bank of Pakistan commenced operations . Though set up as a shareholders ' bank , the RBI has been fully owned by the Government of India since its nationalization in 1949 . RBI has monopoly of note issue . 19.50 -- 1960 ( edit ) In the 1950s , the Indian government , under its first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , developed a centrally planned economic policy that focused on the agricultural sector . The administration nationalized commercial banks and established , based on the Banking Companies Act , 1949 ( later called the Banking Regulation Act ) , a central bank regulation as part of the RBI . Furthermore , the central bank was ordered to support economic plan with loans . 1960 -- 1969 ( edit ) As a result of bank crashes , the RBI was requested to establish and monitor a deposit insurance system . Meant to restore the trust in the national bank system , it was initialized on 7 December 1961 . The Indian government founded funds to promote the economy , and used the slogan `` Developing Banking '' . The government of India restructured the national bank market and nationalized a lot of institutes . As a result , the RBI had to play the central part in controlling and supporting this public banking sector . 1969 -- 1985 ( edit ) In 1969 , the Indira Gandhi - headed government nationalized 14 major commercial banks . Upon Indira Gandhi 's return to power in 1980 , a further six banks were nationalized . The regulation of the economy and especially the financial sector was reinforced by the Government of India in the 1970s and 1980s . The central bank became the central player and increased its policies a lot for a lot of tasks like interests , reserve ratio and visible deposits . These measures aimed at better economic development and had a huge effect on the company policy of the institutes . The banks lent money in selected sectors , like agricultural business and small trade companies . The branch was forced to establish two new offices in the country for every newly established office in a town . The oil crises in 1973 resulted in increasing inflation , and the RBI restricted monetary policy to reduce the effects . 1985 -- 1991 ( edit ) A lot of committees analysed the Indian economy between 1985 and 1991 . Their results had an effect on the RBI . The Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction , the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research and the Security & Exchange Board of India investigated the national economy as a whole , and the security and exchange board proposed better methods for more effective markets and the protection of investor interests . The Indian financial market was a leading example for so - called `` financial repression '' ( Mckinnon and Shaw ) . The Discount and Finance House of India began its operations in the monetary market in April 1988 ; the National Housing Bank , founded in July 1988 , was forced to invest in the property market and a new financial law improved the versatility of direct deposit by more security measures and liberalisation . 1991 -- 2000 the new century ( edit ) The national economy contracted in July 1991 as the Indian rupee was devalued . The currency lost 18 % of its value relative to the US dollar , and the Narsimham Committee advised restructuring the financial sector by a temporal reduced reserve ratio as well as the statutory liquidity ratio . New guidelines were published in 1993 to establish a private banking sector . This turning point was meant to reinforce the market and was often called neo-liberal . The central bank deregulated bank interests and some sectors of the financial market like the trust and property markets . This first phase was a success and the central government forced a diversity liberalisation to diversify owner structures in 1998 . The National Stock Exchange of India took the trade on in June 1994 and the RBI allowed nationalized banks in July to interact with the capital market to reinforce their capital base . The central bank founded a subsidiary company -- the Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited -- on 3 February 1995 to produce banknotes . Since 2000 ( edit ) The Foreign Exchange Management Act , 1999 came into force in June 2000 . It should improve the item in 2004 -- 2005 ( National Electronic Fund Transfer ) . The Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd. , a merger of nine institutions , was founded in 2006 and produces banknotes and coins . The national economy 's growth rate came down to 5.8 % in the last quarter of 2008 -- 2009 and the central bank promotes the economic development . Structure ( edit ) RBI runs a monetary museum in Mumbai The central board of directors is the main committee of the central bank . The Government of India appoints the directors for a four - year term . The Board consists of a governor , and not more than four deputy governors ; four directors to represent the regional boards ; 2 -- usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary -- from the Ministry of Finance and 10 other directors from various fields . The Reserve Bank -- under Raghuram Rajan 's governorship -- wanted to create a post of a chief operating officer ( COO ) , in the rank of deputy governor and wanted to re-allocate work between the five of them ( four deputy governor and COO ) . The bank is headed by the governor and the post is currently held by economist Urjit Patel . There are four deputy governors BP Kanungo , , NS Vishwanathan and Viral Acharya , Mahesh Kumar Jain . Two of the four deputy governors are traditionally from RBI ranks and are selected from the Bank 's Executive Directors . One is nominated from among the Chairpersons of public sector banks and the other is an economist . An Indian Administrative Service officer can also be appointed as deputy governor of RBI and later as the governor of RBI as with the case of Y . Venugopal Reddy and Duvvuri Subbarao . Other persons forming part of the central board of directors of the RBI are Dr. Nachiket Mor , YC Deveshwar , Prof Damodar Acharya , Ajay Tyagi and Anjuly Duggal . Uma Shankar , chief general manager ( CGM ) in charge of the Reserve Bank of India 's financial inclusion and development department has taken over as executive director ( ED ) in the central bank . Sudha Balakrishnan , a former vice president at National Securities Depository Limited , assumed charge as the first chief financial officer ( CFO ) of the Reserve Bank on 15 May 2018 ; she was given the rank of an executive director . Branches and support bodies ( edit ) RBI Headquarters in Mumbai The RBI has four zonal offices at Chennai , Delhi , Kolkata and Mumbai . It has 19 regional offices and 11 sub-offices throughout India . Regional offices are located in Ahmedabad , Bangalore , Bhopal , Bhubaneswar , Chandigarh , Chennai , Delhi , Guwahati , Hyderabad , Jaipur , Jammu , Kanpur , Kochi , Kolkata , Dewas , Lucknow , Mumbai , Nagpur , Patna , Dehradun and Thiruvananthapuram and sub-offices are located in Agartala , Aizawal , Dehradun , Gangtok , Imphal , Panaji , Raipur , Ranchi , Shillong , Shimla and Srinagar . The RBI has four regional representations : North in New Delhi , South in Chennai , East in Kolkata and West in Mumbai . The representations are formed by five members , appointed for four years by the central government and with the advice of the central board of directors serve as a forum for regional banks and to deal with delegated tasks from the Central Board . It has two training colleges for its officers , viz . Reserve Bank Staff College , Chennai and College of Agricultural Banking , Pune . There are three autonomous institutions run by RBI namely National Institute of Bank Management ( NIBM ) , Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research ( IGIDR ) , Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology ( IDRBT ) . There are also four Zonal Training Centres at Mumbai , Chennai , Kolkata and New Delhi . The Board of Financial Supervision ( BFS ) , formed in November 1994 , serves as a CCBD committee to control the financial institutions . It has four members , appointed for two years , and takes measures to strength the role of statutory auditors in the financial sector , external monitoring and internal controlling systems . The Tarapore committee was set up by the Reserve Bank of India under the chairmanship of former RBI deputy governor S.S. Tarapore to `` lay the road map '' to capital account convertibility . The five - member committee recommended a three - year time frame for complete convertibility by 1999 -- 2000 . On 8 December 2017 , Surekha Marandi , Executive Director ( ED ) of Reserve Bank of India , said RBI will open an office in the north - eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh Functions ( edit ) Reserve Bank of India regional office , Delhi entrance with the Yakshini sculpture depicting `` Prosperity through agriculture '' . RBI - Tower in Mumbai The regional office of RBI ( right ) in front of GPO ( left ) at Dalhousie Square , Kolkata . The central bank of any country executes many functions such as overseeing monetary policy , issuing currency , managing foreign exchange , working as a bank for government and as a banker of scheduled commercial banks . It also works for overall economic growth of the country . The preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes its main functions as : ... to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage . Financial supervision ( edit ) The primary objective of RBI is to undertake consolidated supervision of the financial sector comprising commercial banks , financial institutions and non-banking finance companies . The Board is constituted by co-opting four Directors from the Central Board as members for a term of two years and is chaired by the governor . The deputy governors of the reserve bank are ex-officio members . One deputy governor , usually , the deputy governor in charge of banking regulation and supervision , is nominated as the vice-chairman of the board . The Board is required to meet normally once every month . It considers inspection reports and other supervisory issues placed before it by the supervisory departments . BFS through the Audit Sub-Committee also aims at upgrading the quality of the statutory audit and internal audit functions in banks and financial institutions . The audit sub-committee includes deputy governor as the chairman and two Directors of the Central Board as members . The BFS oversees the functioning of Department of Banking Supervision ( DBS ) , Department of Non-Banking Supervision ( DNBS ) and Financial Institutions Division ( FID ) and gives directions on the regulatory and supervisory issues . Regulator and supervisor of the financial system ( edit ) The institution is also the regulator and supervisor of the financial system and prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country 's banking and financial system functions . Its objectives are to maintain public confidence in the system , protect depositors ' interest and provide cost - effective banking services to the public . The Banking Ombudsman Scheme has been formulated by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) for effective addressing of complaints by bank customers . The RBI controls the monetary supply , monitors economic indicators like the gross domestic product and has to decide the design of the rupee banknotes as well as coins . Regulator and supervisor of the payment and settlement systems ( edit ) Payment and settlement systems play an important role in improving overall economic efficiency . The Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007 ( PSS Act ) gives the Reserve Bank oversight authority , including regulation and supervision , for the payment and settlement systems in the country . In this role , the RBI focuses on the development and functioning of safe , secure and efficient payment and settlement mechanisms . Two payment systems National Electronic Fund Transfer ( NEFT ) and Real Time Gross Settlement ( RTGS ) allow individuals , companies and firms to transfer funds from one bank to another . These facilities can only be used for transferring money within the country . NEFT operates on a deferred net settlement ( DNS ) basis and settles transactions in batches . The settlement takes place for all transactions received till a particular cut - off time . It operates in hourly batches -- there are 12 settlements from 8 am to 7 pm on weekdays and SIX between 8 am and 1 pm on Saturdays . Any transaction initiated after the designated time would have to wait till the next settlement time . In RTGS , transactions are processed continuously , all through the business hours . RBI 's settlement time is 9 am to 4 : 30 pm on weekdays and 9 am to 2 : 00 pm on Saturdays . Banker and debt manager to government ( edit ) Just like individuals need a bank to carry out their financial transactions effectively & efficiently , Governments also need a bank to carry out their financial transactions . RBI serves this purpose for the Government of India ( GoI ) . As a banker to the GoI , RBI maintains its accounts , receive payments into & make payments out of these accounts . RBI also helps GoI to raise money from public via issuing bonds and government approved securities . Managing foreign exchange ( edit ) The central bank manages to reach different goals of the Foreign Exchange Management Act , 1999 . Their objective is to facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India . With increasing integration of the Indian economy with the global economy arising from greater trade and capital flows , the foreign exchange market has evolved as a key segment of the Indian financial market and RBI has an important role to play in regulating & managing this segment . RBI manages forex and gold reserves of the nation . On a given day , the foreign exchange rate reflects the demand for and supply of foreign exchange arising from trade and capital transactions . The RBI 's Financial Markets Department ( FMD ) participates in the foreign exchange market by undertaking sales / purchases of foreign currency to ease volatility in periods of excess demand for / supply of foreign currency . Issue of currency ( edit ) Reserve bank of India is the sole body who is authorized to issue currency in India . The bank also destroys the same when they are not fit for circulation . All the money issued by the central bank is its monetary liability , i.e. , the central bank is obliged to back the currency with assets of equal value , to enhance public confidence in paper currency . The objectives are to issue bank notes and give public adequate supply of the same , to maintain the currency and credit system of the country to utilize it in its best advantage , and to maintain the reserves . RBI maintains the economic structure of the country so that it can achieve the objective of price stability as well as economic development because both objectives are diverse in themselves . For printing of notes , the Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited ( SPMCIL ) , a wholly owned company of the Government of India , has set up printing presses at Nashik , Maharashtra and Dewas , Madhya Pradesh . The Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited ( BRBNMPL ) , also has set up printing presses in Mysore in Karnataka and Salboni in West Bengal . In all , there are four printing presses . And for the minting of coins , SPMCIL has four mints at Mumbai , Noida ( UP ) , Kolkata and Hyderabad for coin production . While coins and one rupee notes are minted by Government of India ( GoI ) , the RBI works as an agent of GoI for distributing and handling of coins . RBI also works to prevent counterfeiting of currency by regularly upgrading security features of currency . For printing currency , RBI has four facilities at Dewas , Nasik , Mysore and Salboni . The RBI is authorized to issue notes up to value of Rupees ten thousands and coin up to one thousands . New notes of Rupees 500 and 2000 have been issued on 8 November 2016 . The old series note of Rupees 1000 and 500 are considered illegal and just paper from midnight on 8 November 2016 . Earlier 1000 notes have been discarded by RBI . Banker 's bank ( edit ) Nagpur branch holds most of India 's gold deposits Reserve Bank of India also works as a central bank where commercial banks are account holders and can deposit money . RBI maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks . Commercial banks create credit . It is the duty of the RBI to control the credit through the CRR , bank rate and open market operations . As banker 's bank , the RBI facilitates the clearing of cheques between the commercial banks and helps the inter-bank transfer of funds . It can grant financial accommodation to schedule banks . It acts as the lender of the last resort by providing emergency advances to the banks . It supervises the functioning of the commercial banks and takes action against it if the need arises . The RBI also advises the banks on various matters for example Corporate Social Responsibility . Regulator of the banking system ( edit ) RBI has the responsibility of regulating the nation 's financial system . As a regulator and supervisor of the Indian banking system it ensures financial stability & public confidence in the banking system . RBI uses methods like On - site inspections , off - site surveillance , scrutiny & periodic meetings to supervise new bank licenses , setting capital requirements and regulating interest rates in specific areas . RBI is currently focused on implementing Basel III norms . Detection of fake currency ( edit ) In order to curb the fake currency problem , RBI has launched a website to raise awareness among masses about fake notes in the market . www.paisaboltahai.rbi.org.in provides information about identifying fake currency . On 22 January 2014 ; RBI gave a press release stating that after 31 March 2014 , it will completely withdraw from circulation of all banknotes issued prior to 2005 . From 1 April 2014 , the public will be required to approach banks for exchanging these notes . Banks will provide exchange facility for these notes until further communication . The reserve bank has also clarified that the notes issued before 2005 will continue to be legal tender . This would mean that banks are required to exchange the notes for their customers as well as for non-customers . From 1 July 2014 , however , to exchange more than 15 pieces of ` 500 and ` 1000 notes , non-customers will have to furnish proof of identity and residence as well as show aadhar to the bank branch in which she / he wants to exchange the notes . This move from the reserve bank is expected to unearth black money held in cash . As the new currency notes have added security features , they would help in curbing the menace of fake currency . Developmental role ( edit ) The central bank has to perform a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives and industries . The RBI faces a lot of inter-sectoral and local inflation - related problems . Some of these problems are results of the dominant part of the public sector . Key tools in this effort include Priority Sector Lending such as agriculture , micro and small enterprises ( MSE ) , housing and education . RBI work towards strengthening and supporting small local banks and encourage banks to open branches in rural areas to include large section of society in banking net . Related functions ( edit ) The RBI is also a banker to the government and performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments . It also acts as their banker . The National Housing Bank ( NHB ) was established in 1988 to promote private real estate acquisition . The institution maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks , too . RBI on 7 August 2012 said that Indian banking system is resilient enough to face the stress caused by the drought - like situation because of poor monsoon this year . Custodian to foreign exchange ( edit ) The Reserve Bank has custody of the country 's reserves of international currency , and this enables the Reserve Bank to deal with crisis connected with adverse balance of payments position . 2016 Demonetisation ( edit ) People gathered at ATM of Axis Bank in Mehsana , Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016 . Main article : 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation On 8 November 2016 , the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹ 500 ( US $7.00 ) and ₹ 1,000 ( US $14 ) banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series on the recommendation of the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) . The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism . The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series and ₹ 100 banknotes of the preceding Mahatma Gandhi Series . Following are the key points : Long queue in front of SBI ATM at Paravur near the city of Kollam in Kerala , 19 November 2016 . Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts . Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹ 10,000 per day and ₹ 20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016 . This limit was increased to ₹ 24,000 per week from 14 November . For immediate cash needs , the old banknotes could be exchanged for the new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2,000 banknotes as well as ₹ 100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof . It was announced that this facility would be available until 30 December 2016 . Initially , the limit was fixed at ₹ 4,000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016 . This limit was increased to ₹ 4,500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016 . The limit was reduced to ₹ 2,000 per person from 18 November 2016 . All exchange of banknotes was abruptly stopped from 25 November 2016 . Initially , all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹ 50 and ₹ 100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹ 2000 per day . From 14 November onwards , ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹ 2,500 per day , while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹ 50 and ₹ 100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹ 2000 per day . However , exceptions were given to petrol , CNG and gas stations , government hospitals , railway and airline booking counters , state - government recognised dairies and ration stores , and crematoriums to accept the old ₹ 500 and ₹ 1,000 banknotes until 11 November 2016 , which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016 . International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹ 5,000 for foreign tourists and out - bound passengers . Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016 , families were allowed to withdraw ₹ 250,000 for wedding expenses from one account provided it was KYC compliant . The rules were also changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹ 25,000 per week from their accounts against crop loan . Cash crunch and effects ( edit ) Queue at an ATM for ₹ 100 banknotes in Howrah , on 8 November 2016 , 22 : 23 ( IST ) People queue outside a private bank to deposit and exchange old ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes in Kolkata on 10 November 2016 . The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos , and most people holding old banknotes faced difficulties exchanging them due to endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India , which became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes since 9 November . ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional , and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional . Sporadic violence was reported in New Delhi , but there were no reports of any grievous injury , people attacked bank premises and ATMs , and a ration shop was looted in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept ₹ 500 banknotes . Policy rates and Reserve ratios ( edit ) Rates as of October 2018 monetary policy meet Policy rates Policy Repo Rate 6.50 % Reverse Repo Rate 6.25 % Marginal Standing Facility Rate 6.75 % Bank Rate 6.75 % Reserve ratios Cash Reserve Ratio ( CRR ) 4 % Statutory Liquidity Ratio ( SLR ) 19.5 % Lending and deposit rates Base Rate 8.65 % -- 9.45 % MCLR ( overnight ) 7.70 % -- 7.95 % Savings Deposit Rate 3.50 % -- 4.00 % Term Deposit Rate for > 1year 6.25 % -- 6.75 % Repo rate ( edit ) Repo ( Repurchase ) rate also known as the benchmark interest rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to the commercial banks for a short - term ( max. 90 days ) . When the repo rate increases , borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive . If RBI wants to make it more expensive for the banks to borrow money , it increases the repo rate similarly , if it wants to make it cheaper for banks to borrow money it reduces the repo rate . If the repo rate is increased , banks ca n't carry out their business at a profit whereas the very opposite happens when the repo rate is cut down . Generally , repo rates are cut down whenever the country needs to progress in banking and economy . Currently , the new RBI governor Sri Urjit Patel has cut the previous Repo rate to 6 % for facilitation of India 's economy . In its fifth bi-monthly Monetary policy review on 6 December 2017 , RBI unchanged Repo Rate and kept at 6 % . If banks want to borrow money ( for short term , usually overnight ) from RBI then banks have to charge this interest rate . currently , Repo rate is set to 6 % w.e.f 9 August 2017 . Banks have to pledge government securities as collateral . This kind of deal happens through a re-purchase agreement . If a bank wants to borrow Rs. 100 crores , it has to provide government securities at least worth Rs. 100 crore ( could be more because of margin requirement which is 5 % - 10 % of loan amount ) and agree to repurchase them at Rs. 106.75 crore at the end of borrowing period . So the bank has paid Rs. 6.75 crore as interest . This is the reason it is called repo rate . The government securities which are provided by banks as collateral can not come from SLR quota ( otherwise the SLR will go below 19.5 % of NDTL and attract penalty ) . Banks have to provide these securities additionally . To curb inflation , RBI increases Repo rate which will make borrowing costly for banks . Banks will pass this increased cost to their customers which make borrowing costly in whole economy . Fewer people will apply for loan and aggregate demand will get reduced . This will result in inflation coming down . RBI does the opposite to fight deflation . Although when RBI reduce Repo rate , banks are not legally required to reduce their base rate . Reverse repo rate ( rrr ) ( edit ) As the name suggest , reverse repo rate is just the opposite of repo rate . Reverse Repo rate is the short term borrowing rate at which RBI borrows money from banks . The reserve bank uses this tool when it feels there is too much money floating in the banking system . An increase in the reverse repo rate means that the banks will get a higher rate of interest from RBI . As a result , banks prefer to lend their money to RBI which is always safe instead of lending it to others ( people , companies etc . ) which is always risky . Repo Rate signifies the rate at which liquidity is injected into the banking system by RBI , whereas Reverse Repo rate signifies the rate at which the central bank absorbs liquidity from the banks . Currently , Reverse Repo Rate is pegged to be 0.25 % below Repo Rate . Statutory liquidity ratio ( SLR ) ( edit ) Apart from the CRR , banks are required to maintain liquid assets in the form of gold , cash and approved securities . Higher liquidity ratio forces commercial banks to maintain a larger proportion of their resources in liquid form and thus reduces their capacity to grant loans and advances , thus it is an anti-inflationary impact . A higher liquidity ratio diverts the bank funds from loans and advances to investment in government and approved securities . In well - developed economies , central banks use open market operations -- buying and selling of eligible securities by the central bank in the money market -- to influence the volume of cash reserves with commercial banks and thus influence the volume of loans and advances they can make to the commercial and industrial sectors . In the open money market , government securities are traded at market - related rates of interest . The RBI is resorting more to open market operations in the more recent years . Generally , RBI uses Minimum margins for lending against specific securities . Ceiling on the amounts of credit for certain purposes . The discriminatory rate of interest charged on certain types of advances . Direct credit controls in India are of three types : Part of the interest rate structure , i.e. , on small savings and provident funds , are administratively set . Banks are mandatory required to keep 19.50 % of their NDTL ( Net Demand and Time Liabilities ) in the form of liquid assets . Banks are required to lend to the priority sectors to the extent of 40 % of their advances . The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain in safe and liquid assets , such as government securities , cash and gold . The present SLR is 19.5 % . Bank rate ( edit ) It is defined in Sec 49 of RBI Act of 1934 as the ' standard rate at which RBI is prepared to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers eligible for purchase ' . When banks want to borrow long term funds from RBI , it is the interest rate which RBI charges to them . It is currently set to 6.75 % ( Second Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement , 2018 -- 19 ) . The bank rate is not used to control money supply these days . Although penal rates are linked to bank rate . If a bank fails to keep SLR or CRR then RBI will impose penalty & it will be 300 basis points above bank rate . Liquidity Adjustment facility ( LAF ) ( edit ) Liquidity Adjustment facility was introduced in 2000 . LAF is a facility provided by the Reserve Bank of India to scheduled commercial banks to avail of liquidity in case of need or to park excess funds with the RBI on an overnight basis against the collateral of Government securities . RBI accept application for a minimum amount of Rs. 5 crore and in multiples of Rs. 5 crore thereafter . LAF enables liquidity management on a day - to - day basis . The operations of LAF are conducted by way of repurchase agreements called Repos & Reverse Repos . Cash Reserve ratio ( CRR ) ( edit ) CRR refers to the ratio of bank 's cash reserve balances with RBI with reference to the bank 's net demand & time liabilities to ensure the liquidity & solvency of the scheduled banks . The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain as cash with RBI . The RBI has set CRR at 4 % . 1 % change in it today affects the economy with Rs. 96000 crores . An increase sucks this amount from the economy , while a decrease injects this amount into the economy.So if a bank has 200 Crore of NDTL then it has to keep Rs. 8 Crore in cash with RBI . RBI pays no interest on CRR . Let 's assume economy is showing inflationary trends & RBI wants to control this situation by adjusting SLR & CRR . If RBI increases SLR to 50 % and CRR to 20 % then bank will be left only with Rs. 60 crore for operations . Now it will be very difficult for bank to maintain profitability with such small capital . Bank will be left with no choice but to raise interest rate which will make borrowing costly . This will in turn reduce the overall demand & hence price will come down eventually . Open market operation ( omo ) ( edit ) Open market operation is the activity of buying and selling of government securities in open market to control the supply of money in banking system . When there is excess supply of money , central bank sells government securities thereby sucking out excess liquidity . Similarly , when liquidity is tight , RBI will buy government securities and thereby inject money supply into the economy . Marginal standing facility ( MSF ) ( edit ) This scheme was introduced in May , 2011 and all the scheduled commercial bank can participate in this scheme . Banks can borrow up to 2.5 % percent of their respective Net Demand and Time Liabilities . RBI receive application under this facility for a minimum amount of Rs . One crore and in multiples of Rs . One crore thereafter . The important difference with repo rate is that bank can pledge government securities from SLR quota ( up to one percent ) . So even if SLR goes below 20.5 % ( RBI / 2014 - 15 / 445 DBR. Ret. BC. 70 / 12.02. 001 / 2014 - 15 , dt. 16.10. 2016 ) by pledging SLR quota securities under MSF , bank will not have to pay any penalty . The MSF rate is set to 100 basis point above bank rate and currently is at 6.50 % as of 1.6. 17 . Qualitative tools ( edit ) Margin requirements or LTV ( edit ) Loan to Value is the ratio of loan amount to the actual value of asset purchased . RBI regulates this ratio so as to control the amount bank can lend to its customers . For example , if an individual wants to buy a car from borrowed money and the car value is Rs. 10 Lac , he can only avail a loan amount of Rs. 7 Lac if the LTV is set to 70 % . RBI can decrease or increase to curb inflation or deflation respectively . Selective credit control ( edit ) Under this measure , RBI can specifically instruct banks not to give loans to traders of certain commodities e.g. sugar , edible oil etc . This prevents speculations / hoarding of commodities using money borrowed from banks . Moral suasion ( edit ) Under this measure RBI try to persuade bank through meetings , conferences , media statements to do specific things under certain economic trends . For example , when RBI reduces repo rate , it asks banks to reduce their base rate as well . Another example of this measure is to ask banks to reduce their Non-performing assets ( NPAs ) . Limitations of monetary policy ( edit ) In developing countries like India , Monetary Policy fails to show immediate or no results because of below factors : People do not employ alternative investment options . A large section of society still depends on saving accounts , fixed deposits , Public Provident Fund for investment . Commercial banks have large deposits . RBI is not the main or even prominent money supplier for these banks . So whatever monetary action central bank takes has little or late impact on the economy . Many people in rural areas are out of banking net and whatever RBI does has no impact on their financial activities . Monsoon uncertainty adversely affects food production and thereby cause food inflation . Monetary Policy has no impact on food inflation . Publications ( edit ) A report titled `` Trend and Progress of Banking In India '' is published annually , as required by the Banking Regulation Act , 1949 . The report sums up trends and developments throughout the financial sector . Starting in April 2014 , the Reserve Bank of India publishes bi-monthly policy updates . Further reading ( edit ) S.L.N. Simha . History of the Reserve Bank of India , Volume 1 : 1935 -- 1951 . RBI. 1970 . ISBN 81 - 7596 - 247 - X . ( 2005 reprint PDF ) Reserve Bank of India : Functions and Working . RBI. 2005. ( 2005 reprint PDF ) G. Balachandran . The Reserve Bank of India , 1951 -- 1967 . Oxford University Press . 1998 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564468 - 9 . ( PDF ) A. Vasudevan et al . The Reserve Bank of India , Volume 3 : 1967 -- 1981 . RBI. 2005 . ISBN 81 - 7596 - 299 - 2 . ( PDF ) Cecil Kisch : Review `` The Monetary Policy of the Reserve Bank of India '' by K.N. Raj . In : The Economic Journal . Vol. 59 , No. 235 ( Sep. , 1949 ) , pp. 436 -- 438 . Findlay G. Shirras : The Reserve Bank of India . In The Economic Journal . Vol. 44 , No. 174 ( Jun. , 1934 ) , pp. 258 -- 274 . Narenda Jadhav , Partha Ray , Dhritidyuti Bose , Indranil Sen Gupta : The Reserve Bank of India 's Balance Sheet : Analytics and Dynamics of Evolution , November 2004 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Urjit Patel takes over as RBI governor '' . The Hindu . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RBI '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ Reserve Bank of India . Rbi.org.in ( 2005 - 02 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Reserve Bank of India -- India 's Central Bank . Rbi.org.in . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India -- India 's Central Bank '' . rbi.org.in . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 '' ( PDF ) . p. 115 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ACT , 1934 ( As modified up to 27 February 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RBI History - Reserve Bank of India Nationalisation Newspaper Clipping '' . Jump up ^ Kolekar , Yogesh Prasad ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` Central Bank -- A Vital Organization of an Economy '' . SSRN 2640638 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Srinivas , Yanamandra ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Minsky , Monetary Policy and Mint Street : Challenges for the Art of Monetary Policymaking in Emerging Economies '' . Levy Economics Institute Working Paper Collection . SSRN 2532526 . Jump up ^ http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/OccasionalPublications.aspx?head=Reserve%20Bank%20of%20India%20Act Jump up ^ Cecil Kisch : Review `` The Monetary Policy of Reserve Bank of India '' by Rohit . In : The Economic Journal . Vol. 59 , No. 235 ( Sep. , 1949 ) , PP. 436 -- 438 , p. 436 . It began according to the guidelines laid down by Dr. BR Ambedkar . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , Pranab , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Lecture 2014 on vision of India in 21st century , as envisaged by Dr. Ambedkar , pib.nic.in ^ Jump up to : `` Reserve Bank of India : Platinum Jubilee ( PDF ) '' . RBI.org.in. 2010 . Retrieved on 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Kolekar , Yogesh Prasad , The Reserve Bank of India and its functions , legalservicesindia.com Jump up ^ `` History '' . RBI. 1935 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Beth Anne Wilson und Geoffrey N. Keim : India and Global Economy in Business Economics , January 2006 , S. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Narenda Jadhav , Partha Ray , Dhritidyuti Bose , Indranil Sen Gupta : The Reserve Bank of India 's Balance Sheet : Analytics and Dynamics of Evolution , November 2004 , S ... 16 . Jump up ^ Ananya Mukherjee Reed : Corporate Governance Reforms in India in Journal of Business Ethics , Volume 37 , Number 3 / May , 2002 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Sunil Kumar , Rachita Gulati : Did efficiency of Indian public sector banks converge with banking reforms ? in Int Rev Econ ( 2009 ) 56 : 47 -- 84 , p. 47 - 48 . Jump up ^ Panicos O. Demetriades , Kul B. Luintel : Financial Development , Economic Growth and Banking Sector Controls : Evidence from India . in The Economic Journal . Vol. 106 , No. 435 ( March 1996 ) , pp. 359 -- 374 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Alpana Killawala : `` History of The Reserve Bank of India -- Summary '' , Reserve Bank of India Press Release , 18.03. 2006 ( RBI ) Jump up ^ Narenda Jadhav , Partha Ray , Dhritidyuti Bose , Indranil Sen Gupta : The Reserve Bank of India 's Balance Sheet : Analytics and Dynamics of Evolution , November 2004 , S. 40 . Jump up ^ Sunil Kumar , Rachita Gulati : Did efficiency of Indian public sector banks converge with banking reforms ? in Int Rev Econ ( 2009 ) 56 : 47 -- 84 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Chronology of Events , Developing the Markets : Seeds of Liberalization - 1985 to 1991 ( RBI ) Jump up ^ Amal Kanti Ray : India 's Social Development in a Decade of Reforms : 1990 -- 91 / 1999 -- 2000 in Social Indicators Research , Volume 87 , Number 3 / July , 2008 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Ananya Mukherjee Reed : Corporate Governance Reform Journal of Business Ethics , Volume 37 , Number 3 / May , 2002 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Raghbendra Jha , Ibotombi S. Longjam : Structure of financial savings during Indian economic reforms in Empirical Economics ( 2006 ) 31 : 861 -- 869 , p. 862 . Jump up ^ Sunil Kumar , Rachita Gulati : Did efficiency of Indian public sector banks converge with banking reforms ? in Int Rev Econ ( 2009 ) 56 : 47 -- 84 , p. 49 , Jump up ^ Chronology of Events , Crisis and Reforms - 1991 to 2000 ( RBI ) Jump up ^ `` RBI History -- Spanning 7 Decades of Public Service '' . Rbidocs.rbi.org.in. 1935 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Security Printing &Minting Corporation of India , About Us Archived 6 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ( SPMCIL ) Jump up ^ Second Quarter Review of Monetary Policy for the Year 2009 -- 10 Archived 26 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Punkt 15. , ( RBI ) Jump up ^ Macroeconomic and Monetary Developments -- Second Quarter Review 2009 -- 10 , S. 94 , ( RBI ) Jump up ^ Reserve Bank of India -- India 's Central Bank . Rbi.org.in . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` RBI proposes COO post in rank of Deputy Governor '' . intoday.in . Jump up ^ `` RBI Proposes COO Post in Rank of Deputy Governor '' . ndtv.com . Jump up ^ India , Press Trust of ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` BP Kanungo appointed RBI deputy governor '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NS Vishwanathan appointed as Deputy Governor of RBI '' . indianexpress.com . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rebello , Joel ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Sudha Balakrishnan appointed first CFO of Reserve Bank of India '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India '' . Rbi.org.in . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India -- Press Releases '' . rbi.org.in . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` About us , Organisation and Functions '' . RBI . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` RBI institutions '' . Jump up ^ Singh , Bikash ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` RBI to open office in Arunachal Pradesh '' -- via The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` History of Reserve Bank '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ RBI , Frequently Asked Questions , Currency Matters Archived 12 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ( RBI ) Jump up ^ http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/86706.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=60 Jump up ^ http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=65 ^ Jump up to : `` RBI , Right To Information Doc , Pg 29 / 30 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India -- India 's Central Bank '' . rbi.org.in . Jump up ^ `` RBI launches website to explain detection of fake currency '' . Times of India . 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India '' . rbi.org.in . Jump up ^ Samarjit Das , Kaushik Bhattacharya : Price convergence across regions in India in Empirical Economics ( 2008 ) 34 : 299 -- 313 , S. 312 . Jump up ^ Alpana Sivam , Sadasivam Karuppannan : Role of state and market in housing delivery for low - income groups in India in Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 17 : 69 -- 88 , 2002 , S. 85 . Jump up ^ `` Indian banks can weather impact of drought : RBI '' . August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes : RBI Notice ( Revised ) '' . Reserve Bank of India . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500 , Rs 2000 notes and black money '' . India Today . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Notes out of circulation '' . The Times of India . 8 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500 / - and ₹ 1000 / - Bank Notes -- Revision in limits '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Central Government takes several decisions to facilitate farmers , small traders , Group ' C ' Employees of Central Government including equivalent levels in the Defence and Para Military Forces , Railways and Central Public Sector Enterprises in the aftermath of the cancellation of the legal tender character of the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes ; Also decides to reduce the limit of exchange of old Rs. 500 / - and Rs. 1000 / - notes across the counter in banks from Rs. 4500 / - to Rs. 2000 / - with effect from 18th November , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-said-exchange-limit-to-be-hiked-after-november-24-exchange-stopped-4393985/ Jump up ^ `` ATMs -- Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes -- Closure of operations '' . Reserve Bank of India . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Govt extends old notes exemption deadline to midnight Nov 24 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs on Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of the existing Bank Notes in the denominations of ₹ 500 / - and ₹ 1000 / - '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours '' . The Economic Times . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation rule modified , families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one account '' . India Today . 17 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India demonetisation : Chaos as ATMs run dry '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demonetisation : Chaos grows , queues get longer at banks , ATMs on weekend '' . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India : Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor '' . Al Jazeera. 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queues get longer at banks , ATMs on weekend '' . The Hindu . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Sporadic violence in Delhi , cops receive 4.5 K calls '' . New Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Unrest erupts in UP towns as cashless crowds vent ire on bank staff -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In western UP , violence marks day 13 of demonetisation -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation effect : ATM vandalism on rise '' . 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Angry customers break bank 's glass door in Kollam '' . The Indian Express . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Reporter , Staff ( 13 November 2016 ) . `` No cash : ' frustrated ' man smashes ATM glass wall '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Hid in Washroom For an Hour : Official After Attack at IDBI Bank '' . Jump up ^ `` Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes '' . Hindustan Times . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nerves snap in long cash wait , shop looted '' . Jump up ^ `` Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes '' . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation Fallout : Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP 's Chhatarpur Village '' . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.rbi.org.in/home.aspx Jump up ^ http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Wss/DOCs/5T_08121744615763C4DE4D6F9DC464E9EB70E7B4.XLSX Jump up ^ https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=8248&Mode=0 Jump up ^ Monetary policy of India Jump up ^ C.R.L. Narasimhan ( 2 December 2013 ) . `` NPA reduction , a key issue '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maintaining the status quo '' . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . 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Deshmukh ( 1943 -- 49 ) Benegal Rama Rau ( 1949 -- 57 ) K.G. Ambegaonkar ( 1957 ) H.V.R. Iyengar ( 1957 -- 62 ) P.C. Bhattacharya ( 1962 -- 67 ) Lakshmi Kant Jha ( 1967 -- 70 ) B.N. Adarkar ( 1970 ) S. Jagannathan ( 1970 -- 75 ) N.C. Sen Gupta ( 1975 ) K.R. Puri ( 1975 -- 77 ) M. Narasimham ( 1977 ) I.G. Patel ( 1977 -- 82 ) Manmohan Singh ( 1982 -- 85 ) Amitav Ghosh ( 1985 ) R.N. Malhotra ( 1985 -- 90 ) S. Venkitaramanan ( 1990 -- 92 ) C. Rangarajan ( 1992 -- 97 ) Bimal Jalan ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Y . 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Banknotes Series Lion Capital Series Mahatma Gandhi Series Mahatma Gandhi New Series Denominations ₹ 1 ₹ 2 ₹ 5 ₹ 10 ₹ 20 ₹ 50 ₹ 100 ₹ 200 ₹ 500 ₹ 1000 ₹ 2000 Mints India Government Mint Hyderabad Kolkata Mumbai Noida Topics Reserve Bank of India Economy of India 1978 demonetisation 2016 demonetisation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reserve_Bank_of_India&oldid=866159981 '' Categories : Central banks Reserve Bank of India Organisations based in Mumbai Banks established in 1935 Financial regulatory authorities of India Financial services companies based in Mumbai 1935 establishments in India Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from June 2017 All articles needing rewrite Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Čeština Deutsch Español Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو 吴语粵語中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 17 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who appoints the governor and deputy governors of rbi	[ "The central board of directors is the main committee of the central bank. The Government of India appoints the directors for a four-year term. The Board consists of a governor, and not more than four deputy governors; four directors to represent the regional boards;[35] 2 — usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary — from the Ministry of Finance and 10 other directors from various fields. The Reserve Bank — under Raghuram Rajan's governorship — wanted to create a post of a chief operating officer (COO), in the rank of deputy governor and wanted to re-allocate work between the five of them (four deputy governor and COO).[36][37]\n" ]	[ "The Government of India" ]
874347113653879310	Vickers (surname)	Vickers ( surname ) - wikipedia Vickers ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Vickers is a surname . Notable people with the surname include : Alfred Vickers ( 1786 -- 1869 ) , British landscape - painter Alfred Gomersal Vickers ( 1810 -- 1837 ) , British marine - painter Brian Vickers , American stock car driver , currently racing in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Brian Vickers ( academic ) , British authority on rhetoric Charles Vickers ( footballer ) ( 1891 -- 1917 ) , Scottish footballer David Vickers , a fictional character on the soap opera One Life to Live Diana Vickers , English singer Douglas Vickers , English industrialist and politician Edward Vickers ( 1804 - 1897 ) , British steel maker and industrialist F.B. Vickers ( 1903 - 1985 ) , Australian author Geoffrey Vickers ( 1894 - 1982 ) , pioneer of systems thinking George Vickers , United States Senator from Maryland Harry Franklin Vickers ( 1898 - 1977 ) , American inventor and industrialist Jack Vickers , English footballer James Oswald Noel Vickers , British trade union leader Janeene Vickers , American athlete Joan Vickers , Baroness Vickers , British National Liberal and Conservative Party politician John Vickers ( disambiguation ) John Vickers , British economist Jon Vickers , Canadian operatic tenor Jon Vickers ( rugby union ) , rugby union player Kevin Vickers , Canadian ambassador to Ireland , former Canadian Parliament House of Commons Sergeant - at - Arms Kipp Vickers , American football player Lawrence Vickers , NFL fullback Lee Vickers , NFL tight end for the Baltimore Ravens Martha Vickers , American television and film actress Michael Vickers , Bishop of Colchester in England Michael G. Vickers , United States Assistant Secretary of Defense Mike Vickers , British guitarist and composer Patricia Vickers - Rich ( born 1944 ) , Australian palaeontologist Roy Henry Vickers , Canadian painter Salley Vickers , English novelist Scott Vickers ( born 1977 ) , British actor Stan Vickers , British athlete Stanley Vickers ( MP ) , English distiller and Conservative politician Steve Vickers ( computer scientist ) , author of the Sinclair ZX Spectrum home computer ROM firmware Steve Vickers ( footballer ) , English association footballer Steve Vickers ( ice hockey ) , Canadian born hockey player with the New York Rangers William Edward Vickers ( 1889 - 1965 ) , English mystery writer better known under his main pen name Roy Vickers Yvette Vickers , American actress , pin - up model and singer See also ( edit ) Van Vicker ( born 1977 ) Joseph van Vicker ; Liberian - Ghanaian actor McVicker ( surname ) This page lists people with the surname Vickers . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vickers_(surname)&oldid=770664826 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2017 , at 20 : 48 . About Wikipedia	where does the last name vickers come from	[]	[]
-6492339704985208826	We Bare Bears	We Bare Bears - wikipedia We Bare Bears Jump to : navigation , search We Bare Bears Genre Animation Comedy Created by Daniel Chong Based on The Three Bare Bears by Daniel Chong Directed by Tony Pulham ( art ) Manny Hernandez ( also supervising ) Creative director ( s ) Lauren Sassen Voices of Eric Edelstein Bobby Moynihan Demetri Martin Jason Lee Patton Oswalt Charlyne Yi Cameron Esposito Ellie Kemper Sam Lavagnino Duncan Joiner Theme music composer Ivan Barias Opening theme `` We 'll Be There '' , performed by Estelle Composer ( s ) Brad Breeck Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 74 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Daniel Chong Producer ( s ) Carrie Wilksen Randy Myers ( supervising producer ) Running time 11 minutes Production company ( s ) Cartoon Network Studios Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Cartoon Network Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) -- present ( present ) Website www.cartoonnetwork.com/video/we-bare-bears/index.html We Bare Bears is an American animated sitcom created by Daniel Chong for Cartoon Network . The show made its premiere on July 27 , 2015 and follows three bear siblings , Grizzly , Panda and Ice Bear ( respectively voiced by Eric Edelstein , Bobby Moynihan , and Demetri Martin ) , and their awkward attempts at integrating with the human world in the San Francisco Bay Area . Based on Chong 's webcomic The Three Bare Bears , the pilot episode made its world premiere at the KLIK ! Amsterdam Animation Festival , where it won in the `` Young Amsterdam Audience '' category . The series premiered on July 27 , 2015 . Nintendo has also partnered with Cartoon Network to make ads of the show 's characters playing the Nintendo Switch . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Bears 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Broadcast and reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 International 5.3 Other media 6 Home media 6.1 DVD releases 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) We Bare Bears follows three adoptive bear brothers : Grizzly , Panda and Ice Bear . The bears attempt to integrate with human society , such as by purchasing food , making human companions or trying to become famous on the Internet , although these attempts see the bears struggle to do so due to the civilized nature of humans and their own animal instincts . However , in the end , they figure out that they have each other for support . One notable aspect of the show 's humor is the bears ' ability to form a `` bear stack '' . As its name implies , the bears stack on top of each other , which serves as their unique way of transportation . Occasionally , the bears share adventures with their friends , such as child prodigy Chloe , bigfoot Charlie , internet sensation Nom Nom , Park Ranger Tabes and produce saleswoman Lucy . Occasionally , there are flashback episodes which chronicle the adventures of the bears as cubs trying to find a home . So far the only cub episodes of the series are `` The Road '' , `` Pet Shop '' , `` The Island '' , `` Baby Bears on a Plane '' , `` $100 '' and `` The Fair '' . There have been two episodes centered on one bear , `` Burrito '' ( Grizz ) , and `` Yuri and the Bear '' ( Ice Bear ) . There is a Panda one in development . Characters ( edit ) Bears ( edit ) Grizzly ( `` Grizz '' for short ) ( voiced by Eric Edelstein , Sam Lavagnino as a cub ) is a grizzly bear . The oldest and the de facto leader of the brothers , Grizz is a fun - loving bear who tends to get the others into random hijinks . Grizz is paradoxically highly sociable yet socially inept . Despite this , he is constantly wanting to meet new people and tries to befriend everyone he comes across . As a baby , he was rescued by a team of firemen who prevented him from falling off a tree - top during a storm . It seems that he was younger than in most baby bear episodes according to the flashback pictures in `` Burrito . '' It was mentioned by Ice Bear that Grizz writes poems in English , as well as being a DJ and a beatboxer . He also possesses an alter ego as Crowbar Jones who is the star of a series of cheesy home made action movies . Despite Grizz 's desire to be loved by everyone , he still puts his brothers first and foremost and ca n't bare to be separated from them . He has a strange love - hate relationship with Nom Nom , whom he looks up to due to his popularity , yet acknowledges that he can be mean and sometimes untrustworthy . Panda ( voiced by Bobby Moynihan , Duncan Joiner as a cub ) is a giant panda . He is the middle brother and is nicknamed Pan-Pan by Grizz . He is tender - hearted and gets embarrassed or anxious easily . Panda has a lot less self - confidence than his brothers . He is good with technology , and uses that skill on online social media and dating sites , with which he finds little to no success . He is also the one who `` falls in love '' the most quickly . Often several times to court several human girls , most notably Lucy the produce girl who has platonic feelings for him . He is the most creative of the brothers , having written songs in `` Everyone 's Tube '' , and undoubtedly the `` cutest '' as settled in `` Panda 's Sneeze . '' Panda is a vegetarian and has severe allergies to peanuts and cats . It has been revealed that Panda likes Anime and enjoys other things related to Japanese culture . He can be seen eating Ramen in multiple episodes , and in `` Hibernation '' he is seen eating a snack similar to Pocky . Panda also attends community college where he majors in art as revealed in `` Panda 's Art . '' Ice Bear ( voiced by Demetri Martin ) is a polar bear and the youngest brother . Ice Bear is often stoic and rarely speaks . When he does , he speaks mostly in the third person and mostly says his name first before anything else . He learned to talk much later than his two brothers , as revealed in `` The Island '' . He is multilingual , having been shown to speak Korean , French , Japanese ( on `` Losing Ice '' ) and Russian fluently . Ice Bear also is able to speak to pigeons in the episode `` Our Stuff . '' He is also a skilled chef , dancer , piano player , a novice at robotics , charade player ( on `` My Clique '' ; it was revealed on `` The Island '' that he learnt to speak very late , and originally used his charades skills to communicate ) , welder , poet ( which he writes in French ) and a mixed martial artist ( cited as Brazilian jiu - jitsu on `` Chloe '' , but his skill set is closer to Taekwondo and judo with skills in Nunchaku , Shuriken and swords ) . Ice is the most composed of the brothers , always maintaining an `` ice - cool attitude '' in even the most awkward and embarrassing of situations . As seen in `` Losing Ice '' , his brothers often take him for granted and are unappreciative of all the cooking and cleaning he does , although they eventually realize the error of their ways . Ice Bear sleeps in the refrigerator with a fire axe which he can use with either hand . It was revealed in `` Yuri and the Bear '' that Ice bear was raised by a Russian man named Yuri . This is how he learned to speak Russian , and because Yuri spoke exclusively in third person , this is most likely how Ice Bear obtained the habit . He earned accommodation by learning to chop wood , cook salmon , read maps , study calculus , knit , play Uno with standard cards and speak Russian and English , but was cut adrift when Yuri let him go to save him from the poachers , and the ice floated down to the Bay Area . All three bears are ambidextrous . Recurring ( edit ) Chloe Park ( voiced by Charlyne Yi ) is a 10 - year - old ( 9 in Season 1 ) Korean - American girl . She is a child prodigy and attends college in the city . In `` Chloe , '' she breaks into the Bears ' cave to study them for a college presentation , and along the way , she befriends the bears . She does n't have many friends other than the bears and has a hard time relating to her much older peers . In `` My Clique , '' Chloe finally makes some friends with her college classmates , albeit with the help of the Bears . In the same episode she is revealed to be bilingual . Chloe devotes most of her time to studying in the hopes of having a secure future and becomes stressed when it seems like she is on the verge of failing as evidenced in `` The Library '' and `` Professor Lampwick '' . Despite knowing full well that the bears mean well , their antics sometimes stress her too . Nevertheless , she adores them and will often rely on them for help . Mr. Park ( voiced by Jinkoo Jeong ) is Chloe 's father . He was initially reserved about Chloe hanging out with the bears , but warms up to their presence in `` Slumber Party '' . He is bilingual . Mrs. Park ( voiced by Niki Yang ) is Chloe 's mother . She is very supportive of Chloe 's friendship with the bears as evidenced when she makes sandwiches for them in `` Chloe and Ice Bear '' . She is bilingual . Nom Nom ( voiced by Patton Oswalt ) is a koala . He is a famous internet star , known for his `` cute '' videos . While he does n't talk in any of his videos , Nom Nom often swears angrily towards everyone he comes in contact with , especially the bears . Grizzly imposes him enough to talk to him and admits that he liked his video , but Nom Nom is self - centered and more concerned with materialistic things , and is very selfish and lashes out at anyone who he does n't like . In `` Viral Video , '' Nom Nom says that he does not want any friends because he finds them unimportant and too loud , and proves his point by kicking Grizz out of his limo . His temper is so short , he lashes out at anyone who even slightly annoys him . In `` Anger Management '' , it 's revealed that Grizz 's hugs genuinely calm him to the point of making him optimistic . He has further shown a more tolerant side . In `` Nom Nom 's Entourage , '' he saves a picture of his time with the Bears and in `` Kyle , '' opened his home to another koala who claimed to be his brother . Charlie ( voiced by Jason Lee ) is a bigfoot who wanders alone around the San Francisco woods until he meets the Bears in `` Charlie , '' where they agree to let him live in their cave for a little while via a website called CaveShare . It is revealed that , due to his life of solitude , he is socially inept and does n't know how to be a good friend . This results in him unintentionally causing havoc for the Bears whenever he hangs out with them . He is also constantly harassed by the media trying to get pictures of him , which results in him being afraid of cameras . In the episode `` Charlie Ball , '' we see that Charlie is extremely skilled at ball - handling , and that his height makes him perfect for basketball . In `` Charlie 's Big Foot , '' Charlie is revealed to have blue colored blood and a very bendable body due to constantly being harmed by the wilderness which he seems to view as perfectly normal . He also sees Panda as his best friend . Ranger Dana Tabes ( voiced by Cameron Esposito ) is a park ranger . She lives in a cabin located in the park where the Bears live . They first meet her in `` Ranger Tabes '' where she helps them locate a missing package . She is shown to be overly confident , persistent and even downright obsessive with wanting to help the Bears . Her obsession is explored in `` Creature Mysteries '' where she tries to capture and prove Charlie 's existence . In that same episode , it 's revealed that her mother was also a park ranger and the one who inspired her to become one . Her obsession is also prominent in `` Poppy Rangers '' where she was willing to lead a team of girl scouts into a dangerous cave , against Grizz 's wishes . Despite her personality , the Bears consider her their friend . In `` Citizen Tabes '' , it is revealed that her first name is Dana . Kirk Is a dog that Tabes was given as a Christmas present by the Bears in `` Christmas Parties '' . In `` Lunch with Tabes , '' he is shown to be rather clever and mischievous . Ranger Martinez ( voiced by Keith Ferguson ) is Tabes ' partner . He has been a park ranger since Tabes was a child and was initially her mother 's partner . In his old age he is always asleep in a swivel chair and is shown to be rather laid back . He is also very friendly with the Bears . In `` Lunch with Tabes , '' a simple work fan is capable of moving him about the room while he is snoozing . Lucy ( voiced by Ellie Kemper ) is a friend to the Bears and runs a produce delivery service called Lucy 's Produce . She first appears in `` Panda 's Date '' where she takes an immediate liking to the Bears and their goofy personalities . Panda quickly ( as usual ) develops a crush on her , but she seems to be unaware of his feelings . She finally returns in `` Lucy 's Brother '' where it is revealed that she delivers fruit to the Bears every Friday . In that same episode she is shown to have a younger brother named Clifford whom she cares for and worries over immensely . She is shown to be a terrible dancer . She has a mutual friendship with Panda and considers him a great friend . Clifford ( voiced by Hudson West ) is Lucy 's younger brother . He has many allergies and has trouble socializing with others . He constantly wanders off and is very shy . He starts to like Panda once he is considered a friend . He gets defensive of his sister , seen as he is aware that many boys attempts to get close to her . He and Panda reconciled and consider each other close friends . Miki - Chan is a pillow with a picture of an anime school girl on it . Miki - Chan belongs to Panda who acts as something akin to a security blanket for him . He also uses `` her '' as a pretend girlfriend when he feels lonely or stressed . Panda is very protective of Miki - Chan and hates it when others use or steal her . In `` Crowbar Jones , '' Grizz uses her as the girlfriend of the titular movie character which annoys Panda . Captain Craboo is the Bears ' pet crab whom they adopted in the episode `` Emergency '' . He actually came from the super market which Grizz went to buy food and immediately fell in love with the crab . Unfortunately , it pinches onto Ice Bear 's ear causing him to become catatonic and deranged . Grizz and Panda eventually get Craboo off of Ice Bear and resort to giving him tiny mitts so that he does n't pinch Ice Bear again . He returns in `` Captain Craboo '' where it is revealed that he has been gone for quite some time and that Ice Bear still has not forgiven him . However , the two later make up . In that same episode , Craboo attacks Nom Nom , making him a wanted fugitive . By the end of the episode , Craboo solemnly leaves the Bears . The Mailman ( voiced by Keith Ferguson ) is a friendly mailman that occasionally visits the Bears . He first appears in `` Nom Nom '' where he delivers a toy helicopter to the Bears . He falls into a pit where Ice Bear was trapped by Nom Nom . He shows that he does n't mind the situation and also did n't seem to mind being left there . He returns in `` Crowbar Jones '' where he was invited to see the titular movie that Grizz had made . He was easily impressed by it and based on his reactions , simply wishes to have friends . In `` Citizen Tabes , '' he was also impressed with Tabes ' packaging to the point that he was willing to listen to her ramble about how she did it . Mad Scientist ( voiced by Jason Mantzoukas ) is an unnamed scientist who is constantly plotting against the government . He first appears in `` Grizz Helps '' where Grizz answers a want ad for someone to aid him in traveling back in time . He was going to use a chicken named Mark as a test subject and Grizz had to rescue him for its owner . The scientist reappeared in `` Summer Love '' with a pelican assistant named Gary and tried to use a body swapping machine on Panda . He revealed that he once had a girlfriend named Amelia who joined the space program , implying one of reasons he kept conspiring against the government . Production ( edit ) ( From top to bottom ) Grizzly , Panda and Ice Bear ( pictured left ) forming their `` bear stack '' . The show was created by cartoonist Daniel Chong , who had previously worked as a story artist for Pixar and Illumination Entertainment . The show is based on his webcomic The Three Bare Bears , which also features the identifying characters . The comic was published from 2010 to 2011 . Billed as a comedy , the show is a production of Cartoon Network Studios , which developed the program with Chong as part of their shorts development program . It was announced during the network 's 2014 upfront . Nom Nom and Charlie were initially voiced by Ken Jeong and Tom Arnold , respectively , before getting recast sometime before airing . The show 's visual simplistic look was inspired by classic hand - drawn animation akin to Charlie Brown and The Many Adventures of Winnie - the - Pooh . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of We Bare Bears episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) ( KLIK ! Festival ) August 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 26 ) ( UK and Ireland ) 26 July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 26 February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) TBA April 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) TBA Broadcast and reception ( edit ) The pilot episode made its world premiere as part of two separate venues of the KLIK ! Amsterdam Animation Festival at the EYE Film Institute Netherlands : the `` Animated Shorts 5 '' , and the `` Animated Shorts for Kids '' ages 9 to 12 . The short was screened alongside the Dutch premiere of Clarence , the Steven Universe episodes `` Mirror Gem '' and `` Ocean Gem '' , and a live interview with the creator of the latter series , Rebecca Sugar . Described by the institute as `` hilarious and endearing '' , the pilot won in the `` Young Amsterdam Audience '' category . Critical response ( edit ) We Bare Bears has received generally positive reviews from critics . Kevin Johnson from The A.V. Club gave `` Everyday Bears '' a B. He thought the show was charming enough to enjoy , but not `` must - watch '' . He praised the voice actors , but was disappointed that the show did not thoroughly explore the discrimination humans have towards the bears and ended by calling it a `` very good ' just okay ' kind of show '' until the discrimination is explored . International ( edit ) We Bare Bears premiered on Cartoon Network in Canada on July 27 , 2015 and on Cartoon Network in the United Kingdom and Ireland on September 7 , 2015 . The series debuted on Cartoon Network channels in Australia and New Zealand and the Philippines on November 16 . It premiered on Cartoon Network in India on November 29 , 2015 , and in Italy on December 8 , 2015 . We Bare Bears premiered in Pakistan on Cartoon Network on July 13 , 2016 and airs on every Saturday and Sunday at 11 : 00 PM , according to Pakistan Standard Time . In Germany , Austria and Switzerland it airs on Cartoon Network ( Pay - TV ) and Disney Channel ( Free - TV ) . In the Czech Republic it airs on Cartoon Network ( Pay - TV ) and ČT Déčko ( Free - TV ) . Other media ( edit ) See also : List of We Bare Bears episodes § Shorts Penguin Random House announced in 2014 that it will publish books based on various programs for Cartoon Network , including We Bare Bears . The books are produced out of the company 's Cartoon Network Books imprint , a division of the Penguin Young Readers Group , and is based on a partnership with the network that started in 2013 . Home media ( edit ) DVD releases ( edit ) Region 1 DVD title Season ( s ) Aspect ratio Episode count Total running time Release dates Viral Video 16 : 9 12 132 minutes October 4 , 2016 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2016 Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Storyboarding in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Madeline Sharafian , Manny Hernandez , and Bert Youn ( for `` Burrito '' ) Nominated 2016 BAFTA Children 's Awards International Won 2017 17th Kidscreen Awards Best Animated Series Won Best Writing Won 2017 24th International Trickfilm Festival Stuttgart Best International Animation Series For Kids Won 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite Cartoon Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CartoonNetworkPR on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Musni , Lauren ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Offbeat : Switch shines in new cross-promotion between Nintendo and Cartoon Network '' . Nintendo Wire . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annecy : Daniel Chong on Cartoon Network 's Big New Play , ' We Bare Bears ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartoon Network Unveils Upfront Slate For 2014 -- 15 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . March 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://mobile.twitter.com/threebarebears/status/847853606715785217 Jump up ^ Hernandez , Manny ( director ) ; Christina Chang , Guillermo Martinez ( writers ) ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Bear Flu '' . We Bare Bears . Season 2 . Episode 11 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Chong , Daniel . The Three Bare Bears ( Online comic ) . Blogger . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We Bare Bears - Interview with Daniel Chong , the Show Creator '' . YouTube . Cartoon Network Australia . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KLIK ! Festival : Animated Shorts 5 '' . EYE Film Institute Netherlands . 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 -- via archive. today ( subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries ) . Jump up ^ `` KLIK ! Festival : Animated Shorts for Kids ( 9 -- 12 ) '' . EYE Film Institute Netherlands . 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 -- via archive. today ( subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries ) . Jump up ^ `` KLIK ! Festival : Cartoon Network : Next Generation '' . EYE Film Institute Netherlands . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 -- via archive. today ( subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries ) . Jump up ^ `` We Bare Bears wint ' Young Amsterdam Audience Award 2014 ' '' ( We Bare Bears wins ' Young Amsterdam Audience Award 2014 ' ) . TV - Visie ( in Dutch ) . Exsite . November 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin . `` We Bare Bears : `` Everyday Bears '' `` babies prolly hate you too '' `` . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Canada ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Do n't miss the NEW series , WE BARE BEARS , premiering tonight at 7PM et / pt ! '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ White , Grant ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` UK Cartoon Network , Boomerang and Cartoonito Announce September Highlights '' . Toonzone . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network UK September 2015 Highlights '' . RegularCapital.com . Turner Broadcasting System Europe ( Press Release ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turner Broadcasting System . `` Cartoon Network Highlights November 2015 '' . US Campaign Archive . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Catch the premiere of ' We Bare Bears ' on November 16 , only on Cartoon Network '' . Click the City . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhatnagar , Richa ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Cartoon Network Launches We Bare Bears in India '' . Cinespeaks . Mumbai . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Partners with Penguin Young Readers Group on New Book Imprint . Children 's Book Council . September 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We Bare Bears DVD news : Box Art for Volume 1 : Viral Video '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.regularcapital.com/2017/05/we-bare-bears-wins-best-international-animation-series-for-kids-at-24th-international-trickfilm-festival-stuttgart/ Jump up ^ https://www.regularcapital.com/2017/08/we-bare-bears-nomination-finalist-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-mexico-2017/ External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : We Bare Bears 2010s portal Cartoon portal Cartoon Network portal Official website We Bare Bears on IMDb We Bare Bears at the Big Cartoon DataBase Original Webcomic ( hide ) Cartoon Network original programming Former 1990s debuts The Moxy Show ( 1993 -- 2000 ) Space Ghost Coast to Coast ( 1994 -- 2001 ) What a Cartoon ! 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Let 's Be Heroes ( since 2017 ) Wacky Races ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Summer Camp Island See also : Cartoon Network pilots , films and specials Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Bare_Bears&oldid=802352609 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2010s American comedy television series 2015 American television series debuts American children 's adventure television series American children 's animated television series American children 's comedy television series English - language television programs Cartoon Network original programs Cartoon Network Studios series and characters Television series about siblings Television series about friendship Fictional trios Korean - American culture Television shows set in San Francisco Television programs based on webcomics Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Fictional polar bears Fictional pandas Fictional bears Television shows set in California Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - or - libraries content CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 16 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who voices the bears in we bare bears	[ "We Bare Bears is an American animated sitcom created by Daniel Chong for Cartoon Network. The show made its premiere on July 27, 2015 and follows three bear siblings, Grizzly, Panda and Ice Bear (respectively voiced by Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and Demetri Martin), and their awkward attempts at integrating with the human world in the San Francisco Bay Area. Based on Chong's webcomic The Three Bare Bears, the pilot episode made its world premiere at the KLIK! Amsterdam Animation Festival, where it won in the \"Young Amsterdam Audience\" category. The series premiered on July 27, 2015. [1] Nintendo has also partnered with Cartoon Network to make ads of the show's characters playing the Nintendo Switch.[2]", "We Bare Bears is an American animated sitcom created by Daniel Chong for Cartoon Network. The show made its premiere on July 27, 2015 and follows three bear siblings, Grizzly, Panda and Ice Bear (respectively voiced by Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and Demetri Martin), and their awkward attempts at integrating with the human world in the San Francisco Bay Area. Based on Chong's webcomic The Three Bare Bears, the pilot episode made its world premiere at the KLIK! Amsterdam Animation Festival, where it won in the \"Young Amsterdam Audience\" category. The series premiered on July 27, 2015. [1] Nintendo has also partnered with Cartoon Network to make ads of the show's characters playing the Nintendo Switch.[2]", "We Bare Bears is an American animated sitcom created by Daniel Chong for Cartoon Network. The show made its premiere on July 27, 2015 and follows three bear siblings, Grizzly, Panda and Ice Bear (respectively voiced by Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and Demetri Martin), and their awkward attempts at integrating with the human world in the San Francisco Bay Area. Based on Chong's webcomic The Three Bare Bears, the pilot episode made its world premiere at the KLIK! Amsterdam Animation Festival, where it won in the \"Young Amsterdam Audience\" category. The series premiered on July 27, 2015. [1] Nintendo has also partnered with Cartoon Network to make ads of the show's characters playing the Nintendo Switch.[2]" ]	[ "Eric Edelstein", "Bobby Moynihan", "Demetri Martin" ]
-7502388876968236625	Amy Dowden	Amy Dowden - wikipedia Amy Dowden Amy Dowden Amy Dowden ( 1991 - 08 - 10 ) 10 August 1991 ( age 27 ) Caerphilly , South Wales Residence Wolverhampton , England Occupation Dancer Partner ( s ) Gino Gabriela 2002 -- 2008 Tom Parkes 2008 -- 2011 Benjamin Jones 2011 -- present Amy Dowden ( born 10 August 1991 ) is a Welsh ballroom and Latin American dancer . Dowden and her dancing partner Ben Jones are the current British National Champions in Latin American Dance . In 2017 , Dowden appeared as a professional dancer in the fifteenth series of the British BBC TV talent show Strictly Come Dancing , partnered with comedian Brian Conley . She is the first Welsh professional to take part in the show . Following her elimination with Conley , Dowden won the Children in Need Special partnered with Blue Peter presenter Mark Curry . She returned for her second series in 2018 where she is partnered with Danny John - Jules . The couple were awarded the first 10 score of the series when Darcey Bussell marked their Jive to `` Flip , Flop and Fly '' in week 5 . Contents 1 Strictly Come Dancing 1.1 Performances with Brian Conley 1.2 Performances with Danny John - Jules 2 Personal life 3 References 4 External links Strictly Come Dancing ( edit ) Performances with Brian Conley ( edit ) show Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Revel Horwood Bussell Ballas Tonioli Total Tango / `` Temptation '' 5 16 No Elimination Cha - cha - cha / `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' 5 5 6 19 Bottom Two American Smooth / `` If I Only Had a Brain '' 5 5 6 6 22 Safe Paso Doble / `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' 6 6 5 21 Safe 5 Jive / `` It 's Not Unusual '' 6 6 N / A 16 Eliminated Performances with Danny John - Jules ( edit ) show Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Revel Horwood Bussell Ballas Tonioli Total Foxtrot / `` Top Cat ( Theme Song ) '' 6 7 7 7 27 No Elimination Cha - cha - cha / `` Beggin ' '' 7 7 7 7 28 Safe Paso Doble / `` The Greatest Show '' 6 7 7 8 28 Safe Viennese waltz / `` I 've Gotta Be Me '' 6 7 7 7 27 Safe 5 Jive / `` Flip , Flop and Fly '' 9 10 9 9 37 Safe Green number indicates Danny & Amy were at the top of the leaderboard Personal life ( edit ) Dowden is from Caerphilly , South Wales and began dancing at the age of eight . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 20 October 2018 ) . `` Who is Amy Dowden ? Strictly Come Dancing star 's age , height , career and more facts '' . Smooth Radio . Retrieved 21 October 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mainwaring , Rachel ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` Who is Strictly pro dancer Amy Dowden ? '' . Wales Online . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gino Gabriela ( England ) & Amy Dowden ( England ) '' . DancesportInfo . Retrieved 21 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Parkes ( England ) & Amy Dowden ( England ) '' . DancesportInfo . Retrieved 21 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Jones ( England ) & Amy Dowden ( England ) '' . DancesportInfo . Retrieved 21 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Amy Dowden ? Strictly Come Dancing star 's age , height , career and more facts '' . Smooth Radio . 27 October 2018 . Retrieved 29 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Laws , Roz ( 14 October 2017 ) . `` Strictly Come Dancing star runs Zumba classes in Great Barr '' . Retrieved 23 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Strictly Come Dancing - Amy Dowden '' . BBC . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We reveal our biggest pro-dancer line - up ever ! As a trio of outstanding dancers join the show '' . Strictly Come Dancing . 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 23 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Caerphilly dancer becomes first Welsh professional on Strictly Come Dancing - Caerphilly. Observer '' . caerphillyobserver.co.uk. 27 June 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Amy Dowden on IMDb Strictly Come Dancing Contestants Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Christmas Specials Winners Celebrities Natasha Kaplinsky Jill Halfpenny Darren Gough Mark Ramprakash Alesha Dixon Tom Chambers Chris Hollins Kara Tointon Harry Judd Louis Smith Abbey Clancy Caroline Flack Jay McGuiness Ore Oduba Joe McFadden Professionals Brendan Cole Darren Bennett Lilia Kopylova Karen Hardy Matthew Cutler Camilla Dallerup Ola Jordan Artem Chigvintsev Aliona Vilani Flavia Cacace Aljaž Skorjanec Pasha Kovalev Aliona Vilani Joanne Clifton Katya Jones Other professionals Erin Boag Dianne Buswell Nadiya Bychkova Karen Clifton Kevin Clifton Andrew Cuerden Graziano Di Prima Amy Dowden Anton du Beke Brian Fortuna Anya Garnis Hanna Haarala Izabela Hannah Chloe Hewitt Hayley Holt Kylie Jones Neil Jones James Jordan Hanna Karttunen Paul Killick Natalie Lowe Oti Mabuse Tristan MacManus Janette Manrara Gorka Márquez Jared Murillo Luba Mushtuk Hazel Newberry Giovanni Pernice Oksana Platero AJ Pritchard Johannes Radebe Kristina Rihanoff Gleb Savchenko Vincent Simone Katya Virshilas Ian Waite Trent Whiddon Robin Windsor Related It Takes Two Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amy_Dowden&oldid=866330919 '' Categories : Living people Welsh female dancers British ballroom dancers 21st - century British dancers People from Caerphilly Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 18 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was amy dowden partner on strictly 2017	[ "In 2017, Dowden appeared as a professional dancer in the fifteenth series of the British BBC TV talent show Strictly Come Dancing, partnered with comedian Brian Conley.[8] She is the first Welsh professional to take part in the show.[2] Following her elimination with Conley, Dowden won the Children in Need Special partnered with Blue Peter presenter Mark Curry.[citation needed]\n" ]	[ "comedian Brian Conley" ]
5711948432777475497	Jane Darwell	Jane Darwell - wikipedia Jane Darwell This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jane Darwell In The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) Patti Woodard ( 1879 - 10 - 15 ) October 15 , 1879 Palmyra , Missouri , U.S. August 13 , 1967 ( 1967 - 08 - 13 ) ( aged 87 ) Woodland Hills , California , U.S. Resting place Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale , California Occupation Actress Years active 1913 -- 1964 Jane Darwell ( born Patti Woodard , October 15 , 1879 -- August 13 , 1967 ) was an American actress of stage , film , and television . With appearances in more than one hundred major motion pictures spanning half a century , Darwell is perhaps best - remembered for her poignant portrayal of the matriarch and leader of the Joad family in the film adaptation of John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath , for which she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , and her role as the Bird Woman in Disney 's musical family film , Mary Poppins . Darwell has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Woodard vs. Woodward 2 Career 3 Death 4 Selected filmography 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Born to William Robert Woodard , president of the Louisville Southern Railroad , and Ellen Booth in Palmyra in Marion County in northeastern Missouri , she originally intended to become a circus rider , then later an opera singer . Her father objected , however , and she compromised by becoming an actress but changed her name to Darwell to avoid sullying the family name . The Jane Darwell Birthplace was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 . Woodard vs. Woodward ( edit ) Some sources give Darwell 's birth name as Patti Woodward . They include Women in World History : A Biographical Encyclopedia , Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors : From the silent era to 1965 , Missouri Biographical Dictionary , Screen World 1968 , The New Biographical Dictionary of Film , and Dictionary of Missouri Biography . Career ( edit ) Darwell in the play A Doll 's House , 1945 . She took up voice culture and the piano followed by a course in dramatics . At one point , she decided to enter a convent but instead changed her mind and became an actress . Darwell began acting in theater productions in Chicago and made her first film appearance in 1913 . She appeared in almost twenty films over the next two years before returning to the stage . After a 15 - year absence from films , she resumed her film career in 1930 with a role in Tom Sawyer , and her career as a Hollywood character actress began . Short , stout , and plain , she was quickly cast in a succession of films usually as the mother of one of the major characters . She also appeared in five Shirley Temple films , usually as the housekeeper or grandmother . She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress as `` Ma Joad '' in The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) , a role she was given at the insistence of the film 's star , Henry Fonda . A contract player with 20th Century Fox , Darwell was memorably cast in The Ox - Bow Incident , and occasionally starred in `` B '' movies and played featured parts in scores of major films . Darwell had noted appearances on the stage as well ; in 1944 , she was popular in the stage comedy Suds in Your Eye , in which she played an Irishwoman who had inherited a junkyard . By the end of her career she had appeared in more than 170 films , including Huckleberry Finn ( 1931 ) , Jesse James ( 1939 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) , The Ox - Bow Incident ( 1943 ) , and My Darling Clementine ( 1946 ) . Darwell was among the guest stars on an episode of Faye Emerson 's Wonderful Town , a variety television series which aired on CBS from 1951 to 1952 in which hostess Faye Emerson visits a different city each week to accent the local music . In 1954 , Darwell appeared with Andy Clyde in the episode `` Santa 's Old Suit '' of the series , The Pepsi - Cola Playhouse . This same episode was re-run the following Christmas 1955 on Studio 57 . In 1959 , she appeared with child actor Roger Mobley in the episode `` Mr. Rush 's Secretary '' on the NBC western series , Buckskin , starring Tom Nolan and Sally Brophy . She guest starred on John Bromfield 's crime drama in a modern western setting , Sheriff of Cochise . On July 27 , 1961 , Darwell appeared as `` Grandmother McCoy '' in an episode of the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys . In the story line , the series characters played by Walter Brennan , Richard Crenna , and Kathleen Nolan return to fictitious Smokey Corners , West Virginia for Grandmother McCoy 's 100th birthday gathering . Darwell was fifteen years older than `` son '' , Walter Brennan . Pat Buttram and Henry Jones appeared in this episode as Cousin Carl and Jed McCoy , respectively . Darwell 's final role as the old woman feeding the birds in Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) was personally assigned to her by Walt Disney . On February 8 , 1960 , Darwell received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the motion - picture industry ; it is located at 6735 Hollywood Boulevard . Death ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In her last years , Darwell 's health was poor . It took personal persuasion from Walt Disney for her to appear in Disney 's Mary Poppins as she was , by then , tired , frail and in her middle eighties . Darwell died August 13 , 1967 , at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills , from a myocardial infarction at the age of 87 . She is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California . Selected filmography ( edit ) Brewster 's Millions ( 1914 ) as Mrs. Dan De Mille The Master Mind ( 1914 ) as Milwaukee Sadie The Only Son ( 1914 ) as Mrs. Brainerd The Man on the Box ( 1914 ) as Mrs. Chadwick Ready Money ( 1914 ) as Mrs. Tyler Rose of the Rancho ( 1914 ) as Senora Castro Kenton / Juanita 's Mother The Hypocrites ( 1915 ) as Madam ( uncredited ) The Goose Girl ( 1915 ) as Irma After Five ( 1915 ) as Mrs. Russell - Aunt Diddy The Rug Maker 's Daughter ( 1915 ) as Mrs. Van Buren The Reform Candidate ( 1915 ) as Mrs. Haggerty Little Church Around the Corner ( 1923 ) as Anxious Woman at Mine Disaster ( uncredited ) Tom Sawyer ( 1930 ) as Widow Douglas Fighting Caravans ( 1931 ) as Pioneer Woman ( uncredited ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1931 ) as Widow Douglas Ladies of the Big House ( 1931 ) as Mrs. Turner No One Man ( 1932 ) as Patient ( uncredited ) Young America ( 1932 ) as Schoolteacher ( uncredited ) The Strange Case of Clara Deane ( 1932 ) as Mortimer 's Wife ( uncredited ) Back Street ( 1932 ) as Mrs. Adolph Schmidt Washington Merry - Go - Round ( 1932 ) as Alice 's Aunt ( uncredited ) Hot Saturday ( 1932 ) as Mrs Ida Brock Women Wo n't Tell ( 1932 ) as Mrs. Walter Robinson Air Hostess ( 1933 ) as Ma Kearns The Past of Mary Holmes ( 1933 ) Child of Manhattan ( 1933 ) as Mrs. McGonegle Murders in the Zoo ( 1933 ) as Banquet Guest ( uncredited ) Bondage ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Elizabeth Wharton The Girl in 419 ( 1933 ) as Nurse Esmond ( uncredited ) Emergency Call ( 1933 ) as Head Nurse Brown ( uncredited ) Jennie Gerhardt ( 1933 ) as Boardinghouse Keeper ( uncredited ) Bed of Roses ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Webster - Head Prison Matron ( uncredited ) Before Dawn ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Marble He Could n't Take It ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Case One Sunday Afternoon ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Lind Ann Vickers ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Gage ( uncredited ) Aggie Appleby , Maker of Men ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Spence - Landlady ( uncredited ) Only Yesterday ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Lane Design for Living ( 1933 ) as Curtis ' Housekeeper Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) as Roman Spa Proprietress ( uncredited ) King for a Night ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Williams ( uncredited ) Cross Country Cruise ( 1934 ) as Mrs. O'Hara ( uncredited ) Fashions of 1934 ( 1934 ) as Customer at Maison Elegance ( uncredited ) Wonder Bar ( 1934 ) as Baroness ( uncredited ) Heat Lightning ( 1934 ) as Gladys David Harum ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Woolsey ( uncredited ) Journal of a Crime ( 1934 ) as Dinner Guest ( uncredited ) Once to Every Woman ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Wood Finishing School ( 1934 ) as Maude - interns ' Receptionist ( uncredited ) The Scarlet Empress ( 1934 ) as Miss Cardell , Sophia 's Nurse ( uncredited ) Change of Heart ( 1934 ) as Mrs. McGowan Let 's Talk It Over ( 1934 ) as Mrs. O'Keefe The Most Precious Thing in Life ( 1934 ) as Mrs. O'Day Blind Date ( 1934 ) as Ma Taylor Million Dollar Ransom ( 1934 ) as Ma McGarry ( uncredited ) Embarrassing Moments ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Stuckelberger One Night of Love ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Barrett - Mary 's Mother ( uncredited ) Desirable ( 1934 ) as Frederick 's Mother ( uncredited ) Wake Up and Dream ( 1934 ) as Landlady Happiness Ahead ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Davis - the Landlady Tomorrow 's Youth ( 1934 ) as Mary O'Brien The Firebird ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Miller - Apartment House Tenant ( uncredited ) The White Parade ( 1934 ) as Miss ' Sailor ' Roberts Gentlemen Are Born ( 1934 ) as Landlady ( uncredited ) Bright Eyes ( 1934 ) as Elizabeth Higgins One More Spring ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Mary Sweeney McFadden 's Flats ( 1935 ) as Nora McFadden Life Begins at 40 ( 1935 ) as Ida Harris Curly Top ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Henrietta Denham Navy Wife ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Louise Keats Metropolitan ( 1935 ) as Grandma ( uncredited ) We 're Only Human ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Walsh Paddy O'Day ( 1936 ) as Dora The Country Doctor ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Graham The First Baby ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Ellis Captain January ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Eliza Croft Private Number ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Meecham Little Miss Nobody ( 1936 ) as Martha Bradley The Poor Little Rich Girl ( 1936 ) as Woodward White Fang ( 1936 ) as Maud Mahoney Star for a Night ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Martha Lind Ramona ( 1936 ) as Aunt Ri Hyar Craig 's Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Harold Laughing at Trouble ( 1936 ) as Glory Bradford Love Is News ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Flaherty Nancy Steele Is Missing ! ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Mary Flaherty The Great Hospital Mystery ( 1937 ) as Miss Sarah Keats Fifty Roads to Town ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Henry Slave Ship ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Marlowe The Singing Marine ( 1937 ) as `` Ma '' Marine Wife , Doctor and Nurse ( 1937 ) Mrs. Krueger Dangerously Yours ( 1937 ) as Aunt Cynthia Barton Change of Heart ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Thompson The Jury 's Secret ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Sheldon Battle of Broadway ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Rogers Three Blind Mice ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Killan Little Miss Broadway ( 1938 ) as Miss Hutchins Time Out for Murder ( 1938 ) as Polly - Helen 's Supervisor Five of a Kind ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Waldron Up the River ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Graham Jesse James ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Samuels Inside Story ( 1939 ) as Aunt Mary Perkins The Zero Hour ( 1939 ) as Sophie Unexpected Father ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Callahan Grand Jury Secrets ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Keefe The Rains Came ( 1939 ) as Aunt Phoebe - Mrs. Smiley 20,000 Men a Year ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Allen Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Merriwether Miracle on Main Street ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Herman The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) as Ma Joad Untamed ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Maggie Moriarty Brigham Young ( 1940 ) as Eliza Kent Youth Will Be Served ( 1940 ) as Supervisor Stormer Chad Hanna ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Huguenine Thieves Fall Out ( 1941 ) as Grandma Allen Private Nurse ( 1941 ) as Miss Adams The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) as Ma Stone All Through the Night ( 1942 ) as Mrs. ' Ma ' Donahue Young America ( 1942 ) as Grandmother Nora Campbell On the Sunny Side ( 1942 ) as Annie Small Town Deb ( 1942 ) as Katie It Happened in Flatbush ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Maguire Men of Texas ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Scott aka Aunt Hattie The Loves of Edgar Allan Poe ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Mariah Clemm Highways by Night ( 1942 ) as Grandma Fogarty The Great Gildersleeve ( 1942 ) as Aunt Emma Forrester Gildersleeve 's Bad Day ( 1943 ) as Aunt Emma Forrester The Ox - Bow Incident ( 1943 ) as Ma Grier Stage Door Canteen ( 1943 ) as Jane Darwell Government Girl ( 1943 ) as Miss Trask ( uncredited ) Tender Comrade ( 1943 ) as Mrs. Henderson Reckless Age ( 1944 ) as Mrs. Connors The Impatient Years ( 1944 ) as Minister 's Wife Music in Manhattan ( 1944 ) as Mrs. Pearson She 's a Sweetheart ( 1944 ) as Mom Sunday Dinner for a Soldier ( 1944 ) as Mrs. Helen Dobson I Live in Grosvenor Square ( 1945 ) as Mrs. Patterson Captain Tugboat Annie ( 1945 ) as Tugboat Annie The Dark Horse ( 1946 ) as Aunt Hattie Three Wise Fools ( 1946 ) as Sister Mary Brigid My Darling Clementine ( 1946 ) as Kate Nelson Keeper of the Bees ( 1947 ) as Mrs. Ferris The Red Stallion ( 1947 ) as Mrs. Aggie Curtis Train to Alcatraz ( 1948 ) as Aunt Ella 3 Godfathers ( 1948 ) as Miss Florie Red Canyon ( 1949 ) as Aunt Jane The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Murphy Wagon Master ( 1950 ) as Sister Ledyard Caged ( 1950 ) as Isolation Matron Surrender ( 1950 ) as Molly Hale Redwood Forest Trail ( 1950 ) as Hattie Hickory Three Husbands ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Wurdeman The Second Face ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Lockridge Father 's Wild Game ( 1950 ) as Minverva Bobbin The Lemon Drop Kid ( 1951 ) as Nellie Thursday Excuse My Dust ( 1951 ) as Mrs. Belden Journey Into Light ( 1951 ) as Mack We 're Not Married ! ( 1952 ) as Mrs. Bush The Sun Shines Bright ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Aurora Ratchitt It Happens Every Thursday ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Eva Spatch Affair With a Stranger ( 1953 ) as Ma Stanton The Bigamist ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Connelley Hit the Deck ( 1955 ) as Jenny There 's Always Tomorrow ( 1955 ) as Mrs. Rogers A Life at Stake ( 1955 ) as Landlady Girls in Prison ( 1956 ) as Matron Jamieson The Last Hurrah ( 1958 ) as Delia Boylan Hound - Dog Man ( 1959 ) as Granndma Wilson Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) as The Bird Woman ( final film role ) See also ( edit ) List of actors with Academy Award nominations Biography portal Missouri portal California portal Theatre portal Film portal Television portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Obituary Variety , August 16 , 1967 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( 1967 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Jane Darwell , 87 , Actress , Is Dead '' ( PDF , fee required ) . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Morgan , Barbara . `` Darwell , Jane ( 1879 -- 1967 ) '' . Encyclopedia.com . Gale Research , Inc . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Monush , Barry ( 2003 ) . Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors : From the silent era to 1965 . Hal Leonard Corporation . pp. 174 -- 75 . ISBN 9781557835512 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onofrio , Jan ( 2001 ) . Missouri Biographical Dictionary . Somerset Publishers , Inc. p. 197 . ISBN 9780403095988 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willis , John ( 1968 ) . Screen World 1968 . Biblo & Tannen Publishers . p. 230 . ISBN 9780819603098 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 2014 ) . The New Biographical Dictionary of Film . ALFRED A KNOPF . p. 251 . ISBN 9780375711848 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Lawrence O. ; Foley , William E. ; Kremer , Gary ( 1999 ) . Dictionary of Missouri Biography . University of Missouri Press . p. 230 . ISBN 9780826260161 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MovieActors.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Jane Darwell Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . www.walkoffame.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Darwell '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jane Darwell . Jane Darwell on IMDb Jane Darwell at the Internet Broadway Database Jane Darwell at Find a Grave Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 1936 -- 1950 Gale Sondergaard ( 1936 ) Alice Brady ( 1937 ) Fay Bainter ( 1938 ) Hattie McDaniel ( 1939 ) Jane Darwell ( 1940 ) Mary Astor ( 1941 ) Teresa Wright ( 1942 ) Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Ethel Barrymore ( 1944 ) Anne Revere ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Claire Trevor ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Gloria Grahame ( 1952 ) Donna Reed ( 1953 ) Eva Marie Saint ( 1954 ) Jo Van Fleet ( 1955 ) Dorothy Malone ( 1956 ) Miyoshi Umeki ( 1957 ) Wendy Hiller ( 1958 ) Shelley Winters ( 1959 ) Shirley Jones ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Patty Duke ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Lila Kedrova ( 1964 ) Shelley Winters ( 1965 ) Sandy Dennis ( 1966 ) Estelle Parsons ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) Helen Hayes ( 1970 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1971 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1972 ) Tatum O'Neal ( 1973 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1974 ) Lee Grant ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Beatrice Straight ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Geena Davis ( 1988 ) Brenda Fricker ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Marisa Tomei ( 1992 ) Anna Paquin ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Allison Janney ( 2017 ) BNE : XX1498647 BNF : cb13940366q ( data ) GND : 137810768 ISNI : 0000 0000 5886 3555 LCCN : n85378408 SNAC : w69b17h2 SUDOC : 090300696 VIAF : 5635149919442606650003 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_Darwell&oldid=851635347 '' Categories : 1879 births 1967 deaths Actresses from Missouri American film actresses American stage actresses Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners People from Marion County , Missouri Actresses from Los Angeles Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Glendale ) 20th - century American actresses 20th Century Fox contract players Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 16 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the bird woman in mary poppins	[ "Jane Darwell (born Patti Woodard, October 15, 1879 – August 13, 1967) was an American actress of stage, film, and television.[1] With appearances in more than one hundred major motion pictures spanning half a century, Darwell is perhaps best-remembered for her poignant portrayal of the matriarch and leader of the Joad family in the film adaptation of John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, for which she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, and her role as the Bird Woman in Disney's musical family film, Mary Poppins. Darwell has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.\n" ]	[ "Jane Darwell" ]
-167038447518602758	Portal:Grey's Anatomy/Character quote/20	Portal : grey 's anatomy / character quote / 20 - wikipedia Portal : grey 's anatomy / character quote / 20 < Portal : Grey 's Anatomy ‎ Character quote Jump to : navigation , search `` I love you . I do . I just , I love you . And I have been trying not to say it . I have been trying so hard to just mash it down and ignore it and not say it and ... Jackson is a great guy . But it was never gon na work out , because I love you . I am so in love with you . You 're in me . You 're like -- it 's like you 're a disease . It 's like I am infected by Mark Sloan and I just ca n't think about anything or anybody and I ca n't sleep . I ca n't breathe . I ca n't eat . And I love you . I love you all the time . Every minute of every day . I love you . God , that feels good to just say that . I feel so much better . I love you . '' -- Lexie Grey ( `` Let the Bad Times Roll '' ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Grey%27s_Anatomy/Character_quote/20&oldid=512789232 '' Talk Portal Talk Contents Featured content About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 16 September 2012 , at 01 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	i love you it like you're a disease	[]	[]
-8806660579282595473	Bilal ibn Rabah	Bilal ibn Rabah - wikipedia Bilal ibn Rabah Jump to : navigation , search Bilal ibn Rabah بلال بن رباح Titles : al - Habashi ( التمار ) and Sayyid al - Muʾaḏḏin An Islamic miniature from Siyer - i Nebi ( 16th century , Turkey ) , depicting Bilal giving the call to prayer ( 580 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 580 AD Birthplace Mecca , Hejaz Ethnicity Abyssinian people or Ethiopian Known For Being a loyal companion of Muhammad and the first muezzin in Islam Occupation Secretary of Treasure of The Islamic State of Medina March 2 , 640 ( 640 - 03 - 02 ) ( aged 57 ) AD Father Rabah Mother Hamamah Wife Hind Religion Islam Bilal ibn Rabah ( Arabic : بلال ابن رباح ‎ ‎ ( 580 -- 640 AD ) also known as Bilal al - Habashi , Bilal ibn Riyah , and ibn Rabah ) , was one of the most trusted and loyal Sahabah ( companions ) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . He was born in Mecca and is considered as the first muezzin , chosen by Muhammad himself . He was known for his beautiful voice with which he called people to their prayers . He died in 640 , when he was just 57 years old . Contents ( hide ) 1 Birth and early life 2 Bilal 's appearance 3 Conversion to Islam 3.1 Persecution of Bilal 3.2 Treasury 4 Adhan 4.1 Sunni View 4.2 Shia View 5 Military campaigns during Muhammad 's era 6 After prophet Mohammed 6.1 Sunni view 6.2 Shia View 6.3 Sufism 7 Death 8 Descendants 9 Legacy 10 See also 11 References 12 Books 13 External links Birth and early life ( edit ) Bilal ibn Rabah was born in Mecca in the Hejaz in the year 580 AD . His father Rabah was an Arab slave from the clan of Banu Jumah while his mother , Hamamah , was a former princess of Abysinna ( modern day Ethiopia ) who was captured after the event of Amul - Fill ( the attempt to destroy the Kaaba ) and put into slavery . Being born into slavery , Bilal had no other option but to work for his master , Umayyah ibn Khalaf . Through hard work , Bilal became recognised as a good slave and was entrusted with the keys to the Idols of Arabia . However , racism and sociopolitical statutes of Arabia prevented Bilal from achieving a lofty position in society . Bilal 's appearance ( edit ) Muhammad Abdul - Rauf in his book , Bilal ibn Rabah , states , `` He ( Bilal ) was of a handsome and impressive stature , dark brown complexion with sparkling eyes , a fine nose and bright skin . He was also gifted with a deep , melodious , resonant voice . He wore a beard which was thin on both cheeks . He was endowed with great wisdom and a sense of dignity and self esteem . '' Similarly , William Muir in his book , The Life of Muhammad , states , `` He ( Bilal ) was tall , dark , and with African feature and bushy hair . '' Muir also states that noble members of the Quraysh despised Bilal and called him ibn Sauda ( son of the black woman ) . Conversion to Islam ( edit ) When Muhammad announced his prophethood and started to preach the message of Islam , Bilal renounced idol worship , becoming one of the earliest converts to the faith . Persecution of Bilal ( edit ) When Bilal 's master , Umayyah ibn Khalaf , found out , he began to torture Bilal . At the instigation of Abu Jahl , Umayyah bound Bilal and had him dragged around Mecca as children mocked him . Bilal refused to renounce Islam , instead repeating `` Ahad Ahad '' ( God is absolute / one ) . Incensed at Bilal 's refusal , Umayyah ordered that Bilal be whipped and beaten while spread - eagled upon the Arabian sands under the desert sun , his limbs bound to stakes . When Bilal still refused to recant , Umayyah ordered that a hot boulder be placed on Bilal 's chest . However , Bilal remained firm in belief and continued to say `` Ahad Ahad '' . News of this slave reached some of Muhammad 's companions , who informed the prophet . Muhammad sent Abu Bakr to negotiate for the emancipation of Bilal in exchange for three of Abu Bakr 's slaves ( a pagan male and his wife and daughter ) . Treasury ( edit ) Bilal rose to prominence in the Islamic State of Medina , as Muhammad appointed him minister of the Bayt al - Mal ( treasury ) . In this capacity , Bilal distributed funds to widows , orphans , wayfarers , and others who could not support themselves . Adhan ( edit ) Muhammad chose Bilal as the first muezzin . Sunni view ( edit ) Sunnis believed that Muhammad specifically chose Bilal to become the Muezzin ( caller to prayer ) of Islam . He personally taught Bilal how to call the Muslims to prayer . However , other Sunni traditions suggest that a companion suggested to Muhammad that they should blow a trumpet or ring a bell in order to alert the Muslims before the time of each prayer . According to the Sunni traditions Muhammad did not accept this suggestion because he did not want to adopt the Jewish or Christian customs . One day , Abdullah ibn Ziyad , a citizen of Yathrib ( Medina ) , came to see Muhammad . Abdullah ibn Ziyad explained to him that while he was half - awake or half - asleep , a man appeared before him in his dream and told him that the human voice ought to be used to call the Muslims to prayer . In addition , the man also taught Abdullah the Adhan along with the manner of saying it . The Sunni historians state that Muhammad was pleased with the idea and adopted it . After adopting the Adhan , Muhammad called Bilal and taught the Adhan to him . Shia view ( edit ) Shias on the other hand , do not accept Abdullah ibn Ziyad 's story . They state that the Adhan was revealed to Muhammad just as the Qur'an al - Majid was revealed to him . Shias believe that the Adhan could not be left to the dreams or reveries . Furthermore , Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy states , `` If the Prophet could teach the Muslims how to perform lustrations , and how , when , and what to say in each prayer , he could also teach them how and when to alert others before the time for each prayer . '' According to the Shia traditions , the angel who taught Muhammad how to perform lustrations preparatory to prayers and how to perform prayers also taught him the Adhan . Military campaigns during Muhammad 's era ( edit ) Campaigns of Muhammad Ghazwah ( expeditions where he took part ) Abwa Buwat Safwan Dul 1st Badr Kudr Sawiq Qaynuqa Thi Bahran Uhud Asad Nadir 2nd Nejd 2nd Badr Jandal Trench Qurayza Lahyan Mustaliq Treaty Khaybar Fadak Qura Dhat Baqra Mecca Hunayn Autas Ta'if Tabouk Main article : List of expeditions of Muhammad He participated in the Battle of Badr . Muhammad 's forces included Abu Bakr , Umar , Ali , Hamza , Mus ` ab ibn ` Umair , Az - Zubair bin Al - ' Awwam , Ammar ibn Yasir , and Abu Dharr al - Ghifari . The Muslims also brought seventy camels and two horses , meaning that they either had to walk or fit three to four men per camel . However , many early Muslim sources indicate that no serious fighting was expected , and the future Caliph Uthman stayed behind to care for his sick wife Ruqayyah , the daughter of Muhammad . Salman the Persian also could not join the battle , as he was still not a free man . After prophet Mohammed ( edit ) Sunni view ( edit ) In the Sīrat Abī Bakr Al - Ṣiddīq that compiled many narrations and compiled historical circumstances regarding the rule of Caliph Abu Bakr was recorded that after Muhammad 's death , Bilal accompanied the Muslim armies , under the commands of Said ibn Aamir al - Jumahi , to Syria . Shia view ( edit ) After Muhammad died in 632 AD , Bilal was one of the people who did not give bay'ah ( oath of allegiance ) to Abu Bakr . It is documented that when Bilal did not give bay'ah ( oath / pledge of allegiance ) to Abu Bakr , Umar ibn al - Khattab grabbed Bilal by his clothes and said , `` Is this the reward of Abu Bakr ; he emancipated you and you are now refusing to pay allegiance to him ? '' To which Bilal replied , `` If Abu Bakr had emancipated me for the pleasure of Allah , then let him leave me alone for Allah ; and if he had emancipated me for his service , then I am ready to render him the services required . But I am not going to pay allegiance to a person whom the Messenger of God had not appointed as his caliph . '' Similarly , al - Isti'ab , a Sunni source , states that Bilal told Abu Bakr : `` If you have emancipated me for yourself , then make me a captive again ; but if you had emancipated me for Allah , then let me go in the way of Allah . '' This was said when Bilal wanted to go for Jihad. Abu Bakr then let him go '' The following is a poem by Bilal on his refusal to give Abu Bakr bay'ah : By Allah ! I did not turn towards Abu Bakr , If Allah had not protected me , hyena would have stood on my limbs . Allah has bestowed on me good and honoured me , Surely there is vast good with Allah . You will not find me following an innovator , Because I am not an innovator , as they are . Being exiled from Medina by Umar and Abu Bakr , Bilal migrated to Syria . Shaykh Abu Ja'far al - Tusi , a Shia scholar , has also stated in lkhtiyar al - Rijal that Bilal refused to pay allegiance to Abu Bakr . Sufism ( edit ) A Sufi poet whose , works originated from the Mughal Empire , named Purnam Allahabadi , composed a Qawwali in which he mentioned how time had stopped when some companions blocked Bilal from delivering the Azan ( which he had seen in his dream ) , and appealed that it was incorrect . Because the companion Bilal was of an Abyssinian origin , he could not pronounce the letter `` Sh '' ( Arabic : Shin ش ) . A hadith of Muhammad reports that he said , `` The ' seen ' of Bilal is ' sheen ' in the hearing of Allah , '' meaning God does not look at the external but appreciates the purity of heart . Death ( edit ) Grave of Bilal in Bab al - Saghir cemetery , Damascus . Bilal 's death is disputed between historians . Some believe that he died in 638 AD . While others believe he died in 642 AD . It is said that Bilal was 63 years old when he died . The Sunni scholar al - Suyuti in his Tarikh al - khulafa wrote : He ( Bilal ) died in Damascus in 17 or 18 AH , but some say 20 AH , or even 21 AH when he was just over sixty years old . Some said he died in Medina , but that is wrong . That is how it is in al - Isabah and other works such as the Tahdhib of an - Nawawi . When Bilal 's wife realized that death was approaching Bilal , she became sorrowful . It is documented that she cried and said , `` What a painful affliction ! '' However , Bilal objected his wife 's opinion by stating , `` On the contrary , what a happy occasion ! Tomorrow I will meet my beloved Muhammad and his host ( hizb ) ! '' Descendants ( edit ) The descendants of Bilal ibn Rabah al - Habashi are said to have migrated to the land of Ethiopia in Africa . Legacy ( edit ) Bilal 's tomb in Amman , Jordan Though there are some disagreements concerning the hard facts of Bilal 's life and death , his importance on a number of levels is incontestable . Muezzin guilds , especially those in Turkey and Africa , have traditionally venerated the original practitioner of their noble profession . The story of Bilal is the most frequently cited demonstration of Islam 's views of measure people not by their nationality nor social status nor race , but measuring people by their Taqwah ( piety ) . Which is demonstrated in Muhammad 's The Farewell Sermon in Mina : O people ! Your Lord is one Lord , and you all share the same father . There is no preference for Arabs over non-Arabs , nor for non-Arabs over Arabs . Neither is their preference for white people over black people , nor for black people over white people . Preference is only through righteousness . -- Muhammad , The Farewell Sermon In 1874 , Edward Wilmot Blyden , a former slave of African descent , wrote : The eloquent Adzan or Call to Prayer , which to this day summons at the same hours millions of the human race to their devotions , was first uttered by a Negro , Bilal by name , whom Mohammed , in obedience to a dream , appointed the first Muezzin or Crier . And it has been remarked that even Alexander the Great is in Asia an unknown personage by the side of this honoured Negro . See also ( edit ) List of non-Arab Sahabah Zayd ibn Harithah Keita Dynasty List of expeditions of Muhammad Bilal ( film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coughlin , Kathryn M. ( 2006 ) . `` Ethiopia '' . Muslim Cultures Today : A Reference Guide . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780313323867 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Slavery in Islam . '' BBC News . BBC , 2009 . Web . 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Riz̤vī , Sayyid Sa'eed Ak̲h̲tar . Slavery : From Islamic & Christian Perspectives . Richmond , British Columbia : Vancouver Islamic Educational Foundation , 1988 . Print . ISBN 0 - 920675 - 07 - 7 Pg. 35 - 36 Jump up ^ * Bilal stands for `` wetting , moistening '' in Arabic . Jump up ^ Ludwig W. Adamec ( 2009 ) , Historical Dictionary of Islam , p. 68 . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0810861615 . Jump up ^ Robinson , David . Muslim Societies in African History . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2004 . Print . Jump up ^ Levtzion , Nehemia , and Randall Lee Pouwels . The History of Islam in Africa . South Africa : Ohio UP , 2000 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Janneh , Sabarr . Learning from the Life of Prophet Muhammad ( SAW ) : Peace and Blessing of God Be upon Him . Milton Keynes : AuthorHouse , 2010 . Print . ISBN 1467899666 Pgs. 235 - 238 Jump up ^ Abdul - Rauf , Muhammad . Bilāl Ibn Rabāh : A Leading Companion of The Prophet Muhammad ( SAW ) . Indianapolis , Indiana : American Trust Publications , 1977 . Print . ISBN 0892590084 Pg. 5 ^ Jump up to : Muir , Sir William . The Life of Mohammad From Original Sources . Edinburgh : J. Grant , 1923 . Print . ISBN 0404563066 Pg. 59 ^ Jump up to : Sodiq , Yushau . Insider 's Guide to Islam . Bloomington , Indiana : Trafford , 2011 . Print . ISBN 1466924160 Pg. 23 Jump up ^ , Ibn Hisham , Sirah , V. 1 , p. 339 - 340 Jump up ^ Ibn Sa 'd , Tabaqat , V. 3 , p. 232 ^ Jump up to : Charbonneau , Joshua ( Mateen ) . The Suffering of the Ahl - ul - bayt and Their Followers ( Shi'a ) throughout History . Washington , D.C. : J.M. Charbonneau , 2012 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Razwy , Ali A . A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims 570 to 661 CE . Stanmore , Middlesex , U.K. : World Federation of KSI Muslim Communities Islamic Centre , 1997 . Print . Pg. 553 Jump up ^ Ludwig W. Adamec ( 2009 ) , Historical Dictionary of Islam , p. 68 . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0810861615 . Quote : `` Bilal , ... , was the first muezzin . '' Jump up ^ Lings , pp. 138 -- 139 Jump up ^ `` Sahih al - Bukhari : Volume 5 , Book 59 , Number 287 '' . Usc.edu . Archived from the original on 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sahih al - Bukhari : Volume 4 , Book 53 , Number 359 '' . Usc.edu . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Witness-pioneer.org '' . Witness-pioneer.org. 16 September 2002 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sahih al - Bukhari : Volume 5 , Book 59 , Number 286 '' . Usc.edu . Archived from the original on 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Dr. Ali Muhammad As - Sallaabee The Biography of Abu Bakr As - Sideeq . Riyadh : Maktaba Dar - us - Salaam , 2007 . Print . ISBN 9960 - 9849 - 1 - 5 Jump up ^ Shustari , Nurullah , Majalisu'1 - Mu'minin ( Tehran , 1268 AH ) p. 54 ; and also see Ibn Sa 'd , op . cit. , vol . III : 1 , pg. 169 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , A.K. The Hidden Truth About Karbala . Ed . Abdullah Al - shahin . Qum , Iran : Ansariyan Publications , n.d. Print . ISBN 978 - 964 - 438 - 921 - 4 Pg. 307 Jump up ^ Meri , Josef W. , and Jere L. Bacharach . Medieval Islamic Civilization : An Encyclopedia . New York : Routledge , 2006 . Print . ISBN 0415966914 Pg. 109 Jump up ^ Abdullah , Ysuf . al - Isti'ab . Print . Pg. 150 Jump up ^ http://www.hamzashad.com/bhar-do-jholi/ Jump up ^ Bilal Ibn Rabah Al - Habashi Jump up ^ `` Rijal : Narrators of the Muwatta of Imam Muhammad . '' Bogvaerker . N.p. , 08 Jan. 2005 . Web . 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Qušairī , Abd - al - Karīm Ibn - H̲awāzin Al - , and Abu'l - Qasim al - Qushayri . al - Qushayri 's Epistle on Sufism : al - Risala al - Qushayriyya Fi ' ilm al - Tasawwuf . Trans . Alexander D. Knysh . Lebanon : Garnet & Ithaca Press , 2007 . Print . ISBN 1859641865 Pg. 313 Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein . The Heart of Islam : Enduring Values for Humanity . New York , New York : HarperCollins , 2009 . Print . ISBN 0061746606 Pg. 92 Jump up ^ Zawadi , Bassam , and Mansur Ahmed . `` Rebuttal to Answering Islam 's Article `` Mohammed Claimed To Be A Warner Only For Arabia '' Call - To - Monotheism . N.p. , n.d. Web . 2013 . Jump up ^ Musnad Ahmad Hadith. 22391 Jump up ^ `` Mohammedanism and The Negro Race . '' Fraser 's Magazine July Dec. 1875 : 598 - 615 . Print . Books ( edit ) H.M. Ashtiyani . Bilâl d'Afrique , le muezzin du Prophète , Montréal , Abbas Ahmad al - Bostani , la Cité du Savoir , 1999 ISBN 2 - 9804196 - 4 - 8 ( in French ) İbn Sa 'd. et - Tabakâtü'l - Kübrâ , Beyrut 1960 , III , s . 232 Avnu'l - Ma'bud . Şerh Ebû Dâvud , III , 185 , İbn Mâce , Ezan , 1 , 3 А . Али - заде . Билал аль - Хабаши / / Исламский энциклопедический словарь . -- М. : Издательский дом Ансар , 2007 . -- 400 с . ISBN 5 - 98443 - 025 - 8 ( in Russian ) External links ( edit ) Medieval Islamic Civilization Omar H. Ali , `` Arabian Peninsula , '' Schomburg Center , The New York Public Library al-islam.org -- Slaves in the History of Islam The First Muezzin Hadith / Narrations in which Bilal ibn Ribah was mentioned -- www.SearchTruth.com Companions of Ali ibn Abi Talib Abd Allah ibn Abbas Abdullah ibn Hashim Abu al - Aswad al - Du'ali Abu al - Heysam ibn Tayyahan Abu Dhar al - Ghifari Adi ibn Hatim Ammar ibn Yasir Amr ibn al - Humq al - Khaza'i Asbagh ibn Nubatah Bilal ibn Rabah Habib ibn Madhahir Hamam ibn Shurayh Harith al - Hamdani Hashim ibn Utbah Hujr ibn ' Adi Hudhayfah ibn al - Yaman Ja'far ibn Abi Talib Jabir ibn Abd Allah John bin Huwai Jundab ibn Abdullah Khuzaima ibn Thabit Kumayl ibn Ziyad Malik al - Ashtar Maytham al - Tammar Mikhnaf ibn Sulaym Miqdad ibn Aswad Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Qays ibn Sa 'd Qambar Sa'sa'a bin Sohan Salman the Persian Sulaym ibn Qays Sulayman ibn Surad Umm Salama Uthman ibn Hunaif Uwais al - Qarani Zayd ibn Suhan VIAF : 137836635 LCCN : n81033497 GND : 119158620 BNF : cb13778182m ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilal_ibn_Rabah&oldid=807121067 '' Categories : Sahabah favored by Shias Muezzins 580 births 630s deaths 640s deaths Arabian slaves and freedmen Non-Arab Sahabah Sahabah participated in battle of Badr Muhajirun Male Sahabah Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from January 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with French - language external links Articles with Russian - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Română Русский Shqip Simple English Soomaaliga Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 01 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	bilal was from a country in africa called	[]	[]
2256159845986641982	When pigs fly	When pigs fly - wikipedia When pigs fly Jump to : navigation , search For the sketch comedy group , see The Flying Pigs . For other uses , see When Pigs Fly ( disambiguation ) . A doctored photograph showing a winged pig The phrase `` when pigs fly '' ( alternatively , `` pigs might fly '' ) is an adynaton -- a figure of speech so hyperbolic that it describes an impossibility . The implication of such a phrase is that the circumstances in question ( the adynaton , and the circumstances to which the adynaton is being applied ) will never occur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning 2 In popular culture 3 References 4 External links Meaning ( edit ) `` When pigs fly '' is an adynaton , a way of saying that something will never happen . The phrase is often used for humorous effect , to scoff at over-ambition . There are numerous variations on the theme ; when an individual with a reputation for failure finally succeeds , onlookers may sarcastically claim to see a flying pig . ( `` Hey look ! A flying pig ! '' ) Other variations on the phrase include `` And pigs will fly '' , this one in retort to an outlandish statement . An example occurs in the film The Eagle Has Landed : an Irish secret agent working for the Nazis replies to a German general speaking of Germany 's shortly winning World War II , `` Pigs may fly , General , but I doubt it ! '' Later , when the Irishman sees German soldiers parachuting before an attack , he says to himself , `` Mother of God ! Flying pigs ! '' An identical phrase , used to express impossibilities , exists in Romanian , Când o zbura porcul , literally meaning `` When the pig shall fly '' ; an equivalent also implying an animal is La Paștele cailor , literally : `` on horses ' Easter '' . Similar phrases in English include `` when hell freezes over '' , the Latin expression `` to the Greek calends '' , and `` and monkeys might fly out of my butt '' , popularized in Wayne 's World skits and movies . They are examples of adynata . In Finnish , the expression `` kun lehmät lentävät '' ( when cows fly ) is used because of its alliteration . In French , the most common expression is `` quand les poules auront des dents '' ( when hens will have teeth ) . In Polish , a similar expression is `` See a tank rolling in here ? '' , while simultaneously lowering a lower eyelid with a finger . Sometimes , when in return to this a slightly more limited , but still improbable answer is given , the speaker repeats the gesture , stating : `` Maybe at least a gun barrel sticks out ? '' : `` I 'm sure that the cows will make a permanent colony on the Moon by the end of 2012 . '' `` Yeah , sure . See a tank rolling in here ? '' ( lowering the eyelid ) `` Well , maybe not 2012 , but 2013 , surely . '' `` Maybe at least a gun barrel sticks out ? '' ( repeating the gesture . ) The idiom is apparently derived from a centuries - old Scottish proverb , though some other references to pigs flying or pigs with wings are more famous . At least one appears in the works of Lewis Carroll : `` Thinking again ? '' the Duchess asked , with another dig of her sharp little chin . `` I 've a right to think , '' said Alice sharply , for she was beginning to feel a little worried . `` Just about as much right , '' said the Duchess , `` as pigs have to fly ... '' -- Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , Chapter 9 . American literature author John Steinbeck was told by his professor that he would be an author when pigs flew . When he eventually became a novelist , he started to print every book he wrote with the insignia `` Ad astra per alas porci '' ( to the stars on the wings of a pig ) . He sometimes added an image of a flying pig , called `` Pigasus '' . In popular culture ( edit ) Fliegende Schweine by Michael Maschka In Lewis Carroll 's Through the Looking - Glass ( 1872 ) , the poem `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' poses the question of `` whether pigs have wings '' . Pigasus was a flying pig character in the Oz books written by Ruth Plumly Thompson in the 1930s . Because of the historical importance of the pig industry to the city , prominent in the local iconography of Cincinnati ( nicknamed ' Porkopolis ' ) are such events as the Big Pig Gig and the Flying Pig Marathon . Public art around town features flying pigs . In Grand Prairie , TX , the semi-pro baseball team is the ( Grand Prairie AirHogs ) . In advertising , they have used the slogan `` Where Hogs fly '' . In the 1968 movie The Lion in Winter , King Henry II tells his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine `` When pigs have wings ! '' . She replies `` There 'll be pork in the trees come morning ! '' Pink Floyd had a flying pig on the cover of the Animals album . This clearly ties in with the album 's songs `` Pigs On The Wing '' . Since then the group has used a flying pig as a prop for concerts . See Pink Floyd pigs . This album cover is one of the many cultural references in the game Jet Set Willy ; the Emergency Power Generator is a miniature indoor version of Battersea Power Station with a pig flying over it . That flying - pig sprite is also used in several other rooms . In Alice , a popular TV series based on the 1974 movie Alice Does n't Live Here Any More . Alice ( Linda Lavin ) worked at Mel 's Diner along with a spunky waitress named Flo ( Polly Holliday ) . Flo spoke with a southern twang , and one of her favorite sayings was , `` When Pigs Fly ! '' In The Simpsons episode , `` Lisa the Vegetarian '' , Lisa pushes Homer 's prize pig down a hill into a river , where it ends up getting shot through the air by a dam 's spillway suction . In his office Mr. Burns says to Smithers he would like to do something charitable with his wealth , donating a million dollars to the orphanage . Smithers becomes confused at this , and Burns answers `` when pigs fly '' . The pig then passes his window in flight , much to their surprise , at which point he admits he would still like to keep his money . In the Scott Pilgrim vs. the World : The Game subspace highway screens , players may be rewarded with money by destroying flying Piggy Banks . In Hexen the player can be turned into a pig and use wings of wrath , this results in a flying pig . Arjen Anthony Lucassen 's second solo album , Lost in the New Real features a track titled `` Where pigs fly '' . In the UK BBC One series called ShakespeaRe - Told adaptation of Macbeth , the character Joe Macbeth 's monologue `` Is that a ( police ) helicopter ? Is it landing on this building ? Pigs will fly ! Pigs will fly ! '' It is the film 's translation of `` The Birnam Wood '' reference to the warning given to Macbeth in the Shakespeare play of the same name , in which he is warned that `` Macbeth shall never vanquish 'd be until / Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill / Shall come against him . '' After the New Orleans Saints , long known for their lack of success , won the 2009 NFC Championship Game by making a field goal in sudden death overtime , longtime Saints radio announcer Jim Henderson exclaimed , `` Pigs have flown ! Hell has frozen over ! The Saints are on their way to the Super Bowl ! '' Flying pigs were seen in the film Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang and were a large part of the promotion related to it , including its major promotional posters . The original Nanny McPhee film had featured the phrase `` snow in August '' as a similar reference to something that was supposed to be impossible . The cover of Stephen Colbert 's adult - targeted picture book I Am a Pole ( And So Can You ! ) features an emblem stating that it is a `` Caldecott Eligible Book '' and a picture of Colbert riding a flying pig , a tongue - in - cheek reference to the book 's actual likelihood of being nominated for this award . In the third season of the Canadian sketch comedy series The Kids in the Hall , a flying pig ( portrayed by Bruce McCulloch ) appeared in several sketches to entertain people who had been waiting in long lines . In Eminem 's 2013 song `` Legacy '' , a variant phrase of this is said : `` The day you beat me , pigs will fly out my ass into a flying saucer full of Italian sausage ! '' In The 7D episode `` When Pigs Fly '' , Hildy and Grim Gloom use a spell to give the pigs owned by the farmer Zoinky McZoinks wings and control them as part of their plan to eat all the food in Jollywood in order to cause its citizens to head to Hildegard Estates to become their minions . The 7D managed to thwart the plan by coating the Glooms ' house in chocolate . By the end of the episode , the flying pigs were returned to Zoinky McZoinks who managed to make some money off the flying pigs . In Star vs. the Forces of Evil episode `` Brittney 's Party '' , Brittney Wong told Star that she will be invited to her birthday party `` when pigs fly '' . Star took it literally and used her wand to create an actual flying pig in order to get invited . On the wall of a building along Biscayne Blvd . near 81st St. in Miami , Florida ( see illustration ) . In a self - effacing reference to their less - than - stellar record , the log canoe Edmee S. has adopted a flying pig as their mascot . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pigs might fly '' . World Wide Words. 2002 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( June 4 , 1993 ) . `` Tennis : Martina primed for revenge '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Steinbeck : A Biography , Jay Parini , Holt Publishing , 1996 Jump up ^ Jack Snow , Who 's Who in Oz , Chicago , Reilly & Lee , 1954 ; New York , Peter Bedrick Books , 1988 ; p. 161 . Jump up ^ Grace , Kevin ( Jan 4 , 2012 ) . `` Legendary Locals of Cincinnati '' . Arcadia Publishing . p. 9 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rick Jervis , `` Saints , Colts fans celebrate victories '' , USA Today , January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sean O'Neal ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` 10 episodes that take you inside the weird world of The Kids In The Hall '' . The A.V. Club . External links ( edit ) Look up when pigs fly in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Humorous Internet memorandum RFC 1925 insists that `` with sufficient thrust , pigs fly just fine '' . ( hide ) Pigs Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Domestic Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd As food Bacon Ham Lard Pork Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Scottish pork taboo Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig 's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling Wild and Feral Wild boar Heraldry Hunting In the Philippines Razorback Pigs in culture Iron Age pig Flitch of bacon custom Miss Piggy Pigs in Space Porky Pig Piglet `` The Three Little Pigs '' Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe : Pig in the City Bad Piggies My Brother the Pig Charlotte 's Web The Sheep - Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Fair , then Partly Piggy Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Olivia ( character TV series ) Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Spider - Ham Spider pig The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland `` This Little Piggy '' Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Other List of pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus ( politics ) `` When pigs fly '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_pigs_fly&oldid=804566756 '' Categories : Fictional pigs Figures of speech Hidden categories : Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Latina 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the phrase when pigs fly come from	[ "The idiom is apparently derived from a centuries-old Scottish proverb, though some other references to pigs flying or pigs with wings are more famous. At least one appears in the works of Lewis Carroll:" ]	[ "Scottish proverb" ]
1773144342058789458	Leave It to Beaver	Leave It to Beaver - wikipedia Leave It to Beaver Jump to : navigation , search Leave It to Beaver Season one title screen Genre Sitcom , children 's television series Created by Joe Connelly Bob Mosher Starring Barbara Billingsley Hugh Beaumont Tony Dow Jerry Mathers Theme music composer David Kahn Melvyn Leonard Mort Greene Opening theme `` The Toy Parade '' Composer ( s ) Pete Rugolo ( 1962 -- 63 ) Paul Smith ( 1962 -- 63 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 234 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Joe Connelly Bob Mosher Location ( s ) Republic Studios Universal Studios Los Angeles Camera setup Single - camera Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Revue Studios MCA TV Gomalco Productions ( 1957 -- 61 ) Kayro Productions ( 1961 -- 63 ) Distributor Universal Television NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network CBS ( 1957 -- 58 ) ABC ( 1958 -- 63 ) Picture format Black - and - white Audio format Monaural Original release October 4 , 1957 ( 1957 - 10 - 04 ) -- June 20 , 1963 ( 1963 - 06 - 20 ) Chronology Followed by Still the Beaver The New Leave It to Beaver Leave It to Beaver ( 1997 film ) Leave It to Beaver is an American television sitcom about an inquisitive and often naïve boy , Theodore `` The Beaver '' Cleaver ( portrayed by Jerry Mathers ) , and his adventures at home , in school , and around his suburban neighborhood . The show also starred Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont as Beaver 's parents , June and Ward Cleaver , and Tony Dow as Beaver 's brother Wally . The show has attained an iconic status in the United States , with the Cleavers exemplifying the idealized suburban family of the mid-20th century . The show was created by the writers Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher . These veterans of radio and early television found inspiration for the show 's characters , plots and dialogue in the lives , experiences and conversations of their own children . Leave It to Beaver is one of the first primetime sitcom series written from a child 's point of view . Like several television dramas and sitcoms of the late 1950s and early 1960s ( Lassie and My Three Sons ) , Leave It to Beaver is a glimpse of middle - class American boyhood . In a typical episode , Beaver gets into some sort of boyish scrape , then faces his parents for reprimand and correction . Neither parent was omniscient ; the series often showed the parents debating their approach to child rearing , and some episodes were built around parental gaffes . Leave It to Beaver ran for six full 39 - week seasons ( 234 episodes ) . The series had its debut on CBS on October 4 , 1957 . The following season , it moved to ABC , where it stayed until completing its run on June 20 , 1963 . Throughout the show 's run , it was shot with a single camera on black - and - white 35mm film . The show 's production companies included the comedian George Gobel 's Gomalco Productions ( 1957 -- 61 ) and Kayro Productions ( 1961 -- 63 ) with filming at Revue Studios / Republic Studios and Universal Studios in Los Angeles . The show was distributed by MCA TV . The still - popular show ended its run in 1963 primarily because it had reached its natural conclusion : In the show , Wally was about to enter college and the brotherly dynamic at the heart of the show 's premise would be broken with their separation . Contemporary commentators praised Leave It to Beaver , with Variety comparing Beaver to Mark Twain 's Tom Sawyer . Much juvenile merchandise was released during the show 's first run , including board games , novels , and comic books . The show has enjoyed a renaissance in popularity since the 1970s through off - network syndication , a reunion telemovie ( Still the Beaver , 1983 ) and a sequel series , The New Leave It to Beaver ( 1985 -- 89 ) . In 1997 , a movie version based on the original series was released to negative reviews . In October 2007 , TV Land celebrated the show 's 50th anniversary with a marathon . Although the show never broke into the Nielsen ratings top 30 or won any awards , it placed on Time magazine 's unranked 2007 list of `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - Time '' . According to Tony Dow , `` If any line got too much of a laugh , they 'd take it out . They did n't want a big laugh ; they wanted chuckles . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Concept , pilot , and premiere 1.2 Sponsors and budget 1.3 Characters and casting 1.4 Writers and directors 1.5 Filming 1.6 Opening and closing sequences 1.7 Music 1.8 Settings 1.8. 1 Time setting 1.8. 1.1 Mapleton Drive house 1.8. 1.2 Pine Street house 2 Themes and recurring elements 2.1 Format and content 2.2 Themes 2.3 Signature show elements 2.3. 1 Slang 2.3. 2 Punishment 2.3. 3 Cleanliness 2.3. 4 Bathrooms 2.3. 5 Beaver and girls 3 Cancellation and subsequent developments 3.1 Final episode 3.2 Cast appearances on Lassie 3.3 Reunion telemovie ( 1983 ) 3.4 Sequel series ( 1984 -- 1989 ) 4 Media information 4.1 Broadcast history 4.2 Marketing and merchandise 4.2. 1 Books 4.2. 2 Dell comic books 4.2. 3 Hasbro board games 4.3 Feature film adaptation 4.4 DVD releases 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) Concept , pilot , and premiere ( edit ) In 1957 , the radio , film and television writers Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher developed a concept for a TV show about childhood and family life featuring a fictional suburban couple and their children . Unlike The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet , Father Knows Best and other sitcoms and domestic comedies of the era , the show would not focus on the parents , but rather on their children , with the series being told from the kids ' point of view . Working titles during the show 's gestation period included It 's a Small World and Wally and the Beaver . The pilot aired April 23 , 1957 , as `` It 's a Small World '' on the anthology series Heinz Studio 57 . Jerry Mathers and Paul Sullivan The stars of the pilot were Casey Adams and Paul Sullivan ( as father and son Ward and Wally Cleaver ) . They were replaced as production of the series neared . Six months after the broadcast of the pilot , the series debuted on CBS on Friday October 4 , 1957 , as Leave It to Beaver , with the episode third in production order , `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' . The intended premiere , `` Captain Jack '' , displayed a toilet tank ( which did n't pass the censor 's office in time for the show 's scheduled debut ) and aired the week following the premiere . `` Captain Jack '' has claimed its place in television history as the first American TV show to display a toilet tank . In 1997 , it was ranked number 42 in TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . Sponsors and budget ( edit ) Remington Rand was a potential sponsor during the show 's conception and counseled against the show 's suggested title , Wally and the Beaver , believing viewers would think the show was a nature program . The show was ultimately sponsored by Ralston Purina , with General Electric ( the GE logo was clearly visible on all kitchen appliances ) and Chrysler Corporation sponsoring the later seasons ( Ward Cleaver was often seen driving the newest Plymouth Fury during the opening credits or coming home from work , starting in Season 3 . In the first two seasons , he drove a 1957 Ford ) . Episodes were budgeted at $30,000 to $40,000 each ( $250,592.88 to $334,123.84 in 2015 dollars ) , making the show one of the most costly to produce at the time . High production costs were in part due to many outdoor scenes . The most expensive single episode , `` In the Soup '' ( in which Beaver gets stuck in an advertising billboard with a gigantic make - believe cup of soup , curious as to how `` steam '' came out of the cup ) , was budgeted at $50,000 . Two billboards were built for the episode : one outside on the back lot , and the other inside the studio . Characters and casting ( edit ) Leave It to Beaver cast ( L -- R ) : Hugh Beaumont , Tony Dow , Barbara Billingsley and Jerry Mathers , circa 1959 Casting directors interviewed hundreds of child actors for the role of Beaver but kept calling back Jerry Mathers , an eight - year - old with substantial acting experience . At one of many auditions , Mathers wore his Cub Scout uniform and told casting personnel he was anxious to leave for his den meeting . Connelly and Mosher were charmed with Mathers 's innocent candor and cast him in the title role . Barbara Billingsley , an actress with experience in several B movies and one failed television series ( Professional Father ) , was then hired to play Beaver 's mother , June . Preteen Tony Dow accompanied a friend auditioning for Johnny Wildlife to the studio , and , although Dow had no aspirations to an acting career , tried out for the role of Beaver 's brother , Wally , and was hired . Several adult candidates then auditioned for the role of Beaver 's father , Ward , but Connelly and Mosher finally signed Hugh Beaumont , an actor and Methodist lay minister who had worked with Mathers in a religious film . Recurring characters include Eddie Haskell ( played by Ken Osmond ) , Larry Mondello ( Rusty Stevens ) , Hubert `` Whitey '' Whitney ( Stanley Fafara ) , Tooey Brown ( Tiger Fafara ) , Gilbert Bates ( Stephen Talbot ) , Judy Hensler ( Jeri Weil ) , Clarence `` Lumpy '' Rutherford ( Frank Bank ) , his younger sister Violet ( Veronica Cartwright ) and Mary Ellen Rogers ( Pamela Beaird ) . Burt Mustin played elderly fireman Gus , Richard Deacon played Ward 's co-worker Fred Rutherford and Sue Randall played a schoolteacher , Miss Landers . Main article : Leave It to Beaver characters Main article : List of Leave It to Beaver cast members Writers and directors ( edit ) The show 's chief writers , Bob Mosher and Joe Connelly , met while working in New York City for the J. Walter Thompson Agency . Once in Hollywood , the men became head writers for the radio show Amos ' n ' Andy and continued to write the well - received show when it moved to CBS television in 1950 . Although both men initially wrote all the scripts for earlier episodes of Leave It to Beaver , after becoming executive producers they began accepting scripts from other writers , refining them , if necessary . With Mosher the father of two children and Connelly six , the two had enough source material and inspiration for the show 's dialogue and plot lines . Connelly 's eight - year - old son , Ricky , served as the model for Beaver and his fourteen - year - old son , Jay , for Wally , while Eddie Haskell and Larry Mondello were based on friends of the Connelly boys . Connelly often took the boys on outings while carrying a notebook to record their conversations and activities . Other writers who contributed to the show were Bill Manhoff , Mel Diamond , Dale and Katherine Eunson , Ben Gershman , George Tibbles ( who later became the head writer on My Three Sons ) , Fran van Hartesvelt , Bob Ross , Alan Manings , Mathilde and Theodore Ferro , John Whedon and the team of Dick Conway and Roland MacLane , who wrote many of the shows for the last two seasons . Connelly told an interviewer , `` If we hire a writer we tell him not to make up situations , but to look into his own background . It 's not a ' situation ' comedy where you have to create a situation for a particular effect . Our emphasis is on a natural story line . '' Connelly and Mosher worked to create humorous characters in simple situations , rather than relying on contrived jokes . The two often adapted real - life situations in the lives of their children . `` The Haircut '' , for example , was directly based on an incident involving Bobby Mosher , who was compelled to wear a stocking cap in a school play after giving himself a ragged haircut . Fourteen - year - old Jay Connelly 's preening habits became Wally 's frequent hair combing . Seven - year - old Ricky Connelly 's habit of dropping the initial syllables of words was incorporated into Beaver 's character . Norman Tokar , a director with a talent for working with children , was hired to direct most of the episodes for the first three years and developed the characters of Eddie Haskell and Larry Mondello . Other directors included Earl Bellamy , David Butler ( who had directed child actress Shirley Temple ) , Bretaigne Windust , Gene Reynolds and Hugh Beaumont . Norman Abbott directed most of the episodes through the last three years . Filming ( edit ) For the first two seasons , Leave It to Beaver was filmed at Republic Studios in Studio City , Los Angeles . For its final four seasons , production moved to Universal Studios . Exteriors , including the façades of the two Cleaver houses , were filmed on the respective studio back lots . Stock footage was often used for establishing shots . The script for an upcoming episode would be delivered to the cast late in the week , with a read - through the following Monday , awkward lines or other problems being noted for rewrites . On Tuesday afternoon , the script was rehearsed in its entirety for the camera and lighting crew . Over the following three days , individual scenes would be filmed with a single camera . Filming was limited to one episode per week ( rather than the two typical of television production of the period ) to accommodate the large number of child actors , who were allowed to work only four hours a day . Scenes with children were usually filmed first , with adult actors having to wait until after 5 : 00 pm for filming . Series cinematographers included Mack Stengler with 122 episodes between 1958 and 1962 , Jack MacKenzie with 40 episodes between 1962 and 1963 , and William A. Sickner with 37 episodes between 1957 and 1959 . Fred Mandl ( 1962 ) , Ray Rennahan ( 1958 ) , and Ray Flin ( 1960 ) served as cinematographers on less than five episodes each . Opening and closing sequences ( edit ) In the first season , each episode opens with a teaser featuring clips from the episode ( or generic footage from other episodes ) and a voice - over introduction by Beaumont briefly stating the episode 's theme . The teaser is followed by the main title and credits in which the show 's four main stars are introduced . Midway through the first season , the Beaumont voice - over introduction was discarded in favor of a brief scene extracted from the episode at hand , and , at the end of the first season , the teaser was entirely discarded , moving immediately to the title and credits . In seasons five and six , significant crew are listed in an extension of the opening credits after a commercial break . Each season had an individually filmed sequence for the opening credits . In season one , for example , a cartoon - like drawing of a freshly laid concrete sidewalk was displayed with the show title and stars ' names scratched into its surface , while in the final season , the Cleavers left the house through the front door carrying picnic items . ( See List of Leave It to Beaver episodes for specific season opening sequences . ) Billingsley was the first to be introduced in all opening sequences , followed by Beaumont and Dow . Mathers was introduced last , with the voice - over line , `` ... and Jerry Mathers as The Beaver '' . The closing sequence for the first season featured a simple , dark background as the credits rolled . In the second season , Wally and Beaver are seen walking home from school with their schoolbooks and entering the house through the front door . In the third through fifth seasons , Wally and Beaver are seen walking towards the Pine Street house . Beaver carries a baseball glove and limps along the curbstone . In the last season , Beaver , arguing with Wally as the two are walking home , pushes Wally into the street and they start chasing each other around a tree and into the house . Music ( edit ) The show 's opening and closing sequences are accompanied by an orchestral rendition of the show 's bouncy theme music , `` The Toy Parade '' , by David Kahn , Melvyn Leonard , and Mort Greene . For the third season , the tempo was quickened and the tune whistled by a male chorus over an orchestral accompaniment for the closing credits and for the production credits following the opening sequence . For the final season , the song was given a jazz - like arrangement by the veteran composer and arranger Pete Rugolo . Though lyrics exist for the theme tune , an instrumental arrangement was used for the show 's entire run . Elements of the theme tune were given a subdued musical arrangement , which was then used as background music for tender and sentimental scenes . Occasionally , a few phrases from well - known musical compositions , such as Chopin 's `` Funeral March '' and `` La Marseillaise '' , the French national anthem , were quoted . This CBS show required `` wall - to - wall '' music , a term for productions that utilize musical `` tag '' pieces between scenes as needed . While `` The Toy Parade '' theme was written for the show , incidental music was not . This is evident through the progression of the series , as the theme matured , the usual background music did not . This is the equivalent of the `` needle - drop '' library of prerecorded music that is still prevalent today . This incidental music was likely a product of the CBS Television Orchestra and clearly sounds reminiscent of the early 1950s , especially by 1963 . Settings ( edit ) Time setting ( edit ) The time setting of Leave It to Beaver is contemporary with its production -- the late 1950s and the early 1960s . References to contemporary news issues or topics are infrequent . Communism is mentioned in the episode `` Water , Anyone ? '' The launching of the Russian satellite Sputnik , which coincided with the debut of the series , is mentioned in several episodes , as is the rapidly expanding missile defense sector in the 1962 episode `` Stocks and Bonds '' . Contemporary cultural references are more frequent but not overwhelming . The show acknowledges the greaser subculture and , in the last season , `` The Twist '' , a popular song and dance craze of the early 1960s . The dance 's promoter , Chubby Checker , is hinted at in the episode 's fictional `` Chubby Chadwick '' and his fictional hit tune , `` Surf Board Twist '' . Wally and his friends perform a tepid version of The Twist at Wally 's party in `` The Party Spoiler '' . The 1960 Kirk Douglas vehicle Spartacus is brought up in `` Teacher 's Daughter '' , Eisenhower is mentioned and , in one episode , Beaver 's best friend Gilbert says Angela Valentine wore a `` Jackie Kennedy wig '' to class . Contemporary celebrities mentioned on the show include Rock Hudson , Tuesday Weld , Cary Grant , Sal Mineo , Frank Sinatra , Tony Curtis , Sonny Liston , Cassius Clay , Bob Cousy , Chet Huntley , David Brinkley , Jack Paar , John Glenn , Bennett Cerf , Warren Spahn , Fabian Forte and others . Then current Los Angeles Dodgers celebrity star Don Drysdale appears as himself in the 1962 episode titled `` Long Distance Call '' . When Beaver appears on a TV show , not knowing it is being recorded to air another day , Gilbert compares the misunderstanding with `` a Rod Serling Twilight Zone '' . The episode in which Beaver graduates from grammar school ( 8th grade ) is perhaps the only time a year is mentioned . June and Ward inspect the gift they have for Beaver 's graduation and read the inscription , `` ... Class of ' 63 '' . Leave It to Beaver is set in the fictitious community of Mayfield and its environs . The principal setting is the Cleaver home . The Cleavers live in two houses over the series ' run . The move was necessary when the façade of the original house , located at Republic Studios . became unavailable for filming following the production 's move to Universal . The new house stood on the Universal backlot . The address of the first house is 485 Mapleton ( sometimes Maple ) Drive , and the second at 211 Pine Street . Mapleton Drive house ( edit ) Mapleton Drive house Surrounded by a picket fence , the Mapleton Drive house is two stories with a first floor kitchen , dining room , living room and adjoining patio , and at least three bedrooms on the second floor -- one for the boys , one for the parents , and a guest room into which Beaver moves for a night . The cellar is accessible through a diagonal door in the kitchen . A kitchen door opens onto a small side yard , the driveway , and a single - car garage -- a frequent setting for get - togethers between the boys , their father , and the boys ' friends . Toward the close of season two , the Cleavers discuss moving . In the season 's closer , Ward tells the boys the Mapleton Drive house has been sold . In the season three opener , the Cleavers are comfortably settled in their new home . No episode features the actual move . Pine Street house ( edit ) The Pine Street house consists of several rooms ( kitchen and laundry room , dining room , living room , den ) on the ground floor and at least three bedrooms on the second floor . None of the furnishings from the Mapleton Drive house appear in the new house . Reproductions of Gainsborough 's The Blue Boy and Lawrence 's Pinkie hang in the front entry above graceful bergères . An upholstered wing chair at the edge of the hearth in the living room is covered in a chinoiserie print . Pine Street house in 2003 During the final episode at the Mapleton Drive house , the boys announce they are excited for the move as the new house will afford them their own separate bedrooms . Yet in subsequent episodes taking place at the Pine Street residence , the brothers apparently still share the same bedroom . Even the arrangement of the furniture is nearly identical . After the move to Pine Street , the boys continue to attend the same schools , frequent the same hang - outs , and visit the same friends . The Pine Street house is in the vicinity of the Mapleton Drive house ; in one episode , Beaver and Larry walk to the Mapleton Drive house , uproot a small tree , and transport it to the Pine Street house in a wagon . In the Pine Street house , Ward has a den near the main entry , which serves as a setting for many scenes . The garage at the Pine Street house is used less often as a setting for masculine get - togethers than the Mapleton Drive garage had been . June and Ward 's bedroom is seen for the first time in the Pine Street house . They have their own bath , sleep in twin beds and have a portable TV in the room . Two years before Leave It to Beaver went into production , the Pine Street façade and its neighborhood were employed extensively in the 1955 Humphrey Bogart film The Desperate Hours . In 1969 , the Pine Street house was reused for another Universal - produced television hit , Marcus Welby , M.D. This house can still be seen at Universal Studios , though the original façade was replaced in 1988 for the following year 's The ' Burbs and sat in storage elsewhere on the Universal lot . The façade was replaced again for the 1997 Leave It to Beaver movie . The house and the street it sits on were used as the main exterior set for Wisteria Lane of Desperate Housewives , was also previously used as the Pearson family house on The Bill Engvall Show and also for a time shown on CBS daytime 's The Young and the Restless as Victoria Newman Abbott and Billy Abbott 's home . Themes and recurring elements ( edit ) Format and content ( edit ) Leave It to Beaver is light drama with the underlying theme that proper behavior brings rewards while improper behavior entails undesirable consequences . The juvenile viewer finds amusement in Beaver 's adventures while learning that certain behaviors and choices ( such as skipping school or faking an illness in order to be the recipient of `` loot '' from parents and schoolmates ) are wrong and invite reprimand . The adult viewer enjoys Beaver 's adventures while discovering tips for teaching children correct behavior and methods for successfully handling common childhood problems . Parents are reminded that children view the world from a different perspective and should not be expected to act like miniature adults . The writers urged parents to serve as moral role models . A typical episode generally follows a simple formula : Beaver or Wally ( or both ) get into a scrape and then face their parents for a lecture regarding the event . Lectures sometimes take the form of fables , with Ward allowing the boys to discover their moral meanings and applying those meanings to their lives . Occasionally , when offenses are serious , punishments such as being grounded are dealt the miscreants . The parents are sometimes shown debating the best approach to the situation . Other episodes ( especially in earlier seasons ) even reverse the formula , with Ward making a parenting mistake and having to figure out how to make up for it . While the earlier seasons focus on Beaver 's boyhood adventures , the later seasons give greater scope to Wally 's high school life , dating , and part - time work . Several episodes follow Wally 's acquisition of a driver 's license and a car . The show 's focus is consistently upon the children ; June and Ward are depicted from one episode to the next as an untroubled , happily married couple . Themes ( edit ) Education , occupation , marriage and family are presented in Leave It to Beaver as requisites for a happy and productive life . Beaver and Wally both attend public schools and are encouraged to pursue college educations as a means to prepare for their futures . Ward and June attended prep school and boarding school , respectively , and both attended college ; their sons are expected to do the same . While both boys consider prep - school educations -- Wally at the Bellport Military Academy and Beaver at an eastern school called Fallbrook -- both remain at home and attend Mayfield High with their friends . School and homework are the bane of Beaver 's existence . In `` Beaver 's Secret Life '' , the boy decides to become a writer in adulthood because `` you do n't have to go to school or know nothing ... You only have to make up adventures and get paid for it . '' Beaver 's attitude toward education provides comic counterpoint to the backgrounds , values and ambitions of his parents . Occupation is presented as important to the happy life with Ward representing the successful , college - educated , middle - class professional with a steady but obscure office job , and June , the competent and happy homemaker . When Beaver expresses interests in lower - class occupations ( such as garbage collector ) , his parents squirm with embarrassment and discomfort . According to the social mores represented in the show , a happy marriage is the cornerstone of successful middle - class family life , and June and Ward represent the warm , happily married , successful middle class couple . In contrast , the parents of Beaver 's friend Larry Mondello are a husband frequently out of town on business and an exasperated wife struggling single - handedly to raise a son and sometimes depending on Ward to help discipline him . Singles like prim Aunt Martha and globe - trotting , yarn - spinning Uncle Billy are shown as either out - of - touch and irksome or untrustworthy . The one episode dealing with divorce shows it as having negative effects on children and family life . Religion is lightly touched upon in the series , if only as one of the pillars of traditional Americana . In a sprinkling of episodes , Beaver refers to having attended church earlier on a Sunday or referring to a lesson learned in Sunday School . Ward uses parables -- some from the Bible -- to impart wisdom to the boys after they 've experienced a difficult situation . He also often paraphrased from Greek fables to educate Wally and The Beaver about morality issues . June and Ward are keenly aware of their duty to impart traditional , but proven , middle - class family values to their boys . They do so by serving as examples in word and deed , rather than using punitive means . Ward and June are models of late - 1950s , conscientious parenting . Stay - at - home June maintains a loving , nurturing home and Ward consistently supervises the behavior and moral education of his sons . While the series portrays the world through the eyes of a young boy , it sometimes dealt with controversial and adult subjects such as alcoholism and divorce . June remains calm amid household tumult , providing crucial guidance to her sons while shielding them from nefarious outside influences with a matronly force of will . Her protection is frequently needed against the pernicious intrigues of Eddie Haskell , who engages in impulsive , selfish , disruptive , and malevolent schemes . For crafty Eddie , each day is one more step toward the twilight of the adults , which will herald his ascension to neighborhood ruler . Ward is a Solomon - like figure of quiet dignity who dispenses parental justice tempered with understanding . He sometimes finds himself punishing his sons for deeds he admits he committed as a child . Ward relates to the peer - pressure the boys sometimes face as when he defends them for wanting to view a horror movie with Eddie Haskell . June objects , but Ward responds by telling her he saw hundreds of horror films as a boy and even had a subscription to Weird Tales . Ward often finds himself learning the most in the episode from something his sons , or sometimes his wife , do . Signature show elements ( edit ) June supervises the boys and their friends , Tooey and Eddie . Slang ( edit ) The show employs contemporary kid - slang extensively . Wally and Beaver both use `` gyp '' ( to swindle ) , `` mess around '' ( to play ) , and `` hunka '' ( meaning `` hunk of '' in relation to food portions such as `` hunka cake '' or `` hunka milk '' ) . `` Junk '' , `` crummy '' , `` gee whiz '' , `` gosh '' , `` wiseguy '' , `` grubby '' , `` rat '' , and `` creep '' are frequently heard . The word `` beef '' was also used at times ( mostly by Wally ) over the course of the show 's run , meaning `` disagreement '' ( as in contemporary hip - hop ) . Ward and June disapprove . Wally uses `` sweat '' to his mother 's annoyance ; she prefers `` perspiration '' and asks him not to use the slang words `` flip '' or `` ape '' . `` Goofy '' is one of Beaver 's favorite adjectives , and it is applied to anything that lies outside the bounds of 1950s conformism . `` Giving me / you / him / her the business '' was a phrase used to describe a character being sarcastic with or otherwise teasing another character . `` Flake off '' was often used by Wally 's friends to tell the Beaver to leave them alone . Punishment ( edit ) Physical punishment looms large in the boys ' imaginations , but such punishment is never seen . Though Ward tells Wally and Beaver he has never physically punished them , both boys remind their father of past incidents when he did . In one episode , Beaver mentioned a time when he spilled ink on a rug and his father spanked him . Ward himself mentions that his father used a belt on him , and Larry 's homelife is described as one of being hollered at and hit . In one episode , Larry begs , `` Do n't hit me ! Do n't hit me ! '' when his mother discovers him reading his sister 's diary . Punishment in the show is restricted to being grounded , spending time in one 's bedroom , losing movie - going or television privileges , or pulling weeds in the yard . Cleanliness ( edit ) Recurrent humor is generated on the show by contrasting the ' squeaky - clean ' habits of June and Ward with the ' grubby ' ones of Wally and Beaver . While Ward and June stress cleanliness , bathing , and good grooming ( ordering both boys to wash their faces , hands , and fingernails before dinner ) , both boys generally prefer being unwashed and dressed in dirty clothes . In the premiere episode , Wally and Beaver fake bathing by rumpling towels and tossing `` turtle dirt '' in the bathtub . In `` Cleaning Up Beaver '' , June and Ward commend Wally on his neat appearance and chide Beaver for his untidiness . When Wally calls Beaver a `` pig '' , Beaver moves into the guest room where he can be his own dirty , messy self without comment or criticism from others . Frightening shadows in the room force him back to his old bedroom and the safety of being with his brother . The two boys strike a middle ground : Beaver will be a bit tidier than he usually is and Wally will be a bit sloppier . Bathrooms ( edit ) Leave It to Beaver is unique in 1950s television sitcom history for its extraordinary number of bathroom scenes . Beaver and Wally have an en - suite bathroom , and many scenes are set in it . One early episode , `` Child Care '' , is set almost entirely in their bathroom . Other episodes include major scenes set in the boys ' bathroom . Additionally , in almost every scene set in the boys ' bedroom , the bathtub , shower curtain , or vanity can be seen through the open bathroom door . Beaver uses the bathroom several times to escape his brother when angry , slamming the door to express his emotions . At such times , June and Ward are called upon to order Beaver to vacate his refuge . In `` Beaver 's Good Deed '' , a scene is set in Ward and June 's bathroom . A tramp takes a bath in their tub and slips away wearing one of Ward 's suits and a pair of his shoes . In the `` Captain Jack '' episode , Wally and Beaver try to hide a baby alligator they bought by keeping it in their bathroom 's toilet tank . Beaver and girls ( edit ) Beaver 's attitude toward girls is a thread that runs throughout the series , providing comic contrast to his brother 's successful dating life and his parents ' happy marriage . Beaver tells off his female classmates , telling Violet Rutherford she drinks gutter water , calling Linda Dennison a `` smelly old ape '' and threatening to punch Judy Hensler if she `` gets mushy '' on him . Though loathing girls his own age , Beaver develops crushes on schoolteachers Miss Canfield and Miss Landers , and in one episode says he 's going to marry a `` mother '' when the time comes . Beaver disparages marriage saying , `` just because you 're married does n't mean you have to like girls . '' In the later seasons , Beaver has adjusted his outlook somewhat and dates a few girls . Cancellation and subsequent developments ( edit ) Final episode ( edit ) In its first season on CBS ( 1957 -- 58 ) , Leave It To Beaver received disappointing Nielsen ratings and CBS canceled it . ABC then picked up the program , and although the series never entered the list of the top 30 television shows , its ratings were nonetheless solid enough to warrant a five - year run . By the start of the 1962 -- 63 season , the show was reaching an impasse . The series was still popular with audiences , but Jerry Mathers wanted to retire from acting at the end of the sixth year to attend regular high school . As a result , Leave It To Beaver ended its network run on June 20 , 1963 . The series finale , `` Family Scrapbook '' , was directed by Hugh Beaumont , written by Connelly and Mosher , and is regarded as being one of the first sitcom episodes written expressly as a series finale . Cast appearances on Lassie ( edit ) Beaumont in Lassie with Jan Clayton and George Cleveland Several Leave It to Beaver performers appeared on the long - running CBS television series Lassie . Hugh Beaumont had yet to snag his signature role as Ward Cleaver when he appeared in `` The Well '' , one of the two pilots filmed for the series . The episode was filmed in color and aired monochromatically in the series ' first season ( 1954 ) . In 1968 , Jerry Mathers appeared in `` Lassie and the 4 - H Boys '' , an episode about two teen brothers quarreling over the disposition of a prize - winning bull , while , the same year , Tony Dow appeared with Jan - Michael Vincent as a hippie - type character in a three - part story called `` Hanford 's Point '' . Stephen Talbot ( Gilbert ) was featured in two episodes of `` Lassie '' in 1959 , `` The Flying Machine '' and `` Growing Pains '' . Before their commitments to Leave It to Beaver , `` Tiger '' Fafara appeared in one Lassie episode while Madge Blake made appearances in two episodes . In the 1960 -- 61 season , Richard Correll played Steve Johnson , one of Timmy Martin 's Calverton friends in two episodes . Ken Osmond played a delivery boy in a season two episode and a smart - aleck kid whose carelessness causes a forest fire in the season four episode `` The Cub Scout '' . Reunion telemovie ( 1983 ) ( edit ) Except for Beaumont , who had died in 1982 , and Stanley Fafara , who was replaced as Whitey by Ed Begley , Jr. , the main cast appeared in the reunion telemovie Still the Beaver ( 1983 ) . The film followed adult Beaver 's struggle to reconcile his recent divorce and single parenthood , while facing the possibility of his widowed mother selling their childhood home . June Cleaver is later elected to the Mayfield City Council . Sequel series ( 1984 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Its reception led to a new first - run , made - for - cable series , The New Leave It to Beaver ( 1984 -- 1989 ) , with Beaver and Lumpy Rutherford running Ward 's old firm ( where Lumpy 's pompous , demanding father -- played by Richard Deacon in the original series before his death in 1984 -- had been the senior partner ) , Wally , who married his high school girlfriend Mary Ellen Rogers , as a practicing attorney and expectant father , and June having sold the old house to Beaver himself but living with him as a doting grandmother to Beaver 's two young sons . Eddie Haskell runs his own contracting business and has two sons ; eldest son Freddie ( played by Ken Osmond 's real - life son , Eric Osmond ) , who was every inch his father 's son -- right down to the dual - personality , and a younger son , Eddie , Jr. , aka `` Bomber '' ( played by Osmond 's younger real - life son , Christian Osmond ) , who was often away at military school , but would periodically come home to visit . Media information ( edit ) Broadcast history ( edit ) The show proved to be a scheduling headache for CBS and ABC , airing on four different evenings ( Wednesday through Saturday ) during the series ' run . CBS first broadcast the show on Friday , October 4 , 1957 , at 7 : 30 pm ( EST ) opposite Saber of London on NBC and The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin on ABC . In March 1958 , Beaver was moved to Wednesdays at 8 : 00 pm opposite Wagon Train , then on NBC . CBS dropped the show after one season . ABC picked it up and ran it for another five seasons , from October 2 , 1958 , to June 20 , 1963 . In his memoirs , Jerry Mathers states the move was the decision of the sponsor , Ralston Purina , who arranged a better deal with ABC than with CBS . On ABC , the show saw several time slots over its run . From October 1958 to June 1959 it aired on Thursdays at 7 : 30 pm ( EST ) , with summer 1959 reruns airing at 9 : 00 pm . From October 1959 to September 1962 the show was televised Saturdays at 8 : 30 pm , and during its last season ( 1962 -- 63 ) the show aired Thursdays at 8 : 30 pm . The series entered syndication in many cities four days following completion of the ABC summer repeats . By the mid-1970s , the show was only on in a few markets , one of which was Atlanta , Georgia on Ted Turner 's Channel 17 , WTCG . In 1976 , when WTGC went on satellite and became a Superstation available nationwide , Leave It To Beaver was exposed nationwide . From the late 1970s to the mid-1980s , Leave It To Beaver gained in popularity . In Chicago , the show aired on a shaky independent station 44 WSNS . But when WSNS began to phase in subscription TV in 1980 , they did not renew and WGN - TV , which also became a Superstation picked it up . So in the early 1980s the show was airing in most large , major , and medium TV markets . Still , TBS and WGN showed it for many years in the late 1980s and into the 90s ( TBS sometimes running it back - to - back with the New Leave It to Beaver on occasion ) , and briefly on Nick at Nite from July 12 , 2002 -- August 10 , 2002 as part of TV Land Sampler . It aired on TV Land in July 1998 where it has been shown until November 2012 . Today , NBC Universal Television owns the syndication rights and all properties related to the series . The show also aired on the digital TV network Retro TV from 2006 to July 2011 , when Retro 's rights to MCA / Universal product expired . Digital TV network Antenna TV picked the series up and ran it from October 3 , 2011 , to April 27 , 2013 , when it moved over to Me - TV On January 5 , 2015 , the series moved back to Antenna TV , airing on weekday afternoons . On January 2 , 2017 it went back to Me - TV . In early 2014 , Netflix video streaming service acquired rights for all 6 seasons . The broadcast rights were for one year . The seasons were remastered for digital TV . All of 6 seasons are available for purchase through the Amazon Prime video on demand service . Marketing and merchandise ( edit ) Pinback , circa 1960 During the show 's first run , merchandise including novels , records , and board games was generated for the juvenile market . With the show 's renaissance in popularity decades later , merchandise produced was aimed toward the adult babyboomer / nostalgia collectors market and included pinback buttons , clocks , greeting cards , calendars , non-fiction books about the show 's production , memoirs , and miscellaneous items . In 1983 , Jerry Mathers and Tony Dow appeared on boxes of Kellogg 's Corn Flakes . In 2007 , one of the cereal boxes fetched $300 at auction . Promotional photographs from the studio , autographs , original scripts , copies of TV Guide and other magazines from the period featuring articles about the show are all collectibles . Props and costumes from the show with documentation establishing provenance are highly prized . Books ( edit ) During the series ' run , Little Golden Books published Leave It to Beaver ( 1959 ) , an inexpensive storybook for young children . Distinguished children 's author Beverly Cleary published three softcover novels based on the series , Leave It to Beaver ( 1960 ) , Here 's Beaver ! ( 1961 ) , and Beaver and Wally ( 1961 ) . Whitman Publishing printed Leave It to Beaver : Fire ! ( 1962 ) , a hardcover novel by Cole Fanin . In 1983 , The Beaver Papers ( ISBN 0 - 517 - 54991 - 3 ) by Will Jacobs and Gerard Jones was published . The book is a parody of a lost season comprising twenty - five episodes written in the style of various authors such as Tennessee Williams , Ernest Hemingway , and William Faulkner -- a 30th Anniversary Edition was published in 2013 by Atomic Drop Press . Dell comic books ( edit ) Dell Comics published six Leave It to Beaver comic books with photo covers of Beaver , Beaver and Wally , or Beaver and Ward . The first comic book ( Four Color No. 912 ) is dated June 1958 and the last ( Four Color No. 01 - 428 - 207 ) May -- July 1962 . In 2004 , all six Dell Leave It to Beaver comic books in ' Near Mint ' condition were valued in excess of two hundred dollars each . Hasbro board games ( edit ) Three Leave It to Beaver juvenile board games were released in 1959 by toymaker Hasbro . The games were typical roll - and - move track games for two to four players . All three game box covers feature photographic portraits of Jerry Mathers as Beaver . `` Leave It to Beaver Money Maker Game '' suggests one of the show 's recurrent themes -- Beaver 's attempts to make money . Equipment includes a center - seamed board with illustrations of Beaver and Ward . One player distributes and collects money as `` Father '' . `` Leave It to Beaver Rocket to the Moon Space Game '' , rather than using dice or a spinner to advance players along the track , employs a rocket - shaped cone that is flipped onto a board to determine the number of spaces to be moved . `` Leave It to Beaver Ambush Game '' is a track game with an Old West theme . Feature film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Leave It to Beaver ( film ) 1997 's movie adaptation of the series starred Christopher McDonald as Ward , Janine Turner as June , Erik von Detten as Wally , and Cameron Finley as the Beaver . It was panned by many critics , with the notable exception of Roger Ebert , who gave it a three - star rating . It performed poorly at the box office , earning only $11,713,605 . Barbara Billingsley , Ken Osmond and Frank Bank made cameo appearances in the film . DVD releases ( edit ) Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the first two seasons of Leave It to Beaver on DVD in Region 1 in 2005 / 2006 . Season one was released in two versions : an inexpensive cardboard slip - cased collection and a costlier version in which the DVDs were contained in a retro - styled , plastic photo album tucked inside a plaid metal lunch box displaying portraits of the cast on its exterior . Both of these seasons were released in the troublesome DVD - 18 format which plagued many of Universal Studios ' boxed set releases . On January 26 , 2010 , it was announced that Shout ! Factory had acquired the rights to the series ( under license from Universal ) . They subsequently released the remaining seasons on DVD as well as a complete series box set . On January 31 , 2012 , Shout ! Factory released a 20 episode best - of set entitled Leave It to Beaver : 20 Timeless Episodes . DVD name Ep # Release date The Complete First Season 39 November 22 , 2005 The Complete Second Season 39 May 2 , 2006 Season Three 39 June 15 , 2010 Season Four 39 September 14 , 2010 Season Five 39 December 14 , 2010 Season Six 39 March 1 , 2011 The Complete Series 234 June 29 , 2010 Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In spite of solid and consistent ratings , Leave It to Beaver never climbed into the Nielsen 's top - 30 though similar sitcoms of the period like Father Knows Best , The Donna Reed Show , The Real McCoys , and Dennis the Menace managed to do so . Leave It to Beaver faced stiff competition in its time slots . During its next to last season , for example , the show ran against The Defenders , a program examining highly charged courtroom cases about abortion and the death penalty . In its final season , the show was up against Perry Mason and Dr. Kildare but was in the ABC line - up with television greats The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet , The Donna Reed Show , and My Three Sons . Critical response ( edit ) Critical reception was generally favorable . In the New York Herald Tribune , John Crosby stated the show was `` charming and sincere '' and featured `` the wonderful candor and directness with which children disconcert and enchant you '' . Variety favorably compared the premiere episode with the classic Tom Sawyer and noted at the fourth season 's opening that the show had `` never been a yock show in the sense of generating big and sustained laughs , but it has consistently poured forth warmth , wit and wisdom without condescension or pretense . '' TV Guide dubbed the show `` the sleeper of the 1957 -- 58 season '' and later noted that the show was `` one of the most honest , most human and most satisfying situation comedies on TV . '' The New York Times , however , found the show was `` too broad and artificial to be persuasive '' . A comparison of how children interact with their brothers and sisters on such 1950s situation comedy television programs as Leave It To Beaver and Father Knows Best with those on such 1980s programs as The Cosby Show and Family Ties found that children interacted more positively in the early period but were important and central -- if more conflictual -- to the main story action in the 1980s . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The show received two Emmy nominations in 1958 for Best New Program Series of the Year and Best Teleplay Writing -- Half Hour or Less ( Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher ) for the premiere episode , `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' . In 1984 , Jerry Mathers was awarded the Young Artist 's Former Child Star Special Award , and in 1987 , Ken Osmond and Tony Dow were both honored with the Young Artist 's Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2003 , Diane Brewster was nominated for TV Land 's Classic TV Teacher of the Year Award while , in 2005 , Ken Osmond was nominated for TV Land 's Character Most Desperately in Need of a Timeout Award . Leave It to Beaver placed on Time 's `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - Time '' list . Bravo ranked Beaver 74th on their list of the 100 greatest TV characters . See also ( edit ) 1950s portal 1960s portal Television in the United States portal References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ Bornstein , Kate ( 2013 ) . My New Gender Workbook . Routledge . p. 63 ... ^ Jump up to : Applebaum , Irwyn ( 1984 , 1998 ) . The World According to Beaver . TV Books . ^ Jump up to : Mathers , Jerry ( 1998 ) ... and Jerry Mathers as The Beaver . Berkley Boulevard Books . ISBN 0425163709 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - Time '' . Time . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Newcott , Bill ( July -- August 2010 ) . `` Beaver 's Back ! '' . AARP The Magazine . Vol. 53 no . 4 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Orlick , Peter . Leave It to Beaver . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Leave It to Beaver , episode 1 : `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' . ^ Jump up to : Leave It to Beaver , episode 2 : `` Captain Jack '' . Jump up ^ `` Snopes '' . Jump up ^ `` Special Collectors ' Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl?cost1=30%2C000.00&year1=1957&year2=2015 Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 149 : `` In the Soup '' Jump up ^ Interview with Jerry Mathers PARADE Magazine Archived March 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 4 : `` The Haircut '' . ^ Jump up to : Leave It to Beaver , episode 1 : `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 40 : `` Beaver 's Poem '' . ^ Jump up to : Leave It to Beaver , episode 79 : `` Blind Date Committee '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 196 : `` Wally 's Dinner Date '' . Jump up ^ `` '' The Toy Parade '' lyrics `` . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 7 : `` Water , Anyone ? '' Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 73 : `` Wally 's Haircomb '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 204 : `` Beaver Joins a Record Club '' . ^ Jump up to : Leave It to Beaver , episode 21 : `` Cleaning Up Beaver '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 55 : `` The Boat Builders '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 28 : `` Next Door Indians '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 24 : `` The State vs. Beaver '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 57 : `` The Garage Painters '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 68 : `` Beaver Says Goodbye '' Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 78 : `` Most Interesting Character '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 79 : `` Blind Date Committee '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 86 : `` Beaver 's Tree '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 56 : `` Beaver Plays Hooky '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 31 : `` New Doctor '' . ^ Jump up to : Lillico , Neil B. Television as Popular Culture : An attempt to influence North American Society ? An Ideological analysis of Leave it to Beaver ( 1957 -- 1961 ) . A memoir submitted to the School of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.A. degree in History . University of Ottawa. 1993 . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 100 : `` Larry 's Club '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 115 : `` Wally 's Play '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 82 : `` Beaver 's Prize '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 126 : `` Beaver 's I.Q '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 222 : `` Beaver 's Prep School '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 14 : `` Part Time Genius '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 77 : `` Found Money '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 93 : `` Larry Hides Out '' , Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 119 : `` Beaver 's House Guest '' . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Shaffer , `` Epic Beaver Cleaver '' , The Christian Science Monitor , May 28 , 1999 , Vol. 91 , Issue 128 Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 102 : `` The Hypnotist '' . ^ Jump up to : Leave It to Beaver , episode 93 : `` Larry Hides Out '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 1 : `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 18 : `` Child Care '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 47 : `` The Shave '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 80 : `` Beaver Takes a Bath '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 214 : `` Beaver 's Good Deed '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 8 : `` Beaver 's Crush '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 24 : `` The Well '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 485 : `` Lassie and the 4 - H Boys '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episodes 470 , 471 , 472 : `` Hanford 's Point '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 66 : `` Friendship '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 29 : `` The Kittens '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 89 : `` The Artist '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 250 : `` The Greyhound '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 253 : `` Timmy and the Martians '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 36 : `` The Rival '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 138 : `` The Cub Scout '' . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` Leave It to Beaver '' . TV.com . Jump up ^ `` Nick at Nite Summer Camp 2002 '' . sitcomsonline . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Overstreet , Robert M. Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide , 2004 . Gemstone Publishing , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Leave It to Beaver DVD news : Date Change for Leave It to Beaver - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ `` Leave It to Beaver DVD news : Box Art for Leave It to Beaver - 20 Timeless Episodes - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : The Complete First Season ( DVD 1957 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : The Complete Second Season ( DVD 1958 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : Season Three ( DVD 1959 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : Season Four ( DVD 1960 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : Season Five ( DVD 1961 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : Season Six ( DVD 1962 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : The Complete Series ( DVD 2010 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ Mary Strom Larson , `` Sibling Interactions in 1950s Versus 1980s Sitcoms : A Comparison '' , Journalism Quarterly 1991 68 ( 3 ) : 381 -- 387 Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest TV Characters '' . Bravo . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . General Applebaum , Irwyn . The World According to Beaver . TV Books , 1984 , 1998 . ( ISBN 1575000520 ) . Osmond , Ken . Eddie : The life and times of America 's preeminent bad boy . 2014 ( ISBN 0990727300 ) Bank , Frank . Call Me Lumpy : My Leave It To Beaver Days and Other Wild Hollywood Life . Addax , 2002 . ( ISBN 1886110298 ) , ( ISBN 978 - 1886110298 ) . Colella , Jennifer . The Leave It to Beaver Guide to Life : Wholesome Wisdom from the Cleavers ! Running Press , 2006 . ( ISBN 0762427736 ) , ( ISBN 9780762427734 ) . Kassel , Michael B. `` Mass Culture , History and Memory and the Image of the American Family '' , PdD dissertation , Michigan State U. 2005 65 ( 9 ) : 3537 - A. DA3146050 613p . Keck , William . `` Leave It to Jerry ' Beaver ' Mathers , Tony Dow '' . USA Today Mathers , Jerry ... And Jerry Mathers as `` The Beaver '' . Berkley Boulevard Books , 1998 . ( ISBN 0425163709 ) Shaffer , Jeffrey . `` Epic Beaver Cleaver '' , Christian Science Monitor , May 28 , 1999 , Vol. 91 , Issue 128 Leave It to Beaver : the complete first season . Universal Studios , 2005 . Leave It to Beaver : the complete second season . Universal Studios , 2006 . ( ISBN 1417074876 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leave It to Beaver . Neil Genzlinger ( June 25 , 2010 ) , `` Golly , Beav , We 're Historic '' , The New York Times episodes of Leave It to Beaver on TVLand.com ( USA only ) Leave It to Beaver on IMDb Leave It to Beaver at TV.com Leave It to Beaver Characters June Cleaver Ward Cleaver Wally Cleaver Beaver Cleaver Martha Bronson Lumpy Rutherford Eddie Haskell Larry Mondello Judy Hensler Fred Rutherford Miss Canfield Episodes Season 1 `` It 's a Small World '' `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 `` Family Scrapbook '' Other articles Cast members The New Leave It to Beaver Leave It to Beaver ( film ) Works by Beverly Cleary Henry Huggins Henry Huggins Henry and Beezus Henry and Ribsy Henry and the Paper Route Henry and the Clubhouse Ribsy Ramona Quimby Beezus and Ramona Ramona the Pest Ramona the Brave Ramona and Her Father Ramona and Her Mother Ramona Quimby , Age 8 Ramona Forever Ramona 's World Ralph S. Mouse The Mouse and the Motorcycle Runaway Ralph Ralph S. Mouse First Love Fifteen The Luckiest Girl Jean and Johnny Sister of the Bride Ellen & Otis Ellen Tebbits Otis Spofford Leigh Botts Dear Mr. Henshaw Strider Leave It to Beaver Leave It to Beaver Here 's Beaver ! Beaver and Wally Picture books The Hullabaloo ABC The Real Hole Two Dog Biscuits The Growing - Up Feet Lucky Chuck Janet 's Thingamajigs Petey 's Bedtime Story Other fiction Emily 's Runaway Imagination Mitch and Amy Socks Muggie Maggie Related media Ramona Ramona and Beezus Autobiographies A Girl From Yamhill My Own Two Feet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leave_It_to_Beaver&oldid=816168805 '' Categories : Leave It to Beaver American television sitcoms 1950s American comedy television series 1960s American comedy television series 1960s American television series 1950s American television series 1957 American television series debuts 1963 American television series endings Black - and - white television programs American Broadcasting Company network shows CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by Universal Television Television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 18 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the setting for leave it to beaver	[ "Leave It to Beaver is an American television sitcom about an inquisitive and often naïve boy, Theodore \"The Beaver\" Cleaver (portrayed by Jerry Mathers), and his adventures at home, in school, and around his suburban neighborhood. The show also starred Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont as Beaver's parents, June and Ward Cleaver, and Tony Dow as Beaver's brother Wally. The show has attained an iconic status in the United States, with the Cleavers exemplifying the idealized suburban family of the mid-20th century.[1]", "Leave It to Beaver is an American television sitcom about an inquisitive and often naïve boy, Theodore \"The Beaver\" Cleaver (portrayed by Jerry Mathers), and his adventures at home, in school, and around his suburban neighborhood. The show also starred Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont as Beaver's parents, June and Ward Cleaver, and Tony Dow as Beaver's brother Wally. The show has attained an iconic status in the United States, with the Cleavers exemplifying the idealized suburban family of the mid-20th century.[1]" ]	[ "United States", "his adventures at home, in school, and around his suburban neighborhood." ]
1503564411734165605	List of African-American abolitionists	List of African - American abolitionists - wikipedia List of African - American abolitionists Jump to : navigation , search James Presley Ball Nathaniel Booth Philip Alexander Bell Peter H. Clark Samuel Cornish Ellen and William Craft Thomas Dalton Martin Delany Moses Dickson Anna Murray - Douglass Charles Remond Douglass Frederick Douglass James Forten Margaretta Forten Eliza Ann Gardner Henry Highland Garnet Mifflin Wistar Gibbs Frances Harper Lewis Hayden Harriet Jacobs Thomas James Charles Henry Langston John Mercer Langston Jermain Wesley Loguen Mary Meachum Henry Moxley William Cooper Nell John Parker Susan Paul James W.C. Pennington Gabriel Prosser Harriet Forten Purvis Robert Purvis Charles Bennett Ray Hetty Reckless Charles Lenox Remond David Ruggles John Brown Russwurm Dred Scott Benjamin `` Pap '' Singleton James McCune Smith Lucy Stanton Austin Steward Maria W. Stewart William Still Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Nat Turner Denmark Vesey David Walker William Whipper Sheila White Theodore S. Wright See also ( edit ) List of notable opponents of slavery Abolitionism History of slavery in the United States Underground Railroad Texas Revolution Notes ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_African-American_abolitionists&oldid=778108959 '' Categories : African - American abolitionists Lists of African - American people Lists of social activists Talk About Wikipedia Català Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2017 , at 05 : 05 . About Wikipedia	who was the most widely known african american abolitionist	[]	[]
-7155487603360229939	Joseph Swan	Joseph Swan - wikipedia Joseph Swan Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Joseph Swan , see Joseph Swan ( disambiguation ) . This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( December 2017 ) Sir Joseph Wilson Swan Photograph of Swan , circa 1900 Joseph Wilson Swan ( 1828 - 10 - 31 ) 31 October 1828 Bishopwearmouth , Sunderland , County Durham , England , United Kingdom 27 May 1914 ( 1914 - 05 - 27 ) ( aged 85 ) Warlingham , Surrey , England , United Kingdom Nationality British Known for Incandescent light bulb Photographic process Awards Hughes Medal ( 1904 ) Albert Medal ( 1906 ) Scientific career Fields Physics , Chemistry Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS ( 31 October 1828 -- 27 May 1914 ) was a British physicist , chemist , and inventor . He is known as an independent early developer of a successful incandescent light bulb , and is the person responsible for developing and supplying the electric lights used in the world 's first homes and public buildings ( including the Savoy Theatre , London in 1881 ) to be lit with electric light bulbs . In 1904 , Swan was knighted by King Edward VII , awarded the Royal Society 's Hughes Medal , and was made an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society . He had received the highest decoration in France , the Légion d'honneur , when he visited an international exhibition in Paris in 1881 . The exhibition included exhibits of his inventions , and the city was lit with his electric lighting . Swan was the maternal grandfather of Christopher Morcom , Alan Turing 's close friend and first love during their studies at the Sherborne boarding school . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Electric light 3 Conjunction with Edison 3.1 Ediswan 4 Photography 5 Later life 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Joseph Wilson Swan was born in 1828 at Pallion Hall in Pallion , in the Parish of Bishopwearmouth , Sunderland , County Durham . His parents were John Swan and Isabella Cameron . Swan was apprenticed for six years to a Sunderland firm of druggists , Hudson and Osbaldiston . However , it is not known if Swan completed his six - year apprenticeship , as both partners subsequently died . He was said to have had an enquiring mind , even as a child . He augmented his education with a fascination of his surroundings , the industry of the area , and reading at Sunderland Library . He attended lectures at the Sunderland Atheneum . Swan subsequently joined Mawson 's , a firm of manufacturing chemists in Newcastle upon Tyne , started in the year of Swan 's birth by John Mawson ( 9 September 1819 -- 17 December 1867 ) , the husband of his sister , Elizabeth Swan ( 22 Nov 1822 -- 2 August 1905 ) . In 1846 , Swan was offered a partnership at Mawson 's . This company subsequently existed as Mawson , Swan and Morgan until 1973 , formerly located on Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne , near Grey 's Monument . The premises , now occupied by burger chain restaurant Byron , can be identified by a line of Victorian - style electric street lamps in front of the store on Grey Street . Swan lived at Underhill , Low Fell , Gateshead , a large house on Kells Lane North , where he conducted most of his experiments in the large conservatory . The house was later converted into a private fee paying , grant aided co-educational grammar school named Beaconsfield School . Here , students could still find examples of Swan 's original electrical fittings . Electric light ( edit ) Carbon filament lamp ( E27 socket , 220 volts , approx. 30 watts , left side : running with 100 volts ) In 1850 , Swan began working on a light bulb using carbonised paper filaments in an evacuated glass bulb . By 1860 , he was able to demonstrate a working device , and obtained a British patent covering a partial vacuum , carbon filament incandescent lamp . However , the lack of a good vacuum and an adequate electric source resulted in an inefficient light bulb with a short lifetime . In 1875 , Swan returned to consider the problem of the light bulb with the aid of a better vacuum and a carbonised thread as a filament . The most significant feature of Swan 's improved lamp was that there was little residual oxygen in the vacuum tube to ignite the filament , thus allowing the filament to glow almost white - hot without catching fire . However , his filament had low resistance , thus needing heavy copper wires to supply it . Swan first publicly demonstrated his incandescent carbon lamp at a lecture for the Newcastle upon Tyne Chemical Society on 18 December 1878 . However , after burning with a bright light for some minutes in his laboratory , the lamp broke down due to excessive current . On 17 January 1879 , this lecture was successfully repeated with the lamp shown in actual operation ; Swan had solved the problem of incandescent electric lighting by means of a vacuum lamp . On 3 February 1879 , he publicly demonstrated a working lamp to an audience of over seven hundred people in the lecture theatre of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne , Sir William Armstrong of Cragside presiding . Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament , and the means of attaching its ends . He devised a method of treating cotton to produce ' parchmentised thread ' , and obtained British Patent 4933 on 27 November 1880 . From that time he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England . Blue plaque commemorates Swan 's invention of the electric light bulb and Underhill as the first house in the world to have electric lighting installed His house , Underhill , Low Fell , Gateshead , was the world 's first to have working light bulbs installed . The Lit & Phil Library in Westgate Road , Newcastle , was the first public room lit by electric light during a lecture by Swan on 20 October 1880 . In 1881 , he founded his own company , The Swan Electric Light Company , and started commercial production . The Savoy , a state - of - the - art theatre in the City of Westminster , London , was the first public building in the world lit entirely by electricity . Swan supplied about 1,200 incandescent lamps , powered by an 88.3 kilowatts ( 118.4 horsepower ) generator on open land near the theatre . The builder of the Savoy , Richard D'Oyly Carte , explained why he had introduced Swan 's electric light : `` The greatest drawbacks to the enjoyment of the theatrical performances are , undoubtedly , the foul air and heat which pervade all theatres . As everyone knows , each gas - burner consumes as much oxygen as many people , and causes great heat beside . The incandescent lamps consume no oxygen , and cause no perceptible heat . '' The first generator proved too small to power the whole building , and though the entire front - of - house was electrically lit , the stage was lit by gas until 28 December 1881 . At that performance , Carte stepped onstage and broke a glowing lightbulb before the audience to demonstrate the safety of Swan 's new technology . On 29 December 1881 , The Times described the electric lighting as superior , visually , to gaslight . The first private residence , other than the inventor 's , lit by the new incandescent lamp was that of his friend , Sir William Armstrong at Cragside , near Rothbury , Northumberland . Swan personally supervised the installation there in December 1880 . Swan had formed ' The Swan Electric Light Company Ltd ' with a factory at Benwell , Newcastle , and had established the first commercial manufacture of incandescent lightbulbs by the beginning of 1881 . Swan 's carbon rod lamp and carbon filament lamp , while functional , were still relatively impractical due to low resistance ( needing very expensive thick copper wiring ) and short running life . While searching for a better filament for his light bulb , Swan inadvertently made another advance . In 1881 , he developed and patented a process for squeezing nitro - cellulose through holes to form conducting fibres . His newly established company ( which by merger eventually became the Edison and Swan United Company ) used Swan 's cellulose filaments in their bulbs . The textile industry has also used this process . The first ship to use Swan 's invention was The City of Richmond , owned by the ' Inman Line ' . She was fitted with incandescent lamps in June 1881 . The Royal Navy also introduced them to their ships soon after ; with HMS Inflexible having the new lamps installed in the same year . Swan was one of the early developers of the electric safety lamp for miners , exhibiting his first in Newcastle upon Tyne at the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers on 14 May 1881 . This required a wired supply , so the following year , he presented one with a battery and other improved versions followed . By 1886 , a lamp with better light output than a flame safety lamp was in production by the Edison - Swan Company . However , it suffered from problems of reliability and was not a success . It took development by others over the next 20 years or so before effective electric lamps were in common use . Conjunction with Edison ( edit ) Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company , otherwise known as ' Ediswan ' In what is considered to be independent lines of inquiry , Swan 's incandescent electric lamp was developed at the same time Thomas Edison was working on his incandescent lamp with Swan 's first successful lamp and Edison 's lamp both patented in 1879 . Edison 's goal in developing his lamp was for it to be used as one part of a much larger system : a long - life high - resistance lamp that could be connected in parallel to work economically with the large - scale electric - lighting utility he was creating . Swan 's original lamp design , with its low resistance ( the lamp could only be used in series ) and short life span , was not suited for such an application . Ediswan ( edit ) Swan 's strong patents in Great Britain led , in 1883 , to the two competing companies merging to exploit both Swan 's and Edison 's inventions , with the establishment of the Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company . Known commonly as Ediswan , the company sold lamps made with a cellulose filament that Swan had invented in 1881 , while the Edison Company continued using bamboo filaments outside of Britain . In 1892 , General Electric ( GE ) began exploiting Swan 's patents to produce cellulose filaments , until they were replaced in 1904 by a GE developed ' GEM ' ( General Electric Metallized ) baked cellulose filaments . In 1886 , Ediswan moved production to a former jute mill at Ponders End , North London . In 1916 , Ediswan set up the UK 's first radio thermionic valve factory at Ponders End . This area , with nearby Brimsdown subsequently developed as a centre for the manufacture of thermionic valves , cathode ray tubes , etc. , and nearby parts of Enfield became an important centre of the electronics industry for much of the 20th century . Ediswan became part of British Thomson - Houston and Associated Electrical Industries ( AEI ) in the late 1920s . Photography ( edit ) Stone tablet of Sir Joseph Wilson Swan in Pilgrim Street , Newcastle upon Tyne , on former Electricity Board building When working with wet photographic plates , Swan noticed that heat increased the sensitivity of the silver bromide emulsion . By 1871 , he had devised a method of using dry plates , and substituting nitro - cellulose plastic for glass plates , thus initiating the age of convenience in photography . Eight years later , he patented bromide paper , developments of which are still used for black - and - white photographic prints . In 1864 , Swan patented the transfer process for making carbon prints , a permanent photographic process . By adding the transfer step , Swan was able to easily make photographs with a full tonal range . Later life ( edit ) In 1894 , Swan was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) , and in September 1901 , he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Science ( D.Sc . ) from the University of Durham . In 1904 , he was knighted , awarded the Royal Society 's Hughes Medal , and made an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society . Swan died in 1914 at Warlingham in Surrey . In 1945 , the London Power Company commemorated Swan by naming a new 1,554 GRT coastal collier SS Sir Joseph Swan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kenneth E. Hendrickson III , The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History , Volume 3 , Rowman & Littlefield - 2014 , page 564 ^ Jump up to : Williams , Hywel ( 2005 ) . Cassell 's Chronology of World History . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . pp. 434 -- 435 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35730 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pharmacy - the mother of invention ? -- Sir Joseph Swan ( 1828 -- 1914 ) '' . RPSGB.org.uk . Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ( RPSGB ) . Archived from the original on 24 September 2006 . Retrieved 11 January 2010 . Swan made groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of electric lighting and photography . He had already received the Legion of Honour when he visited an international exhibition in Paris in 1881 . The exhibition included exhibits of his inventions , and the city was lit with electric light , thanks to Swan 's invention . Jump up ^ Hodges , Andrew ( 2012 ) . Alan Turing : The Enigma ( The Centenary Edition ) . UK ; US : Princeton University Press . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15564 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Turing biography '' . MacTutor History of Mathematics archive . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Michael W. and The Florida State University . `` Molecular expressions . Science , optics and you . Pioneers in optics . Joseph Swan ( 1828 -- 1914 ) . '' Last modification 26 February 2004 . Retrieved 16 November 2009 Jump up ^ Plumley , Jon . `` Joseph Swan : Biography '' . www.kstc.co.uk . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Newton , Douglas ( 1978 ) New Scientist , 26 October 1978 Retrieved 30 December 2010 ^ Jump up to : Electrical times , Volume 145 p. 220 . Retrieved 30 December 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Lighting A Revolution : Joseph W. Swan '' . americanhistory.si.edu . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Swan K.R. Sir Joseph Swan and the Invention of the incandescent electric lamp . London : Longmans , Green and Co. , 1946 pp. 21 -- 25 Jump up ^ `` Tale of tragedy behind the triumphs of Joseph Swan '' . The Journal . 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Glover , Andrew ( 8 February 2011 ) . `` Alexander Armstrong in appeal to save Lit and Phil '' . The Journal . Archived from the original on 15 February 2011 . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . The society 's lecture theatre was the first public room to be lit by electric light , during a lecture by Sir Joseph Swan on October 20 , 1880 . Jump up ^ History in pictures -- The Lit & Phil , BBC . Retrieved 8 August 2011 Jump up ^ Ideafinder.com , Light Bulb History , accessed 17 July 2012 Jump up ^ Chirnside , R.C. Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS Newcastle upon Tyne : Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne 1979 Jump up ^ Burgess , Michael . `` Richard D'Oyly Carte '' , The Savoyard , January 1975 , pp. 7 -- 11 Jump up ^ `` The Savoy Theatre '' , The Times , 3 October 1881 Jump up ^ Gooday , Graeme . Domesticating electricity : technology , uncertainty and gender , 1880 -- 1914 . Pickering & Chatto , 2008 , p. 107 , accessed 30 November 2010 Jump up ^ `` Richard D'Oyly Carte '' Archived 13 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , at the Lyric Opera San Diego website , June 2009 Jump up ^ Description of lightbulb experiment in The Times , 29 December 1881 Jump up ^ `` Dec. 18 , 1878 : Let There Be Light -- Electric Light '' . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Wilson Swan '' . Timmonetk . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sir Josepth Swan and the Invention of the Incandescent Electric Lamp by Kenneth R. Swan 1948 Jump up ^ Swan . J.W. Swan 's electric light Transactions , North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 30 , 1881 , 149 -- 159 Jump up ^ Swan , J.W. On an electric safety lamp , with portable secondary battery Transactions , North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 31 1881 - 2 , 117 -- 9 Jump up ^ Swan , J.W. On an improved electric safety lamp for miners Transactions , North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 36 1886 - 7 , 3 -- 11 Jump up ^ Discussion on electric lamps Transactions , North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 36 1886 - 7 55 -- 59 Jump up ^ Jones , A.V. and Tarkenter , R.P. Electrical technology in mining : the dawn of a new age . London : Peter Peregrinus Ltd , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Maury Klein , The Power Makers : Steam , Electricity , and the Men Who Invented Modern America , Bloomsbury Publishing USA - 2010 , Chapter 9 - The Cowbird , The Plugger , and the Dreamer Jump up ^ Kenneth E. Hendrickson III , The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History , Volume 3 , Rowman & Littlefield - 2014 , page 564 Jump up ^ David O. Whitten , Bessie Emrick Whitten , Handbook of American Business History : Manufacturing , Greenwood Publishing Group , 1990 , pages 315 - 316 Jump up ^ Incandescent Lamps , History of the Incandescent Light ( 1802 - today ) , EdisonTechCenter.org Archived 28 January 2013 at WebCite Jump up ^ Pam , D. ( 1977 ) , The New Enfield : Stories of Enfield Edmonton and Southgate , a Jubilee History , London Borough of Enfield Libraries , Arts & Entertainment Dept Jump up ^ Lewis J. ( 2001 ) , London 's Lea Valley : more secrets revealed , Phillimore , ISBN 1 - 86077 - 190 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Library and Archive Catalogue '' . Royal Society . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` University intelligence '' . The Times ( 36573 ) . London . 30 September 1901 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Anderson , James B ( 2008 ) . Sommerville , Iain , ed . `` Ships built by the Burntisland Shipbuilding Company Ltd : arranged by date of launch '' . Welcome to Burntisland . Iain Sommerville . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Swan , M.E. and Swan , K.R. ( 1929 ) . Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS : inventor and scientist . London : Ernest Benn , reprinted with an appendix , Newcastle upon Tyne : Oriel Press , 1968 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Clouth , D.E. ( 1979 ) . Joseph Swan 1828 -- 1914 : A pictorial account of a North Eastern scientist 's life and work . Gateshead : Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council , Dept of Education . External links ( edit ) Tyne & Wear Archives Service Joseph Swan collection `` Swan , Sir Joseph Wilson '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Gilman , D.C. ; Peck , H.T. ; Colby , F.M. , eds. ( 1905 ) . `` Swan , Joseph Wilson '' . New International Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Dodd , Mead . 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4101817869468808945	Juno Beach	Juno beach - Wikipedia Juno beach This article is about one of the Normandy landing operations in the Second World War . For other uses , see Juno Beach ( disambiguation ) . Juno Beach Part of the Normandy landings and the Battle for Caen Canadian soldiers landing at Juno on the outskirts of Bernières . Date 6 June 1944 Location Courseulles , Saint - Aubin and Bernières , in the department of Calvados , France Result Allied victory Belligerents Canada United Kingdom Free France Norway Germany Commanders and leaders John T. Crocker Rod Keller Wilhelm Richter Units involved 3rd Infantry Division 2nd Armoured Brigade No. 48 ( Royal Marine ) Commando Company , 736th Grenadier Regiment 21st Panzer Division Strength 1 Infantry Division 1 Armoured Brigade 1 Commando Battalion Elements of 1 Infantry Division Casualties and losses 340 dead 574 wounded 47 captured Operation Overlord Invasion of Normandy Prelude Atlantic Wall Bodyguard Fortitude Zeppelin Titanic Taxable , Glimmer & Big Drum Combined Bomber Offensive Pointblank Transport Plan Postage Able Tarbrush Tiger Fabius Initial Airborne Assault British Sector Tonga Deadstick Merville Battery Mallard American Sector Albany Boston Chicago Detroit Elmira Normandy landings American Sector Omaha Utah Pointe du Hoc Anglo - Canadian Sector Gambit Sword Juno Gold Port - en - Bessin Initial ground campaign American Sector Brécourt Manor Graignes Saint - Lô Carentan Hill 30 Cherbourg Anglo - Canadian Sector Caen Bréville Perch Villers - Bocage Le Mesnil - Patry Douvres Martlet Epsom Windsor Charnwood Jupiter 2nd Odon Atlantic Goodwood Verrières Ridge British logistics Breakout Cobra Spring Bluecoat Totalize Lüttich Tractable Hill 262 Chambois Falaise Brest Paris Air and Sea Operations Ushant La Caine Cherbourg Pierres Noires Audierne Bay Supporting operations Dingson Samwest Titanic Cooney Jedburgh Pluto Mulberry Dragoon Aftermath Cemeteries Canadian military actions in World War II Western Europe France , 1940 Battle of Britain Spitzbergen Dieppe Normandy , 1944 Juno Beach Le Mesnil - Patry Windsor Charnwood Atlantic Verrières Ridge Spring Totalize Tractable Falaise Le Havre Boulogne Southern France Calais , 1944 Dunkirk , 1944 Scheldt Northern Netherlands Arnhem , 1945 Rhineland Germany Italy Sicily Avalanche Bernhardt Line Moro River Monte Cassino Shingle Gothic Line Far East / Pacific Hong Kong Aleutian Islands Battle of Okinawa Other campaigns North America Atlantic Occupation of Iceland Battle of the St. Lawrence Juno or Juno Beach was one of five beaches of the Allied invasion of German - occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 during the Second World War . The beach spanned from Courseulles , a village just east of the British beach Gold , to Saint - Aubin - sur - Mer , just west of the British beach Sword . Taking Juno was the responsibility of the Canadian Army , with sea transport , mine sweeping , and a naval bombardment force provided by the Royal Canadian Navy and the British Royal Navy as well as elements from the Free French , Norwegian , and other Allied navies . The objectives of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division on D - Day were to cut the Caen - Bayeux road , seize the Carpiquet airport west of Caen , and form a link between the two British beaches Sword on either side of Juno Beach . The beach was defended by two battalions of the German 716th Infantry Division , with elements of the 21st Panzer Division held in reserve near Caen . The invasion plan called for two brigades of the 3rd Canadian Division to land on two beach sectors -- Mike and Nan -- focusing on Courseulles , Bernières and Saint - Aubin . It was hoped that the preliminary naval and air bombardments would soften up the beach defences and destroy coastal strong points . Close support on the beaches was to be provided by amphibious tanks of the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade and specialized armoured vehicles of the 79th Armoured Division ( United Kingdom ) . Once the landing zones were secured , the plan called for the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade to land reserve battalions and deploy inland , the Royal Marine commandos to establish contact with the British 3rd Infantry Division on Sword and the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade to link up with the British 50th Infantry Division on Gold . The 3rd Canadian Division 's D - Day objectives were to capture Carpiquet Airfield and reach the Caen -- Bayeux railway line by nightfall . The landings initially encountered heavy resistance from the German 716th Division ; the preliminary bombardment proved less effective than had been hoped , and rough weather forced the first wave to be delayed until 07 : 35 . Several assault companies -- notably those of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles and The Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada -- took heavy casualties in the opening minutes of the first wave . Strength of numbers , coordinated fire support from artillery and armoured squadrons , cleared most of the coastal defences within two hours of landing . The reserves of the 7th and 8th brigades began deploying at 08 : 30 ( along with the Royal Marines ) , while the 9th Brigade began its deployment at 11 : 40 . The subsequent push inland towards Carpiquet and the Caen -- Bayeux railway line achieved mixed results . The sheer numbers of men and vehicles on the beaches created lengthy delays between the landing of the 9th Brigade and the beginning of substantive attacks to the south . The 7th Brigade encountered heavy initial opposition before pushing south and making contact with the British 50th Division at Creully . The 8th Brigade encountered heavy resistance from a battalion of the 716th at Tailleville , while the 9th Brigade deployed towards Carpiquet early in the evening . Resistance in Saint - Aubin prevented the Royal Marines from establishing contact with the British 3rd Division on Sword . By the time all operations on the Anglo - Canadian front were ordered to halt at 21 : 00 , The Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada had reached its D - Day objective and the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division had succeeded in pushing farther inland than any other landing force on D - Day . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Invasion of Normandy 1.2 Juno 2 Planning and preparation 2.1 German defences 2.2 Canadian preparations 3 D - Day landings 3.1 Early bombardment 3.2 Landing : 7th Brigade ( Mike , Nan Green ) 3.3 Landing : 8th Brigade ( Nan White , Red ) 3.4 Deploying reinforcements 4 Advance inland 4.1 Initial attacks 4.2 Drive to Elm 4.3 Positions at nightfall 5 Aftermath 5.1 Analysis 5.2 Preliminary bombardment 5.3 Overall 5.4 Casualties 6 Commemoration 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Citations 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Invasion of Normandy ( edit ) Further information : Invasion of Normandy and Operation Overlord D - Day assault map of the Normandy region and the north - western coast of France . Utah and Omaha are separated by the Douve River , whose mouth is clear in the coastline notch ( or `` corner '' ) of the map . In 1942 , the Western Allies agreed to open a second front ( the Western Front ) in Western Europe to take pressure off the beleaguered Red Army in the Soviet Union . While Britain and the United States did not yet possess the resources to mount a full invasion , invasion plans that came to be known as Operation Sledgehammer were drawn up , in case the German position in Western Europe weakened or the USSR 's situation became dire . In August 1942 Anglo - Canadian forces attempted an abortive landing -- Operation Jubilee -- at the French port of Dieppe ; the landing was designed to test the feasibility of a cross-channel invasion . The attack was poorly planned and ended in disaster ; 4,963 soldiers were killed , wounded or captured . Following the Anglo - American victory against Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in North Africa in May 1943 , British , American and Canadian troops invaded Sicily in July 1943 , followed by Italy in September . By December the Allies ' progress had slowed facing tenacious German resistance and the difficult geography of the Italian Peninsula . After gaining valuable experience in amphibious assaults and inland fighting , Allied planners returned to the plans to invade Northern France , now postponed to 1944 . Under the direction of General Dwight D. Eisenhower ( Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force ) and Frederick Morgan , plans for the invasion of France coalesced as Operation Overlord . With an initial target date of 1 May 1944 , the infantry attack was conceived as a joint assault by five divisions transported by landing craft , constituting the largest amphibious operation in military history . The attack was later scheduled for Monday , 5 June 1944 , and Normandy was selected for the landing sites , with a zone of operations extending from the Cotentin Peninsula to Caen . There were originally seventeen sectors along the Normandy coastline with codenames taken from one of the spelling alphabets of the time , from Able , west of Omaha , to Rodger on the east flank of the invasion area . Eight further sectors were added when the planned invasion was extended to include Utah on the Cotentin Peninsula . Sectors were further subdivided into beaches identified by the colours Green , Red and White . Operation Overlord called for the British Second Army to assault between the River Orne and Port en Bessin , capture Caen , and form a front line from Caumont - l'Éventé to the south - east of Caen , to acquire airfields and protect the left flank of the United States First Army while it captured Cherbourg . Possession of Caen and its surroundings would give Second Army a suitable staging area for a push south to capture the city of Falaise , which could then be used as a pivot for a swing left to advance on Argentan , the Touques River and then towards the River Seine . After delays due to both logistical difficulties and poor weather , the D - Day of Overlord , the largest amphibious operation ever , was postponed 24 hours to 6 June 1944 . Eisenhower and Montgomery , commander of 21st Army Group , aimed to capture Caen within the first day , and liberate Paris within 90 days . Juno ( edit ) HMS Lawford , one of several Captain - class frigates converted to act as a headquarters ship for the Normandy landings , note the extended superstructure ( to accommodate the Staff Officers ) and additional smaller mainmast to support the extra aerials . On 8 June 1944 , whilst operating off Juno Beach , she was hit by enemy fire during an air attack and sunk . Operation Neptune , the landing phase of Overlord , called for a five - division front spread across 50 mi ( 80 km ) of coastline ; three airborne divisions ( two American , one British , which also included a Canadian battalion ) would also land in the pre-dawn hours of D - Day . Eisenhower and General Bernard Montgomery hoped to have eight infantry divisions and fourteen tank regiments in the Normandy beachhead by nightfall on D - Day . The landing zone was divided into five landing areas , with the Americans attacking Utah ( the westernmost ) and Omaha , and the British attacking Gold and Sword . Juno , a 6 mi ( 9.7 km ) stretch of shoreline between La Rivière to the west and Saint - Aubin to the east , was assigned to the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division ( 3rd CID ) , commanded by Major - General Rod Keller . Juno included the villages of Courseulles and Bernières . The name `` Juno '' arose because Winston Churchill considered that the original code name -- Jelly -- sounded inappropriate . The code names for the beaches to be taken by British and Commonwealth forces were named after types of fish : Goldfish , Swordfish and Jellyfish , abbreviated to Gold , Sword and Jelly . Churchill `` disapproved of the name Jelly for a beach on which so many men might die '' . He insisted on a change to the more dignified name Juno . Planning and preparation ( edit ) German defences ( edit ) Further information : Juno Beach order of battle Field Marshal Erwin Rommel inspecting Atlantic Wall defences , April 1944 While the German army had seen its strength and morale heavily depleted by campaigns in Russia , North Africa and Italy , it remained a powerful fighting force . Despite this , most of the German divisions along the French coast in late 1943 were composed of either new recruits or veteran units resting and rebuilding from the Eastern Front ; altogether some 856,000 soldiers were stationed in France , predominantly on the coast . An additional 60,000 Hilfswillige ( voluntary helpers ) , USSR and Polish members of the German army , served on the French coast . Under the command of Field Marshals Erwin Rommel and Gerd von Rundstedt , the defences of the Atlantic Wall -- a line of coastal gun emplacements , machine - gun nests , minefields and beach obstacles along the French coast -- were increased ; in the first six months of 1944 , the Germans laid 1,200,000 long tons ( 1,200,000 t ) of steel and 17,300,000 cu yd ( 13,200,000 m ) of concrete . Rommel also surrounded the coast with four million anti-tank and anti-personnel mines and 500,000 beach obstacles . On Juno , the defences of the Atlantic Wall were greater than at many other landing sectors . The Germans assumed that the Allies would land during high tide , to minimize the distance during which they would be exposed on the beaches and created `` a ' devil 's garden ' of beach obstacles ... deployed in rows between 12 -- 17 ft ( 3.7 -- 5.2 m ) above the low - tide mark '' . Strongpoints of machine - gun positions , antitank and anti-personnel artillery and bunkers were located every 1,000 yards ( 910 m ) , manned by several platoons with mortars . Minefields were deployed surrounding these strongpoints , and additional defences were present in the Courseulles harbour . The Calvados beaches of Normandy were defended by the 716th Static and 352nd Infantry divisions , with the Canadian landing zone defended by elements of the 716th . It was formed mostly from soldiers under 18 or over 35 , comprising 7,771 combat troops in six battalions ( as opposed to 9 or 12 battalions of Allied divisions ) . While the 352nd was considered a first - rate division , the 716th was `` accounted a better - than - average static division '' ; these divisions generally had very few vehicles or tanks and had to rely on infantry and field regiments . On Juno the 736th Grenadier Regiment deployed four infantry companies , 7 Kompanie held what was to become `` Mike Sector '' , the 6th was stationed in Courseulles , the 5th was at Bernières and the 9th held Nan sector and Saint - Aubin . A second line of four infantry companies and one panzer company was stationed 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) inland . The 21st Panzer Division was deployed south - east of Caen and two battalions of Polish and Russian conscripts were stationed on the flanks of Juno adjacent to Sword and Gold . Canadian preparations ( edit ) Canadian training for D - Day had begun as early as July 1943 , when Lieutenant - General Andrew McNaughton of the First Canadian Army informed Harry Crerar , commander of II Canadian Corps , that the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division might play a role in the invasion of France . Initial training was demanding , and complicated by the lack of any landing craft to practice with , either LCAs or LCTs . Field exercises in Scotland commenced in August and September 1943 , and succeeded in establishing unique techniques and equipment for use by armoured and artillery regiments in storming the beach ; the most significant were the amphibious `` Duplex Drive '' tanks ( DD tanks ) . Mechanisms were also developed to allow artillery to bombard the beach while still aboard their landing craft . Through the winter of 1943 , units jointly developed more advanced assault tactics among the Juno regiments . The landings would be supported by the largest invasion fleet in history -- 7,016 vessels in total . The Royal Canadian Navy contributed 121 vessels to the armada , including destroyers , frigates , corvettes , landing ships , minesweepers and torpedo boats . Four Canadian Tribal - class destroyers were in the Royal Navy 's 10th Destroyer Flotilla , which joined other RN units in keeping the English Channel near Normandy clear of German naval units . Naval Force J had begun intense training for the invasion with the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division in February 1944 , with a full - scale simulation of the invasion carried out on 4 May in Exercise Fabius . On D - Day itself , Force J , commanded from HMS Hilary , was to bombard German defensive positions along the landing zone with everything from heavy - calibre cruiser guns to self - propelled artillery attached to landing craft . According to Canadian Army Historian C.P. Stacey , a light bombardment of the landing zone would commence `` 30 minutes before H Hour and continue for 15 minutes ; heavy bombing would then begin on the flanks of the divisional attack , lasting until H Hour '' . Additional cover would be provided by Royal and Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons both before and on D - Day . A successful surprise invasion required total air superiority over the English Channel and Normandy . In the months preceding D - Day , the RAF Second Tactical Air Force attacked airfields , coastal garrisons , radar , railway lines and transport routes in order to soften the beach defences , as well as prevent the German Luftwaffe from mounting a serious challenge to air superiority over Normandy . By dawn , on 6 June , the RAF tactical air forces had 2,434 fighter and fighter - bomber aircraft with approximately 700 light and medium bombers to support them . The operational plan for Juno was divided into two main sectors : Mike ( west ) and Nan ( east ) . Mike Sector would be attacked by the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade , with the Royal Winnipeg Rifles , The Canadian Scottish Regiment and the 1st Hussars in support . The 7th Brigade was to take Courseulles and drive inland . Nan Sector would be assaulted by the Regina Rifle Regiment of 7th Brigade , as well as the North Shore Regiment and the Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada of the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade , while tanks of the Fort Garry Horse provided armoured support ; a squadron of specialized Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers ( AVRE ) from the British 79th Armoured Division would land on each beach sector as well . The 8th Brigade was to capture Bernières and the western edge of Saint - Aubin , then push south into Normandy . The operational plan also called for the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade and the Sherbrooke Fusiliers to be deployed to Juno as reinforcements within 4 to 6 hours of the initial assault . By nightfall of D - Day , the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division was slated to have captured the high ground west of Caen , the Bayeux -- Caen railway line , and the seaside towns of Courseulles , Bernières , Saint - Aubin and Bény - sur - Mer . D - Day landings ( edit ) Early bombardment ( edit ) The cruiser HMS Belfast bombarding Juno Beach on D - Day Air attacks on Normandy 's coastal defences began in earnest on 5 June at 23 : 30 , with RAF Bomber Command units targeting the primary coastal defences . The attack continued until 05 : 15 , with 5,268 long tons ( 5,353 t ) of bombs dropped by 1,136 sorties ; this marked the largest attack by Bomber Command in terms of tonnage up to that point in the war . Initial attacks on the Atlantic Wall proved ineffective , with poor weather and visibility making it difficult to accurately hit the bunkers and turrets . The bombing left the defences on Omaha , Gold and Juno virtually intact , yet did not damage Allied landing craft in the Channel ( as many planners had feared it would ) . The Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) sent 230 bombers bombed targets on Juno during this raid , yet damage was limited . As the Americans began their own bombing runs against Omaha and Utah to the west , the Anglo - Canadian naval forces began their counter-battery fire , seeking to knock out German shore batteries and bunkers . The British had attached the cruisers HMS Belfast and Diadem to Force J to serve as heavy support . Belfast commenced bombardment of the Atlantic Wall at 05 : 30 and Diadem at 05 : 52 on 6 June . The naval gunfire proved more effective than the aerial bombardment ; the battery at Longues was the only one to return fire , and was quickly destroyed by the light cruiser HMS Ajax . Indeed , most of the gun batteries at Juno were incomplete on D - Day , and did not possess sufficient protection or communication measures to accurately return fire on Force J. The Bény - sur - Mer battery was neutralized by Diadem shortly after she opened fire . At 06 : 10 , the 11 destroyers of Force J moved shoreward to begin bombardment , hoping to damage light gun emplacements and prevent the German 716th from mobilizing and moving across the beach . They were supplemented by additional raids by medium bombers and fighter - bombers of the RAF and USAAF , which dropped an additional 2,796 tons of ordnance on the five landing zones . While the medium bombers proved inaccurate , the Hawker Typhoon fighter - bombers proved more effective at attacking coastal defences . As the bombing runs continued to hit Juno , the destroyers and landing craft moved towards the beach and began close - range saturation bombardment . In addition to the destroyers of Force J -- two Canadian , eight British , one French -- bombardment was also provided by converted LCTs fitted with 4.7 in ( 120 mm ) guns . Smaller , light - gunned landing craft were able to get closer to the beach and use their 6 - pounder guns against German defensive positions . Additional firepower was provided by eight landing craft fitted with over 1,000 high - explosive rockets and 24 LCTs , each carrying four M7 Priest self - propelled guns . These field regiments , while still seaborne , were to fire heavy concentrations of high explosive and smoke shells against the four main `` resistance nests '' in `` Mike '' and `` Nan '' sectors , beginning half an hour before H Hour . Forward observation and fire control officers in the leading assault waves were to make the necessary adjustments to this neutralizing fire during the assault . The bombardment was scheduled to cease immediately before the assault companies deployed on Juno , but due to heavy seas , the landing was delayed by ten minutes , to 07 : 45 in Mike sector and 07 : 55 in Nan Sector . This was at a slightly higher tide , closer to the beach obstacles and mines . The LCTs carrying the field artillery were forced to adjust course to avoid landing too early ; the LCTs carrying DD tanks were forced to break off their advance . The seas proved too rough to launch the DD tanks , so they were ordered to deploy from the LCTs several hundred yards out from the beach . Landing : 7th Brigade ( Mike , Nan Green ) ( edit ) The Royal Winnipeg Rifles heading towards Juno aboard LCAs Though the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade was scheduled to land on Mike Sector at 07 : 35 , rough seas and poor craft co-ordination pushed this time back by ten minutes . Two assault companies of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles , one assault company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment , and one squadron of the 1st Hussars were to land on `` Mike Red '' and also on `` Mike Green '' , while the Regina Rifle Regiment , supported by a second squadron of the 1st Hussars , landed on `` Nan Green '' sector . The first Winnipegs touched down at 07 : 49 , with the remaining assault companies deploying within seven minutes . The LCAs carrying `` B '' Company craft were engaged while about 700 yards from shore . Disembarkation had to be done under direct fire and , in consequence , heavy casualties were sustained by this company while landing . The strongpoint in this area consisted of three casemates and twelve machine - gun emplacements . This left the infantry the grim prospect of clearing it by direct assault . `` B '' company was unable to advance further without armoured support . The Hussars ' `` A '' Squadron launched 1,500 yd ( 1,400 m ) from the beach , but would not be fully deployed until a full six minutes after the Winnipegs were ashore . To their west , `` D '' Company faced less defensive fire , as it was clear of the strongpoint . The company easily cleared the beach , and went through the barbed wire with light casualties . `` A '' platoon of the 6th Field Company Royal Canadian Engineers was redirected to clear the minefields facing `` D '' Company , given that the flail tanks had yet to land . On the far right , `` C '' Company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment landed with little opposition , and discovered that their objective -- a 75 mm gun emplacement -- had been destroyed by naval gunfire . To the east of Mike Sector , the Regina Rifles came ashore on `` Nan Green '' with the objective of subduing German forces in Courseulles . `` A '' Company reported touchdown at 08 : 09 , and met heavy resistance almost immediately ; `` B '' Company reported touchdown at 08 : 15 . The Hussars ' tanks first reported deploying twenty minutes before the infantry , with `` B '' Squadron HQ reporting their landing at 07 : 58 . They faced the task of destroying a heavy gun emplacement equipped with 88 mm and 75 mm guns and 4 ft ( 1.2 m ) thick concrete walls . The bombardment had failed to destroy the emplacement and heavy machine guns inflicted many casualties on the company ; one LCA reported six men killed within seconds of lowering the ramps . A platoon was able to breach the barbed wire lining the beach and take cover in Courseulles and then eliminate the machine - guns engaging `` A '' Company of the Regina Rifles . The DD tanks arrived in the Regina Rifles sector with greater numbers and punctuality than in the Winnipegs ' sector . The 75 mm gun emplacement in the Courseulles strongpoint was destroyed by fire from `` B '' Squadron of the 1st Hussars ; the 88 mm was similarly silenced . To their east , `` B '' Company encountered limited resistance , pushed into Courseulles and soon `` had cleared a succession of the assigned blocks in the village '' . With the initial assault companies ashore and fighting for their objectives , the reserve companies and battalion ( Canadian Scottish Regiment ) began their deployment on Juno . `` A '' and `` C '' Companies of the Winnipeg Rifles landed at 08 : 05 and began to push towards the villages of Banville and Sainte - Croix - sur - Mer . `` A '' Company encountered heavy machine - gun fire and had to request support from the 1st Hussars to clear the position . On Nan Green , `` C '' and `` D '' Companies of the Regina Rifles prepared to storm Courseulles. `` C '' Company touched down at 08 : 35 and moved into the village without difficulty . `` D '' Company was further delayed , after several LCAs struck antitank mines attached to beach obstacles ; only 49 `` D '' Company soldiers reached the beach . The Canadian Scottish Regiment arrived on the beach at 08 : 30 , with the leading companies coming under heavy mortar fire ; it took the regiment a full hour to get off the beaches and push further inland . Landing : 8th Brigade ( Nan White , Red ) ( edit ) Canadian troops moving towards Juno Originally scheduled to land at 07 : 45 to the east of the 7th , the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade 's two assault battalions were postponed by 10 minutes as a result of heavy seas . The Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada ( QOR ) landed at 08 : 12 at Nan White and faced the most tenacious defences of any unit in Nan Sector : an 88 mm gun emplacement with multiple machine - gun nests outside of Bernières . The first LCA to touch down saw 10 of its first 11 soldiers either killed or wounded . `` B '' Company came ashore directly in front of the main resistance nests , 200 yards east of their intended landing zone , subjecting them to heavy mortar and machine - gun fire . The QOR had been scheduled to advance with DD fire support , but the heavy seas meant that `` instead of swimming in , they ( DD tanks ) left their craft close inshore and landed behind the infantry assault companies '' . Several soldiers from `` B '' Company succeeded in outflanking the main pillbox and killing its gunners with grenades and small arms . One LCA 's rudder from `` B '' Company had jammed and that platoon landed far to the left of the rest of `` B '' Company , enabling them to outflank and destroy the gun emplacements . With the defences silenced , the QOR was able to advance into Bernières , having suffered 65 casualties on the beaches . To their west , `` A '' Company encountered less resistance but was limited by poorly coordinated run - ins by the LCAs to the beach . `` A '' Company was able to quickly reach the seawall and breach the barbed wire but encountered much mortar and sniper fire in Bernières . This was the only sector of Juno where armoured support proved ineffective , as `` B '' Squadron of the Fort Garry Horse was too far out from the beach to provide heavy support . The first units of the North Shore Regiment 's `` A '' and `` B '' companies touched down on Nan Red at 08 : 10 in chest - deep water . They were tasked with securing Saint - Aubin and clearing defences in the village . `` B '' Company landed to find that the Saint - Aubin strong point `` appeared not to have been touched '' by preliminary naval bombardment . The two assault companies faced a 100 yd ( 91 m ) sprint across open beach in the face of fire from Saint - Aubin . `` A '' Company suffered the most casualties , incurring many fatalities from beach mines . `` B '' Company faced stronger opposition at the strong point , yet managed to breach the seawall and barbed wire . The 50 mm antitank gun was still firing and the thick concrete casemates protected it from infantry fire . By 08 : 10 , Sherman tanks of the Fort Garry Horse and AVRE of the 80th Assault Squadron , Royal Engineers , had landed at Nan Red and begun to assist `` B '' Company in clearing the gun emplacement . The 50 mm gun knocked out four of the squadron 's tanks , while the North Shore 's machine - gun platoon was flanking the position . The right section of the strong point was eliminated by anti-tank guns and engineers , while the central anti-tank gun was silenced by 290 mm Petard demolition bombs fired from the AVRE . When the North Shore captured the strong point , approximately half the defenders were killed ; 48 German soldiers surrendered . The 8th Brigade reserve battalion , Le Régiment de la Chaudière , began deploying to the beaches at 08 : 30 along with the reserve companies of the North Shore and QOR . More than half of the LCAs were crippled by mines buried along the beach ; QOR `` C '' Company was forced to touch down further offshore when their LCAs were damaged by mines . `` C '' Company linked up with `` B '' Squadron of the Fort Garry Horse , and moved to assist the pinned - down and exhausted `` A '' Company . The North Shore C and D Companies landed outside of Saint - Aubin , with `` C '' Company taking over for `` A '' Company in the advance further into Saint - Aubin , while `` D '' Company occupied the village . All but one of the LCAs carrying Chaudière `` A '' Company foundered before they could touch down on the beach , and they lost most of their equipment while swimming to shore . The Chaudières quickly formed up outside Bernières and Saint - Aubin , linking up with both the QOR and the North Shores . The reserve also included the No. 48 ( Royal Marine ) Commando , which was scheduled to land 45 minutes after the first arrivals . The Commandos were to pass Saint - Aubin 's eastern edge and occupy Langrune - sur - Mer on the eastern end of Juno . The strong point facing them had not been cleared and 120 of the 400 - man unit became casualties within seconds of landing . Deploying reinforcements ( edit ) Soldiers of the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade deploying in Nan White Sector With Juno largely secured , Keller prepared to deploy the reserves of the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade and tanks of the Sherbrooke Fusiliers . The reports coming in from the battalions already on Juno were mixed ; Canadian military historian Terry Copp says that the North Shore was `` proceeding according to plan '' , while the Chaudières were `` making progress slowly '' . The two self - propelled artillery regiments -- the 14th Field and 19th Army Field Regiments , Royal Canadian Artillery -- had deployed at 09 : 25 and 09 : 10 , and had several dozen guns in action before 11 : 00 . Opposition and continued problems with mine obstacles on Nan Red meant that the entire 9th Brigade would have to land in Bernières and Nan White sector . When the 9th Brigade 's LCIs touched down at 11 : 40 , the congestion on the beach in Nan White was so heavy that most infantry companies could not disembark from their landing craft . The 9th Brigade 's reserves consisted of the Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa , the North Nova Scotia Highlanders , the Stormont , Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders , and the Highland Light Infantry of Canada . The Glengarry Highlanders reported coming under mortar fire from German positions further inland , as `` with little room to manoeuvre on dry land , the entire 9th Brigade became easy targets for German artillery '' . The 9th Brigade quickly made it across the beach , and joined the Chaudières , Queen 's Own Rifles and Fort Garry Horse in Bernières to await further advance inland . Having subdued German defences on the beach , the next task of the landed forces was to clear Juno of obstacles , debris and undetonated mines then establish the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division 's headquarters in Bernières . Movement Control Units came ashore just before noon , with military policemen beginning to marshal vehicles through to Bernières and Courseulles . Sappers of 619 Independent Field Company also moved in to begin clearing the minefields surrounding the beach , so as to free up the advance south towards Carpiquet . Keller himself established divisional headquarters in Bernières shortly after noon . Advance inland ( edit ) Initial attacks ( edit ) The Royal Winnipeg Rifles advance inland on D - Day . At 14 : 35 , Keller met with the commanders of the 8th and 9th Infantry Brigades , as well as the newly reconstituted 2nd Armoured Brigade ( Fort Garry Horse , Sherbrooke Fusiliers , 1st Hussars ) . With the first line of objectives ( codenamed Yew ) secured on the beachhead , Keller ordered the 7th and 8th Brigades to advance with armoured support towards the second line of objectives ( Elm ) , whereupon 9th Brigade would then leapfrog over the 7th and 8th to reach the third objective line ( Oak ) . Facing them were the remains of three battalions of the 736th Grenadier Regiment , and three battalions of the 726th Regiment . `` B '' Company of the Winnipegs was still facing heavy resistance from snipers and machine guns in Courseulles , while the eastern companies of the North Shore Regiment were fighting for Saint - Aubin . `` A '' and `` C '' Companies of the Royal Winnipegs moved off the beach , cut through the walls of barbed wire behind the German bunkers , pushed through Vaux and Graye - sur - Mer , and began to advance towards St. Croix and Banville. `` C '' Company advanced on Banville -- the headquarters of II Battalion of the 726th -- but was stopped by three machine - gun emplacements just short of the town . Winnipeg `` A '' Company joined `` C '' Company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment and a troop of `` C '' Squadron of the 1st Hussars and advanced on St. Croix , unaware of a large German counter-attack massing in St. Croix under the command of 8 Battalion , 726 Regiment. `` C '' Company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment had deployed to their west , and was able to spot the units of the 8th Battalion , and halt the counter-attack before it fully materialized . `` D '' Company of the Winnipegs joined the advance on Banville with covering fire from the Cameron Highlanders and the 12th and 13th Field Artillery Regiments ; Banville was declared captured at 13 : 10 , although small pockets of resistance would survive until nightfall and then retreat . `` D '' Company of the Canadian Scottish moved to capture two bridges on the Seulles River further inland from the Winnipeg companies . `` B '' Company joined them , and pushed through the gap between St. Croix and Banville , joining `` C '' Company as it did so . `` C '' Squadron of the 1st Hussars provided armoured support . To their east , the Regina Rifles advanced south towards Reviers , engaging troops of the 7th Battalion of the 736th Grenadier Regiment . They reported reaching the town by 12 : 15 with two companies , and began consolidating their position in preparation for further advance . In Nan Sector , the 8th Brigade advance started slower than that of the 7th Brigade , because the Chaudières had lost most of their equipment on the advance over the beaches . The Queen 's Own Rifles ' `` C '' Company was pinned down at the edge of Bernières by sniper - fire , and could not cross the open fields behind the town ; their armoured support was also stopped by heavy antitank fire coming from Beny - sur - Mer . The Chaudières `` A '' and `` B '' Companies were caught in the crossfire ; `` B '' Company lost almost an entire platoon when a German 88 mm scored hit a Priest self - propelled gun . Chaudière and QOR progress was slow ; all told , it took nearly two hours for artillery and heavy guns to clear the defences at Beny - sur - Mer , allowing the QOR to advance towards the town . Beny - sur - Mer was reported cleared at 14 : 00 , at which point the Chaudières began to mass in the town for a further advance south towards Carpiquet . The QOR broke off to the left to engage heavy artillery batteries to the west of Beny , and `` B '' Company was assisted by the guns of HMCS Algonquin , which destroyed a bunker of 105 mm guns . To their east , `` C '' and `` D '' Company of the North Shores advanced towards Tailleville -- the headquarters of II Battalion of the 736th Grenadiers . Mortar fire north of the headquarters was both concentrated and accurate , slowing the advance of `` C '' Company . They were supported in their drive south by tanks of the Fort Garry Horse , which caught close to 100 German defenders in open fields . The North Shores and their armour support entered Tailleville at 14 : 00 , at which point the six tanks of `` C '' Squadron moved through the village , destroying German gun emplacements . The defenders of the II Battalion had created a complex underground bunker system in the village , which enabled them to continuously outflank Canadian infantry ; it took another seven hours to clear Tailleville of defenders , which ensured that the North Shores would be unable to capture German radar sites to the south on D - Day . `` B '' Company of the North Shore Regiment and No. 48 Commando of the Royal Marines were engaged in a protracted fight to secure Saint - Aubin and Lagrune - sur - Mer . `` B '' Company had generally neutralized the strongpoint WN27 within two hours of landing , which allowed Troops A and B of the Royal Marines to push east . These units had the important objective of bridging the 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) gap between the landing zones at Juno and Sword , which would allow for a continuous Anglo - Canadian front by the end of the first day . The Royal Marines began to advance on Lagrune and strong - point WN26 , while to their east No. 41 Commando Royal Marines advanced from Sword . The strongpoint was defended by `` a reinforced platoon from the 736th Grenadiers '' and was a group of fortified houses and 50 mm anti-tank guns . B Troop 's first attempt to capture it failed and the assault was renewed with support from Centaur tanks only to again falter in the face of heavy resistance . No. 48 Commando was forced to call the assault off at nightfall , as reports of massing for counter-attacks by the 21st Panzer Division against the divide between Sword and Juno arrived . The strong points at Lagrune and Luc - sur - Mer were captured on 8 June . Drive to Elm ( edit ) Canadian advances on D - Day The division 's advance south of Tailleville had halted , preventing an attack on German radar stations . The Queen 's Own Rifles and `` C '' Company of the Chaudières opted to continue their advance towards Anguerny and Columby - sur - Thaon and Objective Line `` Elm '' . The beachhead was now filled to capacity with troops , to the point that `` B '' Company of the Chaudières could not be deployed alongside `` C '' Company without severely hindering the advance of the QOR to their east . `` C '' Company 's advance on Basly was even further hindered by the proximity of the combat ; the fighting occurred at such close range that the 14th Field Artillery would not provide fire support for fear of friendly - fire casualties . When `` C '' Company reached Basly , the North Nova Scotia Highlanders formed up outside Beny - sur - Mer , with the intention of overtaking the Chaudières and making for Carpiquet and the Caen -- Bayeux highway . At 16 : 45 , the North Novas assembled in Beny , and were the target of concentrated German mortar fire as the Sherbrooke Fusiliers de-waterproofed their tanks . Three companies of the North Novas and a squadron of the Sherbrookes advanced on the mortar positions , with many casualties among the infantry but clearing the positions . The QOR entered Anguerny -- on the Elm Objective Line -- at 17 : 30 , and sent `` D '' Company to probe German defences on the hills overlooking the village . The Chaudières reported that Basly was cleared of defenders at 18 : 15 , allowing the 9th Brigade to advance towards Carpiquet Airfield . By 19 : 00 , the North Nova Scotia Highlanders were advancing towards Carpiquet , encountering their first resistance an hour later . With reports of the 21st Panzer Division attacking the flanks of the British 3rd Infantry Division on Sword , Lieutenant - General Miles Dempsey -- commander of the British Second Army -- ordered forces on Sword , Juno and Gold to establish defensive positions at their intermediate objectives . On the western edge of the Canadian sector , the advance of the 7th Brigade had stalled in the face of stiffening resistance in St. Croix and Banville , delaying the right flank of the assault . The German defenders gave ground slowly and did not begin withdrawing from the towns until the Bren Gun platoons began to arrive at 14 : 00 . Once St. Croix and Banville were cleared , the Canadian Scots pushed south to Colombiers , reinforced the platoons that had captured the bridge across the Seulles earlier in the day , and moved towards the Creully -- Caen road . The Canadian Scots reported reaching the road at 16 : 30 , and continued to push south past Objective Line Elm . To their west the Royal Winnipegs stopped at Elm Line , and began to erect defensive positions with Bren Gun carriers and artillery . The Regina Rifles had been slow to advance from Courseulles on account of the heavy casualties taken securing the village ; the 1st Hussars ' `` B '' Squadron was in a similar position , with only half its fighting strength having made it off the beach . By 18 : 00 the Reginas were advancing , while the Hussars scouted ahead of the infantry companies . As the Reginas linked up with the Canadian Scots , the order to hold positions and dig in arrived from Keller 's headquarters ; the two battalions halted at 21 : 00 . Three tanks of the 1st Hussars ' `` C '' Squadron ( No. 2 Troop ) had continued to advance southwards , pushing through side - roads towards Carpiquet Airfield . Aside from a German staff - car and a machine - gun nest , the three Sherman tanks encountered virtually no resistance , advancing all the way to the Caen -- Bayeux railway line and becoming the only unit on the whole of D - Day to reach its final objective . Though the commander of the unit -- Lieutenant William F. McCormick -- attempted to contact his superiors to bring up reinforcements to attack Carpiquet Airfield , the three tanks eventually withdrew back to the Canadian lines . Positions at nightfall ( edit ) The Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada dug in at the end of D - Day near Carpiquet . At the end of D - Day , the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division was situated firmly on Objective Line Elm , short of their final D - Day objectives . In the west , the 7th Brigade was anchored in Creully and Fresne - Camilly . The 9th Brigade was positioned a mere 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) from Caen , the farthest inland of any Allied units on D - Day . On the eastern edge of the Canadian sector the 8th Brigade had taken up positions in Anguerny and Columby , having begun in the late afternoon to dig in . The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division had succeeded in advancing farther than any other divisional element in the Allied Expeditionary Force , but due to heavy fighting in Lagrune and Saint - Aubin had failed to link up with the British 3rd Division from Sword . The German 716th Infantry Division was scattered and heavily depleted : division commander Lieutenant General Wilhelm Richter recorded that less than one full battalion could be mustered for further defence . The German 21st Panzer Division had driven a wedge between the British and Canadian 3rd Divisions , yet had been unable to dislodge either from the beaches . To the south , Hitler had released the elite Panzer Lehr Division and the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend ( Hitler Youth ) , both of which prepared to head north with the I SS Panzer Corps . Aftermath ( edit ) Analysis ( edit ) Corporal W. Nichorster of the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals examines the telephone switchboard in the underground bunker of a German radar station at Beny - sur - Mer . Although the site was originally intended to be taken on D - Day , a series of problems delayed its capture until 11 June . While the Normandy landings in all five sectors managed to establish footholds in Normandy , many D - Day objectives were not met . The 82nd and 101st US Airborne divisions had suffered many casualties -- their landings were scattered all over the dropzones -- but had captured Sainte - Mère - Église to the west of Utah . On the Cotentin Peninsula , the American 4th Infantry Division had suffered lighter casualties in securing Utah , and had established a strong bridgehead by the end of D - Day . Omaha had met with less success , as intact defences and high - calibre troops of the 352nd Infantry Division caused more casualties than at any of the other beaches ; at one point the attack was going so badly that Lieutenant General Omar Bradley considered withdrawing V Corps from the beaches . A second wave of attacks breached the coastal defences , but could only push 2,000 yd ( 1,800 m ) inland by nightfall . To the west of Juno , the British 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division encountered only light resistance , and succeeded in advancing inland and creating a continuous front with Juno ( though not with Omaha ) with only 413 casualties . To their east , the British 3rd Infantry Division established a foothold on Sword . Counter-attacks by the 21st Panzer Division in the afternoon prevented the 3rd Infantry Division from capturing Caen and from making contact with the 3rd Canadian Infantry division on Juno . The counter-attack failed to drive the British into the sea . In spite of the many casualties inflicted on the 352nd and 716th Infantry divisions , the 7th Army quickly established plans for counter-attacks . Early orders to move towards the invasion beaches were confused , as the divisions necessary for counter-attacks fell under a different jurisdiction than those defending the coast . The panzer divisions , such as the Panzer Lehr , 12th SS Panzer and 2nd SS Panzer , could not be mobilized for the coast without authorization by Hitler . The order to mobilize Panzer Lehr and the 12th SS was finally given in the mid-afternoon of 6 June . When the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade and the Sherbrooke Fusiliers began to advance on 7 June , they were met by dug in troops of the 716th Infantry and 21st Panzer divisions . At 17 : 00 , the advancing force was counter-attacked by the 12th SS , under the command of Kurt Meyer . The 9th Brigade was forced to withdraw to its D - Day positions , having suffered more casualties than any unit on Juno the previous day . The 7th Brigade reached its final D - Day objectives along Line Oak , while the 8th Brigade attempted to destroy German radar stations to their east , which took until 11 June . The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division made contact with the British from Sword on 7 June , before forming a continuous front with the American sector by 13 June . The subsequent advance on Caen and Cherbourg was slow , as a greater number of German Panzer units were concentrated near Caen and Carentan . The Canadians captured Carpiquet Airfield during Operation Windsor on 5 July , while Anglo - Canadian forces captured Caen as part of Operation Charnwood ( 8 -- 9 July ) and Operation Atlantic ( 18 -- 20 July ) . Preliminary bombardment ( edit ) Military historians have generally drawn the conclusion that the preliminary aerial and naval bombardment of Juno was not as effective as had been hoped , yet differ in their opinions as to how ineffective . The aerial bombardment of Juno 's defences the night before is considered to have been very ineffective , primarily because of the inclement weather . John Keegan notes that `` the prevailing low , thick cloud frustrated its ( Bomber Command 's ) efforts '' . Colonel Stacey -- the official historian of the Canadian Army in the Second World War -- considers the effects of the bombing runs to have been `` spotty '' , noting that while several coastal batteries were not hit , those that were ( such as the battery at Houlgate ) were hit accurately . Chester Wilmot offers a different view , suggesting that `` ( the coastal guns ) had been accurately bombed , but had survived because they were heavily protected by the concrete casemates Rommel had insisted upon '' . Historians ' assessment of the naval bombardment is even more mixed ; while they generally agree that it failed to fully neutralize German defences on Juno , they are in disagreement as to why . Stacey suggests that while the `` beach - drenching fire '' was concentrated and substantial , it was both inaccurate and of insufficient firepower to destroy the coastal bunkers . He further suggests that the effect of the drenching fire was moral rather than material , in that it forced defenders to keep below - ground and sapped their morale . Terry Copp echoes this analysis , noting that `` reasonable accuracy could not be obtained from the pitching decks of LCTs ( by mounted artillery on the ships ) '' ; the 13th Field Regiment 's drenching fire fell on average 200 yards ( 180 m ) past their targets . British historian Max Hastings notes that because of the delay in landing times by ten minutes , a substantial gap existed between the cessation of bombardment and the actual landing of the first waves of infantry , meaning that platoons of the 716th had ample time to return to their positions . The bombardment of strongpoints in the towns along the coast was inconsistent ; the North Shore Regiment reported that the strongpoint near Saint - Aubin `` appeared not to have been touched '' by bombardment , while the strongpoints facing the Canadian Scottish Regiment had been eliminated by naval bombardment before their landing . Overall ( edit ) Allied soldiers guarding German prisoners on Juno Despite the failure to capture any of the final D - Day objectives , the assault on Juno is generally considered -- alongside Utah -- the most strategically successful of the D - Day landings . Historians suggest a variety of reasons for this success . Mark Zuehlke notes that `` the Canadians ended the day ahead of either the US or British divisions despite the facts that they landed last and that only the Americans at Omaha faced more difficulty winning a toehold on the sand '' , suggesting that the calibre of the training the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division had received beforehand explains their success . Chester Wilmot claims that the Canadian success in clearing the landing zones is attributable to the presence of amphibious DD tanks on the beaches ; he also notes that the absence of DD tanks was largely responsible for the heavier casualties on Omaha -- the only beach with heavier resistance than Juno . Canadian historian Terry Copp attributes the steady advance of the 7th Brigade in the afternoon to `` less serious opposition '' than the North Shore Regiment encountered in Tailleville . Despite the verdict of a successful D - Day for the 3rd CID , the failure of Canadian units to reach their final objectives has proven more disputed than the reasons for their success . Terry Copp places the blame on Keller , who committed the entirety of the 9th Brigade reserve to land on the narrower beaches of the 8th Brigade -- which was itself still fighting to clear the seaside towns -- after receiving reports of poor progress by the 7th Brigade . Dutch historian Dan van der Vat notes that `` the planned breakout of the 9th Brigade was held up by a huge jam of vehicles '' . Wilmot also places the blame with logistical difficulties of the landing , saying that `` on the whole it was not so much the opposition in front as the congestion behind -- on the beaches and in Bernières -- that prevented the Canadians from reaching their final D - Day objective '' . Stacey offers a different view , suggesting that it was not impossible for the 3rd CID to reach its D - Day objectives , and that the failure to do so rests in the fact that `` British and Canadian forces were usually better at deceiving the enemy and achieving initial success in an assault than they were at exploiting surprise and success once achieved . Perhaps they were rather too easily satisfied '' . Copp disagrees with Stacey 's assessment , suggesting that such caution was not the result of poor planning but of the fact that `` the British and Canadians fought the way they had been trained , moving forward to designated objectives in controlled bounds and digging in at the first sign of a counterattack '' . He also disputes whether the capture of the final objectives would have been strategically intelligent , observing that `` if 9th Brigade had reached Carpiquet and dug in , with artillery in position to offer support , the commander of the 26th Panzer Grenadiers might have followed orders and waited until a coordinated counterattack with other divisions had been organized . Such an attack might well have done far more damage to the Allied beachhead than the hastily improvised operation actually carried out ( on 7 June ) '' . Stacey offers a second line of analysis on the Canadians ' failure to advance to Line Oak , suggesting that difficulties encountered by the British 3rd Infantry Division on Sword caused Dempsey to halt the advance of the entire British Second Army . The British encountered heavy counterattacks by the 21st Panzer Division , which prevented the British 9th Brigade from establishing contact with the Canadians at Juno . Copp wrote that , `` Before this withdrawal ( of the 21st Panzer Division ) became evident , Dempsey had concluded that more armoured counter-attacks could be expected . So he ordered the three assault divisions to dig in at their second line of objectives . This decision was relayed to subordinate commanders somewhere after 19 : 00 '' , just as the 9th Canadian Brigade was preparing to advance south towards Carpiquet . Wilmot wrote that the British 3rd Infantry Division brigade commanders were overly cautious in advancing towards Caen and this slowed the Anglo - Canadian advance , especially given the reports of counter-attacks Dempsey received from Sword . Casualties ( edit ) Predictions of the casualties on Juno had been about 2,000 men , including 600 drowned . The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division suffered 340 men killed , 574 wounded and 47 taken prisoner . The Queen 's Own Rifles suffered 143 casualties the most of any battalion , the Royal Winnipegs 128 , the North Shore 125 and the Regina Rifles 108 . Of the landing craft used on the run - in to Juno , 90 of 306 were lost or damaged . Due to the lack of records for D - Day , casualties for the German 716th Infantry Division are unknown . Of the four German battalions numbering 7,771 men before the invasion , Richter reported that the equivalent of only one battalion -- at 80 per cent strength -- remained . At least one of the two conscript battalions of the 716th was reported to have fled . Richter also reported that 80 per cent of the divisional artillery had been destroyed or captured on D - Day , while only two gun batteries were intact west of the River Orne . By 9 June , the division had been reduced to a battlegroup of 292 officers and men . Commemoration ( edit ) The landing is commemorated today by the museum and memorial at the Juno Beach Centre in Courseulles - sur - Mer as well as exhibits at the Canadian War Museum and other Canadian military museums . One of the Sherman tanks that landed at Juno Beach , the M4A3 Sherman Bomb , fought all the way into Germany and is today preserved at Sherbrooke , Quebec . See also ( edit ) Canadian Armed Forces portal World War II portal List of ships in Juno Bombardment Group Military history of Canada during World War II Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ These villages are now named Courseulles - sur - Mer ( on sea ) , Bernières - sur - Mer and Saint - Aubin - sur - Mer but military historians usually use the shorter names . Jump up ^ Landing craft were designated according to their size and function . `` Landing Craft , Tank '' ( LCTs ) were large boats designed to deploy armoured units to the beaches , while `` Landing Craft , Assault '' ( LCAs ) deployed infantry . Jump up ^ Fears of German naval units spotting exercises and vessels in the English Channel proved well - founded , as the destroyer flotillas were continually spotting and engaging German minesweepers and E-boats . The Canadian destroyer HMCS Athabaskan was torpedoed and sunk by German destroyers and E-boats , with a loss of 129 of her crew . Jump up ^ For example , the battery at Merville was not hit , the bombing of the Longues battery was accurate yet ineffective and the Houlgate battery was damaged but not destroyed . Jump up ^ The DD tanks were M4 Sherman medium tanks fitted with screens and a propeller , which allowed them to float and propel themselves through the water . On D - Day , they were scheduled to deploy seven thousand yards offshore , and land before the LCAs to provide infantry cover . Jump up ^ The landing craft of the 8th Brigade 's reserve had foundered against mines and obstacles much farther off the beach than other battalions , forcing the Chaudières to discard much of their equipment in order to swim to safety . Jump up ^ Stacey notes that `` the 716th Division reported that little information concerning the beach battle was available ( on 6 June ) , observation having been hindered by smoke screens and communications disrupted ... while few of the troops who held the beach defences ever returned to report '' . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Copp 2004 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1995 , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1959 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Wieviorka 2008 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Granatstein & Morton 1994 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Granatstein & Morton 1994 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Cawthorne 2005 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Granatstein & Morton 1994 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Granatstein & Morton 1994 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2004 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Buckingham 2004 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2004 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2004 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Barris 2004 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Granatstein & Morton 1994 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Caddick - Adams 2012 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Granatstein & Morton 1994 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Wieviorka 2008 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , pp. 46 , 47 . Jump up ^ Granatstein & Morton 1994 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , pp. 42 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Milner 2007 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Granatstein & Morton 1994 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Barris 2004 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Bercuson 2004 , pp. 203 , 202 . Jump up ^ Barris 2004 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Bercuson 2004 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Bercuson 2004 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Bercuson 2004 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Hallion 1994 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Granatstein & Morton 1994 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Stacey 1966 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Vat 2003 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , pp. 57 , 56 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , pp. 97 -- 98 , 80 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , pp. 161 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Stacey 1966 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Roy 1952 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Stacey 1966 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Granatstein & Morton 1994 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Roy 1984 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Roy 1984 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Granatstein & Morton 1994 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Vat 2003 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Barris 2004 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Stacey 1966 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Copp 2004 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Milner 2007 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Roy 1984 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Granatstein & Morton 1994 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Granatstein & Morton 1994 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Copp 2004 , pp. 46 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Stacey 1966 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Copp 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Stacey 1966 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Barris 2004 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , pp. 112 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , pp. 120 , 119 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , pp. 242 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 276 . ^ Jump up to : Saunders 2004 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , pp. 294 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 303 . ^ Jump up to : Copp 2004 , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , pp. 311 , 330 -- 331 . ^ Jump up to : Saunders 2004 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Vat 2003 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2004 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Copp 2004 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1982 , pp. 141 -- 142 . ^ Jump up to : Copp 2004 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Stacey 1966 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Vat 2003 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Vat 2003 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Wieviorka 2008 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1982 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Copp 2004 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Vat 2003 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Roy 1984 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , pp. 163 , 166 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1982 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1952 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Copp 2004 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Hastings 1984 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , pp. 108 , 104 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1982 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , pp. 345 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1952 , pp. 275 , 265 . Jump up ^ Copp 2004 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1952 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , pp. 118 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Copp 2004 , pp. 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1952 , pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Bercuson 2004 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan 1982 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 650 . Jump up ^ Roy 1984 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Stacey 1966 , pp. 123 -- 124 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1995 ) . D - Day , June 6 , 1944 . New York : Touchstone . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80137 - X . Barris , T. ( 2004 ) . Juno . Canadians at D - Day : June 6 , 1944 . Markham , ON : Thomas Allen . ISBN 0 - 88762 - 133 - 3 . Bercuson , David ( 2004 ) . Maple leaf Against the Axis . Red Deer Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88995 - 305 - 5 . Buckingham , William F. ( 2004 ) . D - Day : The First 72 Hours . Tempus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2842 - 0 . Caddick - Adams , Peter ( 2012 ) . Monty and Rommel : Parallel Lives . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 848 - 09154 - 2 . Cawthorne , Nigel ( 2005 ) . Victory in World War II . London : Arcturus . ISBN 1 - 84193 - 351 - 1 . Copp , Terry ( 2004 ) ( 2003 ) . Fields of Fire : The Canadians in Normandy . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 3780 - 0 . Ellis , Major L.F. ; with Allen RN , Captain G.R.G. Allen ; Warhurst , Lieutenant - Colonel A.E. & Robb , Air Chief - Marshal Sir James ( 2004 ) ( 1st . pub . HMSO 1962 ) . Butler , J.R.M. , ed . Victory in the West : The Battle of Normandy . History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series . I. Naval & Military Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84574 - 058 - 0 . Granatstein , J.L. ; Morton , Desmond ( 1994 ) ( 1984 ) . Bloody Victory : Canadians and the D - Day Campaign 1944 . Toronto : Lester . ISBN 1 - 895555 - 56 - 6 . Hallion , Richard ( 1994 ) . D - Day 1944 : Air Power Over the Normandy Beaches and Beyond . Washington , D.C. : Air Force History Museums Program . ISBN 0 - 16 - 043205 - 7 . Hastings , Max ( 1984 ) . Overlord : D - Day and the Battle for Normandy . London : Pan . ISBN 0 - 7181 - 2326 - 3 . Keegan , John ( 1982 ) . Six Armies in Normandy : From D - Day to the Liberation at Paris . London : Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 670 - 64736 - 5 . Milner , Marc ( 2007 ) . D - Day to Carpiquet : The North Shore Regiment and the Liberation of Europe . Fredericton , NB : Goose Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86492 - 489 - 6 . Roy , Reginald H. ( 1952 ) . Canadian Participation in the Operations in North - West Europe , 1944 : Part 1 : The assault and subsequent operations of 3 Canadian Inf Div and 2 Canadian Armd Bde 6 - 30 Jun 44 ( Report ) . Directorate of History , Department of National Defence . Roy , Reginald ( 1984 ) . 1944 : The Canadians in Normandy . Toronto : Macmillan of Canada . ISBN 0 - 7715 - 9796 - 7 . Ryan , Cornelius ( 1959 ) . The Longest Day : June 6 , 1944 . New York : Popular Library . ISBN 0 - 445 - 08380 - 8 . Saunders , Tim ( 2004 ) . Juno Beach : 3rd Canadian & 79th Armoured Divisions . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2792 - 3 . Stacey , C.P. ( 1966 ) ( 1960 ) . The Victory Campaign , 1944 -- 1945 ( PDF ) . Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War . III . Ottawa : The Queen 's Printer . OCLC 317692683 . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Vat , Dan van der ( 2003 ) . D - Day ; The Greatest Invasion , A People 's History . Vancouver : Madison Press . ISBN 1 - 55192 - 586 - 9 . Wieviorka , Olivier ( 2008 ) . The Landings to the Liberation of Paris . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02838 - 4 . Wilmot , Chester ( 1952 ) . The Struggle for Europe . London : Collins Clear - Type Press . OCLC 476721246 . Zuehlke , Mark ( 2004 ) . Juno Beach : Canada 's D - Day Victory -- June 6 , 1944 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . ISBN 1 - 55365 - 050 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Fowler , T.R. ( 1994 ) . Valour on Juno Beach : the Canadian Awards for Gallantry , D - Day June 6 , 1944 . Burnstone : General Store Publishing House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 896182 - 02 - 5 . Goddard , Lance ( 2004 ) . D - Day : Juno Beach , Canada 's 24 Hours of Destiny . Toronto : Dundurn Press . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 492 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Juno Beach . 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1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Portal Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy , Western Front , World War II Operations Locations See also Operation Overlord ( The overall invasion plan ) Operation Neptune ( The assault plan ) American airborne landings in Normandy Operation Deadstick ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Tonga ( UK 6th Airborne ) Battle of Merville Gun Battery ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Mallard ( UK 6th Airborne ) Battle of Bréville ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Pluto ( Pipe - Line Under The Ocean ) Operation Fortitude ( Deception plan ) Operation Perch ( UK ) Operation Martlet ( UK ) Operation Epsom ( UK ) Operation Windsor ( Canada ) Operation Charnwood ( UK ) Operation Jupiter ( UK ) Operations Greenline , Pomegranate and Express ( UK ) Operation Goodwood ( UK ) Operation Atlantic ( Canada ) Operation Spring ( Canada ) Operation Cobra ( US ) Operation Bluecoat ( UK ) Operation Totalize ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Operation Lüttich ( German ) Operation Tractable ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Operation Titanic ( UK ) Battle for Brest ( US ) Battle for Caen ( UK , Canada ) Battle of Verriéres Ridge ( Canada ) Battle of Carentan ( US ) Battle of Cherbourg ( US ) Battle of Villers - Bocage ( UK ) Landing points ( W → E ) : Utah Beach ( US ) Omaha Beach ( US ) Pointe du Hoc ( US ) Gold Beach ( UK ) Juno Beach ( Canada ) Sword Beach ( UK ) Other : Crisbecq Battery Falaise Pocket Hill 262 Hillman Fortress Houlgate battery Longues - sur - Mer battery Maisy battery Merville Gun Battery Mont Canisy battery Pegasus Bridge Category : Operation Overlord Category : Operation Overlord people Atlantic Wall D - Day Dieppe Raid Hobart 's Funnies Rhino tank Allied forces in Normandy Mulberry harbour Liberation of Paris ( France ) Operation Dragoon ( France , UK , US ) Operation Jedburgh ( France , UK , US ) Normandy US Cemetery & Memorial Brittany US Cemetery & Memorial More information on Battle of Normandy : D - day from Wiktionary D - day Textbooks from Wikibooks D - day Quotations from Wikiquote D - day Source texts from Wikisource D - day Images and media from Commons D - day from Wikinews Coordinates : 49 ° 20 ′ 07 '' N 0 ° 24 ′ 55 '' W / 49.33528 ° N 0.41528 ° W / 49.33528 ; - 0.41528 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juno_Beach&oldid=847784885 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1944 1944 in France Operation Overlord Operation Neptune Military history of Normandy Battle for Caen Battles of World War II involving Germany Battles of World War II involving Canada Military history of Canada during World War II Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom Beaches of Metropolitan France Landforms of Normandy Hidden categories : Use Canadian English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Good articles Articles containing German - 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( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Matthew Patrick Matthew Patrick in 2016 Matthew Robert Patrick ( 1986 - 11 - 15 ) November 15 , 1986 ( age 30 ) Medina , Ohio , U.S. Education Duke University Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Internet personality Spouse ( s ) Stephanie Patrick ( m . 2012 ) YouTube information Pseudonym MatPat Years active 2009 -- present Subscribers 8.5 million+ ( The Game Theorists ) 4.9 million+ ( The Film Theorists ) 1.2 million+ ( GTLive ) Total views 1.2 billion+ ( The Game Theorists ) 420 million+ ( The Film Theorists ) 115 million+ ( GTLive ) Network Long Haul Management Clients & Partners / Studio 71 Associated acts ScrewAttack The Completionist Did You Know Gaming ? Catchphrase ( s ) `` But hey , that 's just a theory / stream , a GAME THEORY / FILM THEORY / LIVE STREAM ! Thanks for watching ! / And Cut '' `` Hello Internet , welcome to GAME THEORY / FILM THEORY / GTLIVE ! Play buttons ( show ) 100,000 subscribers 2013 1,000,000 subscribers 2013 Subscriber and view counts updated as of June 1 , 2017 . Matthew Robert `` Matt '' Patrick , also known by screen name MatPat , is an American internet personality , actor , writer , and producer . He is best known as the creator and narrator of the YouTube webseries Game Theory , where he comments on topics such as the logic , scientific accuracy , and lore of various video games and the gaming industry . He is also known for creating the spinoff Film Theory , centering around cinema and internet filmography . In 2015 , Patrick created one of YouTube 's first live gaming channels , GTLive , and in 2016 , he created the YouTube Red series MatPat 's Game Lab . As of June 2017 , Patrick has amassed over 13 million subscribers and over 1.6 billion views total across his three channels . Between July 1 , 2016 and July 31 , 2016 , he starred in the game show The Runner . The show was produced by Ben Affleck and Matt Damon and was available on Go90 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 The Game Theorists 2.1. 1 Viewer demographics 2.2 The Film Theorists 2.3 MatPat 's Game Lab 2.4 GTLive 2.5 Theorist Media 3 Collaborations 4 Personal life 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Matthew Patrick was born on November 15 , 1986 in Medina County , Ohio . Growing up , Patrick was very involved in the arts , especially musical theatre . He valued education and spent most of his school career studying or taking classes . His enthusiasm led him to skip his lunch periods to take classes and to spend his summer vacations taking courses at college campuses . He eventually became the valedictorian of his graduating class , and earned a perfect score on his SAT . His strong academic record earned him a full academic scholarship into Duke University . Immediately after graduating Summa Cum Laude from Duke University with a double major in neuroscience and theater , Patrick moved to New York City in order to pursue an acting career , which he eventually quit because he could not make a lot of money . After two years of mostly unemployment , he uploaded the promotional trailer for Game Theory , and four days later , he uploaded the first episode , explaining the scientific accuracy of the time travel of the SNES game Chrono Trigger . He currently resides in Los Angeles , California with his wife Stephanie Cordato . Career ( edit ) The Game Theorists ( edit ) Patrick first created a YouTube account under the name `` MatthewPatrick13 '' in 2009 . He uploaded numerous videos of his performances and auditions for musical theatre , including one where he sang `` It Takes Two '' from the musical Hairspray . The first video he put a lot of time to edit was a video he used to propose to his now wife , Stephanie . On April 18 , 2011 , he uploaded the first episode of his new show , Game Theory , where he discusses the relationship between reality and gaming in terms of science , math and culture . Inspired by the YouTube series Extra Credits episode Tangential Learning ( March 23 , 2011 ) he created Game Theory with the goal of creating `` gaming 's tangential learning experience '' to show his abilities to companies that might watch his channel . He frequently uploads episodes covering Nintendo characters , as well as popular games such as Minecraft , Five Nights at Freddy 's , Call of Duty and Pokémon , as well as numerous other games . Early on in the show 's history , MatPat was interviewed by Ronnie Edwards , host of his Internet show Random Encounters . After this meeting , Ronnie accepted MatPat 's offer to be Game Theory 's main editor . Before this , MatPat was the sole editor of the show . The first episode of Game Theory that Ronnie edited was How Much is Minecraft Diamond Armor Worth ? He occasionally uploads videos commenting on the gaming market , as well as on other matters that he deems noteworthy . He gained subscribers and his videos were being posted on the front pages of sites such as ScrewAttack and GameTrailers . Game Theory has become known for Patrick 's educational , consistent and in - depth approach to game analysis . During the course of its life , The Game Theorists has hosted numerous spin - offs and separate shows . Some of the shows are only partly on The Game Theorists and consist of more episodes on the creators ' channels . Game Exchange ( July 5 , 2012 -- June 7 , 2014 on The Game Theorists , still on Gaijin Goombah ) is a show by Michael Sundman where he talks in a high - pitched voice as a Goomba character named Gaijin Goombah about gaming in relation to various international cultures . The version on The Game Theorists has since been replaced permanently with Culture Shock which started on April 10 , 2014 as a show very similar in style and content . Starting in 2016 , his real voice was used in The Game Theorists version . Digressing and Sidequesting ( December 26 , 2011 -- ) is a show hosted by Ronnie Edwards which focuses on game design . It started on the YouTube channel DigressingNSQ and moved to The Game Theorists on August 30 , 2012 . Crossover ( December 28 , 2013 -- September 9 , 2014 ) was a show hosted by Drake McWhorter and Ken Landefeld which proved that two gaming characters or series exist within the same universe . In February 2016 , the script for a relaunch was finalised . In August 2016 , McWhorter tweeted that the first episode of the second season has already been done and they were waiting for the official approval . In June 2016 , they announced that they had n't received any response and that the project was in limbo . In August 2017 , Landefeld tweeted that `` MatPat did n't pick up the season 2 pilot of Crossover so ( they ) ended it there '' . Smash History ( August 26 , 2014 -- July 23 , 2016 ) was a show by Drake McWhorter that focused on the development and content of Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U . According to McWhorter , the show was cancelled because `` it 's not as high quality , the Smash hype is dead , and it 's not an educational show . '' In early November 2016 all episodes were made private and McWhorter himself did not know the reason for this . Because of this , he started to upload the series on his channel Trailer Drake on November 9 , 2016 . A Brief History ( February 4 , 2013 -- August 24 , 2017 on The Game Theorists , still on FootofaFerret ) is a show hosted by Ryder Burgin that covers the entire development of a game series in a very fast - spoken manner . It started on the YouTube channel FootofaFerret and partly moved to The Game Theorists on April 20 , 2015 . In the episode of August 24 , 2017 , Burgin announced that that episode would be the last episode on The Game Theorists and the series would fully move back to FootofaFerret . DeadLock ( February 17 , 2015 -- ) is a show by Matthew Patrick that pits two video game concepts against each other to show their flaws and strengths . Each episode usually features Patrick and another member of The Game Theorists debating these concepts . Two special episodes feature Patrick debating against Nintendo of America 's own Reggie Fils - Aimé . The first one was released on June 25 , 2016 with them debating on the grounds of motion controls versus traditional controls in The Legend of Zelda series and the second one was released on January 28 , 2017 with them debating if Nintendo should continue making consoles . As of July 29 , 2017 , there are nine episodes of the show . Break Down ( December 25 , 2015 -- ) is a show by Forrest Lee ( tehFurst ) which similarly to A Brief History talks about the development of a video game series . The SCIENCE ! ( January 29 , 2016 -- ) is a show by Austin Hourigan which picks video games apart with science and logic . It started on the YouTube channel ShoddyCast , the first video on The Game Theorists was uploaded on December 21 , 2016 . The Game Theorists reached one million subscribers on December 17 , 2013 . On October 1 , 2013 , a re-mastered version of the first episode of the Newgrounds show TOME : Terrain of Magical Expertise by Chris Niosi ( Kirbopher ) was uploaded to the channel to generate more attention for the series and give it more exposure . On October 31 , 2013 , the second episode featuring JonTron was uploaded . According to Niosi , the episodes were uploaded to the channel and he was given a cut of the revenue each month because he was n't able to earn money from Google AdSense on his YouTube channel . Within two months , the show was pulled from the channel and the episodes were removed . Niosi stated that the reason behind this was because it did n't perform as well as projected within the first two episodes . In February 2017 , Patrick stated in a GTLive episode that `` YouTube would n't let ( the video ) be monetized because ( ... ) ' someone else owns this video ' . ( ... ) It also deviated far too much from what we did because it ( ... ) had nothing to do with education and gaming . '' Viewer demographics ( edit ) In the GTLive episode of August 29 , 2017 , responding to allegations of The Game Theorists being watched mainly by younger viewers , The Game Theorists revealed their viewership at that time to mainly consist of people between the age of 18 and 34 . According to the data , 78 percent of his viewers are male , while 22 percent are female . Shown data from a one - month period leading up to the livestream is as follows : Age class Male Female Total 13 -- 17 years 9.9 % 3.7 % 13.6 % 18 -- 24 years 27 % 8.2 % 35.2 % 25 -- 34 years 25 % 5.1 % 30.1 % 35 -- 44 years 9.4 % 3.1 % 12.5 % 45 -- 54 years 4.5 % 1.6 % 6.1 % 55 -- 64 years 0.8 % 0.3 % 1.1 % 65 + years 1.3 % 0.3 % 1.4 % All ~ 78 % ~ 22 % 100 % The Film Theorists ( edit ) On May 12 , 2014 , Patrick created a second channel called The Film Theorists where he debuted his second show , Film Theory . The first video was uploaded on June 2 , 2015 , focusing on the science of the TV series Doctor Who . Film Theory follows the same formula as Game Theory , but in relation to films and series as well as the film industry instead of gaming . Within a month following the first episode , The Film Theorists reached one million subscribers . Like The Game Theorists , The Film Theorists is a host of spin - off shows . Did You Know Movies ? ( June 2 , 2015 -- ) is a spin - off of the popular video game - based blog Did You Know Gaming ? . Frame by Frame ( June 9 , 2015 -- 2017 ) by Kyle Adams of YouTube channel PwnageShow is a show analyzing film techniques . As of August 26 , 2017 , only one episode is still available on the channel . The latest episode called `` How Spielberg Makes the Cut ! ... A Guide to Scene Transitions '' was uploaded on July 25 , 2017 . Film Legends ( February 18 , 2017 -- ) by the creators of the YouTube channel Wisecrack is a show hosted by Jacob Salamon evaluating a movie in different categories in order to rank it and thus finding the best movie of all time . Film Theory has covered episodes on franchises like Star Wars , Marvel Studios , Harry Potter , Doctor Who , and even the 2016 United States presidential election . MatPat 's Game Lab ( edit ) Main article : MatPat 's Game Lab On June 8 , 2016 , Patrick posted via his YouTube channel his new show , MatPat 's Game Lab , on Google 's paid subscription service , YouTube Red . The show mainly focuses on placing video game players in real life scenarios mimicking scenarios that occur in video games , such as bomb defusing , parkour , and military training . GTLive ( edit ) Patrick started a Let 's Play series called GTLive on August 26 , 2015 where he streams mostly gameplay with his wife Stephanie and then uploads it to the GTLive archive channel he created on September 14 , 2015 . Streams are usually conducted at 4 pm PST . Regular guest appearances on the streams include Jason , the producer of GTLive , the co-producer Chris , who became part of the streams after standing in for Jason during his wedding , the Patricks ' cat Skip , also known as `` CatPat , '' Peepachu , a cushion in the form of a yellow , rabbit - shaped Peep and a llama plushie , referred to as `` Drama Llama '' . Repeated themes of this livestream include `` Mario Maker Wednesday '' ( abbr . `` MMW '' ) , `` Motion - Control Thursday '' and `` Scary Games Friday '' ( abbr . `` TGISGF '' for `` Thank Goodness It 's Scary Games Friday '' ) , also occasionally known as `` Spoopy Games Friday '' . A common feature is the ' clap - and - a-half ' which Patrick reclaimed from his seventh grade Social Studies teacher . On one live stream , they used Verizon 's in - game Minecraft smartphone for ordering pizza as well as taking `` the worlds largest ( in - game ) selfie '' . Starting on October 3 , 2016 , the Monday streams became part of YouTube Gaming Primetime and are therefore scheduled for 3 pm to 5 pm PST . It also includes a voting mechanism , which can be used by Patrick to conduct quick polls . As of 2016 , GTLive streams five days per week on average , garnering roughly 80,000 to 110,000 total viewers for each stream . On April 3 , 2017 , Patrick announced that the show would go on a brief hiatus until April 25 , 2017 , due to VidCon Europe and scouting different filming locations . Due to VidCon Australia , the show was again paused on September 4 , 2017 and is scheduled to return on September 25 , 2017 . Theorist Media ( edit ) Patrick is the Founder and President of Theorist Media , a digital media production and consulting company . He co-owns Theorist Media with his spouse , Stephanie . Collaborations ( edit ) Patrick has collaborated with numerous channels , featuring them as guests on his own shows , or being featured himself . He has done numerous voice - over work for video game - based blog Did You Know Gaming ? , covering episodes on Portal , Super Mario , and Five Nights at Freddy 's . He often shouts out the Wisecrack channel at the end of videos of Film Theory . Patrick has also played in Random Encounters ' FNAF : The Musical , and voiced Bendy in Bendy and the Ink Musical from the same channel . He also has collaborated with Petcentric by Purina in the Pet - U-Cation videos . Patrick has also worked with plenty of clients , including Samsung , Warner Bros. , Ubisoft , Defy Media , and YouTube . Numerous internet personalities have done voice - over work for Patrick 's numerous shows , such as Austin Hargrave ( PeanutButterGamer ) and Jonathan Jafari , as well as Arin Hanson ( Egoraptor ) and Dan Avidan ( Ninja Sex Party ) of the web series Game Grumps . In the popular web series Death Battle by ScrewAttack , Patrick voiced Keith Kogane from the Voltron franchise in the `` Power Rangers vs Voltron '' episode . Patrick will voice Computron in the Transformers : Titans Return animated series . Personal life ( edit ) Patrick is married to Stephanie Cordato , whom he met while at Duke University . The two became close after creating a Legend of Zelda parody called The Epic of Stew . The couple married on May 19 , 2012 in North Carolina . The couple owns a cat named Skip , who occasionally makes appearances in livestreams and is also known as ' CatPat ' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Award Result 2015 Streamy Awards The Game Theorists Gaming Nominated The Game Theorists , Ronnie Edwards , Forrest Lee Black , and Ryder Burgin Editing Nominated 2016 Streamy Awards The Game Theorists Show of the Year Nominated Gaming Won MatPat 's Game Lab Non-Fiction Nominated Virtual Reality and 360 Won Shorty Awards The Game Theorists Tech and Innovation : Gaming Nominated 2017 Shorty Awards MatPat Tech and Innovation : Gaming Nominated See also ( edit ) List of YouTube personalities The Runner ( 2016 reality series ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roster of Long Haul Management Clients & Partners Jump up ^ The Game Theorists , Socialblade . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Just got ordained to officiate Jason 's wedding . But I can do house blessings and funerals too ! I 'M A ONE - STOP SHOP ! # PastorPat '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Game Theorists ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) , GTLive : SHE LOVES ME NOT ? ! Emily is Away Too ( Part 4 ) , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 , If you spell your name Matt , it 's M-A-T-T , not M-A-T . Not like ' doormat ' . Jump up ^ `` Ben Affleck & Matt Damon 's Interactive Series , The Runner , Gets Trailer '' . People.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Game Theorists ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) , Draw My Life - Game Theory , MatPat , and YOU ! , retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Matthew Patrick Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief History Of The Game Theorists '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Five Nights At Freddy 's ' Theorist MatPat Claims To Solve Scott Cawthon 's Lore , Video Incoming '' . Design & Trend . 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' Five Nights At Freddy 's 4 ' Story Theories : Why Scott 's Child Character Is Truly Golden Freddy '' . Design & Trend . 2015 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ FootofaFerret ( August 3 , 2014 ) , A Brief History Of The Game Theorists , retrieved October 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Game Theory : YouTube Is Broken , Even For PewDiePie - New Media Rockstars '' . New Media Rockstars. 2014 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` AngryJoe Drives a Tank ! -- ( War Thunder Event ) '' . The Angry Joe Show . 2014 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Drake McWhorter '' . Twitter . 2016 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . We finalized the script for the re-launch of Crossover . Here 's a taste ! :D Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Drake McWhorter '' . Twitter . 2016 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . The first episode of Crossover season 2 has been done for a while . We 're just waiting to hear if it 's official back . Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Ken Landefeld '' . Twitter . 2016 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . To be perfectly honest , Crossover 's in limbo . We finished the first episode , sent it off , and never heard back. :-( Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Ken Landefeld '' . Twitter . 2017 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . MatPat did n't pick up the season 2 pilot of Crossover so we ended it there . Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Drake McWhorter '' . Twitter . 2016 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Smash History does n't belong on Game Theory . It 's not as high quality , the Smash hype is dead , and it 's not an educational show . `` Tweet by Drake McWhorter '' . Twitter . 2016 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . It 's not self deprecation . It 's literally why the show was canceled . I am explaining the situation . Jump up ^ McWhorter , Drake ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Smash History : Mario & Dr. Mario - Trailer Drake '' . Yes , this is a reupload . I am putting the old Smash Histories onto my channel while we figure out why they were taken off of the Game Theorists . Jump up ^ `` SERIES PREMIERE : TOME Promo and Episode 1 '' . YouTube . The Game Theorists. 2013 - 10 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Post by MatPat '' . Facebook . 2013 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . ( ... ) today we premiere a web series that deserves much more attention than it has received up until now : TOME . Jump up ^ `` Post by Kirbopher '' . Tumblr. 2013 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Chris Niosi '' . Twitter . 2013 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . TOME Episode 02 : Mansion Midnight is now live on the Game Theorist YouTube channel ! Jump up ^ `` TOME : Mansion Midnight ( ft . JonTron ) '' . YouTube . The Game Theorists. 2013 - 10 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Updates ' n Vlogs + New TOME stuff COMING SOON ! '' . Newgrounds . Kirbopher. 2013 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . I have n't been able to get google adsense to work on my YouTube channel for well over a year . The `` experiment '' was MatPat would be uploading TOME episodes and shorts to their channel as a new show ( since they have 3 shows on the GT channel ) and giving me a cut of the revenue each month . However , the show did n't perform as well as we were hoping within the first two episodes , so it was ultimately decided to pull it from their channel . Jump up ^ `` TOME now on Game Theorist YT & Progress Report '' . Newgrounds . Kirbopher. 2013 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . MatPat and the Game Theorist crew reached out to me , as fans of the show , and wanted to give it more exposure . So , they 've graciously invited me to be part of their channel and help TOME reach a bigger audience than before . Jump up ^ The Game Theorists ( 3 February 2017 ) . GTLive : Our PlayDate From HELL ! Emily Wants to Play . The Game Theorists . YouTube . Event occurs at 55 : 53 . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ The Game Theorists ( August 29 , 2017 ) . GTLive : MATPAT REACTS to YOUTUBERS REACT to GAME THEORY ! . The Game Theorists ( Internet video ) . YouTube . Event occurs at 0 : 55 : 37 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Film Theory : Can a Doctor Who Doctor ACTUALLY EXIST ? ( pt. 1 , Biology ) on YouTube Jump up ^ `` MatPat Theorizes How He Hit 1MM Subscribers In A Month On His Film Theorists Channel ( INTERVIEW ) - New Media Rockstars '' . New Media Rockstars. 2015 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Ian M . `` This Professional Theorist Proves Luke Skywalker Has Joined The Dark Side ! ? '' . moviepilot.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` This video gives logical reasoning why Batman can totally win against Superman ( spoiler alert ) '' . The Indian Express . 2016 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Teases ' Red ' Series From CollegeHumor , The Game Theorists , Joey Graceffa In Latest Trailer '' . Tubefilter. 2016 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Red gives Game Theorists star MatPat a science - meets - video games show '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Game Theorists ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) , NEW SHOW ! Get Ready for Game Lab ! , retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 Jump up ^ GT Live : FNAF Chat with MatPat ! on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Take Selfies and Order Pizza in Minecraft With Verizon 's In - Game Smartphone - Interactive ( video ) - Creativity Online '' . creativity-online.com . Jump up ^ http://www.megaphonetv.com/news-list/2016/9/30/youtube-launches-primetime-gaming-lineup-with-interactive-technology-from-megaphone-tv Jump up ^ GTLive : THE FINAL EPISODE Reacting to My Old Videos ! on YouTube Jump up ^ GTLive : CHLOE , GET GOOD ! Life is Strange : Before the Storm ( Part 2 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ http://collider.com/transformers-titans-return-peter-cullen-optimus-prime/ Jump up ^ `` Stephanie & Matthew 's Wedding Website '' . cordatopatrick.ourwedding.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . External links ( edit ) MatPat on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MatPat&oldid=800861130 '' Categories : 1986 births American male video game actors American YouTubers Duke University alumni Gaming YouTubers Living people Male YouTubers People from Medina , Ohio Streamy Award winners Video game commentators Video game critics Web series producers Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from February 2017 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 03 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did clap and a half come from	[ "Patrick started a Let's Play series called GTLive on August 26, 2015[36] where he streams mostly gameplay with his wife Stephanie and then uploads it to the GTLive archive channel he created on September 14, 2015. Streams are usually conducted at 4 pm PST. Regular guest appearances on the streams include Jason, the producer of GTLive, the co-producer Chris, who became part of the streams after standing in for Jason during his wedding, the Patricks' cat Skip, also known as “CatPat,” Peepachu, a cushion in the form of a yellow, rabbit-shaped Peep and a llama plushie, referred to as \"Drama Llama\". Repeated themes of this livestream include \"Mario Maker Wednesday\" (abbr. “MMW”), \"Motion-Control Thursday\" and \"Scary Games Friday\" (abbr. “TGISGF” for “Thank Goodness It's Scary Games Friday”), also occasionally known as \"Spoopy Games Friday\". A common feature is the 'clap-and-a-half' which Patrick reclaimed from his seventh grade Social Studies teacher. On one live stream, they used Verizon's in-game Minecraft smartphone for ordering pizza as well as taking \"the worlds largest [in-game] selfie\".[37]" ]	[ "Patrick reclaimed from his seventh grade Social Studies teacher" ]
-6483522644232527058	Hard bop	Hard bop - wikipedia Hard bop Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the jazz style . For the album by Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers , see Hard Bop ( album ) . Hard bop Stylistic origins Jazz blues bebop rhythm and blues gospel music Cultural origins 1950s Typical instruments Piano saxophone trumpet trombone double bass drums Hammond organ guitar Other topics List of hard bop musicians Hard bop is a subgenre of jazz that is an extension of bebop ( or `` bop '' ) music . Journalists and record companies began using the term in the mid-1950s to describe a new current within jazz which incorporated influences from rhythm and blues , gospel music , and blues , especially in saxophone and piano playing . David H. Rosenthal contends in his book Hard Bop that the genre is , to a large degree , the natural creation of a generation of African - American musicians who grew up at a time when bop and rhythm and blues were the dominant forms of black American music . Prominent hard bop musicians included Horace Silver , Clifford Brown , Charles Mingus , Art Blakey , Cannonball Adderley , Miles Davis , John Coltrane , Thelonious Monk and Tadd Dameron . Hard bop is sometimes referred to as `` funky hard bop . '' The `` funky '' label refers to the rollicking , rhythmic feeling associated with the style . The descriptor is also used to describe soul jazz , which is commonly associated with hard bop . According to Mark C. Gridley , soul jazz more specifically refers to music with `` an earthy , bluesy melodic concept and ... repetitive , dance - like rhythms ... Note that some listeners make no distinction between ' soul - jazz ' and ' funky hard bop , ' and many musicians do n't consider ' soul - jazz ' to be continuous with ' hard bop . ' '' The term `` soul '' suggests the church , and traditional gospel music elements such as `` amen chords '' ( the plagal cadence ) and triadic harmonies that seemed to suddenly appear in jazz during the era . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Noteworthy performances 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) According to Nat Hentoff in his 1957 liner notes for the Art Blakey Columbia LP entitled Hard Bop , the phrase was originated by music critic and pianist John Mehegan , jazz reviewer of the New York Herald Tribune at that time . Hard bop first developed in the mid-1950s , and is generally seen as originating with The Jazz Messengers , a quartet led by pianist Horace Silver and drummer Art Blakey . Some saw hard bop as a response to cool jazz and West Coast jazz . As Paul Tanner , Maurice Gerow , and David Megill explain , `` the hard bop school ... saw the new instrumentation and compositional devices used by cool musicians as gimmicks rather than valid developments of the jazz tradition . '' However , Shelly Manne suggested that cool jazz and hard bop simply reflected their respective geographic environments : the relaxed cool jazz style reflected a more relaxed lifestyle in California , while driving bop typified the New York scene . Some writers , such as James Lincoln Collier , suggest that the style was an attempt to recapture jazz as a form of African American expression . Whether or not this was the intent , many musicians quickly adopted the style , regardless of race . Michael Cuscuna maintains that Silver and Blakey 's efforts were in response to the New York bebop scene : Both Art and Horace were very , very aware of what they wanted to do . They wanted to get away from the jazz scene of the early ' 50s , which was the Birdland scene -- you hire Phil Woods or Charlie Parker or J.J. Johnson , they come and sit in with the house rhythm section , and they only play blues and standards that everybody knows . There 's no rehearsal , there 's no thought given to the audience . Both Horace and Art knew that the only way to get the jazz audience back and make it bigger than ever was to really make music that was memorable and planned , where you consider the audience and keep everything short . They really liked digging into blues and gospel , things with universal appeal . So they put together what was to be called the Jazz Messengers . David Rosenthal sees the development of hard bop as a response to both a decline in bebop and the rise of rhythm and blues : The early fifties saw an extremely dynamic rhythm - and - blues scene take shape ... This music , and not cool jazz , was what chronologically separated bebop and hard bop in ghettos . Young jazz musicians , of course , enjoyed and listened to these R & B sounds which , among other things , began the amalgam of blues and gospel that would later be dubbed ' soul music . ' And it is in this vigorously creative black pop music , at a time when bebop seemed to have lost both its direction and its audience , that some of hard bop 's roots may be found . A key recording in the early development of hard bop was Silver 's composition `` The Preacher '' , which was considered `` old - timey '' or `` corny '' , such that Blue Note head Alfred Lion was hesitant to record the song . However , the song became a successful hit . Miles Davis , who had performed the title track of his album Walkin ' at the inaugural Newport Jazz Festival in 1954 , would form the Miles Davis Quintet with John Coltrane in 1955 , becoming prominent in hard bop before moving on to other styles . Other early documents were the two volumes of the Blue Note albums A Night at Birdland , also from 1954 , recorded by the Jazz Messengers at Birdland months before the Davis set at Newport . Clifford Brown , the trumpeter on the Birdland albums , formed the Brown - Roach Quintet with drummer Max Roach . Other musicians who contributed prominently to the hard bop style include Donald Byrd , Sonny Clark , Lou Donaldson , Kenny Drew , Benny Golson , Dexter Gordon , Johnny Griffin , Joe Henderson , Freddie Hubbard , Jackie McLean , Blue Mitchell , Hank Mobley , Thelonious Monk , Lee Morgan , Carl Perkins ( pianist ) , Bud Powell , Sonny Rollins , and Sonny Stitt . The hard bop style enjoyed its greatest popularity in the 1950s and 1960s , but hard bop performers and elements of the music remain popular in jazz . Noteworthy performances ( edit ) A Night at Birdland ( Vols. 1 , 2 , 3 ) , Art Blakey 1954 Walkin ' , Miles Davis 1954 Horace Silver and the Jazz Messengers , Horace Silver & the Jazz Messengers 1955 Saxophone Colossus , Sonny Rollins 1956 Blue Train , John Coltrane 1957 Blowing in from Chicago , Clifford Jordan and John Gilmore 1957 Moanin ' , Art Blakey & the Jazz Messengers 1958 Somethin ' Else , Cannonball Adderley 1958 Finger Poppin ' , Horace Silver 1959 Work Song , Nat Adderley 1960 Soul Station , Hank Mobley 1960 Genius + Soul = Jazz , Ray Charles 1961 Ready for Freddie , Freddie Hubbard 1961 Page One , Joe Henderson 1963 Maiden Voyage , Herbie Hancock 1966 See also ( edit ) Jazz portal List of hard bop musicians References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gridley , Mark C. ( 1994 ) , Ron Wynn , ed. , All Music Guide to Jazz , M. Erlewine , V. Bogdanov , San Francisco : Miller Freeman , pp. 11 -- 12 , ISBN 0 - 87930 - 308 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , David H. ( 1992 ) , Hard Bop : Jazz and Black Music 1955 - 1965 , New York : Oxford Univ. , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505869 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Tanner , Paul O.W. ; Maurice Gerow ; David W. Megill ( 1988 ) ( 1964 ) . `` Hard Bop -- Funky '' . Jazz ( 6th ed . ) . Dubuque , IA : William C. Brown , College Division . pp. 112 -- 121 . ISBN 0 - 697 - 03663 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Case , Brian ( 2006 ) ( 1997 ) , `` The Harder They Come '' , in Roy Carr , A Century of Jazz : A Hundred Years of the Greatest Music Ever Made , London : Hamlyn , pp. 106 -- 121 , ISBN 0 - 681 - 03179 - 4 Jump up ^ Manne , Shelly . `` Jazz : American Classic '' ( Interview : video ) . Interview with Reginald Buckner . Cited in Tanner et al , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Collier , James Lincoln ( 1978 ) , The Making of Jazz , New York : Dell , pp. 435 -- 453 . Cited in Tanner et al , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Schaffer , Dean ( 2010 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Secrets of the Blue Note Vault : Michael Cuscuna on Monk , Blakey , and the One That Got Away '' . Collectors Weekly . Market Street Media LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 11 . ( hide ) Jazz General topics Outline of jazz `` Jazz '' Jazz band Big band Improvisation Jam session Scat singing Swing performance Jazz bass Jazz drumming Jazz guitar Jazz piano Jazz violin Vocal jazz Women in jazz Genres Acid jazz Avant - garde jazz Azerbaijani jazz Jazz mugham Bebop Bossa nova Cape jazz Chamber jazz Cool jazz Crossover jazz Dixieland Folk jazz Free jazz European free jazz Free funk Free improvisation Gypsy jazz Hard bop Indo jazz Jazz blues Jazz - funk Jazz fusion Jazz rap Kansas City jazz Latin jazz Afro - Cuban jazz M - Base Mainstream jazz Modal jazz Neo-bop jazz Nu jazz Orchestral jazz Organ trio Post-bop Progressive jazz Punk jazz Ska jazz Smooth jazz Soul jazz Stride Swing Neo-swing Third stream Trad jazz West Coast jazz Yass Musicians Bassists Clarinetists Drummers Guitarists Organists Percussionists Pianists Saxophonists Trombonists Trumpeters Vibraphonists Violinists Vocalists Musicians by genre Bebop Chamber jazz Cool jazz & West Coast jazz Hard bop Jazz blues Jazz fusion Scat Smooth jazz Soul jazz Swing Standards Pre-1920 1920s 1930s 1940s post-1950 Discographies Bethlehem Blue Note BYG Actuel Cobblestone Contemporary CTI ECM ESP - Disk Flying Dutchman Freedom Groove Merchant Impulse ! 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3754557963124746077	United Nations peacekeeping	United Nations peacekeeping - Wikipedia United Nations peacekeeping Jump to : navigation , search United Nation Peacekeeping UNPK logo Founded 1948 Website United Nations Peacekeeping Leadership Under - Secretary - General for Peacekeeping Operations Jean - Pierre Lacroix Manpower Active personnel 90,905 uniformed , 111,512 total Expenditures Budget $7.9 billion Related articles History United Nations peacekeeping missions Peacekeeping by the United Nations is a role held by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations as `` a unique and dynamic instrument developed by the organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict to create the conditions for lasting peace . '' It is distinguished from peacebuilding , peacemaking , and peace enforcement although the United Nations does acknowledge that all activities are `` mutually reinforcing '' and that overlap between them is frequent in practice . Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they may have signed . Such assistance comes in many forms , including confidence - building measures , power - sharing arrangements , electoral support , strengthening the rule of law , and economic and social development . Accordingly , UN peacekeepers ( often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets ) can include soldiers , police officers , and civilian personnel . The United Nations Charter gives the United Nations Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security . For this reason , the international community usually looks to the Security Council to authorize peacekeeping operations through Chapter VII authorizations . Most of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself , with troops serving under UN operational control . In these cases , peacekeepers remain members of their respective armed forces , and do not constitute an independent `` UN army , '' as the UN does not have such a force . In cases where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible , the Council authorizes regional organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , the Economic Community of West African States , or coalitions of willing countries to undertake peacekeeping or peace - enforcement tasks . Mr. Jean - Pierre Lacroix is the Head of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations . He took over from the former Under - Secretary - General Mr. Hérve Ladsous on 1 April 2017 . DPKO 's highest level doctrine document , entitled `` United Nations Peacekeeping Operations : Principles and Guidelines '' was issued in 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Process and structure 2 Formation 2.1 Financing 2.2 Structure 3 History 3.1 Cold War peacekeeping 3.2 Since 1991 4 Participation 5 Results 6 Crimes by peacekeepers 6.1 Peacekeeping , human trafficking , and forced prostitution 6.2 Human rights violations in United Nations missions 7 Proposed reform 7.1 Brahimi analysis 7.2 Rapid reaction force 7.3 Restructuring of the UN secretariat 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Process and structure ( edit ) In 2007 , a peacekeeper volunteer was required to be over the age of 25 with no maximum age limit . Peacekeeping forces are contributed by member states on a voluntary basis . As of 31 December 2013 , the total size of the peacekeeping force is 98,200 police , troops , and military experts . European nations contribute nearly 6,000 units to this total . Pakistan , India , and Bangladesh are among the largest individual contributors with around 8,000 units each . African nations contributed nearly half the total , almost 44,000 units . Every peacekeeping mission is authorized by the Security Council . Formation ( edit ) Guard of Honor during UN Medal Awarding Parade at Bunia , Orientale . Republique democratique du Congo by Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force A multinational UN battalion at the 2008 Bastille Day military parade Once a peace treaty has been negotiated , the parties involved might ask the United Nations for a peacekeeping force to oversee various elements of the agreed upon plan . This is often done because a group controlled by the United Nations is less likely to follow the interests of any one party , since it itself is controlled by many groups , namely the 15 - member Security Council and the intentionally diverse United Nations Secretariat . If the Security Council approves the creation of a mission , then the Department of Peacekeeping Operations begins planning for the necessary elements . At this point , the senior leadership team is selected . The department will then seek contributions from member nations . Since the UN has no standing force or supplies , it must form ad hoc coalitions for every task undertaken . Doing so results in both the possibility of failure to form a suitable force , and a general slowdown in procurement once the operation is in the field . Romeo Dallaire , force commander in Rwanda during the Rwandan Genocide there , described the problems this poses by comparison to more traditional military deployments : He told me the UN was a `` pull '' system , not a `` push '' system like I had been used to with NATO , because the UN had absolutely no pool of resources to draw on . You had to make a request for everything you needed , and then you had to wait while that request was analyzed ... For instance , soldiers everywhere have to eat and drink . In a push system , food and water for the number of soldiers deployed is automatically supplied . In a pull system , you have to ask for those rations , and no common sense seems to ever apply . -- ( Shake Hands With the Devil , Dallaire , pp. 99 -- 100 ) While the peacekeeping force is being assembled , a variety of diplomatic activities are being undertaken by UN staff . The exact size and strength of the force must be agreed to by the government of the nation whose territory the conflict is on . The Rules of Engagement must be developed and approved by both the parties involved and the Security Council . These give the specific mandate and scope of the mission ( e.g. when may the peacekeepers , if armed , use force , and where may they go within the host nation ) . Often , it will be mandated that peacekeepers have host government minders with them whenever they leave their base . This complexity has caused problems in the field . When all agreements are in place , the required personnel are assembled , and final approval has been given by the Security Council , the peacekeepers are deployed to the region in question . Financing ( edit ) Australian peacekeepers in East Timor The financial resources of UN Peacekeeping operations are the collective responsibility of UN Member States . Decisions about the establishment , maintenance or expansion of peacekeeping operations are taken by the Security Council . According to UN Charter every Member State is legally obligated to pay their respective share for peacekeeping . Peacekeeping expenses are divided by the General Assembly based upon a formula established by Member States which takes into account the relative economic wealth of Member States among other things . In 2017 , the UN agreed to reduce the peacekeeping budget by $600 million after the US initially proposed a larger cut of approximately $900 million . Year Funding sources by country / source Description Total 2015 - 2016 $8.3 bn 2016 - 2017 US 28.57 % China 10.29 % Japan 9.68 % Germany 6.39 % France 6.31 % United Kingdom 5.80 % Russian Federation 4.01 % Italy 3.75 % Canada 2.92 % Spain 2.44 % Less than 0.5 % of world military expenditures ( estimated at $1,747 billion in 2013 ) . The resources financed 14 of the 16 United Nations peacekeeping missions with the two remaining ones getting financed through the UN regular budget . Many countries have also voluntarily made additional resources available to support UN Peacekeeping efforts such as by transportation , supplies , personnel and financial contributions beyond their assessed share of peacekeeping costs . $7.87 bn 2017 - 2018 While many have praised the Ivory Coast UN peacekeeping mission 's stabilizing effects on the country , the mission was ended on 30 June 2017 . $7.3 bn Structure ( edit ) A United Nations peacekeeping mission has three power centers . The first is the Special Representative of the Secretary - General , the official leader of the mission . This person is responsible for all political and diplomatic activity , overseeing relations with both the parties to the peace treaty and the UN member - states in general . They are often a senior member of the Secretariat . The second is the Force Commander , who is responsible for the military forces deployed . They are a senior officer of their nation 's armed services , and are often from the nation committing the highest number of troops to the project . Finally , the Chief Administrative Officer oversees supplies and logistics , and coordinates the procurement of any supplies needed . History ( edit ) Main article : History of United Nations peacekeeping Cold War peacekeeping ( edit ) Peacekeepers ' Panhard armoured car in the Musée des Blindés , Saumur , France . These vehicles have served with the UN since the inception of UNFICYP . A Pakistani UNOSOM armed convoy making the rounds in Mogadishu . United Nations peacekeeping was initially developed during the Cold War as a means of resolving conflicts between states by deploying unarmed or lightly armed military personnel from a number of countries , under UN command , to areas where warring parties were in need of a neutral party to observe the peace process . Peacekeepers could be called in when the major international powers ( the five permanent members of the Security Council ) tasked the UN with bringing closure to conflicts threatening regional stability and international peace and security . These included a number of so - called `` proxy wars '' waged by client states of the superpowers . As of February 2009 , there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations since 1948 , with sixteen operations ongoing . Suggestions for new missions arise every year . The first peacekeeping mission was launched in 1948 . This mission , the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ( UNTSO ) , was sent to the newly created State of Israel , where a conflict between the Israelis and the Arab states over the creation of Israel had just reached a ceasefire . The UNTSO remains in operation to this day , although the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict has certainly not abated . Almost a year later , the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan ( UNMOGIP ) was authorized to monitor relations between the two nations , which were split off from each other following the United Kingdom 's decolonization of the Indian subcontinent . As the Korean War ended with the Korean Armistice Agreement in 1953 , UN forces remained along the south side of demilitarized zone until 1967 , when American and South Korean forces took over . Returning its attention to the conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors , the United Nations responded to Suez Crisis of 1956 , a war between the alliance of the United Kingdom , France , and Israel , and Egypt , which was supported by other Arab nations . When a ceasefire was declared in 1957 , Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs ( and future Prime Minister ) Lester Bowles Pearson suggested that the United Nations station a peacekeeping force in the Suez in order to ensure that the ceasefire was honored by both sides . Pearson had initially suggested that the force consist of mainly Canadian soldiers , but the Egyptians were suspicious of having a Commonwealth nation defend them against the United Kingdom and her allies . In the end , a wide variety of national forces were drawn upon to ensure national diversity . Pearson would win the Nobel Peace Prize for this work , and he is today considered a father of modern peacekeeping . In 1988 , the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the United Nations peacekeeping forces . The press release stated that the forces `` represent the manifest will of the community of nations '' and have `` made a decisive contribution '' to the resolution of conflict around the world . Since 1991 ( edit ) Norwegian Peacekeeper during the Siege of Sarajevo , 1992 - 1993 . Indian soldiers patrol under UN mission in Congo , Africa Indian Army doctors attend to a child in Congo The end of the Cold War precipitated a dramatic shift in UN and multilateral peacekeeping . In a new spirit of cooperation , the Security Council established larger and more complex UN peacekeeping missions , often to help implement comprehensive peace agreements between belligerents in intra-State conflicts and civil wars . Furthermore , peacekeeping came to involve more and more non-military elements that ensured the proper functioning of civic functions , such as elections . The UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations was created in 1992 to support this increased demand for such missions . By and large , the new operations were successful . In El Salvador and Mozambique , for example , peacekeeping provided ways to achieve self - sustaining peace . Some efforts failed , perhaps as the result of an overly optimistic assessment of what UN peacekeeping could accomplish . While complex missions in Cambodia and Mozambique were ongoing , the Security Council dispatched peacekeepers to conflict zones like Somalia , where neither ceasefires nor the consent of all the parties in conflict had been secured . These operations did not have the manpower , nor were they supported by the required political will , to implement their mandates . The failures -- most notably the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the 1995 massacre in Srebrenica and Bosnia and Herzegovina -- led to a period of retrenchment and self - examination in UN peacekeeping . That period led , in part , to the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission , which works to implement stable peace through some of the same civic functions that peacekeepers also work on , such as elections . The Commission currently works with six countries , all in Africa . Participation ( edit ) Alpine Helicopters contract Bell 212 on UN peacekeeping duty in Guatemala , 1998 . San Martin Camp in Cyprus . The Argentine contingent includes troops from other Latin American countries . Indian Army T - 72 tanks with UN markings as part of Operation CONTINUE HOPE . The UN Charter stipulates that to assist in maintaining peace and security around the world , all member states of the UN should make available to the Security Council necessary armed forces and facilities . Since 1948 , close to 130 nations have contributed military and civilian police personnel to peace operations . While detailed records of all personnel who have served in peacekeeping missions since 1948 are not available , it is estimated that up to one million soldiers , police officers and civilians have served under the UN flag in the last 56 years . As of June 2013 , 114 countries were contributing a total 91,216 military observers , police , and troops to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations . As of 29 February 2016 , 124 countries were contributing a total of 105,314 personnel in Peacekeeping Operations , with Ethiopia leading the tally ( 8,324 ) , followed by India ( 7,695 ) and Bangladesh ( 7,525 ) . In June 2013 . Pakistan contributed the highest number overall with 8,186 personnel , followed by India ( 7,878 ) , Bangladesh ( 7,799 ) , Ethiopia ( 6,502 ) , Rwanda ( 4,686 ) , Nigeria ( 4,684 ) , Nepal ( 4,495 ) , Jordan ( 3,374 ) , Ghana ( 2,859 ) , and Egypt ( 2,750 ) . As of 28 February 2015 , 120 countries were contributing a total of 104,928 personnel in Peacekeeping Operations , with Bangladesh leading the tally ( 9446 ) . As of March 2008 , in addition to military and police personnel , 5,187 international civilian personnel , 2,031 UN Volunteers and 12,036 local civilian personnel worked in UN peacekeeping missions . A peacekeeping soldier of Poland in Syria Through April 2008 , 2,468 people from over 100 countries have been killed while serving on peacekeeping missions . Many of those came from India ( 127 ) , Canada ( 114 ) and Ghana ( 113 ) . Thirty percent of the fatalities in the first 55 years of UN peacekeeping occurred in the years 1993 - 1995 . About 4.5 % of the troops and civilian police deployed in UN peacekeeping missions come from the European Union and less than one percent from the United States ( USA ) . The rate of reimbursement by the UN for troop - contributing countries per peacekeeper per month include : $1,028 for pay and allowances ; $303 supplementary pay for specialists ; $68 for personal clothing , gear and equipment ; and $5 for personal weaponry . Results ( edit ) According to scholar Page Fortna , there is strong evidence that the presence of peacekeepers significantly reduces the risk of renewed warfare ; more peacekeeping troops leads to fewer battlefield deaths ; and more peacekeeping troops leads to fewer civilian deaths . There is also evidence that the promise to deploy peacekeepers can help an international organizations bring combatants to the negotiation table and increase the likelihood that they will agree to a cease - fire . However , there have been several reports during UN peacekeeping missions of human rights abuse by UN soldiers , notably in Central African Republic in 2015 . Cost of these missions is also significant , with UNMISS in South Sudan costing $1 billion per year for 12,500 UN soldiers unable to prevent the country 's movement towards civil war . Often missions require approval from local governments before deploying troops which can also limit effectiveness of UN missions . Nicholas Sambanis asserts that the presence of a UN peacekeeping mission is correlated with a positive effect on the achievement of peace , especially in the short - term . However , he notes that this effect is lessened over time . Thus , the longer that peacekeepers remain in a country , the greater the likelihood that peace will maintain . Acknowledging the success that UN peacekeeping operations have achieved in increasing political participation , Sambanis claims that a greater focus on economic development would further increase the efficacy of peacekeeping efforts . Another study suggests that doubling the peacekeeping operation budget stronger peacekeeping operation mandates and a doubling of the PKO budget would reduce armed conflicts by up to two thirds relative to a scenario without PKOs . Crimes by peacekeepers ( edit ) Peacekeeping , human trafficking , and forced prostitution ( edit ) Further information : Peacekeeping § Peacekeeping , human trafficking , and forced prostitution Reporters witnessed a rapid increase in prostitution in Cambodia and Mozambique after UN peacekeeping forces moved in . In the 1996 UN study `` The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children '' , former first lady of Mozambique Graça Machel documented : `` In 6 out of 12 country studies on sexual exploitation of children in situations of armed conflict prepared for the present report , the arrival of peacekeeping troops has been associated with a rapid rise in child prostitution . '' Gita Sahgal spoke out in 2004 with regard to the fact that prostitution and sex abuse crops up wherever humanitarian intervention efforts are set up . She observed : `` The issue with the UN is that peacekeeping operations unfortunately seem to be doing the same thing that other militaries do . Even the guardians have to be guarded . '' Human rights violations in United Nations missions ( edit ) Brazilian Army participating in a UN peacekeeping mission in Haiti . The following table chart illustrates confirmed accounts of crimes and human rights violations committed by United Nations soldiers , peacekeepers , and employees . A comparison of incidents involving United Nations peacekeepers , troops , and employees . Conflict United Nations Mission Sexual abuse Murder Extortion / Theft Second Congo War United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo 150 44 Somali Civil War United Nations Operation in Somalia II 5 24 5 Sierra Leone Civil War United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone 50 7 15 Eritrean - Ethiopian War United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea 70 15 0 Burundi Civil War United Nations Operation in Burundi 80 5 0 Rwanda Civil War United Nations Observer Mission Uganda - Rwanda 65 15 0 Second Liberian Civil War United Nations Mission in Liberia 30 Second Sudanese Civil War United Nations Mission in Sudan 400 5 0 Côte d'Ivoire Civil War United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire 500 0 2004 Haitian coup d'état United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti 110 57 0 Kosovo War United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo 800 70 100 Israeli -- Lebanese conflict United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 0 6 0 Proposed reform ( edit ) Brahimi analysis ( edit ) In response to criticism , particularly of the cases of sexual abuse by peacekeepers , the UN has taken steps toward reforming its operations . The Brahimi Report was the first of many steps to recap former peacekeeping missions , isolate flaws , and take steps to patch these mistakes to ensure the efficiency of future peacekeeping missions . The UN has vowed to continue to put these practices into effect when performing peacekeeping operations in the future . The technocratic aspects of the reform process have been continued and revitalised by the DPKO in its `` Peace Operations 2010 '' reform agenda . This included an increase in personnel , the harmonization of the conditions of service of field and headquarters staff , the development of guidelines and standard operating procedures , and improving the partnership arrangement between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations ( DPKO ) and the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) , African Union and European Union . 2008 capstone doctrine entitled `` United Nations Peacekeeping Operations : Principles and Guidelines '' incorporates and builds on the Brahimi analysis . Rapid reaction force ( edit ) One suggestion to account for delays such as the one in Rwanda , is a rapid reaction force : a standing group , administered by the UN and deployed by the Security Council , that receives its troops and support from current Security Council members and is ready for quick deployment in the event of future genocides . Restructuring of the UN Secretariat ( edit ) The UN peacekeeping capacity was enhanced in 2007 by augmenting the DPKO with the new Department of Field Support ( DFS ) . Whereas the new entity serves as a key enabler by co-ordinating the administration and logistics in UN peacekeeping operations , DPKO concentrates on policy planning and providing strategic directions . See also ( edit ) United Nations portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Nations peacekeeping missions . UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers List of United Nations peacekeeping missions List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers Multinational Force and Observers Timeline of UN peacekeeping missions List of non-UN peacekeeping missions NATO peacekeeping White Helmets Commission PKSOI International security Responsibility to protect Security - related bills References ( edit ) Jump up ^ UN Peacekeeping Fact Sheet : 30 June 2013 ; accessed : August 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Financing peacekeeping '' . Jump up ^ United Nations Peacekeeping Jump up ^ `` Peace and Security '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Nau , Henry ( 2015 ) . Perspectives on International Relations . Washington DC : CQ Press . p. 252 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 4148 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : DPKO Capstone Doctrine Jump up ^ http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/UNDPKO.html Jump up ^ `` United Nations troop and police contributors archive ( 1990 - 2013 ) '' . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Financing peacekeeping . United Nations Peacekeeping '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Nichols , By Michelle . `` U.N. states agree $7.3 bln peacekeeping budget , U.S. share cut 7.5 pct '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Assembly Authorizes $8.3 billion for 15 Peacekeeping Operations in 2015 / 16 as It Adopts 25 Resolutions , 1 Decision in Reports of Fifth Committee Meetings Coverage and Press Releases '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN ends peacekeeping mission in Ivory Coast after 13 years '' . ABC News . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Korean War armistice '' . BBC News . 2015 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lester B. Pearson : 1957 Nobel Peace Prize Recipient '' . Jump up ^ `` Beyond Peace Deals : The United Nations Experiment in `` Peacebuilding '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Contribution to United Nations peacekeeping operations , 29th February , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ranking of Military and Police Contributions to UN Operations accessed August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monthly Summary of Contributions ( Police , UN Military Experts on Mission and Troops ) accessed February , 2015 . Jump up ^ Background Note -- United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Jump up ^ United Nations peacekeeping -- Fatalities By Year up to 31 Dec 2008 Jump up ^ `` Peacekeeping Fact Sheet '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ United Nations Peacekeepers - How are peacekeepers compensated ? Jump up ^ `` Enough with the Pessimism about Peacekeeping '' . Political Violence @ a Glance . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lundgren , Magnus ( 2016 ) . `` Which international organizations can settle civil wars ? '' . Review of International Organizations . DOI 10.1007 / s11558 - 016 - 9253 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Peacekeepers in name only '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sambanis , Nicholas ( 2008 ) . `` Short - and Long - Term Effects of United Nations Peace Operations '' . The World Bank Economic Review . 22 : 9 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` Evaluating the conflict - reducing effect of UN peacekeeping operations '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children Jump up ^ `` Sex charges haunt UN forces ; In places like Congo and Kosovo , peacekeepers have been accused of abusing the people they 're protecting , '' Christian Science Monitor , 26 November 2004 , accessed 16 February 2010 Jump up ^ : compiled from the corresponding Wikipedia articles . When a range was given , the median was used . Jump up ^ http://www.unwire.org/unwire/20030411/33133_story.asp United Nations Foundation . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52333-2005Mar20.html Congo 's Desperate ' One - Dollar U.N. Girls ' Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6195830.stm UN troops face child abuse claims Jump up ^ http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/081zxelz.asp The U.N. Sex Scandal Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/un-troops-buy-sex-from-teenage-refugees-in-congo-camp-756666.html UN troops buy sex from teenage refugees in Congo camp Jump up ^ http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/199/40816.html UN Peacekeepers Criticized Jump up ^ http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/190/32956.html Global Rules Now Apply to Peacekeepers Jump up ^ http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3113&context=expresso Victims of Peace : Current Abuse Allegations against U.N. Peacekeepers and the Role of Law in Preventing Them in the Future Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/27_05_08_savethechildren.pdf No One to Turn To - BBC Analysis Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1538476/UN-staff-accused-of-raping-children-in-Sudan.html UN staff accused of raping children in Sudan Jump up ^ https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2002/bosnia/ TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND GIRLS TO POST-CONFLICT BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA FOR FORCED PROSTITUTION - Human Rights Watch Jump up ^ Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations , 2000 . Further reading ( edit ) Bureš , Oldřich ( June 2006 ) . `` Regional Peacekeeping Operations : Complementing or Undermining the United Nations Security Council ? '' . Global Change , Peace & Security . 18 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 99 . doi : 10.1080 / 14781150600687775 . Fortna , Virginia Page ( 2004 ) . `` Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace ? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War '' . International Studies Quarterly . 48 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0020 - 8833.2004. 00301. x . Goulding , Marrack ( July 1993 ) . `` The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping '' . International Affairs . International Affairs , Vol. 69 , No. 3 . 69 ( 3 ) : 451 -- 64 . doi : 10.2307 / 2622309 . JSTOR 2622309 . Pushkina , Darya ( June 2006 ) . `` A Recipe for Success ? Ingredients of a Successful Peacekeeping Mission '' . International Peacekeeping. 13 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 149 . doi : 10.1080 / 13533310500436508 . Worboys , Katherine ( 2007 ) . `` The Traumatic Journey from Dictatorship to Democracy : Peacekeeping Operations and Civil - Military Relations in Argentina , 1989 - 1999 '' . Armed Forces & Society . 33 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 168 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X05283843 . Dandeker , Christopher ; Gow , James ( 1997 ) . `` The Future of Peace Support Operations : Strategic Peacekeeping and Success '' . Armed Forces & Society . 23 ( 3 ) : 327 -- 347 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X9702300302 . Blocq , Daniel . 2009 . `` Western Soldiers and the Protection of Local Civilians in UN Peacekeeping Operations : Is a Nationalist Orientation in the Armed Forces Hindering Our Preparedness to Fight ? '' Armed Forces & Society , abstract Bridges , Donna and Debbie Horsfall. 2009 . `` Increasing Operational Effectiveness in UN Peacekeeping : Toward a Gender - Balanced Force . '' Armed Forces & Society , May 2009 . abstract Howard , Lise Morjé. 2008 . UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. abstract Fortna , Virginia Page ; Lise Morjé , Howard ( 2008 ) . `` Pitfalls and Prospects in the Peacekeeping Future '' . Annual Review of Political Science . 11 : 283 -- 301 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. polisci. 9.041205. 103022 . Reed , Brian ; Segal , David ( 2000 ) . `` The Impact of Multiple Deployments on Soldiers ' Peacekeeping Attitudes , Morale and Retention '' . Armed Forces & Society . 27 : 57 -- 78 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X0002700105 . Sion , Liora ( 2006 ) . `` ' Too Sweet and Innocent for War ' ? : Dutch Peacekeepers and the Use of Violence '' . Armed Forces & Society . 32 ( 3 ) : 454 -- 474 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X05281453 . United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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-966445636171993364	Van der Waals equation	Van der Waals equation - wikipedia Van der Waals equation Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes inline citations , but they are not properly formatted . Please improve this article by correcting them . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs attention from an expert in Fluid dynamics . The specific problem is : the derivations are unsourced , and the text needs review by a physical chemistry expert to determine attribution of content . See the talk page for details . WikiProject Fluid dynamics may be able to help recruit an expert . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The van der Waals equation ( or van der Waals equation of state ; named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals ) is based on plausible reasons that real gases do not follow the ideal gas law . The ideal gas law treats gas molecules as point particles that do not interact except in elastic collisions . In other words , they do not take up any space , and are not attracted or repelled by other gas molecules . To account for the volume that a real gas molecule takes up , the van der Waals equation replaces V in the ideal gas law with ( V-b ) , where b is the volume per mole that is occupied by the molecules . This leads to ; P ( V m − b ) = R T ( \ displaystyle P ( V_ ( m ) - b ) = RT ) The second modification made to the ideal gas law accounts for the fact that gas molecules do in fact attract each other and that real gases are therefore more compressible than ideal gases . Van der Waals provided for intermolecular attraction by adding to the observed pressure P in the equation of state a term a / V m 2 ( \ displaystyle a / V_ ( m ) ^ ( 2 ) ) , where a is a constant whose value depends on the gas . The van der Waals equation is therefore written as ; ( P + a / V m 2 ) ( V m − b ) = R T ( \ displaystyle ( P + a / V_ ( m ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( V_ ( m ) - b ) = RT ) , and can also be written as ( P + a n 2 / V 2 ) ( V − n b ) = n R T ( \ displaystyle ( P + an ^ ( 2 ) / V ^ ( 2 ) ) ( V - nb ) = nRT ) , where V is the molar volume of the gas , R is the universal gas constant , T is temperature , P is pressure , and V is volume . When the molar volume V is large , b becomes negligible in comparison with V , a / V becomes negligible with respect to P , and the van der Waals equation reduces to the ideal gas law , PV = RT . It is available via its traditional derivation ( a mechanical equation of state ) , or via a derivation based in statistical thermodynamics , the latter of which provides the partition function of the system and allows thermodynamic functions to be specified . It successfully approximates the behavior of real fluids above their critical temperatures and is qualitatively reasonable for their liquid and low - pressure gaseous states at low temperatures . However , near the transitions between gas and liquid , in the range of p , V , and T where the liquid phase and the gas phase are in equilibrium , the van der Waals equation fails to accurately model observed experimental behaviour , in particular that p is a constant function of V at given temperatures . As such , the van der Waals model is not useful only for calculations intended to predict real behavior in regions near the critical point . Empirical corrections to address these predictive deficiencies have been inserted into the van der Waals model , e.g. , by James Clerk Maxwell in his equal area rule , and related but distinct theoretical models , e.g. , based on the principle of corresponding states , have been developed to achieve better fits to real fluid behaviour in equations of comparable complexity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview and history 2 Equation 2.1 Reduced form 3 Validity 4 Derivation 4.1 Conventional derivation 4.2 Statistical thermodynamics derivation 5 Maxwell equal area rule 5.1 From chemical potential 6 Other parameters , forms and applications 6.1 Other thermodynamic parameters 6.2 Reduced form 6.3 Cubic equation 6.4 Application to compressible fluids 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Overview and history ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : a proper lay explanation of the equation and the history and context of its discovery . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2015 ) The van der Waals equation is a thermodynamic equation of state is based on the theory that fluids are composed of particles with non-zero volumes , and subject to a ( not necessarily pairwise ) inter-particle attractive force . It was based on work in theoretical physical chemistry performed in the late 19th century by Johannes Diderik van der Waals , who did related work on the attractive force that also bears his name . The equation is known to be based on a traditional set of derivations deriving from van der Waals ' and related efforts , as well as a set of derivation based in statistical thermodynamics , see below . Van der Waals ' early , primary interests were in the field of thermodynamics , where a first influence was the published work by Rudolf Clausius on heat , in 1857 ; other significant influences were the writings by James Clerk Maxwell , Ludwig Boltzmann , and Willard Gibbs . After initial pursuit of teaching credentials , Clausius ' undergraduate coursework in mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands led , with significant hurdles , to his acceptance for doctoral studies at Leiden under Pieter Rijke . His dissertation was guided by a desire to explain the late - career experimental observation , in 1869 by Irish professor of chemistry Thomas Andrews ( Queen 's University Belfast ) , of the existence of critical temperatures in fluids. van der Waals doctoral research culminated in an 1873 dissertation that provided a semi-quantitative theory describing the gas - liquid change of state and the origin of a critical temperature , Over de Continuïteit van den Gas - en Vloeistof ( - ) toestand ( Dutch ; in English , On the Continuity of the Gas - and Liquid - State ) ; it was in this dissertation that the first derivations of what we now refer to as the van der Waals equation appeared . James Clerk Maxwell reviewed and lauded its published content in the British science journal Nature , and van der Waals began independent work that would result in his receipt of the Nobel Prize in 1910 , which emphasized the contribution of his formulation of this `` equation of state for gases and liquids . '' Equation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations to secondary or tertiary sources such as review articles , monographs , or textbooks . Please add such references to provide context and establish the relevance of any primary research articles cited . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) van der Waals isotherms . The model correctly predicts a mostly incompressible liquid phase , but the oscillations in the phase transition zone do not fit experimental data . van der Waals isotherms and oscillations , temperatures , T , below and above T. Shown in this PV diagram are a series of 5 isotherms for temperatures ranging from below ( blue ) to above ( red ) T , where the upward arise and downward dip in the isotherm predicted by the van der Waals equation ( the `` oscillation , '' especially evident for the two isotherms for values of T < T ) is evident in the region of the gas - liquid phase transition . The equation relates four state variables : the pressure of the fluid p , the total volume of the fluid 's container V , the number of particles N , and the absolute temperature of the system T . The intensive , microscopic form of the equation is : ( p + a ′ v 2 ) ( v − b ′ ) = k T ( \ displaystyle \ left ( p+ ( \ frac ( a ' ) ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ left ( v-b ' \ right ) = kT ) where v = V / N ( \ displaystyle v = V / N ) is the volume of the container occupied by each particle ( not the velocity of a particle ) , and k is the Boltzmann constant . It introduces two new parameters : a ' , a measure of the average attraction between particles , and b ' , the volume excluded from v by one particle . The equation can be also written in extensive , molar form : ( p + n 2 a V 2 ) ( V − n b ) = n R T ( \ displaystyle \ left ( p+ ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ) ( V ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ left ( V - nb \ right ) = nRT ) where a = N A 2 a ′ ( \ displaystyle a = N_ ( A ) ^ ( 2 ) a ' ) is a measure of the average attraction between particles , b = N A b ′ ( \ displaystyle b = N_ ( A ) b ' ) is the volume excluded by a mole of particles , n = N / N A ( \ displaystyle n = N / N_ ( A ) ) is the number of moles , R = N A k ( \ displaystyle R = N_ ( A ) k ) is the universal gas constant , k is Boltzmann 's constant = 1.381 * 10 ^ - 23 J / K , and N is Avogadro 's constant . A careful distinction must be drawn between the volume available to a particle and the volume of a particle . In the intensive equation , v equals the total space available to each particle , while the parameter b ' is proportional to the proper volume of a single particle - the volume bounded by the atomic radius . This is subtracted from v because of the space taken up by one particle . In van der Waals ' original derivation , given below , b ' is four times the proper volume of the particle . Observe further that the pressure p goes to infinity when the container is completely filled with particles so that there is no void space left for the particles to move ; this occurs when V = nb . Reduced form ( edit ) The van der Waals equation can also be expressed in terms of reduced properties : ( P r + 3 V r 2 ) ( v r − 1 3 ) = 8 3 T ( \ displaystyle \ left ( P_ ( r ) + ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( V_ ( r ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ left ( v_ ( r ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 8 ) ( 3 ) ) T ) This yields a critical compressibility factor of 3 / 8 . Validity ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The van der Waals equation is mathematically simple , but it nevertheless predicts the experimentally observed transition between vapor and liquid , and predicts critical behaviour . Above the critical temperature , T , the van der Waals equation is an improvement over the ideal gas law , and for lower temperatures , i.e. , T < T , the equation is also qualitatively reasonable for the liquid and low - pressure gaseous states ; however , with respect to the first - order phase transition , i.e. , the range of ( p , V , T ) where a liquid phase and a gas phase would be in equilibrium , the equation appears to fail to predict observed experimental behaviour , in the sense that p is typically observed to be constant as a function of V for a given temperature in the two - phase region . This apparent discrepancy is resolved in the context of vapour -- liquid equilibrium : at a particular temperature , there exist two points on the van der Waals isotherm that have the same chemical potential , and thus a system in thermodynamic equilibrium will appear to traverse a straight line on the p -- V diagram as the ratio of vapour to liquid changes . However , in such a system , there are really only two points present ( the liquid and the vapour ) rather than a series of states connected by a line , so connecting the locus of points is incorrect : it is not an equation of multiple states , but an equation of ( a single ) state . It is indeed possible to compress a gas beyond the point at which it would typically condense , given the right conditions , and it is also possible to expand a liquid beyond the point at which it would usually boil . Such states are called `` metastable '' states . Such behaviour is qualitatively ( though perhaps not quantitatively ) predicted by the van der Waals equation of state . However , the values of physical quantities as predicted with the van der Waals equation of state `` are in very poor agreement with experiment , '' so the model 's utility is limited to qualitative rather than quantitative purposes . Empirically - based corrections can easily be inserted into the van der Waals model ( see Maxwell 's correction , below ) , but in so doing , the modified expression is no longer as simple an analytical model ; in this regard , other models , such as those based on the principle of corresponding states , achieve a better fit with roughly the same work . Even with its acknowledged shortcomings , the pervasive use of the van der Waals equation in standard university physical chemistry textbooks makes clear its importance as a pedagogic tool to aid understanding fundamental physical chemistry ideas involved in developing theories of vapour -- liquid behavior and equations of state . In addition , other ( more accurate ) equations of state such as the Redlich -- Kwong and Peng -- Robinson equation of state are essentially modifications of the van der Waals equation of state . Derivation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Textbooks in physical chemistry generally give two derivations of the title equation . One is the conventional derivation that goes back to van der Waals , a mechanical equation of state that can not be used to specify all thermodynamic functions ; the other is a statistical mechanics derivation that makes explicit the intermolecular potential neglected in the first derivation . A particular advantage of the statistical mechanical derivation is that it yields the partition function for the system , and allows all thermodynamic functions to be specified ( including the mechanical equation of state ) . Conventional derivation ( edit ) Consider one mole of gas composed of non-interacting point particles that satisfy the ideal gas law : ( see any standard Physical Chemistry text , op . cit . ) p = R T V m = R T v . ( \ displaystyle p = ( \ frac ( RT ) ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( RT ) ( v ) ) . ) Next assume that all particles are hard spheres of the same finite radius r ( the van der Waals radius ) . The effect of the finite volume of the particles is to decrease the available void space in which the particles are free to move . We must replace V by V − b , where b is called the excluded volume or `` co-volume '' . The corrected equation becomes p = R T V m − b . ( \ displaystyle p = ( \ frac ( RT ) ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) - b ) ) . ) The excluded volume b ( \ displaystyle b ) is not just equal to the volume occupied by the solid , finite - sized particles , but actually four times that volume . To see this , we must realize that a particle is surrounded by a sphere of radius 2r ( two times the original radius ) that is forbidden for the centers of the other particles . If the distance between two particle centers were to be smaller than 2r , it would mean that the two particles penetrate each other , which , by definition , hard spheres are unable to do . The excluded volume for the two particles ( of average diameter d or radius r ) is b 2 ′ = 4 π d 3 / 3 = 8 × ( 4 π r 3 / 3 ) ( \ displaystyle b'_ ( 2 ) = 4 \ pi d ^ ( 3 ) / 3 = 8 \ times ( 4 \ pi r ^ ( 3 ) / 3 ) ) , which divided by two ( the number of colliding particles ) gives the excluded volume per particle : b ′ = b 2 ′ / 2 → b ′ = 4 × ( 4 π r 3 / 3 ) ( \ displaystyle b ' = b'_ ( 2 ) / 2 \ quad \ rightarrow \ quad b ' = 4 \ times ( 4 \ pi r ^ ( 3 ) / 3 ) ) , So b ′ is four times the proper volume of the particle . It was a point of concern to van der Waals that the factor four yields an upper bound ; empirical values for b ′ are usually lower . Of course , molecules are not infinitely hard , as van der Waals thought , and are often fairly soft . Next , we introduce a ( not necessarily pairwise ) attractive force between the particles . van der Waals assumed that , notwithstanding the existence of this force , the density of the fluid is homogeneous ; furthermore , he assumed that the range of the attractive force is so small that the great majority of the particles do not feel that the container is of finite size . Given the homogeneity of the fluid , the bulk of the particles do not experience a net force pulling them to the right or to the left . This is different for the particles in surface layers directly adjacent to the walls . They feel a net force from the bulk particles pulling them into the container , because this force is not compensated by particles on the side where the wall is ( another assumption here is that there is no interaction between walls and particles , which is not true as can be seen from the phenomenon of droplet formation ; most types of liquid show adhesion ) . This net force decreases the force exerted onto the wall by the particles in the surface layer . The net force on a surface particle , pulling it into the container , is proportional to the number density C = N A / V m ( \ displaystyle C = N_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) / V_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) ) . The number of particles in the surface layers is , again by assuming homogeneity , also proportional to the density . In total , the force on the walls is decreased by a factor proportional to the square of the density , and the pressure ( force per unit surface ) is decreased by a ′ C 2 = a ′ ( N A V m ) 2 = a V m 2 ( \ displaystyle a'C ^ ( 2 ) = a ' \ left ( ( \ frac ( N_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ) ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( a ) ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) , so that p = R T V m − b − a V m 2 ⇒ ( p + a V m 2 ) ( V m − b ) = R T . ( \ displaystyle p = ( \ frac ( RT ) ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) - b ) ) - ( \ frac ( a ) ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ Rightarrow \ left ( p+ ( \ frac ( a ) ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ( V_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) - b ) = RT . ) Upon writing n for the number of moles and nV = V , the equation obtains the second form given above , ( p + n 2 a V 2 ) ( V − n b ) = n R T . ( \ displaystyle \ left ( p+ ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ) ( V ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ( V - nb ) = nRT . ) It is of some historical interest to point out that van der Waals , in his Nobel prize lecture , gave credit to Laplace for the argument that pressure is reduced proportional to the square of the density . Statistical Thermodynamics derivation ( edit ) The canonical partition function Z of an ideal gas consisting of N = nN identical ( non-interacting ) particles , is : Z = z N N ! with z = V Λ 3 ( \ displaystyle Z = ( \ frac ( z ^ ( N ) ) ( N ! ) ) \ quad ( \ hbox ( with ) ) \ quad z = ( \ frac ( V ) ( \ Lambda ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ) where Λ ( \ displaystyle \ Lambda ) is the thermal de Broglie wavelength , Λ = h 2 2 π m k T ( \ displaystyle \ Lambda = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( h ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 \ pi mkT ) ) ) ) with the usual definitions : h is Planck 's constant , m the mass of a particle , k Boltzmann 's constant and T the absolute temperature . In an ideal gas z is the partition function of a single particle in a container of volume V. In order to derive the van der Waals equation we assume now that each particle moves independently in an average potential field offered by the other particles . The averaging over the particles is easy because we will assume that the particle density of the van der Waals fluid is homogeneous . The interaction between a pair of particles , which are hard spheres , is taken to be u ( r ) = ( ∞ when r < d , − ε ( d r ) 6 when r ≥ d , ( \ displaystyle u ( r ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) \ infty & ( \ hbox ( when ) ) \ quad r < d , \ \ - \ epsilon \ left ( ( \ frac ( d ) ( r ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 6 ) & ( \ hbox ( when ) ) \ quad r \ geq d , \ end ( cases ) ) ) r is the distance between the centers of the spheres and d is the distance where the hard spheres touch each other ( twice the van der Waals radius ) . The depth of the van der Waals well is ε ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon ) . Because the particles are not coupled under the mean field Hamiltonian , the mean field approximation of the total partition function still factorizes , Z = z N / N ! ( \ displaystyle Z = z ^ ( N ) / N ! ) , but the intermolecular potential necessitates two modifications to z . First , because of the finite size of the particles , not all of V is available , but only V − Nb ' , where ( just as in the conventional derivation above ) b ′ = 2 π d 3 / 3 ( \ displaystyle b ' = 2 \ pi d ^ ( 3 ) / 3 ) . Second , we insert a Boltzmann factor exp ( - φ / 2kT ) to take care of the average intermolecular potential . We divide here the potential by two because this interaction energy is shared between two particles . Thus z = ( V − N b ′ ) e − φ / ( 2 k T ) Λ 3 . ( \ displaystyle z = ( \ frac ( ( V - Nb ' ) \ , e ^ ( - \ phi / ( 2kT ) ) ) ( \ Lambda ^ ( 3 ) ) ) . ) The total attraction felt by a single particle is φ = ∫ d ∞ u ( r ) N V 4 π r 2 d r , ( \ displaystyle \ phi = \ int _ ( d ) ^ ( \ infty ) u ( r ) ( \ frac ( N ) ( V ) ) 4 \ pi r ^ ( 2 ) dr , ) where we assumed that in a shell of thickness dr there are N / V 4π r dr particles . This is a mean field approximation ; the position of the particles is averaged . In reality the density close to the particle is different than far away as can be described by a pair correlation function . Furthermore , it is neglected that the fluid is enclosed between walls . Performing the integral we get φ = − 2 a ′ N V with a ′ = ε 2 π d 3 3 = ε b ′ . ( \ displaystyle \ phi = - 2a ' ( \ frac ( N ) ( V ) ) \ quad ( \ hbox ( with ) ) \ quad a ' = \ epsilon ( \ frac ( 2 \ pi d ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 3 ) ) = \ epsilon b ' . ) Hence , we obtain , ln ⁡ Z = N ln ⁡ ( V − N b ′ ) + N 2 a ′ V k T − N ln ⁡ ( Λ 3 ) − ln ⁡ N ! ( \ displaystyle \ ln Z = N \ ln ( ( V - Nb ' ) ) + ( \ frac ( N ^ ( 2 ) a ' ) ( VkT ) ) - N \ ln ( ( \ Lambda ^ ( 3 ) ) ) - \ ln ( N ! ) ) From statistical thermodynamics we know that p = k T ∂ ln ⁡ Z ∂ V ( \ displaystyle p = kT ( \ frac ( \ partial \ ln Z ) ( \ partial V ) ) ) , so that we only have to differentiate the terms containing V . We get p = N k T V − N b ′ − N 2 a ′ V 2 ⇒ ( p + N 2 a ′ V 2 ) ( V − N b ′ ) = N k T ⇒ ( p + n 2 a V 2 ) ( V − n b ) = n R T . ( \ displaystyle p = ( \ frac ( NkT ) ( V - Nb ' ) ) - ( \ frac ( N ^ ( 2 ) a ' ) ( V ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ Rightarrow \ left ( p+ ( \ frac ( N ^ ( 2 ) a ' ) ( V ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ( V - Nb ' ) = NkT \ Rightarrow \ left ( p+ ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ) ( V ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ( V - nb ) = nRT . ) Maxwell equal area rule ( edit ) This section needs additional citations to secondary or tertiary sources such as review articles , monographs , or textbooks . Please add such references to provide context and establish the relevance of any primary research articles cited . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) Main article : Maxwell construction van der Waals isotherm oscillation and Maxwell 's equal areas . Maxwell 's rule eliminates the oscillating behavior of the isotherm in the phase transition zone by defining it as a certain isobar in that zone . The above isotherm is for a reduced temperature of T = 0.9 . The Maxwell correction is at a vapor pressure of p ≈ 0.64700 between the reduced volume of the pure liquid V ≈ 0.60340 and the pure gas V ≈ 2.3488 at the vapor pressure . Below the critical temperature , the van der Waals equation seems to predict qualitatively incorrect relationships . Unlike for ideal gases , the p-V isotherms oscillate with a relative minimum ( d ) and a relative maximum ( e ) . Any pressure between p and p appears to have 3 stable volumes , contradicting the experimental observation that two state variables completely determine a one - component system 's state . Moreover , the isothermal compressibility is negative between d and e ( equivalently ( ∂ P / ∂ V ) T , N > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ left ( ( ( \ partial P ) / ( \ partial V ) ) \ right ) _ ( T , N ) > 0 ) ) , which can not describe a system at equilibrium . To address these problems , James Clerk Maxwell , in 1890 , replaced the isotherm between points a and c with a horizontal line positioned so that the areas of the two shaded regions would be equal ( replacing the a-d - b - e-c curve with a straight line from a to c ) ; this portion of the isotherm corresponds to the liquid - vapor equilibrium . The regions of the isotherm from a -- d and from c -- e are interpreted as metastable states of super-heated liquid and super-cooled vapor , respectively . The equal area rule can be expressed as : p V ( V G − V L ) = ∫ V L V G p d V ( \ displaystyle p_ ( V ) ( V_ ( G ) - V_ ( L ) ) = \ int _ ( V_ ( L ) ) ^ ( V_ ( G ) ) p \ , dV ) where p is the vapor pressure ( flat portion of the curve ) , V is the volume of the pure liquid phase at point a on the diagram , and V is the volume of the pure gas phase at point c on the diagram . A two - phase mixture at p will occupy a total volume between V and V , as determined by Maxwell 's lever rule . Maxwell justified the rule based on the fact that the area on a pV diagram corresponds to mechanical work , saying that work done on the system in going from c to b should equal work released on going from a to b . This is because the change in free energy A ( T , V ) equals the work done during a reversible process , and , as a state variable , the free energy must be path - independent . In particular , the value of A at point b should be the same regardless of whether the path taken is from left or right across the horizontal isobar , or follows the original van der Waals isotherm . This derivation is not entirely rigorous , since it requires a reversible path through a region of thermodynamic instability , while b is unstable . Nevertheless , modern derivations from chemical potential reach the same conclusion , and it remains a necessary modification to the van der Waals and to any other analytic equation of state . From chemical potential ( edit ) The Maxwell equal area rule can also be derived from an assumption of equal chemical potential μ of coexisting liquid and vapour phases . On the isotherm shown in the above plot , points a and c are the only pair of points which fulfill the equilibrium condition of having equal pressure , temperature and chemical potential . It follows that systems with volumes intermediate between these two points will consist of a mixture of the pure liquid and gas with specific volumes equal to the pure liquid and gas phases at points a and c . The van der Waals equation may be solved for V and V as functions of the temperature and the vapor pressure p . Since : p = − ( ∂ A ∂ V ) T , N ( \ displaystyle p = - \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial A ) ( \ partial V ) ) \ right ) _ ( T , N ) ) where A is the Helmholtz free energy , it follows that the equal area rule can be expressed as : p V = A ( V L , T , N ) − A ( V G , T , N ) V G − V L ( \ displaystyle p_ ( V ) = ( \ frac ( A ( V_ ( L ) , T , N ) - A ( V_ ( G ) , T , N ) ) ( V_ ( G ) - V_ ( L ) ) ) ) Since the gas and liquid volumes are functions of p and T only , this equation is then solved numerically to obtain p as a function of temperature ( and number of particles N ) , which may then be used to determine the gas and liquid volumes . Other parameters , forms and applications ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Other thermodynamic parameters ( edit ) We reiterate that the extensive volume V is related to the volume per particle v = V / N where N = nN is the number of particles in the system . The equation of state does not give us all the thermodynamic parameters of the system . We can take the equation for the Helmholtz energy A A = − k T ln ⁡ Q . ( \ displaystyle A = - kT \ ln Q. \ , ) From the equation derived above for lnQ , we find A ( T , V , N ) = − N k T ( 1 + ln ⁡ ( ( V − N b ′ ) T 3 / 2 N Φ ) ) − a ′ N 2 V . ( \ displaystyle A ( T , V , N ) = - NkT \ left ( 1 + \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( V - Nb ' ) T ^ ( 3 / 2 ) ) ( N \ Phi ) ) \ right ) \ right ) - ( \ frac ( a'N ^ ( 2 ) ) ( V ) ) . ) Where Φ is an undetermined constant , which may be taken from the Sackur -- Tetrode equation for an ideal gas to be : Φ = T 3 / 2 Λ 3 = ( h 2 π m k ) 3 ( \ displaystyle \ Phi = T ^ ( 3 / 2 ) \ Lambda ^ ( 3 ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( h ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi mk ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 3 ) ) This equation expresses A in terms of its natural variables V and T , and therefore gives us all thermodynamic information about the system . The mechanical equation of state was already derived above p = − ( ∂ A ∂ V ) T = N k T V − N b ′ − a ′ N 2 V 2 . ( \ displaystyle p = - \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial A ) ( \ partial V ) ) \ right ) _ ( T ) = ( \ frac ( NkT ) ( V - Nb ' ) ) - ( \ frac ( a'N ^ ( 2 ) ) ( V ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) The entropy equation of state yields the entropy ( S ) S = − ( ∂ A ∂ T ) V = N k ( ln ⁡ ( ( V − N b ′ ) T 3 / 2 N Φ ) + 5 2 ) ( \ displaystyle S = - \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial A ) ( \ partial T ) ) \ right ) _ ( V ) = Nk \ left ( \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( V - Nb ' ) T ^ ( 3 / 2 ) ) ( N \ Phi ) ) \ right ) + ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) from which we can calculate the internal energy U = A + T S = 3 2 N k T − a ′ N 2 V . ( \ displaystyle U = A + TS = ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \ , NkT - ( \ frac ( a'N ^ ( 2 ) ) ( V ) ) . ) Similar equations can be written for the other thermodynamic potential and the chemical potential , but expressing any potential as a function of pressure p will require the solution of a third - order polynomial , which yields a complicated expression . Therefore , expressing the enthalpy and the Gibbs energy as functions of their natural variables will be complicated . Reduced form ( edit ) Although the material constant a and b in the usual form of the van der Waals equation differs for every single fluid considered , the equation can be recast into an invariant form applicable to all fluids . Defining the following reduced variables ( f , f are the reduced and critical variable versions of f , respectively ) , p R = p p C , v R = v v C , and T R = T T C ( \ displaystyle p_ ( R ) = ( \ frac ( p ) ( p_ ( C ) ) ) , \ qquad v_ ( R ) = ( \ frac ( v ) ( v_ ( C ) ) ) , \ quad ( \ hbox ( and ) ) \ quad T_ ( R ) = ( \ frac ( T ) ( T_ ( C ) ) ) ) , where p C = a ′ 27 b ′ 2 , v C = 3 b ′ , and k T C = 8 a ′ 27 b ′ ( \ displaystyle p_ ( C ) = ( \ frac ( a ' ) ( 27b ' ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , \ qquad \ displaystyle ( v_ ( C ) = 3b ' ) , \ quad ( \ hbox ( and ) ) \ quad kT_ ( C ) = ( \ frac ( 8a ' ) ( 27b ' ) ) ) as shown by Salzman . The first form of the van der Waals equation of state given above can be recast in the following reduced form : ( p R + 3 v R 2 ) ( v R − 1 / 3 ) = ( 8 / 3 ) T R ( \ displaystyle \ left ( p_ ( R ) + ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( v_ ( R ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ( v_ ( R ) - 1 / 3 ) = ( 8 / 3 ) T_ ( R ) ) This equation is invariant for all fluids ; that is , the same reduced form equation of state applies , no matter what a and b may be for the particular fluid . This invariance may also be understood in terms of the principle of corresponding states . If two fluids have the same reduced pressure , reduced volume , and reduced temperature , we say that their states are corresponding . The states of two fluids may be corresponding even if their measured pressure , volume , and temperature are very different . If the two fluids ' states are corresponding , they exist in the same regime of the reduced form equation of state . Therefore , they will respond to changes in roughly the same way , even though their measurable physical characteristics may differ significantly . Cubic equation ( edit ) The van der Waals equation is a cubic equation of state ; in the reduced formulation the cubic equation is : v R 3 − 1 3 ( 1 + 8 T R p R ) v R 2 + 3 p R v R − 1 p R = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( v_ ( R ) ^ ( 3 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ left ( ( 1 + ( \ frac ( 8T_ ( R ) ) ( p_ ( R ) ) ) ) \ right ) ( v_ ( R ) ^ ( 2 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( p_ ( R ) ) ) v_ ( R ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( p_ ( R ) ) ) = 0 ) At the critical temperature , where T R = p R = 1 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( R ) = p_ ( R ) = 1 ) we get as expected v R 3 − 3 v R 2 + 3 v R − 1 = ( v R − 1 ) 3 = 0 ⟺ v R = 1 ( \ displaystyle ( v_ ( R ) ^ ( 3 ) ) - 3v_ ( R ) ^ ( 2 ) + 3v_ ( R ) - 1 = \ left ( v_ ( R ) - 1 \ right ) ^ ( 3 ) = 0 \ quad \ Longleftrightarrow \ quad v_ ( R ) = 1 ) For T < 1 , there are 3 values for v. For T > 1 , there is 1 real value for v . The solution of this equation for the case where there are three separate roots may be found at Maxwell construction Application to compressible fluids ( edit ) The equation is also usable as a PVT equation for compressible fluids ( e.g. polymers ) . In this case specific volume changes are small and it can be written in a simplified form : ( p + A ) ( V − B ) = C T , ( \ displaystyle ( p + A ) ( V-B ) = CT , \ , ) where p is the pressure , V is specific volume , T is the temperature and A , B , C are parameters . See also ( edit ) Gas laws Ideal gas Inversion temperature Iteration Maxwell construction Real gas Theorem of corresponding states van der Waals constants ( data page ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Silbey , Robert J. , Robert A. Alberty , and Moungi G. Bawendi . Physical Chemistry . 4th ed . N.p. : n.p. , n.d. Print . Jump up ^ Silbey , Robert J. , Robert A. Alberty , and Moungi G. Bawendi . Physical Chemistry . 4th ed . N.p. : n.p. , n.d. Print . Jump up ^ Silbey , Robert J. , Robert A. Alberty , and Moungi G. Bawendi . Physical Chemistry . 4th ed . N.p. : n.p. , n.d. Print . Jump up ^ Silbey , Robert J. , Robert A. Alberty , and Moungi G. Bawendi . Physical Chemistry . 4th ed . N.p. : n.p. , n.d. Print . Jump up ^ Silbey , Robert J. , Robert A. Alberty , and Moungi G. Bawendi . Physical Chemistry . 4th ed . N.p. : n.p. , n.d. Print . Jump up ^ Silbey , Robert J. , Robert A. Alberty , and Moungi G. Bawendi . Physical Chemistry . 4th ed . N.p. : n.p. , n.d. Print . ^ Jump up to : `` J.D. van der Waals , The equation of state for gases and liquids '' . Nobel Lectures , Physics 1901 - 1921 ( PDF ) . Amsterdam : Elsevier Publishing Company . 1967 . pp. 254 -- 265 . Jump up ^ Andrews , T. ( 1869 ) . `` The Bakerian Lecture : On the Gaseous State of Matter '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 159 : 575 -- 590 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1869.0021 . Jump up ^ van der Waals ; J.D. ( 1873 ) . Over de Continuiteit van den Gas - en Vloeistoftoestand . University of Leiden . Jump up ^ Maxwell , J.C. ( 1874 ) . `` Over de Continuïteit van den Gas - en Vloeistof ( - ) toestand , Academisch Proefschrift '' . Nature . 10 ( 259 ) : 477 -- 480 . Bibcode : 1874Natur ... 10 ... 477C . doi : 10.1038 / 010477a0 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , J.C. ( 1890 ) . `` LXIX. Van der Waals on the Continuity of the Gaseous and Liquid States '' . In Niven , W.D. The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell , vol II . Cambridge University Press . pp. 407 -- 415 . Jump up ^ Chang , Raymond ( 2014 ) . Physical Chemistry for the Chemical Sciences . University Science Books . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891389 - 69 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Deviations from Idal Gas Law Behavior '' . Purdue University . ^ Jump up to : Terrell L. Hill , 2012 ( 1960 ) , `` An Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics '' ( Dover Books on Physics ) , Chicago , IL , USA : R.R. Donnelly ( Courier / Dover ) , ISBN 0486130908 , see ( 1 ) , accessed 25 June 2015 . Note , this Donnelly edition is a reprint of the 1986 Dover edition , which itself reprinted the 1962 corrected version of the original 1960 text ( Addison Wesley Series in Chemistry , Francis T. Bonner & George C. Pimentel , Eds . ) , Reading , MS , USA : Addison - Wesley . Jump up ^ S.I. Sandler , `` Chemical and Engineering Thermodynamics , '' Third Edition . New York : Wiley , 1999 , page 273 . Jump up ^ Peter Atkins & Julio de Paula , 2006 , `` Physical chemistry , '' 8th Edn. , pp. 17 - 22 , 104f , 632 - 641 , New York , NY , USA : Macmillan , ISBN 0716787598 , see ( 2 ) , accessed 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ R. Stephen Berry , Stuart A. Rice & John Ross , 2000 , `` Physical Chemistry , '' pp. 298 - 306 and passim , Oxford , OXON , ENG : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0195105893 , see ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) , accessed 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ken A. Dill & Sarina Bromberg , 2003 , `` Molecular Driving Forces : Statistical Thermodynamics in Chemistry and Biology , '' pp. 457 - 462 , New York , NY , USA : Garland Science , ISBN 0815320515 , see ( 5 ) , accessed 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Terrell L. ( 1960 ) . An Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics . Courier Corporation . p. 77 . Jump up ^ https://www.av8n.com/physics/thermo/z-particles.html#sec-particle-box ^ Jump up to : Sandler , Stanley I. ( 2006 ) . Chemical , Biochemical , and Engineering Thermodynamics ( 4th ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons . p. 284 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 66174 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sandler , Stanley I. ( 2006 ) . Chemical , Biochemical , and Engineering Thermodynamics ( 4th ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons . p. 287 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 66174 - 0 . Jump up ^ Clerk - Maxwell , J. ( 1875 ) . `` On the Dynamical Evidence of the Molecular Constitution of Bodies '' . Nature . 11 ( 279 ) : 357 -- 359 . Bibcode : 1875Natur ... 11 ... 357C . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . doi : 10.1038 / 011357a0 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , J.C. ( 1890 ) . `` LXXI . On the Dynamical Evidence of the Molecular Constitution of Bodies '' . In Niven , W.D. The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell , vol II . Cambridge University Press . pp. 418 -- 438 . Jump up ^ Elhassan , A.E. ; Craven , R.J.B. ; de Reuck , K.M. ( 1997 ) . `` The area method for pure fluids and an analysis of the two - phase region '' . Fluid Phase Equilibria ( 130 ) : 167 -- 187 . doi : 10.1016 / S0378 - 3812 ( 96 ) 03222 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michael Gershenson , Date Unknown , `` Lecture 16 . The van der Waals Gas ( Ch. 5 ) , '' unpublished course slide set from prior teaching of Physics 351 , Thermal Physics ( Statistics and Thermodynamics ) , ( 6 ) Rutgers University , Department of Physics and Astronomy , see ( 7 ) , accessed 25 June 2015 . Possibly sourced from Daniel V. Schroeder , 2013 , `` An Introduction to Thermal Physics , '' New York , NY , USA : Pearson Education , ISBN 1292026219 , see ( 8 ) , accessed 23 June 2015 , or an earlier edition . Lack of certainty of sourcing makes material unverifiable . Jump up ^ Salzman , W.R. ( 2004 ) . `` Critical Constants of the van der Waals Gas '' . Chemical Thermodynamics . Arizona State University . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 07 . Further Reading ( edit ) Terrell L. Hill , 2012 ( 1960 ) , An Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics ( Dover Books on Physics ) , pp. 286 -- 289 , Chicago , IL , USA : R.R. Donnelly ( Courier / Dover ) , ISBN 0486130908 , see ( 9 ) , accessed 25 June 2015 . Note , this Donnelly edition is a reprint of the 1986 Dover edition , which itself reprinted the 1962 corrected version of the original 1960 text ( Addison Wesley Series in Chemistry , Francis T. Bonner & George C. Pimentel , Eds . ) , Reading , MS , USA : Addison - Wesley . Peter Atkins & Julio de Paula , 2006 , Physical chemistry , 8th Edn. , pp. 17 -- 22 , 104f , 632 - 641 , New York , NY , USA : Macmillan , ISBN 0716787598 , see ( 10 ) , accessed 21 June 2015 . R. Stephen Berry , Stuart A. Rice & John Ross , 2000 , Physical Chemistry , pp. 298 -- 306 and passim , Oxford , OXON , ENG : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0195105893 , see ( 11 ) and ( 12 ) , accessed 25 June 2015 . Michael Cross , 2004 , Lecture 3 : First Order Phase Transitions , in Physics 127 : Statistical Mechanics ( Second Term ) , Pasadena , CA , USA : Division of Physics , Mathematics , and Astronomy , California Institute of Technology , see ( 13 ) , accessed 25 June 2015 . Ken A. Dill & Sarina Bromberg , 2003 , Molecular Driving Forces : Statistical Thermodynamics in Chemistry and Biology , pp. 457 -- 462 , New York , NY , USA : Garland Science , ISBN 0815320515 , see ( 14 ) , accessed 25 June 2015 . David Chandler , 1987 , Introduction to Modern Statistical Mechanics , pp. 287 -- 295 , Oxford , Oxon , ENG : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0195042778 , see ( 15 ) , accessed 25 June 2015 . Charles Kittel & Herbert Kroemer , 1980 , Thermal Physics , Rev. Edn. , pp. 287 -- 295 , New York , NY , USA : Macmillan , ISBN 0716710889 , see ( 16 ) , accessed 25 June 2015 . A. Dalgarno & W.D. Davison , 1966 , `` The calculation of van der Waals interactions , '' in Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics , 1 , 195 . External links ( edit ) Some values of a and b in the 2nd equation ( hide ) Statistical mechanics Statistical ensembles Microcanonical Canonical Grand canonical Isothermal -- isobaric Isoenthalpic -- isobaric ensemble Statistical thermodynamics Characteristic state functions Partition functions Translational Vibrational Rotational Equations of state Dieterici Van der Waals / Real gas law Ideal gas law Birch -- Murnaghan Entropy Sackur -- Tetrode equation Tsallis entropy Von Neumann entropy Particle statistics Maxwell -- Boltzmann statistics Fermi -- Dirac statistics Bose -- Einstein statistics Statistical field theory Conformal field theory Osterwalder -- Schrader axioms Quantum statistical mechanics Density matrix Gibbs measure Partition function Phase space formulation of quantum mechanics Slater determinant See also Probability distribution Elementary particles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van_der_Waals_equation&oldid=804896140 '' Categories : Equations of state Gas laws Engineering thermodynamics Johannes Diderik van der Waals Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2015 Accuracy disputes from June 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2015 Articles needing footnote reformatting All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia references cleanup from June 2015 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2015 Articles needing expert attention from June 2015 All articles needing expert attention Fluid dynamics articles needing expert attention Articles to be expanded from June 2015 All articles to be expanded All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 19 : 50 . 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-3159876791106159359	Marie Curie	Marie Curie - wikipedia Marie Curie Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Polish physicist . For other uses , see Marie Curie ( disambiguation ) . This is a Slavic name . The family name `` Skłodowska '' is sometimes transliterated as `` Sklodowska '' . Marie Skłodowska Curie c. 1920 Born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ( 1867 - 11 - 07 ) 7 November 1867 Warsaw , Kingdom of Poland , then part of Russian Empire 4 July 1934 ( 1934 - 07 - 04 ) ( aged 66 ) Passy , Haute - Savoie , France Cause of death Aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation Residence Poland , France Citizenship Poland ( by birth ) France ( by marriage ) Alma mater University of Paris ESPCI Known for Radioactivity Polonium Radium Spouse ( s ) Pierre Curie ( 1859 -- 1906 ) m . 1895 Children Irène Joliot - Curie ( 1897 -- 1956 ) Ève Curie ( 1904 -- 2007 ) Awards Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1903 ) Davy Medal ( 1903 ) Matteucci Medal ( 1904 ) Elliott Cresson Medal ( 1909 ) Albert Medal ( 1910 ) Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( 1911 ) Willard Gibbs Award ( 1921 ) Scientific career Fields Physics , chemistry Institutions University of Paris Institut du Radium École Normale Supérieure French Academy of Medicine International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation Thesis Recherches sur les substances radioactives ( Research on Radioactive Substances ) Doctoral advisor Gabriel Lippmann Doctoral students André - Louis Debierne Óscar Moreno Marguerite Perey Émile Henriot Signature Notes She is the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences . Marie Skłodowska Curie ( / ˈkjʊri , kjʊˈriː / ; French : ( kyʁi ) ; Polish : ( kjiˈri ) ; 7 November 1867 -- 4 July 1934 ; born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ; ( ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska ) ) was a Polish and naturalized - French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity . She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize , the first person and only woman to win twice , the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences , and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes . She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris , and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris . She was born in Warsaw , in what was then the Kingdom of Poland , part of the Russian Empire . She studied at Warsaw 's clandestine Flying University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw . In 1891 , aged 24 , she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris , where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work . She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel . She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity ( a term that she coined ) , techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes , and the discovery of two elements , polonium and radium . Under her direction , the world 's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted using radioactive isotopes . She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw , which remain major centres of medical research today . During World War I , she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals . While a French citizen , Marie Skłodowska Curie , who used both surnames , never lost her sense of Polish identity . She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland . She named the first chemical element that she discovered‍ -- ‌polonium , which she isolated in 1898‍ -- ‌after her native country . Marie Curie died in 1934 , aged 66 , at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz ( Haute - Savoie ) , France , of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 1.1 Early years 1.2 New life in Paris 1.3 New elements 1.4 Nobel Prizes 1.5 World War I 1.6 Postwar years 1.7 Death 2 Legacy 3 Awards , honours , and tributes 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Nonfiction 7.2 Fiction 8 External links Life Early years Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw , in the Russian partition of Poland , on 7 November 1867 , the fifth and youngest child of well - known teachers Bronisława , née Boguska , and Władysław Skłodowski . The elder siblings of Maria ( nicknamed Mania ) were Zofia ( born 1862 , nicknamed Zosia ) , Józef ( born 1863 , nicknamed Józio ) , Bronisława ( born 1865 , nicknamed Bronia ) and Helena ( born 1866 , nicknamed Hela ) . Władysław Skłodowski with daughters ( from left ) Maria , Bronisława , Helena , 1890 On both the paternal and maternal sides , the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland 's independence ( the most recent had been the January Uprising of 1863 -- 65 ) . This condemned the subsequent generation , including Maria , her elder sisters and her brother , to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life . Maria 's paternal grandfather , Józef Skłodowski , had been a respected teacher in Lublin , where he taught the young Bolesław Prus , who would become a leading figure in Polish literature . Her father , Władysław Skłodowski , taught mathematics and physics , subjects that Maria was to pursue , and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia for boys . After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools , he brought much of the laboratory equipment home , and instructed his children in its use . Birthplace on ulica Freta in Warsaw 's `` New Town '' -- now home to the Maria Skłodowska - Curie Museum The father was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments , and forced to take lower - paying posts ; the family also lost money on a bad investment , and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house . Maria 's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls ; she resigned from the position after Maria was born . She died of tuberculosis in May 1878 , when Maria was ten years old . Less than three years earlier , Maria 's oldest sibling , Zofia , had died of typhus contracted from a boarder . Maria 's father was an atheist ; her mother a devout Catholic . The deaths of Maria 's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic . When she was ten years old , Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska ; next she attended a gymnasium for girls , from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal . After a collapse , possibly due to depression , she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father , and the next year with her father in Warsaw , where she did some tutoring . Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman , she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University ( sometimes translated as Floating University ) , a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students . Maria Skłodowska ( left ) with sister Bronisława , ca . 1886 Maria made an agreement with her sister , Bronisława , that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława 's medical studies in Paris , in exchange for similar assistance two years later . In connection with this , Maria took a position as governess : first as a home tutor in Warsaw ; then for two years as a governess in Szczuki with a landed family , the Żorawskis , who were relatives of her father . While working for the latter family , she fell in love with their son , Kazimierz Żorawski , a future eminent mathematician . His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative , and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them . Maria 's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both . He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician , becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University . Still , as an old man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic , he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932 . At a Warsaw lab , in 1890 -- 91 , Skłodowska did her first scientific work . At the beginning of 1890 , Bronisława -- who a few months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski , a Polish physician and social and political activist -- invited Maria to join them in Paris . Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition ; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds . She was helped by her father , who was able to secure a more lucrative position again . All that time she continued to educate herself , reading books , exchanging letters , and being tutored herself . In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw . She continued working as a governess , and remained there till late 1891 . She tutored , studied at the Flying University , and began her practical scientific training ( 1890 -- 91 ) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66 , near Warsaw 's Old Town . The laboratory was run by her cousin Józef Boguski , who had been an assistant in Saint Petersburg to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev . New life in Paris In late 1891 , she left Poland for France . In Paris , Maria ( or Marie , as she would be known in France ) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother - in - law before renting a garret closer to the university , in the Latin Quarter , and proceeding with her studies of physics , chemistry , and mathematics at the University of Paris , where she enrolled in late 1891 . She subsisted on her meager resources , suffering from cold winters and occasionally fainting from hunger . Skłodowska studied during the day and tutored evenings , barely earning her keep . In 1893 , she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann . Meanwhile , she continued studying at the University of Paris , and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894 . Marie had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels , commissioned by the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry ( Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale ( 1 ) ) . That same year Pierre Curie entered her life ; it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together . Pierre was an instructor at the School of Physics and Chemistry , the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris ( ESPCI ) . They were introduced by the Polish physicist , Professor Józef Wierusz - Kowalski , who had learned that Marie was looking for a larger laboratory space , something that Wierusz - Kowalski thought Pierre had access to . Though Pierre did not have a large laboratory , he was able to find some space for Marie where she was able to begin work . Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer , and they began to develop feelings for one another . Eventually Pierre proposed marriage , but at first Marie did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country . Pierre , however , declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland , even if it meant being reduced to teaching French . Meanwhile , for the 1894 summer break , Marie returned to Warsaw , where she visited her family . She was still laboring under the illusion that she would be able to work in her chosen field in Poland , but she was denied a place at Kraków University because she was a woman . A letter from Pierre convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a Ph. D. At Marie 's insistence , Pierre had written up his research on magnetism and received his own doctorate in March 1895 ; he was also promoted to professor at the School . A contemporary quip would call Marie , `` Pierre 's biggest discovery . '' On 26 July 1895 they were married in Sceaux ( Seine ) ; neither wanted a religious service . Marie 's dark blue outfit , worn instead of a bridal gown , would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit . They shared two pastimes : long bicycle trips , and journeys abroad , which brought them even closer . In Pierre , Marie had found a new love , a partner , and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend . New elements Pierre and Marie Curie in the laboratory In 1895 , Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays , though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood . In 1896 , Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power . He demonstrated that this radiation , unlike phosphorescence , did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself . Influenced by these two important discoveries , Marie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis . She used an innovative technique to investigate samples . Fifteen years earlier , her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometer , a sensitive device for measuring electric charge . Using Pierre 's electrometer , she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity . Using this technique , her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present . She hypothesized that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules but must come from the atom itself . This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the ancient assumption that atoms were indivisible . In 1897 , her daughter Irène was born . To support her family , Curie began teaching at the École Normale Supérieure . The Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory ; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to the School of Physics and Chemistry . The shed , formerly a medical school dissecting room , was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof . They were unaware of the deleterious effects of radiation exposure attendant on their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances . The School did not sponsor her research , but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments . Curie 's systematic studies included two uranium minerals , pitchblende and torbernite ( also known as chalcolite ) . Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself , and chalcolite twice as active . She concluded that , if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct , then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium . She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation , and by 1898 she discovered that the element thorium was also radioactive . Pierre was increasingly intrigued by her work . By mid-1898 he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her . The ( research ) idea ( writes Reid ) was her own ; no one helped her formulate it , and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it . She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity . It ( is ) likely that already at this early stage of her career ( she ) realized that ... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved . Pierre , Irène , Marie Curie She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority . Had not Becquerel , two years earlier , presented his discovery to the Académie des Sciences the day after he made it , credit for the discovery of radioactivity , and even a Nobel Prize , would instead have gone to Silvanus Thompson . Curie chose the same rapid means of publication . Her paper , giving a brief and simple account of her work , was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor , Gabriel Lippmann . Even so , just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel , so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium ; two months earlier , Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin . At that time , no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper , describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself : `` The fact is very remarkable , and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium . '' She later would recall how she felt `` a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible . '' On 14 April 1898 , the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100 - gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar . They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore . In July 1898 , Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named `` polonium '' , in honour of her native Poland , which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires ( Russian , Austrian , and Prussian ) . On 26 December 1898 , the Curies announced the existence of a second element , which they named `` radium '' , from the Latin word for `` ray '' . In the course of their research , they also coined the word `` radioactivity '' . To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt , the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form . Pitchblende is a complex mineral ; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task . The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy ; chemically it resembles the element bismuth , and polonium was the only bismuth - like substance in the ore . Radium , however , was more elusive ; it is closely related chemically to barium , and pitchblende contains both elements . By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium , but appreciable quantities , uncontaminated with barium , were still beyond reach . The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization . From a ton of pitchblende , one - tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902 . In 1910 , she isolated pure radium metal . She never succeeded in isolating polonium , which has a half - life of only 138 days . Between 1898 and 1902 , the Curies published , jointly or separately , a total of 32 scientific papers , including one that announced that , when exposed to radium , diseased , tumor - forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells . Pierre and Marie Curie , c. 1903 In 1900 , Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure , and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris . In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father 's death . In June 1903 , supervised by Gabriel Lippmann , Curie was awarded her doctorate from the University of Paris . That month the couple were invited to the Royal Institution in London to give a speech on radioactivity ; being a woman , she was prevented from speaking , and Pierre alone was allowed to . Meanwhile , a new industry began developing , based on radium . The Curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business . Nobel Prizes 1903 Nobel Prize portrait In December 1903 , the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie , Marie Curie , and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics , `` in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel . '' At first , the Committee intended to honour only Pierre and Becquerel , but one of the committee members and an advocate of women scientists , Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag - Leffler , alerted Pierre to the situation , and after his complaint , Marie 's name was added to the nomination . Marie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize . Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person ; they were too busy with their work , and Pierre , who disliked public ceremonies , was feeling increasingly ill . As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture , the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905 . The award money allowed the Curies to hire their first laboratory assistant . Following the award of the Nobel Prize , and galvanized by an offer from the University of Geneva , which offered Pierre a position , the University of Paris gave Pierre a professorship and the chair of physics , although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory . Upon Pierre 's complaint , the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory , but it would not be ready until 1906 . In December 1904 , Curie gave birth to their second daughter , Ève . She hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters her native language , and sent or took them on visits to Poland . On 19 April 1906 , Pierre was killed in a road accident . Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain , he was struck by a horse - drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels , causing his skull to fracture . Curie was devastated by her husband 's death . On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for Pierre and to offer it to Marie . She accepted it , hoping to create a world - class laboratory as a tribute to Pierre . She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris . Curie 's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris , however . In her later years , she headed the Radium Institute ( Institut du radium , now Curie Institute , Institut Curie ) , a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris . The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from Pierre Paul Émile Roux , director of the Pasteur Institute , who had been disappointed that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute . Only then , with the threat of Curie leaving , did the University of Paris relent , and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute . At First Solvay Conference ( 1911 ) , Curie ( seated , second from right ) confers with Henri Poincaré ; standing , fourth from right , is Rutherford ; second from right , Einstein ; far right , Paul Langevin In 1910 , Curie succeeded in isolating radium ; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre : the curie . Nevertheless , in 1911 the French Academy of Sciences did not elect her to be a member by one or two votes . Elected instead was Édouard Branly , an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wireless telegraph . A doctoral student of Curie , Marguerite Perey , became the first woman elected to membership in the Academy -- over half a century later , in 1962 . Despite Curie 's fame as a scientist working for France , the public 's attitude tended toward xenophobia -- the same that had led to the Dreyfus affair -- which also fueled false speculation that Curie was Jewish . During the French Academy of Sciences elections , she was vilified by the right wing press who criticised her for being a foreigner and an atheist . Her daughter later remarked on the public hypocrisy as the French press often portrayed Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honour , but would portray her as a French hero when she received a foreign one such as her Nobel Prizes . In 1911 , it was revealed that in 1910 -- 11 Curie had conducted an affair of about a year 's duration with physicist Paul Langevin , a former student of Pierre 's -- a married man who was estranged from his wife . This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents . Curie ( then in her mid-40s ) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home - wrecker . When the scandal broke , she was away at a conference in Belgium ; on her return , she found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge , with her daughters , in the home of her friend , Camille Marbo . 1911 Nobel Prize diploma International recognition for her work had been growing to new heights , and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal , honored her a second time , with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . This award was `` in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium , by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element . '' She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes , and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each . A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning , headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz , encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country . Curie 's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government into supporting the Radium Institute , built in 1914 , where research was conducted in chemistry , physics , and medicine . A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize , she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment . For most of 1912 she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist , Hertha Ayrton . She returned to her laboratory only in December , after a break of about 14 months . In 1912 , the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined , focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914 , and on a new street named Rue Pierre - Curie . She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities . The Institute 's development was interrupted by the coming war , as most researchers were drafted into the French Army , and it fully resumed its activities in 1919 . World war I Curie in a mobile X-ray vehicle During World War I , Curie recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as soon as possible . She saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons . After a quick study of radiology , anatomy , and automotive mechanics she procured X-ray equipment , vehicles , auxiliary generators , and developed mobile radiography units , which came to be popularly known as petites Curies ( `` Little Curies '' ) . She became the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France 's first military radiology centre , operational by late 1914 . Assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17 - year - old daughter Irène , Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war . Later , she began training other women as aides . In 1915 , Curie produced hollow needles containing `` radium emanation '' , a colorless , radioactive gas given off by radium , later identified as radon , to be used for sterilizing infected tissue . She provided the radium from her own one - gram supply . It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X-ray units . Busy with this work , she carried out very little scientific research during that period . In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort , Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government . Also , promptly after the war started , she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them . She did buy war bonds , using her Nobel Prize money . She said : I am going to give up the little gold I possess . I shall add to this the scientific medals , which are quite useless to me . There is something else : by sheer laziness I had allowed the money for my second Nobel Prize to remain in Stockholm in Swedish crowns . This is the chief part of what we possess . I should like to bring it back here and invest it in war loans . The state needs it . Only , I have no illusions : this money will probably be lost . She was also an active member in committees of Polonia in France dedicated to the Polish cause . After the war , she summarized her wartime experiences in a book , Radiology in War ( 1919 ) . Postwar years In 1920 , for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium , the French government established a stipend for her ; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur ( 1822 -- 95 ) . In 1921 , she was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium . Mrs. William Brown Meloney , after interviewing Marie , created a Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium , publicising her trip . In 1921 , U.S. President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States . Before the meeting , recognising her growing fame abroad , and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public , the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award , but she refused . In 1922 she became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine . She also travelled to other countries , appearing publicly and giving lectures in Belgium , Brazil , Spain , and Czechoslovakia . Led by Curie , the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners , including her daughter Irène Joliot - Curie and her son - in - law , Frédéric Joliot - Curie . Eventually , it became one of four major radioactivity research laboratories , the others being the Cavendish Laboratory , with Ernest Rutherford ; the Institute for Radium Research , Vienna , with Stefan Meyer ; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry , with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner . In August 1922 , Marie Curie became a member of the newly created International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations . In 1923 , she wrote a biography of Pierre , entitled Pierre Curie . In 1925 , she visited Poland , to participate in the ceremony that laid foundations for the Radium Institute in Warsaw . Her second American tour , in 1929 , succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium ; it was opened in 1932 and her sister Bronisława became its director . These distractions from her scientific labours and the attendant publicity caused her much discomfort but provided resources needed for her work . In 1930 , she was elected a member of the International Atomic Weights Committee where she served until her death . Death 1935 statue , facing the Radium Institute , Warsaw Curie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934 . A few months later , on 4 July 1934 , she died at the Sancellemoz sanatorium in Passy , Haute - Savoie , from aplastic anemia believed to have been contracted from her long - term exposure to radiation . The damaging effects of ionising radiation were not known at the time of her work , which had been carried out without the safety measures later developed . She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket , and she stored them in her desk drawer , remarking on the faint light that the substances gave off in the dark . Curie was also exposed to X-rays from unshielded equipment while serving as a radiologist in field hospitals during the war . Although her many decades of exposure to radiation caused chronic illnesses ( including near - blindness due to cataracts ) and ultimately her death , she never really acknowledged the health risks of radiation exposure . She was interred at the cemetery in Sceaux , alongside her husband Pierre . Sixty years later , in 1995 , in honour of their achievements , the remains of both were transferred to the Panthéon , Paris . She became the first woman to be honoured with interment in the Panthéon on her own merits . In 2015 , two other women were also interred on their own merits . Because of their levels of radioactive contamination , her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle . Even her cookbook is highly radioactive . Her papers are kept in lead - lined boxes , and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing . In her last year , she worked on a book , Radioactivity , which was published posthumously in 1935 . Legacy Statue , Maria Curie - Skłodowska University , Lublin , Poland The physical and societal aspects of the Curies ' work contributed substantially to shaping the world of the twentieth and twenty - first centuries . Cornell University professor L. Pearce Williams observes : The result of the Curies ' work was epoch - making . Radium 's radioactivity was so great that it could not be ignored . It seemed to contradict the principle of the conservation of energy and therefore forced a reconsideration of the foundations of physics . On the experimental level the discovery of radium provided men like Ernest Rutherford with sources of radioactivity with which they could probe the structure of the atom . As a result of Rutherford 's experiments with alpha radiation , the nuclear atom was first postulated . In medicine , the radioactivity of radium appeared to offer a means by which cancer could be successfully attacked . If Curie 's work helped overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry , it has had an equally profound effect in the societal sphere . To attain her scientific achievements , she had to overcome barriers , in both her native and her adoptive country , that were placed in her way because she was a woman . This aspect of her life and career is highlighted in Françoise Giroud 's Marie Curie : A Life , which emphasizes Marie 's role as a feminist precursor . She was known for her honesty and moderate life style . Having received a small scholarship in 1893 , she returned it in 1897 as soon as she began earning her keep . She gave much of her first Nobel Prize money to friends , family , students , and research associates . In an unusual decision , Curie intentionally refrained from patenting the radium - isolation process , so that the scientific community could do research unhindered . She insisted that monetary gifts and awards be given to the scientific institutions she was affiliated with rather than to her . She and her husband often refused awards and medals . Albert Einstein reportedly remarked that she was probably the only person who could not be corrupted by fame . Awards , honours , and tributes Tomb of Pierre and Marie Curie , Panthéon , Paris As one of the most famous women scientists to date , Marie Curie has become an icon in the scientific world and has received tributes from across the globe , even in the realm of pop culture . In a 2009 poll carried out by New Scientist , she was voted the `` most inspirational woman in science '' . Curie received 25.1 per cent of all votes cast , nearly twice as many as second - place Rosalind Franklin ( 14.2 per cent ) . Poland and France declared 2011 the Year of Marie Curie , and the United Nations declared that this would be the International Year of Chemistry . An artistic installation celebrating `` Madame Curie '' filled the Jacobs Gallery at San Diego 's Museum of Contemporary Art . On 7 November , Google celebrated the anniversary of her birth with a special Google Doodle . On 10 December , the New York Academy of Sciences celebrated the centenary of Marie Curie 's second Nobel prize in the presence of Princess Madeleine of Sweden . Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel prize , the first person to win two Nobel Prizes , the only woman to win in two fields , and the only person to win in multiple sciences . Awards that she received include : Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1903 , with Pierre ) Davy Medal ( 1903 , with Pierre ) Matteucci Medal ( 1904 , with Pierre ) Actonian Prize ( 1907 ) Elliott Cresson Medal ( 1909 ) Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( 1911 ) Franklin Medal of the American Philosophical Society ( 1921 ) Marie Curie 's 1898 publication with her husband and their collaborator Gustave Bémont . for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris ( Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris ) in 2015 . In 1995 , she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon , Paris . The curie ( symbol Ci ) , a unit of radioactivity , is named in honour of her and Pierre ( although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre , Marie or both of them ) . The element with atomic number 96 was named curium . Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies : curite , sklodowskite , and cuprosklodowskite . She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world . The Marie Skłodowska - Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her . In Poland , she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów Polytechnic ( 1912 ) , Poznań University ( 1922 ) , Kraków 's Jagiellonian University ( 1924 ) , and the Warsaw Polytechnic ( 1926 ) . In 1921 , in the U.S. , she was awarded membership in the Iota Sigma Pi women scientists ' society . Her name is included on the Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations , erected in Hamburg , Germany in 1936 . Numerous locations around the world are named after her . In 2007 , a metro station in Paris was renamed to honour both of the Curies . Polish nuclear research reactor Maria is named after her . The 7000 Curie asteroid is also named after her . A KLM McDonnell Douglas MD - 11 ( registration PH - KCC ) is named in her honour . Several institutions bear her name , starting with the two Curie institutes -- the Maria Skłodowska -- Curie Institute of Oncology , in Warsaw ; and the Institut Curie in Paris . She is the patron of Maria Curie - Skłodowska University , in Lublin , founded in 1944 ; and of Pierre and Marie Curie University ( Paris VI ) , France 's pre-eminent science university . In Britain , Marie Curie Cancer Care was organized in 1948 to care for the terminally ill . Two museums are devoted to Marie Curie . In 1967 , the Maria Skłodowska - Curie Museum was established in Warsaw 's `` New Town '' , at her birthplace on ulica Freta ( Freta Street ) . Her Paris laboratory is preserved as the Musée Curie , open since 1992 . Several works of art bear her likeness . In 1935 , Michalina Mościcka , wife of Polish President Ignacy Mościcki , unveiled a statue of Marie Curie before Warsaw 's Radium Institute . During the 1944 Second World War Warsaw Uprising against the Nazi German occupation , the monument was damaged by gunfire ; after the war it was decided to leave the bullet marks on the statue and its pedestal . In 1955 Jozef Mazur created a stained glass panel of her , the Maria Skłodowska - Curie Medallion , featured in the University at Buffalo Polish Room . A number of biographies are devoted to her . In 1938 her daughter , Ève Curie , published Madame Curie . In 1987 Françoise Giroud wrote Marie Curie : A Life . In 2005 Barbara Goldsmith wrote Obsessive Genius : The Inner World of Marie Curie . In 2011 Lauren Redniss published Radioactive : Marie and Pierre Curie , a Tale of Love and Fallout . Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon starred in the 1943 U.S. Oscar - nominated film , Madame Curie , based on her life . More recently , in 1997 , a French film about Pierre and Marie Curie was released , Les Palmes de M. Schutz . It was adapted from a play of the same name . In the film , Marie Curie was played by Isabelle Huppert . Curie is the subject of the play False Assumptions by Lawrence Aronovitch , in which the ghosts of three other women scientists observe events in her life . Curie has also been portrayed by Susan Marie Frontczak in her play Manya : The Living History of Marie Curie , a one - woman show performed in 30 US states and nine countries , by 2014 . Curie 's likeness also has appeared on banknotes , stamps and coins around the world . She was featured on the Polish late - 1980s 20,000 - złoty banknote as well as on the last French 500 - franc note , before the franc was replaced by the euro . Curie themed postage stamps from Mali , the Republic of Togo , Zambia , and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder . On the first centenary of Marie Curie 's second Nobel Prize in 2011 , an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace . It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult : polonium and radium . Also in 2011 , a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was named in her honor . See also Eusapia Palladino : Spiritualist medium whose Paris séances were attended by Pierre and Marie Curie . Genius , a television series depicting Einstein 's life List of female Nobel laureates List of multiple discoveries List of Poles Marie Curie Gargoyle ( 1988 ) , University of Oregon Poles Treatise on Radioactivity Marie `` Blanche '' Wittmann , who worked for Marie Curie . Women in chemistry NOTES a . Poland had been partitioned in the 18th century among Russia , Prussia and Austria , and it was Maria Skłodowska Curie 's hope that naming the element after her native country would bring world attention to Poland 's lack of independence as a sovereign state . Polonium may have been the first chemical element named to highlight a political question . b . Sources vary concerning the field of her second degree . Tadeusz Estreicher , in the 1938 Polski słownik biograficzny entry , writes that , while many sources state she earned a degree in mathematics , this is incorrect , and that her second degree was in chemistry . References Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie -- Biography '' . Nobelprize.org. 4 July 1934 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ESPCI Paris : Prestige '' . www.espci.fr . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curie '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of Radioactivity '' . Berkeley Lab . The term radioactivity was actually coined by Marie Curie ( ... ) . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie -- Research Breakthroughs ( 1897 -- 1904 ) '' . American Institute of Physics . To describe the behavior of uranium and thorium ( Curie ) invented the word `` radioactivity '' -- based on the Latin word for ray . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie and the radioactivity , The 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics '' . nobelprize.org . Marie called this radiation radioactivity - `` radio '' means radiation . Jump up ^ See her signature , `` M. Skłodowska Curie '' , in the infobox . Jump up ^ Her 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was granted to `` Marie Sklodowska Curie '' File : Marie Skłodowska - Curie 's Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911. jpg . ^ Jump up to : Goldsmith , Barbara ( 2005 ) . Obsessive Genius : The Inner World of Marie Curie . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05137 - 7 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Genius of Marie Curie : The Woman Who Lit Up the World '' on YouTube ( a 2013 BBC documentary ) . ^ Jump up to : Estreicher , Tadeusz ( 1938 ) . `` Curie , Maria ze Skłodowskich '' . Polski słownik biograficzny , vol. 4 ( in Polish ) . p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Polish Girlhood ( 1867 -- 1891 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Craig ( 2014 ) . The Age of Radiance : The Epic Rise and Dramatic Fall of the Atomic Era . Simon & Schuster . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 4516 - 6045 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Wojciech A. Wierzewski ( 21 June 2008 ) . `` Mazowieckie korzenie Marii '' ( Maria 's Mazowsze Roots ) . Gwiazda Polarna. 100 ( 13 ) : 16 -- 17 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Miłosz , Czesław ( 1983 ) . The History of Polish Literature . University of California Press . p. 291 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04477 - 7 . Undoubtedly the most important novelist of the period was Bolesław Prus ... Jump up ^ Barker , Dan ( 2011 ) . The Good Atheist : Living a Purpose - Filled Life Without God . Ulysses Press . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56975 - 846 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Unusually at such an early age , she became what T.H. Huxley had just invented a word for : agnostic . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Polish Girlhood ( 1867 -- 1891 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . pp. 23 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Estreicher , Tadeusz ( 1938 ) . `` Curie , Maria ze Skłodowskich '' . Polski słownik biograficzny , vol. 4 ( in Polish ) . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Student in Paris ( 1891 -- 1897 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ L. Pearce Williams ( 1986 ) . `` Curie , Pierre and Marie '' . Encyclopedia Americana , vol. 8 . Danbury , Connecticut : Grolier , Inc. p. 331 . Jump up ^ les Actus DN . `` Marie Curie '' . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Research Breakthroughs ( 1807 -- 1904 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . pp. 61 -- 63 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Research Breakthroughs ( 1807 -- 1904 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Student in Paris ( 1891 -- 1897 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . pp. 63 -- 64 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of Radioactivity '' . Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . 9 August 2000 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ L. Pearce Williams ( 1986 ) . `` Curie , Pierre and Marie '' . Encyclopedia Americana , vol. 8 . Danbury , Connecticut : Grolier , Inc . pp. 331 -- 332 . ^ Jump up to : L. Pearce Williams ( 1986 ) . `` Curie , Pierre and Marie '' . Encyclopedia Americana , vol. 8 . Danbury , Connecticut : Grolier , Inc. p. 332 . Jump up ^ `` Marie Sklodowska Curie '' , Encyclopedia of World Biography , 2nd ed. , vol. 4 , Detroit , Gale , 2004 , pp. 339 -- 41 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Web . 3 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Research Breakthroughs ( 1807 -- 1904 ) Part 3 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Susan ( 1996 ) . Marie Curie : A Life . Da Capo Press . pp. 176 , 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 88794 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mould , R.F. ( 1998 ) . `` The discovery of radium in 1898 by Maria Sklodowska - Curie ( 1867 -- 1934 ) and Pierre Curie ( 1859 -- 1906 ) with commentary on their life and times '' ( PDF ) . The British Journal of Radiology. 71 ( 852 ) : 1229 -- 54 . doi : 10.1259 / bjr. 71.852. 10318996 . PMID 10318996 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Recognition and Disappointment ( 1903 -- 1905 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Recognition and Disappointment ( 1903 -- 1905 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Prof. Curie killed in a Paris street '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 20 April 1906 . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Tragedy and Adjustment ( 1906 -- 1910 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Tragedy and Adjustment ( 1906 -- 1910 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Estreicher , Tadeusz ( 1938 ) . `` Curie , Maria ze Skłodowskich '' . Polski słownik biograficzny , vol. 4 ( in Polish ) . p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Scandal and Recovery ( 1910 -- 1913 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Barbara ( 2005 ) . Obsessive Genius : The Inner World of Marie Curie . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 170 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05137 - 7 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . pp. 44 , 90 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Barbara ( 2005 ) . Obsessive Genius : The Inner World of Marie Curie . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 165 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05137 - 7 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Scandal and Recovery ( 1910 -- 1913 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- War Duty ( 1914 -- 1919 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Coppes - Zantinga , A.R. and Coppes , M.J. ( 1998 ) , Marie Curie 's contributions to radiology during World War I. Med . Pediatr . Oncol. , 31 : 541 -- 543 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1096 - 911X ( 199812 ) 31 : 6 < 541 : : AID - MPO19 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 0 ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- War Duty ( 1914 -- 1919 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Śladkowski , Wiesław ( 1980 ) . Emigracja polska we Francji 1871 -- 1918 ( in Polish ) . Wydawnictwo Lubelskie . p. 274 . ISBN 83 - 222 - 0147 - 8 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ann M. Lewicki ( 2002 ) . `` Marie Sklodowska Curie in America , 1921 '' . Radiology . Radiological Society of North America . 223 ( 2 ) : 299 -- 303 . doi : 10.1148 / radiol. 2232011319 . PMID 11997527 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Julie Des Jardins ( October 2011 ) . `` Madame Curie 's Passion '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- The Radium Institute ( 1919 -- 1934 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Pasachoff , Naomi ( 1996 ) . Marie Curie : And the Science of Radioactivity : And the Science of Radioactivity . Oxford University Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509214 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Zwoliński , Zbigniew . `` Science in Poland -- Maria Sklodowska - Curie '' . Uniwersytet im . Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- The Radium Institute ( 1919 -- 1934 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC '' . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie Enshrined in Pantheon '' . New York Times . 21 April 1995 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie and Her Legend '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Norman E. Holden ( 2004 ) . `` Atomic Weights and the International Committee : A Historical Review '' . Chemistry International . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- The Radium Institute ( 1919 -- 1934 ) Part 3 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Rollyson , Carl ( 2004 ) . Marie Curie : Honesty In Science . iUniverse . p. x . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 34059 - 0 . Jump up ^ James Shipman ; Jerry D. Wilson ; Aaron Todd ( 2012 ) . An Introduction to Physical Science . Cengage Learning . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 133 - 10409 - 4 . Jump up ^ Blom , Philipp ( 2008 ) . `` 1903 : A Strange Luminescence '' . The Vertigo Years : Europe , 1900 -- 1914 . Basic Books . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01116 - 2 . The glowing tubes looked like faint , fairy lights . Jump up ^ Denise Grady ( 6 October 1998 ) , A Glow in the Dark , and a Lesson in Scientific Peril The New York Times ; accessed 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Angelique Chrisafis ( 27 May 2015 ) , France president François Hollande adds resistance heroines to Panthéon The Guardian ; accessed 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Estes , Adam Clark . `` Marie Curie 's century - old radioactive notebook still requires lead box '' . ^ Jump up to : Bryson , Bill ( 2012 ) . A Short History of Nearly Everything . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 67450 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Estreicher , Tadeusz ( 1938 ) . `` Curie , Maria ze Skłodowskich '' . Polski słownik biograficzny , vol. 4 ( in Polish ) . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . p. 265 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Borzendowski , Janice ( 2009 ) . Sterling Biographies : Marie Curie : Mother of Modern Physics . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 5318 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Most inspirational woman scientist revealed '' . Newscientist.com. 2 July 2009 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie voted greatest female scientist '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 2 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2010 . Marie Curie , the Nobel Prize - winning nuclear physicist has been voted the greatest woman scientist of all time . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 -- The Year of Marie Skłodowska - Curie '' . Cosmopolitanreview.com. 3 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Chute , James ( 5 March 2011 ) . `` Video artist Steinkamp 's flowery ' Madame Curie ' is challenging , and stunning '' . signonsandiego.com . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie 's 144th Birthday Anniversary '' . DoodleToday.com. 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Madeleine attends celebrations to mark anniversary of Marie Curie 's second Nobel Prize '' . Sveriges Kungahus . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prize Facts '' . Nobelprize.org. 22 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Eve Curie ; Vincent Sheean ( 1999 ) . Madame Curie : A Biography . Turtleback Books . p. 389 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 613 - 18127 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS '' . Science . 25 ( 647 ) : 839 -- 840 . 1907 . Bibcode : 1907Sci ... 25 ... 839 ... doi : 10.1126 / science. 25.647. 839 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Laureate Database '' . The Franklin Institute Awards . The Franklin Institute . Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes '' . Proc. Am. Philos . Soc. 60 ( 4 ) : xxii. 1921 . JSTOR 984523 . Jump up ^ Curie , M.P. ; Curie , Mme . P ; Bémont , M.G. ( 26 December 1898 ) . `` sur une nouvelle substance fortement redio - active , contenue dans la pechblende '' . Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences ( in French ) . Paris . 127 : 1215 -- 1217 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Awardees '' . American Chemical Society , Division of the History of Chemistry . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign School of Chemical Sciences . 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award '' ( PDF ) . American Chemical Society , Division of the History of Chemistry . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign School of Chemical Sciences . 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul W. Frame ( October -- November 1996 ) . `` How the Curie Came to Be '' . Oak Ridge Associated Universities . Retrieved 30 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Curium '' . Chemistry in its element . Royal Society of Chemistry . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Borzendowski , Janice ( 2009 ) . Sterling Biographies : Marie Curie : Mother of Modern Physics . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 5318 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie Actions '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . 2012 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coventry professor 's honorary degree takes him in footsteps of Marie Curie '' . Birmingham Press . 31 July 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PROFESSIONAL AWARDS '' . Iota Stigma Pi : National Honor Society for Women in Chemistry . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Museum of Modern Imaging '' . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IEA -- reaktor Maria '' . Institute of Atomic Energy , Poland . Archived from the original on 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of the McDonnell Douglas MD - 11 aircraft '' . Airliners.net . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Charity Commission . Marie Curie ( charity ) , registered charity no . 207994 . Jump up ^ Curie , Institut ( 17 December 2010 ) . `` Curie museum Institut Curie '' . Curie.fr . Archived from the original on 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie Medallion Returns to UB Polish Collection By Way of eBay '' . News Center , University of Buffalo . 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radioactive : Marie and Pierre Curie , a Tale of Love and Fallout '' . Cosmopolitanreview.com. 3 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les - Palmes - de-M - Schutz ( 1997 ) '' . Movies . New York Times . 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Mixing Science With Theatre -- Ottawa Sun , March 2013 ^ Jump up to : Main , Douglas ( 7 March 2014 ) . `` This Famous Image Of Marie Curie Is n't Marie Curie '' . Popular Science www.popsci.com . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Council of Scientific & Industrial Research ( India ) ( 1997 ) . Science reporter . Council of Scientific & Industrial Research . p. 117 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Letcher , Piers ( 2003 ) . Eccentric France . Bradt Travel Guides . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84162 - 068 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Most Marii Skłodowskiej - Curie , Polska '' Vistal Gdynia `` . www.vistal.pl . Archived from the original on 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kabzińska , Krystyna ( 1998 ) . `` Chemiczne i polskie aspekty odkrycia polonu i radu '' ( Chemical and Polish Aspects of Polonium and Radium Discovery ) . Przemysł chemiczny ( The Chemical Industry ) ( in Polish ) . 77 : 104 -- 107 . Further reading Nonfiction Eva Hemmungs Wirtén ( 2015 ) . Making Marie Curie : Intellectual Property and Celebrity Culture in an Age of Information . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 23584 - 4 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Kaczorowska , Teresa ( 2011 ) . Córka mazowieckich równin , czyli , Maria Skłodowska - Curie z Mazowsza ( Daughter of the Mazovian Plains : Maria Skłodowska -- Curie of Mazowsze ) ( in Polish ) . Związek Literatów Polskich , Oddz . w Ciechanowie . ISBN 9788389408365 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Pasachoff , Naomi ( 1996 ) . Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509214 - 1 . Curie , Eve ( 2001 ) . Madame Curie : A Biography . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81038 - 1 . Curie , Marie ( 1921 ) . The Discovery of Radium . Poughkeepsie : Vassar College . Quinn , Susan ( 1996 ) . Marie Curie : A Life . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 88794 - 5 . Giroud , Françoise ( 1986 ) . Marie Curie , a life . Holmes & Meier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8419 - 0977 - 9 . , translated by Lydia Davis Redniss , Lauren ( 2010 ) . Radioactive : Marie & Pierre Curie : A Tale of Love and Fallout . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 135132 - 7 . Opfell , Olga S. ( 1978 ) . The Lady Laureates : Women Who Have Won the Nobel Prize . Metuchen , N.J. & London : Scarecrow Press . pp. 147 -- 164 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 1161 - 8 . Fiction Olov Enquist , Per ( 2006 ) . The Book about Blanche and Marie . New York : Overlook . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 668 - 3 . A 2004 novel by Per Olov Enquist featuring Maria Skłodowska - Curie , neurologist Jean - Martin Charcot , and his Salpêtrière patient `` Blanche '' ( Marie `` Blanche '' Wittmann ) . The English translation was published in 2006 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Marie Curie ( category ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Marie Curie Wikisource has original works written by or about : Marie Curie Out of the Shadows -- A study of women physicists The official web page of Maria Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin , Poland in English . Detailed Biography at Science in Poland website ; with quotes , photographs , links etc . European Marie Curie Fellowships Marie Curie Fellowship Association Works by Marie Curie at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Marie Curie at Internet Archive Works by Marie Curie at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Marie Sklodowska Curie : Her Life as a Media Compendium Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium Chronology from nobelprize.org Annotated bibliography of Marie Curie from the Alsos Digital Library Obituary , New York Times , 5 July 1934 Mme . Curie Is Dead ; Martyr to Science Some places and memories related to Marie Curie Marie Curie on the 500 French Franc and 20000 old Polish zloty banknotes . Marie Curie on IMDb -- Animated biography of Marie Curie on DVD from an animated series of world and American history -- Animated Hero Classics distributed by Nest Learning . Marie Curie -- More than Meets the Eye on IMDb -- Live action portrayal of Marie Curie on DVD from the Inventors Series produced by Devine Entertainment . Marie Curie on IMDb -- Portrayal of Marie Curie in a television mini series produced by the BBC `` Marie Curie and the Study of Radioactivity '' at American Institute of Physics website . ( Site also has a short version for kids entitled `` Her story in brief ! '' . ) `` Marie Curie Walking Tour of Paris '' . Hypatia . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Works by Marie Curie at Gallica streets and schools worldwide named after her . location of her grave on OpenStreetMap . Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 -- 1925 1901 Jacobus van ' t Hoff 1902 Emil Fischer 1903 Svante Arrhenius 1904 William Ramsay 1905 Adolf von Baeyer 1906 Henri Moissan 1907 Eduard Buchner 1908 Ernest Rutherford 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald 1910 Otto Wallach 1911 Marie Curie 1912 Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier 1913 Alfred Werner 1914 Theodore Richards 1915 Richard Willstätter 1916 1917 1918 Fritz Haber 1919 1920 Walther Nernst 1921 Frederick Soddy 1922 Francis Aston 1923 Fritz Pregl 1924 1925 Richard Zsigmondy 1926 -- 1950 1926 Theodor Svedberg 1927 Heinrich Wieland 1928 Adolf Windaus 1929 Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler - Chelpin 1930 Hans Fischer 1931 Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932 Irving Langmuir 1933 1934 Harold Urey 1935 Frédéric Joliot - Curie / Irène Joliot - Curie 1936 Peter Debye 1937 Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer 1938 Richard Kuhn 1939 Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička 1940 1941 1942 1943 George de Hevesy 1944 Otto Hahn 1945 Artturi Virtanen 1946 James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947 Robert Robinson 1948 Arne Tiselius 1949 William Giauque 1950 Otto Diels / Kurt Alder 1951 -- 1975 1951 Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg 1952 Archer Martin / Richard Synge 1953 Hermann Staudinger 1954 Linus Pauling 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud 1956 Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov 1957 Alexander Todd 1958 Frederick Sanger 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský 1960 Willard Libby 1961 Melvin Calvin 1962 Max Perutz / John Kendrew 1963 Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta 1964 Dorothy Hodgkin 1965 Robert Woodward 1966 Robert S. Mulliken 1967 Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter 1968 Lars Onsager 1969 Derek Barton / Odd Hassel 1970 Luis Federico Leloir 1971 Gerhard Herzberg 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein 1973 Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974 Paul Flory 1975 John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog 1976 -- 2000 1976 William Lipscomb 1977 Ilya Prigogine 1978 Peter D. Mitchell 1979 Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig 1980 Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger 1981 Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann 1982 Aaron Klug 1983 Henry Taube 1984 Robert Merrifield 1985 Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle 1986 Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi 1987 Donald J. Cram / Jean - Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988 Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989 Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech 1990 Elias Corey 1991 Richard R. Ernst 1992 Rudolph A. Marcus 1993 Kary Mullis / Michael Smith 1994 George Olah 1995 Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / Frank Rowland 1996 Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997 Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou 1998 Walter Kohn / John Pople 1999 Ahmed Zewail 2000 Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa 2001 -- present 2001 William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless 2002 John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich 2003 Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon 2004 Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose 2005 Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin 2006 Roger D. Kornberg 2007 Gerhard Ertl 2008 Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y . Tsien 2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath 2010 Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei - ichi Negishi 2011 Dan Shechtman 2012 Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka 2013 Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel 2014 Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner 2015 Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar 2016 Jean - Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa 2017 Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 -- 1925 1901 Röntgen 1902 Lorentz / Zeeman 1903 Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie 1904 Rayleigh 1905 Lenard 1906 J.J. Thomson 1907 Michelson 1908 Lippmann 1909 Marconi / Braun 1910 Van der Waals 1911 Wien 1912 Dalén 1913 Kamerlingh Onnes 1914 Laue 1915 W.L. Bragg / W.H. Bragg 1916 1917 Barkla 1918 Planck 1919 Stark 1920 Guillaume 1921 Einstein 1922 N. Bohr 1923 Millikan 1924 M. Siegbahn 1925 Franck / Hertz 1926 -- 1950 1926 Perrin 1927 Compton / C. Wilson 1928 O. Richardson 1929 De Broglie 1930 Raman 1931 1932 Heisenberg 1933 Schrödinger / Dirac 1934 1935 Chadwick 1936 Hess / C.D. Anderson 1937 Davisson / G.P. Thomson 1938 Fermi 1939 Lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943 Stern 1944 Rabi 1945 Pauli 1946 Bridgman 1947 Appleton 1948 Blackett 1949 Yukawa 1950 Powell 1951 -- 1975 1951 Cockcroft / Walton 1952 Bloch / Purcell 1953 Zernike 1954 Born / Bothe 1955 Lamb / Kusch 1956 Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain 1957 C.N. Yang / T.D. Lee 1958 Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm 1959 Segrè / Chamberlain 1960 Glaser 1961 Hofstadter / Mössbauer 1962 Landau 1963 Wigner / Goeppert - Mayer / Jensen 1964 Townes / Basov / Prokhorov 1965 Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman 1966 Kastler 1967 Bethe 1968 Alvarez 1969 Gell - Mann 1970 Alfvén / Néel 1971 Gabor 1972 Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer 1973 Esaki / Giaever / Josephson 1974 Ryle / Hewish 1975 A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater 1976 -- 2000 1976 Richter / Ting 1977 P.W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck 1978 Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson 1979 Glashow / Salam / Weinberg 1980 Cronin / Fitch 1981 Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn 1982 K. Wilson 1983 Chandrasekhar / Fowler 1984 Rubbia / Van der Meer 1985 von Klitzing 1986 Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer 1987 Bednorz / Müller 1988 Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger 1989 Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul 1990 Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor 1991 de Gennes 1992 Charpak 1993 Hulse / J. Taylor 1994 Brockhouse / Shull 1995 Perl / Reines 1996 D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson 1997 Chu / Cohen - Tannoudji / Phillips 1998 Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui 1999 ' t Hooft / Veltman 2000 Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby 2001 -- present 2001 Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman 2002 Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi 2003 Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett 2004 Gross / Politzer / Wilczek 2005 Glauber / Hall / Hänsch 2006 Mather / Smoot 2007 Fert / Grünberg 2008 Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa 2009 Kao / Boyle / Smith 2010 Geim / Novoselov 2011 Perlmutter / Riess / Schmidt 2012 Wineland / Haroche 2013 Englert / Higgs 2014 Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura 2015 Kajita / McDonald 2016 Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz 2017 Weiss / Barish / Thorne Scientists whose names are used as non SI units Anders Jonas Ångström Alexander Graham Bell Marie Curie Pierre Curie John Dalton Peter Debye Loránd Eötvös Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit Galileo Galilei Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss William Gilbert Heinrich Kayser Johann Heinrich Lambert Samuel Pierpont Langley Heinrich Mache James Clerk Maxwell John Napier Hans Christian Ørsted Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille William John Macquorn Rankine René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur Wilhelm Röntgen Sir George Stokes , 1st Baronet John Strutt , 3rd Baron Rayleigh Joseph John Thomson Evangelista Torricelli Scientists whose names are used as SI units Scientists whose names are used in chemical element names Scientists whose names are used in physical constants People whose names are used in chemical element names Vasili Samarsky - Bykhovets Johan Gadolin Amerigo Vespucci Marie Curie Pierre Curie George Berkeley Albert Einstein Enrico Fermi Dmitri Mendeleev Alfred Nobel Ernest Lawrence Ernest Rutherford Glenn T. Seaborg Niels Bohr Lise Meitner Nicolaus Copernicus Georgy Flyorov Robert Livermore Scientists whose names are used as SI units non SI units Physical constants VIAF : 76353174 LCCN : n80155913 ISNI : 0000 0003 6864 4542 GND : 118523023 SELIBR : 182625 SUDOC : 029924960 BNF : cb121447141 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90528061 MGP : 177944 NLA : 35032691 NDL : 00437030 NKC : jn20000601235 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ VIAV \ 099896 BNE : XX899975 IATH : w6qv3kx7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Curie&oldid=812038327 '' Categories : Marie Curie 1867 births 1934 deaths Polish women scientists Polish physicists Polish chemists Polish Nobel laureates French women scientists French physicists French chemists French Nobel laureates Nobel laureates in Physics Nobel laureates in Chemistry Nobel laureates with multiple Nobel awards Experimental physicists Nuclear chemists Radioactivity Discoverers of chemical elements Former Roman Catholics Polish agnostics Governesses People from Warsaw People from Warsaw Governorate Congress Poland emigrants to France French people of Polish descent Naturalized citizens of France Curie family 19th - century physicists 20th - century physicists 19th - century chemists 20th - century chemists 19th - century women scientists 20th - century women scientists Women inventors Polish inventors French inventors Women physicists Women chemists Women Nobel laureates 19th - century French scientists 20th - century French scientists Légion d'honneur refusals University of Paris alumni University of Paris faculty Members of the Lwów Scientific Society Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences ( 1917 -- 25 ) Corresponding Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Deaths from anemia Disease - related deaths in France Burials at the Panthéon , Paris Victims of radiological poisoning Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2016 Use British English from August 2012 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links AC with 15 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	scientist who lost life in their own discovery	[ "Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I.[10]" ]	[ "Marie Curie" ]
-6487153788302898434	Trade union	Trade union - wikipedia Trade union `` Labor leader '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Labour Leader . `` Labour union '' redirects here . For the Polish political party , see Labour Union ( Poland ) . For the British political party , see Labour Union ( UK ) . For the Canadian political party , see Union Labour . For the album by King Syze , see The Labor Union . Part of a series on Organized labour Labour movement ( show ) Timeline New Unionism Proletariat Social Movement Unionism Socialism Syndicalism Anarcho - syndicalism Labour rights ( show ) Child labour Eight - hour day Five - day work week Annual leave Collective bargaining Minimum wage Occupational safety and health Trade unions ( hide ) Trade unions by country Trade union federations International comparisons ITUC IWA WFTU Strike action ( show ) Chronological list of strikes General strike Secondary action Sitdown strike Work - to - rule Labour parties ( show ) Australian British Dutch Irish Israeli Maltese New Zealand Norwegian List of Labour parties Academic disciplines ( show ) Industrial relations Labour economics Labour history Labour law A trade union or trades union , also called a labour union ( Canada ) or labor union ( US ) , is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals ; such as protecting the integrity of its trade , improving safety standards , and attaining better wages , benefits ( such as vacation , health care , and retirement ) , and working conditions through the increased bargaining power wielded by the creation of a monopoly of the workers . The trade union , through its leadership , bargains with the employer on behalf of union members ( rank and file members ) and negotiates labour contracts ( collective bargaining ) with employers . The most common purpose of these associations or unions is `` maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment '' . This may include the negotiation of wages , work rules , complaint procedures , rules governing hiring , firing and promotion of workers , benefits , workplace safety and policies . Unions may organize a particular section of skilled workers ( craft unionism ) , a cross-section of workers from various trades ( general unionism ) , or attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry ( industrial unionism ) . The agreements negotiated by a union are binding on the rank and file members and the employer and in some cases on other non-member workers . Trade unions traditionally have a constitution which details the governance of their bargaining unit and also have governance at various levels of government depending on the industry that binds them legally to their negotiations and functioning . Originating in Great Britain , trade unions became popular in many countries during the Industrial Revolution . Trade unions may be composed of individual workers , professionals , past workers , students , apprentices or the unemployed . Trade union density , or the percentage of workers belonging to a trade union , is highest in the Nordic countries . Contents 1 Definition 2 History 2.1 National general unions 2.2 Legalization and expansion 3 Prevalence 4 Trade unions by country 4.1 Australia 4.2 Belgium 4.3 Canada 4.4 Colombia 4.5 Costa Rica 4.6 Germany 4.7 India 4.8 Japan 4.9 Mexico 4.10 Scandinavia 4.11 United Kingdom 4.12 United States 4.13 Vatican ( Holy See ) 5 Structure and politics 6 Shop types 7 Diversity of international unions 8 International unionization 9 Criticisms 10 Union publications 11 Film 12 See also 13 Notes and references 14 Further reading 14.1 Britain 14.2 United States 14.3 Other 15 External links Definition ( edit ) Since the publication of the History of Trade Unionism ( 1894 ) by Sidney and Beatrice Webb , the predominant historical view is that a trade union `` is a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment . '' Karl Marx described trade unions thus : `` The value of labour - power constitutes the conscious and explicit foundation of the trade unions , whose importance for the ( ... ) working class can scarcely be overestimated . The trade unions aim at nothing less than to prevent the reduction of wages below the level that is traditionally maintained in the various branches of industry . That is to say , they wish to prevent the price of labour - power from falling below its value '' ( Capital V1 , 1867 , p. 1069 ) . A modern definition by the Australian Bureau of Statistics states that a trade union is `` an organization consisting predominantly of employees , the principal activities of which include the negotiation of rates of pay and conditions of employment for its members . '' Yet historian R.A. Leeson , in United we Stand ( 1971 ) , said : Two conflicting views of the trade - union movement strove for ascendancy in the nineteenth century : one the defensive - restrictive guild - craft tradition passed down through journeymen 's clubs and friendly societies , ... the other the aggressive - expansionist drive to unite all ' labouring men and women ' for a ' different order of things ' . Recent historical research by Bob James in Craft , Trade or Mystery ( 2001 ) puts forward the view that trade unions are part of a broader movement of benefit societies , which includes medieval guilds , Freemasons , Oddfellows , friendly societies , and other fraternal organizations . The 18th century economist Adam Smith noted the imbalance in the rights of workers in regards to owners ( or `` masters '' ) . In The Wealth of Nations , Book I , chapter 8 , Smith wrote : We rarely hear , it has been said , of the combination of masters , though frequently of those of workmen . But whoever imagines , upon this account , that masters rarely combine , is as ignorant of the world as of the subject . Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit , but constant and uniform combination , not to raise the wages of labor above their actual rate ( . ) When workers combine , masters ... never cease to call aloud for the assistance of the civil magistrate , and the rigorous execution of those laws which have been enacted with so much severity against the combination of servants , labourers and journeymen . As Smith noted , unions were illegal for many years in most countries , although Smith argued that it should remain illegal to fix wages or prices by employees or employers . There were severe penalties for attempting to organize unions , up to and including execution . Despite this , unions were formed and began to acquire political power , eventually resulting in a body of labour law that not only legalized organizing efforts , but codified the relationship between employers and those employees organized into unions . History ( edit ) Early 19th century workplace militancy manifested in the Luddite riots , when unemployed workers destroyed labour saving machines The origins of trade unions can be traced back to 18th century Britain , where the rapid expansion of industrial society then taking place , drew women , children , rural workers and immigrants into the work force in large numbers and in new roles . This pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour spontaneously organized in fits and starts throughout its beginnings , and would later be an important arena for the development of trade unions . Trade unions have sometimes been seen as successors to the guilds of medieval Europe , though the relationship between the two is disputed , as the masters of the guilds employed workers ( apprentices and journeymen ) who were not allowed to organize . Trade unions and collective bargaining were outlawed from no later than the middle of the 14th century when the Ordinance of Labourers was enacted in the Kingdom of England . As collective bargaining and early worker unions grew with the onset of the Industrial Revolution , the government began to clamp down on what it saw as the danger of popular unrest at the time of the Napoleonic Wars . In 1799 , the Combination Act was passed , which banned trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers . Although the unions were subject to often severe repression until 1824 , they were already widespread in cities such as London . Workplace militancy had also manifested itself as Luddism and had been prominent in struggles such as the 1820 Rising in Scotland , in which 60,000 workers went on a general strike , which was soon crushed . Sympathy for the plight of the workers brought repeal of the acts in 1824 , although the Combination Act 1825 severely restricted their activity . By the 1810s , the first labour organizations to bring together workers of divergent occupations were formed . Possibly the first such union was the General Union of Trades , also known as the Philanthropic Society , founded in 1818 in Manchester . The latter name was to hide the organization 's real purpose in a time when trade unions were still illegal . National general unions ( edit ) Poster issued by the London Trades Council , advertising a demonstration held on 2 June 1873 The first attempts at setting up a national general union were made in the 1820s and 30 's . The National Association for the Protection of Labour was established in 1830 by John Doherty , after an apparently unsuccessful attempt to create a similar national presence with the National Union of Cotton - spinners . The Association quickly enrolled approximately 150 unions , consisting mostly of textile related unions , but also including mechanics , blacksmiths , and various others . Membership rose to between 10,000 and 20,000 individuals spread across the five counties of Lancashire , Cheshire , Derbyshire , Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire within a year . To establish awareness and legitimacy , the union started the weekly Voice of the People publication , having the declared intention `` to unite the productive classes of the community in one common bond of union . '' In 1834 , the Welsh socialist Robert Owen established the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union . The organization attracted a range of socialists from Owenites to revolutionaries and played a part in the protests after the Tolpuddle Martyrs ' case , but soon collapsed . More permanent trade unions were established from the 1850s , better resourced but often less radical . The London Trades Council was founded in 1860 , and the Sheffield Outrages spurred the establishment of the Trades Union Congress in 1868 , the first long - lived national trade union center . By this time , the existence and the demands of the trade unions were becoming accepted by liberal middle class opinion . In Principles of Political Economy ( 1871 ) John Stuart Mill wrote : If it were possible for the working classes , by combining among themselves , to raise or keep up the general rate of wages , it needs hardly be said that this would be a thing not to be punished , but to be welcomed and rejoiced at . Unfortunately the effect is quite beyond attainment by such means . The multitudes who compose the working class are too numerous and too widely scattered to combine at all , much more to combine effectually . If they could do so , they might doubtless succeed in diminishing the hours of labour , and obtaining the same wages for less work . They would also have a limited power of obtaining , by combination , an increase of general wages at the expense of profits . Legalization and expansion ( edit ) Labour union demonstrators held at bay by soldiers during the 1912 Lawrence textile strike in Lawrence , Massachusetts Trade unions were finally legalized in 1872 , after a Royal Commission on Trade Unions in 1867 agreed that the establishment of the organizations was to the advantage of both employers and employees . This period also saw the growth of trade unions in other industrializing countries , especially the United States , Germany and France . In the United States , the first effective nationwide labour organization was the Knights of Labor , in 1869 , which began to grow after 1880 . Legalization occurred slowly as a result of a series of court decisions . The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions began in 1881 as a federation of different unions that did not directly enrol workers . In 1886 , it became known as the American Federation of Labor or AFL . In Germany the Free Association of German Trade Unions was formed in 1897 after the conservative Anti-Socialist Laws of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck were repealed . In France , labour organization was illegal until 1884 . The Bourse du Travail was founded in 1887 and merged with the Fédération nationale des syndicats ( National Federation of Trade Unions ) in 1895 to form the General Confederation of Labour ( France ) . Prevalence ( edit ) The percentage of union election campaigns accompanied by illegal firings increased during the Reagan administration The prevalence of unions in various countries can be assessed using the measure `` union density '' . The definition of union density is `` the proportion of paid workers who are union members '' . Trade union density figures are provided below for various countries : Trade unions by country ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Supporters of unions , such as the ACTU or Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) , often credit trade unions with leading the labour movement in the early 20th century . This generally sought to end child labour practices , improve worker safety , increase wages for both union workers and non-union workers , raise the entire society 's standard of living , reduce the hours in a work week , provide public education for children , and bring other benefits to working class families . Melbourne Trades Hall was opened in 1859 with Trades and Labour Councils and Trades Halls opening in all cities and most regional towns in the following forty years . During the 1880s Trade unions developed among shearers , miners , and stevedores ( wharf workers ) , but soon spread to cover almost all blue - collar jobs . Shortages of labour led to high wages for a prosperous skilled working class , whose unions demanded and got an eight - hour day and other benefits unheard of in Europe . Eight - hour day march circa 1900 , outside Parliament House in Spring Street , Melbourne . Australia gained a reputation as `` the working man 's paradise . '' Some employers tried to undercut the unions by importing Chinese labour . This produced a reaction which led to all the colonies restricting Chinese and other Asian immigration . This was the foundation of the White Australia Policy . The `` Australian compact '' , based around centralised industrial arbitration , a degree of government assistance particularly for primary industries , and White Australia , was to continue for many years before gradually dissolving in the second half of the 20th century . In the 1870s and 1880s , the growing trade union movement began a series of protests against foreign labour . Their arguments were that Asians and Chinese took jobs away from white men , worked for `` substandard '' wages , lowered working conditions and refused unionisation . Objections to these arguments came largely from wealthy land owners in rural areas . It was argued that without Asiatics to work in the tropical areas of the Northern Territory and Queensland , the area would have to be abandoned . Despite these objections to restricting immigration , between 1875 and 1888 all Australian colonies enacted legislation which excluded all further Chinese immigration . Asian immigrants already residing in the Australian colonies were not expelled and retained the same rights as their Anglo and Southern compatriots . The Barton Government which came to power following the first elections to the Commonwealth parliament in 1901 was formed by the Protectionist Party with the support of the Australian Labor Party . The support of the Labor Party was contingent upon restricting non-white immigration , reflecting the attitudes of the Australian Workers Union and other labour organisations at the time , upon whose support the Labor Party was founded . Belgium ( edit ) Main article : List of trade unions in Belgium With 65 % of the workers belonging to a union Belgium is a country with one of the highest percentages of labour union membership . Only the Scandinavian countries have a higher labour union density . The biggest union with around 1.7 million members is the Christian democrat Confederation of Christian Trade Unions ( ACV - CSC ) which was founded in 1904 . The origins of the union can be traced back to the `` Anti-Socialist Cotton Workers Union '' that was founded in 1886 . The second biggest union is the socialist General Federation of Belgian Labour ( ABVV - FGTB ) which has a membership of more than 1.5 million . The ABVV - FGTB traces its origins to 1857 , when the first Belgian union was founded in Ghent by a group of weavers . The socialist union , in its current form , was founded in 1898 . The third ' big ' union in Belgium is the liberal General Confederation of Liberal Trade Unions of Belgium ( ACLVB - CGSLB ) which is relatively small in comparison to the first two with a little under 290 thousand members . The ACLVB - CGSLB was founded in 1920 in an effort to unite the many small liberal unions . Back then the liberal union was known as the `` Nationale Centrale der Liberale Vakbonden van België '' . In 1930 , the ACLVB - CGSLB adopted its current name . Besides these `` big three '' there is a long list of smaller unions , some more influential then others . These smaller unions tend to specialize in one profession or economic sector . Next to these specialized unions there is also the Neutral and Independent Union that reject the pillarization that , according to them , the `` big three '' represent . There is also a small Flemish nationalist union that exists only in the Flemish - speaking part of Belgium , called the Vlaamse Solidaire Vakbond . The last Belgian union worth mentioning is the very small , but highly active anarchist union called the Vrije Bond . Canada ( edit ) Labour unions have existed in Canada since the early 1800s . There is a record of skilled tradesmen in the Maritimes having a union organization during the War of 1812 . Canadian unionism had early ties with Britain . Tradesmen who came from Britain brought traditions of the British trade union movement , and many British unions had branches in Canada . Canadian unionism ties with the United States eventually replaced those with Britain . Collective bargaining was first recognized in 1945 , following a strike by the United Auto Workers at the General Motors ' plant in Oshawa , Ontario . Justice Ivan Rand issued a landmark legal decision following a strike in Windsor , Ontario , involving 17,000 Ford workers . He granted the union the compulsory check - off of union dues . Rand ruled that all workers in a bargaining unit benefit from a union - negotiated contract . Therefore , he reasoned they must pay union dues , although they do not have to join the union . The post-World War II era also saw an increased pattern of unionization in the public service . Teachers , nurses , social workers , professors and cultural workers ( those employed in museums , orchestras and art galleries ) all sought private - sector collective bargaining rights . The Canadian Labour Congress was founded in 1956 as the national trade union center for Canada . In the 1970s the federal government came under intense pressures to curtail labour cost and inflation . In 1975 , the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau introduced mandatory price and wage controls . Under the new law , wages increases were monitored and those ruled to be unacceptably high were rolled back by the government . Pressures on unions continued into the 1980s and ' 90 's . Private sector unions faced plant closures in many manufacturing industries and demands to reduce wages and increase productivity . Public sector unions came under attack by federal and provincial governments as they attempted to reduce spending , reduce taxes and balance budgets . Legislation was introduced in many jurisdictions reversing union collective bargaining rights , and many jobs were lost to contractors . Prominent domestic unions in Canada include ACTRA , the Canadian Union of Postal Workers , the Canadian Union of Public Employees , the Public Service Alliance of Canada , the National Union of Public and General Employees , and Unifor . International unions active in Canada include the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees , United Automobile Workers , United Food and Commercial Workers , and United Steelworkers . Colombia ( edit ) Main article : Trade unions in Colombia Until around 1990 Colombian trade unions were among the strongest in Latin America . However , the 1980s expansion of paramilitarism in Colombia saw trade union leaders and members increasingly targeted for assassination , and as a result Colombia has been the most dangerous country in the world for trade unionists for several decades . Between 2000 and 2010 Colombia accounted for 63.12 % of trade unionists murdered globally . According to the International Trade Union Confederation ( ITUC ) there were 2832 murders of trade unionists between 1 January 1986 and 30 April 2010 , meaning that `` on average , men and women trade unionists in Colombia have been killed at the rate of one every three days over the last 23 years . '' Costa Rica ( edit ) Main article : Trade unions in Costa Rica Costa Rican agricultural unions demonstration , January 2011 In Costa Rica , trade unions first appeared in the late 1800s to support workers in a variety of urban and industrial jobs , such as railroad builders and craft tradesmen . After facing violent repression , such as during the 1934 United Fruit Strike , unions gained more power following the 1948 Costa Rican Civil War . Today , Costa Rican unions are strongest in the public sector , including the fields of education and medicine , but also have a strong presence in the agricultural sector . In general , Costa Rican unions support government regulation of the banking , medical , and education fields , as well as improved wages and working conditions . Germany ( edit ) Main article : Trade unions in Germany Trade unions in Germany have a history reaching back to the German revolution in 1848 , and still play an important role in the German economy and society . In 1875 the SPD , the Social Democratic Party of Germany , which is one of the biggest political parties in Germany , supported the forming of unions in Germany . The most important labour organisation is the German Confederation of Trade Unions ( Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund -- DGB ) , which represents more than 6 million people ( 31 December 2011 ) and is the umbrella association of several single trade unions for special economic sectors . The DBG is not the only Union Organization that represents the working trade . There are smaller organizations , such as the CGB , which is a Christian - based confederation , that represent over 1.5 million people . India ( edit ) Main article : Trade unions in India In India , the Trade Union movement is generally divided on political lines . According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour , trade unions had a combined membership of 24,601,589 in 2002 . As of 2008 , there are 11 Central Trade Union Organisations ( CTUO ) recognized by the Ministry of Labour . The forming of these unions was a big deal in India . It led to a big push for more regulatory laws which gave workers a lot more power . A trade union with nearly 2,000,000 members is the Self Employed Women 's Association ( SEWA ) which protects the rights of Indian women working in the informal economy . In addition to the protection of rights , SEWA educates , mobilizes , finances , and exalts their members ' trades . Multiple other organizations represent workers . These organizations are formed upon different political groups . These different groups allow different groups of people with different political views to join a Union . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Labor unions in Japan 2011 National Trade Union Council ( Zenrokyo ) May Day march , Tokyo Labour unions emerged in Japan in the second half of the Meiji period as the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization . Until 1945 , however , the labour movement remained weak , impeded by lack of legal rights , anti-union legislation , management - organised factory councils , and political divisions between `` cooperative '' and radical unionists . In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War , the US Occupation authorities initially encouraged the formation of independent unions . Legislation was passed that enshrined the right to organise , and membership rapidly rose to 5 million by February 1947 . The organisation rate , however , peaked at 55.8 % in 1949 and subsequently declined to 18.2 % ( 2006 ) . The labour movement went through a process of reorganisation from 1987 to 1991 from which emerged the present configuration of three major labour union federations , Rengo , Zenroren , and Zenrokyo , along with other smaller national union organisations . Mexico ( edit ) Before the 1990s , unions in Mexico had been historically part of a state institutional system . From 1940 until the 1980s , worldwide spread of neo-liberalism through the Washington Consensus , the Mexican unions did not operate independently , but instead as part of a state institutional system , largely controlled by the ruling party . During these 40 years , the primary aim of the labour unions was not to benefit the workers , but to carry out the state 's economic policy under their cosy relationship with the ruling party . This economic policy , which peaked in the 1950s and 60 's with the so - called `` Mexican Miracle '' , saw rising incomes and improved standards of living but the primary beneficiaries were the wealthy . In the 1980s , Mexico began adhering to Washington Consensus policies , selling off state industries such as railroad and telecommunications to private industries . The new owners had an antagonistic attitude towards unions , which , accustomed to comfortable relationships with the state , were not prepared to fight back . A movement of new unions began to emerge under a more independent model , while the former institutionalized unions had become very corrupt , violent , and led by gangsters . From the 1990s onwards , this new model of independent unions prevailed , a number of them represented by the National Union of Workers / Unión Nacional de Trabajadores . Current old institutions like the Oil Workers Union and the National Education Workers ' Union ( Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación , or SNTE ) are examples of how the use of government benefits are not being applied to improve the quality in the investigation of the use of oil or the basic education in Mexico as long as their leaders show publicly that they are living wealthily . With 1.4 million members , the teachers ' union is Latin America 's largest ; half of Mexico 's government employees are teachers . It controls school curriculums , and all teacher appointments . Until recently , retiring teachers routinely `` gave '' their lifelong appointment to a relative or `` sell '' it for anywhere in between $4,700 and $11,800 . Scandinavia ( edit ) Workers on strike in Oslo , Norway , 2012 Trade unions ( Danish : Fagforeninger , Swedish : Fackföreningar ) have a long tradition in Scandinavian society . Beginning in the mid-19th century , they today have a large impact on the nature of employment and workers ' rights in many of the Nordic countries . One of the largest trade unions in Sweden is the Swedish Confederation of Trade Unions , ( LO , Landsorganisationen ) , incorporating unions such as the Swedish Metal Workers ' Union ( IF Metall = Industrifacket Metall ) , the Swedish Electricians ' Union ( Svenska Elektrikerförbundet ) and the Swedish Municipality Workers ' Union ( Svenska Kommunalarbetareförbundet , abbreviated Kommunal ) . One of the aims of IF Metall is to transform jobs into `` good jobs '' , also called `` developing jobs '' . Today , the world 's highest rates of union membership are in the Scandinavian countries . In 2010 , the percentage of workers belonging to a union ( labour union density ) was 68.3 % in Sweden and 54.8 % in Norway , while it was 34.9 % in Ireland and 18.4 % in Germany . Excluding full - time students working part - time , Swedish union density was 69 % in 2015 - 2017 . In all the Nordic countries with a Ghent system -- Sweden , Denmark and Finland -- union density is about 70 % . The considerably raised membership fees of Swedish union unemployment funds implemented by the new center - right government in January 2007 caused large drops in membership in both unemployment funds and trade unions . From 2006 to 2008 , union density declined by six percentage points : from 77 % to 71 % . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main articles : Trade unions in the United Kingdom and History of trade unions in the United Kingdom Public sector workers in Leeds striking over pension changes by the government in November 2011 Moderate New Model Unions dominated the union movement from the mid-19th century and where trade unionism was stronger than the political labour movement until the formation and growth of the Labour Party in the early years of the 20th century . Trade unionism in the United Kingdom was a major factor in some of the economic crises during the 1960s and the 1970s , culminating in the `` Winter of Discontent '' of late 1978 and early 1979 , when a significant percentage of the nation 's public sector workers went on strike . By this stage , some 12,000,000 workers in the United Kingdom were trade union members . However , the election of the Conservative Party led by Margaret Thatcher at the general election in May 1979 , at the expense of Labour 's James Callaghan , saw substantial trade union reform which saw the level of strikes fall . The level of trade union membership also fell sharply in the 1980s , and continued falling for most of the 1990s . The long decline of most of the industries in which manual trade unions were strong -- e.g. steel , coal , printing , the docks -- was one of the causes of this loss of trade union members . In 2011 there were 6,135,126 members in TUC - affiliated unions , down from a peak of 12,172,508 in 1980 . Trade union density was 14.1 % in the private sector and 56.5 % in the public sector . United States ( edit ) Main articles : Labor unions in the United States and Labor history of the United States Labour unions are legally recognized as representatives of workers in many industries in the United States . In the United States , trade unions were formed based on power with the people , not over the people like the government at the time . Their activity today centres on collective bargaining over wages , benefits and working conditions for their membership , and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions . Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and supporting endorsed candidates at the state and federal level . Most unions in America are aligned with one of two larger umbrella organizations : the AFL - CIO created in 1955 , and the Change to Win Federation which split from the AFL - CIO in 2005 . Both advocate policies and legislation on behalf of workers in the United States and Canada , and take an active role in politics . The AFL - CIO is especially concerned with global trade issues . Child labourers in an Indiana glass works . Trade unions have an objective interest in combating child labour . In 2010 , the percentage of workers belonging to a union in the United States ( or total labour union `` density '' ) was 11.4 % , compared to 18.3 % in Japan , 27.5 % in Canada and 70 % in Finland . Union membership in the private sector has fallen under 7 % -- levels not seen since 1932 . Unions allege that employer - incited opposition has contributed to this decline in membership . The most prominent unions are among public sector employees such as teachers , police and other non-managerial or non-executive federal , state , county and municipal employees . Members of unions are disproportionately older , male and residents of the Northeast , the Midwest , and California . Union workers in the private sector average 10 - 30 % higher pay than non-union in America after controlling for individual , job , and labour market characteristics . Because of their inherently governmental function , public sector workers are paid the same regardless of union affiliation or non-affiliation after controlling for individual , job , and labour market characteristics . The economist Joseph Stiglitz has asserted that , `` Strong unions have helped to reduce inequality , whereas weaker unions have made it easier for CEOs , sometimes working with market forces that they have helped shape , to increase it . '' The decline in unionization since the Second World War in the United States has been associated with a pronounced rise in income and wealth inequality and , since 1967 , with loss of middle class income . Vatican ( holy see ) ( edit ) The Association of Vatican Lay Workers represents lay employees in the Vatican . Structure and Politics ( edit ) Cesar Chavez speaking at a 1974 United Farm Workers rally in Delano , California . The UFW during Chavez 's tenure was committed to restricting immigration . Unions may organize a particular section of skilled workers ( craft unionism , traditionally found in Australia , Canada , Denmark , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , the UK and the US ) , a cross-section of workers from various trades ( general unionism , traditionally found in Australia , Belgium , Canada , Denmark , Netherlands , the UK and the US ) , or attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry ( industrial unionism , found in Australia , Canada , Germany , Finland , Norway , South Korea , Sweden , Switzerland , the UK and the US ) . These unions are often divided into `` locals '' , and united in national federations . These federations themselves will affiliate with Internationals , such as the International Trade Union Confederation . However , in Japan , union organization is slightly different due to the presence of enterprise unions , i.e. unions that are specific to a specific plant or company . These enterprise unions , however , join industry - wide federations which in turn are members of Rengo , the Japanese national trade union confederation . In Western Europe , professional associations often carry out the functions of a trade union . In these cases , they may be negotiating for white - collar or professional workers , such as physicians , engineers or teachers . Typically such trade unions refrain from politics or pursue a more liberal politics than their blue - collar counterparts . A union may acquire the status of a `` juristic person '' ( an artificial legal entity ) , with a mandate to negotiate with employers for the workers it represents . In such cases , unions have certain legal rights , most importantly the right to engage in collective bargaining with the employer ( or employers ) over wages , working hours , and other terms and conditions of employment . The inability of the parties to reach an agreement may lead to industrial action , culminating in either strike action or management lockout , or binding arbitration . In extreme cases , violent or illegal activities may develop around these events . The Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 was a trade union strike involving more than 200,000 workers In other circumstances , unions may not have the legal right to represent workers , or the right may be in question . This lack of status can range from non-recognition of a union to political or criminal prosecution of union activists and members , with many cases of violence and deaths having been recorded historically . Unions may also engage in broader political or social struggle . Social Unionism encompasses many unions that use their organizational strength to advocate for social policies and legislation favourable to their members or to workers in general . As well , unions in some countries are closely aligned with political parties . Unions are also delineated by the service model and the organizing model . The service model union focuses more on maintaining worker rights , providing services , and resolving disputes . Alternately , the organizing model typically involves full - time union organizers , who work by building up confidence , strong networks , and leaders within the workforce ; and confrontational campaigns involving large numbers of union members . Many unions are a blend of these two philosophies , and the definitions of the models themselves are still debated . In Britain , the perceived left - leaning nature of trade unions has resulted in the formation of a reactionary right - wing trade union called Solidarity which is supported by the far - right BNP . In Denmark , there are some newer apolitical `` discount '' unions who offer a very basic level of services , as opposed to the dominating Danish pattern of extensive services and organizing . A rally of the trade union UNISON in Oxford during a strike on 28 March 2006 In contrast , in several European countries ( e.g. Belgium , Denmark , the Netherlands and Switzerland ) , religious unions have existed for decades . These unions typically distanced themselves from some of the doctrines of orthodox Marxism , such as the preference of atheism and from rhetoric suggesting that employees ' interests always are in conflict with those of employers . Some of these Christian unions have had some ties to centrist or conservative political movements and some do not regard strikes as acceptable political means for achieving employees ' goals . In Poland , the biggest trade union Solidarity emerged as an anti-communist movement with religious nationalist overtones and today it supports the right - wing Law and Justice party . Although their political structure and autonomy varies widely , union leaderships are usually formed through democratic elections . Some research , such as that conducted by the Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training , argues that unionized workers enjoy better conditions and wages than those who are not unionized . Shop types ( edit ) Companies that employ workers with a union generally operate on one of several models : A closed shop ( US ) or a `` pre-entry closed shop '' ( UK ) employs only people who are already union members . The compulsory hiring hall is an example of a closed shop -- in this case the employer must recruit directly from the union , as well as the employee working strictly for unionized employers . A union shop ( US ) or a `` post-entry closed shop '' ( UK ) employs non-union workers as well , but sets a time limit within which new employees must join a union . An agency shop requires non-union workers to pay a fee to the union for its services in negotiating their contract . This is sometimes called the Rand formula . In certain situations involving state public employees in the United States , such as California , `` fair share laws '' make it easy to require these sorts of payments . An open shop does not require union membership in employing or keeping workers . Where a union is active , workers who do not contribute to a union may include those who approve of the union contract ( free riders ) and those who do not . In the United States , state level right - to - work laws mandate the open shop in some states . In Germany only open shops are legal ; that is , all discrimination based on union membership is forbidden . This affects the function and services of the union . An EU case concerning Italy stated that , `` The principle of trade union freedom in the Italian system implies recognition of the right of the individual not to belong to any trade union ( '' negative '' freedom of association / trade union freedom ) , and the unlawfulness of discrimination liable to cause harm to non-unionized employees . '' In Britain , previous to this EU jurisprudence , a series of laws introduced during the 1980s by Margaret Thatcher 's government restricted closed and union shops . All agreements requiring a worker to join a union are now illegal . In the United States , the Taft - Hartley Act of 1947 outlawed the closed shop . In 2006 , the European Court of Human Rights found Danish closed - shop agreements to be in breach of Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms . It was stressed that Denmark and Iceland were among a limited number of contracting states that continue to permit the conclusion of closed - shop agreements . Diversity of International unions ( edit ) Union law varies from country to country , as does the function of unions . For example , German and Dutch unions have played a greater role in management decisions through participation in corporate boards and co-determination than have unions in the United States . Moreover , in the United States , collective bargaining is most commonly undertaken by unions directly with employers , whereas in Austria , Denmark , Germany or Sweden , unions most often negotiate with employers associations . Concerning labour market regulation in the EU , Gold ( 1993 ) and Hall ( 1994 ) have identified three distinct systems of labour market regulation , which also influence the role that unions play : `` In the Continental European System of labour market regulation , the government plays an important role as there is a strong legislative core of employee rights , which provides the basis for agreements as well as a framework for discord between unions on one side and employers or employers ' associations on the other . This model was said to be found in EU core countries such as Belgium , France , Germany , the Netherlands and Italy , and it is also mirrored and emulated to some extent in the institutions of the EU , due to the relative weight that these countries had in the EU until the EU expansion by the inclusion of 10 new Eastern European member states in 2004 . In the Anglo - Saxon System of labour market regulation , the government 's legislative role is much more limited , which allows for more issues to be decided between employers and employees and any union or employers ' associations which might represent these parties in the decision - making process . However , in these countries , collective agreements are not widespread ; only a few businesses and a few sectors of the economy have a strong tradition of finding collective solutions in labour relations . Ireland and the UK belong to this category , and in contrast to the EU core countries above , these countries first joined the EU in 1973 . In the Nordic System of labour market regulation , the government 's legislative role is limited in the same way as in the Anglo - Saxon system . However , in contrast to the countries in the Anglo - Saxon system category , this is a much more widespread network of collective agreements , which covers most industries and most firms . This model was said to encompass Denmark , Finland , Norway and Sweden . Here , Denmark joined the EU in 1973 , whereas Finland and Sweden joined in 1995 . '' The United States takes a more laissez - faire approach , setting some minimum standards but leaving most workers ' wages and benefits to collective bargaining and market forces . Thus , it comes closest to the above Anglo - Saxon model . Also , the Eastern European countries that have recently entered into the EU come closest to the Anglo - Saxon model . In contrast , in Germany , the relation between individual employees and employers is considered to be asymmetrical . In consequence , many working conditions are not negotiable due to a strong legal protection of individuals . However , the German flavor or works legislation has as its main objective to create a balance of power between employees organized in unions and employers organized in employers associations . This allows much wider legal boundaries for collective bargaining , compared to the narrow boundaries for individual negotiations . As a condition to obtain the legal status of a trade union , employee associations need to prove that their leverage is strong enough to serve as a counterforce in negotiations with employers . If such an employees association is competing against another union , its leverage may be questioned by unions and then evaluated in a court trial . In Germany , only very few professional associations obtained the right to negotiate salaries and working conditions for their members , notably the medical doctors association Marburger Bund and the pilots association Vereinigung Cockpit . The engineers association Verein Deutscher Ingenieure does not strive to act as a union , as it also represents the interests of engineering businesses . Beyond the classification listed above , unions ' relations with political parties vary . In many countries unions are tightly bonded , or even share leadership , with a political party intended to represent the interests of the working class . Typically this is a left - wing , socialist , or social democratic party , but many exceptions exist , including some of the aforementioned Christian unions . In the United States , trade unions are almost always aligned with the Democratic Party with a few exceptions . For example , the International Brotherhood of Teamsters has supported Republican Party candidates on a number of occasions and the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization ( PATCO ) endorsed Ronald Reagan in 1980 . In Britain trade union movement 's relationship with the Labour Party frayed as party leadership embarked on privatization plans at odds with what unions see as the worker 's interests . However , it has strengthened once more after the Labour party 's election of Ed Miliband , who beat his brother David Miliband to become leader of the party after Ed secured the trade union votes . Additionally , in the past , there was a group known as the Conservative Trade Unionists , or CTU , formed of people who sympathized with right wing Tory policy but were Trade Unionists . Historically , the Republic of Korea has regulated collective bargaining by requiring employers to participate , but collective bargaining has only been legal if held in sessions before the lunar new year . International unionization ( edit ) The largest trade union federation in the world is the Brussels - based International Trade Union Confederation ( ITUC ) , which has approximately 309 affiliated organizations in 156 countries and territories , with a combined membership of 166 million . The ITUC is a federation of national trade union centres , such as the AFL - CIO in the United States and the Trades Union Congress in the United Kingdom . Other global trade union organizations include the World Federation of Trade Unions . National and regional trade unions organizing in specific industry sectors or occupational groups also form global union federations , such as Union Network International , the International Transport Workers Federation , the International Federation of Journalists , the International Arts and Entertainment Alliance or Public Services International . Criticisms ( edit ) Main article : Opposition to trade unions Trade unions have been accused of benefiting insider workers , those having secure jobs , at the cost of outsider workers , consumers of the goods or services produced and the shareholders of the unionized business . In the United States , the outsourcing of labour to Asia , Latin America , and Africa has been partially driven by increasing costs of union partnership , which gives other countries a comparative advantage in labour , making it more profitable to purchase disorganized , low - wage labour from these regions . Milton Friedman , economist and advocate of laissez - faire capitalism , sought to show that unionization produces higher wages ( for the union members ) at the expense of fewer jobs , and that , if some industries are unionized while others are not , wages will tend to decline in non-unionized industries . On the other hand , several studies have emphasized so - called revitalization strategies where trade unions attempt to better represent labour market outsiders , such as the unemployed and precarious workers . Thus , for instance , trade unions in both Nordic and southern European countries have devised collective bargaining agreements that improved the conditions of temporary agency workers . Union Publications ( edit ) Several sources of current news exist about the trade union movement in the world . These include LabourStart and the official website of the international trade union movement Global Unions . A source of international news about unions is RadioLabour which provides daily ( Monday to Friday ) news reports . Labor Notes is the largest circulation cross-union publication remaining in the United States . It reports news and analysis about union activity or problems facing the labour movement . Another source of union news is the Workers Independent News , a news organization providing radio articles to independent and syndicated radio shows in the United States . Film ( edit ) The 2010 British film Made in Dagenham , starring Sally Hawkins , dramatizes the Ford sewing machinists strike of 1968 that aimed for equal pay for women . Trade unions were often portrayed in the scripts of Jim Allen . Examples include The Big Flame , The Rank and File and Days of Hope . These films all depict union leaders as untrustworthy and prone to betraying the striking workers . The British National Union of Mineworkers has been portrayed in numerous films such as Brassed Off , Billy Elliot and Pride . Bastard Boys , a 2007 dramatization of the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute . The 2000 film Bread and Roses deals with the struggle of poorly paid janitorial workers in Los Angeles and their fight for better working conditions and the right to unionize . Hoffa , a 1992 American biographical film directed by Danny DeVito and based on the life of Teamsters Union leader Jimmy Hoffa . Matewan is a 1987 American drama film written and directed by John Sayles that dramatizes the events of the Battle of Matewan , a coal miners ' strike in 1920 in Matewan , a small town in the hills of West Virginia . Haskell Wexler was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography . The 1985 documentary film Final Offer by Sturla Gunnarsson and Robert Collision shows the 1984 union contract negotiations with General Motors . The 1979 film Norma Rae , directed by Martin Ritt and starring Sally Field , is based on the true story of Crystal Lee Jordan 's successful attempt to unionize her textile factory . The 1978 film F.I.S.T. , directed by Norman Jewison and starring Sylvester Stallone , is loosely based on the Teamsters Union and their former President Jimmy Hoffa . The 1959 film I 'm All Right Jack , a comedy with Peter Sellers playing the shop steward Fred Kite . The 1954 film On the Waterfront , directed by Elia Kazan , concerns union violence among longshoremen . Other documentaries : Made in L.A. ( 2007 ) ; American Standoff ( 2002 ) ; The Fight in the Fields ( 1997 ) ; With Babies and Banners : Story of the Women 's Emergency Brigade ( 1979 ) ; Harlan County , USA ( 1976 ) ; The Inheritance ( 1964 ) Other dramatizations : 10,000 Black Men Named George ( 2002 ) ; Matewan ( 1987 ) ; American Playhouse -- `` The Killing Floor '' ( 1985 ) ; Salt of the Earth ( 1954 ) ; The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) ; Black Fury ( 1935 ) ; Metello ( 1970 ) . See also ( edit ) Organized labour portal Labor federation competition in the United States Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act List of trade unions New Unionism Salt ( union organizing ) Textile and clothing trade unions Union busting Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frost , Daniel ( 1 April 1967 ) . `` Labor 's Antitrust Exemption '' . California Law Review . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . ... the United States Supreme Court again undertook the delicate task of defining the antitrust exemption granted labor unions by section six of the Clayton Act . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Sidney ; Webb , Beatrice ( 1920 ) . History of Trade Unionism . Longmans and Co . London . ch . I ^ Jump up to : Poole , M. , 1986 . Industrial Relations : Origins and Patterns of National Diversity . London UK : Routledge . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) OECD . Retrieved : 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trade Union Census '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1928 ) . The Guild and the Trade Union . The Age . Jump up ^ Kautsky , Karl ( April 1901 ) . `` Trades Unions and Socialism '' . International Socialist Review . 1 ( 10 ) . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ G.D.H. Cole ( 2010 ) . Attempts at General Union . Taylor & Francis . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Principles of Political Economy ( 1871 ) Book V , Ch. 10 , para. 5 Jump up ^ `` Trade union '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Aaron ( 23 May 1994 ) . `` Why America Needs Unions But Not the Kind It Has Now '' . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on 26 April 2005 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Johnson , S. , 2004 . An empirical examination of union density in six countries : Canada , Ecuador , Mexico , Nicaragua , the United States and Venezuela . Washington , DC , US : Inter-American Development Bank , Research Network Working Paper £ R - 487 , p. 5 , available at : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 July 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 05 ... Jump up ^ Johnson , S. , 2004 . `` An empirical examination of union density in six countries : Canada , Ecuador , Mexico , Nicaragua , the United States and Venezuela . '' Washington , DC , US : Inter-American Development Bank , Research Network Working Paper £ R - 487 , available at : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 July 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 05 ... Jump up ^ Hall - Jones , P. , 2010 . Unionism and Economic Performance . Internet article & statistics . Available at : http://www.newunionism.net/library/member%20contributions/news/Unionism%20and%20Economic%20Performance.htm Archived 6 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ OECD , 2010 . Statistics on Trade Union Density . Paris , France : OECD. stat Extracts Web ¬ site ( online ) . Available at : http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TUD . Jump up ^ History of the ACTU . Archived 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Australian Council of Trade Unions . ^ Jump up to : Markey , Raymond ( 1 January 1996 ) . `` Race and organized labor in Australia , 1850 -- 1901 '' . Highbeam Research . 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Jump up ^ American Center for International Labor Solidarity ( 2006 ) , Justice For All : The Struggle for Worker Rights in Colombia Archived 17 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , p11 Jump up ^ An ILO mission in 2000 reported that `` the number of assassinations , abductions , death threats and other violent assaults on trade union leaders and unionized workers in Colombia is without historical precedent '' . According to the Colombian Government , during the period 1991 -- 99 there were 593 assassinations of trade union leaders and unionized workers while the National Trade Union School holds that 1 336 union members were assassinated . '' -- ILO , 16 June 2000 , Special ILO Representative for cooperation with Colombia to be appointed by Director - General Jump up ^ `` By the 1990s , Colombia had become the most dangerous country in the world for unionists '' -- Chomsky , Aviva ( 2008 ) , Linked labor histories : New England , Colombia , and the making of a global working class , Duke University Press , p11 Jump up ^ `` Colombia has the world 's worst record on these assassinations ... '' -- 20 November 2008 , Colombia : Not Time for a Trade Deal ^ Jump up to : International Trade Union Confederation , 11 June 2010 , ITUC responds to the press release issued by the Colombian Interior Ministry concerning its survey Jump up ^ International Trade Union Confederation ( 2010 ) , Annual Survey of violations of trade union rights : Colombia ^ Jump up to : `` Historia del Sindicalismo '' . SITRAPEQUIA website ( in Spanish ) . San José : Sindicato de Trabajadores ( as ) Petroléros Químicos y Afines. 2014 . 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Retrieved 12 June 2011 ^ Jump up to : Dan La Botz U.S. - supported Economics Spurred Mexican Emigration , pt. 1 , interview at The Real News , 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Juan Montes ; José de Córdoba ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Mexico Takes On Teachers Over School Control '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Anders Bruhn , Anders Kjellberg and Åke Sandberg ( 2013 ) `` A New World of Work Challenging Swedish Unions '' in Åke Sandberg ( ed . ) Nordic Lights . Work , Management and Welfare in Scandinavia . Stockholm : SNS ( pp. 155 - 160 ) Jump up ^ `` Trade Union Density '' OECD StatExtracts. 2010 . Accessed : 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Anders Kjellberg Kollektivavtalens täckningsgrad samt organisationsgraden hos arbetsgivarförbund och fackförbund ( Appendix 3 in English ) , Department of Sociology , Lund University . Studies in Social Policy , Industrial Relations , Working Life and Mobility . Research Reports 2018 : 1 Jump up ^ Anders Kjellberg ( 2011 ) `` The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007 '' Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies ( NJWLS ) Vol. 1 . No 1 ( August 2011 ) , pp. 67 - 93 Jump up ^ Anders Kjellberg `` The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007 '' Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies ( NJWLS ) Vol. 1 . No 1 ( August 2011 ) , pp. 67 -- 93 Jump up ^ Schifferes , Steve ( 8 March 2004 ) . `` The trade unions ' long decline '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom : Industrial relations profile '' . EUROPA. 15 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kazin , Michael ( 1995 ) . The Populist Persuasion . BasicBooks . p. 154 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Trade Union Density OECD . StatExtracts . Retrieved : 17 November 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Eurofound website `` FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION / TRADE UNION FREEDOM '' , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Eurofound , http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2006/01/feature/dk0601104f.htm Jump up ^ Bamberg , Ulrich ( June 2004 ) . `` The role of German trade unions in the national and European standardisation process '' ( PDF ) . TUTB Newsletter. 24 -- 25 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Gold , M. , 1993 . The Social Dimension -- Employment Policy in the European Community . Basingstroke England UK : Macmillan Publishing Jump up ^ Hall , M. , 1994 . Industrial Relations and the Social Dimension of European Integration : Before and after Maastricht , pp. 281 -- 331 in Hyman , R. & Ferner A. , eds. : New Frontiers in European Industrial Relations , Basil Blackwell Publishing Jump up ^ Wagtmann , M.A. ( 2010 ) : Module 3 , Maritime & Port Wages , Benefits , Labour Relations . International Maritime Human Resource Management textbook modules . Available at : https://skydrive.live.com/?cid=f90c069a3e6bb729&id=F90C069A3E6BB729%21107#cid=F90C069A3E6BB729&id=F90C069A3E6BB729%21182 Jump up ^ Kramarz , Francis ( 19 October 2006 ) . `` Outsourcing , Unions , and Wages : Evidence from data matching imports , firms , and workers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Milton ( 2007 ) . Price theory ( ( New ed . ) , 3rd printing ed . ) . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 202 - 30969 - 9 . Jump up ^ Vlandas , Timothee ; Benassi , Chiara ( 2016 ) . Union inclusiveness and temporary agency workers . European Journal of Industrial Relations . Further reading ( edit ) Britain ( edit ) Aldcroft , D.H. and Oliver , M.J. , eds . Trade Unions and the Economy , 1870 -- 2000 . ( 2000 ) . Campbell , A. , Fishman , N. , and McIlroy , J. eds . British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics : The Post-War Compromise 1945 -- 64 ( 1999 ) . Clegg , H.A. et al . A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889 ( 1964 ) ; A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889 : vol. 2 1911 - 1933 . ( 1985 ) ; A History of British Trade Unionism Since 1889 , vol. 3 : 1934 -- 51 ( 1994 ) , The major scholarly history ; highly detailed . Davies , A.J. To Build a New Jerusalem : Labour Movement from the 1890s to the 1990s ( 1996 ) . Laybourn , Keith . A history of British trade unionism c. 1770 - 1990 ( 1992 ) . Minkin , Lewis . The Contentious Alliance : Trade Unions and the Labour Party ( 1991 ) 708 pp online Pelling , Henry . A history of British trade unionism ( 1987 ) . Wrigley , Chris , ed . British Trade Unions , 1945 - 1995 ( Manchester University Press , 1997 ) Zeitlin , Jonathan . `` From labour history to the history of industrial relations . '' Economic History Review 40.2 ( 1987 ) : 159 - 184 . Historiography Directory of Employer 's Associations , Trade unions , Joint Organisations United States ( edit ) Arnesen , Eric , ed . Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working - Class History ( 2006 ) , 3 vol ; 2064pp ; 650 articles by experts excerpt and text search Beik , Millie , ed . Labor Relations : Major Issues in American History ( 2005 ) over 100 annotated primary documents excerpt and text search Boris , Eileen , and Nelson Lichtenstein , eds . Major Problems In The History Of American Workers : Documents and Essays ( 2002 ) Brody , David . In Labor 's Cause : Main Themes on the History of the American Worker ( 1993 ) excerpt and text search Dubofsky , Melvyn , and Foster Rhea Dulles . Labor in America : A History ( 2004 ) , textbook , based on earlier textbooks by Dulles . Taylor , Paul F. The ABC - CLIO Companion to the American Labor Movement ( 1993 ) 237pp ; short encyclopedia Zieger , Robert H. , and Gilbert J. Gall , American Workers , American Unions : The Twentieth Century ( 3rd ed. 2002 ) excerpt and text search Other ( edit ) Berghahn , Volker R. , and Detlev Karsten . Industrial Relations in West Germany ( Bloomsbury Academic , 1988 ) . European Commission , Directorate General for Employment , Social Affairs & Inclusion : Industrial Relations in Europe 2010 . Gumbrell - McCormick , Rebecca , and Richard Hyman . Trade unions in western Europe : Hard times , hard choices ( Oxford UP , 2013 ) . Hodder , A. and L. Kretsos , eds . Young Workers and Trade Unions : A Global View ( Palgrave - Macmillan , 2015 ) . review Kester , Gérard . Trade unions and workplace democracy in Africa ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Kjellberg , Anders . `` The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007 '' , Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies ( NJWLS ) Vol. 1 . No 1 ( August 2011 ) , pp. 67 -- 93 . Kjellberg , Anders ( 2017 ) The Membership Development of Swedish Trade Unions and Union Confederations Since the End of the Nineteenth Century ( Studies in Social Policy , Industrial Relations , Working Life and Mobility ) . Research Reports 2017 : 2 . Lund : Department of Sociology , Lund University . Lipton , Charles ( 1967 ) . The Trade Union Movement of Canada : 1827 -- 1959 . ( 3rd ed . Toronto , Ont. : New Canada Publications , 1973 ) . Markovits , Andrei . The Politics of West German Trade Unions : Strategies of Class and Interest Representation in Growth and Crisis ( Routledge , 2016 ) . McGaughey , Ewan , ' Democracy or Oligarchy ? Models of Union Governance in the UK , Germany and US ' ( 2017 ) ssrn.com Misner , Paul . Catholic Labor Movements in Europe . Social Thought and Action , 1914 - 1965 ( 2015 ) . online review Mommsen , Wolfgang J. , and Hans - Gerhard Husung , eds . The development of trade unionism in Great Britain and Germany , 1880 - 1914 ( Taylor & Francis , 1985 ) . Orr , Charles A. `` Trade Unionism in Colonial Africa '' Journal of Modern African Studies , 4 ( 1966 ) , pp. 65 -- 81 Panitch , Leo & Swartz , Donald ( 2003 ) . From consent to coercion : The assault on trade union freedoms , third edition . Ontario : Garamound Press . Ribeiro , Ana Teresa . `` Recent Trends in Collective Bargaining in Europe . '' E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies 5.1 ( 2016 ) . online Taylor , Andrew . Trade Unions and Politics : A Comparative Introduction ( Macmillan , 1989 ) . Upchurch , Martin , and Graham Taylor . The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe : The Search for Alternatives ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Visser , Jelle . `` Union membership statistics in 24 countries . '' Monthly Labor Review . 129 ( 2006 ) : 38 + online Visser , Jelle . `` ICTWSS : Database on institutional characteristics of trade unions , wage setting , state intervention and social pacts in 34 countries between 1960 and 2007 . '' Institute for Advanced Labour Studies , AIAS , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ( 2011 ) . online External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trade union . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Trade union Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Trade Unions . 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3543840548383249787	American System (economic plan)	American System ( economic plan ) - wikipedia American System ( economic plan ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series about Henry Clay Early life Legal career Speaker of the House War of 1812 American System Missouri Compromise Second Bank of the United States Bid for the Presidency ( 1824 ) Secretary of State Corrupt Bargain Charlotte Dupuy U.S. Senator from Kentucky Nullification Crisis Bid for the Presidency ( 1832 ) Whig Party Bid for the Presidency ( 1844 ) Compromise of 1850 Death Lying in State The Monkey System or Every One For Himself Henry Clay says `` Walk in and see the new improved grand original American System ! '' The cages are labeled : `` Home , Consumption , Internal , Improv '' . This 1831 cartoon ridiculing Clay 's American System depicts monkeys , labeled as being different parts of a nation 's economy , stealing each other 's resources ( food ) with commentators describing it as either great or a humbug . The American System was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century . Rooted in the `` American School '' ideas of Alexander Hamilton , the plan `` consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts : a tariff to protect and promote American industry ; a national bank to foster care ; and federal subsidies for roads , canals , and other ' internal improvements ' to develop profitable markets for farmculture '' . Congressman Henry Clay was the plan 's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the `` American System '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Main points 3 Annual Message of 1815 ( Seven Points ) 4 See also 5 Further reading 5.1 Modern Books 5.2 Other / older Books 6 Sources and Notes History ( edit ) A plan to strengthen and unify the nation , the American System , was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay , John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams . The System ran counter to federalism and included : Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks Development of a system of internal improvements ( such as roads and canals ) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales Clay protested that the West , which opposed the tariff , should support it since urban factory workers would be consumers of western foods . In Clay 's view , the South ( which also opposed high tariffs ) should support them because of the ready market for cotton in northern mills . This last argument was the weak link . The South never strongly supported the American System and had access to plenty of markets for its cotton exports . Portions of the American System were enacted by the United States Congress . The Second Bank of the United States was rechartered in 1816 for 20 years . High tariffs were first suggested by Alexander Hamilton in his 1791 Report on Manufactures but were not approved by Congress until the Tariff of 1816 . Tariffs were subsequently raised until they peaked in 1828 after the so - called Tariff of Abominations . After the Nullification Crisis in 1833 , tariffs remained the same rate until the Civil War . However , the national system of internal improvements was never adequately funded ; the failure to do so was due in part to sectional jealousies and constitutional squabbles about such expenditures . The American System did not enjoy universal success , however ; in 1830 , President Jackson vetoed a bill which would allow the federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville , Washington , Paris , and Lexington Turnpike Road Company , which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River , the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky . Jackson 's Maysville Road veto was due to both his personal conflict with Clay and his ideological objections . Main points ( edit ) The establishment of a protective tariff , a 20 % -- 25 % tax on imported goods , would protect a nation 's business from foreign competition . Congress passed a tariff in 1816 which made European goods more expensive and encouraged consumers to buy relatively cheap American - made goods . The establishment of a national bank would promote a single currency , making trade easier , and issue what was called sovereign credit , i.e. , credit issued by the national government , rather than borrowed from the private banking system . In 1816 , Congress created the Second Bank of the United States . The improvement of the country 's infrastructure , especially transportation systems , made trade easier and faster for everyone . Poor roads made transportation slow and costly . This program became the leading tenet of the Whig Party of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster . It was opposed by the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson , Martin Van Buren , James K. Polk , Franklin Pierce , and James Buchanan prior to the Civil War , often on the grounds that the points of it were unconstitutional . Among the most important internal improvements created under the American System was the Cumberland Road . Henry Clay 's `` American System , '' devised in the burst of nationalism that followed the War of 1812 , remains one of the most historically significant examples of a government - sponsored program to harmonize and balance the nation 's agriculture , commerce , and industry . This `` System '' consisted of three mutually reenforcing parts : a tariff to protect and promote American industry ; a national bank to foster commerce ; and federal subsidies for roads , canals , and other `` internal improvements '' to develop profitable markets for agriculture . Funds for these subsidies would be obtained from tariffs and sales of public lands . Clay argued that a vigorously maintained system of sectional economic interdependence would eliminate the chance of renewed subservience to the free - trade , laissez - faire `` British System . '' -- United States Senate website Annual Message of 1815 ( Seven Points ) ( edit ) Funds for national defense Frigates for the Navy A standing army and federal control of the militia Federal aid for building roads and canals A protective tariff to encourage manufacturers Re-establishing the National Bank Federal assumption of some state debt See also ( edit ) American School ( economics ) Friedrich List , German - American economist Import substitution industrialization , a key feature of the American System adopted in much of the Third World during the twentieth century Lincoln 's expansion of the federal government 's economic role National Policy , a similar economic plan used by Canada circa 1867 -- 1920s Further reading ( edit ) Modern Books ( edit ) Michael , Diaz , The Promise of American Life ( 2005 - reprint ) Joseph Dorfman . The Economic Mind in American Civilization , 1606 - 1865 ( 1947 ) 2 vol Eckes , Jr . Alfred E. `` Opening America 's Market - U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since ( 1995 ) University of North Carolina Press Foner , Eric . Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War ( 1970 ) Gill , William J. Trade Wars Against America : A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy ( 1990 ) Carter Goodrich , Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads , 1800 - 1890 ( Greenwood Press , 1960 ) Goodrich , Carter . `` American Development Policy : the Case of Internal Improvements , '' Journal of Economic History , 16 ( 1956 ) , 449 - 60 . in JSTOR Goodrich , Carter . `` National Planning of Internal Improvements , '' Political Science Quarterly , 63 ( 1948 ) , 16 - 44 . in JSTOR John Lauritz Larson . Internal Improvement : National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States ( 2001 ) Lively , Robert A . `` The American System , a Review Article , '' Business History Review , XXIX ( March , 1955 ) , 81 - 96 . recommended starting point Lind , Michael Hamilton 's Republic : Readings in the American Democratic Nationalist Tradition ( 1997 ) Lind , Michael What Lincoln Believed : The Values and Convictions of America 's Greatest President ( 2004 ) Remini , Robert V. Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union , 1991 Edward Stanwood , American Tariff Controversies in the 19th Century ( 1903 ; reprint 1974 ) , 2 vols. , favors protectionism Charles M. Wiltse , John C. Calhoun : Nationalist , 1782 - 1828 ( 1944 ) Other / older Books ( edit ) G.B. Curtiss , Protection and Prosperity : an ; W.H. Dawson , Protection in Germany ( London , 1904 ) Alexander Hamilton , Report on the Subject of Manufactures , communicated to the House of Representatives , 5 December 1791 H.C. Carey , Principles of Social Science ( 3 vols. , Philadelphia , 1858 -- 1859 ) , Harmony of Interests Agricultural , Manufacturing and Commercial ( Philadelphia , 1873 ) Friedrich List , Outlines of American Political Economy ( 1980 - reprint ) Friedrich List , National System of Political Economy ( 1994 - reprint ) A.M. Low , Protection in the United States ( London , 1904 ) ; H. 0 . Meredith , Protection in France ( London , 1904 ) Ellis H. Roberts , Government Revenue , especially the American System , an argument for industrial freedom against the fallacies of free trade ( Boston , 1884 ) J.P. Young , Protection and Progress : a Study of the Economic Bases of the American Protective System ( Chicago , 1900 ) Clay , Henry . The Papers of Henry Clay , 1797 - 1852 . Edited by James Hopkins Sources and notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Classic Senate Speeches : Henry Clay In Defense of the American System at the US Senate website The American System : Speeches on the Tariff Question and Internal Improvements by Congressman Andrew Stewart John Quincy Adams United States House of Representatives , 1831 -- 1848 6th President of the United States , 1825 -- 1829 8th U.S. Secretary of State , 1817 -- 1825 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1814 -- 1817 1st U.S. Minister to Russia , 1809 -- 1814 Massachusetts State Senate , 1803 -- 1808 U.S. Minister to Prussia , 1797 -- 1801 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1794 -- 1797 Presidency Inauguration American System Internal improvements Tariff of 1828 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien Treaty of Fond du Lac Treaty of Limits United States Naval Observatory Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori State of the Union Address , 1825 1827 1828 Federal judiciary appointments Other events Monroe Doctrine , author Treaty of Ghent Adams -- Onís Treaty Treaty of 1818 Smithsonian Institution United States v . 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Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton , Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_System_(economic_plan)&oldid=796974784 '' Categories : Economic history of the United States Great Triumvirate Henry Clay Political history of the United States Presidency of John Quincy Adams Economic nationalism United States economic policy United States public land law Hidden categories : Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 05 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-2531053426205915476	List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom	List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom - wikipedia List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom This is a list of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , excluding honorary consulates . The UK has one of the largest global networks of diplomatic missions . UK diplomatic missions to capitals of other Commonwealth of Nations member countries are known as High Commissions ( headed by ' High Commissioners ' ) . For three Commonwealth countries ( namely India , Nigeria , and Pakistan ) , the Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( FCO ) still uses the term `` Deputy High Commission '' for Consulates - General ( headed by Deputy High Commissioners ) , although this terminology is being phased out . In 2004 , the FCO carried out a review of the deployment of its diplomatic missions , and subsequently over a two - year period closed its missions in Nassau ( in the Bahamas ) , Asunción ( Paraguay ) , Dili ( East Timor ) , Maseru ( Lesotho ) , Mbabane ( Swaziland ) , Antananarivo ( Madagascar ) , Nuku'alofa ( Tonga ) , Tarawa ( Kiribati ) , and Port Vila ( Vanuatu ) . Additionally several consulates and trade offices were also closed , including those in Fukuoka ( Japan ) , Vientiane ( Laos ) , Douala ( Cameroon ) , Porto ( Portugal ) , along with Frankfurt , Leipzig , and Stuttgart in Germany , and Phoenix , San Juan , and Dallas in the United States . Other consulates in Australia , Germany , France , Spain , New Zealand , and the US were downgraded and staffed by local personnel only . In 2012 , Foreign Secretary William Hague announced the opening of embassies in Liberia and Haiti , the re-opening of embassies in Laos , El Salvador , and Paraguay , and the opening of a Consulate - General in Recife ( Brazil ) . He also said that by 2015 , the UK would have opened up to eleven new embassies and eight new Consulates or Trade Offices . In 2013 , a UK government office was established in Seattle . In 2014 , all services at the former UK Consulate in Orlando were transferred to the nearby UK Consulate - General in Miami . In 2015 , the UK Consulate - General in Denver was reclassified as a UK Government Office . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 2 Americas 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 Oceania 6 Multilateral organisations 7 Flags 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Africa ( edit ) British High Commission , Accra British High Commission , Dar es Salaam The opening of the British Embassy , Mogadishu Algeria Algiers ( Embassy ) Angola Luanda ( Embassy ) Botswana Gaborone ( High Commission ) Burundi Bujumbura ( Embassy Liaison Office ) Cameroon Yaoundé ( High Commission ) Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa ( Embassy ) Egypt Cairo ( Embassy ) Alexandria ( Consulate - General ) Eritrea Asmara ( Embassy ) Ethiopia Addis Ababa ( Embassy ) Gambia Banjul ( Embassy ) Ghana Accra ( High Commission ) Guinea Conakry ( Embassy ) Ivory Coast Abidjan ( Embassy ) Kenya Nairobi ( High Commission ) Liberia Monrovia ( Embassy ) Libya Tripoli ( Embassy ) Benghazi ( Liaison Office ) Madagascar Antananarivo ( Embassy ) Malawi Lilongwe ( High Commission ) Mali Bamako ( Embassy Liaison Office ) Mauritius Port Louis ( High Commission ) Morocco Rabat ( Embassy ) Casablanca ( Consulate - General ) Mozambique Maputo ( High Commission ) Namibia Windhoek ( High Commission ) Nigeria Abuja ( High Commission ) Lagos ( Deputy High Commission ) Kaduna ( High Commission Liaison Office ) Ibadan ( Liaison Office ) Port Harcourt ( High Commission Liaison Office ) Rwanda Kigali ( High Commission ) Senegal Dakar ( Embassy ) Seychelles Victoria ( High Commission ) Sierra Leone Freetown ( High Commission ) Somalia Mogadishu ( Embassy ) South Africa Pretoria ( High Commission ) Cape Town ( Consulate - General ) Johannesburg ( Trade & Investment Office ) South Sudan Juba ( Embassy ) Sudan Khartoum ( Embassy ) Tanzania Dar es Salaam ( High Commission ) Tunisia Tunis ( Embassy ) Uganda Kampala ( High Commission ) Zambia Lusaka ( High Commission ) Zimbabwe Harare ( Embassy ) Americas ( edit ) British High Commission in Bridgetown British Embassy in Buenos Aires British Embassy in La Paz British Embassy in Mexico City British High Commission in Port of Spain British High Commission in Ottawa British Consulate in São Paulo British Embassy in Washington , D.C. 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The United Kingdom is one of the two countries , the other being Thailand , that uses diplomatic flags abroad . These special flags are flown on their embassy and consulate buildings . In addition , there is a flag in use for British consular vessels in international or foreign waters . Flag Use Description Flag used by British Embassies A Union Flag defaced with the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom Flag used by British High Commissions A Union Flag Flag used by British Consulates and Consulates - General A Union Flag defaced with the Royal Crown Flag used by Consular officials onboard vessels A Blue Ensign with the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal International relations portal Foreign and Commonwealth Office List of heads of missions of the United Kingdom List of diplomatic missions in the United Kingdom Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The British Consulate - General , Hong Kong reports directly to the FCO , instead of the British embassy in Beijing Jump up ^ The British Embassy to the Holy See is located outside Vatican territory in Rome . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ( ARCHIVED CONTENT ) Definition of Missions Foreign & Commonwealth Office '' . webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090728024756/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2004/12/17/close.htm . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Strengthening Britain 's diplomatic network in Latin America and the Caribbean Archived 2014 - 02 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Foreign and Commonwealth Office , 21 June 2012 Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom sends consul to re-establish official Washington state presence - Puget Sound Business Journal '' . Bizjournals.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Changes to UK government representation in Orlando , Florida - News articles '' . GOV.UK. 2014 - 01 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 22 . 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4594693721812915094	I Will Follow Him	I Will Follow Him - wikipedia I Will Follow Him Jump to : navigation , search `` I Will Follow Him '' German edition picture sleeve Single by Little Peggy March from the album I Will Follow Him B - side `` Wind Up Doll '' Released March 1963 Format Vinyl , 7 `` , 45 RPM Recorded 1962 Genre Pop Length 2 : 25 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Music : Franck Pourcel , Paul Mauriat , arr . Arthur Altman Lyrics : Norman Gimbel Producer ( s ) Hugo & Luigi , Arranged by Sammy Lowe Little Peggy March singles chronology `` Little Me '' ( 1962 ) `` I Will Follow Him '' ( 1963 ) `` I Wish I Were a Princess '' ( 1963 ) `` Little Me '' ( 1962 ) `` I Will Follow Him '' ( 1963 ) `` I Wish I Were a Princess '' ( 1963 ) `` I Will Follow Him '' is a popular song that was first recorded in 1961 by Franck Pourcel , as an instrumental titled `` Chariot '' . The song achieved its widest success when it was recorded by American singer Little Peggy March with English lyrics in 1963 . The music was written by Franck Pourcel ( using the pseudonym J.W. Stole ) and Paul Mauriat ( using the pseudonym Del Roma ) . It was adapted by Arthur Altman . The English lyrics were written by Norman Gimbel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song history 1.1 Petula Clark versions 1.2 Little Peggy March version 1.2. 1 Chart performance 1.3 Other versions 2 In popular culture 3 References 4 External links Song history ( edit ) The song was recorded in 1961 by Franck Pourcel and began as an instrumental piece appearing on the 1961 European LP release Amour , Danse , Et Violons . No. 17 . At the same time , it appeared on the EP release La Voix de son Maître . Pourcel co-wrote the song with his friend and fellow French bandleader Paul Mauriat . The other French bandleader Raymond Lefèvre has been credited for arrangements . Franck Pourcel 's original recording was popular on MOR , or `` easy listening , '' stations . Mauriat later recorded an instrumental version in 1976 with a disco beat , using a Moog synthesizer . In 1963 , Percy Faith released an instrumental version , re-titled `` I Will Follow You '' , as the lead song on side 1 of his album titled Themes for Young Lovers . Many other hits at the time were also on the album , including `` Up on the Roof '' , `` On Broadway '' , and `` Rhythm of the Rain '' . Petula Clark versions ( edit ) In 1962 , Petula Clark released a French language version of the song , titled `` Chariot '' ( lyrics by Jacques Plante ) , which reached No. 1 in Wallonia , No. 2 in France , and No. 8 in Flanders , and earned Clark a gold record . Her English version reached No. 4 in Denmark , where it was released by Vogue , but failed to chart in the UK and the USA , where it was released by Pye and Laurie respectively . Clark also recorded Italian and German versions of the song , with her Italian version , `` Sul mio carro '' , reaching No. 4 in Italy , and her German version , `` Cheerio '' , reaching No. 6 in Germany . Little Peggy March version ( edit ) In 1963 , Little Peggy March 's version of `` I Will Follow Him '' , backed with `` Wind Up Doll '' , was released by RCA Victor . March 's version reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on April 27 , 1963 , making 15 - year - old March the youngest female artist to have a U.S. chart - topping single . Her version also reached No. 1 in Australia , Hong Kong , Israel , South Africa , Uruguay , Canada 's CHUM Hit Parade , New Zealand 's `` Lever Hit Parade '' , and Billboard 's Hot R&B Singles chart . The song was ranked No. 6 on Cash Box 's `` Top 100 Chart Hits of 1963 '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Peak position Australia ( Music Maker ) Canada ( CHUM Hit Parade ) Chile 5 Finland ( Ilta - Sanomat ) ≥ 2 Germany 6 Hong Kong Israel ( Kol Yisrael ) Japan ( Utamatic ) ≥ 8 New Zealand ( Lever Hit Parade ) Peru ( La Prensa ) Philippines 5 South Africa Sweden ( Tio i Topp ) Uruguay ( Discometro Mundial ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles Other versions ( edit ) In Italy three versions of the song were in the charts in 1963 ( translated / adapted by Vito Pallavicini and Bruno Pallesi ) : One recorded by Betty Curtis ( highest position : # 3 ) , another version by Petula Clark ( `` Sul mio carro '' ; # 4 ) and the Franck Pourcel version ( # 5 ) . Curtis 's version was also a top 10 hit in Uruguay . In 1963 , Italian singer Ennio Sangiusto released a version of the song titled `` Chariot ( La Tierra ) '' , which reached No. 1 in Spain . Also in 1963 , Italian singer Joe Sentieri released a version of the song titled `` La Tierra '' , which reached No. 3 in Argentina . In 1963 , Argentine singer Alberto Cortez released a version of the song titled `` La Tierra ( Chariot ) '' , which reached No. 2 in Spain . Also in 1963 , Argentine singer Violeta Rivas released a version titled `` La Tierra '' , which reached No. 1 in Uruguay . Dee Dee Sharp released a version of the song in 1963 , which reached No. 1 in Hong Kong . In 1982 , Dutch singer José Hoebee ( former member of the girl band Luv ' ) released a hit cover of the song , which reached No. 1 in Flanders , No. 1 on the Dutch Top 40 , and No. 2 on the Dutch Nationale Hitparade . In 1994 , Spanish singer Raphael released a Spanish version of the song titled `` La Tierra '' ( English : `` The Earth '' ) , which appeared on his album Fantasía . Raphael performed the song in his tours with remarkable success until 1999 . The Norwegian comedian Lars Mjøen wrote comedic Norwegian lyrics , `` Torsken kommer ! '' ( translates to `` The cod is coming '' ) . The song was published by the comedy troupe KLM as Brødrene Dal as the B - side of `` Gaus , Roms Og Brumund '' ( PolyGram 2052 206 ) and on the LP record Spektralplate ( Polydor 2382 135 ) in 1982 . A music video remake was released by Norges Bank in 2017 to mark the introduction of the new 200 krone banknote that features a cod on the obverse side . In 2009 , Swedish singer Jessica Andersson covered it on her album , Wake Up In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) The Peggy March version of the song is featured prominently in Kenneth Anger 's 1963 experimental film Scorpio Rising . The Betty Curtis version is used in the 1990 film Goodfellas . The song is featured at the end of the 1992 film Sister Act , where it was performed by the nuns ' chorus for the Pope . The song 's chorus was sampled in the Eminem / Dr. Dre song `` Guilty Conscience '' , as `` these voices , these voices , I hear them , and where they talk I 'll follow , I 'll follow , I 'll follow , I 'll follow '' from Eminem 's The Slim Shady LP . The song is also used by Malaysian mobile service provider Digi for its extensive promotional campaign in late 2006 , albeit with slightly different lyrics ( as `` I Will Follow You '' ) . The first five notes of the song has since been made into the main jingle for future Digi advertisements . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Music Registrations , Catalog of Copyright Entries : Third Series , Volume 19 , Part 5 , Number 2 . U.S. Government Printing Office , July - December 1965 . p. 1509 . Archive.org . Accessed February 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` I Will Follow Him by Little Peggy March Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winner of the Billboard DJ Poll Instrumental Album Award for 1963 '' , Billboard , July 18 , 1964 . p. 5 . Accessed February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Popoff , Martin ; `` Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1948 - 1991 '' , Krause Publications ( 2010 ) p. 414 Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , December 8 , 1962 . p. 37 . Accessed February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , December 1 , 1962 . p. 34 . Accessed February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petula Clark - Chariot , Ultratop . Accessed February 25 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , October 27 , 1962 . p. 26 . Accessed February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , July 13 , 1963 . p. 30 . Accessed February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hit Parade Italia - Top Annuali Single : 1963 '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Petula Clark - Cheerio , norwegiancharts.com . Accessed February 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Singles Reviews '' , Billboard , February 2 , 1963 . p. 30 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Little Peggy March - Chart History - The Hot 100 , Billboard.com . Accessed February 19 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Peggy March 's ' Follow ' Still The Leader '' , Billboard.com . November 9 , 2010 . Accessed February 19 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , May 18 , 1963 . p. 32 . Accessed February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , July 20 , 1963 . p. 27 . Accessed February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , June 29 , 1963 . p. 46 . Accessed February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , October 5 , 1963 . p. 22 . Accessed February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CHUM Hit Parade -- Week of April 15 , 1963 '' . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Chart No. 318 . CHUM . ^ Jump up to : `` Lever Hit Parade '' 09 - May - 1963 , Flavour of New Zealand . Accessed February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hot R&B Singles '' , Billboard , May 25 , 1963 . p. 22 . Accessed February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 803 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Chart Hits of 1963 '' , Cash Box , December 28 , 1963 . p. 18 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , October 12 , 1963 . p. 40 . Accessed February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Little Peggy March - I Will Follow Him , norwegiancharts.com . Accessed February 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , October 19 , 1963 . p. 34 . Accessed February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , July 27 , 1963 . p. 42 . Accessed February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fernbom , Hugo . Sommartoppen 1963 , Datorföreningen vid LU & LTH , Lund University . July 16 , 2008 . Accessed June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , August 17 , 1963 . p. 35 . Accessed February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , August 24 , 1963 . p. 42 . Accessed June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , June 15 , 1963 . p. 36 . Accessed June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , October 26 , 1963 . p. 47 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ José - I Will Follow Him , Ultratop . Accessed February 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ Top 40 - artiest : José , Media Markt Top 40 . Accessed February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ José - I Will Follow Him , Dutch Charts . Accessed February 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ Letra La Tierra de Raphael , CMTV . Accessed June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Williams - Grut , Oscar ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` Norway 's central bank has made a bizarre music video to celebrate its new ' cod ' banknotes '' . Business Insider Nordic . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ I Will Follow You Digi Advertisement , 27 March 2008 , retrieved 25 May 2017 External links ( edit ) Official Peggy March , includes discography Preceded by `` He 's So Fine '' by The Chiffons Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Little Peggy March version ) April 27 , 1963 - May 11 , 1963 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` If You Wanna Be Happy '' by Jimmy Soul Preceded by `` Baby Workout '' by Jackie Wilson Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single ( Little Peggy March version ) May 25 , 1963 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` If You Wanna Be Happy '' by Jimmy Soul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Follow_Him&oldid=814848435 '' Categories : 1963 singles Peggy March songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Israel Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in South Africa Number - one singles in Belgium Number - one singles in Spain Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi Songs with lyrics by Norman Gimbel Songs with music by Arthur Altman RCA Victor singles Petula Clark songs 1962 songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with trivia sections from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 08 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song i will follow him	[ "\"I Will Follow Him\" is a popular song that was first recorded in 1961 by Franck Pourcel, as an instrumental titled \"Chariot\". The song achieved its widest success when it was recorded by American singer Little Peggy March with English lyrics in 1963. The music was written by Franck Pourcel (using the pseudonym J.W. Stole) and Paul Mauriat (using the pseudonym Del Roma).[1] It was adapted by Arthur Altman. The English lyrics were written by Norman Gimbel.[2]" ]	[ "Norman Gimbel" ]
-8673959878206439097	Temperate coniferous forest	Temperate coniferous forest - wikipedia Temperate coniferous forest Jump to : navigation , search A pine forest is an example of a temperate coniferous forest Map of temperate coniferous forest ecoregions of the world . Temperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest . In most temperate coniferous forests , evergreen conifers predominate , while some are a mix of conifers and broadleaf evergreen trees and / or broadleaf deciduous trees . Temperate evergreen forests are common in the coastal areas of regions that have mild winters and heavy rainfall , or inland in drier climates or mountain areas . Temperate coniferous forests are only found in the Northern Hemisphere in North America , Europe , and Asia . A separate ecoregion , the tropical coniferous forests , occurs in more tropical climates . Structurally , these forests are rather simple , generally consisting of two layers : an overstory and understory . Some forests may support an intermediate layer of shrubs . Pine forests support a herbaceous understory that is generally dominated by grasses and herbaceous perennials , and are often subject to ecologically important wildfires . Many species of tree inhabit these forests including cedar , cypress , Douglas fir , fir , juniper , pine , podocarpus , spruce , redwood and yew . The understory also contains a wide variety of herbaceous and shrub species . Contents ( hide ) 1 Species 2 Temperate coniferous forest ecoregions 2.1 Eurasia 2.2 North America 2.3 South America 3 Bor 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 External links Species ( edit ) The temperate coniferous forests around the world sustain the highest levels of biomass in any terrestrial ecosystem and are notable for trees of massive proportions , including Coast Redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ) , Giant Sequoia ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ) , Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) , Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ) , Alerce ( Fitzroya cupressoides ) and kauri ( Agathis australis ) . These forests are quite rare , occurring in small areas of North America , southwestern South America and northern New Zealand . The Klamath - Siskiyou forests of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon is known for its rich variety of plant and animal species , including many endemic species . Temperate coniferous forest ecoregions ( edit ) Eurasia ( edit ) Carpathian montane conifer forest , Slovakia . Palearctic temperate coniferous forests Alps conifer and mixed forests Austria , France , Germany , Italy , Slovenia , Switzerland Altai montane forest and forest steppe China , Kazakhstan , Mongolia , Russia Caledon conifer forests United Kingdom Carpathian montane conifer forests Czech Republic , Poland , Romania , Slovakia , Ukraine Da Hinggan - Dzhagdy Mountains conifer forests China , Russia East Afghan montane conifer forests Afghanistan , Pakistan Elburz Range forest steppe Iran Helanshan montane conifer forests China Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests China Hokkaido montane conifer forests Japan Honshū alpine conifer forests Japan Khangai Mountains conifer forests Mongolia , Russia Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests Algeria , Morocco , Spain , Tunisia Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests China , India , Bhutan Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests Turkey Nujiang Langcang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests China Qilian Mountains conifer forests China Qionglai - Minshan conifer forests China Sayan montane conifer forests Mongolia , Russia Scandinavian coastal conifer forests Norway Tian Shan montane conifer forests China , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan Cedrus deodara in the Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests . Indomalaya temperate coniferous forests Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests Bhutan , India , Nepal Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests India , Nepal , Pakistan North America ( edit ) A temperate coniferous forest ecosystem in Petroglyphs Provincial Park , Ontario . Nearctic temperate coniferous forests Alberta Mountain forests Canada Alberta - British Columbia foothills forests Canada Arizona Mountains forests United States Atlantic coastal pine barrens United States Blue Mountains forests United States British Columbia mainland coastal forests Canada , United States Cascade Mountains leeward forests Canada , United States Central and Southern Cascades forests United States Central British Columbia Mountain forests Canada Central Pacific coastal forests Canada , United States Colorado Rockies forests United States Eastern Cascades forests Canada , United States Fraser Plateau and Basin complex Canada Florida Scrub United States Great Basin montane forests United States Klamath - Siskiyou forests United States Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forests United States Middle Atlantic coastal forests United States North Central Rockies forests Canada , United States Northern California coastal forests United States Northern Pacific coastal forests Canada , United States Northern transitional alpine forests Canada Okanogan dry forests Canada , United States Piney Woods forests United States Puget lowland forests Canada , United States Haida Gwaii Canada Sierra Nevada forests United States South Central Rockies forests United States Southeastern conifer forests United States Wasatch and Uinta montane forests United States South America ( edit ) Fitzroya forest at Alerce Costero National Park , Chile . Neotropic temperate coniferous forests Araucaria montane forests Argentina , Chile Austrocedrus forests Argentina , Chile Fitzroya forests Argentina , Chile Araucaria moist forest Brazil , Argentina Bor ( edit ) In Russia , a coniferous forest , specifically pine or spruce forest is known as bor ( Russian : бор ) . Bors typically grow on well - drained sandy soils , sandy clay soils and mild loams . The names of several Russian historical buildings and localities refer to the word `` bor '' as the original place where they were built , such as Borovitskaya Tower or Church of the Savior on Bor . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Sustainable development portal Cedar hemlock douglas - fir forest Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kauffmann , Michael ( 2012 ) . Conifer Country . Kneeland : Backcountry Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 578 - 09416 - 8 . Jump up ^ Воробьев Г. И. , ed. ( 1985 ) . `` Бор '' . Лесная энциклопедия ( in Russian ) . Советская энциклопедия . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Waring , Richard H. 2002 . Temperate coniferous forest . Pages 560 -- 565 . In : Volume 2 , The Earth system : biological and ecological dimensions of global environmental change . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd , Chichester . ( Accessed : April 18 , 2012 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coniferous forests . Temperate forest WWF - Temperate Coniferous Forest Ecoregions ( hide ) Biogeographic regionalisations Biomes Terrestrial biomes Polar / montane Tundra Taiga Montane grasslands and shrublands Temperate Coniferous forests Broadleaf and mixed forests Deciduous forests Grasslands , savannas , and shrublands Tropical and subtropical Coniferous forests Moist broadleaf forests Dry broadleaf forests Grasslands , savannas , and shrublands Dry Mediterranean forests , woodlands , and scrub Deserts and xeric shrublands Wet Flooded grasslands and savannas Riparian Wetland Aquatic biomes Pond Littoral Intertidal Mangroves Kelp forests Coral reefs Neritic zone Pelagic zone Benthic zone Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Demersal zone Other biomes Endolithic zone Biogeographic realms Terrestrial Afrotropical Antarctic Australasian Nearctic Palearctic Indomalayan Neotropical Oceanian Marine Arctic Temperate Northern Pacific Tropical Atlantic Western Indo - Pacific Central Indo - Pacific Tropical Eastern Pacific Subdivisions Biogeographic provinces Bioregions Ecoregions List of ecoregions Global 200 ecoregions See also Ecological land classification Floristic kingdoms Vegetation classifications Zoogeographic regions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temperate_coniferous_forest&oldid=802946671 '' Categories : Temperate coniferous forests Terrestrial biomes Conifers Forests Biomes Montane forests Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles containing Russian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 13 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are mixed regions of coniferous and deciduous forests found	[]	[]
-6948157681964571262	Skill	Skill - wikipedia Skill Jump to : navigation , search A skill is the ability to carry out a task with determined results often within a given amount of time , energy , or both . Skills can often be divided into domain - general and domain - specific skills . For example , in the domain of work , some general skills would include time management , teamwork and leadership , self - motivation and others , whereas domain - specific skills would be used only for a certain job . Skill usually requires certain environmental stimuli and situations to assess the level of skill being shown and used . People need a broad range of skills to contribute to a modern economy . A joint ASTD and U.S. Department of Labor study showed that through technology , the workplace is changing , and identified 16 basic skills that employees must have to be able to change with it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Labor skills 2 Life skills 3 People skills 4 Social skills 5 Soft skills 6 Hard skills 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Labor skills ( edit ) Main article : Skill ( labor ) Skilled workers have long had historical import ( see Division of labor ) as electricians , masons , carpenters , blacksmiths , bakers , brewers , coopers , printers and other occupations that are economically productive . Skilled workers were often politically active through their craft guilds . Life skills ( edit ) Main article : Life skills An ability and capacity acquired through deliberate , systematic , and sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carryout complex activities or job functions involving ideas ( cognitive skills ) , things ( technical skills ) , and / or people ( interpersonal skills ) . See also competence . People skills ( edit ) Main article : People skills According to the Portland Business Journal , people skills are described as : understanding ourselves and moderating our responses talking effectively and empathizing accurately building relationships of trust , respect and productive interactions . A British definition is `` the ability to communicate effectively with people in a friendly way , especially in business . '' The term is not listed yet in major US dictionaries . The term people skills is used to include both psychological skills and social skills but is less inclusive than life skills . Social skills ( edit ) Main article : Social skills Social skill is any skill facilitating interaction and communication with others . Social rules and relations are created , communicated , and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways . The process of learning such skills is called socialization . Soft skills ( edit ) Main article : Soft skills Soft skills are a combination of interpersonal people skills , social skills , communication skills , character traits , attitudes , career attributes and emotional intelligence quotient ( EQ ) among others . Hard skills ( edit ) Hard skills are any skills relating to a specific task or situation . These skills are easily quantifiable unlike soft skills which are related to one 's personality . See also ( edit ) Communication skills Deskilling DISCO - European Dictionary of Skills and Competences Dreyfus model of skill acquisition Game of skill Online skill - based game Transferable skills analysis Procedural knowledge Relationship between skills and core - competencies in education References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Publications and Research Search Results , Employment & Training Administration ( ETA ) - U.S. Department of Labor '' . wdr.doleta.gov . Archived from the original on 28 April 2018 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Ruth Schwartz ( 1997 ) , A Social History of American Technology , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 179 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 504605 - 6 Jump up ^ Rifkin , H. `` Invest in people skills to boost bottom line '' Archived 18 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2009 - 10 - 14 Jump up ^ `` Macmillan Dictionary '' Archived 5 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 18 Jump up ^ Dictionary.com definition . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 18 Jump up ^ Marcel M. Robles , Executive Perceptions of the Top 10 Soft Skills Needed in Today 's Workplace Archived 12 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Business Communication Quarterly , 75 ( 4 ) 453 -- 465 . Jump up ^ Staff , Investopedia ( 15 May 2010 ) . `` Hard Skills '' . investopedia.com . Archived from the original on 28 April 2018 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryu , Cheong - san ( 2017 ) . `` Educational Significance of Soft Skills and Hard Skills '' . The Journal of Korean Practical Arts Education . 23 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skills . American Society for Training & Development Australian National Training Authority NCVER 's Review of generic skills for the new economy SKILLS EU Research Integrated Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skill&oldid=843327240 '' Categories : Skills Learning Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 12 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the ability to communicate effectively is an example of a transferable skil	[]	[]
-5505435431090988506	Snow White and the Huntsman	Snow White and the Huntsman - wikipedia Snow White and the Huntsman Jump to : navigation , search Snow White and the Huntsman Theatrical release poster Directed by Rupert Sanders Produced by Joe Roth Sam Mercer Screenplay by Evan Daugherty John Lee Hancock Hossein Amini Story by Evan Daugherty Based on Snow White by the Brothers Grimm Starring Kristen Stewart Charlize Theron Chris Hemsworth Sam Claflin Ian McShane Bob Hoskins Ray Winstone Nick Frost Toby Jones Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Greig Fraser Edited by Conrad Buff Neil Smith Production company Roth Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 30 ) ( United Kingdom ) June 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 127 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 million Box office $396.6 million Snow White and the Huntsman is a 2012 American fantasy film based on the German fairy tale `` Snow White '' compiled by the Brothers Grimm . The film is the directorial debut of Rupert Sanders . The screenplay was written by Evan Daugherty , John Lee Hancock , and Hossein Amini , from a screen story by Daugherty . In the film 's retelling of the tale , Snow White grows up imprisoned by her evil stepmother , Queen Ravenna , a powerful sorceress . After Snow White escapes into the forest , Ravenna tells Eric , the Huntsman that she will bring back his dead wife if he captures Snow White . The cast includes Kristen Stewart as Snow White , Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna , Chris Hemsworth as Eric , the huntsman , Sam Claflin as William , Snow White 's childhood friend , and Bob Hoskins as the dwarf seer in his final film appearances . The film received two Academy Award nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Costume Design at the 85th Academy Awards . It was a success at the box office , earning $396.6 million worldwide against a $170 million budget . Although critics praised the production design , visual effects , Theron and Hemsworth 's performances , musical score , and action sequences ; Stewart and Claflin 's performances received mixed reviews , and the screenplay was heavily criticized . A prequel / sequel , titled The Huntsman : Winter 's War , directed by the first film 's visual effects supervisor Cedric Nicolas - Troyan , was released on April 22 , 2016 , with Stewart ( only through the use of archive footage ) , Hemsworth , Theron , Claflin , and Nick Frost reprising their roles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 The Dwarves 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 6 Accolades 7 Prequel / Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) While admiring a rose blooming in the winter , Queen Eleanor of the kingdom of Tabor pricks her finger on one of its thorns . Three drops of blood fall onto the snow - covered ground , and she wishes for a daughter as white as the snow , with lips as red as the blood , hair as black as a raven 's wings and a heart as strong and defiant as the rose . Queen Eleanor gives birth to her daughter , Snow White , but soon after falls ill and dies . After her death , Snow White 's father , King Magnus , and his army battle an invading dark army of demonic glass soldiers . Upon rescuing their prisoner Ravenna , he becomes enchanted with her beauty and marries her . Ravenna is in fact a powerful sorceress and the Dark Army 's master . On their wedding night , Magnus , enchanted , throws Ravenna into the bed and proceeds to make love . Ravenna confesses there was a king much like Magnus that hurt her . During foreplay , she declares she can not be a weak queen and kills Magnus before unleashing her invading army upon the kingdom . Snow White 's childhood friend William and his father Duke Hammond escape the castle but are unable to rescue her , and she is captured by Ravenna 's brother Finn and locked away in the north tower of the castle for many years . Tabor is ruined under Queen Ravenna 's rule as she periodically drains the youth from the kingdom 's young women in order to maintain a spell cast over her as a child by her mother which allows her to keep her youthful beauty . When Snow White comes of age , Queen Ravenna learns from her Magic Mirror , in the form of a golden , reflective liquid shaped like a man , that her stepdaughter Snow White is destined to destroy her unless Queen Ravenna consumes the young girl 's heart , which will make her truly immortal . Queen Ravenna orders Finn to bring her Snow White 's heart , but Snow White escapes into the Dark Forest , where Ravenna has no power . Queen Ravenna makes a bargain with Eric the Huntsman , a widower and drunkard , to capture Snow White , promising to bring his wife back to life in exchange . The Huntsman tracks down Snow White , but when Finn reveals that Queen Ravenna does not actually have the power to do what she promised , the Huntsman fights him and his men while Snow White runs away . When the Huntsman catches up with her , she promises him gold if he will escort her to Duke Hammond 's castle . Meanwhile , Finn gathers another band of men to find her , and Duke Hammond and his son William learn that she is alive . William leaves the castle on his own to find her , joining Finn 's band as a bowman . The Huntsman and Snow White leave the Dark Forest , where she saves his life by charming a huge troll that attacks them . They make their way to a fishing village populated by women who have disfigured themselves to save their own lives , becoming useless to Queen Ravenna , who wants to use their beauty and youth to extend and prolong hers , as she does with Gretta whilst Snow White is still imprisoned . While there , the Huntsman learns Snow White 's true identity , and initially leaves her in the care of the women . He soon returns when he sees the village being burned down by Finn 's men . Snow White and the Huntsman evade them and eventually meet a band of eight dwarves named Beith , Muir , Quert , Coll , Duir , Gort , Nion , and Gus . The blind Muir perceives that Snow White is the daughter of the former king , and the only person who can defeat Ravenna and end her reign . As they travel through a fairy sanctuary , Snow White encounters a magical reindeer that was only in tales of legend , but as the reindeer and Snow White are about to embrace , the group is attacked by Finn and his men . The Huntsman battles Finn and eventually kills him , and William reveals himself and helps defeat Finn 's men . However , Gus is killed when he sacrifices himself to take an arrow meant for Snow White . William joins the group which continues the journey to Hammond 's castle . Halfway to Duke Hammond 's castle , Queen Ravenna disguises herself as William and tempts Snow White into eating a poisoned apple , but is forced to flee when the Huntsman and William discover her . William kisses Snow White , whom he believes to be dead , and does not notice a tear fall from her eye . She is taken to Hammond 's castle . As she lies in repose , the Huntsman professes his regret for not saving Snow White , who reminds him of his late wife , Sara ; and he kisses her , not noticing a second tear coming from her other eye falling . The spell broken by the love of two men she treasures , Snow White awakens and walks into the courtyard ; rallying the Duke 's army to mount a siege against Queen Ravenna . The dwarves infiltrate the castle through the sewers and open the gates , allowing the Duke 's army inside . Snow White confronts Queen Ravenna , but is overpowered . Queen Ravenna is about to kill Snow White and consume her heart . Eventually , Snow White uses a move the Huntsman taught her and mortally wounds Queen Ravenna , and Duke Hammond 's army is victorious . With Queen Ravenna defeated , the kingdom once again enjoys peace and harmony as Snow White is crowned queen . Cast ( edit ) Kristen Stewart as Snow White Raffey Cassidy as young Snow White Chris Hemsworth as The Huntsman Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna , Snow White 's evil stepmother Izzy Meikle - Small as young Ravenna Sam Claflin as William , son of Duke Hammond Xavier Atkins as young William Sam Spruell as Finn , Ravenna 's brother and enforcer Elliot Reeve as young Finn Vincent Regan as Duke Hammond , William 's father Lily Cole as Greta , a young girl who befriends Snow White Noah Huntley as King Magnus , Snow White 's father Liberty Ross as Queen Eleanor , Snow White 's mother Chris Obi as the voice of Mirror Man , the physical form of the Magic Mirror Rachael Stirling as Anna Hattie Gotobed as Lily Greg Hicks as Black Knight General Peter Ferdinando as Black Knight Anastasia Hille as Ravenna 's Mother Annabelle Wallis as Sara , The Huntsman 's Wife The dwarves ( edit ) Ian McShane as Beith , the leader of the Dwarves . Bob Hoskins as Muir , the blind elder Dwarf , who possesses the powers of premonition . This was Hoskins 's final role before his retirement from acting ( and his death ) due to Parkinson 's disease . Ray Winstone as Gort , an ill - tempered Dwarf . Nick Frost as Nion , Beith 's right - hand man . Toby Jones as Coll , Duir 's brother . Eddie Marsan as Duir , Coll 's brother . Johnny Harris as Quert , Duir 's son . Brian Gleeson as Gus , the youngest of the Dwarfs who develops a bond with Snow White and later sacrifices himself to save her . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Evan Daugherty initially wrote the screenplay in 2003 , when he was studying at NYU . At the time reboots of fairy tales were not a popular film genre and according to Daugherty `` no one really knew what to do with it '' More problems came when the release of Terry Gilliam 's The Brothers Grimm ( 2005 ) flopped at the box office which caused potential buyers to be hesitant about the script . The script was finally greenlit after the success of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) . Casting ( edit ) Theron & Stewart at Wondercon 2012 in Anaheim , California on March 2012 . Film producers considered casting a lesser - known actress for the role of Snow White , with mention of Riley Keough , Felicity Jones , Bella Heathcote , Alicia Vikander , and Rachel Maxwell as possible picks . This idea became less likely as known actresses Dakota Fanning and Kristen Stewart were later rumored to be short - listed for the role . On March 4 , 2011 a series of tweets from co-producer Palak Patel confirmed that Stewart was offered the role . Winona Ryder was initially considered to play Queen Ravenna , before the role went to Charlize Theron . Tom Hardy was supposedly first offered the role of Eric , the Huntsman , but turned down the offer . The role was then apparently offered to Michael Fassbender , and then Johnny Depp , but both claim to have declined it . Viggo Mortensen was said to have been in negotiations with Universal for the part , but supposedly turned down the role , too . It was claimed that Hugh Jackman was offered the role , but that he declined . In 2011 , Thor star Chris Hemsworth was eventually cast in the role of the Huntsman . The Dwarfs were played by actors of average height who had their faces digitally superimposed onto small bodies . This caused a protest from the Little People of America . Filming ( edit ) The Marloes Sands filming location for Snow White & the Huntsman Principal photography took place in the United Kingdom . The beach scenes were predominantly filmed in Pembrokeshire , on the Marloes Sands beach near the village of Marloes between September 26 and 29 , 2011 . Though the beach was not closed to the public during filming , as filming progressed , certain parts were advised to be off limits . A computer - generated castle was set on nearby Gateholm island . A field above the beach was used for production purposes , and a special wooden ramp was built for vehicles and horses to access the beach . The film used academic consultants from the University of Chichester and the University of Oxford for back - up research on fairy tales and medieval battles . The English band Florence and the Machine recorded `` Breath of Life '' exclusively for the film , which was reportedly inspired by Theron 's character Queen Ravenna . Release ( edit ) The film had its premiere on May 14 , 2012 , at the Empire , Leicester Square , in London . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray in Region 1 on September 11 , 2012 , with both the theatrical version ( 127 minutes ) and an extended version ( 132 minutes ) available on both formats . The film was released on the same formats in Region 2 on October 1 , 2012 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Hemsworth at the Snow White and the Huntsman movie premiere , Sydney in June 2012 . Snow White and the Huntsman earned $155,332,381 in North America , along with $241,260,448 in other territories , for a worldwide total of $396,592,829 . In North America , the film earned $1,383,000 from midnight showings . For its opening day , the film topped the box office with $20,468,525 . It debuted in first place at the box office during its opening weekend with $56,217,700 . It is the seventeenth highest - grossing 2012 film . Outside North America , Snow White and the Huntsman had an opening of $39.3 million , ranking second overall for the weekend behind Men in Black 3 ; however , it ranked number 1 in 30 countries . Critical reaction ( edit ) Stewart at the Snow White and the Huntsman premiere , Sydney in June 2012 . Snow White and the Huntsman received mixed reviews from critics . The film has a 48 % `` rotten '' score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 221 reviews , with an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` While it offers an appropriately dark take on the fairy tale that inspired it , Snow White & the Huntsman is undone by uneven acting , problematic pacing , and a confused script . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 57 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . CinemaScore polls conducted revealed the average grade that filmgoers gave the film was a `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . David Edelstein of New York praised the film 's revisionist tone and said the film was `` strongly influenced by a lot of smart , feminist thinking '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4 . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised Theron 's performance and also wrote , `` Though it is an ambitious -- at times mesmerizing -- application of the latest cinematic technology , the movie tries to recapture some of the menace of the stories that used to be told to scare children rather than console them . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` Ravenna hates living in a world where men can feed on women 's beauty and then toss them away . She 's a fascist of feminism , and Theron 's acting has the blood of operatic anger coursing through it . '' Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times said the film is , `` an absolute wonder to watch and creates a warrior princess for the ages . But what this revisionist fairy tale does not give us is a passionate love -- its kisses are as chaste as the snow is white . '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers called it `` a visual marvel '' while noting that Stewart `` morphs convincingly from a skittish girl into a determined warrior princess . '' MSN news said that Stewart `` grows into her character , it seems , and eventually got this reviewer completely on her side . Colin Covert of the Minneapolis Star Tribune gave the film 4 / 4 stars . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian said that while the film is `` less jokey than the recent Mirror Mirror '' , `` this Twilightified fairytale has the same basic problem , '' and that , `` The result is tangled and overblown . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called it `` ( a ) slow , boring film that has no charm and is highlighted only by a handful of special effects and Charlize Theron 's truly evil queen . '' Michael O'Sullivan of the Washington Post also gave the film a negative review : `` Overlong , overcrowded , overstimulating and with an over-the - top performance by Charlize Theron as the evil queen Ravenna , the movie is a virtual orchard of toxic excess , starting with the unnecessarily sprawling cast of characters . '' Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post gave the film two out of four stars and said , `` Only Bob Hoskins as the blind seer Muir comes close to making us care . We can almost glean Snow White 's heroic possibilities through his clouded eyes . As much as we 'd like to , we certainly ca n't from Stewart 's efforts . '' Scott Foundas states that `` Stewart 's Snow White ... pouts her lips , bats her bedroom eyes , and scarcely seems to have more on her mind than who might take her to the senior prom -- let alone the destiny of an entire kingdom . '' Richard Roeper gave the movie a B+ , calling it `` Vastly superior to Mirror , Mirror '' , and praising Theron and Stewart 's performances . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Recipient Award Category Result 2012 Charlize Theron Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Won Kristen Stewart Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Won Chris Hemsworth Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star : Male ( also for The Avengers ) Won Sam Claflin Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Breakout Nominated Charlize Theron Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Villain Nominated Charlize Theron Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star : Female ( also for Prometheus ) Nominated Chris Hemsworth GQ Award GQ Men Of The Year Award for International Breakthrough Won Colleen Atwood Gucci Award Best Costume Design Nominated Florence and the Machine World Soundtrack Awards Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film Nominated Chris Munro and Craig Henighan Satellite Award Best Sound ( Editing & Mixing ) Nominated Wild Card and Universal Pictures Golden Trailer Award Best Action ( for `` Forever '' ) Won Universal Pictures Golden Trailer Award Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot ( for `` Ravenna '' ) Won Universal Pictures Golden Trailer Award Best Motion / Title Graphics ( for `` Domestic Trailer 2 '' ) Nominated Universal Pictures and Wild Card Golden Trailer Award Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot ( for `` Bound '' ) Nominated Universal Pictures and Aspect Ratio Golden Trailer Award Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot ( for `` Kingdom '' ) Nominated Universal Pictures and Wild Card Golden Trailer Award Best in Show ( for `` Forever '' ) Nominated Cedric Nicolas - Troyan , Philip Brennan , Neil Corbould , and Michael Dawson St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Visual Effects Nominated Greig Fraser San Diego Film Critics Society Awards Special Award Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Film Nominated 2013 Chris Hemsworth People 's Choice Awards Favorite Action Movie Star ( also for The Avengers ) Nominated Charlize Theron People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress ( also for Prometheus ) Nominated Kristen Stewart and Chris Hemsworth People 's Choice Awards Favorite On - Screen Chemistry Nominated Kristen Stewart People 's Choice Awards Favorite Face of Heroism Nominated Colleen Atwood Academy Awards Best Costume Design Nominated Cedric Nicolas - Troyan , Philip Brennan , Neil Corbould , and Michael Dawson Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Nominated Kristen Stewart Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actress ( also for The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 2 ) Won Film Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Charlize Theron Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated Colleen Atwood Saturn Awards Best Costume Nominated Cedric Nicolas - Troyan , Philip Brennan , Neil Corbould and Michael Dawson Saturn Awards Best Special Effects Nominated Kristen Stewart 2013 MTV Movie Awards Best Hero Nominated Prequel / sequel ( edit ) Main article : The Huntsman : Winter 's War A sequel was planned , with director Rupert Sanders in talks to return . In August 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that the sequel was shelved in the aftermath of the scandal involving Sanders cheating on his wife with Stewart and that a spin - off film concentrating on the Huntsman was planned instead , which would not star Stewart . Universal announced a few days later that they were not shelving the sequel . A 2012 report stated that Universal has authorized a sequel and Stewart was set to reprise her role , but without Sanders to return as the director due to the scandal . The script was written and production was set to begin in 2013 . The film was originally scheduled for release in 2015 . In September 2013 , Chris Hemsworth stated he did not know anything about the sequel while speaking to E !. On June 4 , 2014 , Deadline reported that Frank Darabont , Gavin O'Connor and Andrés Muschietti were on the shortlist to direct the sequel . On June 26 , 2014 , Deadline reported that Darabont was in talks to direct the sequel . Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and Legendary Pictures were set to co-finance the film with Universal but dropped out and were replaced by Perfect World Pictures . On July 31 , 2014 , the project was described as a prequel titled The Huntsman scheduled for April 22 , 2016 , which would not star Stewart as Snow White . In January 2015 , Darabont left the project as director , but the third leading role was set with Emily Blunt . It was later announced that Cedric Nicolas - Troyan would take over as the new director for the film . Nick Frost will return as Dwarf Nion and Jessica Chastain will star . On March 18 , 2015 , Rob Brydon , Alexandra Roach and Sheridan Smith were added to the cast as dwarves . TheWrap confirmed on May 7 , 2015 , that Sam Claflin would return as William in this sequel . It was later revealed that the film would feature Ravenna 's sister , the Ice Queen , and would reveal the origins of the Huntsman , while also continuing the story of the first film . See also ( edit ) Film portal Mirror Mirror , another 2012 film based on the tale of Snow White , starring Lily Collins as Snow White and Julia Roberts as the Queen Clementianna , Snow White 's evil stepmother . Maleficent , similar dark / modern take on an old fairy tale References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE AND THE HUNTSMAN ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman '' . European Audiovisual Observatory . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman '' . AFI . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Battleship Fallout : Lessons From a Box Office Sinking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We are pleased to confirm the Snow White and the Huntsman cast will be Kristen Stewart , Charlize Theron , Chris Hemsworth and Sam Claflin '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Nick Frost is the Final Dwarf in ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Berkshire , Geoff. `` ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' writer Evan Daugherty on reviews , casting Kristen Stewart and getting ' fired ' '' . Hitflix . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Kristen Stewart : ' Snow White And The Huntsman ' Casting Talks '' . The Huffington . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kristen is Officially Playing ' Snow White ' '' . BlogSpot.com . March 2011 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sterling Wong ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Snow White ' Lands Julia Roberts As Evil Queen , So How Does She Stack Up Against Charlize Theron ? '' . MoviesBlog.MTV.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Snow White and the Huntsman '' . ourmidland.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeff Sneider . `` Exclusive : Johnny Depp Offered a Date With ' Snow White ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` Viggo Mortensen dumps Snow White ... for Superman ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sara Vilkomerson ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Hugh Jackman no longer in talks for ' Snow White ' '' . InsideMovies.EW.com . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb entry with Chris Hemsworth as Huntsman '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Guy Adams ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Dwarfs threaten ' 100 - midget march ' over Snow White and the Huntsman film '' . The Independent ( UK . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Holly ; Watkins , Jade ; McCormack , Kirsty ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Kristen Stewart looks all worked out as she continues to film Snow White And The Huntsman '' . Daily Mail . London . Mail Online . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDowell , Martin ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Filming Snow White and the Huntsman at Marloes Sands '' . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Clark ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Philip Pullman to publish new adaptations of Grimm 's Fairy Tales '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Florence And The Machine debut new song ' Breath Of Life ' -- listen '' . NME . IPC Media . April 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Florence And The Machine , ' Breath Of Life ' : Singer Releases New ' Snow White And The Huntsman ' Track '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Snow White and the Huntsman world première LIVE on MailOnline '' . Daily Mail . London . Mail Online . May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hertzfeld , Laura ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' : Watch an exclusive clip from the upcoming DVD / Blu - ray release -- VIDEO '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Forecast : ' Snow White ' Goes to War This Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Report : ' Snow White ' Conquers the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Snow White ' Takes Big Bite Out of Box Office Apple '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Yearly Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' takes $20.3 M bite of Friday box - office apple , eyes $55 M weekend '' . Chicago Tribune . June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` Box office update : ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' leads with $20.3 mil on Friday ; ' The Avengers ' becomes third biggest movie of all time '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David . `` Grim and Grimmer '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman ( PG13 ) Review '' . Roger Ebert.com . May 30 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Movie Review The Darker Side of the Story ' Snow White and the Huntsman , ' With Kristen Stewart '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Movie Review : Snow White and the Huntsman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Movie review : Forget fair , ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' is fierce '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Snow White and the Huntsman Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Glenn . `` ' Snow White ' Saved by Dwarves '' . MSN Movies . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Folk tale meets fabulous blockbuster in ' Snow White ' '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Snow White and the Huntsman -- review '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' review : Dwarfed '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman Review '' . The Washington Post . June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Lisa ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Movie review : Something awry in serious `` Snow White and the Huntsman '' Grimm fairy tale remake `` . Denver Post . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Foundas on Film : `` Snow White and the Huntsman '' & `` Hemingway & Gellhorn '' - Film Comment `` . filmcomment.com . June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper : SNOW WHITE AND THE HUNTSMAN ( 2012 ; RATED Rated PG - 13 ) richardroeper.com , Retrieved December 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kim Masters ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Kristen Stewart Dropped from ' Snow White ' Sequel Plans ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ann Lee ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Kristen Stewart has n't been dropped from Snow White sequel , says studio '' . Metro . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sieczkowski , Cavan ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Kristen Stewart Confirmed For ' Snow White And The Huntsman ' Sequel : ' I 'm So Excited ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sen , Abhijeet ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Kristen Stewart to star in ' Snow White ' sequel sans cheating director '' . RealBollywood.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Universal Aiming for 2015 Release for Snow White and the Huntsman 2 ; `` Actively Working '' on Next Bourne `` . collider.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Malec , Brett ; Malkin , Marc ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth Talks `` Awkward '' Naked Movie Scenes , Snow White Sequel With Kristen Stewart `` . E !. Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Huntsman 2 ′ Helmer Short List : Frank Darabont , Gavin O'Connor , Andy Muschietti '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Frank Darabont In Talks To Direct ' Snow White And The Huntsman 2 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Universal 's Snow White Prequel ' Huntsman ' Targets April 2016 Release '' . Deadline.com . July 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Huntsman Loses Frank Darabont but Keeps its Release Date for Now '' . Deadline.com . July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Darabont Exits ' The Huntsman ' '' . Deadline.com . January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HOT SCOOP : We May Know Frank Darabont 's Replacement Director For THE HUNTSMAN ! '' . Schomoes Know . January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Huntsman Gains More Star Power with Jessica Chastain and Emily Blunt '' . Dread Central . January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Finds Dwarfs for ' Huntsman ' Spinoff '' . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Verhoeven , Beatrice ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Claflin Returns for ' The Huntsman ' Without Kristen Stewart 's Snow White '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Sam Claflin , who played Snow White 's love interest William in `` Snow White and the Huntsman , '' will return for Universal 's sequel `` The Huntsman , '' Jump up ^ The Huntsman Winter 's War Reveals New Character Posters Comingsoon.net , Retrieved November 18 , 2015 External links ( edit ) Official website Snow White and the Huntsman on IMDb Snow White and the Huntsman at Box Office Mojo Snow White and the Huntsman at Rotten Tomatoes Snow White and the Huntsman at Metacritic Films directed by Rupert Sanders Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) Ghost in the Shell ( 2017 ) Snow White by the Brothers Grimm Disney franchise Gold - Tree and Silver - Tree Snow - White - Fire - Red The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights Standalone films Snow White ( 1902 ) Snow White ( 1916 ) Betty Boop in Snow - White ( 1933 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs ( 1943 ) The Seven Dwarfs to the Rescue ( 1951 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1955 ) Snow White and the Three Stooges ( 1961 ) Snow White ( 1962 ) The New Adventures of Snow White ( 1969 ) A Snow White Christmas ( 1980 ) Neberte nám princeznú ( 1981 ) Snow White ( 1987 ) Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) Snow White ( 1995 ) Snow White : A Tale of Terror ( 1997 ) Snow White : The Fairest of Them All ( 2001 ) 7 Dwarves -- Men Alone in the Wood ( 2004 ) Snow White : The Sequel ( 2007 ) Sydney White ( 2007 ) Happily N'Ever After 2 : Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple ( 2009 ) Blanche Neige ( 2009 ) Grimm 's Snow White ( 2012 ) Mirror Mirror ( 2012 ) Blancanieves ( 2012 ) Snow White : A Deadly Summer ( 2012 ) The Seventh Dwarf ( 2014 ) Charming ( 2018 ) The Huntsman film series Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) The Huntsman : Winter 's War ( 2016 ) Television series The 10th Kingdom ( miniseries ) The Charmings ( sitcom ) The Legend of Snow White ( anime series ) Prétear ( anime series ) Once Upon a Time ( drama series ) Sofia the First ( TV series ) ( `` The Enchanted Feast '' ) ( Season 2 , Episode 27 ) The 7D ( TV series ) Stage Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1912 play ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( musical ) A Snow White Christmas ( musical ) Other media Fables ( comics ) Mira , Mirror ( novel ) Mirror Mirror ( novel ) Red as Blood ( short story ) Schneewittchen ( opera ) Seven Dwarfs Mine Train ( attraction ) Snow White ( comic strip ) Snow White 's Scary Adventures ( attraction ) Snow White Grotto ( attraction ) Snow White : Happily Ever After ( video game ) `` Snow , Glass , Apples '' ( short story ) The Serpent 's Shadow ( novel ) Fairest ( novel ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories ( short story collection ) Amada Anime Series : Super Mario Bros. ( OVA ) The Wolf Among Us ( video game ) Ballet The Magic Mirror ( 1903 ) Characters Snow White Snow White ( Disney ) Mary Margaret Blanchard The Queen Evil Queen ( Disney ) Regina Mills Queen of Fables The Seven Dwarfs The Magic Mirror The King The Huntsman Prince Charming David Nolan Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snow_White_and_the_Huntsman&oldid=843325427 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films American films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American action adventure films Dark fantasy films High fantasy films Directorial debut films Films scored by James Newton Howard Films about royalty Films about revenge Films based on Snow White Films directed by Rupert Sanders Films produced by Joe Roth Films set in a fictional European country Films set in the Middle Ages Films shot in Wales Films shot in England Mariticide in fiction Performance capture in film Regicide in fiction Screenplays by Hossein Amini Witchcraft in film Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 11 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	snow white and the huntsman movie heroine name	[ "The cast includes Kristen Stewart as Snow White, Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna, Chris Hemsworth as Eric, the huntsman, Sam Claflin as William, Snow White's childhood friend, and Bob Hoskins as the dwarf seer in his final film appearances. The film received two Academy Award nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Costume Design at the 85th Academy Awards. It was a success at the box office, earning $396.6 million worldwide against a $170 million budget. Although critics praised the production design, visual effects, Theron and Hemsworth's performances, musical score, and action sequences; Stewart and Claflin's performances received mixed reviews, and the screenplay was heavily criticized." ]	[ "Kristen Stewart" ]
-8440993159565184426	2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)	2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) - Wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) Tournament details Dates 12 March 2015 -- 10 October 2017 Teams 46 ( from 1 confederation ) Tournament statistics Matches played 226 Goals scored 665 ( 2.94 per match ) Attendance 4,377,585 ( 19,370 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil ( 16 goals each ) ← 2014 2022 → The Asian section of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification acted as qualifiers for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , held in Russia , for national teams which are members of the Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) . 4.5 slots ( 4 direct slots and 1 inter-confederation play - off slot ) in the final tournament were available for AFC teams . On 16 April 2014 , the AFC Executive Committee approved a proposal to merge the preliminary qualification rounds of the FIFA World Cup and the AFC Asian Cup , which will be expanded to 24 teams starting in 2019 . Therefore , the first two rounds of the FIFA World Cup qualifiers also acted as qualifiers for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup in the United Arab Emirates . Contents 1 Format 2 Entrants 3 Schedule 4 First round 5 Second round 5.1 Summary 5.2 Groups 5.2. 1 Group A 5.2. 2 Group B 5.2. 3 Group C 5.2. 4 Group D 5.2. 5 Group E 5.2. 6 Group F 5.2. 7 Group G 5.2. 8 Group H 5.3 Ranking of runner - up teams 6 Third round 6.1 Groups 6.1. 1 Group A 6.1. 2 Group B 7 Fourth round 8 Inter-confederation play - offs 9 Qualified teams 10 Top goalscorers 11 Notes 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Format ( edit ) The qualification structure was as follows : First round : 12 teams ( ranked 35 -- 46 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The six winners advanced to the second round . Second round : 40 teams ( ranked 1 -- 34 and six first round winners ) were divided into eight groups of five teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The eight group winners and the four best group runners - up advanced to the third round of FIFA World Cup qualification as well as qualifying for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup finals . Third round : The 12 teams ( an increase from 10 for 2014 ) which had advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of six teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The top two teams of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the two third - placed teams advanced to the fourth round . Fourth round : The two third - placed teams of each group from the third round played home - and - away over two legs . The winners advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs . Entrants ( edit ) The 46 FIFA - affiliated nations from the AFC entered qualification . In order to determine which nations would compete in the first round and which nations would receive a bye through to the second round , the FIFA World Rankings of January 2015 were used ( shown in parentheses ) , as those were the latest published rankings prior to the first round draw . The FIFA Rankings of January 2015 were also used for seeding of the first round draw ; however , for seeding in the second round and third round draws , the most recent FIFA Rankings prior to those draws were used . From the January 2015 FIFA World Rankings Bye to the second round ( Ranked 1st to 34th ) Competing in first round ( Ranked 35th to 46th ) Iran ( 51 ) Japan ( 54 ) South Korea ( 69 ) Uzbekistan ( 71 ) United Arab Emirates ( 80 ) Qatar ( 92 ) Oman ( 93 ) Jordan ( 93 ) China PR ( 96 ) Australia ( 100 ) Saudi Arabia ( 102 ) Bahrain ( 110 ) Iraq ( 114 ) Palestine ( 115 ) Lebanon ( 122 ) Kuwait ( 125 ) Philippines ( 129 ) Maldives ( 131 ) Vietnam ( 133 ) Tajikistan ( 136 ) Myanmar ( 141 ) Afghanistan ( 142 ) Thailand ( 144 ) Turkmenistan ( 147 ) North Korea ( 150 ) Syria ( 151 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 152 ) Malaysia ( 154 ) Hong Kong ( 156 ) Singapore ( 157 ) Indonesia ( 159 ) Laos ( 160 ) Guam ( 161 ) Bangladesh ( 165 ) India ( 171 ) Sri Lanka ( 172 ) Yemen ( 176 ) Cambodia ( 179 ) Chinese Taipei ( 182 ) Timor - Leste ( 185 ) Nepal ( 186 ) Macau ( 186 ) Pakistan ( 188 ) Mongolia ( 194 ) Brunei ( 198 ) Bhutan ( 209 ) Schedule ( edit ) The schedule of the competition was as follows . Round Matchday Date First round First leg 12 March 2015 Second leg 17 March 2015 Second round Matchday 1 11 June 2015 Matchday 2 16 June 2015 Matchday 3 3 September 2015 Matchday 4 8 September 2015 Matchday 5 8 October 2015 Matchday 6 13 October 2015 Matchday 7 12 November 2015 Matchday 8 17 November 2015 Matchday 9 24 March 2016 Matchday 10 29 March 2016 Round Matchday Date Third round Matchday 1 1 September 2016 Matchday 2 6 September 2016 Matchday 3 6 October 2016 Matchday 4 11 October 2016 Matchday 5 15 November 2016 Matchday 6 23 March 2017 Matchday 7 28 March 2017 Matchday 8 13 June 2017 Matchday 9 31 August 2017 Matchday 10 5 September 2017 Fourth round First leg 5 October 2017 Second leg 10 October 2017 The inter-confederation play - offs were scheduled to be played between 6 -- 14 November 2017 . First round ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC First Round The draw for the first round was held on 10 February 2015 , 15 : 30 MST ( UTC + 8 ) , at the AFC House in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg India 2 -- 0 Nepal 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 Yemen 3 -- 1 Pakistan 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 Timor - Leste 0 -- 6 Mongolia 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 Cambodia 4 -- 1 Macau 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 Chinese Taipei 2 -- 1 Brunei 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 Sri Lanka 1 -- 3 Bhutan 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 Notes ^ Jump up to : Timor - Leste won the first leg 4 -- 1 and the second leg 1 -- 0 , thus winning 5 -- 1 on aggregate and advancing to the Second Round . On 12 December 2017 FIFA awarded both matches 3 -- 0 to Mongolia due to Timor - Leste fielding numerous ineligible players . However , this was long after the Second Round had been played so Timor - Leste advanced and Mongolia were not reinstated . Second round ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Second Round The draw for the second round was held on 14 April 2015 , at 17 : 00 MST ( UTC + 8 ) , at the JW Marriott Hotel in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Summary ( edit ) Qualified for the Third Round and Asian Cup as winners or top four runners - up Advanced to the Third Asian Cup qualifying round as bottom four runners - up , third place , or top four fourth placed team Advanced to the AFC Asian Cup qualifying play - off round . Denotes a team that was disqualified as a result of a previous FIFA suspension . Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Australia Qatar China PR Iran Japan Syria Thailand Iraq South Korea Uzbekistan Palestine Jordan Kyrgyzstan Hong Kong Oman Turkmenistan Guam Singapore Afghanistan Vietnam Lebanon Kuwait Myanmar North Korea Philippines Bahrain Malaysia Timor - Leste Tajikistan Bangladesh Maldives Bhutan India Cambodia Chinese Taipei Laos Yemen Indonesia Groups ( edit ) show 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification tiebreakers In league format , the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria ( regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7 ) : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Overall goal difference Overall goals scored Points in matches between tied teams Goal difference in matches between tied teams Goals scored in matches between tied teams Away goals scored in matches between tied teams ( if the tie is only between two teams in home - and - away league format ) Fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points direct red card : minus 4 points yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee Group a ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Saudi Arabia 8 6 0 28 + 24 20 Third round and Asian Cup -- 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 7 -- 0 United Arab Emirates 8 5 27 + 23 17 1 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 10 -- 0 8 -- 0 Palestine 8 24 5 + 19 14 Asian Cup qualifying third round 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- 6 -- 0 7 -- 0 Malaysia 8 0 6 7 29 − 22 6 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 0 -- 6 -- 3 -- 0 5 Timor - Leste 8 0 0 8 0 44 − 44 0 0 -- 10 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 -- Source : FIFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : Timor - Leste forfeited five group matches due to fielding numerous ineligible players . Jump up ^ The Malaysia v Saudi Arabia match , on 8 September 2015 , was abandoned during the 87th minute after a group of supporters threw objects onto the pitch . At the time of the abandonment the score was 2 -- 1 to Saudi Arabia . On 5 October 2015 , FIFA decided that this match was forfeited by Malaysia and the result to be declared as a 3 -- 0 win awarded for Saudi Arabia . Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia 8 7 0 29 + 25 21 Third round and Asian Cup -- 5 -- 1 3 -- 0 7 -- 0 5 -- 0 Jordan 8 5 21 7 + 14 16 Asian Cup qualifying third round 2 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 8 -- 0 Kyrgyzstan 8 10 8 + 2 14 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 Tajikistan 8 5 9 20 − 11 5 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 3 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 -- 5 -- 0 5 Bangladesh 8 0 7 32 − 30 0 -- 4 0 -- 4 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 -- Source : FIFA Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Qatar 8 7 0 29 + 25 21 Third round and Asian Cup -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 15 -- 0 China PR 8 5 27 + 26 17 2 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 4 -- 0 12 -- 0 Hong Kong 8 13 5 + 8 14 Asian Cup qualifying third round 2 -- 3 0 -- 0 -- 2 -- 0 7 -- 0 Maldives 8 0 6 8 20 − 12 6 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 1 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 -- 4 -- 2 5 Bhutan 8 0 0 8 5 52 − 47 0 0 -- 3 0 -- 6 0 -- 1 3 -- 4 -- Source : FIFA Group d ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 8 6 0 26 + 23 20 Third round and Asian Cup -- 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 6 -- 0 4 -- 0 Oman 8 11 7 + 4 14 Asian Cup qualifying third round 1 -- 1 -- 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 Turkmenistan 8 10 11 − 1 13 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Guam 8 5 16 − 13 7 0 -- 6 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 1 5 India 8 0 7 5 18 − 13 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 -- Source : FIFA Notes : Jump up ^ FIFA awarded Iran a 3 -- 0 win as a result of India fielding the ineligible player Eugeneson Lyngdoh . The match initially ended 3 -- 0 to Iran . Group E ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Japan 8 7 0 27 0 + 27 22 Third round and Asian Cup -- 5 -- 0 0 -- 0 5 -- 0 3 -- 0 Syria 8 6 0 26 11 + 15 18 0 -- 3 -- 1 -- 0 5 -- 2 6 -- 0 Singapore 8 9 9 0 10 Asian Cup qualifying third round 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Afghanistan 8 0 5 8 24 − 16 9 0 -- 6 0 -- 6 2 -- 1 -- 3 -- 0 5 Cambodia 8 0 0 8 27 − 26 0 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 2 0 -- 6 0 -- 4 0 -- 1 -- Source : FIFA Group F ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Thailand 6 0 14 6 + 8 14 Third round and Asian Cup -- 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 -- Iraq 6 0 13 6 + 7 12 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 -- Vietnam 6 7 8 − 1 7 Asian Cup qualifying third round 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 -- 4 -- 1 -- Chinese Taipei 6 0 0 6 5 19 − 14 0 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 -- -- 5 Indonesia ( D ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Disqualified due to FIFA suspension -- -- -- -- -- Source : FIFA ( D ) Disqualified . Notes : Jump up ^ On 30 May 2015 , FIFA announced that the Football Association of Indonesia ( PSSI ) was suspended with immediate effect for governmental interference . On 3 June 2015 , the AFC confirmed that Indonesia have been excluded from the qualifying competition , and all matches involving them have been cancelled . Group g ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification South Korea 8 8 0 0 27 0 + 27 24 Third round and Asian Cup -- 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 4 -- 0 8 -- 0 Lebanon 8 12 6 + 6 11 Asian Cup qualifying third round 0 -- 3 -- 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 7 -- 0 Kuwait 8 12 10 + 2 10 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 -- 9 -- 0 0 -- 3 Myanmar 8 9 21 − 12 8 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 3 -- 0 -- 3 -- 1 5 Laos 8 6 6 29 − 23 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 5 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : On 16 October 2015 , the Kuwait FA was suspended by FIFA with immediate effect , after Kuwait had failed to comply with a decision from the FIFA Executive Committee that sports law of the country had to be changed before 15 October . The three remaining matches involving Kuwait ( away v Myanmar , home v Laos , away v South Korea ) were not played as originally scheduled , and were later awarded as 3 -- 0 wins for Kuwait 's opponents . Group h ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uzbekistan 8 7 0 20 7 + 13 21 Third round and Asian Cup -- 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 North Korea 8 5 14 8 + 6 16 Asian Cup qualifying third round 4 -- 2 -- 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 Philippines 8 8 12 − 4 10 1 -- 5 3 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 Bahrain 8 0 5 10 10 0 9 0 -- 4 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 -- 3 -- 0 5 Yemen 8 0 7 17 − 15 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 1 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 2 0 -- 4 -- Source : FIFA Notes : Jump up ^ FIFA awarded North Korea a 3 -- 0 win as a result of Yemen fielding the ineligible player Mudir Al - Radaei , after North Korea had defeated Yemen 1 -- 0 . Al - Radaei failed to serve an automatic one match suspension for receiving two yellow cards earlier in the First Round of the competition . Ranking of runner - up teams ( edit ) To determine the four best runner - up teams , the following criteria were used : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Goal difference Goals scored Fair play points Drawing of lots As a result of Indonesia being disqualified due to FIFA suspension , Group F contained only four teams compared to five teams in all other groups . Therefore , the results against the fifth - placed team were not counted when determining the ranking of the runner - up teams . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iraq 6 0 13 6 + 7 12 Third round and Asian Cup Syria 6 0 14 11 + 3 12 United Arab Emirates 6 16 + 12 11 China PR 6 9 + 8 11 5 North Korea 6 10 8 + 2 10 Asian Cup qualifying third round 6 Jordan 6 9 7 + 2 10 7 Oman 6 6 6 0 8 8 Lebanon 6 6 − 3 5 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Counting only matches against teams ranked first to fourth in the group , 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored ; 4 ) Fair play points ; 5 ) Drawing of lots . Third round ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Third Round The third round consisted of two groups of six teams . The first two teams in each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The two third - placed teams proceeded to the fourth round . The draw for the third round was held on 12 April 2016 , at 16 : 30 MST ( UTC + 8 ) , at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Groups ( edit ) show 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification tiebreakers In league format , the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria ( regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7 ) : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Overall goal difference Overall goals scored Points in matches between tied teams Goal difference in matches between tied teams Goals scored in matches between tied teams Away goals scored in matches between tied teams ( if the tie is only between two teams in home - and - away league format ) Fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points direct red card : minus 4 points yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 10 6 0 10 + 8 22 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 South Korea 10 11 10 + 1 15 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 Syria 10 9 8 + 1 13 Advance to fourth round 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 Uzbekistan 10 5 6 7 − 1 13 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 5 China PR 10 8 10 − 2 12 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 6 Qatar 10 7 8 15 − 7 7 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Japan 10 6 17 7 + 10 20 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 Saudi Arabia 10 6 17 10 + 7 19 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Australia 10 5 16 11 + 5 19 Advance to fourth round 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 -- 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 United Arab Emirates 10 5 10 13 − 3 13 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 5 Iraq 10 5 11 12 − 1 11 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 4 -- 0 6 Thailand 10 0 8 6 24 − 18 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Fourth round ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Fourth Round The two third - placed teams in each group from the third round played against each other home - and - away over two legs to determine which team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs . The order of legs was announced during the draw for the third round . Syria played their home match , as with all their home matches in the third round , in Malaysia due to the war time condition in Syria . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Syria 2 -- 3 Australia 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Inter-confederation play - offs ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONCACAF -- AFC play - off ) The draw for the inter-confederation play - offs was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw on 25 July 2015 , starting 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg . The fifth - placed team from AFC was drawn against the fourth - placed team from CONCACAF , with the AFC team hosting the second leg . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Honduras 1 -- 3 Australia 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 Qualified teams ( edit ) The following five teams from AFC qualified for the final tournament . Team Qualified as Qualified on Previous appearances in FIFA World Cup Iran Third Round Group A winners 12 June 2017 4 ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 ) Japan Third Round Group B winners 31 August 2017 5 ( 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) South Korea Third Round Group A runners - up 5 September 2017 9 ( 1954 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Saudi Arabia Third Round Group B runners - up 5 September 2017 4 ( 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 ) Australia CONCACAF v AFC play - off winners 15 November 2017 4 ( 1974 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Bold indicates champions for that year . Italic indicates hosts for that year . Top goalscorers ( edit ) 16 goals Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil 11 goals Tim Cahill Sardar Azmoun 10 goals Mile Jedinak Omar Kharbin 9 goals Hassan Al - Haydos Ali Mabkhout 8 goals Yang Xu Mehdi Taremi 7 goals Yu Dabao Keisuke Honda Son Heung - min 6 goals Tom Rogic Mohannad Abdul - Raheem Shinji Kagawa Hamza Al - Dardour Taisir Al - Jassim Mahmoud Al - Mawas Manuchekhr Dzhalilov For full lists of goalscorers , see sections in each round : First round Second round Third round Fourth round Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This player 's goal tally includes one or more goals which the player scored in matches that were subsequently forfeited , but which FIFA continues to count in its statistics . See also ( edit ) 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup TM confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA.com. 30 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ExCo approves expanded AFC Asian Cup finals '' . AFC. 16 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Draw Procedures -- Asian Zone '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Russia with new milestone '' . FIFA.com. 15 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Men 's Ranking -- January 2015 ( AFC ) '' . FIFA.com. 8 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Calendar of Competitions 2015 '' ( PDF ) . AFC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Calendar of Competitions 2016 '' ( PDF ) . AFC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Calendar of Competitions 2017 '' ( PDF ) . AFC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Calendar '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India v Nepal headlines 2018 World Cup , 2019 Asian Cup qualifiers draw '' . AFC. 10 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Draw date set for Round 2 of 2018 World Cup , 2019 Asian Cup qualifiers '' . AFC. 26 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Draw : Russia 2018 / UAE 2019 Joint Qualification Round 2 '' . AFC. 15 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Latest decisions of the FIFA Disciplinary Committee '' . FIFA.com. 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rashvinjeet S. Bedi ; T. Avineshwaran ( 8 September 2015 ) . `` Malaysia - Saudi match abandoned after crowd trouble '' . The Star . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysian FA sanctioned after abandonment of FIFA World Cup qualifier '' . FIFA.com. 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DISCIPLINARY OVERVIEW -- 2018 FIFA WORLD CUP RUSSIA TM QUALIFIERS '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 1 February 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup TM confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA.com. 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of Football Association of Indonesia suspension '' . AFC. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen sanctioned for fielding ineligible player '' . FIFA. 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Criteria to Determine the Rankings of Best - placed Teams among the Groups '' ( PDF ) . AFC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup : Asian Qualifying Round 3 line up complete '' . Asian Football Confederation . 30 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stage set for Russia 2018 Asian Qualifiers Final Round draw '' . Asian Football Confederation . 10 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draw Mechanics for 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM Asian Qualifiers '' . YouTube . 10 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2016 . Asian Play - off : MD1 ( 1st leg ) , 5 Oct 2017 , A3 vs B3 ; MD2 ( 2nd leg ) , 10 Oct 2017 , B3 vs A3 . ( Displayed in video at 1 : 40 ) Jump up ^ `` Australia v Syria World Cup qualifier to be held in Malaysia , AFC confirms '' . ABC News . 14 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Draw procedures outlined '' . fifa.com. 9 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2015 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Preliminary Draw results in full '' . FIFA.com. 25 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official FIFA World Cup website Qualifiers -- Asia , FIFA.com FIFA World Cup , the-AFC.com Preliminary Joint Qualification 2018 , stats.the-AFC.com FIFA World Cup 2018 , stats.the-AFC.com 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification AFC First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round ( play - off ) CAF First Round Second Round Third Round CONCACAF First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Fifth Round CONMEBOL Round Robin OFC First Round Second Round ( Nations Cup ) Third Round UEFA First Round Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Group I Second Round ( play - offs ) Play - offs CONCACAF v AFC OFC v CONMEBOL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(AFC)&oldid=853302343 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) 2015 in Asian football 2016 in Asian football 2017 in Asian football Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 19 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many teams from asia will qualify for world cup 2018	[ "The following five teams from AFC qualified for the final tournament.\n" ]	[ "five" ]
-3809716992002631921	United States presidential line of succession	United States Presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States Presidential line of succession Jump to : navigation , search The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) . The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices . The succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States . The Cabinet currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State , and followed by the rest in the order of their positions ' creation . Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Eligibility 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Acting officers 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 4 Constitutional provisions 5 Acting President and President 6 History of succession law set by Congress 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 7 Successions beyond Vice President 8 Constitutional concerns 9 See also 10 References 11 External Links Current order ( edit ) The current presidential order of succession is as follows : Key Eligible Democrat ( D ) Eligible Republican ( R ) Eligible Independent ( I ) Eligible unknown Not eligible No . Office Current officer Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson ( R ) 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ( R ) 6 Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis ( I ) 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions ( R ) 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke ( R ) 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue ( R ) 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross ( R ) 11 Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta ( R ) 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Eric Hargan ( R ) Acting 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson ( R ) -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao ( R ) 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry ( R ) 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos ( R ) 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin ( I ) 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen ( I ) Jump up ^ This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession . See Acting officers below . Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . Eligibility ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) To be eligible to serve as President , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) . Acting officers ( edit ) Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the President would not be able to appoint his successor to the Presidency . The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , when the changes to the succession were signed into law , they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President . Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . Constitutional provisions ( edit ) The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the Vice President first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the President nor Vice President can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the President - elect dies before his term begins , the Vice President - elect becomes President on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the President - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the President - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the Vice President - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the President - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President - elect nor a Vice President - elect is eligible or available to serve . The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the Vice President is the direct successor of the President . He or she becomes President if the President dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled , such as if the President has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . The amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession , by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress . Previously , whenever a Vice President had succeeded to the Presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the Vice Presidency remained vacant until the next Presidential and Vice Presidential terms began . Acting President and President ( edit ) Main article : Acting President of the United States New President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 . Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that : In case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed , or a President elected . This originally left open the question whether `` the same '' refers to `` the said office '' or only `` the powers and duties of the said office . '' Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the Vice President would remain Vice President while executing the powers and duties of the Presidency ; however , there is also much evidence to the contrary , the most compelling of which is Article I , section 3 , of the Constitution itself , the relevant text of which reads : The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no vote , unless they be equally divided . The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States . This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the Presidency devolved upon the Vice President on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for Presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . In 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency . Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation , Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office . However , some contempories -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress Whig party leaders and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as President and did not have the office itself . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' and this precedent was followed thereafter . The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment , which specifies that `` In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . '' The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the same set of circumstances . The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as President rather than becoming President . History of succession law set by Congress ( edit ) Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the Vice President in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the Vice President , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . '' The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected President and Vice President in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the President 's Cabinet with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected President , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . Successions beyond Vice President ( edit ) David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' While nine Vice Presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the President , and two Vice Presidents have temporarily served as acting President , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as President . On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the Vice President was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the Vice President , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of Vice President became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting President . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's `` guilty '' vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties . ( Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . ) In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the contemporary international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the Presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become President immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . New President Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9 , 1974 . Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses Vice Presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . During the 1973 Vice Presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become Acting President and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the Presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the Presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the Vice Presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's Presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary Presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution . Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the Executive branch on - site , managing things temporarily until the Vice President returned to Washington . Constitutional concerns ( edit ) Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become Acting President , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes President `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as President . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the President , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as President , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a President is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the President and killed the Vice President ) . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed . The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . JSTOR 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . JSTOR 27552721 . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time , April 2 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' Archived January 24 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Presidential Succession Act 1947 Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link External links ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University 3 U.S.C. § 19 -- `` Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' Presidential Succession Act of 1792 , 1 Stat. 239 ( from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress `` Presidential Line of Succession Examined '' , a September 20 , 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel `` WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional '' , David Tenner , Usenet group : soc. history. what - if , January 14 , 2003 . Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Eric Hargan ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . 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Congo Dominican Republic France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy South Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_line_of_succession&oldid=815290018 '' Categories : United States presidential succession Continuity of government in the United States Vice Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 23 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who would take over if the president dies	[ "The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated, dies, resigns, or is removed from office (by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate). The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947[1] as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices. The succession follows the order of Vice President, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States. The Cabinet currently has fifteen members, beginning with the Secretary of State, and followed by the rest in the order of their positions' creation. Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession, for example most commonly if they are not a natural-born U.S. citizen." ]	[ "Vice President" ]
6539457253114240772	Tao	Tao - wikipedia Tao Jump to : navigation , search `` Dao '' redirects here . For other uses , see Dao ( disambiguation ) and Tao ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Tau . Part of a series on Taoism Theories ( show ) Dao ( Tao ) De ( Te ) Wuji Taiji Yin - Yang Wu wei Ziran Xian Wu Xing Qi Practices ( show ) Three Treasures Taoist meditation Taoist diet Neidan Taoist sexual practices Texts ( show ) I Ching Laozi ( Tao Te Ching ) Zhuangzi Liezi Daozang Deities ( show ) Hongjun Laozu Three Pure Ones Guan Shengdi Eight Immortals Yellow Emperor Li Hong Xiwangmu Jade Emperor Other deities People ( show ) Laozi Zhuangzi Zhang Daoling Zhang Jue Ge Hong Chen Tuan Schools ( show ) Way of the Taiping Wudoumi Tianshi Shangqing Lingbao Quanzhen ( Longmen ) Zhengyi Wuliu Yao Taoism Holy places ( show ) Taoist temple Grotto - heavens Mount Penglai Organisations ( show ) Chinese Taoist Association Celestial Master Taoist priests Portal Taoism Tao ( / taʊ / ) or Dao ( / daʊ / DOW ; from Chinese : 道 ; pinyin : Dào ( tâu ) ( listen ) ) is a Chinese word signifying ' way ' , ' path ' , ' route ' , ' road ' or sometimes more loosely ' doctrine ' , ' principle ' or ' holistic science ' . Within the context of traditional Chinese philosophy and religion , Tao is the natural order of the universe whose character human intuition must discern in order to realize the potential for individual wisdom . This intuitive knowing of `` life '' can not be grasped as just a concept but is known through actual living experience of one 's everyday being . Laozi in the Tao Te Ching explains that the Tao is not a ' name ' for a ' thing ' but the underlying natural order of the Universe whose ultimate essence is difficult to circumscribe due to it being non conceptual yet evident ' in one 's being of aliveness . The Tao is `` eternally nameless '' ( Tao Te Ching - 32 . Laozi ) and to be distinguished from the countless ' named ' things which are considered to be its manifestations , the reality of life before its descriptions of it . The Tao lends its name to the religious tradition ( Wade -- Giles , Tao Chiao ; Pinyin , Daojiao ) and philosophical tradition ( Wade -- Giles , Tao chia ; Pinyin , Daojia ) that are both referred to in English with the single term Taoism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description and uses of the concept 1.1 De 2 Religious , philosophical , and cultural interpretations 2.1 Taoist interpretations 2.1. 1 Diversity of views 2.2 Confucian interpretations 2.3 Buddhist interpretations 2.4 Neo-Confucian interpretations 2.5 Christian Interpretations 3 Linguistic aspects 3.1 Characters 3.2 Etymology 3.3 Meanings 3.4 Etymologies 3.5 Loanwords 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Citations 7 Bibliography 7.1 Further reading Description and uses of the concept ( edit ) The ba gua , a symbol commonly used to represent the Tao and its pursuit . The word `` Tao '' ( 道 ) has a variety of meanings in both ancient and modern Chinese language . Aside from its purely prosaic use to mean road , channel , path , principle , or similar , the word has acquired a variety of differing and often confusing metaphorical , philosophical and religious uses . In most belief systems , the word is used symbolically in its sense of ' way ' as the ' right ' or ' proper ' way of existence , or in the context of ongoing practices of attainment or of the full coming into being , or the state of enlightenment or spiritual perfection that is the outcome of such practices . Some scholars make sharp distinctions between moral or ethical usage of the word `` Tao '' that is prominent in Confucianism and religious Taoism and the more metaphysical usage of the term used in philosophical Taoism and most forms of Mahayana Buddhism ; others maintain that these are not separate usages or meanings , seeing them as mutually inclusive and compatible approaches to defining the principle . The original use of the term was as a form of praxis rather than theory -- a term used as a convention to refer to something that otherwise can not be discussed in words -- and early writings such as the Tao Te Ching and the I Ching make pains to distinguish between conceptions of the Tao ( sometimes referred to as `` named Tao '' ) and the Tao itself ( the `` unnamed Tao '' ) , which can not be expressed or understood in language . Liu Da asserts that the Tao is properly understood as an experiential and evolving concept , and that there are not only cultural and religious differences in the interpretation of the Tao , but personal differences that reflect the character of individual practitioners . The Tao can be roughly thought of as the flow of the Universe , or as some essence or pattern behind the natural world that keeps the Universe balanced and ordered . It is related to the idea of qi , the essential energy of action and existence . The Tao is a non-dualistic principle -- it is the greater whole from which all the individual elements of the Universe derive . Keller considers it similar to the negative theology of Western scholars , but the Tao is rarely an object of direct worship , being treated more like the Hindu concepts of karma or dharma than as a divine object . The Tao is more commonly expressed in the relationship between wu ( void or emptiness , in the sense of wuji ) and yinyang ( the natural dynamic balance between opposites ) , leading to its central principle of wu wei ( non-action , or action without force ) . The Tao is usually described in terms of elements of nature , and in particular as similar to water . Like water it is undifferentiated , endlessly self - replenishing , soft and quiet but immensely powerful , and impassively generous . Much of Taoist philosophy centers on the cyclical continuity of the natural world , and its contrast to the linear , goal - oriented actions of human beings . In all its uses , the Tao is considered to have ineffable qualities that prevent it from being defined or expressed in words . It can , however , be known or experienced , and its principles ( which can be discerned by observing Nature ) can be followed or practiced . Much of East Asian philosophical writing focuses on the value of adhering to the principles of the Tao and the various consequences of failing to do so . The Tao was shared with Confucianism , Chán and Zen Buddhism and more broadly throughout East Asian philosophy and religion in general . In Taoism , Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism , the object of spiritual practice is to ' become one with the Tao ' ( Tao Te Ching ) or to harmonise one 's will with Nature ( cf . Stoicism ) in order to achieve ' effortless action ' ( Wu wei ) . This involves meditative and moral practices . Important in this respect is the Taoist concept of De ( 德 ; virtue ) . In Confucianism and religious forms of Taoism , these are often explicitly moral / ethical arguments about proper behavior , while Buddhism and more philosophical forms of Taoism usually refer to the natural and mercurial outcomes of action ( comparable to karma ) . The Tao is intrinsically related to the concepts yin and yang ( pinyin : yīnyáng ) , where every action creates counter-actions as unavoidable movements within manifestations of the Tao , and proper practice variously involves accepting , conforming to , or working with these natural developments . De ( edit ) Main article : De ( Chinese ) De ( 德 `` power ; virtue ; integrity '' ) is the term generally used to refer to proper adherence to the Tao ; De is the active living or cultivation of the way . Particular things ( things with names ) that manifest from the Tao have their own inner nature that they follow , in accordance with the Tao , and the following of this inner nature is De . Wuwei ( Pinyin : wúwéi ) or ' naturalness ' are contingent on understanding and conforming to this inner nature , which is interpreted variously from a personal , individual nature to a more generalized notion of human nature within the greater Universe . Historically , the concept of De differed significantly between Taoists and Confucianists . Confucianism was largely a moral system emphasizing the values of humaneness , righteousness , and filial duty , and so conceived De in terms of obedience to rigorously defined and codified social rules . Taoists took a broader , more naturalistic / metaphysical view on the relationship between humankind and the Universe , and considered social rules to be at best a derivative reflection of the natural and spontaneous interactions between people , and at worst calcified structure that inhibited naturalness and created conflict . This led to some philosophical and political conflicts between Taoists and Confucianisms . Several sections of the works attributed to Chuang Tzu are dedicated to critiques of the failures of Confucianism . Religious , philosophical , and cultural interpretations ( edit ) Taoist interpretations ( edit ) See also : Taoism ( Tao ) means a road , path , way ; and hence , the way in which one does something ; method , doctrine , principle . The Way of Heaven , for example , is ruthless ; when autumn comes ' no leaf is spared because of its beauty , no flower because of its fragrance ' . The Way of Man means , among other things , procreation ; and eunuchs are said to be ' far from the Way of Man ' . Chu Tao is ' the way to be a monarch ' , i.e. the art of ruling . Each school of philosophy has its tao , its doctrine of the way in which life should be ordered . Finally in a particular school of philosophy whose followers came to be called Taoists , tao meant ' the way the universe works ' ; and ultimately something very like God , in the more abstract and philosophical sense of that term . The Tao is what gives Taoism its English name , in both its philosophical and religious forms . The Tao is the fundamental and central concept of these schools of thought . Taoism perceives the Tao as a natural order underlying the substance and activity of the Universe . Language and the `` naming '' of the Tao is regarded negatively within Taoism ; the Tao fundamentally exists and operates outside the realm of differentiation and linguistic constraints . Diversity of views ( edit ) The Tao causes the people to be fully in accord with the ruler . -- Sun Tzu , Art of War There is no single orthodox Taoist view of the Tao . All forms of Taoism center around Tao and De , but there is a broad variety of distinct interpretations among sects and even individuals within the same sect . Despite this diversity , there are some clear , common patterns and trends within Taoism and its branches . The diversity of Taoist interpretations of the Tao can be seen across four texts representative of major streams of thought within Taoism . All four texts are used in modern Taoism with varying acceptance and emphasis among sects . The Tao Te Ching is the oldest text and representative of a speculative and philosophical approach to the Tao . The Tao T'i Lun is an eighth century exegesis of the Tao Te Ching , written from a well - educated and religious viewpoint , that represents the traditional scholarly perspective . The devotional perspective of the Tao is expressed in the Ch'ing Ching Ching , a liturgical text that was originally composed during the Han dynasty and is used as a hymnal in religious Taoism , especially among eremites . The Zhuangzi ( also spelled Chuang Tzu ) uses literary devices such as tales , allegories , and narratives to relate the Tao to the reader , illustrating a metaphorical method of viewing and expressing the Tao . A Taoist monk practicing Chinese calligraphy with water on stone . Water calligraphy , like sand mandalas , evokes the ephemeral nature of physical reality . The forms and variations of religious Taoism are incredibly diverse . They integrate a broad spectrum of academic , ritualistic , supernatural , devotional , literary , and folk practices with a multitude of results . Buddhism and Confucianism particularly affected the way many sects of Taoism framed , approached , and perceived the Tao . The multitudinous branches of religious Taoism accordingly regard the Tao , and interpret writings about it , in innumerable ways . Thus , outside of a few broad similarities , it is difficult to provide an accurate yet clear summary of their interpretation of the Tao . A central tenet within most varieties of religious Taoism is that the Tao is ever - present , but must be manifested , cultivated , and / or perfected in order to be realized . It is the source of the Universe and the seed of its primordial purity resides in all things . The manifestation of the Tao is De , which rectifies and invigorates the world with the Tao 's radiance . Alternatively , philosophical Taoism regards the Tao as a non-religious concept ; it is not a deity to be worshiped , nor is it a mystical Absolute in the religious sense of the Hindu Brahman . Joseph Wu remarked of this conception of the Tao , `` Dao is not religiously available ; nor is it even religiously relevant . '' The writings of Lao Tzu and Chang Tzu are tinged with esoteric tones and approach humanism and naturalism as paradoxes . In contrast to the esotericism typically found in religious systems , the Tao is not transcendent to the self nor is mystical attainment an escape from the world in philosophical Taoism . The self steeped in the Tao is the self grounded in its place within the natural Universe . A person dwelling within the Tao excels in themselves and their activities . However , this distinction is complicated by hermeneutic ( interpretive ) difficulties in the categorization of Taoist schools , sects and movements . Some scholars believe that there is no distinction between Daojia and Daojiao . According to Kirkland , `` most scholars who have seriously studied Daoism , both in Asia and the West , have finally abandoned the simplistic dichotomy of Dàojiā and Dàojiào , ' philosophical Daoism ' and ' religious Daoism . ' '' Confucian interpretations ( edit ) See also : Confucianism The Dao , or Way , of Confucius can be said to be ' Truth ' . Confucianism regards the Way , or Truth , as concordant with a particular approach to life , politics , and tradition . It is held as equally necessary and well regarded as De ( virtue ) and ren ( humanity ) . Confucius presents a humanistic ' Dao ' . He only rarely speaks of the t'ien Dao ( Way of Heaven ) . An influential early Confucian , Hsiin Tzu , explicitly noted this contrast . Though he acknowledged the existence and celestial importance of the Way of Heaven , he insisted that the Dao principally concerns human affairs . As a formal religious concept in Confucianism , Dao is the Absolute towards which the faithful move . In Zhongyong ( The Doctrine of the Mean ) , harmony with the Absolute is equivalent to integrity and sincerity . The Great Learning expands on this concept explaining that the Way illuminates virtue , improves the people , and resides within the purest morality . During the Tang dynasty , Han Yu further formalized and defined Confucian beliefs as an apologetic response to Buddhism . He emphasized the ethics of the Way . He explicitly paired ' Dao ' and ' De ' , focusing on humane nature and righteousness . He also framed and elaborated on a `` dàotǒng '' ( tradition of the Way ) in order to reject the traditions of Buddhism . Buddhist interpretations ( edit ) See also : Chinese Buddhism and Zen Buddhism first started to spread in China during the first century AD and was experiencing a golden age of growth and maturation by the fourth century AD . Hundreds of collections of Pali and Sanskrit texts were translated into Chinese by Buddhist monks within a short period of time . Dhyana was translated as ch'an ( and later as zen ) , giving Zen Buddhism its name . The use of Chinese concepts , such as Dao , that were close to Buddhist ideas and terms helped spread the religion and make it more amenable to the Chinese people . However , the differences between the Sanskrit and Chinese terminology led to some initial misunderstandings and the eventual development of East Asian Buddhism as a distinct entity . As part of this process , many Chinese words introduced their rich semantic and philosophical associations into Buddhism , including the use of ' Dao ' for central concepts and tenets of Buddhism . Pai - chang Huai - hai told a student who was grappling with difficult portions of suttas , `` Take up words in order to manifest meaning and you 'll obtain ' meaning ' . Cut off words and meaning is emptiness . Emptiness is the Dao . The Dao is cutting off words and speech . '' Ch'an ( Zen ) Buddhists regard the Dao as synonymous with both the Buddhist Path ( marga ) and the results of it ; the Eightfold Path and Buddhist enlightenment ( satori ) . Pai - chang 's statement plays upon this usage in the context of the fluid and varied Chinese usage of ' Dao ' . Words and meaning are used to refer to rituals and practice . The ' emptiness ' refers to the Buddhist concept of sunyata . Finding the Dao and Buddha - nature is not simply a matter of formulations , but an active response to the Four Noble Truths that can not be fully expressed or conveyed in words and concrete associations . The use of ' Dao ' in this context refers to the literal ' way ' of Buddhism , the return to the universal source , dharma , proper meditation , and nirvana , among other associations . ' Dao ' is commonly used in this fashion by Chinese Buddhists , heavy with associations and nuanced meanings . Neo-Confucian interpretations ( edit ) See also : Neoconfucianism During the Song dynasty , Neo-Confucians regarded Dao as the purest thing - in - itself . Shao Yong regarded the Dao as the origin of heaven , earth , and everything within them . In contrast , Zhang Zai presented a vitalistic Dao that was the fundamental component or effect of ch'i , the motive energy behind life and the world . A number of later scholars adopted this interpretation , such as Tai Chen during the Qing Dynasty . Zhu Xi , Cheng Ho , and Cheng Yi perceived the Dao in the context of li ( Principle ) and t'ien li ( the Principle of Heaven ) . Cheng Hao regarded the fundamental matter of li , and thus Dao , to be humaneness . Developing compassion , altruism , and other humane virtues is the following of the Way . Cheng Yi followed this interpretation , elaborating on this perspective of Dao through teachings about yin - yang interactions , the cultivation and preservation of life ; and the axiom of a morally just universe . In total , the Dao is equated with the Absolute . Wang Fuzhi expressed the Dao as the tai chi , The Great Ultimate , as well as the road leading to it . Nothing exists apart from the Principle of Heaven in Neo-Confucianism . The Way is contained within all things . Thus , the religious life is not an elite or special journey for Neo-Confucians . The normal , mundane life is the path that leads to the Absolute , because the Absolute is contained within the mundane objects and events of daily life . Christian interpretations ( edit ) See also : Christianity Noted Christian author C.S. Lewis used the word Tao to describe `` the doctrine of objective value , the belief that certain attitudes are really true , and others really false , the kind of thing the Universe is and the kind of things we are . '' He asserted that every religion and philosophy contains foundations of universal ethics as an attempt to line up with the Tao -- the way mankind was designed to be . In Lewis ' thinking , God created the Tao and fully displayed it through the person of Jesus Christ . Also the Greek word used in the New Testament for the Way is ὁδός ( hodos ) . Here the Way refers to the path of righteousness and salvation as revealed through Christ . In Chinese translations of the New Testament , λόγος ( logos ) is translated with the Chinese word dao ( 道 ) ( e.g. John 1 : 1 ) , indicating that the translators considered the concept of Tao to be somewhat equivalent to logos in Greek philosophy . Linguistic aspects ( edit ) The term dao 道 is analyzable in terms of Chinese characters , alternate dào `` way '' or dǎo `` guide '' pronunciations and meanings , a possible Proto - Indo - European etymology , and loanwords such as English Dao or dao . Bronze script for dao 道 Large seal script for dao 道 Small seal script for dao 道 Characters ( edit ) Dao is written with the Chinese character 道 in both Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese . It typifies the most common Chinese character classification of `` radical - phonetic '' or `` phono - semantic '' graphs , which compound a `` radical '' or `` signific '' ( roughly providing semantic information ) with a `` phonetic '' ( suggesting ancient pronunciation ) . Dao 道 graphically combines the chuo 辶 ( or 辵 ) `` go '' radical and shou 首 `` head '' phonetic . Furthermore , dao 道 is the phonetic element in dao 導 `` guide ; lead '' ( with the cun 寸 `` thumb ; hand '' radical ) and dao 檤 `` a tree name '' ( with the mu 木 `` tree ; wood '' radical ) . The traditional interpretation of the 道 character , dating back to the ( 121 CE ) Shuowen Jiezi dictionary , was a rare huiyi 會意 `` compound ideogram '' or `` ideogrammic compound '' . The combination of chuo 辶 `` go '' and shou 首 `` head '' ( numbers 162 and 185 in the Kangxi radicals ) signified a `` head going '' or `` to lead the way '' . Dao is graphically distinguished between its earliest nominal meaning of dao 道 `` way ; road ; path ; '' and the later verbal sense of `` say '' . It should also be contrasted with dao 導 `` lead the way ; guide ; conduct ; direct ; `` . The Simplified character 导 for dao 導 has si 巳 `` 6th of the 12 Earthly Branches '' in place of dao 道 . The earliest written forms of dao are bronzeware script and seal script characters from Zhou Dynasty ( 1045 -- 256 BCE ) bronzes and writings . These ancient dao characters more clearly depict the shou 首 `` head '' element as hair above a face . Some variants interchange the chuo 辵 `` go ; advance '' radical with the xing 行 `` go ; road '' radical , with the original bronze `` crossroads '' depiction written in the seal character with two 彳 and 亍 `` footprints '' . Bronze scripts for dao 道 occasionally include an element of shou 手 `` hand '' or cun 寸 `` thumb ; hand '' , which occurs in dao 導 `` lead '' . The linguist Peter A. Boodberg explained , This `` tao with the hand element '' is usually identified with the modern character 導 tao < d'ôg , `` to lead , '' `` guide , '' `` conduct , '' and considered to be a derivative or verbal cognate of the noun tao , `` way , '' `` path . '' The evidence just summarized would indicate rather that `` tao with the hand '' is but a variant of the basic tao and that the word itself combined both nominal and verbal aspects of the etymon . This is supported by textual examples of the use of the primary tao in the verbal sense `` to lead '' ( e.g. , Analects 1.5 ; 2.8 ) and seriously undermines the unspoken assumption implied in the common translation of Tao as `` way '' that the concept is essentially a nominal one . Tao would seem , then , to be etymologically a more dynamic concept than we have made it translation-wise . It would be more appropriately rendered by `` lead way '' and `` lode '' ( `` way , '' `` course , '' `` journey , '' `` leading , '' `` guidance '' ; cf . `` lodestone '' and `` lodestar '' ) , the somewhat obsolescent deverbal noun from `` to lead . '' These Confucian Analects citations of dao verbally meaning `` to guide ; to lead '' are : `` The Master said , ' In guiding a state of a thousand chariots , approach your duties with reverence and be trustworthy in what you say '' and `` The Master said , ' Guide them by edicts , keep them in line with punishments , and the common people will stay out of trouble but will have no sense of shame . '' Etymology ( edit ) In Modern Standard Chinese , dao 道 's pronunciations are tonally differentiated between 4th falling tone dào `` way ; path '' and 3rd dipping tone dǎo ( usually written 導 ) `` guide ; lead '' . Besides these common 4th and 3rd tonal specifications dào 道 `` way '' and dǎo 道 ( or 導 ) `` guide '' , 道 has a rare 1st level tone dāo pronunciation in the regional idiomatic expression shénshendāodāo 神神道道 `` odd ; bizarre '' . This reduplication of shen 神 `` spirit ; god '' and dao occurs in Northeast China speech . In Middle Chinese ( ca . 6th -- 10th centuries CE ) tone name categories , 道 and 道 / 導 were qusheng 去聲 `` departing tone '' and shangsheng 上聲 `` rising tone '' . Historical linguists have reconstructed Middle 道 `` way '' and 導 `` guide '' as d'âu - and d'âu : ( Bernhard Karlgren ) , dau and dau ( Zhou Fagao ) , daw and daw ( Edwin G. Pulleyblank , `` Early Middle '' ) , dawX and daws ( William H. Baxter ) , and dâu and dâu ( Axel Schuessler ) . In Old Chinese ( ca . 7th -- 3rd centuries BCE ) pronunciations , reconstructions for 道 `` way '' and 道 / 導 `` guide '' are * d'ôg ( Karlgren ) , * dəw ( Zhou ) , * dəgwx and * dəgwh ( Li Fanggui ) , * luʔ ( Baxter ) , and * lûʔ and * lûh ( Schuessler ) . Meanings ( edit ) The word dao 道 has many meanings . For example , the Chinese Hanyu Da Zidian dictionary defines 39 meanings for dào 道 `` way ; path '' and 6 for dǎo 道 ( 導 ) `` guide ; lead '' . John DeFrancis 's exemplary Chinese - English dictionary gives twelve meanings for dào 道 `` way ; path ; say '' , three for dǎo 道 ( or 導 ) `` guide ; lead '' , and one for dāo 道 in an `` odd , bizarre '' idiomatic expression . Note that brackets clarify abbreviations and ellipsis marks omitted usage examples . dào 道 N. ( noun ) road ; path M. ( nominal measure word ) 1 ( for rivers / topics / etc . ) 2 ( for a course ( of food ) ; a streak ( of light ) ; etc . ) V. ( verb ) 1 say ; speak ; talk ( introducing direct quote , novel style ) ... 2 think ; suppose B.F. ( bound form , bound morpheme ) 1 channel 2 way ; reason ; principle 3 doctrine 4 Daoism 5 line 6 〈 hist. 〉 ( history ) 7 district ; circuit canal ; passage ; tube 8 say ( polite words ) ... See also dǎo , dāo dǎo 导 / 道 ( 導 / - ) B.F. ( bound form ) 1 guide ; lead ... 2 transmit ; conduct ... 3 instruct ; direct ... dāo 道 in shénshendāodāo ... 神神道道 R.F. ( reduplicated form ) 〈 topo. 〉 ( non-Mandarin form ) odd ; fantastic ; bizarre Etymologies ( edit ) The etymological linguistic origins of dao `` way ; path '' depend upon its Old Chinese pronunciation , which scholars have tentatively reconstructed as * d'ôg , * dəgwx , * dəw , * luʔ , and * lûʔ . Boodberg noted that the shou 首 `` head '' phonetic in the dao 道 character was not merely phonetic but `` etymonic '' , analogous with English to head meaning `` to lead '' and `` to tend in a certain direction , '' `` ahead , '' `` headway '' . Paronomastically , tao is equated with its homonym 蹈 tao < d'ôg , `` to trample , '' `` tread , '' and from that point of view it is nothing more than a `` treadway , '' `` headtread , '' or `` foretread `` ; it is also occasionally associated with a near synonym ( and possible cognate ) 迪 ti < d'iôk , `` follow a road , '' `` go along , '' `` lead , '' `` direct '' ; `` pursue the right path '' ; a term with definite ethical overtones and a graph with an exceedingly interesting phonetic , 由 yu < djôg , '' `` to proceed from . '' The reappearance of C162 ( 辶 ) `` walk '' in ti with the support of C157 ( ⻊ ) `` foot '' in tao , `` to trample , '' `` tread , '' should perhaps serve us as a warning not to overemphasize the headworking functions implied in tao in preference to those of the lower extremities . Victor H. Mair proposes a Proto - Indo - European etymology for dao 道 , supported by numerous cognates in Indo - European languages , and semantically similar Arabic and Hebrew words . The archaic pronunciation of Tao sounded approximately like drog or dorg . This links it to the Proto - Indo - European root drogh ( to run along ) and Indo - European dhorg ( way , movement ) . Related words in a few modern Indo - European languages are Russian doroga ( way , road ) , Polish droga ( way , road ) , Czech dráha ( way , track ) , Serbo - Croatian draga ( path through a valley ) , and Norwegian dialect drog ( trail of animals ; valley ). ... . The nearest Sanskrit ( Old Indian ) cognates to Tao ( drog ) are dhrajas ( course , motion ) and dhraj ( course ) . The most closely related English words are `` track '' and `` trek '' , while `` trail '' and `` tract '' are derived from other cognate Indo - European roots . Following the Way , then , is like going on a cosmic trek . Even more unexpected than the panoply of Indo - European cognates for Tao ( drog ) is the Hebrew root d-r-g for the same word and Arabic t-r-q , which yields words meaning `` track , path , way , way of doing things '' and is important in Islamic philosophical discourse . Axel Schuessler 's etymological dictionary presents two possibilities for the tonal morphology of dào 道 `` road ; way ; method '' < Middle Chinese dâu < Old Chinese * lûʔ and dào 道 or 導 `` to go along ; bring along ; conduct ; explain ; talk about '' < Middle dâu < Old * lûh . Either dào 道 `` the thing which is doing the conducting '' is a Tone B ( shangsheng 上聲 `` rising tone '' ) `` endoactive noun '' derivation from dào 導 `` conduct '' , or dào 導 is a Later Old Chinese ( Warring States period ) `` general tone C '' ( qusheng 去聲 `` departing tone '' ) derivation from dào 道 `` way '' . For a possible etymological connection , Schuessler notes the ancient Fangyan dictionary defines yu < * lokh 裕 and lu < * lu 猷 as Eastern Qi State dialectal words meaning dào < * lûʔ 道 `` road '' . Loanwords ( edit ) Many languages have borrowed and adapted Chinese dao 道 `` the way '' as a loanword . In Chinese , this character 道 is pronounced as Cantonese dou6 and Taiwanese to7 . In Sino - Xenic languages , 道 is pronounced as Japanese dō , tō , or michi ; Korean do or to ; and Vietnamese đạo , dạo , or nhạo . Since 1982 , when the International Organization for Standardization adopted Pinyin as the standard romanization of Chinese , many Western languages have changed from spelling this loanword tao in national systems ( e.g. , French EFEO Chinese transcription and English Wade -- Giles ) to dao in Pinyin . The tao / dao `` the way '' English word of Chinese origin has three meanings , according to the Oxford English Dictionary . 1 . a . In Taoism , an absolute entity which is the source of the universe ; the way in which this absolute entity functions . 1 . b . = Taoism , taoist 2 . In Confucianism and in extended uses , the way to be followed , the right conduct ; doctrine or method . The earliest recorded usages were Tao ( 1736 ) , Tau ( 1747 ) , Taou ( 1831 ) , and Dao ( 1971 ) . A derivative , Daoshi ( Chinese : 道士 , `` Daoist priest '' ) , was used already by the Jesuits Matteo Ricci and Nicolas Trigault in their De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas , rendered as Tausu in the original Latin edition ( 1615 ) , and Tausa in an early English translation published by Samuel Purchas ( 1625 ) . See also ( edit ) Look up 道 in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Look up tao in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Taoism portal Daoism -- Taoism romanization issue Dharma Logos Fard Rta God Absolute ( philosophy ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tao Te Ching , Chapter 1 . `` It is from the unnamed Tao That Heaven and Earth sprang ; The named is but The Mother of the ten thousand creatures . '' Jump up ^ I Ching , Ta Chuan ( Great Treatise ) . `` The kind man discovers it and calls it kind ; the wise man discovers it and calls it wise ; the common people use it every day and are not aware of it . '' Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dr Zai , J. Taoism and Science : Cosmology , Evolution , Morality , Health and more . Ultravisum , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeFrancis ( 1996 ) p. 113 Jump up ^ LaFargue ( 1992 ) , pp. 245 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Chan ( 1963 ) p. 136 Jump up ^ Hansen ( 2000 ) , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Liu ( 1981 ) , pp. 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Liu ( 1981 ) , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Cane ( 2002 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Keller ( 2003 ) , p. 289 . Jump up ^ LaFargue ( 1994 ) p. 283 . Jump up ^ Water is soft and flexible , yet possesses an immense power to overcome obstacles and alter landscapes , even carving canyons with its slow and steady persistence . It is viewed as a reflection of , or close in action to , the Tao . The Tao is often expressed as a sea or flood that can not be dammed or denied . It flows around and over obstacles like water , setting an example for those who wish to live in accord with it.Ch'eng and Cheng ( 1991 ) , pp. 175 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Maspero ( 1981 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Bodde & Fung ( 1997 ) , pp. 99 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Arthur Waley , The way and its power : a study of the Tao tê ching and its place in Chinese thought ( Grove Press , 1958 ) . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 5085 - 3 Jump up ^ Kohn ( 1993 ) , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Kohn ( 1993 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Kohn ( 1993 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 2005 ) , pp. 5 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Moeller ( 2006 ) pp. 133 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 2005 ) , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Mair ( 2001 ) p. 174 Jump up ^ Robinet ( 1997 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Kirkland ( 2004 ) p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor & Choy ( 2005 ) , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Dumoulin ( 2005 ) , pp. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Hershock ( 1996 ) , pp. 67 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Lewis , C.S. , The Abolition of Man ; pg 18 Jump up ^ Boodberg ( 1957 ) , p. 599 Jump up ^ 1.5 and 2.8 , tr . Lau ( 1979 ) , p. 59 and p. 63 . Jump up ^ Karlgren ( 1957 ) . Jump up ^ Zhou ( 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Pulleyblank ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Baxter ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Schuessler ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Li ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Hanyu Da Zidian 漢語大字典 ( 1989 ) , pp. 3864 -- 3866 . Jump up ^ DeFrancis ( 2007 ) , pp. 172 , 829 . Jump up ^ Boodberg ( 1957 ) , p. 602 . Jump up ^ Mair ( 1990 ) , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Schuessler ( 2007 ) , p. 207 Jump up ^ Schuessler ( 2007 ) , p. 48 and 41 . Jump up ^ De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu , Book One , Chapter 10 , p. 125 . Quote : `` sectarii quidam Tausu vocant '' . Chinese gloss in Pasquale M. d ' Elia , Matteo Ricci . Fonti ricciane : documenti originali concernenti Matteo Ricci e la storia delle prime relazioni tra l'Europa e la Cina ( 1579 - 1615 ) , Libreria dello Stato , 1942 ; can be found by searching for `` tausu '' at https://books.google.com/books?id=zRw8AAAAMAAJ . Louis J. Gallagher ( China in the Sixteenth Century : The Journals of Matteo Ricci ; 1953 ) , apparently has a typo ( Taufu instead of Tausu ) in the text of his translation of this line ( p. 102 ) , and Tausi in the index ( p. 615 ) Jump up ^ A discourse of the Kingdome of China , taken out of Ricius and Trigautius , containing the countrey , people , government , religion , rites , sects , characters , studies , arts , acts ; and a Map of China added , drawne out of one there made with Annotations for the understanding thereof ( excerpts from De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas , in English translation ) in Purchas his Pilgrimes , Volume XII , p. 461 ( 1625 ) . Quote : `` ... Lauzu ... left no Bookes of his Opinion , nor seemes to have intended any new Sect , but certaine Sectaries , called Tausa , made him the head of their sect after his death ... '' Can be found in the full text of `` Hakluytus posthumus '' on archive.org . The book also appears on Google Books , but only in snippet view . Bibliography ( edit ) Baxter , William H. A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology ( Mouton de Gruyter , 1992 ) . Bodde , Derk & Fung , Yu - Lan . A short history of Chinese philosophy ( Simon and Schuster , 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83634 - 3 . Boodberg , Peter A. `` Philological Notes on Chapter One of the Lao Tzu '' ( Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , 1957 , 20 : 598 -- 618 ) . Cane , Eulalio Paul . Harmony : Radical Taoism Gently Applied ( Trafford Publishing , 2002 ) . ISBN 1 - 4122 - 4778 - 0 . Chang , Dr. Stephen T . The Great Tao . Tao Publishing , imprint of Tao Longevity LLC. 1985 . ISBN 0 - 942196 - 01 - 5 . Ch'eng , Chung - Ying & Cheng , Zhongying . New dimensions of Confucian and Neo-Confucian philosophy ( SUNY Press , 1991 ) . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 0283 - 5 . Chan Wing - tsit . A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy ( Princeton , 1963 ) . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01964 - 9 . DeFrancis , John ( ed . ) . ABC Chinese - English Dictionary : Alphabetically Based Computerized ( ABC Chinese Dictionary ) ( University of Hawaii Press , 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1744 - 3 . DeFrancis , John , ( ed . ) . ABC Chinese - English Comprehensive Dictionary . ( University of Hawaii Press , 2003 ) . Dumoulin , Henrik ( Heisig , James & Knitter , Paul ; tr . ) . Zen Buddhism : a History : India and China ( World Wisdom , 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 941532 - 89 - 5 . Fowler , Jeaneane . An introduction to the philosophy and religion of Taoism : pathways to immortality ( Sussex Academic Press , 2005 ) . ISBN 1 - 84519 - 085 - 8 . Hansen , Chad D. A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought : A Philosophical Interpretation ( Oxford University Press , 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513419 - 2 . Hershock , Peter . Liberating intimacy : enlightenment and social virtuosity in Ch'an Buddhism ( SUNY Press , 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2981 - 4 . Karlgren , Bernhard . Grammata Serica Recensa ( Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities , 1957 ) . Keller , Catherine . The Face of the Deep : A Theology of Becoming ( Routledge , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 25648 - 8 . Kirkland , Russell . Taoism : The Enduring Tradition ( Routledge , 2004 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26321 - 4 Kohn , Livia . The Taoist experience ( SUNY Press , 1993 ) . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 1579 - 1 . Komjathy , Louis . Handbooks for Daoist Practice. 10 vols . Hong Kong : Yuen Yuen Institute , 2008 . LaFargue , Michael . Tao and Method : A Reasoned Approach to the Tao Te Ching ( SUNY Press , 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 7914 - 1601 - 1 . LaFargue , Michael . The tao of the Tao te ching : a translation and commentary ( SUNY Press , 1992 ) . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 0986 - 4 . Lau , D.C. , tr . The Analects ( Lun yu ) , ( Penguin , 1979 ) . Li Fanggui 李方桂 . Shanggu yin yanjiu 上古音研究 ( Tsinghua Journal of Chinese Studies 1971 , 9 : 1 -- 61 ) . ( in Chinese ) Liu , Da . The Tao and Chinese culture ( Taylor & Francis , 1981 ) . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 0841 - 4 . Mair , Victor H. Tao Te Ching : The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way , by Lao Tzu ; an entirely new translation based on the recently discovered Ma - wang - tui manuscripts ( Bantam Books , 1990 ) . Martinson , Paul Varo . A theology of world religions : Interpreting God , self , and world in Semitic , Indian , and Chinese thought ( Augsburg Publishing House , 1987 ) . ISBN 0 - 8066 - 2253 - 9 . Maspero , Henri . Translated by Frank A. Kierman , Jr . Taoism and Chinese Religion ( University of Massachusetts Press , 1981 ) . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 308 - 4 . Moeller , Hans - Georg . The Philosophy of the Daodejing . ( Columbia University Press , 2006 ) . ISBN 0 - 231 - 13679 - X . Pulleyblank , E.G. `` Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese , Late Middle Chinese , and Early Mandarin '' ( UBC Press , 1991 ) . Schuessler , Axel . ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese ( University of Hawaii Press , 2007 ) . Sharot , Stephen . A Comparative Sociology of World Religions : virtuosos , priests , and popular religion ( New York : NYU Press , 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 9805 - 5 . Taylor , Rodney Leon & Choy , Howard Yuen Fung . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism : N-Z , Volume 2 of The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism ( Rosen Publishing Group , 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 4081 - 0 . Watts , Alan Wilson . Tao : The Watercourse Way with Al Chung - liang Huang ( Pantheon , 1977 ) . ISBN 0 - 394 - 73311 - 8 . Zhou Fagao 周法高 . `` Shanggu Hanyu he Han - Zangyu 上古漢語和漢藏語 '' ( Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong 1972 5 : 159 -- 244 ) . ( in Chinese ) Further reading ( edit ) ( 1 ) Translation of the Tao te Ching by Derek Lin http://ctext.org/dao-de-jing Translation of the Dao de Jing by James Legge https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/216 Legge translation of the Tao Teh King at Project Gutenberg Gia - Fu Feng & Jane English ( translators ) . 1972 . Laozi / Dao De Jing . New York : Vintage Books . Komjathy , Louis . Handbooks for Daoist Practice. 10 vols . Hong Kong : Yuen Yuen Institute , 2008 . Robinet , Isabelle . Taoism : Growth of a Religion ( Stanford : Stanford University Press , 1997 ( original French 1992 ) ) page 14 , 20 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2839 - 9 . Dao entry from Center for Daoist Studies The Tao of Physics , Fritjof Capra , 1975 Chinese philosophy Schools of Thought Agriculturalism Confucianism Taoism Han learning Huang - Lao Legalism Mohism Neo-Confucianism Neo-Taoism New Confucianism Chinese Marxist Philosophy School of Diplomacy School of Names School of Naturalists Yangism See also : Hundred Schools of Thought Philosophers Confucius Gaozi Gongsun Long Han Feizi Huan Tan Huang Zongxi Jin Yuelin Laozi Li Si Lu Jiuyuan Mencius Mozi Shang Yang Su Qin Sunzi Tu Weiming Wang Chong Wang Fuzhi Wang Yangming Xu Xing Xunzi Yang Zhu Zhang Yi Zhu Xi Zhuangzi Zou Yan Concepts Dào : Way Dé : Virtue Fǎ : Model Jiān ài : Universal Love Jing : Reverence Jìngzuo : Meditation Lĭ : Ritual propriety Li : Law Mìng : Mandate or fate Qì : Energy Qing : Essence Rén : Humaneness Shén : Spirit Si : Reflection Tǐ : Substance Tiān : Divine force Wú wéi : Nonaction Xiào : Filial piety Xin : Disposition or intuition Xing : Human nature Yì : Righteousness Yīnyáng : Interdependent opposites Yòng : Function Zhèngmíng : Rectification of names Zhì : Intention or will ; Wisdom or cleverness Zìrán : Self - 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7640924406493016515	Flint water crisis	Flint water crisis - Wikipedia Flint water crisis This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( May 2018 ) Flint water crisis Time 21 April 2014 ; 4 years ago ( 21 April 2014 ) -- present Duration Ongoing Location Flint , Michigan , United States Coordinates 43 ° 0 ′ 36 '' N 83 ° 41 ′ 24 '' W / 43.01000 ° N 83.69000 ° W / 43.01000 ; - 83.69000 Coordinates : 43 ° 0 ′ 36 '' N 83 ° 41 ′ 24 '' W / 43.01000 ° N 83.69000 ° W / 43.01000 ; - 83.69000 Type Water contamination : Coliform bacteria THMs Lead Legionnaires ' disease outbreak Participants Residents of Flint , Michigan Outcome 6,000 -- 12,000 children exposed to lead Public health state of emergency Several lawsuits Several investigations Four resignations Four firings Five suspensions Fifteen criminal indictments Deaths 12 ( from Legionnaires ' disease ) The Flint water crisis first started in 2014 when the drinking water source for the city of Flint , Michigan was changed from Lake Huron and the Detroit River to the cheaper Flint River . Due to insufficient water treatment , lead leached from the lead water pipes into the drinking water , exposing over 100,000 residents . After a pair of scientific studies proved lead contamination was present in the water supply , a federal state of emergency was declared in January 2016 and Flint residents were instructed to use only bottled or filtered water for drinking , cooking , cleaning , and bathing . As of early 2017 , the water quality had returned to acceptable levels ; however , residents were instructed to continue to use bottled or filtered water until all the lead pipes have been replaced , which is expected to be completed no sooner than 2020 . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Timeline of the crisis 2.1 Pre-switch 2.2 2014 2.3 2015 2.4 2016 2.5 2017 2.6 2018 3 Background 3.1 Financial emergency 3.2 Switching to a new water source 4 Early water contamination 4.1 Return to Detroit water 5 Lead exposure findings 5.1 Studies 5.1. 1 Hurley Medical Center study 5.1. 2 Virginia Tech water study 5.1. 3 Hurley Medical Center study II 6 Possible link to Legionnaires ' disease spike 7 Inquiries , investigations , resignations , and release of documents 8 Legislative hearings 8.1 Federal 8.2 State 9 State of emergency and emergency responses 9.1 Local 9.2 State 9.3 Federal 10 Criminal cases 11 Lawsuits 12 Infrastructure repairs and medical treatment 12.1 Long term effects of lead poisoning 13 Political responses 13.1 Federal government 13.2 State legislature 13.3 Presidential candidates 13.3. 1 Hillary Clinton 13.3. 2 Donald Trump 14 Other responses 14.1 Lead poisoning and aging infrastructure problems in other cities 14.2 Accusations of environmental racism 14.3 Media responses 14.4 Groups 14.5 Prominent figures 14.6 Education and research 14.7 Other possible causes and responses 15 Prevention 16 Indirect mental health impact 17 Donations of water and money 17.1 Celebrity and corporate donations 17.2 Donations from religious organizations and groups 17.3 Fundraising events 18 In popular culture 18.1 Film and television 18.2 Books 18.3 Music 18.4 Theater 19 See also 20 References 21 Further reading 22 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Governor Rick Snyder and his administration have been widely blamed for the mistakes that led to the crisis , with numerous people calling for his resignation . This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : This section is redundant . Use the article 's intro section to concisely summarize the article , and incorporate this sections details into the article 's body . Please help improve this section if you can . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Flint drinking water contamination issue started in April 2014 when Flint changed its water source from treated Detroit Water and Sewerage Department water ( sourced from Lake Huron and the Detroit River ) to the Flint River . Officials failed to apply corrosion inhibitors to the water . As a result , there was a series of problems that culminated with lead contamination , creating a serious public health danger . The Flint River water that was treated improperly caused lead from aging pipes to leach into the water supply , leading to extremely elevated levels of the heavy metal neurotoxin . In Flint , between 6,000 and 12,000 children have been exposed to drinking water with high levels of lead and they may experience a range of serious health problems . Due to the change in water source , the percentage of Flint children with elevated blood - lead levels may have risen from about 2.5 % in 2013 to as much as 5 % in 2015 . The water change is also a possible cause of an outbreak of Legionnaires ' disease in the county that has killed 10 people and affected another 77 . Several lawsuits have been filed against government officials on the issue , and several investigations have been opened . On January 5 , 2016 , the city was declared to be in a state of emergency by the Governor of Michigan , Rick Snyder , before President Barack Obama declared it to be in a federal state of emergency , authorizing additional help from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Homeland Security less than two weeks later . Four government officials -- one from the city of Flint , two from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality ( MDEQ ) , and one from the Environmental Protection Agency -- resigned over the mishandling of the crisis , and one additional MDEQ staff member was fired . There have also been fifteen criminal cases filed against local and state officials in regards to the crisis . Snyder issued an apology to the citizens and promised to fix the problem , and then sent $28 million to Flint for supplies , medical care , and infrastructure upgrades , and later budgeted an additional $30 million to Flint that will give water bill credits of 65 % for residents and 20 % for businesses . Another $165 million for lead pipe replacements and water bill reimbursements was approved by Snyder on June 29 , 2016 . A $170 million stopgap spending bill for repairing and upgrading the city of Flint 's water system and helping with healthcare costs was approved by the U.S. House of Representatives on December 8 , 2016 . The Senate approved it the next day . $100 million of the bill is for infrastructure repairs , $50 million for healthcare costs , and $20 million to pay back loans related to the crisis . On January 6 , 2017 , Snyder signed a bill that accelerates the public notice requirement for lead in drinking water to three business days , from the previous time of 30 days . On January 24 , 2017 the MDEQ told Flint Mayor Karen Weaver that the lead content of Flint water had fallen below the federal limit . The 90th percentile of lead concentrations in Flint was 12 parts per billion from July 2016 through December 2016 -- below the `` action level '' of 15 ppb . It was 20 ppb in the prior six - month period . On the next day , Flint Spokeswoman Kristin Moore said that anywhere from 18,000 to 28,000 homes in the city still needed service lines replaced , and that the city was planning to complete 6,000 homes per year through 2019 . On March 7 , 2017 , it was reported Flint water sampled by the state in February registered below the federal threshold for lead with 90 percent of samples at or below eight parts per billion , the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality says . The MDEQ said February 's water tests mark the seventh straight month in which city water was below the 15 ppb level enforced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . February 's testing also showed 95.8 percent of samples taken at homes at risk of high lead levels were at or below 15 ppb . Timeline of the crisis ( edit ) This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( June 2018 ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : This section should be merged with the rest of the article . Please help improve this section if you can . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a sequence of events of the Flint water crisis . Pre-switch ( edit ) 1967 -- 2013 -- Officials for the City of Flint operate under a plan to use the Flint River as a backup emergency water source . November 29 , 2011 - After the city declared a state of financial emergency three weeks earlier , Governor Snyder appointed Michael Brown as the city 's Emergency Manager on November 29 , effective December 1 . He was the first of four such managers who effectively took the place of the Mayor until 2015 , when a Receivership Transition Advisory Board was appointed . March 22 , 2012 -- County officials announce plans for a new pipeline to reduce costs by delivering water from Lake Huron to Flint . April 16 , 2013 -- The city approves the KWA contract . April 17 , 2013 - Detroit terminates its water service contract . 2014 ( edit ) April 21 -- After construction delays , the water source switch to the Flint River is completed . This date is considered the start of the water crisis . August 14 -- The city announces a water boiling advisory for parts of the city . The advisory is lifted on August 20 . A second warning is issued in September . October 2014 -- Flint 's General Motors Flint Truck Assembly plant discontinues using Flint tap water due to corroding engine parts from high levels of chlorine . 2015 ( edit ) January 12 -- City officials decline an offer to reconnect to Lake Huron water , concerned of higher water rates . January 21 -- Flint residents complain of health issues caused by city water . Residents bring bottles of discolored tap water to a community meeting . February 26 -- EPA manager Miguel Del Toral detects that lead levels in the water at the home of Flint resident Lee - Anne Walters is seven times greater than the EPA 's acceptable limit . March 23 -- Flint City Council members vote to reconnect with Detroit water . Emergency manager Jerry Ambrose overrules the vote . June 24 -- EPA manager Miguel Del Toral states in a memo that Virginia Tech scientists , led by water expert Dr. Marc Edwards , found extremely high lead levels in four homes . July 9 -- Flint Mayor Dayne Walling drinks Flint tap water on local television in an attempt to dispel residents ' fear of drinking the water . July 13 -- In response to Del Toral 's memo , a Michigan Department of Environmental Quality official tells Michigan Radio , `` Anyone who is concerned about lead in the drinking water in Flint can relax . '' September 8 -- Virginia Tech 's water study team reports that 40 % of Flint homes have elevated levels of lead . September 9 -- MDEQ spokesman Brad Wurfel states that Flint needs to upgrade its infrastructure but is skeptical about Virginia Tech 's water study . September 11 -- Virginia Tech recommends that the state of Michigan declare that the water in Flint is not safe for drinking or cooking . September 24 -- Hurley Medical Center pediatrician Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha releases her study showing increased number of children with high lead - blood levels after the water source switch to the Flint River . October 15 -- Michigan Governor Rick Snyder signs a bill for $9.35 million to re-connect to Detroit water and provide relief . The switch is made the following day . December 15 -- Flint Mayor Karen Weaver declares a state of emergency . December 29 -- MDEQ Director Dan Wyant resigns . 2016 ( edit ) January 5 -- Governor Snyder declares a state of emergency in Genesee County . January 12 -- The Michigan National Guard is mobilized to help distribute water in Flint . January 13 -- Governor Snyder announces an outbreak of Legionnaires ' disease occurred in the Flint area between June 2014 and November 2015 . January 14 -- Governor Snyder asks President Barack Obama to declare a disaster in Flint . January 16 -- President Obama declares a state of emergency in Flint and authorizes $5 million in aid . February 3 -- The House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform holds a hearing on the Flint water crisis . February 8 -- Governor Snyder turns down a second invitation to testify at congressional hearing on the crisis . March 17 -- Governor Snyder testifies before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform . April 20 -- Criminal charges are filed against government employees Mike Glasgow , Stephen Busch , and Mike Prysby . May 4 -- President Obama visits Flint and drinks a glass of filtered Flint water . July 29 -- Six state workers are criminally charged as investigations continue . December 20 -- Four officials are charged with felonies of false pretenses and conspiracy . 2017 ( edit ) January 24 -- The MDEQ declares the city 's water tested below the federal limit in a six - month long study . February 8 -- State official Richard Baird informs Flint residents that the year long state water bill subsidy will end , effective March 1 , 2017 . February 16 -- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) finds the first genetic link from Legionnaires ' disease to Flint 's water supply . February 20 -- State considers ending bottled water distribution in the City of Flint . March 1 -- State officially ends water bill subsidies for residents of Flint . March 15 -- President Donald Trump meets with Flint Mayor Karen Weaver to discuss infrastructure funding for Flint . March 16 -- Snyder creates the Child Lead Exposure Elimination Commission in an effort to avoid future lead poisoning outbreaks . March 28 -- A federal judge approves $97 million in funding for Michigan to examine and replace lead water service lines for 18,000 Flint homes to be completed in a three - year time frame . April 18 -- Weaver recommends staying with the Great Lakes Water Authority , which would reverse a 2012 decision that kickstarted the water crisis . Governor Snyder agreed with her decision . April 20 -- Six people are arrested at a town hall meeting regarding the crisis at a Flint church for disorderly conduct and interfering with police . The meeting was criticized as violating Michigan 's Opening Meetings Act . April 28 -- Weaver announces the city has plans to remove lead piping at 6,000 homes by the end of the year . The project is funded by a $100 million grant approved by Congress earlier that week . May 3 -- A notice warning 8,000 residents that their water will be turned off due to lack of payment causes a controversy in the city . May 17 -- It is reported that 128 blood tests in Flint may have registered falsely low lead levels . June 14 -- Attorney General Bill Schuette charges five officials with involuntary manslaughter , and a sixth with obstruction of justice and lying to a police officer . June 20 -- MDEQ threatens Flint with legal action if a water contract is not approved by June 26 , 2017 . Mayor Weaver calls for the Flint city council to approve a 30 - year contract with the Great Lakes Water Authority . June 26 -- After several hours of debate , city council decides to postpone the vote on whether to approve the 30 - year GLWA contract until September 2017 . June 28 -- Michigan sues Flint alleging that the city council 's failure to approve a recommendation to buy water long term from the GLWA is endangering the public . Flint hired an attorney to fight the charges and renegotiate the contract with the state . July 24 -- The Flint Fast Start initiative announces that over 2,500 of the approximately 30,000 homes needing new water service lines have completed pipe replacement . August 11 -- MDEQ releases a letter stating that Flint has `` significant deficiencies '' , which among other issues include source water , financial , distribution system , management and operations . August 29 -- A study published in the American Chemical Society 's publication Environmental Science & Technology says the Flint River was `` a likely trigger contributing to the increase in Legionnaires ' disease incidence . '' September 15 -- Water tested from 138 Flint homes last month by Virginia Tech has registered lead levels well below the federal guidelines . Dr. Marc Edwards states it is likely the last time such sampling coordinated by Virginia Tech will be necessary in Flint . September 20 -- A study conducted by professors David Slusky and Daniel Grossman is released demonstrating fertility rates decreased by 12 percent among Flint women and fetal death rates increased by 58 percent since the switch to the Flint river in 2014 . October 9 -- State prosecutors announce that Dr. Eden Wells , Michigan 's top medical official , will be charged with involuntary manslaughter for her role in the water crisis , which was linked to an outbreak of Legionnaires ' disease that caused at least 12 deaths . October 9 -- Flint city council hires a North Dakota - based environmental consultant for $150,000 to conduct an analysis of the city 's potential future water sources . October 10 -- A Michigan Department of Health and Human Services study finds that the Flint River water did not contribute to the increase in infant deaths and stillbirths in Flint . October 17 -- A federal judge orders the City of Flint to choose a long - term water source by October 23 , 2017 . October 26 -- An EPA report finds fault with Michigan 's oversight of Flint drinking water system , placing the most blame with the Michigan DEQ . October 31 - City council votes to extend its contract with the GLWA for another 30 days while a long term deal is still pending . November 21 -- City council votes 5 -- 4 to sign the 30 -- year contract with GLWA . 2018 ( edit ) January 8 -- MDEQ official Eric Oswald , DEQ 's Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance Division director , tells the EPA he also has concerns about `` long - term , technical , managerial and financial capacity '' to handle the responsibility and that `` the city faces numerous challenges in staffing its limited water treatment plant . '' January 12 -- An MDEQ study for the first half of 2017 claims 90 % of water samples were at or below 7 ppb of lead , with an official stating the city 's `` water quality is restored . '' Over 30,000 Flint water samples had been tested during the crisis . February 5 -- A Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences study on the causes of an outbreak of Legionnaires ' disease in Flint in 2014 and 2015 found that low chlorine levels were the cause . Chlorine , which kills microbes responsible for the disease , also reacts with heavy metals like lead and iron . High levels of lead and iron in Flint 's water may be responsible for the decreased amount of chlorine available . March 12 - New data from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality shows the spike in samples from Flint elementary schools that tested above 15 parts per billion of lead , the threshold under the Lead and Copper Rule . March 26 - A study published in The Journal of Pediatrics shows blood lead levels in Flint children ages 5 and younger hit an all - time low in 2016 . April 2 - A new study by the MDEQ reports that elevated lead levels were found in 4 percent of final water samples from Flint Community Schools . One school 's results show lead levels at 100 ppb , six times the federal action level . April 6 - The state announces the distribution of free bottled water in the city is ending . Water distribution centers will be closing in the next few days , although water and replacement cartridges will still be available . In response Mayor Weaver says the city plans to sue the state so it can continue . The program was funded through the $450 million federal loan , which had not run out . The reasoning Michigan planned to end the distribution was due to testing of water resulting in low lead levels . The distribution continued until the supply ran out . April 7 - Hundreds of Flint residents fled to water bottle distribution centers to gather remaining free water bottles . Residents were still worried about drinking water from taps , since not all of the pipelines had been switched . April 12 - A federal judge approves a $4.1 M settlement to be used to test Flint children for lead poisoning . April 13 - The Natural Resources Defense Council announced the results of tests of 92 homes with lead service lines showed the 90th percentile for lead was 4 parts per billion . April 23 - Flint resident LeeAnne Walters is awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize for her role in exposing the water crisis . April 26 - The EPA approves a $1.9 million grant to Virginia Tech professor Marc Edwards for nationwide research of lead contamination in drinking water . A groundbreaking step , resulting from the Flint Water Crisis , to ensure of the safety of future generations . May 10 - Mayor Karen Weaver announces that Nestle will donate 1.6 million bottles of water ( 100,000 bottles of water per week ) until Labor Day , September 3 , 2018 . Water will be available to Flint residents at distribution centers located throughout the city . May 16 - Flint Department of Public Works Director Robert Bincsik sends a letter to the EPA saying there are still 14,000 lead service lines in the city , 15 % more than previous projections . June 15 - George Krisztian , an assistant director of DEQ 's Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance , said that Flint 's 90th percentile for lead was 6 ppb in the first six months of the year , up since the state stopped bottled water deliveries to the city in April . The MDEQ also said it 's ready to turn the testing program back over to the city . July 11 - Elon Musk states on Twitter : `` Please consider this a commitment that I will fund fixing the water in any house in Flint that has water contamination above FDA levels . No kidding . '' July 30 - The DEQ announced that in June and July 2018 , of the 420 filtered water samples from Flint Public Schools tested , 100 percent were below 15 parts per billion of lead , and more than 99 percent met the 5 ppb bottled water standard . Background ( edit ) Some water service lines in Flint were installed between 1901 and 1920 . As with many other municipalities at the time , all of the service lines from the cast iron water mains to end users ' homes were constructed of lead , because it was relatively inexpensive and easy to work . Lead pipes can leach lead into the water , especially if certain contaminants are present . However , the water from the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department , where Flint had obtained its water since 1967 , had been treated well enough that the leaching from the lead pipes was at levels considered acceptable by state and federal environmental protection agencies . There are an estimated 43,000 service lines in the city ; these include 3,500 lead lines , 9,000 known galvanized lines , and 9,000 unknown service lines . Lead exposure across the U.S. has fallen dramatically since the 1980s , but no blood - lead level is considered completely safe . Children under age five , and especially infants and unborn children , bear the greatest risk of deleterious and irreversible health outcomes . From 2012 to 2016 , the CDC set a `` reference level '' of 5 micrograms per deciliter ( μg / dL ) , in order to target for case management the 2.5 % of young American children with the highest blood - lead levels . At 45 μg / dL , chelation therapy is considered . Among the many ways lead can enter a modern American 's bloodstream is through lead plumbing . Acidic water makes it easier for the lead found in pipes , leaded solder , and brass faucets to dissolve and to enter a home 's drinking water . Therefore , public water treatment systems are legally required to use control measures to make water less acidic . Plumbing that contains lead is often found in buildings constructed in the 1980s and earlier . Financial emergency ( edit ) See also : Flint , Michigan § Second financial emergency : 2011 -- present From 2011 to 2015 , Governor Snyder appointed four emergency managers to control Flint 's finances . After 2015 , the city continued to receive financial guidance under the lesser oversight of a Receivership Transition Advisory Board . Switching to a new water source ( edit ) Main article : Karegnondi Water Authority In 2011 , Genesee County initiated the switch to the Karegnondi Water Authority ( KWA ) ; the KWA would supply water to both Genesee County and Flint . On March 25 , 2013 , the purchase of 16 million gallons per day from the KWA was approved by the Flint City Council . The KWA informed the council that they could dig to Lake Huron ( the new water supply ) in 30 months using a bored tunnel . Ed Kurtz , Flint 's emergency manager , along with Mayor Dayne Walling and Flint City Council , approved the action and awaited the State Treasurer 's approval . Following this decision , the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department ( DWSD ) negotiated with Flint officials by offering to restructure water payments . Flint refused , insisting that KWA was the best water supplier . DWSD argued that Flint could not spend more money on a new water system and that Lake Huron 's system was more efficient . On April 1 , 2013 , the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department demanded that the state deny Flint 's request , as it would start a water war , which would essentially hurt DWSD . This press release also provided an option for Flint : the sale of raw , untreated water . Drain Commissioner Wright of Genesee County , accused the DWSD of media negotiation and then replied , `` It would be unprecedented for the state to force one community to enter into an agreement with another , simply to artificially help one community at the other 's expense ... this is exactly what the ( Detroit Water and Sewerage Department ) is arguing ... '' On April 15 , 2013 , State Treasurer , Andy Dillon , approved the water purchase contract with the KWA . Emergency Manager Kurtz signed the KWA water purchase agreement the following day . On April 17 , the Detroit Water and Sewer Department delivered its one - year termination notice after Flint rejected their last offer . The DWSD expected that Flint would reimburse the investments for the water system that benefited regional customers . Flint and Genesee County rejected such responsibility , but indicated their willingness to purchase pipelines . In April 2014 , to save about $5 million in under two years , Flint started treating water from the Flint River instead of purchasing Lake Huron water from Detroit . Previously , the Flint River was the backup water source . In June 2014 , Flint 's emergency manager , Darnell Earley , finalized the sale of a nine - mile section of water pipeline to Genesee County for $3.9 million . This pipeline fed Detroit water into the county , and after the Huron pipeline was active , would service the eastern part of the county , as well . By December 2014 , the city had already invested $4 million into its water plant . On July 1 , 2014 , Flint emergency manager , Darnell Earley , gave operational authority to Mayor Dayne Walling over two city departments , including Public Works . It was later reported that by not adding a corrosion inhibitor , Flint was going to save about $140 per day . Early water contamination ( edit ) After the permanent switch to the Flint River , city residents began complaining about the color , taste , and odor of their water . In August and September 2014 , city officials detected levels of coliform bacteria , so residents were advised to boil their water . The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality determined that cold weather , aging pipes , and a population decline were the cause of this bacteria . According to Stephen Busch , a DEQ district supervisor , the city took appropriate measures to limit a recurrence . General Motors ( GM ) made the first complaint about the corrosivity of the water . GM stopped using Flint water in October 2014 , after reporting that the water was corroding car parts . General Motors requested to switch back to the Detroit Water source , which was later approved by city officials . Prior to August 2014 , additional chlorine had been added to eliminate bacteria from the Flint River . This is likely the cause of a spike in THMs , an unsafe chlorine byproduct , in one of eight water locations . Long - term exposure to this chemical has been linked to cancer and other diseases . Following this test , the DEQ placed Flint on violation notice , but did not reveal the information to residents until January 2015 . The employees of the Flint Public Library declared the water undrinkable after noticing that it was discolored , despite the city 's claim that the water was safe . Since 2014 , the library has provided safe water for the public alongside the state 's most prominent bottled water provider . January and February 2015 tests showed that the city water met all health and safety standards . Nevertheless , the Detroit water system offered to reconnect Flint , waiving a $4 million connection fee , but was declined by emergency manager Jerry Ambrose . DEQ officials indicated that there is no `` imminent threat to public health , '' as the nature of the issue was `` communicated poorly . '' Return to Detroit water ( edit ) In March 2015 , Flint voted to switch back to the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department . This vote was motivated by residential complaints and recommendations from Veolia North America to prevent the city from further violating the Safe Drinking Water Act . Jerry Ambrose , Flint 's emergency manager and financial supervisor , disagreed with the reintroduction of the Detroit water source . Ambrose argued , `` Flint water today is safe by all Environmental Protection Agency and Michigan Department of Environmental Quality standards , and the city is working daily to improve its quality . '' On March 2 , 2016 , Michigan declared that returning to the Detroit water system must be approved by the State . When approved , the city was granted an emergency loan of $7 million . In August 2015 , local organizations observed that high concentrations of chloride caused the water to be orange and that the water contained high levels of lead . The lead levels were caused by the omission of orthophosphate ; this caused excessive corrosion of the iron pipes . Consequently , the three organizations , `` ... delivered more than 26,000 online petition signatures to Mayor Dayne Walling , demanding the city end its use of the Flint River and reconnect to the Detroit water system . '' Flint 's water supply was switched back to Detroit water systems in October 2015 . Subsequently , Flint started adding additional orthophosphate to the water to rebuild the pipe lining . On October 8 , 2015 , Snyder requested that Michigan Legislators contribute $6 million of the $12 million for Flint to return to Lake Huron water . The City of Flint would pay $2 million , and the Flint - based Charles Stewart Mott Foundation would pay $4 million . Jim Ananich , the State Senator representing Flint , demanded that the state refund the $2 million to the city . Ananich also requested further emergency funding from the state and long - term funding to address the effects of the lead contamination . On September 27 , 2016 , Flint officials announced that the city will continue to use Detroit water until a new stretch of pipeline is constructed and the Flint River is tested and treated by the KWA . On December 9 , 2016 the MDEQ reported that more than 96 percent of water samples in Flint residencies were now below the EPA lead threshold of 15 parts per billion . On March 15 , 2017 , the Genesee County Water and Waste Services Advisory Board voted to construct a new pipeline ; it would be a 7 - mile , 42 - inch connector to the KWA pipeline . The pipeline would allow the treatment of raw Lake Huron water , so the city of Flint can continue to buy pre-treated water from the Great Lakes Water Authority . The $12 million project will allow Flint to remain a customer of the GLWA until at least 2019 . Lead exposure findings ( edit ) See also : Lead poisoning and Blood lead level In January 2015 , a public meeting was held , where citizens complained about the `` bad water . '' Residents complained about the taste , smell , and appearance of the water for 18 months before a Flint physician found highly elevated blood lead levels in the children of Flint . During that time period , the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality had insisted the water was safe to drink . A study by Virginia Tech researchers ( see section below ) determined that the river water , which , due to higher chloride concentration , is more corrosive than the lake water , was leaching lead from aging pipes . Dr. Mozhgan Savabieasfahani , an environmental toxicologist based in Ann Arbor , Michigan said this level of lead exposure is comparable with what the Iraqi people have experienced since the U.S. occupation in 2003 . While the local outcry about Flint water quality was growing in early 2015 , Flint water officials filed papers with state regulators purporting to show that `` tests at Flint 's water treatment plant had detected no lead and testing in homes had registered lead at acceptable levels . '' The documents falsely claimed that the city had tested tap water from homes with lead service lines , and therefore the highest lead - poisoning risks ; in reality , the city does not know the locations of lead service lines , which city officials acknowledged in November 2015 after the Flint Journal / MLive published an article revealing the practice , using documents obtained under the Michigan Freedom of Information Act . The Journal / MLive reported that the city had `` disregarded federal rules requiring it to seek out homes with lead plumbing for testing , potentially leading the city and state to underestimate for months the extent of toxic lead leaching into Flint 's tap water . '' In a new report released March 1 , 2016 , 37 of the 423 recently tested sentinel sites had results above the 15 ppb limit . Eight of the samples exceeded 100 ppb . A recent study however showed that significantly more samples exceeded the 15 ppb limit in the voluntary or homeowner - driven sampling program whereby concerned citizens decided to acquire a testing kit and conduct sampling on their own ( non-sentinel sites ) . Studies ( edit ) See Education and research section for later studies . Hurley Medical Center study ( edit ) Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha led the Hurley Medical Center lead poisoning study . On September 24 , 2015 , Hurley Medical Center in Flint released a study , led by Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha , the program director for pediatric residency at Hurley Children 's Hospital , confirming that the proportion of infants and children with elevated levels of lead in their blood had nearly doubled since the city switched from the Detroit water system to using the Flint River as its water source . Using hospital records , Hanna - Attisha found that a steep rise in blood - lead levels corresponded to the city 's switch in water sources . The study was initially dismissed by Michigan Department of Environmental Quality ( DEQ ) spokesman Brad Wurfel , who repeated a familiar refrain : `` Repeated testing indicated the water tested within acceptable levels . '' Later , Wurfel apologized to Hanna - Attisha . The team 's study appears in the February 2016 issue of American Journal of Public Health . Hanna - Attisha 's research found that the average proportion of Flint children with elevated blood - lead levels ( above five micrograms per deciliter , or 5 × 10 grams per 100 milliliters of blood ) rose from 2.4 % ( 2013 , before the change in water source ) to 4.9 % ( 2015 , after the change in water source ) , and in some hotspot areas rose from 4 % to 10.6 % . Michigan Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program data agree an increase occurred , suggesting an increase from 2.2 % of children ( May 2013 -- April 2014 ) to 3.0 % ( May 2014 -- April 2015 ) . Hanna - Attisha 's data were taken from hospital laboratory records for children less than five years old . Hanna - Attisha 's sample numbers were large , both for the pre-switch and post-switch time periods and for Flint children ( 1,473 ) and for children not exposed to Flint water ( 2,202 ) . Elevated lead levels in children 's blood was shown to be correlated with elevated lead levels in Flint water . Because lead screening is not completed for all children , such data may be skewed toward higher - risk children and thus overestimate lead exposure , especially in non -- high - risk areas . Hanna - Attisha and Flint resident LeeAnne Walters were awarded PEN America 's Freedom of Expression Courage Award on May 16 , 2016 . Virginia Tech water study ( edit ) Dr. Marc Edwards led the Virginia Tech Flint water study . In September 2015 a team from Virginia Tech arrived in Flint . Led by professor Dr. Marc Edwards , an expert on municipal water quality , the team came to perform lead level testing on the Flint water supply , working under a National Science Foundation grant . Edwards had been contacted by Flint resident , Lee - Anne Walters , whose family suffered from extreme health problems , almost immediately following the switch to the Flint River water . Walters had attempted to act locally , but she was repeatedly ignored by city , state , and EPA officials . The study found that Flint water was `` very corrosive '' and `` causing lead contamination in homes '' . It concluded in its report that `` Flint River water leaches more lead from plumbing than does Detroit water . This is creating a public health threat in some Flint homes that have lead pipe or lead solder . '' Edwards was shocked by the extent of the contamination , but even more so by the inaction of the proper authorities after being made well aware of the contamination . Edwards and his team found that at least a quarter of Flint households had levels of lead above the federal level of 15 parts per billion ( ppb ) and that in some homes , lead levels were at 13,200 ppb . Edwards said , `` It was the injustice of it all and that the very agencies that are paid to protect these residents from lead in water , knew or should 've known after June at the very very latest of this year , that federal law was not being followed in Flint , and that these children and residents were not being protected . And the extent to which they went to cover this up exposes a new level of arrogance and uncaring that I have never encountered . '' Edwards ' team created a website , called `` Flint Water Study '' , with the main purpose of informing , and creating support for Flint residents during the crisis . The site also summarized study results and became a comprehensive public database for all information related to the study . On January 11 , 2016 , the Virginia Tech research team led by Edwards announced that it had completed its work . Edwards said , `` We now feel that Flint 's kids are finally on their way to being protected and decisive actions are under way to ameliorate the harm that was done . '' Edwards credited the Michigan ACLU and the group Water You Fighting For with doing the `` critical work of collecting and coordinating '' many water samples analyzed by the Virginia Tech team . Although the labor of the team ( composed of scientists , investigators , graduate students , and undergraduates ) was free , the investigation still spent more than $180,000 for such expenses as water testing and payment of Michigan Freedom of Information Act costs . A GoFundMe campaign has raised over $116,000 of the $150,000 needed for the team to recover its costs . On January 27 , the city of Flint retained Dr. Edwards to monitor the city 's water testing efforts . On March 1 , 2016 , the Virginia Tech team was given $80,000 from an EPA grant to re-test the lead levels in 271 Flint homes . On August 11 , 2016 , Kelsey Pieper , a member of Dr. Edwards ' research team , said 45 percent of residents that collected samples in July for the lead testing program had no detectable level of particulate lead in their water supply . She added the study yielded a lead reading of 13.9 ppb , just below the federal action level of 15 ppb . However , Pieper acknowledged the sampling , which was conducted by volunteer residents , does not fulfill the testing requirements of the federal Lead and Copper Rule . State testing of the most - recent six month monitoring period , which began January 1 and complied with Lead and Copper Rule regulations , showed a 90th percentile lead reading of 20 ppb , which exceeds the federal action level . Roughly 93 percent of samples from the third round of expanded state sentinel site testing showed results below the lead action level . Dr. Edwards called the results the `` beginning of the end '' of the public health disaster associated with the water crisis . On December 2 , 2016 , Dr. Edwards said lead was n't detected in 57 percent of 154 Flint homes tested in November 2016 -- up from 44 percent in July 2016 . He also advised people to continue using filters . Hurley Medical Center study ii ( edit ) In June 2018 the Journal of Pediatrics published a much expanded study of blood lead levels measured at Hurley Medical Center . The original 2015 study of Hurley records involved a total of 1473 children `` younger than 5 years '' whose address could be mapped to a site inside Flint in two pre / post 8.5 month periods . The 2018 study , led by Hernán F. Gómez , involved 15817 children `` aged ≤ 5 years '' over the 11 year period 2006 -- 2016 . Data for 2012 -- 2016 were available from center 's Epic EMR system ; records for earlier years were scrounged from legacy systems . The results show an increase in the fraction of children with elevated lead blood levels immediately pre / post the water switch ( from 2.2 % to 3.7 % ) ; invoking a Bonferroni correction , Gómez argues the change is not statistically significant . These results are consistent with a CDC report which found that the fraction of `` all children under age 6 '' with elevated lead blood level `` was nearly 50 percent higher after the switch to Flint River water . '' The striking result of Gómez et al. however is that during the 11 year period , the years with high lead levels in water are actually the third and fourth lowest years for lead blood levels . That is , the upward blip during the water switch sits on a rapid declining curve ( persumably due to the many lead migigation projects that have been initiated nationally ) so that blood lead levels during the crisis are actually lower than those two years earlier . Possible link to Legionnaires ' disease spike ( edit ) See also : Legionnaires ' disease On January 13 , 2016 , Snyder said that 87 cases of Legionnaires ' disease , a waterborne disease , were reported in Genesee County from June 2014 -- November 2015 , resulting in 12 deaths ( two more people later died from the disease ) . Although the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services ( MDHHS ) said that there is no evidence of a clear link between the spike in cases and the water system change , Edwards stated the contaminated Flint water could be linked to the spike . In a second report released January 21 , state researchers had still not pin - pointed the source of the outbreak . The next day , an official at McLaren Regional Medical Center in Flint confirmed that there was a spike in Legionella cases in Flint and elsewhere in Genesee County , but noted that there was `` no definitive data to support that McLaren Flint is the source of exposure for any patient testing positive for the Legionella antigen . '' The family of one of the people who died of Legionnaires has filed a $100 million lawsuit against McLaren . The Flint Journal obtained documents via the Michigan Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) on the Legionnaires ' outbreak and published an article on them on January 16 , 2016 . The documents indicated that on October 17 , 2014 , employees of the Genesee County Health Department and the Flint water treatment plant met to discuss the county 's `` concerns regarding the increase in Legionella cases and possible association with the municipal water system . '' By early October 2014 , the Michigan DEQ were aware of a possible link between the water in Flint and the Legionnaires ' outbreak , but the public was never informed , and the agency gave assurances about water safety in public statements and at public forums . An internal January 27 , 2015 email from a supervisor at the health department said that the Flint water treatment plant had not responded in months to `` multiple written and verbal requests '' for information . In January 2015 , following the complete breakdown in communication between the city and the county on the Legionnaires ' investigation , the county filed a FOIA request with the city , seeking `` specific water testing locations and laboratory results ... for coliform , E-coli , heterotrophic bacteria and trihalomethanes '' and other information . In April 2015 , the county health department contacted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , and in April 2015 a CDC employee wrote in an email that the Legionnaire 's outbreak was `` very large , one of the largest we know of in the past decade and community - wide , and in our opinion and experience it needs a comprehensive investigation . '' However , MDHHS told the county health department at the time that federal assistance was not necessary . Emails obtained by Progress Michigan in February 2016 indicate Snyder 's office knew about the outbreak since March 2015 , despite Snyder 's claim he was only informed in January 2016 . On March 11 , 2016 , Governor Snyder ordered an investigation of the MDHHS regarding the outbreak . On February 16 , 2017 , it was reported the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention discovered the first genetic links between city water and patients diagnosed with Legionnaires ' disease in Genesee County . `` The presence of Legionella in Flint was widespread , '' said Dr. Janet Stout , a research associate professor at the University of Pittsburgh and a national expert on the disease . `` The ( laboratory ) results show that strains ( of the bacteria ) were throughout the water system . '' Virginia Tech researcher Amy Pruden published a study that found Legionella levels up to 1,000 times higher than normal tap water in Flint , and said finding a patient whose clinical isolates -- or bacteria -- matched the McLaren water sample without having been hospitalized there `` suggests that same strain may have been elsewhere . '' On March 10 , 2017 , affidavits filed by experts in court supported the conclusion that Flint water was connected to the Legionnaires ' disease outbreak . Dr. Janet Stout wrote in an affidavit : `` ( It ) is my opinion to a reasonable degree of probability that the source water change and the subsequent management of the municipal water system caused conditions to develop within the municipal water distribution system that promoted Legionella growth and dispersion , amplification , and the significant increases in cases of Legionnaires ' disease in Genesee County in 2014 and 2015 . '' J. David Krause , director of Forensic Analytical Consulting Services , and Dr. Hung K. Cheung , a doctor specializing in environmental and occupational medicine agreed with her claims . On February 5 , 2018 , a study published in the journals Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and mBio concluded that the 2014 - 2015 outbreak of Legionnaires ' disease in Flint was due to low levels of chlorine which , at higher levels , would have made it difficult for bacteria to replicate . Because chlorine reacts with heavy metals like lead and iron , high levels of both in Flint 's water may have been responsible for the decreased amount of chlorine available . Inquiries , investigations , resignations , and release of documents ( edit ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Choppy list of events needs to be reorganized into subsections on specific topics . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One focus of inquiry is when Snyder became aware of the issue , and how much he knew about it . In a July 2015 email , Dennis Muchmore ( then Snyder 's chief of staff ) wrote to a Michigan Department of Health and Human Services ( MDHHS ) official , `` I 'm frustrated by the water issue in Flint . I really do n't think people are getting the benefit of the doubt . These folks are scared and worried about the health impacts and they are basically getting blown off by us ( as a state we 're just not sympathizing with their plight ) . '' In a separate email sent on July 22 , 2015 , MDHHS local health services director Mark Miller wrote to colleagues that it `` Sounds like the issue is old lead service lines . '' These emails were obtained under the Michigan Freedom of Information Act by Virginia Tech researchers studying the crisis , and were released to the public in the first week of January 2016 . In October 2015 , it was reported that the city government 's data on lead water lines in the city was stored on 45,000 index cards ( some dating back a century ) located in filing cabinets in Flint 's public utility building . The Department of Public Works said that it was trying to transition the data into an electronic spreadsheet program , but as of October 1 , 2015 , only about 25 % of the index card information had been digitized . On October 21 , 2015 , Snyder announced the creation of a five - member Flint Water Advisory Task Force , consisting of Ken Sikkema of Public Sector Consultants and Chris Kolb of the Michigan Environmental Council ( co-chairs ) and Dr. Matthew Davis of the University of Michigan Health System , Eric Rothstein of the Galardi Rothstein Group and Dr. Lawrence Reynolds of Mott Children 's Health Center in Flint . On December 29 , 2015 , the Task Force released its preliminary report , saying that the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality ( MDEQ ) bore ultimate blame for the Flint water crisis . The task force wrote that the MDEQ 's Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance ( ODWMA ) adopted a `` minimalist technical compliance approach '' to water safety , which was `` unacceptable and simply insufficient to the task of public protection . '' The task force also found that `` Throughout 2015 , as the public raised concerns and as independent studies and testing were conducted and brought to the attention of MDEQ , the agency 's response was often one of aggressive dismissal , belittlement , and attempts to discredit these efforts and the individuals involved . We find both the tone and substance of many MDEQ public statements to be completely unacceptable . '' The task force also found that the Michigan DEQ has failed to follow the federal Lead and Copper Rule ( LCR ) . That rule requires `` optimized corrosion control treatment , '' but MDEQ staff instructed City of Flint water treatment staff that corrosion control treatment ( CCT ) would not be necessary for a year . The task force found that `` the decision not to require CCT , made at the direction of the MDEQ , led directly to the contamination of the Flint water system . '' The task force 's findings prompted the resignation of MDEQ director Dan Wyant and communications director Brad Wurfel . Flint Department of Public Works director Howard Croft also resigned . The Flint Water Advisory Task Force 's final report , released March 21 , 2016 , found the MDEQ , MDHHS , Governor 's office , and the state - appointed emergency managers `` fundamentally accountable '' for the crisis , saying the people of Flint were `` needlessly and tragically '' exposed to toxic levels of lead and other hazards . On January 8 , 2016 , the U.S. Attorney 's Office for the Eastern District of Michigan said that it was investigating . A month later , they said they were working with the Federal Bureau of Investigation , the EPA 's Office of Inspector General , the EPA 's Criminal Investigation Division , and the Postal Inspection Service on the investigation . The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) `` battled Michigan 's Department of Environmental Quality behind the scenes for at least six months over whether Flint needed to use chemical treatments to keep lead lines and plumbing connections from leaching into drinking water '' and `` did not publicize its concern that Flint residents ' health was jeopardized by the state 's insistence that such controls were not required by law '' . In 2015 , EPA water expert Miguel A. Del Toral `` identified potential problems with Flint 's drinking water in February , confirmed the suspicions in April and summarized the looming problem '' in an internal memo circulated on June 24 , 2015 . Despite these `` dire warnings '' from Del Toral , the memo was not publicly released until November 2015 , after a revision and vetting process . In the interim , the EPA and the Michigan DEQ engaged in a dispute on how to interpret the Lead and Copper Rule . According to EPA Region 5 Administrator Susan Hedman , the EPA pushed to immediately implement corrosion controls in the interests of public health , while the Michigan DEQ sought to delay a decision on corrosion control until two six - month periods of sampling had been completed . Meanwhile , MDEQ spokesman Brad Wurfel called Del Toral a `` rogue employee '' for his whistle - blowing efforts . Dr. Marc Edwards , who investigated the lead contamination , wrote that Del Toral had made a `` heroic effort '' that was stymied by the EPA and MDEQ spending months `` wrangling over jurisdiction , technicalities and legalities . '' In an interview with the Detroit News published on January 12 , 2016 , Hedman said that `` the recommendation to DEQ ( regarding the need for corrosion controls ) occurred at higher and higher levels during this time period . And the answer kept coming back from DEQ that ' no , we are not going to make a decision until after we see more testing results . ' '' Hedman said the EPA did not go public with its concerns earlier because ( 1 ) state and local governments have primary responsibility for drinking water quality and safety ; ( 2 ) there was insufficient evidence at that point of the extent of the danger ; and ( 3 ) the EPA 's legal authority to compel the state to take action was unclear , and the EPA discussed the issue with its legal counsel , who only rendered an opinion in November . Hedman said the EPA discussed the issue with its legal counsel and urged the state to have MDHHS warn residents about the danger . On January 21 , Hedman 's resignation ( effective February 1 ) was accepted . Assessments of the EPA 's action varied . Edwards said that the assessment in Del Toral 's original June memo was `` 100 percent accurate '' and criticized the EPA for failing to take more immediate action . State Senate Minority Leader Jim Ananich , Democrat of Flint , said , `` There 's been a failure at all levels to accurately assess the scale of the public health crisis in Flint , and that problem is ongoing . However , the EPA 's Miguel Del Toral did excellent work in trying to expose this disaster . Anyone who read his memo and failed to act should be held accountable to the fullest extent of the law . '' Del Toral later told The Flint Journal , `` I was stunned when I found out they did not have corrosion control in place . In my head , I did n't believe that . I thought : That ca n't be true ... that 's so basic . '' He also confirmed that unfiltered Flint water is still unsafe to drink , and does n't know when that will change . On January 15 , 2016 , Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette announced that his office would open an investigation into the crisis , saying the situation in Flint `` is a human tragedy in which families are struggling with even the most basic parts of daily life . '' To oversee the AG Office 's probe , Schuette appointed Todd Flood as special prosecutor and Andrew Arena as chief investigator , who lead a team of nine full - time investigators . At a media roundtable in February 2016 , Flood said that the investigation could result in involuntary manslaughter charges , if there was gross negligence leading to a death . Critics have questioned the objectivity of the investigation . In his annual State of the State address on January 19 , 2016 , Snyder announced that he would release all of his emails from 2014 and 2015 regarding the crisis . The following day , the governor 's office released 274 pages of emails . The New York Times summarized , `` the documents provide a glimpse of state leaders who were at times dismissive of the concerns of residents , seemed eager to place responsibility with local government and , even as the scientific testing was hinting at a larger problem , were reluctant to acknowledge it . '' Later that month in a class action lawsuit related to the crisis , Snyder and the MDEQ were served subpoenas for the release of additional emails dating back to the beginning of 2011 . Emails highlighted by Progress Michigan in January 2016 indicate that Michigan state officials were trucking in bottled water to some of their own employees stationed in Flint as early as January 2015 in regards to the unsafe levels of trihalomethanes , or THMs , a by - product of chlorine that had been added to the water to kill Coliform bacteria . On February 12 , 2016 , Governor Snyder released additional emails between his office and the MDEQ which about the Legionnaires ' outbreak . On February 26 , Snyder 's office released several thousand more emails regarding the crisis that date back to 2011 . An additional batch of emails was released on March 10 . On January 22 , 2016 , two MDEQ employees ( Liane Shekter Smith , former chief of the department 's Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance ; and Steve Busch , former district supervisor in the division ) were suspended , pending an investigation , as a result of questions regarding actions related to water testing in Flint . In response , Snyder said , `` Michiganders need to be able to depend on state government to do what 's best for them and in the case of the DEQ that means ensuring their drinking water is safe . Some DEQ actions lacked common sense and that resulted in this terrible tragedy in Flint . I look forward to the results of the investigation to ensure these mistakes do n't happen again . '' Smith was fired on February 5 , 2016 . On July 13 , 2016 , the Mackinac Center for Public Policy sued the MDEQ over the department 's 121 - day delay in responding to Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) requests surrounding Flint , including a request for all emails from Shekter - Smith and Bush from 2013 through 2015 containing the word `` Flint '' and a list of `` any employees transferred , reassigned , or suspended as a result of the Flint water issues . '' The case was settled in November 2017 , with a joint statement saying in part , `` The parties also note there are circumstances for which the FOIA currently lacks certainty when documents must be provided . This lack of clarity can foster litigation over what response times are reasonable . '' On January 25 , 2016 , the Genesee County Commission approved a request from Genesee County Prosecuting Attorney David Leyton for $25,000 to conduct an investigation into the crisis . The money will be used to hire two special prosecutors . On March 4 , 2016 , a report released by the Michigan Auditor General 's office called the MDEQ 's Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance `` not sufficient '' in its oversight of the state 's Community Water Supply Program . Legislative hearings ( edit ) Federal ( edit ) On January 14 , 2016 U.S. Representative Brenda Lawrence , Democrat , of Southfield , formally requested congressional hearings on the crisis , saying : `` We trust our government to protect the health and safety of our communities , and this includes the promise of clean water to drink . '' The House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform began their hearings on the crisis on February 3 . Democratic U.S. Representative Dan Kildee from Flint gave an opening statement . The first witnesses were EPA acting deputy assistant administrator Joel Beauvais , Dr. Marc Edwards , new MDEQ Director Keith Creagh , and Flint resident LeeAnne Walters ( who alerted EPA water expert Miguel A. Del Toral to the problem ) . On March 15 , the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee examining the Flint water crisis reveals the EPA , state , and municipal officials attempted to fix the situation behind the scenes according to hearing witness and former EPA regional administrator , Susan Hedman , who cited legal and enforcement challenges as the causes for her actions . Ex-Emergency Financial Manager Darnell Earley , Former Fint Mayor Dayne Walling , and Professor Marc Edwards also testified on that date 's hearing . Governor Snyder and EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy testified before that committee on March 17 . On February 10 , 2016 , a separate committee , the U.S. House Democratic Steering and Policy Committee , held a hearing on the crisis in which Hurley Medical Center pediatrician Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha ; Yanna Lambrinidou , president of Parents for Nontoxic Alternatives , an environmental health group ; Flint schools Superintendent Bilal Kareem Tawwab ; Eric Scorsone , an expert in local government finances from Michigan State University , and Flint Mayor Karen Weaver testified . On April 13 , 2016 , the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Environment and the Economy and Energy Subcommittee on Health held a joint hearing on the crisis in which Keith Creagh of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality , Nick Lyon from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services , and Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha of Hurley Medical Center testified . State ( edit ) On February 23 , 2016 , the Michigan State Legislature started a committee to investigate the crisis . On March 1 , one of its members , Senator Jim Ananich of Flint , introduced a resolution that would grant state lawmakers probing the Flint water crisis subpoena power over the Governor 's office , which is immune to the state Freedom of Information Act . The committee 's first hearing was on March 15 , 2016 . On March 29 , 2016 , the state 's Joint Committee on the Flint Water Public Health Emergency held a hearing on the crisis in Flint during which residents and local experts testified . State of emergency and emergency responses ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Too much use of proseline : `` On DATE X , Y occurred '' Please help improve this section if you can . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Local ( edit ) Flint Mayor Karen Weaver declared the city to be in a state of emergency on December 15 , 2015 . On December 15 , 2015 , Mayor Weaver declared the water issue as a citywide public health state of emergency to prompt help from state and federal officials . Weaver 's declaration said that additional funding will be needed for special education , mental health , juvenile justice , and social services because of the behavioral and cognitive impacts of high blood lead levels . It was subsequently declared a countywide emergency by the Genesee County Board of Commissioners . Starting on January 7 , 2016 , Genesee County Sheriff Robert Pickell had work crews of offenders sentenced to community service begin delivering bottled water , water filters and replacement cartridges , primarily to residents living in homes built between 1901 and 1920 , whose plumbing systems are most likely leaching lead into the water . The next week , he ordered his department to begin using reverse 911 to advise homebound residents on how to get help . On January 10 , Mayor Weaver stressed to residents that it was important to also pick up the testing kits , as the city would like to receive at least 500 water test samples per week . On January 12 , officers from the Michigan State Police and Genesee County Sheriff 's Department started delivering cases of water , water filters , lead testing kits and replacement cartridges to residents who needed them . The American Red Cross has also been deployed to Flint to deliver bottled water and filters to residents . On January 14 , it was announced Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha will lead a Flint Pediatric Public Health Initiative that includes experts from the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine , Hurley Children 's Hospital , the Genesee County Health Department , and the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services to help Flint children diagnosed with lead poisoning . State ( edit ) On January 5 , 2016 , Michigan Governor Rick Snyder declared Genesee County to be in a state of emergency . On January 6 , Snyder ordered the Michigan Emergency Operations Center , operated by the Michigan State Police Emergency Management and Homeland Security Division , to open a Joint Information Center to coordinate public outreach and field questions from the residents about the problems caused by the crisis . The State Emergency Operations Center recommended that all Flint children under six years old get tested for lead levels as soon as possible , either by a primary care physician or the Genesee County Health Department . The state has set up water resource sites at several public buildings around Flint where residents can pick up bottled water , water filters , replacement cartridges , and home water testing kits . They also advised residents to call the United Way to receive additional help if needed . On January 11 , Snyder signed an executive order creating a new committee to `` work on long - term solutions to the Flint water situation and ongoing public health concerns affecting residents . '' On January 13 , Snyder activated the Michigan Army National Guard to assist the American Red Cross , starting the next day , with thirty soldiers planned to be in Flint by January 15 . The National Guard doubled their number of soldiers deployed to Flint by January 18 . On January 19 , Snyder ordered more soldiers to Flint by the next day , for a total of 200 . On January 27 , Snyder announced the establishment of the new 17 - member Flint Water Interagency Coordinating Committee to `` make recommendations regarding the health and welfare of people exposed to lead , study Flint 's water infrastructure and determine potential upgrades , review Flint Water Task Force recommendations , and establish ways to improve communication between local and state government . '' On March 2 , Snyder announced the state will partner with the employment agency Michigan Works ! Association to hire 81 Flint residents to work at water distribution sites throughout the city . On March 21 , Governor Snyder released a 75 - point relief plan for addressing the crisis , which includes programs in the fields of health and human services , education , water supply and infrastructure replacements , and jobs and economic development . On April 6 , 2016 , the state began offering up to $100,000 in grant money from the Disaster and Emergency Contingency Fund to local governments affected by the water crisis . On March 16 , 2017 , Governor Snyder created the Child Lead Exposure Elimination Commission and appointed Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha of Flint 's Hurley Medical Center , Rebecca Meuninck of Ann Arbor , deputy director of the Ecology Center ; Paul Haan of Grand Rapids , executive director of the Healthy Homes Coalition of West Michigan , Inc. ; and Lyke Thompson of Ann Arbor , director of the Center for Urban Studies at Wayne State University as its members . `` Eliminating the risk of child lead exposure will require the coordination and expertise of people across all sectors , '' Snyder said in the announcement . `` Creating this permanent commission will help advance the strategies recommended to better protect Michigan children from lead exposure . '' On the same day , Governor Snyder said will lower Michigan 's `` action level '' from 15 parts per billion -- the federal limit -- to 10 ppb . On June 9 , 2017 , the MDEQ reported their May 2017 testing showed 90 percent of Tier I samples at or below 6 parts per billion of lead with 93.1 percent of the samples at or below 15 ppb . Federal ( edit ) On January 9 , 2016 , the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) sent two liaison officers to the Michigan Emergency Operations Center to work with the state to monitor the situation . On January 15 , Snyder asked President Obama to grant a federal emergency / major disaster designation for Genesee County , seeking federal financial aid for emergency assistance and infrastructure repair in order to `` protect the health , safety and welfare of Flint residents . '' The following day , Obama signed an emergency declaration giving Flint up to $5 million in federal aid to handle the crisis . FEMA released a statement that said : The President 's action authorizes the Department of Homeland Security , Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) , to coordinate all disaster relief efforts which have the purpose of alleviating the hardship and suffering caused by the emergency on the local population , and to provide appropriate assistance for required emergency measures , authorized under Title V of the Stafford Act , to save lives and to protect property and public health and safety , and to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in Genesee County . FEMA is authorized to provide equipment and resources to alleviate the impacts of the emergency . Emergency protective measures , limited to direct federal assistance , will be provided at 75 percent federal funding . This emergency assistance is to provide water , water filters , water filter cartridges , water test kits , and other necessary related items for a period of no more than 90 days . After Snyder 's request for a `` Major Disaster Declaration '' status was turned down , FEMA Administrator W. Craig Fugate wrote a letter to Snyder saying that the water contamination `` does not meet the legal definition of a ' major disaster ' '' under federal law because `` ( t ) he incident was not the result of a natural catastrophe , nor was it created by a fire , flood or explosion . '' In response , Snyder asked Obama for emergency funding under FEMA 's Individuals and Households Program , which provides housing assistance and replacement of personal property . He will also ask for money and emergency protective measures , according to the release . On March 3 , 2016 , Governor Snyder filed a second appeal for federal help to replace lead pipes and provide medical support and supplies for affected residents which said the estimated economic impact of the Flint water crisis is beginning to exceed $140 million . FEMA rejected his request again on March 16 . The federal response is being led by the Department of Health and Human Services , with assistance from FEMA , the Small Business Administration , the EPA , the Department of Housing and Urban Development , the Department of Agriculture , the Office of Preparedness and Response , and the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps . Dr. Nicole Lurie , Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Preparedness and Response , was appointed to coordinate the federal response . The EPA issued a Safe Drinking Water Act Emergency Order and took over collecting and testing of water samples , while ordering state agencies to send them previously collected data , on January 21 . A week later they advised residents to continue using water filters and drink only bottled water . On February 12 , the USDA extended their nutrition programs for Flint children diagnosed with high blood lead levels . On the next day , Governor Snyder asked for additional help from Medicaid and the State Children 's Health Insurance Program for affected Flint children . The Department of Health and Human Services granted his request on February 18 , providing an additional $500,000 in Medicaid expansion for affected Flint children and pregnant women . On March 3 , a waiver request to include pregnant women and people up to 21 years of age was approved . On March 1 , the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services announced plans to expand its Head Start Program to more Flint children affected by the crisis . On March 23 , the U.S. Department of Labor announced up to $15 million in National Dislocated Worker Grants will help provide temporary jobs to assist with Flint 's water crisis recovery . About 400 temporary jobs at water distribution centers throughout the city will be created through the grant . The workers will take the place of the Michigan National Guard soldiers who have been in place since January . On March 25 , 2016 , the EPA and FEMA extended the federal emergency until August 14 , 2016 . The state took over the emergency response after that date . Criminal cases ( edit ) On April 20 , 2016 , criminal charges were filed against three people in regards to the crisis by Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette . Former MDEQ employees Michael Prysby and Stephen Busch are charged with misconduct in office , conspiracy to tamper with evidence , tampering with evidence , a treatment violation of the Michigan Safe Drinking Water Act , and a monitoring violation of the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act ; former city water plant operator Michael Glasgow was charged with willful neglect of office , a misdemeanor , and felony tampering with evidence . On May 4 , 2016 Glasgow accepted a plea deal with prosecutors , admitting to filing false information about lead in Flint water and agreeing to cooperate in other prosecutions . Exactly a year later , the case against Glasgow was dismissed , with prosecutors acknowledging his cooperation and the fact that he was the person who reported the crimes of his colleagues to the MDEQ . On July 29 , 2016 , Schuette charged six additional people with crimes in the crisis , three from the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality and three from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services . From the MDEQ , Liane Shekter - Smith was charged with misconduct in office and willful neglect of duty ; Adam Rosenthal was charged with misconduct in office , conspiracy to tamper with evidence , tampering with evidence , and neglect ; Adam Cook was charged with misconduct in office , conspiracy to engage in misconduct in office , and neglect of duty . From the MDHHS , Nancy Peeler , Corinne Miller , and Robert Scott were charged with misconduct in office , conspiracy to commit misconduct in office , and willful neglect of duty . MDEQ and MDHHS released a joint statement later that day indicating Peeler , Scott , Cook , and Rosenthal have been suspended without pay . Miller retired in April and Shekter - Smith was fired in February . The cases were consolidated for preliminary hearing purposes on August 9 , since the same witnesses will testify against all defendants . The Attorney General 's office says it has 10 -- 15 witnesses in each case and roughly 50 exhibits in total . On September 14 , 2016 , Miller pleaded no contest to the neglect of duty charge and agreed to testify against the other defendants . She was later sentenced to a year probation , 300 hours of community service , and fined $1,200 . On December 20 , 2016 , Schuette filed false pretenses , conspiracy to commit false pretenses , willful neglect of duty and misconduct in office charges against former Emergency Managers Darnell Earley and Jerry Ambrose ; and false pretenses and conspiracy to commit false pretenses charges against former Flint Utilities Administrator Daugherty Johnson and former Flint Department of Public Works director Howard Croft . On November 28 , 2017 , Daugherty Johnson pleaded no contest to failing to furnish water documents to a Genesee County Health Department employee investigating a possible connection between Flint water and Legionnaires ' disease outbreaks . He is scheduled to return to court in May 2018 for sentencing , facing up to one year of imprisonment or a fine of not more than $1,000 . On June 14 , 2017 , Schuette announced new involuntary manslaughter charges -- 15 - year felonies -- against Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Director Nick Lyon , former Flint emergency manager Darnell Earley , former Flint Department of Public Works director Howard Croft , former Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Office of Drinking Water chief Liane Shekter - Smith and DEQ District Supervisor Stephen Busch . Also charged was Dr. Eden Wells , chief medical executive of DHHS , who faces allegations of obstruction of justice and lying to a police officer . Lyon was also charged with a single count of misconduct in office after being accused of having received notice of the Legionnaires ' outbreak at least a year before informing the public and the governor , while Wells is also accused of threatening to withhold funding to the Flint Area Community Health and Environment Partnership unless the partnership ceased its investigation into the source of the Legionnaires ' outbreak . On October 9 , 2017 , Dr. Wells was charged with involuntary manslaughter and misconduct in office . On December 20 , 2017 , Adam Rosenthal pleaded no contest to a public records charge , a one - year misdemeanor that 's expected to be dismissed provided he cooperates in other prosecutions . Lawsuits ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Also too much proseline Please help improve this section if you can . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On November 13 , 2015 , four families filed a federal class - action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan in Detroit against Governor Rick Snyder and thirteen other city and state officials , including former Flint Mayor Dayne Walling and ex-emergency financial manager Darnell Earley , who was in charge of the city when the switch to the Flint River was made . The complaint alleges that the officials acted recklessly and negligently , leading to serious injuries from lead poisoning , including autoimmune disorders , skin lesions , and `` brain fog . '' The complaint says that the officials ' conduct was `` reckless and outrageous '' and `` shocks the conscience and was deliberately indifferent to ... constitutional rights . '' The case was dismissed on February 3 , 2017 , with the judge stating his court has lack of subject - matter jurisdiction in the matter . Their attorneys filed an appeal on February 6 . The legal doctrines of sovereign immunity ( which protects the state from suit ) and official immunity ( which in Michigan shields top government officials from personal liability , even in cases of gross negligence ) resulted in comparatively few lawsuits being filed in the Flint case , and caused large national plaintiffs ' law firms to be reluctant to become involved with the case . On January 14 , 2016 , a separate class - action lawsuit against Snyder , the State of Michigan , the City of Flint , Earley , Walling , and Croft was filed by three Flint residents in Michigan Circuit Court in Genesee County . This suit targets lower - level officials who ( under Michigan law ) do not have immunity from claims arising from gross negligence . A separate suit was filed in January 2016 in the Michigan Court of Claims against the governor and state agencies ; that suit alleges violations of the state constitution . In Michigan , the Court of Claims is the only court with subject - matter jurisdiction over claims against the state and its subdivisions . A new federal lawsuit filed on January 27 , 2016 , seeks the replacement of all lead service lines in Flint at no cost to residents following claims city and state leaders violated federal laws designed to protect drinking water . It is also asking the court to force city and state officials to provide safe drinking water to Flint residents and require them to follow federal regulations for testing and treating water to control for lead . On February 2 , 2016 , a class action lawsuit in U.S. District Court was filed on behalf of Beatrice Boler , a Flint mother of two , Flint pastor Edwin Anderson with his wife , Alline Anderson , and a company , Epco Sales LLC . against Snyder , the MDEQ , two former state appointed emergency managers and former Flint Mayor Dayne Walling that seeks more than $150 million in refunds and compensation for damages for `` water that was extraordinarily dangerous , undrinkable and unusable . '' It was dismissed on April 19 , 2016 , after the judge ruled the allegations fall under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act , which prevents challenges to the law being ruled on in U.S. District Court and states they must be addressed by the Environmental Protection Agency , and the case should be re-filed in the Michigan Court of Claims . Also on February 2 , a lawsuit was filed in Michigan Circuit Court on behalf of four Genesee County residents who contracted Legionnaires ' disease during the Flint water crisis , including one woman who died seven days after entering the emergency room with a headache . The suit names McLaren Regional Medical Center and several Michigan DEQ officials as defendants . Lawyer Geoffrey Fieger represents the plaintiffs . On February 8 , 2016 the parents of a two - year - old girl diagnosed with high blood lead levels filed a lawsuit in federal court , naming as defendants the City of Flint , the State of Michigan , Snyder , Earley , and Walling . The case was dismissed on February 7 , 2017 , with the judge citing his court has a lack of subject matter jurisdiction . On March 3 , 2016 , a new lawsuit was filed in state court by LeeAnne Walters , the Flint mother who informed the EPA water expert Miguel Del Toral of the health problems her family experienced after the water switch , against multiple corporate entities and three current and former government employees for their role in the city 's water crisis . On March 7 , 2016 , another class action lawsuit was filed on behalf of seven residents alleging that tens of thousands of residents have suffered physical and economic injuries and damages . It argues officials failed to take action over `` dangerous levels of lead '' in drinking water and `` downplayed the severity of the contamination . '' On March 8 , 2016 , a federal class action lawsuit was filed on behalf of 500 county inmates against the Genesee County Sheriff 's Department in regards to the water quality at the Genesee County Jail . The suit seeks only an injunction that will order the sheriff 's department to continue to serve inmates only bottled water and dry food that does n't require water to prepare . On March 24 , the City of Flint filed a notice of intent sue in the Court of Claims against the State of Michigan , the MDEQ and four MDEQ employees for their mishandling of the crisis . A week later , Mayor Weaver said she has no intentions to proceed with a lawsuit , and the move is to `` protect the future interest of the city . '' On March 25 , a federal lawsuit filed by the ACLU asked for an order requiring water to be delivered to homes of people without access to transportation or who are physically disabled . The case was settled a year later for $87 million ( with an additional $10 million in reserve ) , which will be used to replaced 18,000 lead pipes by 2020 . On April 6 , 2016 , a class action lawsuit brought by 15 Flint residents accused Governor Snyder and several state agencies and government officials of being in violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act in regards to the crisis . On May 18 , 2016 , the NAACP sued the state of Michigan and Governor Snyder , seeking compensation for property damages , pain and suffering damages , emotional distress damages and medical monitoring for Flint residents and businesses . On June 22 , 2016 , the Michigan Attorney General 's Office filed a civil suit against engineering firms Veolia North America and Lockwood , Andrews & Newnam ( LAN ) who were hired to consult Flint water plant officials after the switch to the Flint River in April 2015 . The lawsuit accuses Veolia and LAN of professional negligence and public nuisance . Veolia is also accused of fraud . Veolia called the accusations `` baseless , entirely unfounded and ( appearing ) to be intended to distract from the troubling and disturbing realities that have emerged as a result of this tragedy , '' and then added , `` In fact , when Veolia raised potential lead and copper issues , city officials and representatives told us to exclude it from our scope of work because the city and the EPA were just beginning to conduct lead and copper testing . '' On November 15 , 2016 , Chief Judge Richard B. Yuille , Circuit Court of Genesee County , entered a Case Management Order , wherein he appointed attorney Corey M. Stern , of Levy Konigsberg , L.L.P. , `` Lead Counsel '' for all plaintiffs maintaining claims in the Circuit Court of Genesee County for personal injuries and property damage sustained as a result of the Flint Water Crisis . Attorney Wayne B. Mason , of Drinker , Biddle & Reath , L.L.P. , was appointed `` Lead Counsel '' for the Defendants . Judge Yuille called for a small number of lawsuits related to the Flint Water Crisis to serve as bellwethers , cases that will be fully developed and tried to verdict with the idea that they will help attorneys in other cases evaluate whether to settle or take their cases to trial . On January 30 , 2017 , a class action lawsuit with over 1,700 plaintiffs against the EPA seeking $722.4 million was filed , charging them with a violation of section 1431 of the Safe Drinking Water Act , which states , `` upon receipt of information that a contaminant that is present in or likely to enter a public water system or an underground source of drinking water , or there is a threatened or potential terrorist attack or other intentional act , that may present an imminent and substantial endangerment to the health of persons , the EPA Administrator may take any action she deems necessary to protect human health '' . Infrastructure repairs and Medical treatment ( edit ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Choppy list of events needs to be turned into a narrative organized by subtopic . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On January 7 , 2016 , Flint Mayor Karen Weaver said that estimates of the cost of fixing water infrastructure in Flint , such as aging pipes , range from millions up to $1.5 billion . These figures encompass infrastructure alone , excluding any public health costs of the disaster . DEQ interim director Keith Creagh said that estimation of total costs would be premature . However , in a September 2015 email released by Snyder in January 2016 , the state estimated the replacement cost to be $60 million , and said it could take up to 15 years to do . On January 18 , 2016 the United Way of Genesee County estimated 6,000 -- 12,000 children have been exposed to lead poisoning and kicked off a fundraising campaign to raise $100 million over a 10 -- 15 year span for their medical treatment . On January 27 , 2016 Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha started a fundraiser for the $80,000 needed for the medical treatment of Flint children affected by lead poisoning . Meridian Health Plan of Detroit has agreed to donate up to $40,000 in matching funds to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint for long - term needs Dr. Hanna - Attisha expects to arise from the lead issue . At his annual State of the State address on January 19 , Snyder apologized again , and asked the Michigan Legislature to give Flint an additional $28 million in funding for filters , replacement cartridges , bottled water , more school nurses and additional intervention specialists . It also will fund lab testing , corrosion control procedures , a study of water - system infrastructure , potentially help Flint deal with unpaid water bills , case management of people with elevated lead - blood levels , assessment of potential linkages to other diseases , crisis counseling and mental health services , and the replacement of plumbing fixtures in schools , child care centers , nursing homes and medical facilities . The Michigan House Appropriations Committee passed the bill the next day , while the Senate approved it on January 28 . Snyder signed it the next day . On January 21 , 2016 President Obama gave an $80 million loan to Michigan for infrastructure repairs , but the amount going to Flint is uncertain . On January 28 , 2016 Democratic U.S. Senators Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters and Representative Dan Kildee proposed an amendment to pending federal energy legislation to add the special appropriation of up to $400 million to replace and repair the lead service lines in Flint and $200 million more to create a center for lead research in Flint . They also said the state could choose to match up to $400 million for its share of infrastructure repairs in Flint . The newly amended bill was rejected by the Senate on February 4 . A new $220 million bill to address the crisis was proposed in the U.S. Senate on February 24 . At a news conference on February 9 , 2016 , Flint mayor Karen Weaver said that the city would remove and replace all of the city 's 15,000 water service lines containing lead piping . Work was expected to begin in March 2016 . The project will receive technical advice from the Lansing Board of Water and Light , which removed over 13,000 lead pipes in Lansing , Michigan . Lansing mayor Virg Bernero volunteered to provide the assistance . Weaver appointed Michael C.H. McDaniel , a retired National Guard brigadier general , to oversee the group leading the project , the Flint Action and Sustainability Team ( FAST ) . The city government hopes to complete the project within a year , using 32 work crews , with priority given to the most at - risk households . The project is expected to cost $55 million , and the funding sources are not yet secured , but the city plans to seek it from local , state , and federal sources . The crews began working on March 4 . On February 16 , 2016 the state hired Flint - based engineering firm Rowe Professional Services to begin the process of locating , removing , and eventually replacing lead pipes in the highest risk areas of Flint . On February 18 , 2016 the state gave Flint a $2 million grant that will go towards replacing lead service lines . On March 6 , 2016 Union Labor Life Insurance Company donated $25 million for lead pipe replacements in the city . On July 18 , 2016 city council approved a $500,000 contract with three companies for the second phase of lead pipe replacements : WT Stevens , and Johnson & Wood were awarded $320,000 contracts to do no more than 50 homes each . Goyette was awarded $619,500 to tackle replacing lead lines at 150 Flint homes . The city is using $25 million in funding approved by the Michigan legislature in June that was allocated for replacing Flint lead tainted pipes for Fast Start 's third phase which will replace infrastructure at an estimated 5,000 homes in Flint . On October 10 , 2016 city council approved contracts to replace pipes at 788 more homes before winter . The third phase will be funded using a portion of $25 million approved by the Michigan Legislature in June that was allocated for replacing Flint lead tainted pipes for Fast Start 's third phase , which will replace infrastructure at an estimated 5,000 homes in Flint . Goyette will be paid $1,663,300.60 for replacements at 260 addresses in city wards two , six and eight . WT Stevens will be paid $2,306,384 for replacements at 488 addresses in city wards three , four , eight and nine . On October 17 , 2016 the second phase of the program was completed on 218 homes . The project was completed by WT Stevens Construction Inc. , Johnson & Wood Mechanical , and Goyette Mechanical . By November 22 , 2016 , the total number of homes with new pipes was 460 . A University of Michigan study released on December 1 , 2016 stated a total of 29,100 lead pipes need to be replaced . On January 19 , 2017 , an engineer at the Flint Water Plant said the facility is in need of $60 million worth of upgrades , which would n't be finished until well into 2019 . On February 7 , 2017 , another report said the cost would be $108 million . On February 6 , 2017 , the Genesee Intermediate School District received $6.5 million for the Early On Genesee program to provide free evaluations to as many as 5,000 children up to 5 years old facing possible lead - related developmental delays from the state of Michigan . On March 17 , 2017 , Flint received a $100 million grant from the EPA for water infrastructure repairs . On June 30 , 2017 , the Genesee County Health Department 's Healthy Start Program received $15 million to provide health and social services for people who have had or are at risk for lead exposure stemming from Flint water crisis . Long term effects of lead poisoning ( edit ) Childhood lead exposure causes a reduction in intellectual functioning and IQ , academic performance , and problem - solving skills , and an increased risk of attention deficit disorder , aggression , and hyperactivity . According to studies , children with elevated levels of lead in the blood are more likely as adults to commit crimes , be imprisoned , be unemployed or underemployed , or be dependent on government services . In addition , early - life exposure to lead may increase risk of later - life neurological disorders such as Alzheimer 's disease , and this risk is likely to persist into late life long after lead has been removed from the body . A 2014 study by researchers at Risk Science Center at the University of Michigan , completed before the Flint water crisis came to light , estimated the annual cost of childhood lead exposure in Michigan at $330 million ( $205 million in decreases in lifetime earnings , $105 million in additional criminal justice system expenditures , $18 million in health expenditures to diagnose lead positioning and lead - linked attention deficit disorder ) , and $2.5 million in additional special education expenditures . Because the developmental effects of lead exposure appear over a series of years , the total long - term cost of the Flint water crisis `` will not be apparent in the short term . '' However , the cost is expected to be high . Philippe Grandjean of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , an expert in the effects of environmental pollution on brain development , said that `` when calculated from the loss of lifetime income , the societal costs from lead exposure ( across the United States ) reach billion - dollar amounts . '' Political responses ( edit ) Federal government ( edit ) President Barack Obama sips filtered Flint water following a roundtable on the crisis at Northwestern High School on May 4 , 2016 . Dan Kildee , Democrat representing Flint in the House of Representatives , along with Republican Michigan Representative Fred Upton , sponsored H.R. 4470 , the Safe Drinking Water Act Improved Compliance Awareness Act , which would ensure that the public promptly learns of excessive lead levels in their drinking water by setting forth how and when states , EPA , and public utilities communicate their findings . It has passed the House but has yet to be passed by the Senate . Among the Michigan congressional delegation , only Representative Justin Amash , Republican of Cascade Township , opposed federal aid for Flint . Amash opined that `` the U.S. Constitution does not authorize the federal government to intervene in an intrastate matter like this one . '' In December 2016 , President Barack Obama signed Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act of 2016 ( co-sponsored by Debbie Stabenow in the Senate ) which earmarked $170 million to address the Flint water crisis . The first $100 million was released in March 2017 , by the US Environmental Protection Agency after President Trump had taken office . President Donald Trump 's plan to fix the crisis in Michigan has been folded into his federal infrastructure plan . Trump 's infrastructure plan proposes $1 trillion in spending on new infrastructure by offering corporations who invest in infrastructure projects tax credits , with the corporations investing approximately $167 billion . This plan would require a return of 9 -- 10 % to investors to remain feasible . This plan has no direct reference to or specific proposal for the crisis in Flint and as of his election he has not proposed a direct federal intervention . State Legislature ( edit ) On January 4 , 2016 , citing the Flint water crisis , Michigan Representative Phil Phelps , Democrat of Flushing , announced plans to introduce a bill to the Michigan House of Representatives that would make it a felony for state officials to intentionally manipulate or falsify information in official reports , punishable by up to five years ' imprisonment and a $5,000 fine . On March 2 , House Democratic leader Tim Greimel called on Governor Snyder to resign , due to his `` negligence and indifference '' in his handling of the Flint water crisis . Also on that date , State Democratic Party Chairman Brandon Dillon called for Michigan Treasurer Nick Khouri to resign due to his role in a loan agreement from April 2015 that blocked Flint from switching back to the Detroit system . Presidential candidates ( edit ) See also : United States presidential election , 2016 Hillary Clinton ( edit ) Democratic Presidential nominee Hillary Clinton repeatedly mentioned the crisis during her campaign , saying : `` The people of Flint deserve to know the truth about how this happened and what Governor Snyder and other leaders knew about it . And they deserve a solution , fast . Thousands of children may have been exposed to lead , which could irreversibly harm their health and brain functioning . Plus , this catastrophe -- which was caused by a zeal to save money at all costs -- could actually cost $1.5 billion in infrastructure repairs . '' In a subsequent interview , Clinton referred to her work on lead abatement in housing in upstate New York while a U.S. Senator and called for further funding for healthcare and education for children who will suffer the negative effects of lead exposure on behavior and educational attainment . The crisis was also the catalyst for a town hall style debate in Flint between Clinton and Democratic rival Bernie Sanders on March 6 , 2016 , two days before the Michigan Presidential primary election . It was hosted by CNN anchors Anderson Cooper and Don Lemon . Both candidates called for Governor Snyder to resign during the event . Donald Trump ( edit ) On January 19 , 2016 , then - Republican - candidate Donald Trump said , `` It 's a shame what 's happening in Flint , Michigan . A thing like that should n't happen . '' After clinching the Republican nomination , Trump visited Flint on September 14 , 2016 and toured the water plant and a Flint church , where he promised to fix the water crisis , and in a brief speech there , he blamed NAFTA for General Motors ' abandonment of Flint and the area 's subsequent ongoing recession caused by it , saying , `` It used to be that cars were made in Flint and you could n't drink the water in Mexico . Now cars are made in Mexico , and you ca n't drink the water in Flint . That 's terrible . '' Other responses ( edit ) Lead poisoning and aging infrastructure problems in other cities ( edit ) An investigative report by Reuters released December 19 , 2016 found nearly 3,000 areas in the United States with lead poisoning rates at least double those in Flint . The Trump Administration blocked publishing a federal health study on the nationwide water - contamination crisis . The water disaster called attention to the problem of aging and seriously neglected water infrastructure nationwide . The Flint crisis recalled recent lead contamination crises in the tap water in various cities , such as the lead contamination in Washington , D.C. drinking water ( 2001 ) , Columbia , South Carolina ( 2005 ) ; Durham and Greenville , North Carolina ( 2006 ) ; Jackson , Mississippi ( 2015 ) ; and Sebring , Ohio ( 2015 ) . The New York Times notes , `` Although Congress banned lead water pipes 30 years ago , between 3.3 million and 10 million older ones remain , primed to leach lead into tap water by forces as simple as jostling during repairs or a change in water chemistry . '' Inadequate regulation was cited as one reason for unsafe lead levels in tap water and `` efforts to address shortcomings often encounter push - back from industries like agriculture and mining that fear cost increases , and from politicians ideologically opposed to regulation . '' The crisis called attention to a `` resource gap '' for water regulators . The annual budget of the EPA 's drinking water office declined 15 % from 2006 to 2015 , with the office losing over 10 % of employees , and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators reported in 2013 that `` federal officials had slashed drinking - water grants , 17 states had cut drinking - water budgets by more than a fifth , and 27 had cut spending on full - time employees , '' with `` serious implications for states ' ability to protect public health . '' In the aftermath of the water crisis , it was noted that elevated blood - lead levels in children are found in many cities across Michigan , including Detroit , Grand Rapids , Muskegon , and Adrian . Although statewide childhood lead - poisoning rates have dramatically declined since the removal of lead from gasoline , certain areas of the state ( particularly low - income areas with older housing stock ) continue to experience lead poisoning , mostly from lead paint in homes built before 1978 and lead residue in dust and soil . Lead abatement efforts are slow . Accusations of Environmental racism ( edit ) Civil rights advocates characterized the crisis as a result of environmental racism ( Flint 's population is 56.6 % African American per the 2010 census ) , a term primarily referring to the disproportionate exposure of ethnic minorities to pollution as a result of `` poverty and segregation that has relegated many blacks and other racial minorities to some of the most industrialized or dilapidated environments . '' Columnist Shaun King , for example , wrote that the crisis was `` a horrific clash of race , class , politics and public health . '' The Michigan Civil Rights Commission later reiterated this belief in a 138 - page report titled `` The Flint Water Crisis : Systemic Racism Through the Lens of Flint '' . Its writers said of it , `` Policy makers , government leaders , and decision makers at many levels failed the residents of Flint , '' said Agustin Arbulu , Director of the Michigan Department of Civil Rights . `` By not challenging their assumptions , by not asking themselves the tough questions about how policy and decisions play out in different communities , especially communities primarily made up of people of color , those decisions and actions -- or in some cases , lack of action -- led to the tragedy taking place in Flint . '' `` We strongly believe that the actions that led to the poisoning of Flint 's water and the slow response resulted in the abridgement of civil rights for the people of Flint , '' said Arthur Horwitz , co-chair of the Commission during the time of the investigation . `` We are not suggesting that those making decisions related to this crisis were racists , or meant to treat Flint any differently because it is a community of color . Rather , the response is the result of implicit bias and the history of systemic racism that was built into the foundation of Flint . The lessons of Flint are profound . While the exact situation and response that happened in Flint may never happen anywhere else , the factors that led to this crisis remain in place and will most certainly lead to other tragedies if we do n't take steps to remedy them . We hope this report is a step in that direction . '' The Governor 's office responded : `` Some findings of the report and the recommendations are similar to those of the ( Flint Water Advisory Task Force and ) the legislative panel and the Flint Water Interagency Coordinating Committee , '' said Gov. Rick Snyder spokeswoman Anna Heaton . `` The Governor takes the reporting of each of these panels very seriously , and appreciates the public input that was shared . '' The findings were no surprise for State Senate Minority Leader Jim Ananich . `` The presence of racial bias in the Flint water crisis is n't much of a surprise to those of us who live here , but the Michigan Civil Rights Commission 's affirmation that the emergency manager law disproportionately hurts communities of color is an important reminder of just how bad the policy is . Now is the time to address this flawed law , '' Ananich said . He went on to say , `` The people of Flint deserve the same level of safety , opportunity and justice that any other city in Michigan enjoys '' . Media responses ( edit ) On October 8 , 2015 , the editorial board of the Detroit Free Press wrote that the crisis was `` an obscene failure of government '' and criticized Snyder . On December 31 , 2015 , the editorial board of the MLive group of Michigan newspapers called upon Snyder to `` drop executive privilege and release all of his communications on Flint water , '' establish a procedure for compensating families with children suffering from elevated lead blood levels , and return Flint to local control . Some of the most important reporting on the crisis was conducted by investigative reporter Curt Guyette , who works not for a news organization but for the American Civil Liberties Union 's Michigan Democracy Watch Project . The work of Guyette and the ACLU was credited with bringing the water contamination to public light . MSNBC host Rachel Maddow has extensively reported on the water crisis on her show since December 2015 , keeping it in the national spotlight . She has condemned Snyder 's use of emergency managers ( which she termed a `` very , very radical '' change `` to the way we govern ourselves as Americans , something that nobody else has done '' ) and said , `` The kids of Flint , Michigan have been poisoned by a policy decision . '' Maddow visited Flint and hosted a town hall with government officials and other involved experts on her show on January 27 . On October 5 , 2017 , Maddow won an Emmy Award for the special . Groups ( edit ) In January 2016 , the watchdog group Common Cause called upon Snyder to release all documents related to the Flint water crisis . The governor 's office is not subject to the Michigan Freedom of Information Act . The hacktivist group Anonymous released a YouTube video calling for the arrest of Snyder . Prominent figures ( edit ) Michael Moore , a Gennessee County native and director / producer of several movies related to Flint , called for Snyder 's arrest for mishandling the water crisis in an open letter to the governor , writing , `` The facts are all there , Mr. Snyder . Every agency involved in this scheme reported directly to you . The children of Flint did n't have a choice as to whether or not they were going to get to drink clean water . '' A spokesman for the governor called Moore 's call `` inflammatory . '' Later , after hearing of the Legionnaires ' outbreak , Moore termed the state 's actions `` murder . '' Speaking to reporters in Flint , he emphasized that `` this was not a mistake ... Ten people have been killed here because of a political decision . They did this . They knew . '' In a post on her Facebook page , environmental activist Erin Brockovich called the water crisis a `` growing national concern '' and said that the crisis was `` likely '' connected to the Legionnaires ' disease outbreak . Brockovich called for the U.S. Environment Protection Agency to become involved in the investigation , saying that the EPA 's `` continued silence has proven deadly . '' On January 16 , 2016 , the Reverend Jesse Jackson met with Mayor Weaver in Flint and said of the crisis , `` The issue of water and air and housing and education and violence are all combined . The problem here obviously is more than just lack of drinkable water . We know the problems here and they will be addressed . '' Jackson called Flint `` a disaster zone '' and a `` crime scene '' during a rally at a Flint church the next day . Jackson , in conjunction with the group Concerned Pastors for Social Action , held a major national march in Flint on February 19 to address the water issue , as well as inner city violence and urban reconstruction . On January 18 , Nontombi Naomi Tutu , daughter of Desmond Tutu , said in a speech at the University of Michigan -- Flint , `` We actually needed the people of Flint to remind the people of this country what happens when political expediency , when financial concerns , overshadow justice and humanity . '' On January 24 , actor and clean drinking water advocate Matt Damon called for Snyder 's resignation . On March 7 , actor Mark Ruffalo , head of the group Water Defense , visited Flint and called for more federal aid in the emergency and Snyder 's resignation while saying , `` It 's an absolute outrage , it 's a moral indecency . '' Water Defense conducted studies on Flint water in the spring of 2016 , claiming it is still unsafe for bathing or showering . Their findings were disputed by Virginia Tech water expert Dr. Marc Edwards on May 31 , 2016 . In the third episode of the Adult Swim comedy series Million Dollar Extreme Presents : World Peace , Charles Carroll ( member of the group of YouTube comedians `` Million Dollar Extreme '' ) delivers a monologue where he describes how viewers can recreate the contaminated water in Flint . In his monologue , the right wing leaning Carroll discusses the concept of tyrannicide with costars Sam Hyde and Andrew Ruse and claims that the situation in Flint is a situation where the violent murder of Republican leadership in the state of Michigan would be justified . Education and research ( edit ) During its winter 2016 semester , the University of Michigan -- Flint offered a one - credit , eight - session series of public forums dedicated to educating Flint residents and students on the crisis . The University of Michigan ( Ann Arbor ) committed to spending $100,000 to research the crisis and possible ways to address it . Wayne State University in Detroit is leading a separate study with five other schools focusing on the Legionnaires ' outbreak called the Flint Area Community Health and Environment Partnership . On October 9 , 2017 they released their preliminary analysis , which showed approximately 10 percent of all homes on the Flint municipal water system had chlorine levels less than 0.2 mg / L when measured at the kitchen faucet ( bypassing filters when present ) after five minutes of flushing . On April 20 , 2017 Stephen Estes - Smargiassi , director of planning and sustainability at the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority , told a forum on lead water contamination at the Harvard School of Public Health that a chain - reaction of failures , including those by the financial managers , allowed the water crisis to develop as long as it did . He stated `` What happened in Flint ? Well , a firestorm of things that went wrong . ( Flint ) changed ( its ) source water , did n't do a good job on corrosion control in their treatment '' , and added `` They had , about half of the homes had lead service lines . Money was more important to the emergency manager than people were . That 's pretty clear from the evidence , '' and later went on to say , `` State regulators could have picked up on this , but fell down on the job , maybe worse than that . We 'll see what happens to those who were indicted . And the federal regulators could have picked up the problem , but did n't until quite late . All of those things , that firestorm of events , resulted in really awful water quality . '' On July 20 , 2017 , Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha and Professor Marc Edwards won Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's Media Lab Disobedience Award for their work during the crisis . On August 7 , 2017 , West Virginia University published a study validating the correlation between the intake of lead contaminated water and the increase of fetal deaths along with miscarriages during November 2013 to March 2015 . The study was led jointly by Daniel Grossman of West Virginia University and David Slusky of the University of Kansas . The data was constructed over the course of two years focusing on the city of Flint and how the data differs among neighboring cites in Michigan . Data shows that after the city switched the water source to the Flint River , fetal deaths rose 58 % among women aged 15 -- 49 compared to control areas . Other possible causes and responses ( edit ) The crisis highlighted a lack of transparency in Michigan government ; the state is one of just two states that exempts the governor 's office from state freedom - of - information legislation . A number of commentators framed the crisis in terms of human rights , writing that authorities ' handling of the issue denied residents their right to clean water . Some have framed it as the end result of austerity measures and given priority over human life . Jacob Lederman , for example , contends that Flint 's poisoned water supply , in addition to high crime rates , devastated schools and crumbling infrastructure , can be attributed to neoliberal economic reforms . Robby Soave , writing in Reason magazine , said that administrative bloat in public - sector trade unions was to blame for the crisis : `` Let 's not forget the reason why local authorities felt the need to find a cheaper water source : Flint is broke and its desperately poor citizens ca n't afford higher taxes to pay the pensions of city government retirees . As recently as 2011 , it would have cost every person in Flint $10,000 each to cover the unfunded legacy costs of the city 's public employees . '' `` Flint was a government - made disaster from top to bottom . Private companies did n't run the system or profit from it , '' Shikha Dalmia wrote in Reason Magazine . The crisis brought the National Water Infrastructure Conference to Flint in early March 2017 . Michigan Governor Rick Snyder and Flint Mayor Karen Weaver spoke on the first day . Dr. Marc Edwards spoke there two days later . Prevention ( edit ) Failed infrastructure and economic decline resulted in the toxic levels of lead in the city 's water supply . According to an article published in the American Journal of Public Health , to prevent another contamination crisis , officials such as Governor Snyder should consult `` professionals '' and make `` qualified '' decisions . `` Snyder and his administration introduced a corrosive water source into an aging water filtration system without adequate corrosion control ( APHA ) . '' `` I wonder how many of the individuals who made those bad decisions were professional engineers , licensed plumbers , or water - treatment specialists ? '' asked Larry Clark , Sustainable Performance Solutions LLC . In addition to professional consultation , EPA reform of water - testing techniques that concentrate on neighborhoods with lead pipes could `` ensure that all cities get an early warning when lead levels rise to the danger point . '' , said Jeff Ruch , executive director of Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility ( PEER ) . Addressing the government 's neglect in Flint 's crisis from infrastructure failure due to the city 's economic decline could prevent another municipal disaster . Upholding the Clean Water Act passed in 1972 would have prevented an outbreak of lead poisoning in Flint . This act `` established the basic structure for regulating pollutant discharges into the waters of the United States '' . The EPA has also updated its standards and created six goals for improving the drinking water of the nation . This plan was created in November 2016 to decrease the amount of pollution in water . Indirect mental health impact ( edit ) As the water crisis unfolded , residents experienced considerable anxiety over the physical and mental health impacts of lead poisoning on both adults and children , stress , and anger and political leaders . Some adults felt guilty about giving children contaminated water , and in some cases family members stopped visiting . Some residents related the water crisis to depression and even thoughts of suicide ; some sought treatment for mental breakdowns . The state government gave a $500,000 grant to the Genesee Health System for free counseling in addition to sending state mobile crisis teams and expanding Medicaid programs for affected residents . Volunteer social workers arrived from across the state , and the United States Public Health Service offered training . Donations of water and money ( edit ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : This section should be condensed to summarize total donations and their impact , and focus less on individual events or donations . Please help improve this article if you can . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Flint water crisis has attracted a substantial amount of philanthropic support from a wide variety of individuals and organizations , with donations often focused on bottled water or money . Celebrities including the singers Cher and Bruno Mars , rapper Meek Mill , comedians Dave Chappelle and Jimmy Fallon , and many others have made high profile donations to assist Flint . A group made up of actor Mark Wahlberg and rappers Sean Combs , Eminem , and Wiz Khalifa donated 1 million bottles of water to Flint . Support has also come from numerous companies , including Detroit based Faygo , grocer Meijer , The Dow Chemical Company of nearby Midland , Ball Corporation , among many others . As of September 8 , 2017 , the Ruth Mott Foundation and the Community Foundation of Greater Flint have directed a combined $33,480,494 to various programs to aid both children and adults affected by Flint 's water crisis . This total reflects donations from many of the celebrities mentioned in this section , as well as from other groups and organizations . This money has gone to fund not only immediate aid for the Flint crisis ( such as bottled water distribution ) , but also to build community organizations and infrastructure in Flint . This money has not gone to actually repairing the Flint water system , which remains the responsibility of local and state governments . The Ruth Mott foundation says much of their work is going towards helping Flint 's children , in the form of programs for health , nutrition , and education . Celebrity and corporate donations ( edit ) The United Auto Workers union donated drinking water to Flint via a caravan of trucks to local food banks , and an AmeriCorps team announced that it would deploy to Flint to assist in response efforts . The Flint Firebirds ' rivals in the Ontario Hockey League made donations : the Windsor Spitfires donated 40,000 bottles of water , and the Sarnia Sting donated 15,000 bottles of water . Singer Aretha Franklin said she will provide hotel rooms and food for 25 -- 50 Flint residents . The Little River Band of Ottawa Indians donated $10,000 to the Genesee County Sheriff 's Department . Detroit Lions defensive end Ziggy Ansah donated 94,000 bottles to Flint , and Terrance Knighton and his Washington Redskins teammates donated 3,600 bottles of water to Flint 's Catholic Charities USA . On the same day , rock band Pearl Jam and a large group of musicians donated $300,000 to the United Way of Genesee County , and started a CrowdRise fundraiser for donations from its fans . Additionally , fundraising website GoFundMe promised to donate an additional $10,000 to the fund of the winner of a week - long contest that ended on January 29 between a large number of groups trying to raise money for Flint , while Anheuser - Busch donated 51,744 cans of water to the Food Bank of Eastern Michigan . The Detroit Pistons donated $500,000 to the United Way of Genesee County from their FlintNOW fundraising campaign from the previous night 's game . Walmart , The Coca - Cola Company , Nestlé and PepsiCo announced that they would collectively donate a total of 176 truckloads of water ( up to 6.5 million bottles ) through the end of 2016 . On the same day , singer Madonna ( a native of nearby Bay City ) donated $10,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint , and singer Kem donated $10,000 to the Salvation Army of Genesee County . Also , rapper The Game donated $1,000,000 in water bottles to Flint , while FedEx , along with the city of Memphis , Tennessee donated 12,000 bottles of water to the Food Bank of Eastern Michigan . A group of nine banks collectively donated $600,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . Craigslist founder Craig Newmark donated $50,000 and 25,000 cases of water to the United Way of Southeastern Michigan . The Michigan State Medical Society donated $10,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . The LaPorte County , Indiana Sheriff 's Office donated 2,300 cases of water to a church in Flint , the Northwest Indiana Truck Club donated 3,500 cases of water to Flint , and NFL player and Flint native Brandon Carr donated $100,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint and $10,000 to the Safe Water Safe Homes Fund . The police fraternity Brothers Before Others donated 330 cases of water bottles , 361 one - gallon ( 1.3 m3 ) water jugs and $1,000 to the Flint Police Department . The charity Resources Unite of Dubuque , Iowa collected 300,000 bottles of water for Flint . A group of students from Ohio State University donated 10,000 pounds of water to Flint 's Catholic Charities USA . Amtrak donated 30,000 bottles of water to Flint . Consumers Energy , the area 's gas and electricity provider , has donated $50,000 during the crisis ( $25,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint and $25,000 to the United Way of Genesee County ) , and its employees are delivering water to Flint homes . It is also matching donations from employees and retirees , up to $25,000 . The Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation donated $100,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . The Dr Pepper Snapple Group donated 41,000 bottles of water to the Food Bank of Eastern Michigan . Platinum Equity 's FlintNOW Foundation , in conjunction with Huntington Bank , started a $25 million economic development program that will loan aid money to Flint businesses affected by the water crisis . Two prisons in Northern Michigan donated 29,000 bottles of water to the Genesee Intermediate School District . The Kresge Foundation donated $2 million to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . Donations from religious organizations and groups ( edit ) Tabernacle Baptist Church in Knoxville , Tennessee donated 70,000 pounds of water to Flint . The United Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ , two Flint - area Protestant denominations worked together to launch a water distribution effort . Flint Jewish Federation worked in partnership with the American Red Cross to help get clean water to homes . In January 2016 , Muslim organizations , including Who is Hussain , Life for Relief and Development , Islamic Relief USA , and the Michigan Muslim Community Council donated and distributed thousands of bottles of water to Flint - area residents . By May , Michigan 's Muslim community had donated more than one million bottles of water to Flint - area residents . Fundraising events ( edit ) Comedians George Lopez , Eddie Griffin , Cedric the Entertainer , Charlie Murphy , and D.L. Hughley performed stand up comedy in Flint 's Dort Federal Credit Union Event Center as part of The Comedy Get Down Tour , with the proceeds to go to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . $50,000 raised at the Meridian Winter Festival in Detroit was donated to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . On February 28 , 2016 , coinciding with the 88th Academy Awards ceremony , Creed director Ryan Coogler and Selma director Ava DuVernay held a charity event at the Whiting Auditorium in Flint . The event , titled # JusticeForFlint , was live - streamed by Sean Combs ' Revolt.tv network . Hosted by comedian Hannibal Buress , it featured singers Janelle Monáe and Ledisi , as well as actor - activists Jesse Williams and Jussie Smollett , amongst others . The event raised $156,000 . A telethon led by Detroit TV station WDIV and simulcast on Michigan 's other NBC affiliates raised $566,982 for the Community Foundation of Greater Flint . Detroit Pistons owner and Flint native Tom Gores matched the amount , doubling the amount raised to $1,133,964 . A benefit concert to support children affected by the crisis presented by Flint country music station Nash FM 95.1 featuring Granger Smith and Tegan Marie was held at the Dort Federal Center in Flint on April 7 , with the proceeds going to Hurley 's Children Hospital . A charity celebrity basketball game called Hoop 4 Water featuring former Michigan State Spartans players Morris Peterson ( from Flint ) , Zach Randolph and Jason Richardson , Coach Tom Izzo , and rapper Snoop Dogg was played in Flint on May 22 . Izzo and Snoop Dogg agreed to return to Flint for the same event in 2017 , along with other celebrities , held on May 20 . Fight for Flint was a boxing fundraiser at Flint 's Dort Federal Event Center featuring Tommy `` The Hitman '' Hearns , along with brothers Andre Dirrell and Anthony Dirrell ; Mike Hernandez , Troy Albrine Jr. , Rakim Johnson ; and female boxers Jackie Kallen , Fatuma Zarika and Alicia Ashley . It was sponsored by Don Elbaum Promotions and the Catholic Charities of Shiawassee and Genesee Counties . A fundraiser called Fashion For Flint held in late January 2017 helped raised money to purchase 10,000 bottles of water . In popular culture ( edit ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Instead of having a paragraph for each work , consolidate into short listings in `` Further reading '' section , and remove redundant works that do n't add anything beyond this article and other works listed . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Film and television ( edit ) The Flint crisis has been the subject of many documentaries , as well as fictional dramatizations . Flint , a television film based on the crisis starring Queen Latifah , Betsy Brandt , Jill Scott , Marin Ireland and Rob Morrow premiered in October 2017 . Lead and Copper , a documentary on the Flint water contamination crisis , was released in 2017 . On March 8 , 2016 , the American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan released `` Here 's to Flint 2016 '' about the water crisis . On June 8 , 2016 , Russian channel RT Documentary released `` Murky Waters of Flint . How a whole city was poisoned '' about the crisis . On March 8 , 2017 , television station WDIV - TV in Detroit aired a documentary called `` Failure In Flint : The Crisis Continues '' . On May 31 , 2017 , the PBS show Nova aired an episode about the water crisis called `` Poisoned Water '' . The Flint Institute of Arts screened the episode early , on May 23 . On March 2 , 2018 , Netflix released Flint Town which covers the Flint water crisis . Books ( edit ) On June 22 , 2016 , Bridge Magazine , The Center for Michigan , and Mission Point Press published a book about the crisis called `` Poison on Tap '' . It has been described as a `` riveting , authoritative account of the government blunders , mendacity and arrogance '' that caused the crisis . In May 2016 , it was announced that Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha was in the process of writing a `` dramatic first - hand account '' of the Flint Water Crisis . The book , titled , `` What the Eyes Do n't See : A Story of Crisis , Resistance , and Hope in an American City '' was released on June 19 , 2018 by Random House imprint One World by editor - in - chief Chris Jackson . Anonymous Content optioned the book rights to make a movie , to be produced by Michael Sugar and Rosalie Swedlin , and written / directed by Cherien Dabis . Music ( edit ) On January 28 , 2016 , rapper Jon Connor from Flint released a song titled `` Fresh Water for Flint '' about the crisis and how it has affected his family . In the spring of 2016 , Associate professor of conducting at the University of Colorado Boulder , Andrea Ramsey , in reaction to the Flint water crisis , composed a choral song titled , `` But a Flint Holds Fire '' . Children choirs throughout the country have performed the song . Many of the lyrics for the piece come from Christina Rossetti 's 19th - century poem , titled `` Flint . '' Theater ( edit ) Michigan native and actor Jeff Daniels directed a play called Flint , a `` heartfelt and brutally honest story of two couples struggling to endure and believe in the American dream '' set in 2014 , at his Purple Rose Theatre in Chelsea , Michigan . It ran from January 18 through March 10 , 2018 . See also ( edit ) Ecology portal Environment portal Michigan portal Water portal Drinking water quality in the United States Environmental racism Lead contamination in Washington , D.C. drinking water Hinkley groundwater contamination 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidiosis outbreak Toxic hotspots Water treatment Water pollution Lawsuits References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : United Way estimates cost of helping children $100 M WNEM - TV , 18 January , 2016 Jump up ^ State : McLaren Flint was primary source of Legionnaires ' outbreak The Detroit Free Press , May 30 , 2018 Jump up ^ Clearfield , Chris ; Tilcsik , András ( 2018 ) . Meltdown : Why Our Systems Fail and What We Can Do About It . New York : Penguin Press . pp. 121 -- 128 . ISBN 9780735222632 . ^ Jump up to : Hanna - Attisha , Mona ; LaChance , Jenny ; Sadler , Richard Casey ; Champney Schnepp , Allison ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated With the Flint Drinking Water Crisis : A Spatial Analysis of Risk and Public Health Response '' . American Journal of Public Health . 106 ( 2 ) : 283 -- 290 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2015.303003 . ISSN 0090 - 0036 . PMC 4985856 . PMID 26691115 . ^ Jump up to : Al Hajal , Khalil ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` 87 cases , 10 fatal , of Legionella bacteria found in Flint area ; connection to water crisis unclear '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama Signs Michigan Emergency Declaration '' ( Official White House press release ) . January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Two former Flint emergency managers charged with water crisis crimes The Flint Journal via MLive.com , December 20 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Lawler , Emily ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder signs $28 M aid bill for Flint water crisis '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Snyder signs $30 million budget bill '' . WJRT - TV . February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan governor signs budget with $165 M more for Flint '' . WJRT - TV . June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halfway there : U.S. House approves spending bill , Flint water funding The Flint Journal via MLive.com , December 9 , 2016 Jump up ^ Senate passes bills containing aid for Flint The Detroit News , December 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ $170 million federal funding package for Flint , communities affected by lead WJRT - TV , December 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ In Flint , Gov. Rick Snyder signs contaminated water public notice bill The Detroit Free Press , January 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ Flint water has fallen below federal lead limit The Associated Press via MLive.com , January 24 , 2017 Jump up ^ Officials say it may take 3 more years to replace Flint 's water pipes The Flint Journal via MLive.com , January 25 , 2017 Jump up ^ State says February testing showed Flint water met EPA lead rule The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ CNN Library ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Flint Water Crisis Fast Facts '' . www.cnn.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Longley , Kristin ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Former Acting Mayor Michael Brown named Flint 's emergency manager '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Powers returned to Flint mayor , no staffing changes announced The Flint Journal via MLive , January 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Adams , Dominic ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Closing the valve on history : Flint cuts water flow from Detroit after nearly 50 years '' . Flint Journal . MLive Media Group . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Detroit terminated its contract with the city effective April 17 last year when Flint decided to purchase water through the KWA . Jump up ^ `` Lead - Laced Water In Flint : A Step - By - Step Look At The Makings Of A Crisis '' . NPR.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Library , CNN . `` Flint Water Crisis Fast Facts '' . CNN . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oosting , Jonathan ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Flint urging state to reverse water bill credit cutoff '' . www.detroitnews.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ron , Fonger ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` CDC finds first genetic link between Legionnaires ' outbreak , Flint water '' . www.mlive.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CARMODY , STEVE ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` It 's unclear how much longer the state will distribute bottled water in Flint '' . www.michiganradio.org . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ KENNEDY , MERRIT ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Michigan Ends Water Subsidies To Flint Despite Mayor 's Opposition '' . www.npr.org . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flint Mayor to meet with President during MI trip WNEM - TV , March 17 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Gov. Snyder creates child lead exposure commission The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Merrit ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Judge Approves $97 Million Settlement To Replace Flint 's Water Lines '' . www.npr.org . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eggert , David ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Developing -- In reversal , Flint mayor recommends staying with Detroit water system for long haul . Says risky to switch water source again '' . www.twitter.com . Jump up ^ Gov. Snyder supports Flint mayor 's recommendation to stay on Detroit water The Flint Journal via MLive.com , April 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ DePaolo , Joe ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Police Arrest Six at Flint Water Crisis Town Hall '' . www.mediaite.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Service line replacement work about to ratchet up in Flint The Flint Journal via MLive.com , April 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Flint residents warned they could lose their homes for unpaid water bills The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ 128 blood tests in Flint may have registered falsely low lead levels The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Glenza , Jessica ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Flint water crisis : five officials charged with involuntary manslaughter '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Future of Flint water in the air as deadline to decide looms closer The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Council approves short - term Flint water contract following fiery debate The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 26 , 2017 Jump up ^ Michigan sues Flint for not approving water deal WJRT - TV ( ABC 12 ) , June 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Mount Morris attorney to rep Flint City Council in state water lawsuit The Flint Journal via MLive.com , July 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` FAST Start Initiative '' . www.cityofflint.com . July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ State says Flint water system is riddled with ' significant deficiencies ' The Flint Journal via MLive.com , August 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Study pinpoints Flint River as a ' likely trigger ' of Legionnaires ' outbreak The Flint Journal via MLive.com , August 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ Flint water still meeting EPA lead limits , new Virginia Tech testing shows The Flint Journal via MLive.com , September 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ Researchers : Flint 's fertility rates fell , fetal death rates climbed during water crisis WJRT - TV ( ABC 12 ) , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Szekely , Peter ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Michigan to charge top medical official in Flint water deaths '' . MSN news . Jump up ^ Flint council signs off on $150 K contract for analysis of city 's water options The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ State study says Flint water did n't raise infant deaths , stillbirths The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Federal judge tells Flint to pick long - term drinking water source by Monday '' . www.clickondetroit.com . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ EPA report finds fault with Michigan oversight of Flint drinking water system The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 26 , 2017 Jump up ^ Flint gets green light to remain on GLWA water for the next month The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 31 , 2017 Jump up ^ Flint council votes yes on 30 - year water contract with GLWA The Flint Journal via MLive.com , November 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ State tells EPA : We 're also worried about Flint 's capacity to run water system The Flint Journal via MLive.com , January 9 , 2018 Jump up ^ ' Flint 's water quality is restored ' after latest testing , state says The Flint Journal via MLive.com , January 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` SOM - Flint Water Quality Restored , Testing Well Below Federal Action Level and Comparable to Other Cities Across the State '' . www.michigan.gov . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LaFond , Kaye . `` Infographic : More than 30,000 water samples have been tested in Flint since the crisis '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zahran , Sammy ; McElmurry , Shawn P. ; Kilgore , Paul E. ; Mushinski , David ; Press , Jack ; Love , Nancy G. ; Sadler , Richard C. ; Swanson , Michele S. ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Assessment of the Legionnaires ' disease outbreak in Flint , Michigan '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences : 201718679 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1718679115 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lethal Pneumonia Outbreak Caused By Low Chlorine In Flint Water '' . NPR.org . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ More water samples have elevated lead in latest testing of Flint elementary schools The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 12 , 2018 Jump up ^ Study shows blood lead levels in Flint children at all time low The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 26 , 2018 Jump up ^ Elevated lead found in 4 percent of final water samples from Flint schools The Flint Journal via MLive.com , April 2 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` State of Michigan : No more free bottled water for Flint residents '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flint threatens to sue state over decision to stop water distribution The Flint Journal via MLive.com , April 16 , 2018 Jump up ^ 10 , News . `` Settlement in Flint water crisis leads way for children to be tested for lead '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Independent tests show Flint water improving , lead below federal action limit The Flint Journal via MLive.com , April 13 , 2018 Jump up ^ Watts , Jonathan ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Goldman environmental prize : top awards dominated by women for first time '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glenza , Jessica ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Flint crisis , four years on : what little trust is left continues to wash away '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Sara Ganim , . `` EPA funds research to find lead in water '' . CNN . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Byrd , Ayana ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ICYMI : Nestlé to Donate Water to Flint Colorlines '' . Colorlines . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flint estimates 14,000 lead water service lines still in the ground The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 27 , 2018 Jump up ^ Flint water lead levels stable as state turns testing over to city The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 18 , 2018 Jump up ^ Tweet by Elon Musk , July 11 2018 Jump up ^ All tests of filtered water in Flint schools below federal threshold for lead The Flint Journal via MLive.com , July 30 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : Young , Molly ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Sheriff uses reverse 911 for Flint residents who need water help '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Richard D. ; Calley , Brian ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` The City of Flint Police Department Crime Reduction Strategy '' ( PDF ) . Flint Water Study . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` City officials set to accept proposals to replace lead lines in Flint '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Update on Blood Lead Levels in Children '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Lead '' ( PDF ) . Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . August 2007 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bosman , Bosman ; Davey , Monica ; Smith , Mitch ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` As Water Problems Grew , Officials Belittled Complaints From Flint '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' A heavy burden ' lifted from Flint as Gov. Rick Snyder declares end of financial emergency '' . Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` DTE Energy tells new regional authority it may want 3 million gallons of Lake Huron water daily '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Dominic ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Flint council supports buying water from Lake Huron through KWA '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Karegnondi Water Authority prepares to drill 1.5 miles into Lake Huron for new water pipeline to Flint The Flint Journal via MLive.com , November 26 , 2013 Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Flint emergency manager endorses water pipeline , final decision rests with state of Michigan '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ How Flint 's water crisis unfolded Detroit Free Press Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Detroit ' water war ' claims ' wholly without merit , ' Genesee County drain commissioner says '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Detroit gives notice : It 's terminating water contract covering Flint , Genesee County in one year '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winston , Samuel ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` How the Flint water crisis emerged '' . Flint Journal . p. 2 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` City switch to Flint River water slated to happen Friday '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Botelho , Greg ; Jorgensen , Sarah ; Netto , Joseph ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Water crisis in Flint , Michigan , draws federal investigation '' . CNN . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Detroit offers Flint alternative to using river for long - term water backup '' . Flint Journal . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schuch , Sarah ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` How the Flint water crisis emerged '' . Flint Journal . p. 4 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron , Fonger ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Emergency manager accepts $3.9 million Genesee County offer to buy Flint - owned pipeline '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Winston , Samuel ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` How the Flint water crisis emerged '' . Flint Journal . p. 3 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Flint Mayor Dayne Walling gets new authority from emergency manager '' . Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Science Behind the Flint Water Crisis : Corrosion of Pipes , Erosion of Trust Elsevier Sci Tech Connect , January 20 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Lin , Jeremy C.F. ; Rutter , Jean ; Park , Haeyoun ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Events That Led to Flint 's Water Crisis '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pulido , Laura ( July 2 , 2016 ) . `` Flint , Environmental Racism , and Racial Capitalism '' . Capitalism Nature Socialism. 27 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 10455752.2016. 1213013 . ISSN 1045 - 5752 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` City warns of potential health risks after Flint water tests revealed too much disinfection byproduct '' . Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwarts , K. ( 2016 ) . `` Letter from Flint Public Library about Lead in Water Crisis to PUBLIB '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emergency manager calls City Council 's Flint River vote ' incomprehensible ' '' . Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Dems say state blocked Flint return to Detroit water '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fonger , Ron ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lead leaches into ' very corrosive ' Flint drinking water , researchers say '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jason ; Shortell , David ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Flint returning to Detroit water amid lead concerns '' . CNN . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ada ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Contaminants Found in Flint , Michigan , Drinking Water ; City to Reconnect to Detroit Water Supply '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Flint will pay for independent water tests , added phosphate treatment '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brush , Mark ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Gov. Snyder moves to come up with $12 million to switch Flint 's water back to Detroit 's supply '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wisely , John ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Snyder announces $12 - million plan to fix Flint water '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parkinson , Stephanie ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Ananich calls for emergency funding from the state to address Flint water crisis '' . WEYI - TV . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint to stay on Detroit water for another year Detroit Free Press , September 27 , 2016 Jump up ^ State says 96 percent of Flint homes met federal lead standards in November The Flint Journal via MLive.com , December 9 , 2016 Jump up ^ County will build new connector , allowing Flint to stay on Detroit water The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Flint city councilman : ' We got bad water ' '' . Detroit Free Press . Associated Press . January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A timeline of the water crisis in Flint , Michigan '' . Washington Post . January 16 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Lisa John ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` What Will Happen with the Flint Water Crisis Once the Cameras Leave ? '' . Broadly . Vice . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erb , Robin ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` Flint doctor makes state see light about lead in water '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Documents show Flint filed false reports about testing for lead in water '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Some Flint water test sites still showing high lead levels '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goovaerts , Pierre . `` The drinking water contamination crisis in Flint : Modeling temporal trends of lead level since returning to Detroit water system '' . Science of The Total Environment. 581 - 582 : 66 -- 79 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scitotenv. 2016.09. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Yanan ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` In Flint , Mich. , there 's so much lead in children 's blood that a state of emergency is declared '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 PEN Literary Gala & Free Expression Awards '' . PEN America . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Kim ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia Tech expert helped expose Flint water crisis '' . Detroit News . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Engineering 's Marc Edwards heads to Flint as part of study into unprecedented corrosion problem '' . Virginia Tech . September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lazarus , Oliver . `` In Flint , Michigan , a crisis over lead levels in tap water '' . Public Radio International . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Virginia Tech Research Team '' . www.flintwaterstudy.org. 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carmody , Steve ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia Tech ending Flint water investigation '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia Tech wrapping up its work on Flint water '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia Tech researcher hired by Flint to test water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia Tech gets EPA grant to re-test Flint water for lead '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beginning of the end ' for Flint water crisis health disaster , Edwards says '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Researchers : Flint water improving , but stick with filters WEYI - TV , December 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gómez , Hernán ; Borgialli , Dominic ( June 2018 ) . `` Blood Lead Levels of Children in Flint , Michigan : 2006 - 2016 '' . The Journal of Pediatrics. 197 : 158 -- 164 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpeds. 2017.12. 063 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` VA Tech Professor says Flint River water and Legionnaires Disease could be linked '' . WJRT - TV . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source of deadly Flint Legionnaires ' outbreak still unknown , new report says '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Officials confirm Legionella bacteria found in Flint 's McLaren Hospital 's water supply in 2014 '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attorney Geoffrey Fieger seeks $100 million in Flint Legionnaires ' lawsuit '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Public never told , but investigators suspected Flint River tie to Legionnaires ' in 2014 '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Officials were warned of Flint water , Legionnaires ' link months before public '' . Michigan Live . Associated Press . February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Governor wants investigation into MDHHS in handling of Legionnaires ' outbreak '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CDC finds first genetic link between Legionnaires ' outbreak , Flint water The flint Journal via MLive.com , February 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ New tests raise questions about the source of Legionnaires Disease outbreak , Michigan Radio , February 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ Experts ' affidavits point to Flint water as source of Legionnaires ' outbreak The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 7 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Graham , David A. ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` What Did the Governor Know About Flint 's Water , and When Did He Know It ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wisely , John ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Were Flint water fears ' blown off ' by state ? '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fonger , Ron ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Flint data on lead water lines stored on 45,000 index cards '' . Flnt Journal . MLive . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Lindsey ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` After ignoring and trying to discredit people in Flint , the state was forced to face the problem '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Rick Snyder announces Flint Water Task Force to review state , federal and municipal actions , offer recommendations '' ( Office of the Governor press release ) . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Jiquanda ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Four takeaways from the Flint Water Advisory Task Force preliminary report '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Vincent ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Task force lays most blame for Flint water crisis on MDEQ '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Director Dan Wyant resigns after task force blasts MDEQ over Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` DEQ spokesman also resigns over Flint water crisis , says city ' did n't feel like we cared ' '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Howard Croft , Flint official responsible for water oversight , resigns '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inquiry : State `` fundamentally accountable '' for Flint crisis `` . WJRT - TV . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint Water Advisory Task Force Final Report '' ( PDF ) . Flint Water Advisory Task Force . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roy , Siddhartha ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Flint Water Advisory Task Force ( Final Report ) '' . Flint Water Study Updates . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FBI , others involved in federal Flint water investigation '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Jim ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` EPA stayed silent on Flint 's tainted water '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Del Toral , Miguel ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Memorandum : High Levels of Lead in Flint , Michigan -- Interim Report ( Original ) '' ( PDF ) . US EPA and ACLU Michigan . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Emery , Amanda ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Two Michigan DEQ officials involved in Flint water testing suspended '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Lindsey ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` After blowing the whistle on Flint 's water , EPA `` rogue employee '' has been silent . Until now `` . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Marc ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Del Toral 's Heroic Effort Was Ultimately Vetted in the Blood Lead of Flint 's Children '' . Flint Water Study Updates . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burke , Melissa Nann ; Lynch , Jim ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top EPA official in Midwest resigning amid Flint crisis '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EPA official ' stunned ' by failure to treat Flint water for lead leaching '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette plans to open investigation on Flint water crisis '' . WXYZ - TV . Associated Press . January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Scott ; Haimerl , Amy ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Anger and Scrutiny Grow Over Poisoned Water in Flint , Michigan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oosting , Jonathan ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Special counsel : Manslaughter charge possible in Flint '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Gov. Snyder plans to do about Flint water crisis '' . WJRT - TV . January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Subpoenas served for Gov. Rick Snyder 's Flint water emails '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Liam ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Michigan Gave State Employees Purified Water as It Denied Crisis , Emails Show '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Rick Snyder releases departmental emails produced regarding Flint water crisis '' ( State of Michigan official site press release ) . February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder releases thousands of Flint water crisis e-mails '' . The Detroit Free Press . February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder releases more Flint water emails , private email release planned '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` DEQ memo names Michigan drinking water officials suspended over Flint water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder fires former head of DEQ water quality unit '' . WJBK . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jim ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Suit accuses DEQ of not complying with open records law '' . Detroit News . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mackinac Center Settles Transparency Lawsuit with DEQ '' . Mackinac Center for Public Policy . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` County prosecutor gets green light to investigate Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live Media Group . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` County prosecutor gets green light to investigate Flint water crisis '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DEQ oversight of Flint water criticized in state auditor general report '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Congresswoman makes formal request for federal Flint water hearings '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Former EM removed from witness list for Congressional hearing on Flint water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Flint water probe by Congress puts Snyder on witness list in March '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Lenny ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Ex-EPA official defends agency 's work in Flint water crisis at Capitol Hill hearing '' . MSN . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Snyder , EPA chief testify in front of Congress '' . WJRT - TV . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Flint mayor , doctor to testify on water crisis '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bondy , Dave ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Another Flint water hearing scheduled in Washington D.C. '' WEYI - TV . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Matthew ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Congress hearing probes lessons from Flint crisis '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Flint water crisis to get fresh probe by state lawmakers '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Senator wants subpoena power for Flint water crisis probe '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Legislative committee examining Flint water crisis starts meetings next week '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` State legislative panel to meet in Flint , hear from residents on water crisis '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Genesee County chairman says he can send Flint disaster request to governor '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Flint water resource teams to cover city , mayor stresses test kit importance '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Crisis teams hit Flint streets with filters and water for frustrated residents '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zarowny , Natalie ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Red Cross volunteers come to help Flint from across the state , country '' . WJRT - TV . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint organizations announce Pediatric Public Health Initiative '' . WJRT - TV . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Governor declares state of emergency over lead in Flint water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Emery , Amanda ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` State launches information center for Flint following emergency declaration '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` 43 Flint residents identified with elevated lead levels so far , urged to take precautions '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New water resource sites now open in Flint '' . WJRT - TV . January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Snyder signs executive order to create new Flint water committee '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Governor activates National Guard to deal with Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dolan , Matthew ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Snyder seeks federal emergency status over Flint water '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Guard doubles troops handing out water in Flint '' . WJRT - TV . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder taps mayor , crusading doctor , professor for Flint water committee '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State partners with Michigan Works ! to hire Flint residents at water sites '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State unveils big plans for Flint recovery after water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grants up to $100,000 offered to communities affected by Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Governor Snyder to drop Michigan lead limit below federal cap The Associated Press via MLive.com , March 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ Water testing in Flint shows 93.1 % of homes below lead threshold The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Emery , Amanda ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Federal Emergency Management Agency to monitor Flint 's water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Federal disaster agency monitoring Flint water crisis '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Gary ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Snyder asks Obama to declare federal emergency for Flint water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livengood , Chad ; Oosting , Jonathan ; Burke , Melissa Nann ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` White House to decide soon on Flint emergency request '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Southall , Ashley ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` State of Emergency Declared Over Man - Made Water Disaster in Michigan City '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acost , Roberto ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` President Obama signs emergency declaration over Flint 's water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livengood , Chad ; Oosting , Jonathan ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Snyder to appeal Obama 's denial of Flint disaster zone '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder seeking additional federal aid in Flint water crisis after appeal rejected '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder launches 2nd appeal for federal money to replace Flint water pipes '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FEMA denies request for federal aid for Flint for a second time '' . WJRT - TV . March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Health and Human Services to lead federal response of Flint water crisis '' . WEYI - TV . January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wakefield , Mary K. ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` On the Ground This Week : HHS to Lead Federal Response in Flint '' . United States Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dr. Nicole Lurie leading federal response in Flint , WNEM . Archived January 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` EPA orders state action , takes over testing of Flint water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EPA says Flint residents should use filters , continue drinking bottled water '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Feds to expand nutrition programs in Flint to fight lead poison damage '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder seeks expanded health coverage , lead abatement in Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Additional $500,000 in federal money to fight lead damage in Flint children '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pregnant women , kids affected by Flint water crisis covered under Medicaid waiver '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Feds to expand Flint 's Head Start program to help fight lead damage in kids '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint water crisis could net city $15 M in fed labor grants '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EPA extends federal emergency declaration for Flint '' . WJRT - TV . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State will pick up entire Flint water crisis response tab in mid-August '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two state DEQ workers arraigned on criminal charges in Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accused Flint employee ' not in same league ' as DEQ , says Virginia Tech professor '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accused water plant operator takes plea deal in Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Case dismissed against official who sounded warning about Flint water The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` New charges announced in Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen , Robert ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` 6 state employees criminally charged in Flint water crisis '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Householder , Mike ; Karoub , Jeff ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` 6 More Michigan Public Workers Charged in Flint Water Crisis '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schuette charges 6 state workers in Flint water crisis '' . The Detroit News . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No ' smoking gun ' against ex-state water chief in Flint crisis , lawyer says '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Former state epidemiologist takes plea deal in Flint water crisis prosecution The Flint Journal via MLive.com , September 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Former state health worker sentenced to probation in Flint water crisis WJRT - TV ( ABC 12 ) , March 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ Former city official takes plea , third to make deal in Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive.com , November 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Schuette ups the ante in Flint water crisis with new manslaughter charges The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ Charges upgraded against Michigan chief medical executive Dr. Eden Wells WJRT - TV ( ABC 12 ) , October 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fourth Flint water defendant takes misdemeanor plea deal with prosecutors The Flint Journal via MLive.com , December 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Pitt , Michael L. ; McGehee , Cary S. ; Rivers , Beth M. ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Melisa Mays , et . al. vs. Governor Rick Snyder , et . al '' ( PDF ) . Pitt Law PC . 2 : 15 - cv - 14002 - JCO - MKM . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Defendants ' conduct in exposing Flint residents to toxic water was so egregious and so outrageous that it shocks the conscience . Jump up ^ `` 4 families sue over lead in Flint water '' . The Detroit News . November 15 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bethencourt , Daniel ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` After Flint water crisis , families file lawsuit '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flint water lawsuit dismissed by judge The Detroit News , February 3 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Two Flint water lawsuits dismissed by same federal court judge The Flint Journal via MLive.com , February 7 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Pierson , Brendan ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Plaintiffs ' lawyers wary of taking on Flint water scandal '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 people file class action lawsuit against Gov. Snyder , Flint '' . WJRT - TV . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State of Michigan , Gov. Snyder sued in class action lawsuit over Flint water crisis '' . WDIV - TV . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Court of Claims handling DPS , Flint water crisis lawsuits ? '' . Michigan Radio . January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Flint water lawsuit seeks replacement of lead service lines '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lawsuit seeks water bill refunds for Flint residents '' . The Detroit Free Press . February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` $150 million Flint water class - action lawsuit dismissed '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wisely , John ; Dixon , Jennifer ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Fieger files $100 - million suit over Flint Legionnaires ' disease cases '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Connor , Tracy ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Parents of ' Tragic ' 2 - Year - Old With Lead Poisoning Sue Flint '' . NBC News . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Katrease ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Family of lead - poisoned Flint girl , 2 , files suit '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint mother at center of lead water crisis files lawsuit '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Class action suit filed over Flint water crisis '' . WNEM - TV . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inmates suing over water quality at Flint jail '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint to sue state , DEQ over water source switch '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint mayor says she has no plans to sue state but keeping option open '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Groups ask federal judge to order city , state to deliver bottled water to homes '' . WJRT - TV . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Settlement guarantees Flint service line replacements , not water deliveries The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 27 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Gov. Rick Snyder target of RICO lawsuit over Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP sues Michigan , governor over Flint lead - tainted water '' . WJRT - TV . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint water firm said it was told to ' exclude ' lead and copper issues '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Judge banks on bellwether trials to expedite hundreds of Flint water lawsuits The Flint Journal via MLive.com , November 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Class action lawsuit seeks $722 million from EPA WJRT - TV , January 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lawsuit seeks more than $720 M for 1,700 Flint residents over water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive.com , January 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Flint infrastructure fix could cost up to $1.5 B , mayor Karen Weaver says '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cost to fix Flint water infrastructure could reach $1.5 billion : reports '' . Reuters . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 15 years and $60 M needed to replace Flint 's lead water lines , emails show '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burns , Gus ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor says lead testing data underestimates long - term damage to Flint kids '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggert , David ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Michigan lawmakers approve $28 M more for Flint water crisis '' . WNEM - TV . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oosting , Jonathan ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` $28 M Flint supplemental bill heads to Snyder '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Obama gives $80 million to Michigan for Flint '' . The Detroit News . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` $80 million announced in connection with Flint water is revolving loan fund '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State , feds should share $800 million Flint water - fix bill , lawmakers say '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demanding Flint money , Senate Dems stop energy bill '' . The Detroit Free Press . February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate plan could send $100 million , loans to Flint '' . The Detroit Free Press . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Katrease ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Flint mayor : Pipe replacement to begin next month '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carah , Jacob ; Livengood , Chad ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Flint mayor announces lead pipe removal plan '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Acosta , Roberto ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Funding still needed for new $55 M plan to replace lead service lines '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fantz , Ashley ; Sgueglia , Kristina ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Flint mayor says $55 million needed to replace lead pipes '' . CNN . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint to begin first lead service line replacement amid water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Process under way to locate , replace lead pipes in Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint gets $2 million from state to start lead service water replacements '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint Mayor Weaver announces $25 million committed to help remove lead pipes '' . WJRT - TV . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint plan to replace the city 's lead - tainted pipes moves forward '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` City set to announce next Flint neighborhoods to receive new pipes '' . MLive.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint council approves contracts for nearly 750 more pipe replacements The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Crews nearly half way to 1,000 homes having new pipes in Flint before winter The Flint Journal via MLive.com , November 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Number of homes that need new water pipes in Flint has doubled , study says The Flint Journal via MLive.com , December 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Flint water plant needs nearly $60 million worth of upgrades WJRT - TV , January 19 , 2017 Jump up ^ Consultant puts cost of Flint water plant fixes at $108 million The Flint Journal ' via MLive.com , February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ State provides $6.5 M to aid Flint children at risk for lead - related delays The Flint Journal via MLive.com , February 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ EPA grants $100 M for Flint water system repairs CNN , March 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ $15 M from US going to Flint for water crisis health response Associated Press via WEYI - TV ( NBC 25 ) , June 30 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Mack , Julie ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Lead levels elevated for thousands of Michigan children outside of Flint '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barker , Kathryn M. ; Qureshi , Farah ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lead poisoning : Sources of exposure , health effects and policy implications '' . Journalist 's Resource . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Aaron E. ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` What the Science Says About Long - Term Damage From Lead '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lahiri , Debomoy K. ; Maloney , Bryan ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` The `` LEARn '' ( Latent Early -- life Associated Regulation ) model integrates environmental risk factors and the developmental basis of Alzheimer 's disease , and proposes remedial steps `` . Experimental Gerontology . Atlanta , Georgia , USA : Elsevier . 45 ( 4 ) : 291 -- 296 . doi : 10.1016 / j. exger. 2010.01. 001 . PMC 2881328 . Jump up ^ Basha , M. Riyaz ; Wei , Wei ; Bakheet , Saleh A. ; Benitez , Nathalie ; Siddiqui , Hasan K. ; Ge , Yuan - Wen ; Lahiri , Debomoy K. ; Zawia , Nasser H. ( January 26 , 2005 ) . `` The Fetal Basis of Amyloidogenesis : Exposure to Lead and Latent Overexpression of Amyloid Precursor Protein and β - Amyloid in the Aging Brain '' . Journal of Neuroscience . Washington DC , USA : Society for Neuroscience ( USA ) . 25 ( 4 ) : 823 -- 829 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 4335 - 04.2005 . Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Flint Weighs Scope of Harm to Children Caused by Lead in Water '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Feldscher , Karen ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Flint 's water crisis ' infuriating ' given knowledge about lead poisoning '' . Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reens , Nate ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Amash stood alone opposing Flint water federal aid bid '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Senate To Vote To Give More Funds Toward Flint 's Drinking Water Crisis Jump up ^ Did President Trump Bestow $100 Million Upon Flint , Michigan ? Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump believes the United States can get $1 trillion in new roads -- for free '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Wilbur , Navarro , Peter ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Trump Versus Clinton On Infrastructure '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Trump says he can fix Flint 's pipes for free . Here 's who would really be paying '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Emily ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Bill inspired by Flint water crisis would make data manipulation by Michigan officials a felony '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McVicar , Brian ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Michigan lawmaker calls on Gov. Rick Snyder to resign over ' indifference ' to Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Democrats call for state treasurer to resign for role in Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton speaks out on Flint 's water emergency '' . WJRT - TV . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Emery , Amanda ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton infuriated by Flint water crisis , outraged by Gov. Snyder '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Democrats Hillary Clinton , Bernie Sanders debate in Flint : What you need to know The Flint Journal via MLive.com , March 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Nelson , Colleen McCain ; Meckler , Laura ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump , Rubio Try to Stay Clear of Flint Water Crisis '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donald Trump visits Flint church , asked to leave politics out of speech The Flint Journal via MLive.com , September 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Pell , M.B. and Joshua Schneyer ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Off the Charts -- The thousands of U.S. locales where lead poisoning is worse than in Flint '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Annie Snider ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` White House , EPA headed off chemical pollution study '' . Politico.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lead Poisoning In Michigan Highlights Aging Water Systems Nationwide '' ( Interview with Robert Puentes , director of the Metropolitan Infrastructure Initiative at the Brookings Institution ) . NPR . Weekend Edition Saturday . January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wines , Michael ; Schwartz , John ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Unsafe Lead Levels in Tap Water Not Limited to Flint '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Mike ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Kids ' lead levels high in many Michigan cities '' . Bridge Magazine . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flint ( city ) , Michigan '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eligon , John ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` A Question of Environmental Racism in Flint '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Shaun ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` King : Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder did nothing as Flint 's water crisis became one of the worst cases of environmental racism in modern American history '' . The New York Daily News . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Racism played a role in Flint water crisis , says state report The Flint Journal via MLive.com , February 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ The Flint Water Crisis : Systemic Racism Through the Lens of Flint Michigan Civil Rights Commission , February 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Racism playing a role in Flint water crisis is not new , officials say The Flint Journal via MLive.com , February 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Flint water crisis : An obscene failure of government '' . The Detroit Free Press . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Rick Snyder needs to do more than just apologize for Flint water crisis '' . Michigan Live . December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Margaret ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Should The Times Have Been a Tougher Watchdog in Flint ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ann ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` How an investigative journalist helped prove a city was being poisoned with its own water '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fonger , Ron ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` MSNBC 's Rachel Maddow keeps national spotlight on water crisis in Michigan '' . Michigan Live . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rachel Maddow Slams Rick Snyder For ' Poisoning Flint 's Children ' With Water Crisis '' . CBS Detroit . December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emery , Amanda ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rachel Maddow bringing MSNBC town hall to Flint to discuss water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rachel Maddow wins Emmy for Flint water crisis coverage The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Carmody , Steve ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Watchdog group asks Gov. Snyder to release all Flint water crisis documents '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Papenfuss , Mary ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` US : Anonymous vows politicians linked to toxic Flint Michigan water ' wo n't go unpunished ' '' . The International Business Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Moore calls for arrest of Gov. Snyder '' . The Detroit News . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleszar , Chris ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Moore calls for Snyder 's arrest for Flint water '' . The Detroit Free Press . WZZM 13 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Devereaux , Brad ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Erin Brockovich , Michael Moore join outcry about Flint area Legionnaires ' spike '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bethencourt , Daniel ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Moore , in Flint , says crisis ' not a mistake ' '' . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackman , Caresse ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Mayor Weaver and Rev. Jesse Jackson discuss emergency declaration and water emergency '' . WJRT - TV . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Rev. Jesse Jackson calls Flint a `` disaster zone , '' asks for federal help `` . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rev. Jesse Jackson planning ' major national march ' in Flint '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Daughter of Desmond Tutu speaks on Flint water crisis at MLK Day event '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Damon Calls on Michigan Governor Rick Snyder to Resign Over Flint Water Crisis '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Mark Ruffalo urges President Obama to act on Flint water crisis '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Watch live as Virginia Tech professor discusses Flint water test results '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Million Dollar Extreme Presents World Peace Episode 3 `` 3 Down 47 to Go Countdown to Mass Funeral '' Jump up ^ `` UM - Flint kicks off first of 8 forums dedicated to the Flint Water Crisis '' . WJRT - TV . January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calfas , Jennifer ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` UM to spend $100 K researching solutions to Flint water crisis '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne State University researchers plan Flint water study '' . WJRT - TV . Associated Press . March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FACHEP concludes random Legionella sampling in Flint , Genesee County and Wayne County Wayne State University , October 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Expert at Harvard forum says Flint EMs cared more about money than people The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ Announcing the winners of the Media Lab Disobedience Award Massachusetts Insinuate of Technology , July 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Grossman , Daniel ; Slutsky , David ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Effect of an Increase in Lead in the Water System on Fertility and Birth Outcomes : The Case of Flint , Michigan '' ( PDF ) . College of Business and Economics Working Paper Series . No. 17 - 25 : 1 -- 64 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zarowny , Natalie ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Flint water crisis highlights lack of transparency with Michigan government '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spoer , Benjamin ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Flint 's water crisis is a human rights violation '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Isquith , Elias ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` When money matters more than lives : The poisonous cost of austerity in Flint , Michigan '' . Salon . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nichols , John ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` Outcry Over the Austerity Crisis in Flint Grows '' . The Nation . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fiore , Mark ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Video : Austerity Man '' . Truthdig . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lederman , Jacob ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Flint 's Water Crisis Is No Accident . It 's the Result of Years of Devastating Free - Market Reforms '' . In These Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soave , Robby ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Government Poisoned Flint 's Water -- So Stop Blaming Everyone Else '' . Reason . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dalmia , Shikha ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` What To Do About Flint ? Evacuate The Residents And Turn it Into a Landfill for Liberal Good Intentions '' . Reason . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint 's lead water crisis part of infrastructure conference WNEM - TV , March 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Dr. Marc Edwards speaks on current state of the Flint Water Crisis WJRT - TV ( ABC 12 ) , March 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ McGlashen , Andy . `` Flint water crisis : Policy changes needed to restore public trust '' . Michigan Distilled . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanna - Attisha , Mona . `` Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated With the Flint Drinking Water Crisis : A Spatial Analysis of Risk and Public Health Response '' . AJPH . American Public Health Association . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lyons , Jessica . `` How to Prevent Another Flint Water Crisis '' . environmental leader . Business Sector Media , LLC . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Lenny . `` Flint 's water crisis reveals government failures at every level '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EPA , OA , OP , ORPM , RMD , US . `` History of the Clean Water Act US EPA '' . US EPA . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ EPA , OW , US . `` Drinking Water Action Plan US EPA '' . US EPA . Jump up ^ A Potent Side Effect to the Flint Water Crisis : Mental Health Problems The New York Times , April 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cher to donate 181,000 bottles of water to help out Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive ( January 16 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Truckloads of water to be delivered to Flint senior centers Archived January 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , WJRT - TV ( January 15 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Meek Mill Promises to Donate Money to Flint Water Crisis , Asks 50 Cent to Help , XXL Magazine ( January 18 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Rappers Big Sean , Meek Mill pledge aid to Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive ( January 19 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Jimmy Fallon donates $10,000 to Flint water cause , calls on others to donate The Flint Journal via MLive , January 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ Diddy , Mark Wahlberg , Eminem and Wiz Khalifa to send 1M bottles of water to Flint WEYI - TV , January 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ Bruno Mars to donate $1 million towards Flint water crisis relief The flint Journal via MLive.com , August 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ Dave Chappelle donates $50 K to Flint a year after skipping water crisis benefit The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ Faygo teams with The United Way to bring Flint clean water , Faygo Beverages Facebook ( January 21 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Meijer Inc. donating $500,000 for Flint water crisis relief , WNDU ( February 4 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Dow Chemical helping with Flint water relief effort The Flint Journal via MLive , March 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ Oskar Blues sent 50,000 cans of water to Flint , Mich. , more on the way The Denver Post , January 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ See how $33.4 M in Flint water crisis grants , donations have been spent The Flint Journal via MLive.com , September 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ Associated Press , UAW members donate drinking water to Flint residents ; Americorps to begin effort ( January 9 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Support for Flint goes International as Ontario Hockey League teams pitch in , WEYI - TV ( January 21 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Aretha Franklin donating hotel stays , food to Flint residents , CBS News ( January 27 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Little River Band tribe offers $10,000 donation to help Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive ( January 19 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Lions ' Ziggy Ansah delivers 94,000 bottles of drinking water to Flint Sports Illustrated , January 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Washington Redskins players jump in for help with Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive ( January 20 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Adam Graham , Pearl Jam donates $300,000 to Flint water crisis , Detroit News ( January 22 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ GoFundMe to give $10,000 to highest earning Flint water crisis campaign The Flint Journal via MLive , January 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Anheuser - Busch sending 51,744 cans of water to aid in Flint 's water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive , January 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Detroit Pistons legend recalls ' bustling town ' before Flint water crisis , The Flint Journal via MLive ( February 5 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Matthew Dolan , Walmart , others promise Flint up to 6.5 M water bottles , Detroit Free Press ( January 26 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Bever , Amid Flint crisis , Walmart , Coca - Cola , Nestlé and PepsiCo to donate millions of water bottles , Washington Post ( January 26 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Madonna donates $10,000 to help with Flint water emergency WJRT - TV , January 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ Recording artist , Detroit native Kem donates to Flint water emergency WJRT - TV , January 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ UPDATE : The Game Pledges To Donate $1,000,000 To Flint , Michigan Amid Current Water Crisis ; Rapper Shares Photo Of Bank Wire The Urban Daily , January 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ Memphis , FedEx Team Up To Donate Water To Flint WWJ , January 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ Financial institutions offer $600,000 to Flint water crisis relief efforts The Flint Journal via MLive , February 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Craigslist founder launches Flint water match campaign The Detroit News , January 25 , 2016 Jump up ^ MSMS donates $10,000 to help children affected by Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive , February 6 , 2016 Jump up ^ Indiana sheriff 's office delivers semi-truck load of water to Flint The Flint Journal via MLive , February 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Indiana truck club delivers 80 tons of bottled water to Flint WJRT - TV , February 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Flint native , Dallas Cowboys star announces donations for Flint water emergency WJRT - TV , February 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Law enforcement organization donating water to Flint police in water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive , March 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ Dubuque to Send Almost 300 , 000 Water Bottles to Flint , MI KCRG , February 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ Group from Ohio State University delivers water to Flint WJRT - TV , March 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Amtrak makes special water delivery donation to Flint WJRT - TV , March 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Consumers Energy employees volunteer amid Flint water crisis WNEM - TV , March 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Michigan Masonic Charitable Foundation donates $100,000 to Community Foundation of Greater Flint WJRT - TV , March 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Dearborn woman trades Twitter handle for donation in Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive , March 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Details of $25 million program to help businesses impacted by Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive , March 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Inmates give back to those in Flint WPBN / WTOM , March 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ $2 M grant from Kresge to help fight the effects of lead in Flint children The Flint Journal via MLive.com , December 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ 70,000 pounds of water donated to Flint from Knoxville , Tennessee WJRT - TV , March 22 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Michigan groups help Flint with water Detroit Free Press , January 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Muslims Respond to Flint water crisis Muslims for American Progress Jump up ^ ISPU Case Study : Muslims Give to Flint Muslims for American Progress ) May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ Flint water crisis no laughing matter for comedian George Lopez The Flint Journal via MLive , February 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ Winter festival raises $50,000 for Flint water crisis Associated Press / WJRT - TV , February 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Massie , Victoria M. ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay and Ryan Coogler are hosting # JusticeForFlint benefit concert . Here 's why it matters '' . Vox . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Justice for Flint benefit show raises $156,000 for water crisis relief Justice for Flint benefit show raises $156,000 for water crisis relief '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Multi-city telethon raises over $1 M for families affected by Flint 's water crisis WEYI - TV , March 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Flint water crisis telethon raises $1.1 M with match from Pistons owner The Flint Journal via MLive , March 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ Benefit concert to help children affected by Flint water crisis The Flint Journal via MLive , April 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Snoop Dogg , Morris Peterson Jr. , bringing ' Hoop 4 Water ' to Flint WJRT - TV , May 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Snoop Dogg returning to Flint for celebrity basketball fundraiser '' . www.mlive.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas Hearns , Dirrell brothers , Jackie Kallen join Fight for Flint The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ Fashion For Flint show raises money for bottled water purchase The Flint Journal via MLive.com , January 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lifetime 's ' Flint ' Starring Queen Latifah '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Oscar - winning director working on Flint water crisis documentary , report says The Flint Journal via MLive.com , February 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ Here 's to Flint 2016 American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan Official YouTube Channel , March 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ Murky Waters of Flint . How a whole city was poisoned RT Documentary Official YouTube Channel , June 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ Local 4 special ' Failure In Flint ' WDIV - TV , March 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ NOVA probes chemistry and engineering behind Flint water crisis May 31 The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ PBS shows special screening of NOVA 's `` Poisoned Water '' WJRT - TV , May 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ Holpuch , Amanda ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` Flint Town : Netflix docu - series shines light on the harsh reality of US policing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flint water crisis book focuses on government failures , those who fought back The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Wilson , Kristian ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Who Is Mona Hanna - Attisha ? The Flint Activist Just Signed A Book Deal '' . Bustle . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dr. Mona tells CBS ' Sunday Morning ' she still does n't drink Flint tap water The Flint Journal via MLive.com , June 18 , 2018 Jump up ^ Hanna - Attisha , Mona ( June 19 , 2018 ) . What the Eyes Do n't See : A Story of Crisis , Resistance , and Hope in an American City . S.l. : One World . ISBN 9780399590832 . Jump up ^ Funes , Yessenia ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` A Film On the Flint Doctor Who Exposed the Water Crisis '' . ColorLines . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Roberto ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rapper Jon Connor releases ' Fresh Water For Flint ' in XXL Magazine article '' . The Flint Journal . Michigan Live . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ KUTA , SARAH ( Feb 11 , 2017 ) . `` Composer pens song to highlight Flint water crisis '' . www.trib.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Flint ' play by Jeff Daniels about water crisis to premiere in 2018 The Flint Journal via MLive.com , October 9 , 2017 Further reading ( edit ) Clark , Anna ( 2018 ) . The Poisoned City : Flint 's Water and the American Urban Tragedy . New York : Metropolitan Books ( Henry Holt and Company ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 12514 - 9 . Venkataraman , Bhawani ( 2018 ) . `` The Paradox of Water and the Flint Crisis '' . Environment . No . January / February . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) External media Audio `` Figuring Flint Out '' , On the Media , January 22 , 2016 Political decisions , racism , ineptitude : Digging into the origins of the Flint water crisis Stateside , April 25 , 2017 ( Michigan Radio ) Video Water crisis in Flint , Michigan , draws federal investigation , CNN , Greg Botelho , Sarah Jorgensen and Joseph Netto , January 9 , 2016 How Flint , Michigan , Saved Money and Poisoned Its Children : City Declares Water Emergency , Democracy Now , December 17 , 2015 Flint Water Crisis : Who Is To Blame ? The Young Turks , January 27 , 2016 The House Oversight and Governmental Reform Committee 's first hearing on the contaminated drinking water in Flint , MI ( February 3 , 2016 ) Full video from C - SPAN The House Oversight and Governmental Reform Committee 's second hearing on the contaminated drinking water in Flint , MI ( March 15 , 2016 ) Full video from C - SPAN The House Oversight and Governmental Reform Committee 's third hearing on the contaminated drinking water in Flint , MI ( March 17 , 2016 ) Full video from C - SPAN Taking Action on Flint Water -- official Michigan Department of Environmental Quality website on the crisis EPA documents related to Flint drinking water -- from the official EPA website Flintwaterstudy.org -- official website of Dr. Marc Edwards ' Virginia Tech Research Team , which investigated the lead contamination Articles on the Flint water crisis from MLive Articles on the Flint water crisis from Detroit Free Press Five Things -- Flint Water Crisis Lawsuits ( CNN ) `` But A Flint Holds Fire '' by Andrea Ramsey performed by The Michigan State University Children 's Choir at the MSU Community Music School Fall 2016 choir concert Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flint_water_crisis&oldid=854030547 '' Categories : 2014 disasters in the United States 2014 health disasters 2014 in Michigan 2014 in the environment 2015 disasters in the United States 2015 health disasters 2015 in Michigan 2015 in the environment 2016 disasters in the United States 2016 health disasters 2016 in Michigan 2016 in the environment 2017 disasters in the United States 2017 health disasters 2017 in Michigan 2017 in the environment April 2014 events in the United States Cover - ups Economy of Flint , Michigan Environment of Michigan Environmental disasters in the United States Flint , Michigan Health disasters in the United States Health in Michigan Lead poisoning incidents Water supply and sanitation in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles that may be too long from May 2018 Use mdy dates from June 2018 Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles needing cleanup from June 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2018 Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from June 2018 Articles needing cleanup from May 2018 Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Simple English Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 13 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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1059649049191569676	Big Yellow Taxi	Big Yellow Taxi - wikipedia Big Yellow Taxi Jump to : navigation , search `` Big Yellow Taxi '' Single by Joni Mitchell from the album Ladies of the Canyon Released April 1970 Format 7 '' Recorded 1970 Genre Folk rock pop folk Length 2 : 16 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Joni Mitchell Producer ( s ) Joni Mitchell Joni Mitchell singles chronology `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( 1970 ) `` Carey '' ( 1971 ) Big Yellow Taxi ( 1970 ) `` Carey '' ( 1971 ) For taxicabs in New York City , see taxicabs of New York City . `` Big Yellow Taxi '' is a song written , composed , and originally recorded by Canadian singer - songwriter Joni Mitchell in 1970 , and originally released on her album Ladies of the Canyon . It was a hit in her native Canada ( No. 14 ) as well as Australia ( No. 6 ) and the UK ( No. 11 ) . It only reached No. 67 in the US in 1970 , but was later a bigger hit there for her in a live version released in 1974 , which peaked at No. 24 . Charting versions have also been recorded by The Neighborhood ( who had the original top US 40 hit with the track in 1970 , peaking at No. 29 ) , Maire Brennan , Amy Grant and Counting Crows . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mitchell 's composition and recording 2 Lyrics variations 3 Music video 4 Track listings 5 Charts 6 Máire `` Moya '' Brennan version 6.1 Track listing 7 Amy Grant version 7.1 Track listing 7.2 Charts 8 Counting Crows and Vanessa Carlton version 8.1 Track listing 8.2 Charts 8.2. 1 Weekly charts 8.2. 2 Year - end charts 9 Other cover versions 10 References 11 External links Mitchell 's composition and recording ( edit ) Mitchell said this about writing the song to journalist Alan McDougall in the early 1970s : I wrote ' Big Yellow Taxi ' on my first trip to Hawaii . I took a taxi to the hotel and when I woke up the next morning , I threw back the curtains and saw these beautiful green mountains in the distance . Then , I looked down and there was a parking lot as far as the eye could see , and it broke my heart ... this blight on paradise . That 's when I sat down and wrote the song . The song is known for its environmental concern -- `` They paved paradise to put up a parking lot '' and `` Hey farmer , farmer , put away that DDT now '' -- and sentimental sound . The line `` They took all the trees , and put ' em in a tree museum / And charged the people a dollar and a half just to see ' em '' refers to Foster Botanical Garden in downtown Honolulu , which is a living museum of tropical plants , some rare and endangered . In the song 's final verse , the political gives way to the personal . Mitchell recounts the departure of her `` old man '' in the titular `` big yellow taxi , '' which may refer to the old Metro Toronto Police patrol cars , which until 1986 were painted yellow . In many covers the departed one may be interpreted as variously a boyfriend , a husband or a father . The literal interpretation is that he is walking out on the singer by taking a taxi ; otherwise it is assumed he is being taken away by the authorities . Mitchell 's original recording was first released as a single and then , as stated above , included on her 1970 album Ladies of the Canyon . A later live version was released in 1974 ( 1975 in France and Spain ) and reached No. 24 on the U.S. charts . Mitchell 's playful closing vocals have made the song one of the most identifiable in her repertoire , still receiving significant airplay in Canada . In 2005 , it was voted No. 9 on CBC 's list of the top 50 essential Canadian tracks . In 2007 , Joni Mitchell released the album Shine , which includes a newly recorded , rearranged version of the song . Lyrics variations ( edit ) There are various slight alterations of the lyrics from different versions . Joni Mitchell 's original version runs : They took all the trees And put them in a tree museum Then they charged the people A dollar and a half just to see ' em whereas in Amy Grant 's version , the people are charged `` twenty - five bucks , '' and in Mitchell 's own 2007 re-recording , the people are charged `` an arm and a leg . '' Bob Dylan , instead of singing about the `` big yellow taxi '' that `` took away my old man , '' sings , `` A big yellow bulldozer took away the house and land . '' Similarly , in Mitchell 's live version of the song released on Miles of Aisles in 1974 , she sings about `` a big yellow tractor '' that `` pushed around my house , pushed around my land . '' She then repeats the same verse , but with the original lyrics . While Amy Grant retains the taxi , her final reprise of the line about `` paved paradise '' reads `` steam rolled paradise . '' On the Counting Crows 's 2002 cover version , lead singer Adam Duritz sings `` Late , last night I heard the screen door sway / and a big yellow taxi took my girl away '' instead of `` Late last night I heard the screen door slam / and a big yellow taxi took away my old man . '' Music video ( edit ) An animated music video of Joni Mitchell 's `` Big Yellow Taxi '' was produced by John Wilson of Fine Arts Films as an animated short for the Sonny and Cher television show in the mid-1970s . The only commercial release of this full - length music video was in the Video Gems home video release on VHS titled John Wilson 's Mini Musicals , also released as The All Electric Music Movie . The home video also contains an animated music video of Mitchell 's song `` Both Sides , Now '' . Track listings ( edit ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( Traffic Jam Mix ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( Radio Mix ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( N.Y. Cab To Club Mix ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( Tribal Dub ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( Late Night Club Mix ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( Double Espresso NRG Mix ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( Booty ta Booty House Mix ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 14 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 19 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Billboard Easy Listening 33 Chart ( 1974 - 75 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 24 US Billboard Easy Listening 27 Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 39 Máire `` Moya '' Brennan version ( edit ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' Single by Máire Brennan from the album Misty Eyed Adventures Released Format CD single Label RCA BMG Songwriter ( s ) Joni Mitchell Producer ( s ) Calum Malcolm Máire Brennan Máire Brennan singles chronology `` Jealous Heart '' ( 1992 ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( 1993 ) `` You 're the One '' ( 1995 ) `` Jealous Heart '' ( 1992 ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( 1993 ) `` You 're the One '' ( 1995 ) In 1993 , Máire `` Moya '' Brennan covered the song . Track listing ( edit ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' `` Days Of The Dancing '' `` Dream On '' Amy Grant version ( edit ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' Single by Amy Grant from the album House of Love Released May 1994 Format Cassette single CD single Genre Adult contemporary Pop Length 3 : 01 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Joni Mitchell Producer ( s ) Keith Thomas Amy Grant singles chronology `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' ( 1994 ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( 1994 ) `` Oh How the Years Go By '' ( 1995 ) `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' ( 1994 ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( 1995 ) `` Oh How the Years Go By '' ( 1995 ) In 1995 , Amy Grant released a cover of `` Big Yellow Taxi '' to pop and Adult Contemporary radio in the United States and United Kingdom . The song was the fourth pop radio single from her House of Love album ( the third in the U.S. ) . Grant 's version featured slightly altered lyrics , which she changed at Joni Mitchell 's request . The single peaked at No. 67 on The Billboard Hot 100 , No. 18 on the Adult Contemporary chart , and at No. 20 in the U.K. Grant also released a music video for the single , which was aired in the U.S. and U.K. and released to home video on Grant 's Greatest Videos 1986 - 2004 DVD . Grant also performed the song for her 2006 concert album , Time Again ... Amy Grant Live . Track listing ( edit ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' - Paradise Mix `` Big Yellow Taxi '' - Alternative Paradise Mix `` Big Yellow Taxi '' - LP Version Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 25 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 20 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 18 US Billboard Adult Top 40 28 Counting Crows and Vanessa Carlton version ( edit ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' Single by Counting Crows featuring Vanessa Carlton from the album Hard Candy Released January 14 , 2003 Format CD single Recorded 2002 Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 47 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Joni Mitchell Producer ( s ) Steve Lilywhite Counting Crows singles chronology `` Miami '' ( 2002 ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( 2003 ) `` If I Could Give All My Love ( Richard Manuel Is Dead ) '' ( 2003 ) `` Miami '' ( 2002 ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( 2003 ) `` If I Could Give All My Love ( Richard Manuel Is Dead ) '' ( 2003 ) In 2002 , the Counting Crows covered the song , on whose backing vocals Vanessa Carlton was featured , and it was featured on the soundtrack to the film Two Weeks Notice and is the most successful version to date ( U.S. Billboard Adult Top 40 ) . The single was certified Gold on 25 October 2004 by the Recording Industry Association of America . Originally , the song was a hidden track on the band 's 2002 album Hard Candy , and it did not include Carlton until it was to be featured in the film . New releases of the album included it as a track with her added , as with her in the video , although Counting Crows and Carlton neither appeared in the video together nor recorded together . This song became the band 's only Top 20 single in the UK , peaking at No. 13 . This version slightly changed Mitchell 's original lyrics to describe when the eponymous taxi took `` my girl '' away , instead of Mitchell 's `` my old man . '' The original version of the song without Vanessa was included on the album `` Nolee Mix '' which was released to promote the My Scene dolls . Track listing ( edit ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' `` Big Yellow Taxi II '' `` If I Could Give All My Love '' / `` Richard Manuel Is Dead '' ( Acoustic / Live ) `` Hard Candy '' ( Acoustic / Live ) `` Big Yellow Taxi '' ( Multimedia Track ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 40 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 64 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 67 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 55 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 63 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 30 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Rank New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Other cover versions ( edit ) Many other artists have covered the song . A single version by the singing group The Neighborhood reached the Billboard Top 40 chart ( No. 29 ) in the summer of 1970 . Joe Dassin `` Le Grand Parking '' ( French Cover ) in 1970 from the album Joe Dassin ( `` La fleur aux dents '' ) . Bob Dylan 's cover of Joni Mitchell 's `` Big Yellow Taxi '' was recorded in 1970 and released in 1973 on Dylan . BB Gabor re-interpreted it on his 1980 eponymous album . Pinhead Gunpowder covered the song on their 1992 EP Fahizah . The EP was later used as part of their 1994 album Jump Salty . In 1996 a `` Big Yellow Taxi ( Traffic Jam Mix ) '' peaked on the U.S. dance charts at No. 39 and was part of the Friends : Music from the TV Series soundtrack album . ( See Joni Mitchell 's Singles and External links . ) The song is sampled in Janet Jackson 's and Q - Tip 's single `` Got ' Til It 's Gone , '' from Jackson 's 1997 album The Velvet Rope . Big Yellow Taxi also features on German legend Nena 's 2007 cover compilation album Cover Me . Edda Magnason recorded it with Augustifamiljen on an episode of `` På Spåret '' 2012 . This song is sampled by Labrinth in the song `` Sundown , '' from his debut 2012 album Electronic Earth . Kelly Rowland re-interpreted this song in the track `` Gone , '' on her 2013 album , Talk a Good Game . Australian vocal group The Idea of North recorded a cover on their 2013 album Smile . South - Korean singer J - Min covered the song for her Japanese debut mini-album , Korogaru Ringo . The song was sampled in Markus Feehily 's single `` Butterfly , '' which was released in 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jason Hanley ( 26 November 2014 ) . We Rock ! ( Music Lab ) : A Fun Family Guide for Exploring Rock Music History : From Elvis and the Beatles to Ray Charles and The Ramones , Includes Bios , Historical Context , Extensive Playlists , and Rocking Activities for the Whole Family ! . Quarry Books . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62788 - 220 - 0 . Jump up ^ Madelena Gonzalez ( 2005 ) . Fiction After the Fatwa : Salman Rushdie and the Charm of Catastrophe . Rodopi . p. 191 . ISBN 90 - 420 - 1962 - X . Jump up ^ `` Joni Mitchell -- Big Yellow Taxi 1974 release ( photos ) '' . discogs.com . Discog . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joni Mitchell -- Big Yellow Taxi 1974 / 1975 commercial release ( photos ) '' . discogs.com . Discogs . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hilburn , Robert ( December 8 , 1996 ) . `` Both Sides , Later '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , CA : Tribune Company . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . OCLC 3638237 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . With the release of two ' best of ' albums , Joni Mitchell looks back at her hits -- and misses -- and the artistry that 's earning renewed recognition . Jump up ^ Mattison , Shane . `` Tree museum '' . Lyric Glossary . JoniMitchell.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Getting Around '' . A History of Policing in Toronto . Toronto Police Service . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Joni Mitchell -- Big Yellow Taxi '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Joni Mitchell -- Big Yellow Taxi '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 166 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 166 . Jump up ^ Gubbins , Teresa ( September 4 , 1994 ) . `` Life In The Slow Lane '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago , IL , USA : Tribune Company . ISSN 1085 - 6706 . OCLC 43891617 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA : Counting Crows '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Counting Crows feat . Vanessa Carlton -- Big Yellow Taxi '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Counting Crows feat . Vanessa Carlton -- Big Yellow Taxi '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Counting Crows feat . Vanessa Carlton -- Big Yellow Taxi '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Counting Crows feat . Vanessa Carlton Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Counting Crows feat . Vanessa Carlton -- Big Yellow Taxi '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Counting Crows feat . Vanessa Carlton -- Big Yellow Taxi '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Counting Crows feat . Vanessa Carlton -- Big Yellow Taxi '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Counting Crows feat . Vanessa Carlton -- Big Yellow Taxi '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Counting Crows Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Counting Crows Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Counting Crows Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Counting Crows Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 2003 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . External links ( edit ) 1970s portal Lyrics for original version at jonimitchell.com Lyrics for 2007 version at jonimitchell.com Traffic Jam Mix / Friends Soundtrack at AllMusic Traffic Jam Mix Chart Position at Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Joni Mitchell Studio albums Song to a Seagull ( 1968 ) Clouds ( 1969 ) Ladies of the Canyon ( 1970 ) Blue ( 1971 ) For the Roses ( 1972 ) Court and Spark ( 1974 ) The Hissing of Summer Lawns ( 1975 ) Hejira ( 1976 ) Don Juan 's Reckless Daughter ( 1977 ) Mingus ( 1979 ) Wild Things Run Fast ( 1982 ) Dog Eat Dog ( 1985 ) Chalk Mark in a Rain Storm ( 1988 ) Night Ride Home ( 1991 ) Turbulent Indigo ( 1994 ) Taming the Tiger ( 1998 ) Both Sides Now ( 2000 ) Travelogue ( 2002 ) Shine ( 2007 ) Live albums Miles of Aisles Shadows and Light Amchitka , The 1970 Concert That Launched Greenpeace Compilation albums Hits Misses The Beginning of Survival Dreamland Songs of a Prairie Girl Love Has Many Faces : A Quartet , a Ballet , Waiting to Be Danced Singles & key songs `` Both Sides , Now '' `` Chelsea Morning '' `` Big Yellow Taxi '' `` Woodstock '' `` Little Green '' `` Carey '' `` California '' `` This Flight Tonight '' `` River '' `` The Last Time I Saw Richard '' `` You Turn Me On , I 'm a Radio '' `` Help Me '' `` Free Man in Paris '' `` Down to You '' `` Coyote '' Collaborations `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` You Can Close Your Eyes '' `` Long Ago and Far Away '' The Last Waltz The Wall -- Live in Berlin `` Got ' til It 's Gone '' River : The Joni Letters Related articles Discography Albums Songs Moya Brennan Studio albums Máire Misty Eyed Adventures Perfect Time Whisper to the Wild Water New Irish Hymns Two Horizons An Irish Christmas Signature My Match Is A Makin ' T with the Maggies Voices & Harps Live albums Óró - A Live Session Signature Live Heart Strings Singles `` Against the Wind '' `` Jealous Heart '' `` Big Yellow Taxi '' `` You 're the One '' `` Heal This Land '' `` Show Me '' `` Tara '' `` No One Talks '' `` Merry - Go - Round '' `` Green to Gold '' Featured singles `` Saltwater '' Charitable albums A Future for the Michel Sanctuary Bibliography Pastpresent Ireland : Landscapes of God 's Peace The Other Side of the Rainbow Related articles Clannad Enya T with the Maggies Leo 's Tavern Gaoth Dobhair Music of Ireland Gaeltacht Amy Grant Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Amy Grant My Father 's Eyes Never Alone Age to Age Straight Ahead Unguarded Lead Me On Heart in Motion House of Love Behind the Eyes Legacy ... Hymns and Faith Simple Things Rock of Ages ... Hymns and Faith Somewhere Down the Road How Mercy Looks from Here Christmas albums A Christmas Album The Animals ' Christmas ( with Art Garfunkel ) Home for Christmas 20th Century Masters - The Christmas Collection : The Best of Amy Grant ( Home for Christmas re-release ) A Christmas to Remember Compilation albums The Collection Her Greatest Inspirational Songs Greatest Hits 1986 - 2004 My Best Christmas Greatest Hits The Christmas Collection Be Still and Know ... Hymns & Faith Live albums In Concert In Concert Volume Two Time Again ... Amy Grant Live Singles / EPs `` El Shaddai '' `` Ageless Medley ( EP ) '' `` Angels '' `` Find a Way '' `` Everywhere I Go '' `` Wise Up '' `` Sharayah '' `` Stay for Awhile '' `` The Next Time I Fall '' `` Saved by Love '' `` Lead Me On '' `` 1974 ( We Were Young ) '' `` What About the Love '' `` Say Once More '' `` Faithless Heart '' `` ' Tis So Sweet to Trust in Jesus '' `` Baby Baby '' `` Hope Set High '' `` Every Heartbeat '' `` That 's What Love Is For '' `` Good for Me '' `` I Will Remember You '' `` Grown - Up Christmas List '' `` Let the Season Take Wing '' `` House of Love '' `` Lucky One '' `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' `` Big Yellow Taxi '' `` Oh How the Years Go By '' `` Takes a Little Time '' `` Simple Things '' `` She Colors My Day '' `` Better Than a Hallelujah '' Television Three Wishes Books Mosaic : Pieces of My Life So Far Related articles Vince Gill Gary Chapman Book : Amy Grant Counting Crows Jim Bogios David Bryson Adam Duritz Charlie Gillingham David Immerglück Millard Powers Dan Vickrey Steve Bowman Matt Malley Ben Mize Studio albums August and Everything After Recovering the Satellites This Desert Life Hard Candy Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings Somewhere Under Wonderland Other albums Underwater Sunshine ( or What We Did on Our Summer Vacation ) Live albums Across a Wire : Live in New York City New Amsterdam : Live at Heineken Music Hall February 4 -- 6 , 2003 August and Everything After : Live at Town Hall Echoes of the Outlaw Roadshow Compilations Films About Ghosts ( The Best Of ... ) Aural 6 Singles `` Mr. Jones '' `` Round Here '' `` Einstein on the Beach ( For an Eggman ) '' `` Rain King '' `` A Murder of One '' `` Angels of the Silences '' `` A Long December '' `` Daylight Fading '' `` Hanginaround '' `` Mrs. Potter 's Lullaby '' `` All My Friends '' `` American Girls '' `` Miami '' `` Big Yellow Taxi '' `` If I Could Give All My Love ( Richard Manuel Is Dead ) '' `` Holiday in Spain '' `` She Do n't Want Nobody Near '' `` Accidentally in Love '' `` 1492 '' `` You Ca n't Count on Me '' `` Come Around '' `` When I Dream of Michelangelo '' `` Palisades Park '' Other songs `` Colorblind '' Concert videos August and Everything After : Live at Town Hall Related articles Discography The Himalayans Sordid Humor Maria Vanessa Carlton Discography Studio albums Be Not Nobody Harmonium Heroes & Thieves Rabbits on the Run Liberman Singles `` A Thousand Miles '' `` Ordinary Day '' `` Pretty Baby '' `` White Houses '' `` Nolita Fairytale '' `` Hands on Me '' `` Heroes & Thieves '' `` Carousel '' Featured singles `` Big Yellow Taxi '' `` Everybody 's Got to Learn Sometime '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Yellow_Taxi&oldid=832032771 '' Categories : 1970 songs 2002 singles APRA Award winners Debut singles Counting Crows songs Environmental songs Joni Mitchell songs Vanessa Carlton songs Bob Dylan songs Songs written by Joni Mitchell Song recordings produced by Steve Lillywhite Reprise Records singles RCA Records singles A&M Records singles Geffen Records singles Sony BMG singles Song recordings produced by Joni Mitchell Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 12 : 22 . 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-2636542078752131988	Finding Dory	Finding Dory - Wikipedia Finding Dory This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Finding Dory Theatrical release poster Directed by Andrew Stanton Produced by Lindsey Collins Screenplay by Andrew Stanton Victoria Strouse Story by Andrew Stanton Starring Ellen DeGeneres Albert Brooks Hayden Rolence Ed O'Neill Kaitlin Olson Ty Burrell Diane Keaton Eugene Levy Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography Jeremy Lasky Ian Megibben Edited by Axel Geddes Production company Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date June 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million Box office $1.029 billion Finding Dory is a 2016 American 3D computer - animated comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Directed by Andrew Stanton with co-direction by Angus MacLane , the screenplay was written by Stanton and Victoria Strouse . The film is a sequel / spinoff to 2003 's Finding Nemo and features the returning voices of Ellen DeGeneres and Albert Brooks , with Hayden Rolence ( replacing Alexander Gould ) , Ed O'Neill , Kaitlin Olson , Ty Burrell , Diane Keaton and Eugene Levy joining the cast . The film focuses on the amnesiac fish Dory , who journeys to be reunited with her parents . The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on June 8 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on June 17 , 2016 . Upon release , the film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $1 billion worldwide , becoming the second Pixar film to cross this mark after 2010 's Toy Story 3 and making it the third - highest - grossing film of 2016 and the 25th - highest - grossing of all - time . The film set numerous records , including the highest - grossing animated film opening of all time in North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Environmental controversies and issues 6.4 Accolades 7 Possible sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Dory , a regal blue tang , gets separated from her parents as a child . As she grows up , Dory attempts to search for them , but gradually forgets them due to her short - term memory loss . In the flashback of the previous film , Finding Nemo , she joins Marlin -- a clownfish looking for his missing son Nemo -- after accidentally swimming into him . One year later , Dory is living with Marlin and Nemo on their reef . One day , Dory has a flashback and remembers that she has parents . She decides to look for them , but her memory problem is an obstacle . She eventually remembers that they lived at the Jewel of Morro Bay across the ocean in California , thanks to Nemo mentioning its name . Marlin and Nemo accompany Dory . With the help of Crush , a sea turtle friend , they ride a water current to California . Upon arrival , they explore a shipwreck full of destroyed cargo , where Dory accidentally awakens a squid , who immediately pursues them and almost devours Nemo . Marlin berates Dory for endangering them . Her feelings hurt , Dory travels to the surface to seek help and is captured by staff members from the nearby Marine Life Institute after getting entangled in six pack rings . Dory is placed in the quarantine section and tagged . There she meets a grouchy but well - meaning octopus named Hank . Dory 's tag shows that she will be sent to an aquarium in Cleveland . Due to a traumatic ocean life , Hank wants to live in the aquarium instead of being released back into the ocean , so he agrees to help Dory find her parents in exchange for her tag . In one exhibit , Dory encounters her childhood friend Destiny , a nearsighted whale shark who used to communicate with Dory through pipes , and Bailey , a beluga whale who mistakenly believes he has lost his ability to echolocate . Dory subsequently has flashbacks of life with her parents and struggles to recall details . She finally remembers how she was separated from her parents : she overheard her mother crying one night , left to retrieve a shell to cheer her up , and was pulled away by an undertow current . Marlin and Nemo attempt to rescue Dory . With the help of two sea lions named Fluke and Rudder and a disfigured common loon named Becky , they manage to get into the institute and find her in the pipe system . Other blue tangs tell them that Dory 's parents escaped from the institute a long time ago to search for her and never came back , leaving Dory believing that they have died . Hank retrieves Dory from the tank , accidentally leaving Marlin and Nemo behind . He is then apprehended by one of the employees and unintentionally drops Dory into the drain , flushing her out to the ocean . While wandering aimlessly , she comes across a trail of shells ; remembering that when she was young , her parents had set out a similar trail to help her find her way back home , she follows it . At the end of the trail , Dory finds an empty home with multiple shell trails leading to it . As she turns to leave , she sees her parents Jenny and Charlie in the distance . They tell her they spent years laying down the trails for her to follow in the hopes that she would eventually find them . Marlin , Nemo , and Hank end up in the truck taking various aquatic creatures to Cleveland . Destiny and Bailey escape from their exhibit to help Dory rescue them . Once on board the truck , Dory persuades Hank to return to the sea with her , and together , they hijack the truck and drive it over busy highways , creating havoc , before crashing it into the sea , freeing all the fish . Dory , along with her parents and new friends , return to the reef with Marlin and Nemo . In a post-credits scene , the Tank Gang from Finding Nemo , still trapped inside their ( now algae - covered ) plastic bags , reach California one year after floating across the Pacific Ocean , where they are eventually picked up by the same staff members from the Marine Life Institute . Voice cast ( edit ) Ellen DeGeneres as Dory , a regal blue tang who suffers from short - term memory loss . Sloane Murray as Young Dory . Murray is the seven - year - old daughter of producer Lindsey Collins . Lucia Geddes as Teen Dory . Albert Brooks as Marlin , an overprotective ocellaris clownfish , Nemo 's father and Dory 's friend . Hayden Rolence as Nemo , a young optimistic clownfish and Marlin 's son . Ed O'Neill as Hank , a cranky East Pacific red octopus who previously lost a tentacle . Kaitlin Olson as Destiny , a near - sighted whale shark and Dory 's childhood friend . Ty Burrell as Bailey , a beluga whale who temporarily lost echolocation due to a concussion . Diane Keaton as Jenny , Dory 's mother . Eugene Levy as Charlie , Dory 's father . Idris Elba as Fluke , a California sea lion . Dominic West as Rudder , a California sea lion and Fluke 's friend . Bob Peterson as Mr. Ray , a spotted eagle ray and Nemo 's schoolteacher . Andrew Stanton as Crush , a green sea turtle . Sigourney Weaver as herself , the announcer for the recorded messages broadcast over the institute 's public address system . Bill Hader as Stan , a kelp bass and husband fish . Kate McKinnon as Stan 's wife fish . Alexander Gould as Passenger Carl , a delivery truck driver who works for the institute . Torbin Xan Bullock as Gerald , a California sea lion who wishes to lie on the rock occupied by Fluke and Rudder . Katherine Ringgold as Chickenfish , named Kathy . Bennett Dammann as Squirt , Crush 's son . John Ratzenberger as Husband Crab ( Bill ) . Angus MacLane as Sunfish `` Charlie Back - and - Forth '' . Willem Dafoe as Gill , a Moorish idol , the leader of the `` Tank Gang . '' Brad Garrett as Bloat , a pufferfish . Allison Janney as Peach , a pink starfish . Austin Pendleton as Gurgle , a royal gramma . Stephen Root as Bubbles , a yellow tang . Vicki Lewis as Deb ( & Flo ) , a four - striped damselfish . Jerome Ranft as Jacques , a cleaner shrimp . Production ( edit ) Prior to work on Finding Dory , Disney had planned to make a Finding Nemo sequel without Pixar 's involvement , through Circle 7 Animation , a studio Disney announced in 2005 with the intention to make sequels to Pixar properties . However , due to the 2006 acquisition of Pixar by Disney , Circle 7 was shut down by Disney without ever having produced a film . Director Andrew Stanton at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival In July 2012 , it was reported that Andrew Stanton was developing a sequel to Finding Nemo , with Victoria Strouse writing the script and a release date scheduled for 2016 . However , the same day the news of a potential sequel broke , Stanton posted a message on his personal Twitter calling into question the accuracy of these reports . The message said , `` Did n't you all learn from Chicken Little ? Everyone calm down . Do n't believe everything you read . Nothing to see here now . # skyisnotfalling . '' According to a report by The Hollywood Reporter published in August 2012 , Ellen DeGeneres was in negotiations to reprise her role of Dory . In September 2012 , it was confirmed by Stanton , saying : `` What was immediately on the list was writing a second Carter movie . When that went away , everything slid up . I know I 'll be accused by more sarcastic people that it 's a reaction to Carter not doing well , but only in its timing , but not in its conceit . '' In February 2013 , it was confirmed by the press that Albert Brooks would reprise the role of Marlin in the sequel . In April 2013 , Disney announced the sequel , Finding Dory , for November 25 , 2015 , confirming that DeGeneres and Brooks would be reprising their roles as Dory and Marlin , respectively . Following a long campaign for a sequel on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , DeGeneres stated : I have waited for this day for a long , long , long , long , long , long time . I 'm not mad it took this long . I know the people at Pixar were busy creating Toy Story 16 . But the time they took was worth it . The script is fantastic . And it has everything I loved about the first one : It 's got a lot of heart , it 's really funny , and the best part is -- it 's got a lot more Dory . In a July 2013 interview with Los Angeles Times , Stanton spoke of the sequel 's origin : `` There was polite inquiry from Disney ( about a Finding Nemo sequel ) . I was always ' No sequels , no sequels . ' But I had to get on board from a VP standpoint . ( Sequels ) are part of the necessity of our staying afloat , but we do n't want to have to go there for those reasons . We want to go there creatively , so we said ( to Disney ) , ' Can you give us the timeline about when we release them ? Because we 'd like to release something we actually want to make , and we might not come up with it the year you want it . ' '' In a 2016 interview Stanton stated how the film 's story came to be ; `` I do n't watch my films that often after they 're done because I have to watch them so many times before they come out . So about 2010 when we were getting Finding Nemo ready for the 10 - year re-release in 3D , it was interesting to watch again after all that time . Something kind of got lodged in the back of my brain and started to sort of stew . I started to think about how easily Dory could get lost and not find Marlin and Nemo again . She basically was in the same state that she was when Marlin found her . I did n't know where she was from . I knew that she had spent most of her youth wandering the ocean alone , and I wanted to know that she could find her new family , if she ever got lost again . It 's almost like the parental side of me was worried . '' Stanton additionally stated : `` I knew if I ever said Finding Dory or mentioned a sequel to Finding Nemo out loud , I 'd be done , ( T ) here would be no way I 'd be able to put that horse back in the barn . So I kept it very quiet until I knew I had a story that I thought would hold , and that was in early 2012 . So I pitched it to John Lasseter and he was all into it . Then I got a writer , and once we had a treatment that we kind of liked , I felt comfortable calling Ellen . '' Stanton selected Victoria Strouse to write the screenplay . She later said , `` It was always collaborative with Andrew , but really the screenwriting was me . Of course , Andrew would do passes , and he and I would brainstorm a lot together and then we would bring it to the group of story artists . People would weigh in and share ideas . '' She pointed to Dory 's forgetfulness as a challenge when writing the script , adding , `` You do n't realize until you sit down to write a character who ca n't remember things how integral memory is to absolutely everything we do , and that 's what creates a narrative that people can follow . When a main character ca n't self - reflect and ca n't tell a story , that character is very difficult to design because she ca n't really lead . To get her to be able to lead and to get an audience to be able to trust her was the hardest thing to do . '' The fictional Marine Life Institute depicted extensively in the film is based on the production team 's research trips to the Monterey Bay Aquarium , the Marine Mammal Center and the Vancouver Aquarium . The film 's ending was revised after Pixar executives viewed Blackfish , a 2013 documentary film which focuses on the dangers of keeping orca whales in captivity . Initially , some of the characters were to end up in a SeaWorld - like marine park , but the revision gave them an option to leave . On September 18 , 2013 , it was announced that the film would be pushed back to a June 17 , 2016 , release . Pixar 's The Good Dinosaur was moved to the November 25 , 2015 , release window to allow more time for production of the film . Co-director Angus MacLane at a Finding Dory premiere Angus MacLane was one of the first people to whom Stanton revealed his idea for the sequel . Together , with Bob Peterson , they discussed about different ideas for places Dory would visit during her journey -- one of those ideas was the touch pool sequence . Later , during the Brave ( 2012 ) wrap party , Stanton invited Angus to join him in his first co-directing duty . Stanton described Angus ' role as a `` jack of all trades , '' particularly utilising his experience in animation and story , as well as in production , having created a few short films himself . In August 2015 , at Disney 's D23 Expo , it was announced that Hayden Rolence would voice Nemo , replacing Alexander Gould from the first film , whose voice has deepened since reaching adulthood ( Gould voiced a minor character in the sequel instead ) . In addition to Rolence , Ed O'Neill was revealed to be the voice of Hank . To make the light more realistic , RenderMan was completely re-engineered , its biggest change in 25 years . Soundtrack ( edit ) Finding Dory Soundtrack album by Thomas Newman Released June 14 , 2016 Recorded 2015 -- 16 Studio DeepSleep Studios Newman Scoring Stage Sony Pictures Studios The Village Genre Soundtrack Length 68 : 20 Label Walt Disney Producer Thomas Newman Bill Bernstein Thomas Newman chronology Spectre ( 2015 ) Spectre 2015 Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Passengers ( 2016 ) Passengers 2016 Pixar film soundtrack chronology The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur 2015 Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Finding Dory2016 Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Cars 3 2017 Singles from Finding Dory `` Unforgettable '' Released : May 27 , 2016 The film 's soundtrack entitled Finding Dory was composed by Thomas Newman and released on June 17 , 2016 . Louis Armstrong 's version of `` What a Wonderful World '' is played during the scene in which fish are released into the ocean as the truck Dory and Hank are driving crashes into the water . On May 20 , 2016 , Sia performed a cover of Nat King Cole 's `` Unforgettable '' on The Ellen DeGeneres Show following an announcement that it would be featured in the film . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Performer Length 1 . `` Kelpcake '' 0 : 46 2 . `` Finding Dory ( Main Title ) '' 0 : 55 3 . `` Lost at Sea '' 1 : 36 4 . `` One Year Later '' 2 : 24 5 . `` Migration Song '' 0 : 35 6 . `` '' O , We 're Going Home `` '' 1 : 38 7 . `` Jewel of Morro Bay '' 2 : 00 8 . `` Gnarly Chop '' 1 : 39 9 . `` Squid Chase '' 1 : 28 10 . `` Sigourney Weaver '' 1 : 21 11 . `` Hank '' 3 : 19 12 . `` Nobody 's Fine '' 3 : 29 13 . `` Rebecca Darling '' 1 : 54 14 . `` Meet Destiny '' 1 : 07 15 . `` Joker at Work '' 1 : 16 16 . `` Becky Flies '' 3 : 53 17 . `` Hands ! '' 2 : 24 18 . `` Almost Home '' 2 : 01 19 . `` Open Ocean '' 3 : 18 20 . `` Two Lefts and a Right '' 3 : 57 21 . `` Everything About You '' 1 : 41 22 . `` Quarantine '' 2 : 41 23 . `` Warp '' 1 : 03 24 . `` All Alone '' 0 : 53 25 . `` ... Shells '' 4 : 47 26 . `` No Walls '' 2 : 25 27 . `` Okay with Crazy '' 1 : 50 28 . `` Hide and Seek '' 1 : 51 29 . `` Quite a View '' 1 : 25 30 . `` Unforgettable ( End Title ) '' Sia 3 : 17 31 . `` Three Hearts ( End Title ) '' 3 : 29 32 . `` Loon Tune '' 1 : 20 33 . `` Fish Who Wander '' 1 : 18 34 . `` Release '' 1 : 13 Release ( edit ) Finding Dory premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on June 8 , 2016 , and was theatrically released in the United States on June 17 , 2016 , in 2D , Disney Digital 3 - D and RealD 3D . It was also released to select IMAX 3D theaters . In April 2016 , it was announced that a new Pixar short , Piper , directed by Alan Barillaro and with music by Adrian Belew , would be shown in front of the film . It had its UK premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on June 18 , 2016 . The film was re-released for Labor Day weekend in 2016 . Home Media ( edit ) Finding Dory was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray ( 2D and 3D ) and DVD in the United States on November 15 , 2016 , with a digital release on October 25 . In addition to Piper , the bonus features also included a short film , titled Marine Life Interviews , featuring interviews with the inhabitants of the Marine Life Institute about their encounters with Dory . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Finding Dory grossed $486.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $542.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.029 billion , against a budget of $200 million . It had a worldwide opening of $185.7 million , which is the second - biggest of all time for an animated film behind Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( $218.4 million ) , and an IMAX global opening of $6.4 million . On August 16 , it became the fourth film of 2016 to earn $900 million in ticket sales , and on October 9 -- its seventeenth weekend -- it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the third film of 2016 after Captain America : Civil War and Zootopia to reach that mark , the second Pixar film ( after Toy Story 3 ) , the fifth animated film ( after Toy Story 3 , Frozen , Minions , and Zootopia ) , the twelfth Disney film ( fourth Disney animated film ) , and the twenty - seventh film overall in cinematic history . Worldwide , it is the third - highest - grossing film of 2016 ( behind Civil War and Rogue One ) , the highest - grossing animated film of 2016 , the second - highest - grossing Pixar film ever ( behind Toy Story 3 ) , the fourth - highest - grossing animated film of all time , and the 25th - highest - grossing film of all time . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $296.6 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the fourth-most profitable release of 2016 . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Finding Dory opened on June 17 , 2016 , alongside Central Intelligence , with projections having the film grossing $110 -- 120 million in its opening weekend , with some estimates going as high as $130 million . It received the widest release for a Pixar film ( 4,305 theaters , breaking Brave 's record ) , of which 3,200 venues were in 3D , along with 425 premium large format locales , approximately 100 IMAX theaters and a handful of Dolby Cinema sites . It was Fandango 's top pre-selling animated film of all time , outselling the previous record - holder , Minions . The film grossed $9.2 million from Thursday night previews , a record for both Pixar and any animated film , and $54.7 million on its opening day , marking both the biggest opening day and single - day for an animated film . This also marks the first time that an animated film has grossed over $50 million in a single day . It went on to gross $135.1 million in its opening weekend , finishing first at the box office and setting the record for the highest opening weekend for both Pixar ( breaking Toy Story 3 's record ) and any animated film ( breaking Shrek the Third 's record ) , and became the third - biggest adjusted for inflation . It is also the third - highest opening ( excluding Marvel and Star Wars films ) for Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures behind Beauty and the Beast ( $174.8 million ) and Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( $135.6 million ) , and is the studio 's ninth - biggest debut overall . It also became the fifth animated film and the fifth film of 2016 to open above $100 million . Morever , its opening also marked the second - biggest for the month of June , behind only Jurassic World . Its opening was 93.8 % above Finding Nemo 's $70.3 million debut . It further broke the record for the biggest PLF and Cinemark XD opening for an animated film with $10.4 million and $2.6 million , respectively . In IMAX , it made $5 million from 211 theaters , the third - best animated IMAX opening behind Zootopia ( $5.2 million ) and Toy Story 3 ( $8.4 million ) . Following its record - breaking openings , it scored the biggest Monday for Pixar by grossing $19.6 million ( breaking Toy Story 3 's $15.6 million ) and the best Monday in June for an animated film . However , among all animated films , it is ranked second -- behind 2004 's Shrek 2 , which made $23.4 million on its first Monday , and it is also the biggest Tuesday for an animated film with $23.2 million , besting Minions ' $16.8 million . It jumped 18.5 % over its Monday gross , a rare achievement for a film . It crossed the $200 million mark in its first seven days , becoming the first ( and fastest ) animated film to pass the said milestone in just a week . It fell only 46 % in its second weekend earning $73 million to record the biggest second weekend for an animated film ( breaking Shrek 2 's $72.2 million previous record ) , the biggest for Disney and 2016 ( surpassing Captain America : Civil War 's $72.6 million ) , and the eighth - biggest second weekend gross of all time overall . This was despite facing stiff competition from newcomer Independence Day : Resurgence . It crossed $300 million in 12 days -- a new record for an animated film , surpassing the previous record held by Shrek 2 and Toy Story 3 ( both of which took 18 days ) , and became the second animated film of 2016 ( after Zootopia ) , the fourth Disney film of 2016 , and the sixth overall film of the year to cross the milestone . It continued to dominate the box office for the third straight weekend , despite competitions from three new wide releases -- The Legend of Tarzan , The Purge : Election Year , and fellow Disney release The BFG -- after witnessing a 42 % decline to $41.8 million in three days and $51.4 million in four days , respectively , during the Independence Day holiday frame . This made it the second time in two years and just the third time since 1992 , the July 4 holiday box office was topped by a film in its third weekend of release . It broke another record as it passed the $400 million mark in 21 days , which is the fastest for an animated film , the fastest of 2016 , the fastest for the studio , and the fifth - fastest of all time overall . Morever , it became the second film of 2016 ( after Captain America : Civil War ) , the fifth animated film , the ninth film for the studio , and the twenty - fourth film overall to pass the milestone . On the following day ( July 8 ) , it surpassed Civil War to become the biggest film of the year up until Rogue One took that title in January 2017 . It dropped out of the top ten in its eighth week . Although the film was finally overtaken by The Secret Life of Pets ( and The Legend of Tarzan in second place ) in its fourth weekend , it nevertheless passed The Lion King to become the highest - grossing Disney animated film of all time in the same weekend , surpassing the latter which held the record for 15 non-consecutive years . In just 30 days , it overtook Shrek 2 ( $441.2 million ) to become the highest - grossing animated film of all time , breaking the latter 's record of 12 years . Four days later , on July 20 , it became the first - ever animated film in cinematic history to cross the $450 million mark . As with its predecessor Finding Nemo , the studio expanded the theater count for the film during the Labor Day weekend from 345 theaters to 2,075 theaters , an addition of 1,730 theaters . In 2003 , Nemo was expanded from 838 sites to 1,053 locations . It became the second - highest - grossing film of 2016 ( behind Rogue One ) , the highest - grossing Pixar film , the second - highest - grossing Walt Disney Pictures release ( behind Beauty and the Beast ) , the highest - grossing Disney animated film , the highest - grossing animated film overall , and the ninth - highest - grossing film of all time . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , Finding Dory received a staggered release in a span of four months from June to September , with Germany being the last country . This was done in order take advantage of key holidays and competitive dates around the world . It was released across 29 countries -- which is 32 % of its entire international release territories -- the same weekend as its U.S. premiere . It made an estimated $50.7 million to take the No. 1 spot at the international box office . In its second weekend , it added $38.7 million from 37 markets , falling in third place behind Independence Day : Resurgence and Now You See Me 2 . In the same weekend along with its $73 million take in North America , the film helped Pixar cross the $10 billion mark worldwide since Toy Story ( 1995 ) . By its fourth weekend , the animated film helped Disney push past the $3 billion mark internationally and $5 billion globally . It had the biggest opening for an animated film in Brazil ( $7.1 million ) and the Netherlands ( $2.1 million ) , and the biggest of all time for a Disney animated or Pixar film in Australia ( $7.7 million ) , the Philippines ( $2.1 million ) , Singapore ( $1.3 million ) , India ( $1 million ) , Indonesia , Peru and Central America , and in Russia it opened with $3.2 million , and the second - biggest in the United Kingdom and Ireland ( $10.7 million ) , Mexico ( $9.4 million ) and Argentina ( $3.5 million ) , and that 's despite amidst the latter country 's Copa America soccer match , and Colombia ( $2.1 million ) , behind Monsters University . In the UK and Ireland , the film recorded the second - biggest animated opening of the year with £ 8.1 million ( $10.7 million ) from 580 theaters , behind only The Secret Life of Pets . However , if previews are excluded , Finding Dory is ahead . Moreover , it also posted the second - biggest Disney / Pixar opening , behind only Toy Story 3 ( fourth - biggest if previews are included ) , and the seventh - biggest animated opening of all time overall based on pure Friday - to - Sunday gross alone . It added an additional 43 theaters in its second weekend , after which it added another £ 3.98 million ( $5.1 million ) at the weekend , thereby passing the £ 20 million mark in just 10 days ( among Pixar films , only Toy Story 3 reached £ 20 million faster ) . It made an impressive £ 8.15 million during weekdays , from Monday to Thursday resulting in a £ 2.03 million daily - average gross . According to The Guardian , this was because of the school holidays that prevailed on the weekdays . Otherwise , family films earn the vast majority of their takings on Saturday and Sunday , and showtimes typically reduce on weekdays . It returned to the top of the box office in its fourth weekend and went on to become the highest - grossing film of the summer that year . In Brazil , in addition to recording the biggest Disney / Pixar opening ever , almost twice the previous record held by The Good Dinosaur , it also set a new record for an all - time animated opening , on par with Minions in local currency . In South Korea , it had the biggest opening for a Pixar film with $7.1 million , which is also the second - biggest for a Disney animated film , behind Frozen . In Japan , the film had a two - day weekend opening of $7 million on Saturday and Sunday from 511 screens on 571,000 admissions . For the entire three - day holiday weekend , including Marine Day on Monday July 18 , the film earned $11 million on 922,000 admissions . This made it the top western release of the weekend and the biggest foreign opening - weekend in the country of that year . It had further number - one openings in Spain ( $4.9 million ) , France ( $4.7 million ) , Hong Kong ( $1.9 million ; $2.8 million including previews ) , Taiwan ( $1.9 million ) , Sweden , Norway , and Denmark . It topped the box office in the Netherlands for three and in Spain and Australia for four consecutive weekends . In Italy , it scored the biggest animated opening of the year with $5.8 million . In China , where Pixar films have been struggling to find broad audiences and accrue lucrative revenues , the film was projected to make around $30 million in its opening weekend . The film ended up grossing $17.7 million -- the highest Pixar opening in the country 's history -- debuting in second place behind Warcraft . It surpassed Monsters University in just seven days to become the biggest Pixar film there with $38.1 million . It opened in Germany -- its last market -- on September 29 , where the film delivered a robust opening of $8.4 million , the biggest for any film of 2016 in the country . The film continued to benefit from German Unity Day on October 3 . It went on to top the box office there for three straight weekends , tying with Inferno in its third weekend . It is now the highest - grossing Disney animated or Pixar film in Australia ( where it is also the second - highest - grossing animated film of all time behind Shrek 2 ) , Bolivia , Brazil , Central America , Colombia , India , Indonesia , New Zealand , Peru , the Philippines , and Trinidad . It also became the second - highest - grossing Pixar release of all time in South Korea behind Inside Out . Elsewhere , the biggest markets in terms of total earnings were Japan ( $66 million ) , followed by the UK ( $56.3 million ) , China ( $38.1 million ) , Australia ( $36.3 million ) , and Brazil ( $34.5 million ) . Critical Response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Finding Dory has an approval rating of 94 % based on 291 reviews and an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Funny , poignant , and thought - provoking , Finding Dory delivers a beautifully animated adventure that adds another entertaining chapter to its predecessor 's classic story . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review , saying : `` I never thought I wanted a sequel to Finding Nemo , but here we are and I 'm pretty happy it exists . And , for me , it was a more emotional experience than the first film . Finding Dory got me -- it made me cry . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said that while the film lacks `` dazzling originality , '' he overall wrote , `` it more than makes up for in warmth , charm and good humor . '' In his review for Variety , Owen Gleiberman wrote , `` It 's a film that spills over with laughs ( most of them good , a few of them shticky ) and tears ( all of them earned ) , supporting characters who are meant to slay us ( and mostly do ) with their irascible sharp tongues , and dizzyingly extended flights of physical comedy . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal said that `` Finding Dory can be touching , sweet and tender , but it 's compulsively , preposterously and steadfastly funny . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four and said that the film `` brims with humor , heart and animation miracles , '' despite lacking `` the fresh surprise of its predecessor . '' Environmental controversies and issues ( edit ) Conservationists warned that , very much like Finding Nemo , the film could lead to uninformed customers buying blue tangs for home aquariums . Blue tangs can not be bred in captivity and have to be caught in the wild . They are related to surgeonfish and exhibit razor - sharp spines on both sides of the tail that can inflict formidable wounds . While promoting the film , actress Ellen DeGeneres reminded audiences that Nemo and Dory 's real - life home , the Great Barrier Reef , is under enormous threat , mostly due to coral bleaching , a process induced by climate change , which has killed coral reefs on an enormous scale . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2016 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Film Andrew Stanton and Angus MacLane Nominated Best Animated Female Ellen DeGeneres British Academy Children 's Awards BAFTA Kids ' Vote Finding Dory Critics ' Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Original Score -- Animated Film Thomas Newman San Francisco Film Critics Circle Best Animated Feature Finding Dory St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Animated Film Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie Won Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Ellen DeGeneres Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature Finding Dory Nominated Best Voice Performance Ellen DeGeneres Women Film Critics Circle Best Animated Female Finding Dory 2017 Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Feature Production Erick Oh Outstanding Achievement , Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Trevor Jimenez Black Reel Awards Outstanding Voice Performance Idris Elba British Academy Film Awards Best Animated Film Andrew Stanton Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture -- Animated Scott Curtis , Doc Kane , Nathan Nance , Michael Semanick and Thomas Vicari Won Empire Awards Best Animated Film Finding Dory Georgia Film Critics Association Best Animated Film Andrew Stanton and Lindsey Collins Nominated Golden Tomato Awards Best Wide Release 2016 Finding Dory 7th place Best Animated Movie 2016 2nd Place Houston Film Critics Society Best Animated Feature Film Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Won Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Ellen DeGeneres Most Wanted Pet Nominated # Squad Ellen DeGeneres , Albert Brooks , Kaitlin Olson , Hayden Rolence , Willem Dafoe , Ed O'Neill , Ty Burrell and Eugene Levy Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Idris Elba Nominated Online Film Critics Society Best Animated Film Finding Dory People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Won Favorite Family Movie Favorite Animated Movie Voice Ellen DeGeneres Producers Guild of America Best Animated Motion Picture Lindsey Collins Nominated Satellite Awards Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature Finding Dory Saturn Awards Best Animated Film Won Village Voice Film Poll Best Animated Feature 7th place Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature Chris J. Chapman , Lindsey Collins , John Halstead and Angus MacLane Nominated Outstanding Animated Performance in an Animated Feature Hank -- Jonathan Hoffman , Steven Clay Hunter , Mark Piretti and Audrey Wong Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Open Ocean Exhibit -- Stephen Gustafson , Jack Hattori , Jesse Hollander and Michael Rutter Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature Stephen Gustafson , Allen Hemberger , Joshua Jenny and Matthew Kiyoshi Wong Possible sequel ( edit ) In June 2016 , director Andrew Stanton talked about the possibility of a sequel , saying that he would never exclude it because of the introduction of new characters , citing the Toy Story films as guides for how to expand a world through sequels . See also ( edit ) Exploring the Reef Finding Nemo ( franchise ) 2010s portal Animation portal Cartoon portal Comedy portal Disney portal Film in the United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` D23 : ' Finding Dory ' Cast Adds Ed O'Neill , Ty Burrell and Kaitlin Olson '' . Variety . August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grover , Ronald . `` Disney Banks on ' Finding Dory ' Swimming Past Soggy Openings of Recent Movie Sequels '' . TheStreet.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finding Dory ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Andrew Stanton to Direct Pixar 's ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Farley , Christopher John ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Ellen DeGeneres to Star in ' Nemo ' Sequel ' Finding Dory ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Isaac Feldberg ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Angus MacLane Co-Directing Finding Dory With Andrew Stanton '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Josh Terry ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Disney / Pixar Team dives into surprising new depths in ' Nemo ' sequel ' Finding Dory ' ( + Points for parents ) '' . Deseret News . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rene Rodriguez ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' falls short of the heights of ' Finding Nemo ' '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Risley , Matt ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Pixar confirm Finding Nemo sequel '' . Total Film . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Good Dinosaur ' moved to 2015 , leaving Pixar with no 2014 film '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Baby Dory is just one of the secret stars of ' Finding Dory ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Josh ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Hilgenberg and Rob Muir on the Rise and Fall of Disney 's Circle 7 Animation '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( August 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Skinny on Circle Seven '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ . `` Behind The Scenes at Circle 7 , the Short - Lived Studio Created to Sequelize Pixar '' . / Film . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' John Carter ' Helmer Andrew Stanton Dives Back into Animation With ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Andrew Stanton to Direct Pixar 's ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Andrew . `` @ andrewstanton '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ellen DeGeneres in Talks to Return for ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( September 8 , 2012 ) . `` Director Andrew Stanton looks back on ' John Carter 's ' rocky path '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Albert Brooks Hooks Deal To Reprise In ' Finding Nemo 2 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Zakarin , Jordan ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel Titled ' Finding Dory , ' Set for 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` With ' Despicable Me 2 ' and more , movies revisit the sequel debate '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Draskovic , Marina ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Director Andrew Stanton Brings Dory Back '' . D23.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McKittrick , Christopher ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Writing in Slow Motion : Finding Dory '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eagan , Daniel ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ocean Odyssey : Andrew Stanton explores the backstory of Pixar 's Dory '' . Film Journal International . Mediabistro Holdings . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Blackfish ' gives Pixar second thoughts on ' Finding Dory ' plot '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel Is Altered in Response to Orcas Documentary '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar Skips 2014 as ' The Good Dinosaur ' Shifts to 2015 and ' Finding Dory ' to 2016 / Film '' . Slashfilm.com . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` What A Co-Director Does on a Pixar Movie ? ' Finding Dory ' Director Andrew Stanton Explains '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : G. Macy , Seth ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` D23 2015 : New Details on Finding Nemo Sequel Plot Revealed '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo star loses his character 's voice '' . BBC News . March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's Ed Catmull on Animation Evolution , from Nemo to Dory -- Studio Daily '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barcomb , James ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Thomas Newman to score Finding Dory '' . The Whale . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Finding Dory ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : El - ahrairah ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Finding Dory Forgettable -- A Review '' . Modern Topics . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War , ' ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' Secure Imax Release as Part of Disney Deal '' . Variety . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Pixar 's New Short , ' Piper , ' Has a Painterly Look and Adrian Belew Score '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Programme '' . Edinburgh International Film Festival . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Finding Dory ' to Have U.K. Premiere at Edinburgh Film Festival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.slashfilm.com/finding-dory-re-release-and-clip/ Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Finding Dory ' Swims to Blu - ray November 15 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Finding Dory ' Swims To Record $136 Million Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Openings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Splashes Out With $50.7 M Offshore Opening ; ' Warcraft ' Crosses $200 M in China -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Clears $900 M at the Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Finding Dory ' Crosses $1 B Worldwide '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Splashes Past $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pixar '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` No. 4 ' Finding Dory ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Could Be Pixar 's Biggest Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Conjuring 2 ' to Ward Off ' Warcraft , ' ' Now You See Me 2 ' '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' To Have Shark - Size Appetite at Weekend B.O. ; Second Best Opening This Summer After ' Civil War ' -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' Finding Dory ' Set to Swim Past $100 M in U.S. Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boxoffice Staff ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Long Range Forecast : ' Jason Bourne ' , ' Bad Moms ' & ' Nerve ' '' . BoxOffice Pro . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Set to Break Record for Biggest Animated Film Opening With $130 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ BoxOfficeStaff ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Fandango : ' Finding Dory ' Surpasses ' Minions ' As Top Pre-Selling Animated Film of All Time '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Finding Dory ' Lands Strong $9.2 Million Thursday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Box Office : A Record $9.2 M Thursday For The Pixar Sequel '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Finding Dory ' Finds Record - Crushing $55 Million Friday ( Box Office ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Set to Break the Animated Opening Weekend Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Finding Dory '' breaks record for opening of animated film `` . Associated Press . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buena Vista All - time Openings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory 's Record Animated Pic $135 M+ Opening Is Also Second Best For June After ' Jurassic World ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Opening Weekends by Month -- June '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Drowns Animated Box Office Records With $136 Million Opening '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Scores Disney Animation 's Largest Opening Ever '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Continues To Break B.O. Records for an Animated Film on Monday '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Finding Dory ' Nabs Eye - Popping $19.5 M Monday For $154 M Cume '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Darting To $200 M , Hits Tuesday Record For Animated Film -- Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Finding Dory ' Earns Jaw - Dropping $23.7 M Tuesday For New $177.8 M Total '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Finding Dory ' Ends Massive First Week With $213 Million '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Posts Best Second Weekend For Animated Movie As Fireworks Die For ' Resurgence ' ; ' Shallows ' Chomps $16 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Independence Day 2 ' Underwhelms With $41.6 M ; ' Finding Dory ' Sprints to $73.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Eats $300 M+ & Will Gobble Up ' BFG ' , ' Tarzan ' & ' Purge ' Over Independence Day -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Finding Dory ' Swims To $300 Million In Record Time '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Dominates , ' Tarzan ' Improves , ' Purge ' Excels As ' BFG ' Falls : July 4th Weekend B.O. -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Independence Day ' Fails To Make July 4th Fireworks , ' Finding Dory ' Tops Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Pixar 's ' Finding Dory ' Swims Past $400 M In Record Time '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FASTEST TO $100 -- $500 Million '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Finding Dory ' Passes ' Captain America 3 ' To Become Top U.S. Hit Of 2016 '' . July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Becomes 2016 's Highest - Grossing Film in the U.S '' . Newsweek . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory moves out of top ten '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Toons Rule : ' Pets ' Races To $103 M+ ; ' Dory ' Beats ' Lion King ' Becoming Disney 's Highest Grossing Animated Title At Domestic B.O '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Ghostbusters ' Debuts to $46 Million , ' Secret Life of Pets ' Tops Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Devan Coggan ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Finding Dory is now the biggest domestic animated movie ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FASTEST TO $100 -- $500 Million '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Makes A Wide Break Before Summer Ends '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Do n't Breathe ' To Lead Labor Day Weekend Over ' Morgan ' & ' Light Between Oceans ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Independence Day Resurgence ' Lands With $100 M Overseas Start ; ' Dory ' Nears $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M in First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ice Age ' Leads Studio Pics ; Chinese Summer & ' Sultan ' Kick Off -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Hits $5 B Global , $3 B International Box Office in Record Time '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ice Age ' Charts $53.5 M Course To Lead Frame ; ' Ghostbusters ' Calls Up $19.1 M in Offshore Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jason Bourne ' Supreme With $50.1 M Bow & Franchise Records -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ian Sandwell ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' swims to top of UK box office '' . Screen International . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Finding Dory surfaces atop UK box office as Jason Bourne spies second '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Crime pays : DC 's Suicide Squad tops UK box office with £ 11.25 m '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Cringe benefits : David Brent has highest new entry at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Brotherhood the daddy at UK box office as Finding Dory crowned king of the summer '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Finding Dory ' Swims to the Top in Holiday Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' Bows To $30 M ; ' Suicide Squad ' Powers Past $400 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` On Screen China : Despite Upstream Struggle , Pixar 's ' Dory ' Could Haul It In '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Books $36.5 M ; ' Finding Dory ' , ' Bridget Jones ' Reach Milestones ; Big Frame For Local Pics -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Inferno ' Ignites With $50 M Offshore ; ' Miss Peregrine ' Tops $130 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' $30 M Debut ; ' Lights Out ' $8.5 M ; Jackie Chan 's ' Skiptrace ' Nails $64 M Bow -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyo - won ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` South Korea Box Office : Local Zombie Film Breaks Records , Tops Hollywood Releases '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Is Just About As Good As ' Finding Nemo ' And Will Probably Make You Cry '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Review : In ' Finding Dory , ' a Forgetful Fish and a Warm Celebration of Differences '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Finding Dory ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Review : Winning by Losing Once Again '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Could Lead to Dangerous Demand for Blue Tangs as Pets '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Why Marine Biologists Are n't Happy With Finding Dory '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradford , Alina ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Facts About Regal Blue Tangs '' . Live Science . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scrimshire , Joe ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' It 's critical we protect this amazing place ' : Ellen DeGeneres joins Disney campaign to save Australia 's Great Barrier Reef ahead of Finding Dory release '' . Daily Mail Online . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney - Pixar and Dory partner with Foundation to protect the Reef '' . Great Barrier Reef Foundation . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Merin , Jennifer ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCue , Michelle ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrival ' , ' La La Land ' , ' Hell or High Water ' Among The Nominees for the 2016 AWFJ EDA Awards '' . WeAreMovieGeeks.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Elizabeth ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Horrible Histories , TrueTube lead BAFTA Children 's noms '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Children 's BAFTA Kids ' Vote - Film '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards Finding Dory '' . Critics ' Choice . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners at Hollywood Music in Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flores , Marshall ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` San Francisco Film Critics Circle Nominations ! '' . AwardsDaily.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Named Best Picture by San Francisco Film Critics Circle '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 StLFCA Annual Award Nominations '' . St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 WAFCA Awards Nominations '' . December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women Film Critics Circle Nominations : `` Hidden Figures , '' `` 13th , '' & More `` . Women And Hollywood . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Clayton ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Black Reel Award Nominees -- ' Moonlight ' Leads with 13 Nominations '' . AwardsCircuit.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' La La Land ' , ' Rogue One ' , ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Among Cinema Audio Society Nominees '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pape , Danny ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One Leads Empire Awards 2017 Nominations '' . Flickreel.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Awards '' . Georgia Film Critics Association . April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Nominations for 2016 Films '' . MovieAwardsPlus.com . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominations -- ' The Nice Guys ' and Rebecca Hall Get a Deserved Boost '' . AwardsCircuit.com . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moonlight , ' ' Birth of a Nation ' and ' Loving ' score big with NAACP Image Award nominations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 20th Annual Online Film Critics Society Awards Nominations '' . Online Film Critics Society . December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary. `` 2017 Producers Guild Film Nominations Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Poll 2016 '' . The Village Voice . January 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Nemo 3 ' ? Here 's whether it could happen '' ( Entertainment Weekly ) . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutFinding Doryat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Finding Dory on IMDb Finding Dory at the TCM Movie Database Finding Dory at The Big Cartoon DataBase Finding Dory at Box Office Mojo Finding Dory at Rotten Tomatoes Finding Dory at Metacritic Finding Nemo Films Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Video games Finding Nemo Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure Shorts Exploring the Reef Attractions Crush 's Coaster Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Finding Nemo -- The Musical Nemo & Friends SeaRider The Seas with Nemo & Friends Turtle Talk with Crush Films by Andrew Stanton Written and directed A Bug 's Life ( 1998 , co-directed ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Written only Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice of dory in finding dory	[ "Ellen DeGeneres as Dory, a regal blue tang who suffers from short-term memory loss.\n\nSloane Murray as Young Dory. Murray is the seven-year-old daughter of producer Lindsey Collins.[12]\nLucia Geddes as Teen Dory.\n\n", "Ellen DeGeneres as Dory, a regal blue tang who suffers from short-term memory loss.\n\nSloane Murray as Young Dory. Murray is the seven-year-old daughter of producer Lindsey Collins.[12]\nLucia Geddes as Teen Dory.\n\n", "Ellen DeGeneres as Dory, a regal blue tang who suffers from short-term memory loss.\n\nSloane Murray as Young Dory. Murray is the seven-year-old daughter of producer Lindsey Collins.[12]\nLucia Geddes as Teen Dory.\n\n" ]	[ "Ellen DeGeneres", "Sloane Murray", "Lucia Geddes" ]
-2601779385027369195	2014 FIFA World Cup Group B	2014 FIFA World Cup group B - wikipedia 2014 FIFA World Cup group B Group B of the 2014 FIFA World Cup consisted of Spain , the Netherlands , Chile , and Australia . This group contained the finalists of the previous World Cup in 2010 : Spain ( reigning champion ) and the Netherlands ( runners - up ) . Play began on 13 June and ended on 23 June 2014 . The Netherlands and Chile progressed to the knockout stage , while Australia and Spain were eliminated after suffering two defeats in their opening two matches . Chile was eliminated by Brazil in the second round after penalties , while the Netherlands made their way to the semi-finals in which they lost to Argentina on penalties . The third place match was won by the Netherlands with a convincing 3 -- 0 victory against Brazil . Contents 1 Teams 2 Standings 3 Matches 3.1 Spain vs Netherlands 3.2 Chile vs Australia 3.3 Australia vs Netherlands 3.4 Spain vs Chile 3.5 Australia vs Spain 3.6 Netherlands vs Chile 4 References 5 External links Teams ( edit ) Draw position Team Confederation Method of qualification Date of qualification Finals appearance Last appearance Previous best performance FIFA Rankings October 2013 June 2014 B1 ( seed ) Spain UEFA UEFA Group I winners 15 October 2013 14th Winners ( 2010 ) B2 Netherlands UEFA UEFA Group D winners 10 September 2013 10th Runners - up ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 8 15 B3 Chile CONMEBOL CONMEBOL third place 15 October 2013 9th Third place ( 1962 ) 12 14 B4 Australia AFC AFC Fourth Round Group B 2nd runners - up 18 June 2013 4th Round of 16 ( 2006 ) 57 62 Notes Jump up ^ The rankings of October 2013 were used for seeding for the final draw . Standings ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Netherlands 0 0 10 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage Chile 0 5 + 2 6 Spain 0 7 − 3 Australia 0 0 9 − 6 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria Netherlands advanced to play Mexico ( runner - up of Group A ) in the round of 16 . Chile advanced to play Brazil ( winner of Group A ) in the round of 16 . Matches ( edit ) Spain vs Netherlands ( edit ) Further information : List of 2014 FIFA World Cup controversies § Spain vs Netherlands The two teams had met in 9 previous matches , including in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final , won by Spain 1 -- 0 after extra time . This was the first time in the FIFA World Cup that the previous finalists met in the group stage . Halfway into the first half , the referee judged that Diego Costa caught a trailing leg from Stefan de Vrij 's attempted tackle . Xabi Alonso scored the penalty kick for Spain , shooting into the bottom - right corner with his right foot , putting them into the lead . They were unable to keep the lead until half time though , with Robin van Persie scoring a 15 - yard diving looping header after a long ball from Daley Blind from the left after he spotted Iker Casillas slightly off his line . In the second half , Blind assisted another goal for Netherlands , this time setting up Arjen Robben who controlled the pass before coming inside to finish with his left foot from ten yards out . Twelve minutes later , Netherlands scored again , as De Vrij headed the ball in from a tight angle from a Wesley Sneijder free kick on the left . Spanish goalkeeper Iker Casillas protested that he had been fouled by Van Persie , but the goal was allowed to stand and Casillas received a yellow card for his protest . Not long after this , a backpass from Sergio Ramos was miscontrolled by Casillas with his left leg , resulting in Van Persie gathering the ball and scoring into an empty net for his second goal of the game . The fifth goal for Netherlands was a solo effort from Robben . Having received the ball near the halfway line from a Wesley Sneijder pass , he outran Ramos , Jordi Alba and Casillas , before slotting the ball into the net from 10 yards out with his left foot . The 5 -- 1 scoreline was the biggest loss margin for a defending champion in the FIFA World Cup , and also Spain 's second biggest loss in the World Cup after their 6 -- 1 thrashing against Brazil in 1950 . With their goals , Van Persie and Robben became the first Dutch players to score in three World Cups . Casillas and Xavi joined Andoni Zubizarreta as the only Spanish players to appear in four World Cups . 13 June 2014 16 : 00 UTC − 3 Spain 1 -- 5 Netherlands Alonso 27 ' ( pen . ) Report Van Persie 44 ' , 72 ' Robben 53 ' , 80 ' De Vrij 64 ' Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova , Salvador Attendance : 48,173 Referee : Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) Spain Netherlands GK Iker Casillas ( c ) 65 ' RB 22 César Azpilicueta CB Gerard Piqué CB 15 Sergio Ramos LB 18 Jordi Alba RM 8 Xavi CM 16 Sergio Busquets LM 14 Xabi Alonso 62 ' RW 21 David Silva 78 ' LW 6 Andrés Iniesta CF 19 Diego Costa 62 ' Substitutions : FW 9 Fernando Torres 62 ' FW 11 Pedro 62 ' MF 10 Cesc Fàbregas 78 ' Manager : Vicente del Bosque GK Jasper Cillessen CB Ron Vlaar CB Stefan de Vrij 41 ' 77 ' CB Bruno Martins Indi RWB 7 Daryl Janmaat LWB 5 Daley Blind CM 6 Nigel de Jong CM 8 Jonathan de Guzmán 25 ' 62 ' AM 10 Wesley Sneijder CF 9 Robin van Persie ( c ) 66 ' 79 ' CF 11 Arjen Robben Substitutions : MF 20 Georginio Wijnaldum 62 ' DF 13 Joël Veltman 77 ' FW 17 Jeremain Lens 79 ' Manager : Louis van Gaal Man of the Match : Robin van Persie ( Netherlands ) Assistant referees : Renato Faverani ( Italy ) Andrea Stefani ( Italy ) Fourth official : Svein Oddvar Moen ( Norway ) Fifth official : Kim Haglund ( Norway ) Chile vs Australia ( edit ) The two teams had met in five previous matches , including in the 1974 FIFA World Cup group stage , a 0 -- 0 draw . Chile took a 2 -- 0 lead within the first 15 minutes . First , Alexis Sánchez controlled an Eduardo Vargas header in the penalty area to slot home . Two minutes later , Jorge Valdivia 's shot from a Sánchez pass doubled the lead . Australia pulled one back through a Tim Cahill header from a cross by Ivan Franjic before half time . Australia could not find the equaliser in the second half , and in stoppage time , Chilean substitute Jean Beausejour converted the rebound after Mauricio Pinilla 's shot was saved by Mathew Ryan . With their respective goals , Cahill became the first Australian player to score in three World Cups , while Beausejour became the first Chilean player to score in two World Cups . 13 June 2014 18 : 00 UTC − 4 Chile 3 -- 1 Australia Sánchez 12 ' Valdivia 14 ' Beausejour 90 + 2 ' Report Cahill 35 ' Arena Pantanal , Cuiabá Attendance : 40,275 Referee : Noumandiez Doué ( Ivory Coast ) Chile Australia GK Claudio Bravo ( c ) RB Mauricio Isla CB 17 Gary Medel CB 18 Gonzalo Jara LB Eugenio Mena RM 20 Charles Aránguiz 86 ' CM 21 Marcelo Díaz LM 8 Arturo Vidal 60 ' RF 7 Alexis Sánchez CF 10 Jorge Valdivia 68 ' LF 11 Eduardo Vargas 88 ' Substitutions : MF 16 Felipe Gutiérrez 60 ' MF 15 Jean Beausejour 68 ' FW 9 Mauricio Pinilla 88 ' Manager : Jorge Sampaoli GK Mathew Ryan RB Ivan Franjic 49 ' CB 22 Alex Wilkinson CB 6 Matthew Špiranović LB Jason Davidson CM 15 Mile Jedinak ( c ) 58 ' CM 5 Mark Milligan 67 ' RW 7 Mathew Leckie AM 23 Mark Bresciano 78 ' LW 11 Tommy Oar 68 ' CF Tim Cahill 44 ' Substitutions : DF 19 Ryan McGowan 49 ' MF 10 Ben Halloran 68 ' MF 14 James Troisi 78 ' Manager : Ange Postecoglou Man of the Match : Alexis Sánchez ( Chile ) Assistant referees : Songuifolo Yeo ( Ivory Coast ) Jean - Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Fourth official : Roberto Moreno ( Panama ) Fifth official : Eric Boria ( United States ) Australia vs Netherlands ( edit ) The two teams had met in three previous matches , all in friendlies , most recently in 2009 . The Netherlands took the lead after Arjen Robben collected a Daley Blind headed pass at the halfway line , burst into the penalty area and scored with a low shot to the goalkeepers left . Soon after the restart , Australia equalised through Tim Cahill 's left - foot volley into the goal from the underside of the bar from Ryan McGowan 's cross . Australia took the lead in the second half with Mile Jedinak 's penalty , awarded for a handball by Daryl Janmaat , but Robin van Persie equalised after he received substitute Memphis Depay 's pass and scored . Ten minutes later , Memphis Depay received a pass from Jonathan de Guzmán and his long range effort beat Australia goalkeeper Mathew Ryan . With his goal Depay became the youngest ever Dutch scorer in the World Cup at the age of 20 . 18 June 2014 13 : 00 UTC − 3 Australia 2 -- 3 Netherlands Cahill 21 ' Jedinak 54 ' ( pen . ) Report Robben 20 ' Van Persie 58 ' Depay 68 ' Estádio Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre Attendance : 42,877 Referee : Djamel Haimoudi ( Algeria ) Australia Netherlands GK Mathew Ryan RB 19 Ryan McGowan CB 22 Alex Wilkinson CB 6 Matthew Špiranović LB Jason Davidson CM 15 Mile Jedinak ( c ) CM 17 Matt McKay RW 7 Mathew Leckie AM 23 Mark Bresciano 51 ' LW 11 Tommy Oar 77 ' CF Tim Cahill 43 ' 69 ' Substitutions : MF 13 Oliver Bozanić 51 ' MF 10 Ben Halloran 69 ' FW 9 Adam Taggart 77 ' Manager : Ange Postecoglou GK Jasper Cillessen CB Ron Vlaar CB Stefan de Vrij CB Bruno Martins Indi 45 + 3 ' RM 7 Daryl Janmaat CM 8 Jonathan de Guzmán 78 ' CM 6 Nigel de Jong LM 5 Daley Blind AM 10 Wesley Sneijder CF 9 Robin van Persie ( c ) 47 ' 87 ' CF 11 Arjen Robben Substitutions : MF 21 Memphis Depay 45 + 3 ' MF 20 Georginio Wijnaldum 78 ' FW 17 Jeremain Lens 87 ' Manager : Louis van Gaal Man of the Match : Arjen Robben ( Netherlands ) Assistant referees : Rédouane Achik ( Morocco ) Abdelhak Etchiali ( Algeria ) Fourth official : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Fifth official : Evarist Menkouande ( Cameroon ) Spain vs Chile ( edit ) The two teams had met in ten previous matches , including twice in the FIFA World Cup group stage , both won by Spain ( 1950 : 2 -- 0 ; 2010 : 2 -- 1 ) . Chile opened the scoring when Charles Aránguiz squared a pass to Eduardo Vargas to score home in the penalty area . Near the end of the first half Alexis Sánchez 's free kick was parried by Spanish goalkeeper Iker Casillas to Aránguiz who put in the rebound . Spain , which needed at least a point to stay alive in the competition , had its best chance in the second half which fell to Sergio Busquets , but he missed from close range . Spain 's loss confirmed the qualification of both Chile and the Netherlands into the knockout stage , and eliminated both Spain and Australia . Spain became the fifth defending champions to be knocked out in the group stage , and the first since 1950 to be eliminated after only two games ( Italy were drawn into a three - team group and only played two games in 1950 ) . 18 June 2014 16 : 00 UTC − 3 Spain 0 -- 2 Chile Report Vargas 20 ' Aránguiz 43 ' Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 74,101 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Spain Chile GK Iker Casillas ( c ) RB 22 César Azpilicueta CB Javi Martínez CB 15 Sergio Ramos LB 18 Jordi Alba CM 16 Sergio Busquets CM 14 Xabi Alonso 41 ' 46 ' RW 21 David Silva AM 6 Andrés Iniesta LW 11 Pedro 76 ' CF 19 Diego Costa 64 ' Substitutions : MF 17 Koke 46 ' FW 9 Fernando Torres 64 ' MF 20 Santi Cazorla 76 ' Manager : Vicente del Bosque GK Claudio Bravo ( c ) CB 17 Gary Medel CB 5 Francisco Silva CB 18 Gonzalo Jara RM Mauricio Isla CM 20 Charles Aránguiz 64 ' CM 21 Marcelo Díaz LM Eugenio Mena 61 ' AM 8 Arturo Vidal 26 ' 88 ' CF 11 Eduardo Vargas 85 ' CF 7 Alexis Sánchez Substitutions : MF 16 Felipe Gutiérrez 64 ' MF 10 Jorge Valdivia 85 ' MF 6 Carlos Carmona 88 ' Manager : Jorge Sampaoli Man of the Match : Eduardo Vargas ( Chile ) Assistant referees : Sean Hurd ( United States ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Fourth official : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Fifth official : Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Australia vs Spain ( edit ) The two teams had never met before . Australia forward Tim Cahill was suspended for the match due to accumulation of yellow cards . In a match between two already - eliminated teams , Spain went in front in the 36th minute after Andrés Iniesta threaded a pass down the right to overlapping full - back Juanfran , who then crossed the ball low to David Villa to finish with a back flick of his right foot low to the net . In the second half , Fernando Torres scored Spain 's second with a low finish from the left of the penalty area after a pass from Iniesta , before substitute Juan Mata , receiving a pass from Cesc Fàbregas , scored from the right of the penalty area with a low shot between the goalkeeper 's legs . Villa 's goal was his ninth career World Cup goal . Already Spain 's record World Cup goalscorer , he also joined Fernando Hierro , Raúl and Julio Salinas as Spanish players who had scored in three World Cups . 23 June 2014 13 : 00 UTC − 3 Australia 0 -- 3 Spain Report Villa 36 ' Torres 69 ' Mata 82 ' Arena da Baixada , Curitiba Attendance : 39,375 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Australia Spain GK Mathew Ryan RB 19 Ryan McGowan CB 6 Matthew Špiranović 88 ' CB 22 Alex Wilkinson LB Jason Davidson CM 17 Matt McKay CM 15 Mile Jedinak ( c ) 90 + 2 ' CM 13 Oliver Bozanić 72 ' RW 7 Mathew Leckie CF 9 Adam Taggart 46 ' LW 11 Tommy Oar 61 ' Substitutions : MF 10 Ben Halloran 46 ' MF 14 James Troisi 61 ' MF 23 Mark Bresciano 72 ' Manager : Ange Postecoglou GK 23 Pepe Reina RB 5 Juanfran CB Raúl Albiol CB 15 Sergio Ramos ( c ) 62 ' LB 18 Jordi Alba CM 14 Xabi Alonso 83 ' CM 17 Koke AM 6 Andrés Iniesta RW 20 Santi Cazorla 68 ' LW 7 David Villa 56 ' CF 9 Fernando Torres Substitutions : MF 13 Juan Mata 56 ' MF 10 Cesc Fàbregas 68 ' MF 21 David Silva 83 ' Manager : Vicente del Bosque Man of the Match : David Villa ( Spain ) Assistant referees : Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Ebrahim Saleh ( Bahrain ) Fourth official : Norbert Hauata ( Tahiti ) Fifth official : Aden Marwa ( Kenya ) Netherlands vs Chile ( edit ) The two teams had never met before . Netherlands forward Robin van Persie was suspended for the match due to accumulation of yellow cards . With both teams already assured of qualifying for the knockout stage after their first two matches , this match would decide which team would win the group : the Netherlands needed only a draw while Chile needed a win . The Netherlands went in front in the 77th minute with a header from six yards by substitute Leroy Fer after a Daryl Janmaat cross from the right . Another substitute Memphis Depay got the second in injury time , when he scored from close range after Arjen Robben had made a run down the left before crossing from the byline . With this win the Netherlands won Group B with a perfect record of three wins out of three , while Chile finished as group runners - up . 23 June 2014 13 : 00 UTC − 3 Netherlands 2 -- 0 Chile Fer 77 ' Depay 90 + 2 ' Report Arena de São Paulo , São Paulo Attendance : 62,996 Referee : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Netherlands Chile GK Jasper Cillessen RB 7 Daryl Janmaat CB Ron Vlaar CB Stefan de Vrij LB 5 Daley Blind 64 ' RM 20 Georginio Wijnaldum CM 6 Nigel de Jong LM 15 Dirk Kuyt 89 ' AM 10 Wesley Sneijder 75 ' SS 11 Arjen Robben ( c ) CF 17 Jeremain Lens 69 ' Substitutions : MF 21 Memphis Depay 69 ' MF 18 Leroy Fer 75 ' DF 14 Terence Kongolo 89 ' Manager : Louis van Gaal GK Claudio Bravo ( c ) CB 17 Gary Medel CB 5 Francisco Silva 25 ' 70 ' CB 18 Gonzalo Jara RWB Mauricio Isla LWB Eugenio Mena CM 20 Charles Aránguiz CM 21 Marcelo Díaz AM 16 Felipe Gutiérrez 46 ' CF 7 Alexis Sánchez CF 11 Eduardo Vargas 81 ' Substitutions : MF 15 Jean Beausejour 46 ' MF 10 Jorge Valdivia 70 ' FW 9 Mauricio Pinilla 81 ' Manager : Jorge Sampaoli Man of the Match : Arjen Robben ( Netherlands ) Assistant referees : Evarist Menkouande ( Cameroon ) Felicien Kabanda ( Rwanda ) Fourth official : Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Fifth official : William Torres ( El Salvador ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spain humiliated as rampant Holland blast five in World Cup shock '' . Guardian . 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 1 - 5 Netherlands '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Holland , World Cup 2014 : as it happened '' . The Telegraph . 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Holland : World Cup 2014 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Spain suffer not just a defeat but a World Cup disaster against Holland '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United Striker Robin Van Persie Sets New Dutch World Cup Goal - Scoring Record '' . Caughtoffisde.com. 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` These are the players who have defended Spain in more World Cups '' . sefutbol.com. 28 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Referee designations for matches 1 - 4 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . p. 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's fighting spirit not enough as Alexis Sánchez fires up Chile '' . Guardian . 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chile 3 Australia 1 '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Battling Socceroos take Chile to the wire '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A place in history for returning Beausejour '' . FIFA.com. 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . p. 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Holland come from behind to beat brave Australia in Group B classic '' . Guardian . 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 2 Netherlands 3 '' . BBC Sport. 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles down , but not out - Ameobi '' . The Sun . 20 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . p. 27 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spain crash out as irresistible Chile prove too much of a handful '' . Guardian . 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 0 Chile 2 '' . BBC Sport. 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taxi for tiki - taka ! Spain become the fifth World Cup holders to crash out in the group stage after Brazil , France and Italy ( twice ) '' . Daily Mail . 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . p. 40 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Van Persie and Cahill earn suspensions '' . ESPN FC. 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Villa helps Spain salvage some pride with victory over Australia '' . Guardian . 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 0 Spain 3 '' . BBC Sport. 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Villa se despide marcando '' ( in Spanish ) . Yahoo ! Deportes. 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . p. 41 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Holland top Group B after Leroy Fer header helps break Chile 's resolve '' . Guardian . 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands 2 Chile 0 '' . BBC Sport. 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2014 group B . 2014 FIFA World Cup Group B , FIFA.com 2014 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Brazil v Germany Final General information Qualification Awards Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Marketing Matches Officials Opening ceremony Preparations Seeding Squads Statistics Venues Official symbols 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil ( video game ) Adidas Brazuca ( ball ) Caxirola ( musical instrument ) Fuleco ( mascot ) One Love , One Rhythm ( album ) We Are One ( Ole Ola ) ( song ) 2014 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Netherlands Fourth place Brazil Quarter - finals Belgium Colombia Costa Rica France Round of 16 Algeria Chile Greece Mexico Nigeria Switzerland United States Uruguay Group stage Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Cameroon Croatia Ecuador England Ghana Honduras Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Portugal Russia South Korea Spain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_B&oldid=850026027 '' Categories : 2014 FIFA World Cup Spain at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Netherlands at the 2014 FIFA World Cup 2013 -- 14 in Chilean football 2014 in Australian soccer Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from July 2014 EngvarB from July 2014 Pages using Template : Football kit with incorrect pattern parameters Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Latviešu Magyar मराठी 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 02 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what stage did spain get to in 2014 world cup	[]	[]
-2262344353098419143	Marinara sauce	Marinara sauce - wikipedia Marinara sauce `` Marinara '' redirects here . For the TV series , see Marinara ( TV series ) . Not to be confused with Marinera or Marijuana . Marinara sauce A plate of ravioli alla marinara Course Main course Place of origin Italy United States Serving temperature Hot over pasta Main ingredients Tomatoes , garlic , onions , basil Variations Olives , capers Cookbook : Marinara sauce Media : Marinara sauce Marinara ( English : `` mariner 's '' ) sauce is an Italian tomato sauce , usually made with tomatoes , garlic , herbs , and onions . Its many variations can include the addition of capers , olives , spices , and a dash of wine . This sauce is widely used in Italian - American cuisine , which has diverged from its Old World origins . Italians refer to marinara sauce only in association with other recipes . For instance , spaghetti alla marinara literally translates to `` spaghetti mariner 's style '' ( from the adjective marinara with the feminine suffix - a pertaining to salsa , Italian for `` sauce '' , and also to maniera , Italian for `` style '' ) , but tomato sauce alone in Italy is called sugo / salsa al / di pomodoro or pummarola ( the latter being Neapolitan language ) . This is not to be confused with spaghetti marinara , a popular dish in Italy , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa where a tomato - based sauce is mixed with fresh seafood . Contents 1 Origin 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Origin ( edit ) Several folk theories exist as to the origin of this sauce : One version states that cooks aboard Neapolitan ships returning from the Americas invented marinara sauce in the mid-16th century after Spaniards introduced the tomato ( a central Mexican `` New World '' fruit ) to Europe . Another theory states this was a sauce prepared by the wives of Neapolitan sailors upon their return from sea . Historically , however , the first Italian cookbook to include tomato sauce , Lo Scalco alla Moderna ( The Modern Steward ) , was written by Italian chef Antonio Latini and was published in two volumes in 1692 and 1694 . Latini served as the Steward of the First Minister to the Spanish Viceroy of Naples . This early tomato sauce was more like a modern tomato salsa . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of sauces List of common dips List of condiments References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of marinara sauce on the Oxford Dictionary website '' . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of marinara sauce on the Your Dictionary website '' . Yourdictionary.com. 2013 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Giada Delaurentis ' recipe for marinara sauce '' . Foodnetwork.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Mario Batali ( 2007 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Mario Batali 's recipe for marinara sauce on the Serious Eats website '' . Seriouseats.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ten `` Italian '' Foods You Wo n't Find in Italy `` . 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Recipe for Marinara from an Australian website '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Info on the origin of marinara sauce on the Italian Chef website '' . Italianchef.com. 2013 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth David , Italian Food ( 1954 , 1999 ) , p 319 , and John Dickie , Delizia ! The Epic History of the Italians and Their Food , 2008 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Alan Davidson , `` Europeans ' Wary Encounter with Tomatoes , Potatoes , and Other New World Foods '' in Chilies to Chocolate : Food the Americas Gave the World , ( University of Arizona Press ) 1992 . Jump up ^ Origins of Italian tomato sauce Foodtimeline.org . Retrieved 23 April 2011 External links ( edit ) Marinara Sauce at Wikibook Cookbooks Tomato sauces Varieties Amatriciana sauce Arrabbiata sauce Bolognese sauce Checca sauce Khrenovina sauce Marinara sauce Neapolitan sauce Pisto Ragù Neapolitan ragù Ragù alla salsiccia Sauce vierge Sugo alla puttanesca Spatini sauce Tomate frito Tomato sauce Vodka sauce Manufacturers and brands Barilla Group Bertolli De Cecco Del Monte Foods Emeril 's H.J. Heinz Company Hunt 's Mezzetta Newman 's Own Prego Ragú Saclà Italia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marinara_sauce&oldid=853614846 '' Categories : Italian sauces Tomato sauces Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 23 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the name marinara sauce come from	[]	[]
3464922003367662869	Inflammation	Inflammation - wikipedia Inflammation Jump to : navigation , search The cardinal signs of inflammation include : pain , heat , redness , swelling , and loss of function . Some of these indicators can be seen here due to an allergic reaction . Inflammation ( from Latin inflammatio ) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli , such as pathogens , damaged cells , or irritants , and is a protective response involving immune cells , blood vessels , and molecular mediators . The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury , clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process , and initiate tissue repair . The classical signs of inflammation are heat , pain , redness , swelling , and loss of function . Inflammation is a generic response , and therefore it is considered as a mechanism of innate immunity , as compared to adaptive immunity , which is specific for each pathogen . Too little inflammation could lead to progressive tissue destruction by the harmful stimulus ( e.g. bacteria ) and compromise the survival of the organism . In contrast , chronic inflammation may lead to a host of diseases , such as hay fever , periodontitis , atherosclerosis , rheumatoid arthritis , and even cancer ( e.g. , gallbladder carcinoma ) . Inflammation is therefore normally closely regulated by the body . Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic . Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes ( especially granulocytes ) from the blood into the injured tissues . A series of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response , involving the local vascular system , the immune system , and various cells within the injured tissue . Prolonged inflammation , known as chronic inflammation , leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation , such as mononuclear cells , and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process . Inflammation is not a synonym for infection . Infection describes the interaction between the action of microbial invasion and the reaction of the body 's inflammatory response -- the two components are considered together when discussing an infection , and the word is used to imply a microbial invasive cause for the observed inflammatory reaction . Inflammation on the other hand describes purely the body 's immunovascular response , whatever the cause may be . But because of how often the two are correlated , words ending in the suffix - itis ( which refers to inflammation ) are sometimes informally described as referring to infection . For example , the word urethritis strictly means only `` urethral inflammation '' , but clinical health care providers usually discuss urethritis as a urethral infection because urethral microbial invasion is the most common cause of urethritis . It is useful to differentiate inflammation and infection as there are many pathological situations where inflammation is not driven by microbial invasion -- for example , atherosclerosis , type III hypersensitivity , trauma , ischaemia . There are also pathological situations where microbial invasion does not result in classic inflammatory response -- for example , parasitosis , eosinophilia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 2 Types 2.1 Cardinal signs 2.2 Process of acute inflammation 3 Vascular component 3.1 Vasodilation and increased permeability 3.2 Plasma cascade systems 3.3 Plasma - derived mediators 4 Cellular component 4.1 Leukocyte extravasation 4.2 Phagocytosis 4.3 Cell - derived mediators 5 Morphologic patterns 6 Inflammatory disorders 6.1 Atherosclerosis 6.2 Allergy 6.3 Myopathies 6.4 Leukocyte defects 6.5 Pharmacological 6.6 Cancer 6.7 HIV and AIDS 6.8 Resolution of inflammation 6.9 Connection to depression 7 Systemic effects 7.1 Acute - phase proteins 7.2 Leukocyte numbers 7.3 Systemic inflammation and obesity 7.4 Systemic inflammation and overeating 8 Outcomes 9 Examples 10 Diet and inflammation 11 Exercise and inflammation 11.1 Exercise - induced acute inflammation 11.2 Post-inflammatory muscle growth and repair 11.3 Chronic inflammation and muscle loss 11.4 Exercise as a treatment for inflammation 11.5 Signal - to - noise theory 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Causes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Physical : Burns Frostbite Physical injury , blunt or penetrating Foreign bodies , including splinters , dirt and debris Trauma Ionizing radiation Biological : Infection by pathogens Immune reactions due to hypersensitivity Stress Chemical : Chemical irritants Toxins Alcohol Psychological : Excitement Types ( edit ) Appendicitis Bursitis Colitis Cystitis Dermatitis Encephalitis Gingivitis Meningitis Myelitis Nephritis Neuritis Periodontitis Phlebitis Prostatitis RSD / CRPS Rhinitis Sinusitis Tendonitis Testiculitis Tonsillitis Urethritis Vasculitis Comparison between acute and chronic inflammation : Acute Chronic Causative agent Bacterial pathogens , injured tissues Persistent acute inflammation due to non-degradable pathogens , viral infection , persistent foreign bodies , or autoimmune reactions Major cells involved neutrophils ( primarily ) , basophils ( inflammatory response ) , and eosinophils ( response to helminth worms and parasites ) , mononuclear cells ( monocytes , macrophages ) Mononuclear cells ( monocytes , macrophages , lymphocytes , plasma cells ) , fibroblasts Primary mediators Vasoactive amines , eicosanoids IFN - γ and other cytokines , growth factors , reactive oxygen species , hydrolytic enzymes Onset Immediate Delayed Duration Few days Up to many months , or years Outcomes Resolution , abscess formation , chronic inflammation Tissue destruction , fibrosis , necrosis Cardinal signs ( edit ) The classic signs and symptoms of acute inflammation : English Latin Redness Rubor * Swelling Tumor * Heat Calor * Pain Dolor * Loss of function Functio laesa * * * * Infected ingrown toenail showing the characteristic redness and swelling associated with acute inflammation Acute inflammation is a short - term process , usually appearing within a few minutes or hours and begins to cease upon the removal of the injurious stimulus . It involves a coordinated and systemic mobilization response locally of various immune , endocrine and neurological mediators of acute inflammation . In a normal healthy response , it becomes activated , clears the pathogen and begins a repair process and then ceases . It is characterized by five cardinal signs : An acronym that may be used to remember the key symptoms is `` PRISH '' , for pain , redness , immobility ( loss of function ) , swelling and heat . The traditional names for signs of inflammation come from Latin : Dolor ( pain ) Calor ( heat ) Rubor ( redness ) Tumor ( swelling ) Functio laesa ( loss of function ) The first four ( classical signs ) were described by Celsus ( ca . 30 BC -- 38 AD ) , while loss of function was probably added later by Galen . However , the addition of this fifth sign has also been ascribed to Thomas Sydenham and Virchow . Redness and heat are due to increased blood flow at body core temperature to the inflamed site ; swelling is caused by accumulation of fluid ; pain is due to the release of chemicals such as bradykinin and histamine that stimulate nerve endings . Loss of function has multiple causes . Acute inflammation of the lung ( usually caused in response to pneumonia ) does not cause pain unless the inflammation involves the parietal pleura , which does have pain - sensitive nerve endings . Process of acute inflammation ( edit ) Micrograph showing granulation tissue . H&E stain . The process of acute inflammation is initiated by resident immune cells already present in the involved tissue , mainly resident macrophages , dendritic cells , histiocytes , Kupffer cells and mast cells . These cells possess surface receptors known as pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) , which recognize ( i.e. , bind ) two subclasses of molecules : pathogen - associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs ) and damage - associated molecular patterns ( DAMPs ) . PAMPs are compounds that are associated with various pathogens , but which are distinguishable from host molecules . DAMPs are compounds that are associated with host - related injury and cell damage . At the onset of an infection , burn , or other injuries , these cells undergo activation ( one of the PRRs recognize a PAMP or DAMP ) and release inflammatory mediators responsible for the clinical signs of inflammation . Vasodilation and its resulting increased blood flow causes the redness ( rubor ) and increased heat ( calor ) . Increased permeability of the blood vessels results in an exudation ( leakage ) of plasma proteins and fluid into the tissue ( edema ) , which manifests itself as swelling ( tumor ) . Some of the released mediators such as bradykinin increase the sensitivity to pain ( hyperalgesia , dolor ) . The mediator molecules also alter the blood vessels to permit the migration of leukocytes , mainly neutrophils and macrophages , outside of the blood vessels ( extravasation ) into the tissue . The neutrophils migrate along a chemotactic gradient created by the local cells to reach the site of injury . The loss of function ( functio laesa ) is probably the result of a neurological reflex in response to pain . In addition to cell - derived mediators , several acellular biochemical cascade systems consisting of preformed plasma proteins act in parallel to initiate and propagate the inflammatory response . These include the complement system activated by bacteria and the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems activated by necrosis , e.g. a burn or a trauma . Acute inflammation may be regarded as the first line of defense against injury . Acute inflammatory response requires constant stimulation to be sustained . Inflammatory mediators are short - lived and are quickly degraded in the tissue . Hence , acute inflammation begins to cease once the stimulus has been removed . Vascular component ( edit ) Vasodilation and increased permeability ( edit ) As defined , acute inflammation is an immunovascular response to an inflammatory stimulus . This means acute inflammation can be broadly divided into a vascular phase that occurs first , followed by a cellular phase involving immune cells ( more specifically myeloid granulocytes in the acute setting ) . The vascular component of acute inflammation involves the movement of plasma fluid , containing important proteins such as fibrin and immunoglobulins ( antibodies ) , into inflamed tissue . Upon contact with PAMPs , tissue macrophages and mastocytes release vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin , as well as eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 to remodel the local vasculature . Macrophages and endothelial cells release nitric oxide . These mediators vasodilate and permeabilize the blood vessels , which results in the net distribution of blood plasma from the vessel into the tissue space . The increased collection of fluid into the tissue causes it to swell ( edema ) . This exuded tissue fluid contain various antimicrobial mediators from the plasma such as complement , lysozyme , antibodies , which can immediately deal damage to microbes , and opsonise the microbes in preparation for the cellular phase . If the inflammatory stimulus is a lacerating wound , exuded platelets , coagulants , plasmin and kinins can clot the wounded area and provide haemostasis in the first instance . These clotting mediators also provide a structural staging framework at the inflammatory tissue site in the form of a fibrin lattice -- as would construction scaffolding at a construction site -- for the purpose of aiding phagocytic debridement and wound repair later on . Some of the exuded tissue fluid is also funnelled by lymphatics to the regional lymph nodes , flushing bacteria along to start the recognition and attack phase of the adaptive immune system . Acute inflammation is characterized by marked vascular changes , including vasodilation , increased permeability and increased blood flow , which are induced by the actions of various inflammatory mediators . Vasodilation occurs first at the arteriole level , progressing to the capillary level , and brings about a net increase in the amount of blood present , causing the redness and heat of inflammation . Increased permeability of the vessels results in the movement of plasma into the tissues , with resultant stasis due to the increase in the concentration of the cells within blood -- a condition characterized by enlarged vessels packed with cells . Stasis allows leukocytes to marginate ( move ) along the endothelium , a process critical to their recruitment into the tissues . Normal flowing blood prevents this , as the shearing force along the periphery of the vessels moves cells in the blood into the middle of the vessel . Plasma cascade systems ( edit ) The complement system , when activated , creates a cascade of chemical reactions that promotes opsonization , chemotaxis , and agglutination , and produces the MAC . The kinin system generates proteins capable of sustaining vasodilation and other physical inflammatory effects . The coagulation system or clotting cascade , which forms a protective protein mesh over sites of injury . The fibrinolysis system , which acts in opposition to the coagulation system , to counterbalance clotting and generate several other inflammatory mediators . Plasma - derived mediators ( edit ) * non-exhaustive list Name Produced by Description Bradykinin Kinin system A vasoactive protein that is able to induce vasodilation , increase vascular permeability , cause smooth muscle contraction , and induce pain . C3 Complement system Cleaves to produce C3a and C3b . C3a stimulates histamine release by mast cells , thereby producing vasodilation . C3b is able to bind to bacterial cell walls and act as an opsonin , which marks the invader as a target for phagocytosis . C5a Complement system Stimulates histamine release by mast cells , thereby producing vasodilation . It is also able to act as a chemoattractant to direct cells via chemotaxis to the site of inflammation . Factor XII ( Hageman Factor ) Liver A protein that circulates inactively , until activated by collagen , platelets , or exposed basement membranes via conformational change . When activated , it in turn is able to activate three plasma systems involved in inflammation : the kinin system , fibrinolysis system , and coagulation system . Membrane attack complex Complement system A complex of the complement proteins C5b , C6 , C7 , C8 , and multiple units of C9 . The combination and activation of this range of complement proteins forms the membrane attack complex , which is able to insert into bacterial cell walls and causes cell lysis with ensuing bacterial death . Plasmin Fibrinolysis system Able to break down fibrin clots , cleave complement protein C3 , and activate Factor XII . Thrombin Coagulation system Cleaves the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to produce insoluble fibrin , which aggregates to form a blood clot . Thrombin can also bind to cells via the PAR1 receptor to trigger several other inflammatory responses , such as production of chemokines and nitric oxide . Cellular component ( edit ) The cellular component involves leukocytes , which normally reside in blood and must move into the inflamed tissue via extravasation to aid in inflammation . Some act as phagocytes , ingesting bacteria , viruses , and cellular debris . Others release enzymatic granules that damage pathogenic invaders . Leukocytes also release inflammatory mediators that develop and maintain the inflammatory response . In general , acute inflammation is mediated by granulocytes , whereas chronic inflammation is mediated by mononuclear cells such as monocytes and lymphocytes . Leukocyte extravasation ( edit ) Neutrophils migrate from blood vessels to the infected tissue via chemotaxis , where they remove pathogens through phagocytosis and degranulation Main article : Leukocyte extravasation Various leukocytes , particularly neutrophils , are critically involved in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation . These cells must be able to move to the site of injury from their usual location in the blood , therefore mechanisms exist to recruit and direct leukocytes to the appropriate place . The process of leukocyte movement from the blood to the tissues through the blood vessels is known as extravasation , and can be broadly divided up into a number of steps : Leukocyte margination and endothelial adhesion : The white blood cells within the vessels which are generally centrally located move peripherally towards the walls of the vessels . Activated macrophages in the tissue release cytokines such as IL - 1 and TNFα , which in turn leads to production of chemokines that bind to proteoglycans forming gradient in the inflamed tissue and along the endothelial wall . Inflammatory cytokines induce the immediate expression of P - selectin on endothelial cell surfaces and P - selectin binds weakly to carbohydrate ligands on the surface of leukocytes and causes them to `` roll '' along the endothelial surface as bonds are made and broken . Cytokines released from injured cells induce the expression of E-selectin on endothelial cells , which functions similarly to P - selectin . Cytokines also induce the expression of integrin ligands such as ICAM - 1 and VCAM - 1 on endothelial cells , which mediate the adhesion and further slow leukocytes down . These weakly bound leukocytes are free to detach if not activated by chemokines produced in injured tissue after signal transduction via respective G protein - coupled receptors that activates integrins on the leukocyte surface for firm adhesion . Such activation increases the affinity of bound integrin receptors for ICAM - 1 and VCAM - 1 on the endothelial cell surface , firmly binding the leukocytes to the endothelium . Migration across the endothelium , known as transmigration , via the process of diapedesis : Chemokine gradients stimulate the adhered leukocytes to move between adjacent endothelial cells . The endothelial cells retract and the leukocytes pass through the basement membrane into the surrounding tissue using adhesion molecules such as ICAM - 1 . Movement of leukocytes within the tissue via chemotaxis : Leukocytes reaching the tissue interstitium bind to extracellular matrix proteins via expressed integrins and CD44 to prevent them from leaving the site . A variety of molecules behave as chemoattractants , for example , C3a or C5 , and cause the leukocytes to move along a chemotactic gradient towards the source of inflammation . Phagocytosis ( edit ) Main article : Phagocyte Extravasated neutrophils in the cellular phase come into contact with microbes at the inflamed tissue . Phagocytes express cell - surface endocytic pattern recognition receptors ( PRRs ) that have affinity and efficacy against non-specific microbe - associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs ) . Most PAMPs that bind to endocytic PRRs and initiate phagocytosis are cell wall components , including complex carbohydrates such as mannans and β - glucans , lipopolysaccharides ( LPS ) , peptidoglycans , and surface proteins . Endocytic PRRs on phagocytes reflect these molecular patterns , with C - type lectin receptors binding to mannans and β - glucans , and scavenger receptors binding to LPS . Upon endocytic PRR binding , actin - myosin cytoskeletal rearrangement adjacent to the plasma membrane occurs in a way that endocytoses the plasma membrane containing the PRR - PAMP complex , and the microbe . Phosphatidylinositol and Vps34 - Vps15 - Beclin1 signalling pathways have been implicated to traffic the endocytosed phagosome to intracellular lysosomes , where fusion of the phagosome and the lysosome produces a phagolysosome . The reactive oxygen species , superoxides and hypochlorite bleach within the phagolysosomes then kill microbes inside the phagocyte . Phagocytic efficacy can be enhanced by opsonization . Plasma derived complement C3b and antibodies that exude into the inflamed tissue during the vascular phase bind to and coat the microbial antigens . As well as endocytic PRRs , phagocytes also express opsonin receptors Fc receptor and complement receptor 1 ( CR1 ) , which bind to antibodies and C3b , respectively . The co-stimulation of endocytic PRR and opsonin receptor increases the efficacy of the phagocytic process , enhancing the lysosomal elimination of the infective agent . Cell - derived mediators ( edit ) * non-exhaustive list Name Type Source Description Lysosome granules Enzymes Granulocytes These cells contain a large variety of enzymes that perform a number of functions . Granules can be classified as either specific or azurophilic depending upon the contents , and are able to break down a number of substances , some of which may be plasma - derived proteins that allow these enzymes to act as inflammatory mediators . Histamine Monoamine Mast cells and basophils Stored in preformed granules , histamine is released in response to a number of stimuli . It causes arteriole dilation , increased venous permeability , and a wide variety of organ - specific effects . IFN - γ Cytokine T - cells , NK cells Antiviral , immunoregulatory , and anti-tumour properties . This interferon was originally called macrophage - activating factor , and is especially important in the maintenance of chronic inflammation . IL - 8 Chemokine Primarily macrophages Activation and chemoattraction of neutrophils , with a weak effect on monocytes and eosinophils . Leukotriene B4 Eicosanoid Leukocytes , cancer cells Able to mediate leukocyte adhesion and activation , allowing them to bind to the endothelium and migrate across it . In neutrophils , it is also a potent chemoattractant , and is able to induce the formation of reactive oxygen species and the release of lysosomal enzymes by these cells . LTC4 , LTD4 Eicosanoid eosinophils , mast cells , macrophages These three Cysteine - containing leukotrienes contract lung airways , increase micro-vascular permeability , stimulate mucus secretion , and promote eosinophil - based inflammation in the lung , skin , nose , eye , and other tissues . 5 - oxo - eicosatetraenoic acid Eicosanoid leukocytes , cancer cells Potent stimulator of neutrophil chemotaxis , lysosome enzyme release , and reactive oxygen species formation ; monocyte chemotaxis ; and with even greater potency eosinophil chemotaxis , lysosome enzyme release , and reactive oxygen species formation . 5 - HETE Eicosanoid Leukocytes Metabolic precursor to 5 - Oxo - eicosatetraenoic acid , it is a less potent stimulator of neutrophil chemotaxis , lysosome enzyme release , and reactive oxygen species formation ; monocyte chemotaxis ; and eosinophil chemotaxis , lysosome enzyme release , and reactive oxygen species formation . Prostaglandins Eicosanoid Mast cells A group of lipids that can cause vasodilation , fever , and pain . Nitric oxide Soluble gas Macrophages , endothelial cells , some neurons Potent vasodilator , relaxes smooth muscle , reduces platelet aggregation , aids in leukocyte recruitment , direct antimicrobial activity in high concentrations . TNF - α and IL - 1 Cytokines Primarily macrophages Both affect a wide variety of cells to induce many similar inflammatory reactions : fever , production of cytokines , endothelial gene regulation , chemotaxis , leukocyte adherence , activation of fibroblasts . Responsible for the systemic effects of inflammation , such as loss of appetite and increased heart rate . TNF - α inhibits osteoblast differentiation . Tryptase Enzymes Mast Cells This serine protease is believed to be exclusively stored in mast cells and secreted , along with histamine , during mast cell activation . Morphologic patterns ( edit ) Specific patterns of acute and chronic inflammation are seen during particular situations that arise in the body , such as when inflammation occurs on an epithelial surface , or pyogenic bacteria are involved . Granulomatous inflammation : Characterised by the formation of granulomas , they are the result of a limited but diverse number of diseases , which include among others tuberculosis , leprosy , sarcoidosis , and syphilis . Fibrinous inflammation : Inflammation resulting in a large increase in vascular permeability allows fibrin to pass through the blood vessels . If an appropriate procoagulative stimulus is present , such as cancer cells , a fibrinous exudate is deposited . This is commonly seen in serous cavities , where the conversion of fibrinous exudate into a scar can occur between serous membranes , limiting their function . The deposit sometimes forms a pseudomembrane sheet . During inflammation of the intestine ( Pseudomembranous colitis ) , pseudomembranous tubes can be formed . Purulent inflammation : Inflammation resulting in large amount of pus , which consists of neutrophils , dead cells , and fluid . Infection by pyogenic bacteria such as staphylococci is characteristic of this kind of inflammation . Large , localised collections of pus enclosed by surrounding tissues are called abscesses . Serous inflammation : Characterised by the copious effusion of non-viscous serous fluid , commonly produced by mesothelial cells of serous membranes , but may be derived from blood plasma . Skin blisters exemplify this pattern of inflammation . Ulcerative inflammation : Inflammation occurring near an epithelium can result in the necrotic loss of tissue from the surface , exposing lower layers . The subsequent excavation in the epithelium is known as an ulcer . Inflammatory disorders ( edit ) Asthma is considered an inflammatory - mediated disorder . On the right is an inflamed airway due to asthma . Colitis ( inflammation of the colon ) caused by Crohn 's Disease . Inflammatory abnormalities are a large group of disorders that underlie a vast variety of human diseases . The immune system is often involved with inflammatory disorders , demonstrated in both allergic reactions and some myopathies , with many immune system disorders resulting in abnormal inflammation . Non-immune diseases with causal origins in inflammatory processes include cancer , atherosclerosis , and ischemic heart disease . Examples of disorders associated with inflammation include : Acne vulgaris Asthma Autoimmune diseases Autoinflammatory diseases Celiac disease Chronic prostatitis Colitis Diverticulitis Glomerulonephritis Hidradenitis suppurativa Hypersensitivities Inflammatory bowel diseases Interstitial cystitis Mast Cell Activation Syndrome Mastocytosis Otitis Pelvic inflammatory disease Reperfusion injury Rheumatic fever Rheumatoid arthritis Rhinitis Sarcoidosis Transplant rejection Vasculitis Atherosclerosis ( edit ) Main article : Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis , formerly considered a bland lipid storage disease , actually involves an ongoing inflammatory response . Recent advances in basic science have established a fundamental role for inflammation in mediating all stages of this disease from initiation through progression and , ultimately , the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis . These new findings provide important links between risk factors and the mechanisms of atherogenesis . Clinical studies have shown that this emerging biology of inflammation in atherosclerosis applies directly to human patients . Elevation in markers of inflammation predicts outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes , independently of myocardial damage . In addition , low - grade chronic inflammation , as indicated by levels of the inflammatory marker C - reactive protein , prospectively defines risk of atherosclerotic complications , thus adding to prognostic information provided by traditional risk factors . Moreover , certain treatments that reduce coronary risk also limit inflammation . In the case of lipid lowering with statins , this anti-inflammatory effect does not appear to correlate with reduction in low - density lipoprotein levels . These new insights into inflammation in atherosclerosis not only increase our understanding of this disease but also have practical clinical applications in risk stratification and targeting of therapy for this scourge of growing worldwide importance . Allergy ( edit ) An allergic reaction , formally known as type 1 hypersensitivity , is the result of an inappropriate immune response triggering inflammation , vasodilation , and nerve irritation . A common example is hay fever , which is caused by a hypersensitive response by mast cells to allergens . Pre-sensitised mast cells respond by degranulating , releasing vasoactive chemicals such as histamine . These chemicals propagate an excessive inflammatory response characterised by blood vessel dilation , production of pro-inflammatory molecules , cytokine release , and recruitment of leukocytes . Severe inflammatory response may mature into a systemic response known as anaphylaxis . Myopathies ( edit ) Inflammatory myopathies are caused by the immune system inappropriately attacking components of muscle , leading to signs of muscle inflammation . They may occur in conjunction with other immune disorders , such as systemic sclerosis , and include dermatomyositis , polymyositis , and inclusion body myositis . Leukocyte defects ( edit ) Due to the central role of leukocytes in the development and propagation of inflammation , defects in leukocyte functionality often result in a decreased capacity for inflammatory defense with subsequent vulnerability to infection . Dysfunctional leukocytes may be unable to correctly bind to blood vessels due to surface receptor mutations , digest bacteria ( Chédiak -- Higashi syndrome ) , or produce microbicides ( chronic granulomatous disease ) . In addition , diseases affecting the bone marrow may result in abnormal or few leukocytes . Pharmacological ( edit ) Certain drugs or exogenous chemical compounds are known to affect inflammation . Vitamin A deficiency causes an increase in inflammatory responses , and anti-inflammatory drugs work specifically by inhibiting the enzymes that produce inflammatory eicosanoids . Certain illicit drugs such as cocaine and ecstasy may exert some of their detrimental effects by activating transcription factors intimately involved with inflammation ( e.g. NF - κB ) . Cancer ( edit ) Inflammation orchestrates the microenvironment around tumours , contributing to proliferation , survival and migration . Cancer cells use selectins , chemokines and their receptors for invasion , migration and metastasis . On the other hand , many cells of the immune system contribute to cancer immunology , suppressing cancer . Molecular intersection between receptors of steroid hormones , which have important effects on cellular development , and transcription factors that play key roles in inflammation , such as NF - κB , may mediate some of the most critical effects of inflammatory stimuli on cancer cells . This capacity of a mediator of inflammation to influence the effects of steroid hormones in cells , is very likely to affect carcinogenesis on the one hand ; on the other hand , due to the modular nature of many steroid hormone receptors , this interaction may offer ways to interfere with cancer progression , through targeting of a specific protein domain in a specific cell type . Such an approach may limit side effects that are unrelated to the tumor of interest , and may help preserve vital homeostatic functions and developmental processes in the organism . According to a review of 2009 , recent data suggests that cancer - related inflammation ( CRI ) may lead to accumulation of random genetic alterations in cancer cells . HIV and AIDS ( edit ) It has long been recognized that infection with HIV is characterized not only by development of profound immunodeficiency but also by sustained inflammation and immune activation . A substantial body of evidence implicates chronic inflammation as a critical driver of immune dysfunction , premature appearance of aging - related diseases , and immune deficiency . Many now regard HIV infection not only as an evolving virus - induced immunodeficiency but also as chronic inflammatory disease . Even after the introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) and effective suppression of viremia in HIV - infected individuals , chronic inflammation persists . Animal studies also support the relationship between immune activation and progressive cellular immune deficiency : SIV sm infection of its natural nonhuman primate hosts , the sooty mangabey , causes high - level viral replication but limited evidence of disease . This lack of pathogenicity is accompanied by a lack of inflammation , immune activation and cellular proliferation . In sharp contrast , experimental SIV sm infection of rhesus macaque produces immune activation and AIDS - like disease with many parallels to human HIV infection . Delineating how CD4 T cells are depleted and how chronic inflammation and immune activation are induced lies at the heart of understanding HIV pathogenesis -- -- one of the top priorities for HIV research by the Office of AIDS Research , National Institutes of Health . Recent studies demonstrated that caspase - 1 - mediated pyroptosis , a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death , drives CD4 T - cell depletion and inflammation by HIV . These are the two signature events that propel HIV disease progression to AIDS . Pyroptosis appears to create a pathogenic vicious cycle in which dying CD4 T cells and other immune cells ( including macrophages and neutrophils ) release inflammatory signals that recruit more cells into the infected lymphoid tissues to die . The feed - forward nature of this inflammatory response produces chronic inflammation and tissue injury . Identifying pyroptosis as the predominant mechanism that causes CD4 T - cell depletion and chronic inflammation , provides novel therapeutic opportunities , namely caspase - 1 which controls the pyroptotic pathway . In this regard , pyroptosis of CD4 T cells and secretion of pro-inflmammatory cytokines such as IL - 1β and IL - 18 can be blocked in HIV - infected human lymphoid tissues by addition of the caspase - 1 inhibitor VX - 765 , which has already proven to be safe and well tolerated in phase II human clinical trials . These findings could propel development of an entirely new class of `` anti-AIDS '' therapies that act by targeting the host rather than the virus . Such agents would almost certainly be used in combination with ART . By promoting `` tolerance '' of the virus instead of suppressing its replication , VX - 765 or related drugs may mimic the evolutionary solutions occurring in multiple monkey hosts ( e.g. the sooty mangabey ) infected with species - specific lentiviruses that have led to a lack of disease , no decline in CD4 T - cell counts , and no chronic inflammation . Resolution of inflammation ( edit ) The inflammatory response must be actively terminated when no longer needed to prevent unnecessary `` bystander '' damage to tissues . Failure to do so results in chronic inflammation , and cellular destruction . Resolution of inflammation occurs by different mechanisms in different tissues . Mechanisms that serve to terminate inflammation include : Short half - life of inflammatory mediators in vivo . Production and release of transforming growth factor ( TGF ) beta from macrophages Production and release of interleukin 10 ( IL - 10 ) Production of anti-inflammatory specialized proresolving mediators , i.e. lipoxins , resolvins , maresins , and neuroprotectins Downregulation of pro-inflammatory molecules , such as leukotrienes . Upregulation of anti-inflammatory molecules such as the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist or the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor ( TNFR ) Apoptosis of pro-inflammatory cells Desensitization of receptors . Increased survival of cells in regions of inflammation due to their interaction with the extracellular matrix ( ECM ) Downregulation of receptor activity by high concentrations of ligands Cleavage of chemokines by matrix metalloproteinases ( MMPs ) might lead to production of anti-inflammatory factors . `` Acute inflammation normally resolves by mechanisms that have remained somewhat elusive . Emerging evidence now suggests that an active , coordinated program of resolution initiates in the first few hours after an inflammatory response begins . After entering tissues , granulocytes promote the switch of arachidonic acid -- derived prostaglandins and leukotrienes to lipoxins , which initiate the termination sequence . Neutrophil recruitment thus ceases and programmed death by apoptosis is engaged . These events coincide with the biosynthesis , from omega - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids , of resolvins and protectins , which critically shorten the period of neutrophil infiltration by initiating apoptosis . As a consequence , apoptotic neutrophils undergo phagocytosis by macrophages , leading to neutrophil clearance and release of anti-inflammatory and reparative cytokines such as transforming growth factor - β1 . The anti-inflammatory program ends with the departure of macrophages through the lymphatics . '' -- Charles Serhan Connection to depression ( edit ) There is evidence for a link between inflammation and depression . Inflammatory processes can be triggered by negative cognitions or their consequences , such as stress , violence , or deprivation . Thus , negative cognitions can cause inflammation that can , in turn , lead to depression . In addition there is increasing evidence that inflammation can cause depression because of the increase of cytokines , setting the brain into a `` sickness mode '' . Classical symptoms of being physically sick like lethargy show a large overlap in behaviors that characterize depression . Levels of cytokines tend to increase sharply during depressive episodes in manics and drop off during remission . Furthermore , it has been shown in clinical trials that anti-inflammatory medicines taken in addition to antidepressants not only significantly improves symptoms but also increases the proportion of subjects positively responding to treatment . Inflammations that lead to serious depression could be caused by common infections such as those caused by a virus , bacteria or even parasites . Systemic effects ( edit ) An infectious organism can escape the confines of the immediate tissue via the circulatory system or lymphatic system , where it may spread to other parts of the body . If an organism is not contained by the actions of acute inflammation it may gain access to the lymphatic system via nearby lymph vessels . An infection of the lymph vessels is known as lymphangitis , and infection of a lymph node is known as lymphadenitis . When lymph nodes can not destroy all pathogens , the infection spreads further . A pathogen can gain access to the bloodstream through lymphatic drainage into the circulatory system . When inflammation overwhelms the host , systemic inflammatory response syndrome is diagnosed . When it is due to infection , the term sepsis is applied , with the terms bacteremia being applied specifically for bacterial sepsis and viremia specifically to viral sepsis . Vasodilation and organ dysfunction are serious problems associated with widespread infection that may lead to septic shock and death . Acute - phase proteins ( edit ) Inflammation also induces high systemic levels of acute - phase proteins . In acute inflammation , these proteins prove beneficial ; however , in chronic inflammation they can contribute to amyloidosis . These proteins include C - reactive protein , serum amyloid A , and serum amyloid P , which cause a range of systemic effects including : Fever Increased blood pressure Decreased sweating Malaise Loss of appetite Somnolence Leukocyte numbers ( edit ) Inflammation often affects the numbers of leukocytes present in the body : Leukocytosis is often seen during inflammation induced by infection , where it results in a large increase in the amount of leukocytes in the blood , especially immature cells . Leukocyte numbers usually increase to between 15 000 and 20 000 cells per microliter , but extreme cases can see it approach 100 000 cells per microliter . Bacterial infection usually results in an increase of neutrophils , creating neutrophilia , whereas diseases such as asthma , hay fever , and parasite infestation result in an increase in eosinophils , creating eosinophilia . Leukopenia can be induced by certain infections and diseases , including viral infection , Rickettsia infection , some protozoa , tuberculosis , and some cancers . Systemic inflammation and obesity ( edit ) With the discovery of interleukins ( IL ) , the concept of systemic inflammation developed . Although the processes involved are identical to tissue inflammation , systemic inflammation is not confined to a particular tissue but involves the endothelium and other organ systems . Chronic inflammation is widely observed in obesity . The obese commonly have many elevated markers of inflammation , including : IL - 6 ( Interleukin - 6 ) IL - 8 ( Interleukin - 8 ) IL - 18 ( Interleukin - 18 ) TNF - α ( Tumor necrosis factor - alpha ) CRP ( C - reactive protein ) Insulin Blood glucose Leptin Low - grade chronic inflammation is characterized by a two - to threefold increase in the systemic concentrations of cytokines such as TNF - α , IL - 6 , and CRP . Waist circumference correlates significantly with systemic inflammatory response . A predominant factor in this correlation is due to the autoimmune response triggered by adiposity , whereby immune cells may mistake fatty deposits for intruders . The body attacks fat similar to bacteria and fungi . When expanded fat cells leak or break open , macrophages mobilize to clean up and embed into the adipose tissue . Then macrophages release inflammatory chemicals , including TNF - α and IL - 6 . TNF 's primary role is to regulate the immune cells and induce inflammation . White blood cells then assist by releasing more cytokines . This link between adiposity and inflammation has been shown to produce 10 -- 35 % of IL - 6 in a resting individual , and this production increases with increasing adiposity . Loss of white adipose tissue reduces levels of inflammation markers . The association of systemic inflammation with insulin resistance and atherosclerosis is the subject of intense research . In the obese mouse models , inflammation and macrophage - specific genes are upregulated in white adipose tissue ( WAT ) . There were also signs of dramatic increase in circulating insulin level , adipocyte lipolysis and formation of multinucleate giant cells . The fat - derived protein called angiopoietin - like protein 2 ( Angptl2 ) elevates in fat tissues . Higher than normal Angptl2 level in fat tissues develop inflammation as well as insulin and leptin resistance . Stored fat secretes Leptin to signal satiety . Leptin resistance plays a role in the process where appetite overrules the message of satiety . Angptl2 then starts an inflammatory cascade causing blood vessels to remodel and attract macrophages . Angptl2 is an adipocyte - derived inflammatory mediator linking obesity to systemic insulin resistance . It is possible that , as an inflammatory marker , leptin responds specifically to adipose - derived inflammatory cytokines . C - reactive protein ( CRP ) is generated at a higher level in obese people . It raises when there is inflammation throughout the body . Mild elevation in CRP increase risk of heart attacks , strokes , high blood pressure , muscle weakness and fragility . Systemic inflammation and overeating ( edit ) Hyperglycemia induces IL - 6 production from endothelial cells and macrophages . Meals high in saturated fat , as well as meals high in calories have been associated with increases in inflammatory markers . In addition , interstitial abdominal adiposity ( also referred to as accumulated intra-abdominal fat ) may be a factor in increasing systemic risk for multiple inflammatory diseases . Although the exact mechanisms are still being investigated , a review published in 2010 suggested that significant growth of adipose tissue in response to overeating can evoke a chronic inflammatory response . Outcomes ( edit ) Scars present on the skin , evidence of fibrosis and healing of a wound The outcome in a particular circumstance will be determined by the tissue in which the injury has occurred and the injurious agent that is causing it . Here are the possible outcomes to inflammation : Resolution The complete restoration of the inflamed tissue back to a normal status . Inflammatory measures such as vasodilation , chemical production , and leukocyte infiltration cease , and damaged parenchymal cells regenerate . In situations where limited or short - lived inflammation has occurred this is usually the outcome . Fibrosis Large amounts of tissue destruction , or damage in tissues unable to regenerate , can not be regenerated completely by the body . Fibrous scarring occurs in these areas of damage , forming a scar composed primarily of collagen . The scar will not contain any specialized structures , such as parenchymal cells , hence functional impairment may occur . Abscess formation A cavity is formed containing pus , an opaque liquid containing dead white blood cells and bacteria with general debris from destroyed cells . Chronic inflammation In acute inflammation , if the injurious agent persists then chronic inflammation will ensue . This process , marked by inflammation lasting many days , months or even years , may lead to the formation of a chronic wound . Chronic inflammation is characterised by the dominating presence of macrophages in the injured tissue . These cells are powerful defensive agents of the body , but the toxins they release ( including reactive oxygen species ) are injurious to the organism 's own tissues as well as invading agents . As a consequence , chronic inflammation is almost always accompanied by tissue destruction . Examples ( edit ) Inflammation is usually indicated by adding the suffix `` itis '' , as shown below . However , some conditions such as asthma and pneumonia do not follow this convention . More examples are available at list of types of inflammation . Acute appendicitis Acute dermatitis Acute infective meningitis Acute tonsillitis Diet and inflammation ( edit ) The Dietary Inflammatory Index ( DII ) is a score ( number ) that describes the potential of diet to modulate systemic inflammation within the body . As stated chronic inflammation is linked to most chronic diseases including arthritis , many types of cancer , cardiovascular diseases , inflammatory bowel diseases , and diabetes . Exercise and inflammation ( edit ) Exercise - induced acute inflammation ( edit ) Acute inflammation of the muscle cells , as understood in exercise physiology , can result after induced eccentric and concentric muscle training . Participation in eccentric training and conditioning , including resistance training and activities that emphasize eccentric lengthening of the muscle including downhill running on a moderate to high incline can result in considerable soreness within 24 to 48 hours , even though blood lactate levels , previously thought to cause muscle soreness , were much higher with level running . This delayed onset muscle soreness ( DOMS ) results from structural damage to the contractile filaments and z - disks , which has been noted especially in marathon runners whose muscle fibers revealed remarkable damage to the muscle fibers after both training and marathon competition . The onset and timing of this gradient damage to the muscle parallels the degree of muscle soreness experienced by the runners . Z - disks are the point of contact for the contractile proteins . They provide structural support for transmission of force when muscle fibers are activated to shorten . However , in marathon runners and those who subscribe to the overload principle to enhance their muscles , show moderate Z - disk streaming and major disruption of thick and thin filaments in parallel groups of sarcomeres as a result of the force of eccentric actions or stretching of tightened muscle fibers . This disruption of muscle fibers triggers white blood cells to increase following induced muscle soreness , leading to the inflammatory response observation from induced muscle soreness . Elevations in plasma enzymes , myoglobinemia , and abnormal muscle histology and ultrastructure are concluded to be associated with inflammatory response . High tension in the contractile - elastic system of muscle results in structural damage to the muscle fiber and plasmalemma and its epimysium , perimysium , and / or endomysium . The mysium damage disrupts calcium homeostasis in injured fibers and fiber bundles , resulting in necrosis that peaks about 48 hours after exercise . The products of macrophage activity and intracellular contents ( such as histamines , kinins , and K ) accumulate outside cells . These substances then stimulate free nerve endings in the muscle ; a process that appears accentuated by eccentric exercise , in which large forces are distributed over a relatively small cross-sectional area of the muscle . Post-inflammatory muscle growth and repair ( edit ) There is a known relationship between inflammation and muscle growth . For instance , high doses of anti-inflammatory medicines ( e.g. , NSAIDs ) are able to blunt muscle growth . Cold therapy has been shown to negatively affect muscle growth as well . Reducing inflammation results in decreased macrophage activity and lower levels of IGF - 1 Acute effects of cold therapy on training adaptations show reduced satellite cell proliferation . Long term effects include less muscular hypertrophy and an altered cell structure of muscle fibers . It has been further theorized that the acute localized inflammatory responses to muscular contraction during exercise , as described above , are a necessary precursor to muscle growth . As a response to muscular contractions , the acute inflammatory response initiates the breakdown and removal of damaged muscle tissue . Muscles can synthesize cytokines in response to contractions , such that the cytokines interleukin - 1 beta ( IL - 1β ) , TNF - α , and IL - 6 are expressed in skeletal muscle up to 5 days after exercise . In particular , the increase in levels of IL - 6 ( interleukin 6 ) , a myokine , can reach up to one hundred times that of resting levels . Depending on volume , intensity , and other training factors , the IL - 6 increase associated with training initiates about 4 hours after resistance training and remains elevated for up to 24 hours . These acute increases in cytokines , as a response to muscle contractions , help initiate the process of muscle repair and growth by activating satellite cells within the inflamed muscle . Satellite cells are crucial for skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise . They contribute to hypertrophy by providing new myonuclei and repair damaged segments of mature myofibers for successful regeneration following injury - or exercise - induced muscle damage ; high - level powerlifters can have up to 100 % more satellite cells than untrained controls . A rapid and transient localization of the IL - 6 receptor and increased IL - 6 expression occurs in satellite cells following contractions . IL - 6 has been shown to mediate hypertrophic muscle growth both in vitro and in vivo . Unaccustomed exercise can increase IL - 6 by up to sixfold at 5 hours post-exercise and threefold 8 days after exercise . Also telling is the fact that NSAIDs can decrease satellite cell response to exercise , thereby reducing exercise - induced protein synthesis . The increase in cytokines ( myokines ) after resistance exercise coincides with the decrease in levels of myostatin , a protein that inhibits muscle differentiation and growth . The cytokine response to resistance exercise and moderate - intensity running occur differently , with the latter causing a more prolonged response , especially at the 12 -- 24 hour mark . Developing research has demonstrated that many of the benefits of exercise are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ . That is , contracting muscles release multiple substances known as myokines , including but not limited to those cited in the above description , which promote the growth of new tissue , tissue repair , and various anti-inflammatory functions , which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases . The new view that muscle is an endocrine organ is transforming our understanding of exercise physiology and with it , of the role of inflammation in adaptation to stress . Chronic inflammation and muscle loss ( edit ) Both chronic and extreme inflammation are associated with disruptions of anabolic signals initiating muscle growth . Chronic inflammation has been implicated as part of the cause of the muscle loss that occurs with aging . Increased protein levels of myostatin have been described in patients with diseases characterized by chronic low - grade inflammation . Increased levels of TNF - α can suppress the AKT / mTOR pathway , a crucial pathway for regulating skeletal muscle hypertrophy , thereby increasing muscle catabolism . Cytokines may antagonize the anabolic effects of insulin - like growth factor 1 ( IGF - 1 ) . In the case of sepsis , an extreme whole body inflammatory state , the synthesis of both myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins are inhibited , with the inhibition taking place preferentially in fast - twitch muscle fibers . Sepsis is also able to prevent leucine from stimulating muscle protein synthesis . In animal models , when inflammation is created , mTOR loses its ability to be stimulated by muscle growth . Exercise as a treatment for inflammation ( edit ) Regular physical activity is reported to decrease markers of inflammation , although the correlation is imperfect and seems to reveal differing results contingent upon training intensity . For instance , while baseline measurements of circulating inflammatory markers do not seem to differ greatly between healthy trained and untrained adults , long - term training may help reduce chronic low - grade inflammation . On the other hand , levels of the anti-inflammatory myokine IL - 6 ( interleukin 6 ) remained elevated longer into the recovery period following an acute bout of exercise in patients with inflammatory diseases , relative to the recovery of healthy controls . It may well be that low - intensity training can reduce resting pro-inflammatory markers ( CRP , IL - 6 ) , while moderate - intensity training has milder and less - established anti-inflammatory benefits . There is a strong relationship between exhaustive exercise and chronic low - grade inflammation . Marathon running may enhance IL - 6 levels as much as 100 times over normal and increases total leuckocyte count and neturophil mobilization . Regarding the above , IL - 6 had previously been classified as a proinflammatory cytokine . Therefore , it was first thought that the exercise - induced IL - 6 response was related to muscle damage . However , it has become evident that eccentric exercise is not associated with a larger increase in plasma IL - 6 than exercise involving concentric `` nondamaging '' muscle contractions . This finding clearly demonstrates that muscle damage is not required to provoke an increase in plasma IL - 6 during exercise . As a matter of fact , eccentric exercise may result in a delayed peak and a much slower decrease of plasma IL - 6 during recovery . Recent work has shown that both upstream and downstream signalling pathways for IL - 6 differ markedly between myocytes and macrophages . It appears that unlike IL - 6 signalling in macrophages , which is dependent upon activation of the NFκB signalling pathway , intramuscular IL - 6 expression is regulated by a network of signalling cascades , including the Ca2+ / NFAT and glycogen / p38 MAPK pathways . Thus , when IL - 6 is signalling in monocytes or macrophages , it creates a pro-inflammatory response , whereas IL - 6 activation and signalling in muscle is totally independent of a preceding TNF - response or NFκB activation , and is anti-inflammatory . Several studies show that markers of inflammation are reduced following longer - term behavioural changes involving both reduced energy intake and a regular program of increased physical activity , and that , in particular , IL - 6 was miscast as an inflammatory marker . For example , the anti-inflammatory effects of IL - 6 have been demonstrated by IL - 6 stimulating the production of the classical anti-inflammatory cytokines IL - 1ra and IL - 10 . As such , individuals pursuing exercise as a means to treat the causal factors underlying chronic inflammation are pursuing a course of action strongly supported by current research , as an inactive lifestyle is strongly associated with the development and progression of multiple inflammatory diseases . Note that cautions regarding over-exertion may apply in certain cases , as discussed above , though this concern rarely applies to the general population . Signal - to - noise theory ( edit ) Given that localized acute inflammation is a necessary component for muscle growth , and that chronic low - grade inflammation is associated with a disruption of anabolic signals initiating muscle growth , it has been theorized that a signal - to - noise model may best describe the relationship between inflammation and muscle growth . 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Brain , behavior , and immunity . 19 ( 5 ) : 389 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbi. 2005.04. 003 . PMID 15963685 . ^ Jump up to : Gleeson , M ( Nov 2006 ) . `` Immune system adaptation in elite athletes '' . Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care . 9 ( 6 ) : 659 -- 65 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. mco. 0000247476.02650. 18 . PMID 17053416 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , BK ; Hoffman - Goetz , L ( Jul 2000 ) . `` Exercise and the immune system : regulation , integration , and adaptation '' . Physiological Reviews . 80 ( 3 ) : 1055 -- 81 . PMID 10893431 . ^ Jump up to : Ploeger , H.E. ; Takken , T ; De Greef , M.H. ; Timmons , B.W. ( 2009 ) . `` The effects of acute and chronic exercise on inflammatory markers in children and adults with a chronic inflammatory disease : a systematic review '' . Exercise immunology review . 15 : 6 -- 41 . PMID 19957870 . Jump up ^ Nicklas BJ ; Hsu FC ; Brinkley TJ ; Church T ; Goodpaster BH ; Kritchevsky SB ; Pahor , M ( November 2008 ) . `` Exercise training and plasma C - reactive protein and interleukin - 6 in elderly people '' . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 56 ( 11 ) : 2045 -- 52 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1532 - 5415.2008. 01994. x . PMC 2683336 . PMID 19016938 . Jump up ^ Timmerman KL ; Flynn MG ; Coen PM ; Markofski MM ; Pence BD ( Nov 2008 ) . `` Exercise training - induced lowering of inflammatory ( CD14 + CD16+ ) monocytes : a role in the anti-inflammatory influence of exercise ? '' . Journal of leukocyte biology . 84 ( 5 ) : 1271 -- 8 . doi : 10.1189 / jlb. 0408244 . PMID 18664531 . Jump up ^ Mackinnon LT ( July 2000 ) . `` Chronic exercise training effects on immune function '' . Med Sci Sports Exerc. 32 ( 7 Suppl ) : S369 -- 76 . PMID 10910293 . ^ Jump up to : Suzuki Katsuhiko ; Nakaji Shigeyuki ; Yamada Mutsuo ; Liu Qiang ; Kurakake Shigeyoshi ; Okamura Noriyoshi ; Kumae Takashi ; Umeda Takashi ; Sugawara Kazuo ( February 2003 ) . `` Impact of a competitive marathon race on systemic cytokine and neutrophil responses '' . Medicine and science in sports and exercise . 35 ( 2 ) : 348 -- 55 . doi : 10.1249 / 01. MSS. 0000048861.57899. 04 . PMID 12569227 . Jump up ^ Bruunsgaard H , Galbo H , Halkjaer - Kristensen J , Johansen TL , MacLean DA , Pedersen BK ; Galbo ; Halkjaer - Kristensen ; Johansen ; MacLean ; Pedersen ( March 1997 ) . `` Exercise - induced increase in serum interleukin - 6 in humans is related to muscle damage '' . Journal of Physiology ( London ) . 499 ( Pt 3 ) : 833 -- 41 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 1997. sp021972 . PMC 1159298 . PMID 9130176 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pedersen BK ( July 2013 ) . `` Muscle as a secretory organ '' . Compr Physiol. 3 ( 3 ) : 1337 -- 62 . doi : 10.1002 / cphy. c120033 . ISBN 9780470650714 . PMID 23897689 . ^ Jump up to : Brandt C ; Pedersen BK ( 2010 ) . `` The role of exercise - induced myokines in muscle homeostasis and the defense against chronic diseases '' . Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology . 2010 : 520258 . doi : 10.1155 / 2010 / 520258 . PMC 2836182 . PMID 20224659 . Jump up ^ Pilon , Brad . `` Inflammation Affects Your Ability to Build Muscle '' Inflammation Theory External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inflammation . Inflammation at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Inflammation Acute Plasma - derived mediators Bradykinin complement C3 C5a MAC coagulation Factor XII Plasmin Thrombin Cell - derived mediators preformed : Lysosome granules biogenic amines Histamine Serotonin synthesized on demand : cytokines IFN - γ IL - 8 TNF - α IL - 1 eicosanoids Leukotriene B4 Prostaglandins Nitric oxide Kinins Chronic Macrophage Epithelioid cell Giant cell Granuloma Processes Traditional Rubor Calor Tumor Dolor Functio laesa Modern Acute - phase reaction / Fever Vasodilation Increased vascular permeability Exudate Leukocyte extravasation Chemotaxis Specific locations Nervous CNS Encephalitis Myelitis Meningitis Arachnoiditis PNS Neuritis eye Dacryoadenitis Scleritis Episcleritis Keratitis chorioretinitis Retinitis Chorioretinitis Blepharitis Conjunctivitis Uveitis ear Otitis Labyrinthitis Mastoiditis Cardiovascular Carditis Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis Vasculitis Arteritis Phlebitis Capillaritis Respiratory upper Sinusitis Rhinitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis lower Tracheitis Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonitis Pleuritis Mediastinitis Digestive mouth Stomatitis Gingivitis Gingivostomatitis Glossitis Tonsillitis Sialadenitis / Parotitis Cheilitis Pulpitis Gnathitis tract Esophagitis Gastritis Gastroenteritis Enteritis Colitis Enterocolitis Duodenitis Ileitis Caecitis Appendicitis Proctitis accessory Hepatitis Ascending cholangitis Cholecystitis Pancreatitis Peritonitis Integumentary Dermatitis Folliculitis Cellulitis Hidradenitis Musculoskeletal Arthritis Dermatomyositis soft tissue Myositis Synovitis / Tenosynovitis Bursitis Enthesitis Fasciitis Capsulitis Epicondylitis Tendinitis Panniculitis Osteochondritis : Osteitis / Osteomyelitis Spondylitis Periostitis Chondritis Urinary Nephritis Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Reproductive female Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Parametritis Cervicitis Vaginitis Vulvitis Mastitis male Orchitis Epididymitis Prostatitis Seminal vesiculitis Balanitis Posthitis Balanoposthitis pregnancy / newborn Chorioamnionitis Funisitis Omphalitis Endocrine Insulitis Hypophysitis Thyroiditis Parathyroiditis Adrenalitis Lymphatic Lymphangitis Lymphadenitis Immunology : lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement Lymphoid Antigens Antigen Superantigen Allergen Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Antigen presentation / Professional APCs : Dendritic cell Macrophage B cell Immunogen Antibodies Antibody Monoclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies Autoantibody Microantibody Polyclonal B cell response Allotype Isotype Idiotype Immune complex Paratope Immunity vs . tolerance action : Immunity Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Allergy Hypersensitivity Inflammation Cross-reactivity inaction : Tolerance Central Peripheral Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V ( D ) J recombination Junctional diversity Immunoglobulin class switching MHC / HLA Lymphocytes Cellular T cell Humoral B cell NK cell Substances Cytokines Opsonin Cytolysin Pathology Principles of pathology Disease Infection Neoplasia Cause Pathogenesis Hemodynamics Ischemia Inflammation Cell damage Wound healing Cellular adaptation Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia Squamous Glandular Cell death Necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Programmed cell death Apoptosis Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Accumulations pigment Hemosiderin Lipochrome / Lipofuscin Melanin Steatosis Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology Cytopathology Autopsy Molecular pathology Forensic pathology Oral and maxillofacial pathology Gross examination Histopathology Immunohistochemistry Electron microscopy Immunofluorescence Fluorescence in situ hybridization Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Hematopathology Transfusion medicine Medical microbiology Diagnostic immunology Immunopathology Enzyme assay Mass spectrometry Chromatography Flow cytometry Blood bank Microbiological culture Serology GND : 4014975 - 4 NDL : 00562014 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inflammation&oldid=815369512 '' Categories : Immunology Animal physiology Inflammations Human physiology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with attributed pull quotes All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 12 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	stimulate inflammatory reaction in response to injury or infection	[]	[]
3921095318222881959	Provinces and territories of Canada	Provinces and territories of Canada - wikipedia Provinces and territories of Canada Jump to : navigation , search `` Canadian Province '' redirects here . For `` Canadian Province '' as used in biology , see Circumboreal Region . `` O Canada we stand on guard for thee '' Stained Glass , Yeo Hall , Royal Military College of Canada features arms of the Canadian provinces and territories ( 1965 ) The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution . In the 1867 Canadian Confederation , three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick , Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada ( which , upon Confederation , was divided into Ontario and Quebec ) -- were united to form a federated colony , which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century . Over its history , Canada 's international borders have changed several times , and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories . The ten provinces are Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Ontario , Prince Edward Island , Quebec , and Saskatchewan . Several of the provinces were former British colonies , and Quebec was originally a French colony , while others were added as Canada grew . The three territories are Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon , which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America . Together , the provinces and territories make up the world 's second - largest country by area . The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act , 1867 ( formerly called the British North America Act , 1867 ) , whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada . The powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the Government of Canada ( the federal government ) and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively . A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment , whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government . In modern Canadian constitutional theory , the provinces are considered to be sovereign within certain areas based on the divisions of responsibility between the provincial and federal government within the Constitution Act 1867 , and each province thus has its own representative of the Canadian `` Crown '' , the lieutenant governor . The territories are not sovereign , but instead their authorities and responsibilities come directly from the federal level , and as a result have a commissioner instead of a lieutenant governor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Map 2 Provinces 2.1 Provincial legislature buildings 3 Territories 3.1 Territorial legislature buildings 4 Territorial evolution 5 Government 6 Provincial political parties 7 Ceremonial territory 8 Proposed provinces and territories 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Map ( edit ) Clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories , and their capitals Provinces ( edit ) Flag Shield Province Postal abbreviation Capital Largest city ( by population ) Entered Confederation Population ( May 10 , 2016 ) Area : land ( km ) Area : water ( km ) Area : total ( km ) Official language ( s ) Federal Parliament : Commons seats Federal Parliament : Senate seats Ontario ON Toronto Toronto 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 13,448,494 917,741 158,654 1,076,395 English 121 24 Quebec QC Quebec City Montreal 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 8,164,361 1,356,128 185,928 1,542,056 French 78 24 Nova Scotia NS Halifax Halifax 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 923,598 53,338 1,946 55,284 English 11 10 New Brunswick NB Fredericton Moncton 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 747,101 71,450 1,458 72,908 English and French 10 10 Manitoba MB Winnipeg Winnipeg 000000001870 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1870 1,278,365 553,556 94,241 647,797 English 14 6 British Columbia BC Victoria Vancouver 000000001871 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1871 4,648,055 925,186 19,549 944,735 English 42 6 Prince Edward Island PE Charlottetown Charlottetown 000000001873 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1873 142,907 5,660 0 5,660 English Saskatchewan SK Regina Saskatoon 000000001905 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1905 1,098,352 591,670 59,366 651,036 English 14 6 Alberta AB Edmonton Calgary 000000001905 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1905 4,067,175 642,317 19,531 661,848 English 34 6 Newfoundland and Labrador NL St. John 's St. John 's 000000001949 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1949 519,716 373,872 31,340 405,212 English 7 6 Total 7007350381240000000 ♠ 35,038,124 7006549091800000000 ♠ 5,490,918 7005572013000000000 ♠ 572,013 7006606293100000000 ♠ 6,062,931 -- 7002335000000000000 ♠ 335 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 Notes : ^ Jump up to : De facto ; French has limited constitutional status . Jump up ^ Charter of the French Language ; English has limited constitutional status . Jump up ^ Nova Scotia dissolved cities in 1996 in favour of regional municipalities ; its largest regional municipality is therefore substituted . Jump up ^ Nova Scotia has very few bilingual statutes ( three in English and French ; one in English and Polish ) ; some Government bodies have legislated names in both English and French . Jump up ^ Section Sixteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Jump up ^ Manitoba Act . Provincial legislature buildings ( edit ) British Columbia Parliament Buildings Alberta Legislative Building Saskatchewan Legislative Building Manitoba Legislative Building Ontario Legislative Building Parliament Building ( Quebec ) Confederation Building ( Newfoundland and Labrador ) New Brunswick Legislative Building Province House ( Nova Scotia ) Province House ( Prince Edward Island ) Territories ( edit ) There are three territories in Canada . Unlike the provinces , the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government . They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60 ° north and west of Hudson Bay , as well as most islands north of the Canadian mainland ( from those in James Bay to the Canadian Arctic islands ) . The following table lists the territories in order of precedence ( each province has precedence over all the territories , regardless of the date each territory was created ) . Territories of Canada Flag Arms Territory Postal abbreviation Capital and largest city Entered Confederation Population ( May 10 , 2016 ) Area : land ( km ) Area : water ( km ) Area : total ( km ) Official languages Federal Parliament : Commons seats Federal Parliament : Senate seats Northwest Territories NT Yellowknife 000000001870 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1870 41,786 1,183,085 163,021 1,346,106 Chipewyan , Cree , English , French , Gwich'in , Inuinnaqtun , Inuktitut , Inuvialuktun , North Slavey , South Slavey , Tłįchǫ Yukon YT Whitehorse 000000001898 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1898 35,874 474,391 8,052 482,443 English , French Nunavut NU Iqaluit 000000001999 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1999 35,944 1,936,113 157,077 2,093,190 Inuinnaqtun , Inuktitut , English , French Total territories 7005119100000000000 ♠ 119,100 7006359358900000000 ♠ 3,593,589 7005328150000000000 ♠ 328,150 7006392173900000000 ♠ 3,921,739 -- 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Territorial legislature buildings ( edit ) Yukon Legislative Building Northwest Territories Legislative Building Legislative Building of Nunavut Territorial evolution ( edit ) Main article : Territorial evolution of Canada See also : Former colonies and territories in Canada Canada timeline : Evolution of the borders and the names of Canada 's Provinces and Territories Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia were the original provinces , formed when several British North American colonies federated on July 1 , 1867 , into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing the indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom . Prior to this , Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada . Over the following years , Manitoba ( 1870 ) , British Columbia ( 1871 ) , and Prince Edward Island ( 1873 ) were added as provinces . The British Crown had claimed two large areas north - west of the Canadian colony , known as Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory and assigned them to the Hudson 's Bay Company . In 1870 , the company relinquished its claims for £ 300,000 ( $ 1.5 million ) , assigning the vast territory to the Government of Canada . Subsequently , the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories . The Northwest Territories were vast at first , encompassing all of current northern and western Canada , except for the British holdings in the Arctic islands and the Colony of British Columbia ; the Territories also included the northern two - thirds of Ontario and Quebec , and almost all of present Manitoba , with the 1870 province of Manitoba originally being confined to a small area in the south of today 's province . The British claims to the Arctic islands were transferred to Canada in 1880 , adding to the size of the Northwest Territories . The year of 1898 saw the Yukon Territory , later renamed simply as Yukon , carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields . On September 1 , 1905 , a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan . In 1912 , the boundaries of Quebec , Ontario , and Manitoba were expanded northward : Manitoba 's to the 60 ° parallel , Ontario 's to Hudson Bay and Quebec 's to encompass the District of Ungava . 1905 Provinces and territories of Canada coat of arms postcard In 1869 , the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a British colony over fears that taxes would increase with Confederation , and that the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries . In 1907 , Newfoundland acquired dominion status . In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a prolonged period of economic crisis , the legislature turned over political control to the Commission of Government in 1933 . Following Canada 's participation in World War II , in a 1948 referendum , a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to join the Confederation , and on March 31 , 1949 , Newfoundland became Canada 's tenth province . In 2001 , it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador . In 1903 , the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbia 's northwestern boundary . This was one of only two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced . The second reduction , in 1927 , occurred when a boundary dispute between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador increased at Quebec 's expense -- this land returned to Canada , as part of the province of Newfoundland , in 1949 . In 1999 , Nunavut was created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories . Yukon lies in the western portion of The North , while Nunavut is in the east . All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada , covering 3,921,739 km ( 1,514,192 sq mi ) in land area . They are often referred to as a single region , The North , for organisational and economic purposes . For much of the Northwest Territories ' early history it was divided into several districts for ease of administration . The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905 , after which , as the Keewatin Region , it became an administrative district of the Northwest Territories . In 1999 , it was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut . Government ( edit ) Main article : Canadian federalism See also : Monarchy in the Canadian provinces , Office - holders of Canada , and Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories Theoretically , provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government , with jurisdiction over many public goods such as health care , education , welfare , and intra-provincial transportation . They receive `` transfer payments '' from the federal government to pay for these , as well as exacting their own taxes . In practice , however , the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas . For instance , in order to receive healthcare funding under Medicare , provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates , such as universal access to required medical treatment . Provincial and territorial legislatures have no second chamber like the Canadian Senate . Originally , most provinces did have such bodies , known as legislative councils , with members titled councillors . These upper houses were abolished one by one , Quebec 's being the last in 1968 . In most provinces , the single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly ; the exceptions are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador , where the chamber is called the House of Assembly , and Quebec where it is called the National Assembly . Ontario has a Legislative Assembly but its members are called Members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs . The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the Canadian House of Commons . The head of government of each province , called the premier , is generally the head of the party with the most seats . This is also the case in Yukon , but the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at the territorial level . The Queen 's representative to each province is the Lieutenant Governor . In each of the territories there is an analogous Commissioner , but he or she represents the federal government rather than the monarch . Federal , Provincial , and Territorial terminology compared Jurisdiction Legislature Lower house Members of lower house Head of Government Viceroy Canada Parliament House of Commons Member of Parliament Prime Minister Governor General Ontario Legislative Assembly Member of the Provincial Parliament * Premier Lieutenant Governor Quebec Legislature National Assembly † Member of the National Assembly Nova Scotia General Assembly House of Assembly Member of the Legislative Assembly New Brunswick Legislature Legislative Assembly Manitoba British Columbia Parliament Prince Edward Island General Assembly Saskatchewan Legislature Alberta Newfoundland and Labrador General Assembly House of Assembly Member of the House of Assembly Northwest Territories Assembly Legislative Assembly Member of the Legislative Assembly Premier Commissioner Yukon Legislature Nunavut Assembly * Members were previously titled `` Member of the Legislative Assembly '' . Quebec 's lower house was previously called the `` Legislative Assembly '' with members titled `` Member of the Legislative Assembly '' . The name was changed at the same time Quebec 's upper house was abolished . Prince Edward Island 's lower house was previously called the `` House of Assembly '' and its members were titled `` Assemblyman '' . After abolition of its upper house , assemblymen and councillors both sat in the renamed `` Legislative Assembly '' . Later , this practice was abolished so that all members would be titled `` Member of the Legislative Assembly '' . In Northwest Territories and Yukon the head of government was previously titled `` Government Leader '' . Provincial political parties ( edit ) Most provinces have rough provincial counterparts to major federal parties . However , these provincial parties are not usually formally linked to the federal parties that share the same name . For example , no provincial Conservative or Progressive Conservative Party shares an organizational link to the federal Conservative Party of Canada , and neither do provincial Green Parties to the Green Party of Canada . Provincial New Democratic Parties , on the other hand , are fully integrated with the federal New Democratic Party -- meaning that provincial parties effectively operate as sections , with common membership , of the federal party . The Liberal Party of Canada shares such an organizational integration with the provincial Liberals in New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island . Other provincial Liberal Parties are unaffiliated with their federal counterpart . Some provinces have provincial political parties with no clear federal equivalent , such as the Alberta Party , Saskatchewan Party , and Wildrose Party . The provincial political climate of Quebec is quite different : the main split is between sovereignty , represented by the Parti Québécois and Québec solidaire , and federalism , represented primarily by the Quebec Liberal Party . The Coalition Avenir Québec , meanwhile , takes an abstentionist position on the question and does not support or oppose sovereignty . Currently , the only minority provincial / territorial government is held by the British Columbia New Democratic Party after receiving 41 out of 87 seats in the 2017 general election . Current provincial / territorial governments ( as of July 2017 ) Province / Territory Premier Party in government Majority / Minority Lieutenant Governor / Commissioner Alberta Rachel Notley Alberta New Democratic Party ◕ Majority Lois Mitchell British Columbia John Horgan British Columbia New Democratic Party ◔ Minority Judith Guichon Manitoba Brian Pallister Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba ◕ Majority Janice Filmon New Brunswick Brian Gallant New Brunswick Liberal Association ◕ Majority Jocelyne Roy - Vienneau Newfoundland and Labrador Dwight Ball Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador ◕ Majority Frank Fagan Nova Scotia Stephen McNeil Nova Scotia Liberal Party ◕ Majority John James Grant Ontario Kathleen Wynne Ontario Liberal Party ◕ Majority Elizabeth Dowdeswell Prince Edward Island Wade MacLauchlan Prince Edward Island Liberal Party ◕ Majority Frank Lewis Quebec Philippe Couillard Quebec Liberal Party ◕ Majority J. Michel Doyon Saskatchewan Brad Wall Saskatchewan Party ◕ Majority Vaughn Solomon Schofield Northwest Territories Bob McLeod Consensus government Nonpartisan Margaret Thom Nunavut Peter Taptuna Consensus government Nonpartisan Nellie Kusugak Yukon Sandy Silver Yukon Liberal Party ◕ Majority Doug Phillips Jump up ^ Supported by a confidence and supply agreement with the Green Party of British Columbia . This box : view talk edit Ceremonial territory ( edit ) Canadian National Vimy Memorial -- For First World War Canadian dead and First World War Canadian missing , presumed dead in France . The Canadian National Vimy Memorial , near Vimy , Pas - de-Calais , and the Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial , near Beaumont - Hamel , France are ceremonially considered Canadian territory . In 1922 , the French government donated the land used for the Vimy Memorial `` freely , and for all time , to the Government of Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes '' . The site of the Somme battlefield near Beaumont - Hamel site was purchased in 1921 by the people of the Dominion of Newfoundland . These sites do not , however , enjoy extraterritorial status and are thus subject to French law . Proposed provinces and territories ( edit ) Main article : Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Since Confederation in 1867 , there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories . The Constitution of Canada requires an amendment for the creation of a new province but the creation of a new territory requires only an act of Parliament , a legislatively simpler process . In late 2004 , Prime Minister Paul Martin surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status `` eventually '' . He cited their importance to the country as a whole and the ongoing need to assert sovereignty in the Arctic , particularly as global warming could make that region more open to exploitation leading to more complex international waters disputes . See also ( edit ) Ontario portal Quebec portal Nova Scotia portal New Brunswick portal Manitoba portal British Columbia portal Prince Edward Island portal Saskatchewan portal Alberta portal Newfoundland and Labrador portal Northwest Territories portal Yukon portal Nunavut portal Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies Canadian adjectival and demonymic forms of place names Language policies of Canada 's provinces and territories List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States List of regions of Canada List of governments in Canada by annual expenditures Commonwealth Local Government Forum - Americas Provincial museums of Canada List of Canada - related topics by provinces and territories List of Canadian provinces and territories by area List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product List of Canadian provinces and territories by population List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate Canada -- Wikipedia book References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Provinces and Territories '' . Government of Canada . 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Place name ( 2013 ) . `` Census Profile '' . Statistic Canada . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reader 's Digest Association ( Canada ) ; Canadian Geographic Enterprises ( 2004 ) . The Canadian Atlas : Our Nation , Environment and People . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 082 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2016 and 2011 censuses -- 100 % data '' . Statistics Canada . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land and freshwater area , by province and territory '' . Statistics Canada . 2005 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coche , Olivier ; Vaillancourt , François ; Cadieux , Marc - Antoine ; Ronson , Jamie Lee ( 2012 ) . `` Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces '' ( PDF ) . Fraser Institute . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to the Canadian House of Commons '' . Parliament of Canada . 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Territories Act '' . Department of Justice Canada . 1986 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yukon Act '' . Department of Justice Canada . 2002 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Justice Canada ( 1993 ) . `` Nunavut Act '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Northwest Territories Official Languages Act , 1988 ( as amended 1988 , 1991 -- 1992 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` OCOL -- Statistics on Official Languages in Yukon '' . Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nunavut 's Official Languages '' . Language Commissioner of Nunavut. 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ajzenstat , Janet ( 2003 ) . Canada 's Founding Debates . University of Toronto Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8607 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , James Stuart ; Shadle , Robert ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire : A-J . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 538 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29366 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gough , Barry M. ( 2010 ) . Historical Dictionary of Canada . Wilfrid Laurier University . pp. 141 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7504 - 3 . Jump up ^ Atlas of Canada . `` Territorial evolution '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Confederation Rejected : Newfoundland and the Canadian Confederation , 1864 -- 1869 : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage . 2000 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Sandra ( 2010 ) . Newfoundland and Labrador English . Edinburgh University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 2617 - 5 . Jump up ^ Friesen , John W. ; Harrison , Trevor W. ( 2010 ) . Canadian Society in the Twenty - first Century : An Historical Sociological Approach . Canadian Scholars ' Press . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55130 - 371 - 0 . Jump up ^ Blake , Raymond Benjamin ( 1994 ) . Canadians at Last : Canada Integrates Newfoundland As a Province . University of Toronto Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6978 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Fred M. ( 2013 ) . Nation Shapes : The Story behind the World 's Borders . ABC - CLIO . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 106 - 2 . Jump up ^ Laxer , James ( 2010 ) . The Border : Canada , the US and Dispatches From the 49th Parallel . Doubleday Canada . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 67290 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cukwurah , A. Oye ( 1967 ) . The Settlement of Boundary Disputes in International Law . Manchester University Press . p. 186 . GGKEY : EXSJZ7S92QE . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Michael M. ; Marchildon , Gregory P. ; Phillips , Peter W.B. ; Béland , Daniel ; Rasmussen , Kenneth A. ; McNutt , Kathleen ( 2013 ) . Governance and Public Policy in Canada : A View from the Provinces . University of Toronto Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 0493 - 3 . Jump up ^ Nuttall , Mark ( 2012 ) . Encyclopedia of the Arctic . Routledge . p. 301 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 436 - 8 . Jump up ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( 2002 ) . Oecd Territorial Reviews : Canada . OECD Publishing . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 19832 - 6 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Carl ; Braun , Molly ( 2009 ) . Atlas of the North American Indian . Infobase Publishing . p. 234 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2671 - 5 . Jump up ^ McIlwraith , Thomas Forsyth ; Muller , Edward K. ( 2001 ) . North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0019 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mahler , Gregory S. ( 1987 ) . New Dimensions of Canadian Federalism : Canada in a Comparative Perspective . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3289 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Peach , Ian ( 2007 ) . Constructing Tomorrows Federalism : New Perspectives on Canadian Governance . Univ. of Manitoba Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88755 - 315 - 8 . Jump up ^ Maclure , Jocelyn ( 2003 ) . Quebec Identity : The Challenge of Pluralism . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7111 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tidridge , Nathan ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Constitutional Monarchy : An Introduction to Our Form of Government . Dundurn . p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0084 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Laura Elizabeth ( 2012 ) . Curriculum Reform in Ontario : ' Common - Sense ' Policy Processes and Democratic Possibilities . University of Toronto Press . p. 325 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 6158 - 5 . Jump up ^ Barnhart , Gordon ( 2004 ) . Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century . University of Regina Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88977 - 164 - 2 . Jump up ^ Zellen , Barry Scott ( 2009 ) . On Thin Ice : The Inuit , the State , and the Challenge of Arctic Sovereignty . Lexington Books . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 3280 - 7 . Jump up ^ Tidridge , Nathan ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Constitutional Monarchy . Dundurn . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 980 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pike , Corinna ; McCreery , Christopher ( 2011 ) . Canadian Symbols of Authority : Maces , Chains , and Rods of Office . Dundurn . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0016 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , William ( 2011 ) . Political Parties . UBC Press . pp. 17 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 4111 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gagnon , Alain - Gustave ( 2000 ) . The Canadian Social Union Without Quebec : 8 Critical Analyses . IRPP . pp. 209 -- 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88645 - 184 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premiers '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant Governors and Territorial Commissioners '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , John ( 2012 ) . Failed Hope : The Story of the Lost Peace . Dundurn . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0345 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Design and Construction of the Vimy Ridge Memorial '' . Veteran Affairs Canada . August 8 , 1998 . Retrieved July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38 ( 1 ) ... notwithstanding any other law or practice , the establishment of new provinces . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Norman L. ( 1979 ) . The boundaries of the Canadian Confederation . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . pp. 174 -- 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7705 - 1742 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Northern territories ' eventually ' to be given provincial status '' . CBC News . November 23 , 2004 . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories Brownsey , Keith ; Howlett , Michael ( 2001 ) . The Provincial State in Canada : Politics in the Provinces and Territories . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 368 - 5 . Moore , Christopher ; Slavin , Bill ; Lunn , Janet ( 2002 ) . The Big Book of Canada : Exploring the Provinces and Territories . Random House Digital , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88776 - 457 - 8 . Pross , A. Paul ; Pross , Catherine A. ( 1972 ) . Government Publishing in the Canadian Provinces : a Prescriptive Study . Toronto , Ont. : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 1827 - 0 . Tomblin , Stephen ( 1995 ) . Ottawa and the Outer Provinces : The Challenge of Regional Integration in Canada . James Lorimer & Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 476 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Provinces and territories of Canada . Provincial and territorial government web sites -- Service Canada Provincial and territorial legislature web sites -- Parliament of Canada Difference between provinces and territories -- Intergovernmental Affairs Provincial and territorial statistics -- Statistics Canada Provincial and territorial immigration information -- Citizenship and Immigration Canada Canadian governments compared -- University of Public Administration Topics related to Canadian provinces and territories Provinces and territories of Canada Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Historical Former colonies and territories in Canada Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867 Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Related Area Bibliography Extreme points Government spending Gross domestic product Language policies Mountains Museums Name etymologies Population Regions Symbols Topics Unemployment Book Portal WikiProject Politics of the provinces and territories of Canada This article is part of the series : Politics and government of Canada ( hide ) Executive ( The Crown ) Sovereign in the provinces BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL Lieutenant Governors BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL Commissioners YU NT NU Premiers BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU ( hide ) Legislative Legislatures BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU Elections BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU Politics of Canada Regions Political culture Foreign relations Politics portal Judiciary Articles on first - level administrative divisions of North American countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Table of administrative subdivisions by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada&oldid=815635283 '' Categories : Country subdivisions in North America First - level administrative country subdivisions Lists of provinces and territories of Canada Provinces and territories of Canada Subdivisions of Canada Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 02 : 00 . 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